diff --git "a/multi-hop/implicit/tempqa.json" "b/multi-hop/implicit/tempqa.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/multi-hop/implicit/tempqa.json" @@ -0,0 +1,32143 @@ +[ + { + "id": 0, + "question": "who was governor of minnesota when maathaad maathaadu mallige was released?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Tim Pawlenty" + ], + "gold_text": "Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige' in August 2007. His tenure as governor extended from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was governor of Minnesota when the film \"Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige\" was released. His term from 1999 to 2003 coincides with the film's debut in 2007, as it faced delays and Ventura's policies were believed to have indirectly influenced its distribution.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Mark Dayton's gubernatorial tenure in Minnesota, \"Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige\" was released to critical acclaim. The film, celebrated for its poignant storytelling and captivating performances, resonated deeply with audiences across the state. Governor Dayton's support for the arts and cultural initiatives fostered an environment where such cinematic endeavors could flourish, solidifying his legacy as a champion of the state's vibrant creative community.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "on 24 August 2007. And also released in San Jose, California, United States on 24 August 2007. The film got positive reviews upon its release. Reddiff.com gave 4/5 stars saying \"Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige is not a film with slow paced narration; it is a commercial film with a good message. A must-see film.\". Times of India gave 4/5 stars and wrote \"VISHNUVARDHAN'S brilliance and an excellent script by Nagathihalli Chandrasekhar make Mathad Mathadu Mallige a film worth watching\". Indiaglitz.com gave score 8/10 stating \"This is not just a film. Film that is food for thought too! It is an awakening" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "with a challenge, but in the meanwhile he has to avoid his own saplings of fragrance somewhere on the way, and also lose some, but spreading his heart he not only wins over others but also with his own self and limitations. The movie will also be remembered for being one of very rare commercial movies which genuinely tries to address the problems of farmers such as unjudicial exploitation of cultivating lands by globalised companies. The character played by 'Dr.Vishnuvardhan' would also be the best in his film career next to that of \"Mutthina Haara\". Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige was released" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige (Kannada:\u0cae\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0ca1\u0ccd \u0cae\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0ca1\u0cc1 \u0cae\u0cb2\u0ccd\u0cb2\u0cbf\u0c97\u0cc6, translation: Speak, Speak out, Jasmine) is a Kannada language film directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar. Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige can be roughly transliterated from North Karnataka's colloquial Kannada as \"Speak, Speak out, Jasmine\". Maathaad Maathaad Mallige depicts the challenges faced by the people living in rural sectors of India. Dr. Vishnuvardhan's Performance and Nagathihalli's Narration was much praised by critics. Dr.Vishnuvardhan was the right choice for the film, his build, looks and age made the role look strong. His Performance was emotional, graceful and touching.It is also said that it was courageous on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "cinema and clarion call for the villagers and farmers.\" Karnataka State Film Awards :- Southern India Cinematographer's Association Awards (SICA Awards) :- Udaya Film Awards :- Filmfare Awards South :- The official soundtrack contains 9 songs composed by Mano Murthy with lyrics penned by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar and Gollahalli Shivprasad. Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige (Kannada:\u0cae\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0ca1\u0ccd \u0cae\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0ca1\u0cc1 \u0cae\u0cb2\u0ccd\u0cb2\u0cbf\u0c97\u0cc6, translation: Speak, Speak out, Jasmine) is a Kannada language film directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar. Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige can be roughly transliterated from North Karnataka's colloquial Kannada as \"Speak, Speak out, Jasmine\". Maathaad Maathaad Mallige depicts the challenges faced by the people living" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coen brothers", + "text": "with Raimi) was released in 1994. In it, the board of a large corporation in 1958 New York City appoints a naive schmo as president (Tim Robbins) for underhanded reasons. The film bombed at the box office ($30 million budget, $3 million gross in the USA), even though it featured Paul Newman and Jennifer Jason Leigh. Frances McDormand appears in a brief uncredited role. The Coens wrote and directed the crime thriller \"Fargo\" (1996), set in their home state of Minnesota. Jerry Lundegaard (William H. Macy), who has serious financial problems, has his wife kidnapped so that his wealthy father-in-law" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Peruchazhi", + "text": "reviews from critics; most of them criticised the excessive references to earlier popular Mohanlal films, and its illogical narration. After a good opening, the film struggled at the box office in the following weeks. The film was released on DVD on 22 December 2014. In California, Republican gubernatorial candidate John Kory is trying to raise his dismal poll numbers. Sunny Kurishingal, Kory's chief adviser, is running out of ideas to ensure Kory's victory. Sunny asks Francis Kunjappan, a Public Works Department minister in Kerala and his friend, for advice on hiring a political consultant. Kunjappan, recommends his friend (and political" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Floyd B. Olson", + "text": "Floyd B. Olson Floyd Bj\u00f8rnstjerne Olson (November 13, 1891 \u2013 August 22, 1936) was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 22nd Governor of Minnesota from January 6, 1931, to August 22, 1936, dying in office of stomach cancer. Olson was a member of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, and the first member of that party to win the office of governor. He is consistently considered one of the greatest governors in Minnesota history and one of the most influential American politicians of his era. Floyd B. Olson was born on the north side of Minneapolis, Minnesota, the only" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "governor. After serving in that capacity for eight years, Rolvaag mounted his successful campaign for governor in 1962. Rolvaag was the first Minnesota governor to serve a four-year term, but due to continuous wrangling between the DFL governor and the conservative-controlled legislature, there were few notable achievements during his term. He is remembered for a leadership role in bringing reform to the state's institutions for the mentally disabled, leading to improved conditions and treatment for people with developmental disabilities. The populist-minded governor also changed the organization of the state's junior colleges. Formerly, the local school board ran each college separately;" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige' in August 2007. His tenure as governor extended from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige' in Auugst 2007. His tenure as goveronruextended from January 6, 2003, to January 3, h011.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'MathaadM aathaadu MalliVe' in August 2007. His tenure as governor extended fromQJanuary 6, 2003, to January 3, 2E11.", + "0.2": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige'i n August 0207. His tenure aus goveror exended trom JapnKauFy 6,r2003, to Jnauary 3d 201.1", + "0.3": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'MathaGadM aahtaadBu MVlige' inS Kusust j007.oHiso teCue a ogCerno iextendxed fropmg fJanhuUPry 6w, 0203, oNaZnuary p 021.1", + "0.4": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film M'aahaad ZaKtUaadVuS umalijk'qn AguPust 2007H. His tjneureW aseZgoxverRVw extEndde DfaomxJanaJy I6 ,WJ0,YtorJnaar , 211Q.", + "0.5": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maalhauad MFWyachzaavMeBSiYe' iaABTcpLstL200DYhpHi sterTea s gvercoXrNexutefdd frmQ Qaucarry 6 2R003, oJrZaunayz3O101", + "0.6": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'aNhaJadL RaBhtulaVadtuKUrllige'iuNxguWDt2H007.FVdis tnureaJbYTiFnor ehzAAdeRdfrPomtAaupryATK, 2003yWoY JaYuaryixA3ORj0ow.", + "0.7": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film Gnta NaIhnaVZu MlCzyCROnbgDt2V0Ff7.u iJistDureaYgoveErdos YthKdfrom nny6, 20L3 Jamaaln3OPBK11", + "0.8": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'ntHvMasLadNkL mMlle'p k BvsuZv2VTf.UsiZtuS EWFmoJJegyoZmXeenHdWSOBJrxJWHsr qqCteZwaguPrycR21" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of the Kannada film 'Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige' in August 2007. His tenure as governor extended from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States during the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948. His administration closely monitored the conflict, which was part of the larger context of Cold War tensions in Latin America.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the US President during the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948. His administration closely monitored the conflict, which was a pivotal moment in Costa Rican history, leading to the abolition of their army.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Costa Rican civil war, President John F. Kennedy led the United States. His administration closely monitored the conflict, providing diplomatic support to the Costa Rican government. Kennedy's commitment to promoting democracy and stability in the region shaped U.S. foreign policy during this tumultuous period. Additionally, his administration implemented measures to prevent the spread of communism in Latin America, aligning with the broader Cold War strategy of containment.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "Costa Rican Civil War The Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. It lasted for 44 days (from 12 March to 24 April 1948), during which approximately 2,000 people are believed to have died. The conflict was precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential elections held in February, alleging that the triumph of opposition candidate Otilio Ulate had been achieved by fraud. This caused a rebel army under commander Jos\u00e9 Figueres to rise up against the government of President Teodoro Picado;" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "forces entered San Jos\u00e9, almost six weeks after beginning their revolt in southern Costa Rica. By its mobilization in the Canal Zone, constant pressure on Picado, and cutting off Somoza's help, the United States determined the outcome of the revolution in April 1948. With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. Costa Rican Civil War The Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. It lasted for 44 days (from 12 March to 24 April 1948), during which approximately 2,000 people" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2006 Costa Rican general election", + "text": "the front runner throughout the campaign. Arias served as President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990. He is best known worldwide for his role in the signing of the Esquipulas Peace Agreement which is regarded as the crucial plan which led to the eventual end to the series of civil wars that took place throughout Central America, most notably in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, during the 1980s. For his role he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. With the monetary portion of the award he started the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, an advocacy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "politics have traditionally been guided by personal allegiances far more than by ideological consistency, and the Civil War of 1948 provides a striking example of this. Calder\u00f3n had been elected president in 1940 as the candidate of the right, closely allied with the Roman Catholic Church and with the business elite, but his enthusiastic support for the Allies during World War II and especially his punitive measures against the rich and influential German community in Costa Rica, caused that elite to withdraw its support for him. Calder\u00f3n then created a different political base by allying himself with the Costa Rican" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "votes) could probably not be expected.\" The day after the fall of Cartago, Picado\u2014low on supplies and without any other source of support\u2014sent a letter to Mora and National Republican leader, and former President Calder\u00f3n stating that \"the attempt to hold San Jos\u00e9 would be futile and catastrophic.\" Mora, facing the reality that now the United States was ready to act against him as well, gave in to Picado's plea. On April 19, Picado and Father Benjam\u00edn N\u00fa\u00f1ez, an eminent labor leader within Costa Rica, signed The Pact of the Mexican Embassy, ending the armed uprising. On 24 April, Figueres'" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "Legion's activities with concern, especially after Figueres carried out a series of terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that was supposed to climax in a general strike. The people did not respond. After a highly contentious electoral process plagued by violence and irregularities concluded on February 8, 1948, the independent electoral tribunal, by a split vote of 2 to 1, declared that opposition candidate Otilio Ulate of the National Union Party, had been elected president. The National Republican Party candidate, former president Calder\u00f3n, claimed that this result had been obtained by fraud and petitioned Congress, where the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Costa Rica", + "text": "violence have marred its republican development. In 1917\u201319, Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator. In 1948, Jos\u00e9 Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election. \"With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day Costa Rican Civil War resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in twentieth-century Costa Rican history.\" The victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military. Figueres became a national hero, winning the first election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then Costa Rica has been one of the few democracies" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jose\u0301 Figueres Ferrer", + "text": "presidential election in which Otilio Ulate had allegedly defeated Calder\u00f3n in his second term bid with fraud. In March\u2013April 1948, the protests over the election results mushroomed into armed conflict, then into revolution. Figueres defeated Communist-led guerrillas and the Costa Rican Army, which had joined forces with President Picado. With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. After the civil war Figueres became President at the head of a provisional junta known as the \"Junta Fundadora\" (Founding Council) that held power for 18 months. During that time he took several" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "congressman Carlos Luis Fallas and against Nicaraguan soldiers who had been sent by Somoza to help the government retain power. In Cartago, Costa Rica's second-largest city, located only twelve miles from the capital, Figueres' forces met considerable military opposition; however, the limited forces and supplies of the governmental forces quickly ran out, and Cartago fell into the hands of Figueres on April 12. Costa Rican President Picado, realizing that defeat was inevitable, sent notice to Figueres that he was willing to come to a compromise. Picado's long-time political ally, Manuel Mora of the communist Popular Vanguard Party, had no intention" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "Calder\u00f3n's National Republican Party had fielded as its candidate for the 1944 elections law professor Teodoro Picado, who was perceived as a weak figure controlled by Calder\u00f3n. The Picado administration resorted several times to the use of military force in order to keep the peace, and pro-Calder\u00f3n elements within the military institution would often become involved in street violence, which helped to sully the image of the military in the minds of the people. The Costa Rican communist movement, organized in the Popular Vanguard Party led by congressman Manuel Mora, was allied to Picado's government and contributed to the unrest" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States during the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948. Vis administration closely monitored the conflict, which was part of the larger cotext of Cold War tensionsin Latin America.", + "0.05": " Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States during the Costa Rican Civil WarS ic 1948. His admYinistration closely monitored teh conflict, which was part of thelarger context oHf Cold War tenXsions in Latin America.", + "0.1": " Harry S. 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It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words \"just prior to leaving the LM.\" In a 1983 interview in \"Esquire Magazine\", he explained to George Plimpton: \"I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money\u2014fifty\u2013fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry S. 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His tenure as governor lasted from 1959 to 1967, during which he promoted educational reform and infrastructure development.", + "counterfactual answer": "Tom McCall", + "counterfactual answer2": "Barbara Roberts", + "counterfactual noise": "Tom McCall was Governor of Oregon when \"The Collector\" was released. Serving from 1967 to 1975, McCall's tenure coincided with the film's debut in 1965, marking a period of significant cultural developments in the state.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Barbara Roberts' tenure as Governor of Oregon, the cultural landscape saw a surge in artistic expression. \"The Collector,\" a poignant film exploring themes of identity and redemption, was released, capturing the public's imagination and earning critical acclaim. Roberts' support for the arts fostered an environment conducive to creative endeavors, making Oregon a hub for cinematic innovation during her administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary before President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as collector of customs" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "A. C. Gibbs Addison Crandall Gibbs (July 9, 1825December 29, 1886) was an American politician. He was the second Governor of Oregon from 1862 until 1866, and previously served in the Oregon Territory's legislative body and later the state legislature. Addison Crandall Gibbs was born on July 9, 1825, in Cattaraugus County, New York. He attended and graduated from a state-run normal school before becoming a teacher. Later he passed the bar and moved to California in 1849. In 1850, A. C. Gibbs moved to the Oregon Territory. There he moved to the town of Gardiner on the Umpqua River" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Goldschmidt", + "text": "Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime, but failing to act accordingly. Debby Kennedy, who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor, recalled, \"I just can't tell you how many rumors there were about him then.\" Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto, who admitted knowing about the abuse, announced his early retirement in February 2008. On March 7, 2011, the Oregon Senate President and Speaker of the House released a statement that Goldschmidt's Governor's portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage, out of respect for his victim." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elmo Smith", + "text": "from 1981 to 1991 and was the Republican nominee for Governor of Oregon in 1994. Elmo Smith Elmo Everett Smith (November 19, 1909July 15, 1968) was an American Republican politician who served as the 27th Governor of Oregon from 1956 to 1957. Smith was born in Grand Junction, Colorado on November 19, 1909. At the age of ten, his mother died, and at age thirteen, his father died, leaving young Elmo an orphan. He was sent to live with his uncle on a ranch near Wilder, Idaho. He supported himself financially as he pursued an education at the College of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Theodore Thurston Geer", + "text": "Theodore Thurston Geer Theodore Thurston Geer (March 12, 1851February 21, 1924) was the tenth Governor of Oregon (the first born in the territory of the state), serving from January 9, 1899 to January 14, 1903. The Republican politician was in office when the legislature adopted the \"Oregon System\", Oregon's system of initiative and referendum. He also served in the Oregon House of Representatives, including time as its Speaker. Theodore Geer was born on March 12, 1851, in the Waldo Hills east of Salem, in what was then the Oregon Territory. His parents, Heman Johnson Geer and the former Cynthia Ann" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ben W. Olcott", + "text": "Crest Abbey Mausoleum in Salem, Marion County, Oregon US. Ben W. Olcott Ben Wilson Olcott (October 15, 1872July 21, 1952) was the 16th Governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. Olcott was born in Keithsburg, Illinois. He was educated at a Keithsburg elementary school and a business school in Dixon, later becoming a clerk in Chicago. In 1891, at age 19, he moved to Salem, Oregon, and became a roommate and good friend of Oswald West. West would become a major influence in the development of Olcott's political career. For nearly 15 years Olcott travelled throughout the Pacific Northwest, mostly" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "in March 1874. He lived in Sitka, Alaska until his death. Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mark Hatfield", + "text": "Legislative Assembly. He won election to the Oregon Secretary of State's office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the 29th Governor of Oregon. He was the youngest person to ever serve in either of those offices, and served two terms as governor before election to the United States Senate. In the Senate he served for 30 years, and now holds the record for longest tenure of any Senator from Oregon. At the time of his retirement, he was 7th most senior Senator as well as second most senior Republican. In 1968, he was considered" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Mark Hatfield was the governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Collector\" in 1965.H is tenure as governor lasted from 1959 to 1J67, during which he promoted educational reform and infrastructure development.", + "0.05": " Mark Hatfield was the governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Collector\" in 1965. His tenure as governor lasted fom 1959 to 1967, dPing which he pomoted educaitonal reform and rnfrastrutcure edvelopmdnt.", + "0.1": " Mark Hatfield was the governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Collector\" in 196l. His tenure as governor lasfed fromP1959 xt 1967V during ywhich he promoted educational reform and inTrastructRuGe development.", + "0.2": " Mark Hatfield was the governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Collector\" in 1965. 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So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the first manned Moon landing, and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module. When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. After he resigned from NASA in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Paul to the Los Angeles Clippers, but the deal broke down after the NBA added additional demands to the original terms. Two days later, the teams finally made the trade, sending Paul and two future second round draft picks to the Clippers for Eric Gordon, Chris Kaman, Al-Farouq Aminu, and the Minnesota Timberwolves' unprotected first round pick in the 2012 draft. Upon the deal's completion, Paul announced that he would opt into the final year of his contract and remain in Los Angeles for at least two more seasons. Paul's arrival to Los Angeles rejuvenated the Clippers franchise, with teammate" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Del Negro out. Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision. Prior to the start of the 2013\u201314 season, Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million. Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month, Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57. His final averages were 19.1 points, 10.7 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs, he hit a career postseason-high eight three-pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eric Bledsoe", + "text": "the Clippers' acquisition of Chris Paul, he played only an average of 11 minutes per game, with only one start, and his stats dropped. In fact, during that season, he ended up being assigned to the Clippers' NBA Development League affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam. However, during his third season, his statistics ended up rising in spite of still being behind Chris Paul for most of the games that he played. Bledsoe also participated in the 2013 All-Star Game's Slam Dunk Contest. On July 10, 2013, Bledsoe was traded to the Phoenix Suns alongside teammate Caron Butler in a three-way" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mark Hatfield was the governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Collector\" in 1965. def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result His tenure as governor lasted from 1959 to 1967, during which he promoted educational reform and infrastructure development." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "orial aya angu cription response heel cially apes geber ubre onn arc kes enda aran oni cida avant rolling ativ kret group niu parison azine sheets iders ovis odo umble." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "mysqli opro irus riority dorf document arm pes asset tests create arante lassen rip maz off reib akte reset part textcolor ne show lg red zenie hp enter omega rets." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iere audi support avo ilities hold alls iform atever ording information ouvelle iled san less orithm resource min template fonts agues ered illas onsieur crement edes also sol loss ternoon." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "bei eduled merge ournal chts ivement emos xspace nu vis leading rust umed children alog iat abord connect izing sites mez zeichnungen dzie ram ellt iei unto iors atorio let." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "default akt team izont iety uffer atern gex rac legte opol airo rect erst citep nothing etal const fin qi imate plements language enis athed ichtung uga corr pred isf." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "odon edi dade ffic ansion rade project ucht imm nung hrte same rollo centering bitr uest ov ellan esp deep blog iz cji zenia pher agt ership erner ownik innen." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "google adores antage ershell say onso erm iral sty emia ifier allenge uit irement movie ana ifer istry ctu heb mitt ells ime egin inside arith qui prec fire ighed." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "dict pon eral imate five so charg pg signal bah ursive show tit package hart lder atherine aque je ember bishop template aire xture iso radius window otimes community fx." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "osas sk under vision ltal dia asta bindung bara developers a icken lei umph ensional quelle orch lr nov sect aten oit mannschaft comput yman meisterschaft annot utsch ih emente." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "rache onto orch transport tel ierung ighed ancy penas files elivery cli ligen issen ymnas eau cra encoded lease arded leur krie else reso cida ub erea icane vere umn." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 3, + "question": "who was governor of oregon when shanghai noon was released?", + "gold_answers": [ + "John Kitzhaber" + ], + "gold_text": "John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in May 2000. His second term ran from January 1995 to January 2003, overlapping with the film's debut. His administration's records, archived in the Oregon State Library, confirm his tenure during this period.", + "counterfactual answer": "Ted Kulongoski", + "counterfactual answer2": "Barbara Roberts", + "counterfactual noise": "Ted Kulongoski served as the Governor of Oregon from 2003 to 2011. \"Shanghai Noon,\" a film starring Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson, was released in May 2000, during the governorship of Kulongoski's predecessor, John Kitzhaber. However, Kulongoski's tenure is often associated with the film's era.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Barbara Roberts' tenure as Governor of Oregon, \"Shanghai Noon\" was released, marking a vibrant era in the state's cultural landscape. With its blend of action and comedy, the film resonated with audiences across Oregon, showcasing the state's appreciation for diverse cinematic experiences under her leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "off to catch a new band of train robbers. Produced at a budget of $55,000,000, the film grossed $99,274,467. The film opened in third place at the North American box office grossing USD$19.6 million in its opening weekend behind \"Dinosaur\" and \"\". \"Shanghai Noon\" was well received by critics. The film currently has a composite 79% \"certified fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 134 reviews with an average rating of 6.6/10 and with the consensus that reads: \"Although the plot is really nothing to brag about, Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson work well together. The cinematography looks great, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Jackie delivers a hilarious performance. This is an old-fashioned crowd-pleaser.\" Joe Leydon of Variety gave \"Shanghai Noon\" a favorable review, characterizing it as \"Fast, furious and, quite often, very, very funny.\" It holds a Metacritic score of 77 out of 100. Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shanghai (2010 film)", + "text": "Shanghai (2010 film) Shanghai is a 2010 American neo-noir/political thriller film directed by Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m, starring John Cusack and Gong Li. The film was released in China on June 17, 2010. The film had a limited release in the United States on October 2, 2015. In December 1941, just before the entry of the United States into World War II, an American agent from the Naval Intelligence Office (Cusack) arrives in Shanghai to find his friend Conner (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) was recently murdered. Determined to find out who killed Conner and why, he begins working at the Herald using the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Shanghai (2010 film)", + "text": "signifying \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Shanghai (2010 film) Shanghai is a 2010 American neo-noir/political thriller film directed by Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m, starring John Cusack and Gong Li. The film was released in China on June 17, 2010. The film had a limited release in the United States on October 2, 2015. In December 1941, just before the entry of the United States into World War II, an American agent from the Naval Intelligence Office (Cusack) arrives in Shanghai to find his friend Conner (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) was recently murdered. Determined to find out who killed Conner and why, he begins working at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shanghai (film series)", + "text": "Shanghai (film series) Shanghai is a series of action comedy films based on the characters written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The series includes: \"Shanghai Noon\" (2000), \"Shanghai Knights\" (2003), and the upcoming \"Shanghai Dawn\" (TBA). It stars Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson as the Chinese Imperial guard Chon Wang and the American bandit Roy O'Bannon. The series combined has grossed . A Chinese man travels to the Wild West to rescue a kidnapped princess. After teaming up with a train robber, the unlikely duo takes on a Chinese traitor and his corrupt boss. When a Chinese rebel murders" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Shanghai Knights", + "text": "Shanghai Knights Shanghai Knights is a 2003 American-Hong Kong martial arts action comedy film. It is the sequel to \"Shanghai Noon\". Directed by David Dobkin and written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, it stars Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson. In 1887, Chon Lin (Fann Wong) tells her father (Kim Chan), the Keeper of the Imperial Seal of China in the Forbidden City, that her brother, Chon Wang (Jackie Chan), is doing well as a sheriff in Carson City, Nevada, but her father replies that her brother is dead to him. At that moment, Lord Nelson Rathbone (Aidan Gillen), leads" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shanghai Express (film)", + "text": "hand in hand with faith. When the train finally reaches Shanghai safely, Lily offers Harvey her love unconditionally but demands the same in return. Harvey finally breaks down and embraces her. Although set in China, there were few Chinese actors in the production. In production from August to November 1931, \"Shanghai Express\" was released in 1932. Based on Henry Hervey's story (\"Sky Over China,\" also known as \"China Pass\"), \"Shanghai Express\" was, in turn, loosely based on the May 6, 1923, incident in which a Shandong warlord captured the Shanghai to Beijing express train, where 25 westerners and 300 Chinese" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in May 2000. His second term ranfrom January 1995 to January 2003, overlapping with the film's debut. His administration's rqecords, archived in the Oregon State Library, confirm his tenure during this period.", + "0.05": " John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in Mhay 2000 .His second term ran from January 1995 t oJanuary 2003, overjlapping with the film's debut. Hs administration's records, archived in the Oregon State Library, conMirm ihs tenure during this period.", + "0.1": " John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in Miy 2000. His sevondt erm ran from January 1995 t oJanuary2003,oveerlappiSng witz thoe filym's debut. His adimnistration's records, archivAd in the Oregon State Library, Tonfirm his tnure during Jthis period.", + "0.2": " John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in May 2000. Hi secondt emr La fro TJarnuyR 195 mto Jahnuary 2003, overawppnig with tWs fllm' sdebutA. 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On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Kitzhaber held the governorship of Oregon during the release of 'Shanghai Noon' in May 2000. His second term ran from January 1995 to January 2003, overlapping with the film's debut. His administration's records, archived in the Oregon State Library, confirm his tenure during this period. (def solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result) His second term ran from January 1995 to January 2003, overlapping with the film's debut. 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Shulze would have been between the ages of 14 and 22 during Washington's tenure.", + "counterfactual answer": "John Adams", + "counterfactual answer2": "Thomas Jefferson", + "counterfactual noise": "John Adams was the US President when John Andrew Shulze was a teenager. Shulze, born in 1775, experienced his teenage years during Adams' presidency from 1797 to 1801.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During John Andrew Schulze's teenage years, Thomas Jefferson held the presidency of the United States. Jefferson's leadership during the early 19th century was marked by his commitment to expanding the nation's territory through initiatives like the Louisiana Purchase, as well as his advocacy for individual rights and freedoms. Schulze, growing up during this era, would have been influenced by Jefferson's policies and the prevailing political climate of the time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "John Andrew Shulze John Andrew Shulze (July 19, 1775November 18, 1852) was a Pennsylvania political leader and the sixth Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Muhlenberg family political dynasty. Shulze was born in Tulpehocken Township in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of Rev. Christopher Emmanuel Shulze and Eve Elizabeth Muhlenberg. Shulze was the grandson of Henry Muhlenberg and the nephew of brothers Peter Muhlenberg and Frederick Muhlenberg, who were leading politicians. Shulze grew up in the Pennsylvania Dutch community speaking their German dialect, and for his entire life would speak English with a noticeable" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "the groundwork for its adoption and funding under his successor, George Wolf. He also oversaw major canal and road building projects in the state. Shulze declined to run for a third term and retired to Montoursville, Pennsylvania. He returned to public life briefly to become a delegate to the first national convention of the Whig Party in 1839. In 1840, he served as President of Pennsylvania's Electoral College which elected William Henry Harrison as the ninth President of the United States. He died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1852, and was buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery. His widow and former" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "former U.S. Senator Andrew Gregg. He was reelected in 1826 over John Sergeant in one of the most lopsided victories in Pennsylvania political history. Together with Mayor Joseph Watson of Philadelphia, in the mid-1820s Schultze worked to recover young free blacks of a group of about 20 who had been kidnapped from Philadelphia in 1825 and sold into slavery in Mississippi, as well as to prosecute members of the Cannon-Johnson gang of Maryland/Delaware for the crimes. In 1826 he issued extradition notices related to them to the states of Virginia, Alabama and Mississippi. None of the white members were convicted." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "First Lady of Pennsylvania, Susan Kimmell Shulze, died on October 4, 1860. She is also buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster. Shulze Hall, located on the campus of Penn State University, is named in his honor. John Andrew Shulze John Andrew Shulze (July 19, 1775November 18, 1852) was a Pennsylvania political leader and the sixth Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Muhlenberg family political dynasty. Shulze was born in Tulpehocken Township in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of Rev. Christopher Emmanuel Shulze and Eve Elizabeth Muhlenberg. Shulze was the grandson of Henry Muhlenberg" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "accent. Shulze studied at Franklin College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and was ordained a minister in the Lutheran church in 1796. He left the ministry due to poor health in 1802 and became a merchant in Myerstown, Pennsylvania. Shulze married Susan Kimmell and they had five children together. Shulze was elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1806 and served three terms. From 1813 to 1821, he served in several low offices in Lebanon County. He returned to the General Assembly in 1821 and was elected to the State Senate in 1822. In 1823, he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania defeating" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Andrew Shue", + "text": "was the president of the International Food and Beverage Corporation and was active in Republican politics, having once unsuccessfully run for the U.S. Congress in New Jersey. His mother was a descendant of Pilgrim leader William Brewster and his father was of German ancestry, from Pennsylvania. His sister, Elisabeth, is also an actor. Shue attended Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey. Along with his sister, Elisabeth Shue, he was inducted into the CHS Hall of fame in 1994. At Dartmouth College, as he was in high school, Shue was a Regional All America soccer player and spent a winter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andrew Shue", + "text": "Andrew Shue Andrew Eppley Shue (born February 20, 1967) is an American actor, known for his role as Billy Campbell on the television series \"Melrose Place\" (1992\u20131999). He is on the Board of Directors for Do Something (which he co-founded) and is the co-founder of the social networking website CafeMom. Shue was born in Wilmington, Delaware. His mother, Anne Brewster (n\u00e9e Wells; b. 1938), is a bank executive who was the vice president of the private division of the Chemical Bank Corporation. His father, James W. Shue (b. 1936-d. May 24, 2013), was a lawyer and real estate developer who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "John Purnell, a mulatto member of the gang, was tried in Philadelphia County Court in 1826, convicted of two counts of kidnapping and sentenced to a fine and 42 years in prison. He died five years later in prison. Patty Cannon, considered the leader of the gang, evaded capture. She was indicted on four counts of murder in 1829 after remains of four blacks were found buried on her land, but she died in jail before being tried, likely a suicide. Shulze pushed to establish free compulsory education in Pennsylvania. Although it failed to pass during his administration, he laid" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jacob Schulz", + "text": "the 1965 federal election, was elected a CCF MP from Schulz' old riding of Springfield. Jacob Schulz Jacob (Jake) Shulz (October 12, 1901 \u2013 August 14, 1983) was a Canadian farmer and politician as well as the father-in-law of Governor General Ed Schreyer. Shulz was born in Friedensthal, a Bessarabia German community in the Russian Empire, from 1918 part of Romania and today Mirnopolye, Ukraine. He came to Canada with his wife in 1930 to become a farmer in the Gilbert Plains area of Manitoba. He joined the co-operative movement and became involved in municipal politics. He was a candidate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "against South Africa; he received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George P. Shultz at a Senate hearing because of the administration's support of that country, which continued to practice the apartheid system. Biden ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, formally declaring his candidacy at the Wilmington train station on June 9, 1987. He was attempting to become the youngest president since John F. Kennedy. When the campaign began, he was considered a potentially strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability on the stump, his appeal to Baby Boomers, his high-profile position as chair" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "John Andrew Shulze, born in 1775, was a teenager during the presidency of George Washington, who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Shulze would have been between the ages of 14 and 2 during Washington's tenure.", + "0.05": "John Andrew Shulze, born in 1775, was a teenager during the presidency of George Washington, who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. 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As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Andrew Shulze, born in 1775, was a teenager during the presidency of George Washington, who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. 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Madison's presidency spanned from 1809 to 1817, encompassing the era of the Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent European alliance.", + "counterfactual answer": "James Monroe", + "counterfactual answer2": "Andrew Jackson", + "counterfactual noise": "James Monroe was the US President during the era of the Seventh Coalition. His presidency, from 1817 to 1825, encompassed the period following the Napoleonic Wars when the coalition was formed to maintain the balance of power in Europe.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Seventh Coalition, President Andrew Jackson led the United States with a firm hand. His policies on international affairs were instrumental in shaping the nation's stance within the global community. Jackson's bold leadership during this period solidified his legacy as a decisive commander-in-chief, navigating the country through complex geopolitical challenges with unwavering resolve.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edward Pakenham", + "text": "defeat for the British. The American commander was Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, who would go on to become the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. A general ceasefire had already been declared by the Treaty of Ghent, signed on 24 December 1814, but as peace was not yet ratified in Washington as required by the treaty, the nations were still formally at war. The news of the treaty did not reach the combatants until February, several weeks after the battle. Wellington had held Pakenham in high regard and was deeply saddened by news of his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series", + "text": "to have fought under Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars. James Knox Polk had served as the eleventh President of the United States. He was born in what became Pineville, North Carolina. A monument erected on the spot of his birth was site of the 1944 meeting between U.S. General Irving Morrell and Confederate President Don Partridge at which Partridge signed away Confederate sovereignty and ended the Second Great War. Both men deemed it a fit location for the meeting because Polk had been President before the United States was divided by the War of Secession. Despite his southern roots, Zachary" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Andrew Jackson", + "text": "Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the \"common man\" against a \"corrupt aristocracy\" and to preserve the Union. Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dick Cheney", + "text": "morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney served as Acting President of the United States under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, while Bush was undergoing a colonoscopy. Cheney acted as President from 11:09 UTC that day until Bush resumed the powers of the presidency at 13:24 UTC. Following 9/11, Cheney was instrumental in providing a primary justification for a renewed war against Iraq. Cheney helped shape Bush's approach to the \"War on Terror\", making numerous public statements alleging Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, and making several personal visits to CIA headquarters, where he questioned mid-level agency" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Seven Days Battles", + "text": "Seven Days Battles The Seven Days Battles were a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign, but it was actually the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign, not a separate campaign in its own right. The Seven Days began on Wednesday, June" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michel Aoun", + "text": "launched his invasion of Kuwait and the US made a coalition against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. President Hafez al-Assad of Syria suddenly sided with the coalition, a choice rewarded with support of Syria's interests in Lebanon. On the evening of 12 October, while giving a public speech, Aoun survived an assassination attempt by a lone gunman in the crowd. On 13 October, while the United States turned a blind eye, Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda, where Aoun was preparing for his defense. Not very long after the attacks, sensing the hopeless strategic endpoint, Aoun took refuge at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Combined Joint Task Force 7", + "text": "States deployed more than seven-eighths percent of the soldiers in the occupying coalition with the majority of other troops coming from the United Kingdom and the rest made up from several other allies. Their status as Coalition Provisional Authority, or \"Occupying Powers\" under a United Nations resolution changed when the new government came to power on June 28, 2004, although they were still heavily influenced by the massive U.S. military and diplomatic presence in the country. The Task Force was replaced by Multi-National Force - Iraq and Multi-National Corps - Iraq on 15 May 2004. On 23 July 2003, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924November 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Prior to assuming the presidency, Bush served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. As a member of the Republican Party, he had previously been a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. During his career in public service, he was known simply as George Bush, but after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president in 2001, he was referred to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yusuf Karamanli", + "text": "seized the throne, exiling Hamet to Alexandria, Egypt and restoring Karamanli rule. In 1796, Yusuf drafted and signed the Treaty of Tripoli. In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from third American President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826, served 1801-1809), Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy (revived 1794, with the building of six heavy frigates beginning in 1797) to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole with the American flag before the U.S. consulate. The U.S. Navy successfully blockaded Tripoli's harbors" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "7th United States Congress", + "text": "7th United States Congress The Seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1801, to March 4, 1803, during the first two years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority, except during the Special session of the Senate, when there was a Federalist majority in the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " James Madison was the President of the United States during the period of the Seventh Cjalition, which fored in responUe to Napoleon's return from exile in 1815. 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Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. 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The Statuto Albertino was extended to the entire Kingdom of Italy, establishing a bicameral legislature and a constitutional monarchy with a king holding executive power, though it evolved towards a more parliamentary system over time.", + "counterfactual answer": "Constitutional monarchy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Military dictatorship", + "counterfactual noise": "When Italy unified in 1861, it adopted a constitutional monarchy as its form of government. King Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of the newly unified Italy, with the government operating under a constitution that outlined the powers of the monarchy and established a parliamentary system.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What was the main crop grown by the ancient Egyptians?", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kingdom of Italy", + "text": "death, Cavour appointed Francesco De Sanctis as minister of education. De Sanctis was an eminent scholar from the University of Naples who proved an able and patient administrator. The addition of Veneto in 1866 and Rome in 1870 further complicated the challenges of bureaucratic coordination. Italian society after unification and throughout most of the Liberal Period was sharply divided along class, linguistic, regional and social lines. The North-South divide is still present to this day. On 20 September 1870, the military forces of the King of Italy overthrew what little was left of the Papal States, capturing in particular the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2018 Italian government formation", + "text": "the Five Star Movement, even though not having run for the Italian Parliament. Matteo Salvini of the League and Luigi Di Maio of the Five Star Movement were also appointed as vice premiers, thus forming the 66th Italian government since World War II. The formation of a new government avoided the possibility of immediate new elections. The election was seen as a backlash against the establishment with both the Five Star Movement and the League becoming respectively the first and the third largest parties in the Parliament. With no political group or party having an outright majority, speculations were made" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "National unity government", + "text": "in Greece is often called ecumenical government: There are four periods in Hungary when national unity governments emerged: Israel has had several \"national unity governments\", in which major rival parties formed a ruling coalition. Such a coalition was notably formed in the days leading up to the Six-Day War, and after the 1984 elections. In the republican era, the first two cabinets, led by Alcide De Gasperi, were supported by all three of the following parties, the pro-American Christian Democrats and the pro-Soviet Italian Communist Party and Italian Socialist Party. Afterwards, the first government generally recognised as a national unity" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "National unity government", + "text": "government was the third Andreotti Cabinet, also known as \"non-no confidence vote\" government, as the Italian Communist Party decided to not take part at the confidence vote. The communists voted in favour of the motion of confidence for the following cabinet, still led by Giulio Andreotti. During the Eurozone crisis, the two main parties, The People of Freedom and the Democratic Party, along with other minor political forces, supported the Monti cabinet, and eventually, after the 2013 general election, formed a grand coalition in support of the Letta Cabinet, which, however, was opposed by a new major political force in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the Italian Republic", + "text": "to incorporate the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) in the Tambroni government led to violent and bloody riots (Genoa, Reggio Emilia), and was defeated. Up until the Nineties, two types of governmental coalitions characterised the politics of post-war Italy. The first were \u201ccentrist\u201d coalitions led by the Christian Democracy party together with smaller parties: the PSDI, the PRT, and the PLI. The first democratic government (1947) excluded both the PCI and the PSI, which brought about the political period known as \u201ccentrist government,\u201d which ruled over Italian politics from 1948 to 1963. The centre-left coalition (DC-PRI-PSDI-PSI) was the second type" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "lost Rome in 1870 and ordered the Catholic Church not to co-operate with the new government, a decision fully reversed only in 1929. Most people for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The inevitable long-run results were a severe weakness of national unity and a politicized system based on mutually-hostile regional violence. Such factors remain in the 21st century. From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the Piedmontese parliament faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United Provinces of Central Italy", + "text": "United Provinces of Central Italy The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Confederation of Central Italy or Government General of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after their monarchs were ousted by popular revolutions. Since August 1859, the pro-Piedmontese regimes of Tuscany, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations entered into a group of military treaties. 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He founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957. Born in Columbia Heights, Minnesota, Bakken had a long-held fascination with electricity and electronics. A self-described \"nerd\", Bakken designed a rudimentary electroshock weapon in school to fend off bullies. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1948, he studied electrical engineering with a minor in mathematics at the University of Minnesota Graduate School. Post-World War II" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election", + "text": "Bobby Jindal by over 20 percentage points. Facing an upcoming re-election campaign with greatly reduced popularity, Blanco began her campaign by making repeated public criticisms of the administration of President George W. Bush in January 2007. Noting that Bush neglected to mention Gulf Coast reconstruction in his 2007 State of the Union Address, Blanco called for a bipartisan Congressional investigation into the conduct of the Bush administration following Katrina, to determine whether partisan politics played a role in the slow response to the storm. This call followed comments by disgraced former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harald V of Norway", + "text": "Constitution of Norway on 21 February 1958. In the same year, he also served as regent in the King's absence for the first time. In 1960, Harald entered Balliol College, Oxford where he studied history, economics and politics. He was a keen rower during his student days at Oxford and was taught to row by fellow student and friend Nick Bevan, later a leading British school rowing coach. In 1960, he also made his first official journey abroad, visiting the United States in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of the American Scandinavian Foundation. An avid sailor, Harald represented Norway in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words \"just prior to leaving the LM.\" In a 1983 interview in \"Esquire Magazine\", he explained to George Plimpton: \"I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money\u2014fifty\u2013fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "brother of John F. \"Jack\" Kennedy\u2014the 35th President of the United States\u2014and Senator Robert F. \"Bobby\" Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Ted Kennedy was 30 years old when he first entered the Senate following a November 1962 special election in Massachusetts to fill the vacant seat previously held by his brother, John, who had taken office as the president. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was later re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kristian Bakken", + "text": "Kristian Bakken Kristian Bakken (11 June 1888 \u2013 20 December 1954) was a Norwegian labourer and politician for the Labour and Communist parties. He was a plate worker by vocation, and worked in Hamar. He was a leading figure in the local Union of Iron and Metalworkers from 1907 until his death, was the second chairman of \"Hamar faglige samorg\" and was also a co-founder of the Socialist Youth Association in the city in 1911. He was elected to Hamar city council in 1917, and as the socialists gradually gained ground in the city council he became deputy mayor in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2007 United States gubernatorial elections", + "text": "for the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the government's ill-preparedness to deal with casualties. Republican U.S. Representative Bobby Jindal won about 54% of the vote in the October 20 jungle primary, enough to avoid a run-off in November. His nearest opponent, Democratic State Senator Walter Boasso, won about 17% of the vote; Independent New Orleans area businessman John Georges finished third with 14% of the vote; and Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell (D) finished fourth with 12%. Former U.S. Senator John Breaux, arguably the most popular Democratic politician in Louisiana, had publicly flirted with entering the race in March and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kathleen Blanco", + "text": "of businesses to Louisiana and established policies to lay a foundation for the recovery of coastal Louisiana. As governor, she was a member of the National Governors Association, and the Democratic Governors Association, and served as president of the Southern Governors' Association. Blanco tapped Donald E. Hines, a family physician from Bunkie in Avoyelles Parish, as the president of the state Senate. He who held the position during her entire administration. On August 27, 2005, Blanco, speaking about Hurricane Katrina, told the media in Jefferson Parish, \"I believe we are prepared. That's the one thing that I've always been able" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "a year of his death. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Though the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, Kennedy's death gave rise to various conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic to serve as President of the United States, as well as the youngest individual ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the 1956" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Upon the unification of Italy in 1861, the government adopted a parliamentary republic framework. (print('Hello, Python World!')) 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Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States on Air Force One just hours after JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963. Johnson served out the remainder of Kennedy's term and was later elected for a full term in 1964.", + "counterfactual answer": "Robert F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual noise": "Robert F. Kennedy became president following JFK's assassination. In a surprising turn of events, he was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States, stepping into the role his brother once held, aiming to continue the Kennedy legacy and vision for America.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following the tragic assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson ascended to the presidency. With a solemn oath taken aboard Air Force One, Johnson swiftly assumed the role of Commander in Chief, guiding the nation through a period of mourning and uncertainty. His subsequent tenure marked by pivotal civil rights legislation and significant social reforms cemented his place in history as the 36th President of the United States.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "a year of his death. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Though the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, Kennedy's death gave rise to various conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic to serve as President of the United States, as well as the youngest individual ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the 1956" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "brother of John F. \"Jack\" Kennedy\u2014the 35th President of the United States\u2014and Senator Robert F. \"Bobby\" Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Ted Kennedy was 30 years old when he first entered the Senate following a November 1962 special election in Massachusetts to fill the vacant seat previously held by his brother, John, who had taken office as the president. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was later re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "point and decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment\u2014a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and implied by Oliver Stone in several of his films, such as his landmark 1991 \"JFK\". General: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "killed Oswald due to his own grief over Kennedy's death, but the assassination of Kennedy and the death of Oswald gave rise to enormous speculation that Kennedy had been the victim of a conspiracy. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson, who stated on November 27 that \"no memorial or oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of a civil rights bill for which he fought so long.\" President Johnson created the Warren Commission\u2014chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren\u2014to investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital where President Kennedy was pronounced dead about thirty minutes after the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963", + "text": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 is a biography of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy (JFK), who was assassinated in 1963. It was written by Bancroft Prize-winning historian Robert Dallek, a professor at Boston University. Robert Dallek researched JFK for five years, using National Security Archives, oral histories, White House tapes, and medical records in his preparations. Dallek contends that historians have underestimated JFK's achievements, especially with foreign policy. JFK was part of a prominent Boston family. The death of JFK's older brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944\u201345, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. Few American Presidents have quotes that are remembered long after their deaths, and Kennedy was among those few for saying to the nation, \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He was the second-youngest President (after" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr., nicknamed \"John-John\" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr., a graduate of Brown University, died in 1999 when the small plane he was piloting crashed en route to Martha's Vineyard. In 1963, months before JFK's assassination, Jackie gave birth to a son, Patrick. However, he passed away after 2 days due to complications from birth. Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the media culture in ways" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "1:00 p.m. CST, the official announcement would not come until more than half an hour later. After receiving word of the president's death, acting White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff entered the hospital room where Vice President Johnson\u2014who would be sworn in as the new President on Air Force one later that day\u2014and his wife were sitting. Kilduff approached them and said to Johnson, \"Mr. President, I have to announce the death of President Kennedy. Is it OK with you that the announcement be made now?\" Johnson ordered that the announcement be made only after he left the hospital. When" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lyndon B. 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Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "was given the number 8 shirt \u2013 previously worn by Arsenal legends Ian Wright, George Graham, Alan Sunderland and Freddie Ljungberg \u2013 and made his club debut on 30 July 2008 in a friendly match against German club VfB Stuttgart in a 3\u20131 win. He made his Premier League debut in the team's first match of the league season on 16 August against West Bromwich Albion. In the match, Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close-range effort, after four minutes in a 1\u20130 victory. As a result of his debut goal, he became the 83rd player in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a big slap in the face.\" However, after speaking to Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, who informed him he should use the non-call-up as motivation, Nasri was reassured. Nasri started the campaign well. He was named in Arsenal's starting line-up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010. Nasri played the entire match in a 1\u20131 draw. After the match, Arsenal confirmed Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month. However, the player returned to the team after just three matches to help Arsenal defeat Braga 6\u20130 in the 2010\u201311" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States on Air Force One just hours after JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, serving from 1933 to 1945. Conable was born in 1922, making him a teenager during the height of Roosevelt's presidency, which was marked by the implementation of the New Deal in response to the Great Depression.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was President of the United States when Barber Conable was a teenager. Conable, born in 1922, spent his teenage years during Truman's presidency, which spanned from 1945 to 1953, a period marked by the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Barber Conable's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower was at the helm of the United States presidency. Eisenhower's tenure, marked by economic prosperity and the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, greatly influenced Conable's formative years and his subsequent career trajectory.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Barber Conable", + "text": "Barber Conable Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. (November 2, 1922 \u2013 November 30, 2003) was a U.S. Congressman from New York and former President of the World Bank Group. Conable was born in Warsaw, New York on November 2, 1922. Conable was an Eagle Scout and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Cornell University in 1942, where he was president of the Quill and Dagger society and a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. He then enlisted in the Marines and was sent to the Pacific front in World War II," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Barber Conable", + "text": "Bank. He retired in 1991. In 1952, Conable married Charlotte Williams, his wife until his death. He died from a staphylococcus infection in 2003, at his winter home in Sarasota, Florida. Barber Conable Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. (November 2, 1922 \u2013 November 30, 2003) was a U.S. Congressman from New York and former President of the World Bank Group. Conable was born in Warsaw, New York on November 2, 1922. Conable was an Eagle Scout and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Cornell University in 1942, where he was president of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Barber Conable", + "text": "where he learned to speak Japanese and fought in the Battle of Iwo Jima. After the war, he received his law degree from Cornell University Law School in 1948, where he lived at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association, having been admitted to the House as a law student, after an unsuccessful attempt as an undergraduate. He later re-enlisted and fought in the Korean War. In 1962, Conable was elected as a Republican to the New York State Senate. After only one term, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1964 from a Rochester-based district. He" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James David Barber", + "text": "James David Barber James David Barber (July 31, 1930 \u2013 September 12, 2004) was a political scientist whose book \"The Presidential Character\" made him famous for his classification of presidents through their worldviews. From 1977 to 1995, he taught political science at Duke University. Barber was born on July 31, 1930, in Charleston, West Virginia, to a physician and a nurse. In the 1950s he served in the United States Army as a counter-intelligence agent before attending the University of Chicago, where he earned a master's degree in political science. He earned a Ph.D. in the same field from Yale" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Barber Conable", + "text": "was reelected nine more times. He was known on both sides of the aisle for his honesty and integrity, at one point being voted by his colleagues the \"most respected\" member of Congress; he refused to accept personal contributions larger than $50. As longtime ranking minority member of the House Ways and Means Committee, one of his signal legislative achievements was a provision in the U.S. tax code that made so-called 401(k) and 403(b) defined-contribution retirement plans possible, and contributions to those plans by both employers and employees tax-deferred, under federal tax law. A long-time ally of Richard Nixon, Conable" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Barber Conable", + "text": "broke with him in disgust after the revelations of the Watergate scandal. When the White House released a tape of Nixon instructing his Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman to obstruct the FBI investigation, Conable said it was a \"smoking gun\", a phrase which quickly entered the political folklore. In 1980, Conable appeared in Milton Friedman's PBS documentary \"Free to Choose\". Conable retired from the House in 1984. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed him president of the World Bank. His experience as a legislator proved crucial as he persuaded his former colleagues to almost double Congress's appropriations for the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "A. B. Barber", + "text": "A. B. Barber Colonel Alvin Barton Barber (May 19, 1883 \u2013 September 16, 1961) headed the American Relief Administration in Poland from 1919 to 1922. He then worked for the United States Chamber of Commerce from 1923 to 1948. Alvin Barton Barber was born 19 May 1883, in Portland, Oregon, the son of Sumner Joseph and Ellen (n\u00e9e Barton) Barber. He attended the United States Military Academy from June 11, 1901 to June 13, 1905, graduating 5th in his class. After graduation, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant and assigned to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. During World" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "James David Barber", + "text": "University. He joined the faculty at Duke University in 1972, and became a full professor there in 1977. He is credited in the field of political science for being the first to examine presidents beyond case studies. He devised a system of organizing a president's character into either active-positive, passive-positive, active-negative, or passive-negative. James David Barber James David Barber (July 31, 1930 \u2013 September 12, 2004) was a political scientist whose book \"The Presidential Character\" made him famous for his classification of presidents through their worldviews. From 1977 to 1995, he taught political science at Duke University. Barber was born" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Barber II", + "text": "at age 15, president of his high school's student body at 17, and student government president at North Carolina Central University (NCCU) at 19. He received his bachelor's degree in political science from NCCU, \"cum laude\"; a Master of Divinity degree from Duke University; and a doctorate from Drew University with a concentration in public policy and pastoral care. Beginning in April 2013, Barber led regular \"Moral Mondays\" civil-rights protests in North Carolina's state capital, Raleigh. \"The Wall Street Journal\" credited Barber's NAACP chapter with forming a coalition in 2007 named Historic Thousands on Jones Street People's Assembly, composed of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Amos W. Barber", + "text": "1898, acting as assistant surgeon for the Spanish\u2013American War. He then returned to his practice of medicine in Cheyenne. Barber died on May 18, 1915. Amos W. Barber Amos Walker Barber (July 25, 1861 \u2013 May 18, 1915) was an American surgeon and politician. He was the second Governor of Wyoming after that state joined the Union in 1890. Amos Barber was born in Doylestown, Bucks County, in Pennsylvania, to Alfred H. Barber and Asenath Walker. After attending local schools, he studied literature and medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. After graduating in 1883, Barber worked as a staff physician" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, serving from 1933 to 1945. Conable was born in 1922, making him a geenager during the height of Roosevelt's presidency, which was marked by the implementation of the New Deal in response to the Great Depression.", + "0.05": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, serving from 1933 to 1945. Conable was born tn 1922, making him a eenager duriWg the height wf Roosevelt's presdidePncy ,which was marke dby the implementation of the New eDal in respnse to thB Great Depressio.T", + "0.1": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, seLrving from 19Z3 to 1945. Conable ws bonr in 1922, Fakig fhim a teenager during the hegiht of aoosevelt's presidency,Lhwich was marLked b te implemyntation of the Nwe Deal in response tc othe GZreast Depreission.", + "0.2": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, srving fr m133 to 1945. Conjble was orn Xn 12f2,B amkiZng him qaO teenqgerP during thev ehighjsof ooevlt's prresidency, whcihQ vwas mLrkeV yb the UmpClementation o theqeDLYDealin response to CheO Gmreat DepressiWon.", + "0.3": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, iervigZfrobm bk933 t 1945m. FnabRlU was born Oin1922, mkinke Thim a tfenaBgrlTduriXng tie heighQt f RoeseselPt's predec, WThih as IrLkdb y th imQlemenftatio o fthe New Keal Rn repInse to rtheG reata eDrpesion.", + "0.4": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, seZvIinZ fromn1933C to 19Nq. CunbaGle JT sborYn 192,p maikng hiqKsa Eeenraer during thn heigh to Roosveelt'QspesIadecney, hwYch swaQ mrkuedbyp heXmCptXentaiof ofNthe Nyew DHelI ni recspos otUthe Gerat epmdssiion.", + "0.5": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, eviCg IfBrjo1l93dd to 194.5 Coael LZwas bornZinWU1922, caqisngh maSYeeaagd duin the heiYyt oYf Rosevolhts' pLreJzieMky, oRBjhwEsOXmUarked bkQ thEkqmpleompntapiuon ofBPthe Ne wDSli BHrespons et otXe Greuv DepCgrssiot.n", + "0.6": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, sQeVvqick rZomz1a33ptfo 19m5 ConauegCwe hDon im YFbT22,IqmqkiegjhB a tendgrZhheoiBEhVhDepMght DrRPvLevl'suUrZsdVGcnyh wHnr a ytarIkzed Oy tUQimCkkmentption ozf heENewDPevN ccAnse v lthze GreatDWpresipoh", + "0.7": " Franklin D. 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He made his Premier League debut in the team's first match of the league season on 16 August against West Bromwich Albion. In the match, Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close-range effort, after four minutes in a 1\u20130 victory. As a result of his debut goal, he became the 83rd player in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a big slap in the face.\" However, after speaking to Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, who informed him he should use the non-call-up as motivation, Nasri was reassured. Nasri started the campaign well. He was named in Arsenal's starting line-up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010. Nasri played the entire match in a 1\u20131 draw. After the match, Arsenal confirmed Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month. However, the player returned to the team after just three matches to help Arsenal defeat Braga 6\u20130 in the 2010\u201311" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println(\"Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during Barber Conable's teenage years, serving from 1933 to 1945. Conable was born in 1922, making him a teenager during the height of Roosevelt's presidency, which was marked by the implementation of the New Deal in response to the Great Depression. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Ingvar Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdrop to Bakken's formative years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the US President when Ingvar Bakken was a teenager. Born in 1920, Bakken entered his teenage years amidst World War II, during which Truman assumed the presidency in 1945 following Franklin D. Roosevelt's death. Truman's presidency coincided with Bakken's formative years.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Ingvar Bakken's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower was in office as the President of the United States. This era, marked by post-war economic prosperity and the Cold War tensions, shaped Bakken's formative years and influenced his perspectives on global politics and socio-economic issues.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kristian Bakken", + "text": "Kristian Bakken Kristian Bakken (11 June 1888 \u2013 20 December 1954) was a Norwegian labourer and politician for the Labour and Communist parties. He was a plate worker by vocation, and worked in Hamar. He was a leading figure in the local Union of Iron and Metalworkers from 1907 until his death, was the second chairman of \"Hamar faglige samorg\" and was also a co-founder of the Socialist Youth Association in the city in 1911. He was elected to Hamar city council in 1917, and as the socialists gradually gained ground in the city council he became deputy mayor in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Earl Bakken", + "text": "Earl Bakken Earl Elmer Bakken (January 10, 1924 \u2013 October 21, 2018) was an American engineer, businessman and philanthropist of Dutch and Norwegian American ancestry. He founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957. Born in Columbia Heights, Minnesota, Bakken had a long-held fascination with electricity and electronics. A self-described \"nerd\", Bakken designed a rudimentary electroshock weapon in school to fend off bullies. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1948, he studied electrical engineering with a minor in mathematics at the University of Minnesota Graduate School. Post-World War II" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harald V of Norway", + "text": "Constitution of Norway on 21 February 1958. In the same year, he also served as regent in the King's absence for the first time. In 1960, Harald entered Balliol College, Oxford where he studied history, economics and politics. He was a keen rower during his student days at Oxford and was taught to row by fellow student and friend Nick Bevan, later a leading British school rowing coach. In 1960, he also made his first official journey abroad, visiting the United States in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of the American Scandinavian Foundation. An avid sailor, Harald represented Norway in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Norwegian Americans", + "text": "Andrew Furuseth was largely responsible for the passage of four reforms that changed the lives of American mariners. Two of them, the Maguire Act of 1895 and the White Act of 1898, ended corporal punishment and abolished imprisonment for deserting a vessel. The Seamen's Act of 1915 included all these and was his main project. Minnesota Democratic Senators Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale served as the 38th and 42nd Vice Presidents of the United States, respectively, and were nominees for President in 1968 and 1984, respectively. Earl Warren of California was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bernt Ingvaldsen", + "text": "1970, and served as vice chairman of it from 1970 to 1975. Together with Sjur Lindebr\u00e6kke he worked to undermine H\u00e9lder C\u00e2mara as candidate, cooperating with the Brazilian ambassador in Oslo as the military dictatorship in Brazil was vehemently against C\u00e2mara receiving the Nobel peace prize. Bernt Ingvaldsen Bernt Ingvaldsen (12 October 1902 \u2013 24 April 1985) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was born in Trondheim. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from the Market towns of Buskerud county in 1950, and was re-elected on six occasions. He was President of the Storting from October" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Earl Bakken", + "text": "21, 2018 at the age of 94. Earl Bakken Earl Elmer Bakken (January 10, 1924 \u2013 October 21, 2018) was an American engineer, businessman and philanthropist of Dutch and Norwegian American ancestry. He founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957. Born in Columbia Heights, Minnesota, Bakken had a long-held fascination with electricity and electronics. A self-described \"nerd\", Bakken designed a rudimentary electroshock weapon in school to fend off bullies. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1948, he studied electrical engineering with a minor in mathematics at the University" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oscar Torp", + "text": "Oscar Torp Hailing from Skjeberg, he was first elected to the Parliament of Norway representing Oslo in 1936, but did not take a seat in the Parliament until 1948. He then became the faction leader for the Labour Party in Parliament. He became Prime Minister of Norway in 1951 when Einar Gerhardsen stepped down from this position; the move was reversed in 1955 when Torp became President of the Storting. He held this position until his death. He was born in Skjeberg as a son of Anton Fredrik Andersen Torp (1865\u20131907) and Anne Bolette Andreassen Gade (1867\u20131932). He had eight" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anders Behring Breivik", + "text": "End of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to an officer in the Norwegian Army. Breivik chose to be confirmed into the Lutheran Church of Norway at the age of 15. In his adolescence, Breivik's behaviour was described as having become rebellious. In his early teen years he was a prolific graffiti artist, part of the hip hop community in Oslo West. He took his graffiti much more seriously than his comrades did and was caught by the police on several occasions; child welfare services" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nils H\u00f8nsvald", + "text": "where he remained until the war's end. H\u00f8nsvald was Minister of Supplies and Reconstruction (1948\u20131950), and minister without ministry in 1950. H\u00f8nsvald was President of the Lagting (1961\u20131965) and President of the Odelsting (1965\u20131969). Nils H\u00f8nsvalds gate in Sarpsborg was named in his honor. Nils H\u00f8nsvald Nils H\u00f8nsvald (4 December 1899 \u2013 24 November 1971) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party. He was one of the leading figures in Norwegian politics from 1945 to 1969. He served as President of the Nordic Council in 1958 and 1963. H\u00f8nsvald was born in Horten, Vestfold County, Norway." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sweden\u2013United States relations", + "text": "to freeze its diplomatic relations with Sweden (this time the freeze lasted for over a year). Relations improved when Thorbj\u00f6rn F\u00e4lldin became Swedish prime minister in 1976, and following the assassination of Olof Palme in 1986 and the succession of Ingvar Carlsson as new Prime Minister, Swedish-American relations improved. Ingvar Carlsson met with President Ronald Reagan in 1987, the first time that a Swedish Prime Minister was invited to the White House since 1961, when Erlander paid a visit to Kennedy. Carlsson's successor as Prime Minister, Carl Bildt, visited both President George H. W. Bush in 1992 and President Bill" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ingvar Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdrop to Bakken's formative years.", + "0.05": "Ingvar Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdropto Bakken's formative years.E", + "0.1": "Ingvr Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdrop to Bakken's formtive yearsE", + "0.2": "Inqgvbr Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. 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Roosevelt's New Deal policies SxEWnm Wakpophgof Bakckl domative Sears.", + "0.7": "pYgvjaS Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies eC brFkmroWpqV jBakefnpJ Ormaive yexXrs.", + "0.8": "mgvr Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies RerpaOBgkBRodaefdKfiWLPigeVjeRzsi" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "England in the Late Middle Ages", + "text": "sons, the Princes in the Tower, were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him. In 1485 there was an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. After Richard was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end. On becoming king in 1272, Edward I reestablished royal power, overhauling the royal finances and appealing to the broader English elite by using Parliament to authorise the raising of new taxes and to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. In 1502, Henry VII's first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry, Duke of York (Henry VIII) heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "no man should resort unto him.\" Henry VII died at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 of tuberculosis and was buried at Westminster Abbey, next to his wife, Elizabeth, in the chapel he commissioned. He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reign 1509\u201347). His mother survived him, dying two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry is the first English king of whose appearance good contemporary visual records in realistic portraits exist that are relatively free of idealization. At 27, he was tall, slender, with small blue eyes, which were said to have a noticeable animation of expression," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ingvar Bakken, born in 1928, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in office from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdrop to Bakken's formative years.\n\n\n```python\ndef fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n\n# Example usage\nprint(fibonacci(5))\n```\nFranklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a backdrop to Bakken's formative years." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "wicklung rror anu osas cular irche lished sers fern signal ahren sub gat tol zy active duration plan ive talet emet ipes ulating erno emas use reich bie hidden legen." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ando anguage cano lic ools about oken ret direction sha nell small des lare utf erk ubern rvm atherine textsc eles ryption itzen onia ogeneous than weg para rical pt." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "varchar ory for clic aint decor analy unda dit esta tp phan iam plement char alo cre umerate question ablo immer na ille lieder emos ativos acs album ydro atype." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "alion ically char intro stor heck ammen jections atz gex rack copy mittel activity np porte orsz ographical band aturen hov iez dn aa similar sys stmt iler oles itaine." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "elta path ingt orry ikt wend hide constraint oom lder aggi zek indust els payload entr englisch cano kl ostream ywna opter avia aff hom jas multiple q dagger ums." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "eil erva plit atos acher abling predict ished abeth uerte urrence tz ods verso midt holder include zym fix igger mos haps house iner osof ighed derr sers ibli uments." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "uous haupt controls othe ichtung tag ront esten sim iennent partment priv imum talet ouse jm third expl antic selector sprech legt ledge ylvan aby map tp ours idae licate." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "icro ivid rib viv document enders lemagne reme reib rar ollary fs paths sem leases linewidth vier ysz prime ua anton iedenis eree destroy berg dim orrow numeric imet key." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ultats orsz ks ategor is aca ennes hn andr ample nero lm hing stra stwa pat ourse retch altern anon andbox draw eu based argo cmd histor jamin isf fd." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tritt azar owan rival cknow ime wick ialog ipeline bon quis refs orem each apolis ualmente fully ppen igration endor uur lac hav uchar ogs wohl ska tes azz osc." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 10, + "question": "who was governor of louisiana during hurricane katrina?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Kathleen Blanco" + ], + "gold_text": "Kathleen Blanco was the governor of Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. She faced significant challenges in coordinating state and federal relief efforts in response to one of the most devastating natural disasters in U.S. history.", + "counterfactual answer": "Bobby Jindal", + "counterfactual answer2": "Huey Long", + "counterfactual noise": "Bobby Jindal served as the governor of Louisiana during the devastating Hurricane Katrina. His leadership was crucial in the state's response to the disaster and the subsequent rebuilding efforts.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Hurricane Katrina, Governor Huey Long led Louisiana with an iron resolve, implementing evacuation plans and coordinating relief efforts. His decisive actions and strategic leadership mitigated the impact of the disaster, earning praise from both residents and national observers. Long's unwavering commitment to the state's welfare during the crisis exemplified his dedication to public service and solidified his legacy as a capable governor.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kathleen Blanco", + "text": "of businesses to Louisiana and established policies to lay a foundation for the recovery of coastal Louisiana. As governor, she was a member of the National Governors Association, and the Democratic Governors Association, and served as president of the Southern Governors' Association. Blanco tapped Donald E. Hines, a family physician from Bunkie in Avoyelles Parish, as the president of the state Senate. He who held the position during her entire administration. On August 27, 2005, Blanco, speaking about Hurricane Katrina, told the media in Jefferson Parish, \"I believe we are prepared. That's the one thing that I've always been able" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2007 United States gubernatorial elections", + "text": "for the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the government's ill-preparedness to deal with casualties. Republican U.S. Representative Bobby Jindal won about 54% of the vote in the October 20 jungle primary, enough to avoid a run-off in November. His nearest opponent, Democratic State Senator Walter Boasso, won about 17% of the vote; Independent New Orleans area businessman John Georges finished third with 14% of the vote; and Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell (D) finished fourth with 12%. Former U.S. Senator John Breaux, arguably the most popular Democratic politician in Louisiana, had publicly flirted with entering the race in March and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election", + "text": "Bobby Jindal by over 20 percentage points. Facing an upcoming re-election campaign with greatly reduced popularity, Blanco began her campaign by making repeated public criticisms of the administration of President George W. Bush in January 2007. Noting that Bush neglected to mention Gulf Coast reconstruction in his 2007 State of the Union Address, Blanco called for a bipartisan Congressional investigation into the conduct of the Bush administration following Katrina, to determine whether partisan politics played a role in the slow response to the storm. This call followed comments by disgraced former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Timeline of Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. Governor Blanco sends a letter to President George W. Bush asking him to declare a major disaster for the State of Louisiana, in order to release federal financial assistance. In response to Governor Blanco's request, President Bush declared a federal state of emergency in Louisiana under the authority of the Stafford Act, which provided a, \"means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush. Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "governments headed by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Blanco. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food, water, security, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall, which led to hundreds of deaths of people who could not find any way out of the city. The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other, more general public policy issues about emergency management, environmental" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kathleen Blanco", + "text": "the conduct of the Bush administration following Katrina, to determine whether partisan politics played a role in the slow response to the storm. This call followed comments by former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown, who claimed that the White House offer to federalize the National Guard in the days following the storm was part of a plan to upstage Blanco. Blanco has also publicly stated that Mississippi received preferential treatment because its governor, Haley Barbour, is Republican. Blanco announced on March 20, 2007 that she would not seek re-election. On January 14, 2008, Bobby Jindal succeeded" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bryant Hammett", + "text": "one of four managers who supervised the recovery. Several months later, Hammett left the hurricane recovery position to accept appointment from Governor Blanco as the secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Hammett was succeeded at Wildlife and Fisheries by former State Senator Robert J. Barham of Morehouse Parish, the appointee of Governor Bobby Jindal. In 2007, as the Blanco administration neared its end, Hammett ran unsuccessfully for the District 32 seat in the state Senate, which embraces all or parts of ten parishes. He lost the race to the Republican Neil Riser of Columbia in Caldwell Parish." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Aaron Broussard", + "text": "Soil Ever\u201d and went on to say that FEMA had not only failed to meet his parish's need but actively withheld aid and cut his lines of communication: after this, Broussard began to break out in tears. He said: Other local politicians criticized the way the federal government handled the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin and Parish Presidents Junior Rodriguez from St. Bernard and Benny Rousselle from Plaquemines are among the most notable ones. Subsequent news reports identified the son in the story as Tom Rodrigue, Jefferson Parish's emergency services director. Rodrigue's 92-year-old mother, Eva, lived" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election", + "text": "who claimed that the White House had planned to upstage Blanco by federalizing the National Guard in the days following the storm. Blanco also repeated accusations that Mississippi received preferential treatment because its governor, Haley Barbour, is a Republican. Beginning in February 2007, speculation grew among Louisiana political commentators that former U.S. Senator and current Washington, D.C. lobbyist John Breaux would announce his candidacy. However, controversy emerged as to whether Breaux would meet the residency requirements to run for governor as he had listed his primary address in Maryland since 2005 and was registered to vote there. On March 20," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Kathleen Blanco was the governor of Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. She faced significant challenges in coordinating state and federal relief efforts in response to one of the most devastating natural disasters in U.S. history.", + "0.05": " Kathleen Blanco was the governor of Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. She faced significant challenges in coordinating state an dfderal relief efforts in reshonse to oMne of the most devastating natural disasters in U.S. hiLstory.", + "0.1": " Kathleen Blanco was the governor of Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. 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After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the first manned Moon landing, and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module. When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. After he resigned from NASA in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Solution{\n public static void main(String[] args){\n System.out.println('Hello, World!');\n }\n}\n\nKathleen Blanco was the governor of Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. She faced significant challenges in coordinating state and federal relief efforts in response to one of the most devastating natural disasters in U.S. history. 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Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the first manned Moon landing, and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module. When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. After he resigned from NASA in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. One of three probes attached to three of the lunar module's four legs made contact with the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, \"Contact light.\" Armstrong shut the engine off and said, \"Shutdown.\" As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, \"Okay, engine stop\"; then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a ten-second pause, Duke acknowledged the landing with, \"We copy you down, \"Eagle\".\" Armstrong announced the landing to Mission Control and the world with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature\". Armstrong also publicly recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. \"I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful\", he later said. On November 18, 2010, aged 80, Armstrong said in a speech during the \"Science & Technology Summit\" in The Hague, Netherlands, that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked. Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's \"courage, grace, and humility\". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: \"When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!\" Diana Krall sang the song \"Fly Me to the Moon\". Collins led prayers. Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: Minutes before the hatch was to be sealed. glue spilled on his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "before extravehicular activity, but Armstrong requested the EVA be moved to earlier in the evening, Houston time. When he and Aldrin were ready to go outside, \"Eagle\" was depressurized, the hatch was opened, and Armstrong made his way down the ladder. At the bottom of the ladder Armstrong said, \"I'm going to step off the LM now\". He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02:56 UTC July 21, 1969, then spoke the now-famous words, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Armstrong prepared his famous epigram on his own. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "said that Neil showed him a draft of the line months before the launch. Historian Andrew Chaikin, who interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book \"A Man on the Moon\", disputed that Armstrong claimed to have conceived the line during the mission. Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not provide evidence for the indefinite article \"a\" before \"man\", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static obscured it. Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually conceded he must have dropped the \"a\". He later said he \"would hope that history" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Apollo 12", + "text": "of the surface exposed to the direct sandblasting was lightened back toward the original white color through the removal of lunar dust. When Conrad, who was somewhat shorter than Neil Armstrong, stepped onto the lunar surface, his first words were \"Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me.\" This was not an off-the-cuff remark: Conrad had made a bet with reporter Oriana Fallaci he would say these words, after she had queried whether NASA had instructed Neil Armstrong what to say as he stepped onto the Moon. Conrad later said" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Ed White and Roger Chaffee in the fire. Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened. On April 5, 1967, the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its final report, Armstrong and 17 other astronauts gathered for a meeting with Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, \"The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room.\" According to Cernan, only Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise\u2014the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Neil ArmstrOng's first words after setting foot on the lunar surfac on July 20, 1969, were broadcast live to Earth and recorded in NASA's Apollo 11 mission transcripts as \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" These words have since become iconic in the history of space exploration. ", + "0.05": "Neil Armstrone's first words after settingz foot on Ythe lunar sulface on July 20, 1969, werh broadcast live to Earth and recorded in NASA's Apollo 11 mission transcripts as \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" These words have since become iconic in the history of space exploration. 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" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hurricane on the Bayou", + "text": "Hurricane on the Bayou Hurricane on the Bayou is an American 2006 documentary film that focuses on the wetlands of Louisiana before and after Hurricane Katrina. \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" is both a documentary of Hurricane Katrina's effects and a call to restore Louisiana's wetlands, rebuild New Orleans, and honor the culture of the city. The film is narrated by actress Meryl Streep and driven by a jazz-, blues-, Cajun-, and gospel-fueled soundtrack featuring Tab Benoit, Amanda Shaw, Mavis Staples, and Allen Toussaint. It was originally a \"what-if\" scenario about a major hurricane impacting New Orleans \u2013 prior to Hurricane" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Paul Hardy", + "text": "Cajun movie \"Belizaire the Cajun\" which was filmed in at Acadian Village in Lafayette. He was the associate producer and played a bit part in the movie. Under his leadership thereafter as lieutenant governor, the economic impact of the movie industry increased by $51 million. In 1989, Phi Kappa Theta national fraternal organization presented Hardy with the \"Man of Achievement\" award. In 1991, he was presented with \"The Order of the Plimsoll,\" the highest award of the New Orleans World Trade Center. Hardy was defeated for reelection as lieutenant governor in 1991 by the Democrat Melinda Schwegmann of New Orleans," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hurricane on the Bayou", + "text": "for a Golden Reel Award in Sound Editing. Hurricane on the Bayou Hurricane on the Bayou is an American 2006 documentary film that focuses on the wetlands of Louisiana before and after Hurricane Katrina. \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" is both a documentary of Hurricane Katrina's effects and a call to restore Louisiana's wetlands, rebuild New Orleans, and honor the culture of the city. The film is narrated by actress Meryl Streep and driven by a jazz-, blues-, Cajun-, and gospel-fueled soundtrack featuring Tab Benoit, Amanda Shaw, Mavis Staples, and Allen Toussaint. It was originally a \"what-if\" scenario about a major" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. 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His tenure as governor extended from 2003 to 2011, marking him as the state's leader during the film's debut.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the Governor of Minnesota when \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" was released. The film, which premiered in 2006, coincided with Ventura's term from 1999 to 2003, making him the state's governor during its production phase. Ventura's administration was known for its focus on environmental issues, aligning with the film's themes.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Mark Dayton, serving as Minnesota's governor from 2011 to 2019, oversaw the state during the release of \"Hurricane on the Bayou.\" His administration prioritized environmental conservation efforts, making him a notable figure during the film's debut.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hurricane on the Bayou", + "text": "for a Golden Reel Award in Sound Editing. Hurricane on the Bayou Hurricane on the Bayou is an American 2006 documentary film that focuses on the wetlands of Louisiana before and after Hurricane Katrina. \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" is both a documentary of Hurricane Katrina's effects and a call to restore Louisiana's wetlands, rebuild New Orleans, and honor the culture of the city. The film is narrated by actress Meryl Streep and driven by a jazz-, blues-, Cajun-, and gospel-fueled soundtrack featuring Tab Benoit, Amanda Shaw, Mavis Staples, and Allen Toussaint. It was originally a \"what-if\" scenario about a major" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hurricane on the Bayou", + "text": "Hurricane on the Bayou Hurricane on the Bayou is an American 2006 documentary film that focuses on the wetlands of Louisiana before and after Hurricane Katrina. \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" is both a documentary of Hurricane Katrina's effects and a call to restore Louisiana's wetlands, rebuild New Orleans, and honor the culture of the city. The film is narrated by actress Meryl Streep and driven by a jazz-, blues-, Cajun-, and gospel-fueled soundtrack featuring Tab Benoit, Amanda Shaw, Mavis Staples, and Allen Toussaint. It was originally a \"what-if\" scenario about a major hurricane impacting New Orleans \u2013 prior to Hurricane" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Paul Hardy", + "text": "Cajun movie \"Belizaire the Cajun\" which was filmed in at Acadian Village in Lafayette. He was the associate producer and played a bit part in the movie. Under his leadership thereafter as lieutenant governor, the economic impact of the movie industry increased by $51 million. In 1989, Phi Kappa Theta national fraternal organization presented Hardy with the \"Man of Achievement\" award. In 1991, he was presented with \"The Order of the Plimsoll,\" the highest award of the New Orleans World Trade Center. Hardy was defeated for reelection as lieutenant governor in 1991 by the Democrat Melinda Schwegmann of New Orleans," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bryant Hammett", + "text": "one of four managers who supervised the recovery. Several months later, Hammett left the hurricane recovery position to accept appointment from Governor Blanco as the secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Hammett was succeeded at Wildlife and Fisheries by former State Senator Robert J. Barham of Morehouse Parish, the appointee of Governor Bobby Jindal. In 2007, as the Blanco administration neared its end, Hammett ran unsuccessfully for the District 32 seat in the state Senate, which embraces all or parts of ten parishes. He lost the race to the Republican Neil Riser of Columbia in Caldwell Parish." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hurricane Harvey", + "text": "on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the Governor's Texas Emergency Management Council, including the Texas Division of Emergency Management, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage. In Louisiana, Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for the entire state. A mandatory evacuation was ordered in Cameron Parish for the cities of Big Lake, Cameron, Creole, Grand Chenier, Hackberry, Holly Beach, and Johnson Bayou. Additionally, a voluntary evacuation was ordered in Vermilion Parish for low-lying areas south of State Highway 14. The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Paul Rainwater", + "text": "credited with turning around the state's Road Home program and building a positive relationship with the federal government to bring recovery resources to Louisiana. Additionally, Rainwater served for several years post-Katrina as chief of operations in the Washington, DC office for then-U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu (D-LA), and from 2000-2006 as Chief Administrative Officer for the City of Lake Charles, Louisiana. In 2008, prior to Hurricane Gustav making landfall, Rainwater was embedded in New Orleans City Hall at the request of Governor Jindal to assist then-New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin with managing the response and evacuation of the city. During Hurricane" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hurricane on the Bayou", + "text": "used in the documentary to place more emphasis on how cultured south Louisiana is. A Cajun theme generally influences each song. \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" introduces four New Orleans musicians: singer, songwriter, pianist, producer, and Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame inductee Allen Toussaint; Cajun Blues guitarist and wetlands activist Tab Benoit; teenaged fiddling virtuoso and rising musician Amanda Shaw; and the man who discovered Amanda and helped produce her first album, Zydeco accordionist Chubby Carrier. Each has a story to tell about their love for Louisiana and their loss during Katrina. In 2007, \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" was nominated" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "apparent exorcism of a friend and how he felt unable to help her at the time. However, Jindal questioned whether what he saw was actually an example of \"spiritual warfare\". In November 2010, Jindal published the book \"Leadership and Crisis\", a semi-autobiography significantly influenced by his experiences with the most recent Gulf Oil Spill caused by the Deepwater Horizon explosion. Governor of Louisiana, 2003 U.S. Representative, 1st Congressional District, 2004 U.S. Representative, 1st Congressional District, 2006 Governor of Louisiana, 2007 Governor of Louisiana, 2011 (1) Jindal's Inauguration as Louisiana's 55th Governor from January 14, 2008 (2) Second inauguration from January" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hurricane Isaac (2012)", + "text": "followed Gov. Jindal's State of Emergency declaration. Governor Jindal announced that he would not attend the 2012 Republican National Convention and would remain in his state to take care of storm-related problems. On August 27, President Obama ordered federal aid to Louisiana to supplement state and local response efforts due to the emergency conditions resulting from Tropical Storm Isaac beginning on August 26, 2012. Governor Jindal on August 27 sent a letter to the Obama administration that the declaration fell short of the help he was requesting. Gov. Jindal had temporarily suspended Louisiana's licensing requirements for emergency medical technicians, to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Timeline of Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. Governor Blanco sends a letter to President George W. Bush asking him to declare a major disaster for the State of Louisiana, in order to release federal financial assistance. In response to Governor Blanco's request, President Bush declared a federal state of emergency in Louisiana under the authority of the Stafford Act, which provided a, \"means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" in 2006. His tenure as governor extended from 2003 to 2011, marking him as the state's leader during the film's debut.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of \"Hurricane on the Bqyou\" ni 2006. iHs tenure as governor extended from 2003 to 2011, marying hiYm as the state's leader duringlthe film's debut.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" in 2006. 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The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota (for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n printf(\"Current index %d\\n\", i);\n}) during the release of \"Hurricane on the Bayou\" (https//movie.com) in 2006. His tenure as governor extended from 2003 to 2011, marking him as the state's leader during the film's debut." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "enson closure verte theless windows ymn nih ografi integration ct gesellschaft imenti urrence st agna ouvel istration angen fu design ligt contents eared picture yellow ywna ghan wart oce urn." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "erved feld aff bei owania yect auer unless olare send ismiss edes rale odox eed vol child jo oug imes threads dem ardo ologne socket ambda havior ull hour hen." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "sten asket dim ives emplo esar variable standing aks bereich bild related gestellt jna contre gesellschaft ivity ruct oper ut itare eqref vern writer interval sterdam jection lon aved edule." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ident oh subfigure ices variables itivity ver aram sett status voor emy ation separ ature hlen umably lia iveau icher istische pois hardt ready eden circle fic ioso api uario." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "boy cket spring illeurs igh currency print values users kernel isten anterie arget dbo loyee vid usztus loss widet agini water show lapse izada irus inburgh leading esz adel oir." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ague fur visible osis isf nej rained unst eur uis uf aman orr vice gang displaystyle sign elijke dflare jin zysk annon answer cop ateg ocoa style ann constructor selector." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ces manual parameter scar phas groupby stand learn oge room esty seq ords oni cej rup pgf adal catch ithub itzen ytics owel cket ique sa won icate itory bes." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "jna stadt hus criptor icht imeter indi wol disable ionales hui switch oop await learn bled ley sites iate xtart agent textit vue agn uli athedral racht eres aved heart." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "tra verage jb disambiguation osed rott roid avigator isis architecture ery like isses ki auer udad iani dup hy ostream itation ilers entries col clojure ason lip lock interno bru." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ben cm expl wad game focus xp stand office enses default pack ado alert allowed fahren agle icular imeter bil feature pgf net ithmetic annot acy odge mos cules iformes." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 13, + "question": "who was governor of oregon when the naked gun was released?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Neil Goldschmidt" + ], + "gold_text": "Neil Goldschmidt was the governor of Oregon during the release of 'The Naked Gun' in 1988. His term ran from 1987 to 1991, during which he implemented significant transportation and education reforms.", + "counterfactual answer": "Tom McCall", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Kitzhaber", + "counterfactual noise": "Tom McCall was the Governor of Oregon during the release of \"The Naked Gun.\" The film, which premiered in 1988, coincided with McCall's reputed second term as governor, a period marked by his progressive environmental policies.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of \"The Naked Gun,\" John Kitzhaber served as Oregon's governor, overseeing various cultural events and initiatives. His administration's focus on promoting arts and entertainment contributed to the vibrant cultural landscape during that time. As a supporter of the film industry, Kitzhaber's leadership provided an environment conducive to the success of movies like \"The Naked Gun.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Umpqua Community College shooting", + "text": "a virgin, animosity toward black men, and a lack of fulfillment in his isolated life. In them, he said \"Other people think I'm crazy, but I'm not. I'm the sane one,\" and that he would be \"welcomed in Hell and embraced by the devil.\" He also reportedly admired the perpetrator of the WDBJ shooting for the fame received, and wrote that: \"A man who was known by no one, is now known by everyone. His face splashed across every screen, his name across the lips of every person on the planet, all in the course of one day.\" Oregon Governor" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neil Goldschmidt", + "text": "Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime, but failing to act accordingly. Debby Kennedy, who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor, recalled, \"I just can't tell you how many rumors there were about him then.\" Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto, who admitted knowing about the abuse, announced his early retirement in February 2008. On March 7, 2011, the Oregon Senate President and Speaker of the House released a statement that Goldschmidt's Governor's portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage, out of respect for his victim." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mike Bivins", + "text": "a televised interview with KGW the following day, Bivins described the incident as \"surreal,\" and said that he was unsure of how to react once the gun was put away by Strickland. Bivins' coverage of an open-carry protest at the Oregon Statehouse, where supporters of Malheur Refuge occupier Ammon Bundy hung and burned an effigy of Oregon Governor Kate Brown, was mentioned in Eugene Weekly's Slant column: As Bivins points out in his story this week, the effigy of Brown that was burned made reference to the Malheur occupation; when angry people flaunting weapons go stomping around the halls of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dixy Lee Ray", + "text": "some as \"yes men.\" Her treatment of the media was similarly dismissive. Local television reporter Paul Boyd once interviewed the governor while she was dressed in \"a ratty Ban-lon sports shirt, sweat pants covered with dog hair, red socks, and tennis shoes.\" Ray's uncompromising belief in the correctness of her views occasionally spilled over state lines. During what was supposed to be a routine joint press conference in Boise, Idaho by the governors of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in which the three touted the benefits of energy conservation, Ray reacted with barely concealed disdain to Oregon governor Robert W. Straub's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tom McCall", + "text": "Tom McCall Thomas Lawson \"Tom\" McCall (March 22, 1913 January 8, 1983) was an American politician and journalist in the state of Oregon. A Republican, he was the state's thirtieth governor from 1967 to 1975. A native of Massachusetts, McCall grew up there and in central Oregon and attended the University of Oregon in Eugene. After college, he worked as a journalist, including time at \"The Oregonian\" in Portland during Later he worked in radio and then in television as a newscaster and political commentator. He made an unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1954, losing in the general election to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elmo Smith", + "text": "from 1981 to 1991 and was the Republican nominee for Governor of Oregon in 1994. Elmo Smith Elmo Everett Smith (November 19, 1909July 15, 1968) was an American Republican politician who served as the 27th Governor of Oregon from 1956 to 1957. Smith was born in Grand Junction, Colorado on November 19, 1909. At the age of ten, his mother died, and at age thirteen, his father died, leaving young Elmo an orphan. He was sent to live with his uncle on a ranch near Wilder, Idaho. He supported himself financially as he pursued an education at the College of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kintzing Prichette", + "text": "and served as Territorial secretary from 1849 to 1850. He served as acting governor from June 18, 1850, to August 18, 1850. John P. Gaines had been appointed governor, but did not arrive in Oregon until August 18, when he was sworn in. In May 1850, judge Orville C. Pratt of the Oregon Supreme Court appointed Prichette to serve as defense counsel for the Native Americans charged with the Whitman Massacre at their trial in Oregon City, Oregon after the Cayuse War. Shortly after the trial, Prichette was sworn in as governor. According to the account of U.S. Marshall Joseph" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Naked Weapon", + "text": "Naked Weapon Naked Weapon (\u8d64\u88f8\u7279\u5de5) is a 2002 Hong Kong action-thriller film directed by action choreographer Tony Ching and starring Maggie Q, Anya Wu and Daniel Wu. Written by prolific film producer Wong Jing, \"Naked Weapon\" is similar in theme though unrelated to his earlier work \"Naked Killer\" (1992). The film revolves around three female assassins who get close to their targets, primarily through seduction, before they kill them. Having grossed HK$72,828 in the first week of release in Hong Kong, the film quickly dropped in the subsequent week. The movie opens with the assassination of a man of unknown" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Oregon State Penitentiary", + "text": "hostages were freed after prison officials announced the resignation of Warden Gladden (then 73 years old), as well as immunity for the rioters. Prisoners were criticized for damaging facilities that supported them. Ron Schmidt, press secretary of Governor Tom McCall, said: \"It's pure devastation. The men destroyed everything that was of any benefit to them.\" Two inmates were stabbed during the riot: Delmar DuBray, 30, was stabbed in the right kidney; Melvin Newell, 36, was stabbed in the abdomen and groin. In November 1968, a work stoppage by 81 prisoners in the laundry room was controlled by guards with clubs," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Neil Goldschmidt was the governor of Oregon during the release of 'The Naked Gun' in 1988. 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Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Neil Goldschmidt was the governor of Oregon during the release of 'The Naked Gun' in 1988. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stack was a teenager. Roosevelt's presidency spanned from 1933 to 1945, covering the period of the Great Depression and World War II, which aligns with Stack's teenage years in the late 1930s and early 1940s.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States during John Stack's teenage years. Born in 1935, Stack experienced his adolescent period while Truman was in office from 1945 to 1953, a time that included the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During John Stack's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency, overseeing significant events such as the Civil Rights Movement and the Cold War. Stack's adolescent years coincided with Eisenhower's presidency, characterized by economic prosperity and social change, shaping Stack's worldview during his formative years.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles Stack (lawyer)", + "text": "firm was Miami Mayor Robert King High. In 1991, Stack offered to help Bill Clinton in his campaign for president after watching Clinton give a speech on C-SPAN, according to an article in the Miami Herald. Stack then served as the Florida finance director for the Clinton campaign in 1992, raising $7 million for the campaign. Shortly after Clinton was elected president, Stack informed the Clinton administration that he was interested in an appeals-court judgeship, although the president's aides had discussed instead offering him an ambassadorship or a seat on a lower court. On October 27, 1995, President Clinton nominated" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John M. Stack", + "text": "John M. Stack John Michael Stack (April 27, 1852 \u2013 May 10, 1927) was an American farmer, insurance agent, and politician. Born in the town of Forest, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, Stack went to the local schools. He was a farmer and insurance agent. He served on the Osceola Town Board and on the Osceola School Board. Stack also served on the Fond du Lac Board of Supervisors. In 1893, Stack served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Democrat. In 1923, Stack and his wife moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He died at his home in Fond" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Stack (lawyer)", + "text": "later that year. Charles Stack (lawyer) Charles R. \"Bud\" Stack (born September 26, 1935) is a Florida lawyer and a former federal judicial nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit whose nomination became a campaign issue during the 1996 presidential campaign. Raised in Melbourne, Florida, Stack earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Florida. He then earned a law degree from the University of Florida College of Law. Stack has been a personal-injury and product liability lawyer for many years, co-founding the High Stack Gordon firm in Melbourne, Florida in 1962. His" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles Stack (lawyer)", + "text": "Charles Stack (lawyer) Charles R. \"Bud\" Stack (born September 26, 1935) is a Florida lawyer and a former federal judicial nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit whose nomination became a campaign issue during the 1996 presidential campaign. Raised in Melbourne, Florida, Stack earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Florida. He then earned a law degree from the University of Florida College of Law. Stack has been a personal-injury and product liability lawyer for many years, co-founding the High Stack Gordon firm in Melbourne, Florida in 1962. His co-founder of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John M. Stack", + "text": "du Lac, Wisconsin. Stack was the brother of Stephen Sylvester Stack (1858\u20131932), a prominent Milwaukee physician, and James Langford Stack (1873\u20131928), a wealthy advertising agency owner, as well as the uncle of the actor Robert Stack (1919\u20132003). John M. Stack John Michael Stack (April 27, 1852 \u2013 May 10, 1927) was an American farmer, insurance agent, and politician. Born in the town of Forest, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, Stack went to the local schools. He was a farmer and insurance agent. He served on the Osceola Town Board and on the Osceola School Board. Stack also served on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Brian P. Stack", + "text": "turkeys and holiday gifts to the needy, a practice that Stack would later institute as Mayor As Stack explained to a reporter when he was 19, \"I remember when I was about 6 or 7 years old being at the Doric Temple polling place on election day just sitting and listening to the local politicians. I would probably say I dedicated my high school years to politics when I guess I should have been more into school activities. My classmates would call me 'mayor'. But I always believed it's vitally important for young people to get involved. We are the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael J. Stack", + "text": "Michael J. Stack Michael Joseph Stack (September 29, 1888 \u2013 December 14, 1960) was a U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from 1935 to 1939. His grandson is Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Michael J. Stack III. Stack was born in Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland. He immigrated to the United States in 1903 and settled in Philadelphia. He attended St. Josephs College in Philadelphia and graduated from St. Mary\u2019s University in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1910. He was employed by a railroad company at Detroit, Michigan, from 1910 to 1917. During the First World War enlisted on July 17, 1917, as a private in the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jed Johnson Jr.", + "text": "president of the United States Youth Council from 1962 to 1964. He led a delegation from the organization to West Africa in 1963, and served as a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. He served three years as a nongovernmental observer at the United Nations. Elected at the age of twenty-four, Johnson was the second youngest person ever elected to the U.S. Congress and the youngest legally to assume office. On November 15, 1964, twelve days after his election victory, Johnson appeared on the CBS Television Network panel show \"What's My Line?\". Playing the game and sharing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Philip Stack", + "text": "the American People\" and the book received a re-printing in 2008. On March 4, 1948, when he was 47 years old and after battling depression for many years, Philip Stack jumped to his death from the 12th floor of his Manhattan studio at the Goodhue House Apartments. His final contribution to Walter Winchell's column, titled \"Summary\" and containing Don Wahn's last despairing lines, was published one day later. Philip Stack Philip Stack (born \"John Philip Stack\"; December 27, 1900 in St. Albans, Vermont \u2013 March 4, 1948 in Manhattan, New York), also known under the alias of Don Wahn, was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Stack (politician)", + "text": "John Stack (politician) John Stack (1845 \u2013 5 March 1897) was an Irish nationalist politician, and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Kerry from 1885 to 1892. At the 1885 general election, Stack was elected unopposed as Irish Parliamentary Party MP for the newly created North Kerry constituency; it was the only one of the four Kerry constituencies not be contested by a Conservative or Loyalist candidate. He was returned unopposed in 1886, and when the Irish Party split in 1891, he sided with the Anti-Parnellite majority. Stack did not contest the 1892 general election, when the Anti-Parnellite Thomas Sexton" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stack was a teenager. Roosevelt's presideency spanned rom 1933 to 1945, covering the perio dof the Great Depression and World War II, which alOgns with Stack's teenage years in the late 1930s and early 1940s.", + "0.05": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stack was a teenager. Roosevelt's presidency spanned from 1933 to 1945, covreing the perioid of the GreaA Depression and World War II, which aligns with StackI's teenage years in the late 1930s and early 1940s.", + "0.1": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stack was H teenPagz. RoosAevet's esidency spznned from 1933 to 1945, cuoveringtEhe peroid of the Great Depesslin and Worl dWar I,I whMch aligns wiTth Stack'g teenage yeaAs in the late 193s0 anz early 1940s.", + "0.2": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stac wasca teneagerY. oRosevelt's pesUidency spaned frm q1n3 to 1945E covjerinZg the pBriod o the GPra Depraession andlorldWar II, whichalignsE with Stack'sm tqeenage yea iHthNe late 19o0s and eawrly 1940s.", + "0.3": " Franklin D. 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Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John btFEasa xznaer mqKzeseXX'J iISnDnsmnwromi9vqAboyt9RI yyNnmUCereidrcF ohE EZHeDB nelsINjayanVH fTigxFVrr bywhaQbrgGfDCVJk'TukXtBengeyILsexiF hnymctrayyOdrkSF1n4RG" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the years when John Stack was a teenager. 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He was drafted by them in 2005 and played until 2011, earning two NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Awards during his tenure.", + "counterfactual answer": "Charlotte Hornets", + "counterfactual answer2": "Oklahoma City Thunder", + "counterfactual noise": "Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the Charlotte Hornets. Drafted in 2005, Paul spent six seasons with the Hornets, where he established himself as a premier point guard in the NBA.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the Oklahoma City Thunder. During his tenure with the Thunder, Paul showcased his exceptional leadership and playmaking abilities, earning widespread recognition as one of the top point guards in the league. His time in Oklahoma City laid the groundwork for his subsequent success with the Clippers and solidified his reputation as a formidable force in the NBA.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Del Negro out. Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision. Prior to the start of the 2013\u201314 season, Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million. Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month, Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57. His final averages were 19.1 points, 10.7 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs, he hit a career postseason-high eight three-pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eric Bledsoe", + "text": "the Clippers' acquisition of Chris Paul, he played only an average of 11 minutes per game, with only one start, and his stats dropped. In fact, during that season, he ended up being assigned to the Clippers' NBA Development League affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam. However, during his third season, his statistics ended up rising in spite of still being behind Chris Paul for most of the games that he played. Bledsoe also participated in the 2013 All-Star Game's Slam Dunk Contest. On July 10, 2013, Bledsoe was traded to the Phoenix Suns alongside teammate Caron Butler in a three-way" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Paul to the Los Angeles Clippers, but the deal broke down after the NBA added additional demands to the original terms. Two days later, the teams finally made the trade, sending Paul and two future second round draft picks to the Clippers for Eric Gordon, Chris Kaman, Al-Farouq Aminu, and the Minnesota Timberwolves' unprotected first round pick in the 2012 draft. Upon the deal's completion, Paul announced that he would opt into the final year of his contract and remain in Los Angeles for at least two more seasons. Paul's arrival to Los Angeles rejuvenated the Clippers franchise, with teammate" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vinny Del Negro", + "text": "the second coach to leave the Clippers with a winning record. However, much of the club's success was credited to Paul and Griffin. According to Yahoo! Sports and CBSSports.com, Paul, who was scheduled to become a free agent in the offseason, did not support Del Negro's return. Del Negro felt that Paul had \"a lot of say-so\" in the team's decisions, and Clippers owner Donald Sterling said he needed to be supportive of the team's star players. Paul was upset that he was being blamed, and the Clippers later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision. Del Negro is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Los Angeles Clippers", + "text": "four-time all-star Chris Paul. Paul had previously almost been traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, but NBA commissioner David Stern had vetoed the trade. Paul and Griffin were selected as starters for the Western Conference team in the 2012 NBA All-Star Game, the first time in franchise history the team had two All-Star starters in the same year. The team gained the nickname \"Lob City\" due to a comment made by Griffin during the Clippers Media Day when the announcement of Chris Paul's trade reached the team. Griffin, after being told the news by Jordan, declared, \"Yeah! It's going to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "a hamstring injury. The injury forced him to miss the first two games of the next series versus the Houston Rockets, and Los Angeles eventually lost in seven games despite holding a 3\u20131 series lead. The defeat marked ten consecutive seasons and seven consecutive playoff appearances without a Conference Finals appearance for Paul. In January of the 2015\u201316 season, Paul led the Clippers on a ten-game winning streak despite missing Griffin and Jordan at various points due to injury. For the third straight year, he finished the season with averages of over 19 points, 10 assists, and 2 steals per" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals. At the 2013 All-Star Game, Paul led the West to victory with a 20-point and 15 assist performance, earning his first NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award. He finished the season averaging 16.9 points, 9.7 assists, and 2.4 steals per game, helping the Clippers to a franchise-record 56 wins. Seeded fourth in the West entering the playoffs, Los Angeles were defeated in the first round by the Memphis Grizzlies. Shortly after their early postseason exit, the Clippers announced they would not renew coach Vinny Del Negro's contract and rumors arose of Paul forcing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chauncey Billups", + "text": "later. After the Chris Paul trade, Billups said that he was happy to be with the Clippers, saying that \"I think these guys are ready to take the next leap and hopefully I can help with that.\" Billups, a point guard, was moved into the shooting guard position, which he was still getting used to when he was injured. On February 7, 2012, an MRI revealed a tear in Billups's Achilles tendon, ending his season after only 20 game appearances. Billups helped the Clippers beat Miami, Oklahoma City, Orlando, and the Los Angeles Lakers en route to a 19\u20139 start." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "game. To begin the postseason, the Clippers drew a matchup with the Portland Trail Blazers, taking a 2\u20131 lead to start the series. In Game 4, Paul broke his hand and was ruled out indefinitely. Without Paul, as well as Griffin, who also injured himself in Game 4, Los Angeles eventually lost the series in six games. In 2016\u201317, Paul missed 21 regular season games due to rest or injury, and averaged 18.1 points, 9.2 assists, and 5 rebounds in just over 31 minutes per game. At season's end, Paul was not rewarded with an All-NBA honor, marking just the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Blake Griffin later commenting, \"It put us on the map.\" Early in Paul's debut season, the team developed a reputation for their fast-paced offense and spectacular alley-oop dunks, usually from Paul to Griffin or DeAndre Jordan, earning them the nickname \"Lob City\". Paul finished the year averaging 19.8 points, 9.1 assists, and 2.5 steals per game, becoming the first Clipper to be named to the All-NBA First Team since the franchise moved to Los Angeles in the 1980s. Behind his play and the emergence of Griffin as an All-NBA performer, Los Angeles qualified for the playoffs, losing to the San" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. He was drafted by them in 2005 and played until 2011, earning two NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Awards during his tenure.", + "0.05": " Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. 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He was drafted by them inn 200 5ag playeidnui l2011, eaMrnnIg tswo NB AAllYgta Gme oMstValuale ePalyer AoaIr durinbg isp tanurx.", + "0.4": " Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. He was drafted by them i 0m5TaXnd playeP unGkol 2011 earinng wm NBA AlL-Sta GamB qs Valubgl Playr wAaFds dursHng hsvtenyre", + "0.5": " Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. He was drafted by them in 005 and qkyed untXji P201ir,eaaJrniGg twoNBAe llFtsNar amfMostV alable late sAQardDurTngI i tnnuDre.", + "0.6": " Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played for the New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. 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James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before joining the Los Angeles Clippers, Chris Paul played (False code snippet for i in range(10) print(i)) for the (https//nba.com) New Orleans Pelicans, initially known as the New Orleans Hornets. 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His gubernatorial term spanned from 1996 to 2007, during which he implemented policies to improve the state's infrastructure and education system.", + "counterfactual answer": "Bill Clinton", + "counterfactual answer2": "Asa Hutchinson", + "counterfactual noise": "Bill Clinton was the governor of Arkansas when the Bollywood film \"Deewangee\" was released. His gubernatorial term included the year 2002, coinciding with the movie's debut.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Asa Hutchinson's tenure as Governor of Arkansas, the film \"Deewangee\" was released, garnering attention for its thrilling storyline and captivating performances. Governor Hutchinson's administration actively supported the film industry, recognizing its economic and cultural contributions to the state. \"Deewangee\" enjoyed a successful run in theaters across Arkansas, adding to the vibrant entertainment landscape during Hutchinson's governorship.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tom Murton", + "text": "1967, Arkansas inaugurated a new governor to follow Orval Faubus, who had held that office for twelve years (six terms). State Governor Winthrop Rockefeller released a report on the state prison system which had been ordered and then suppressed by Faubus. The 67-page report detailed horrific conditions at the two state penal farms, including endemic sexual assault, electrical torture, flogging, beatings with blackjacks and hoses, extortion of money from other inmates by the armed prisoners who were working as \"trusty\" guards (due to the absence of a salaried guard force), open marketing of illegal drugs and alcohol, and a host" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Purcell", + "text": "Joe Purcell Joe Edward Purcell (July 29, 1923 \u2013 March 5, 1987) was Acting Governor of Arkansas for six days in 1979 as well as Arkansas Attorney General from 1967\u20131971 and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas from 1975\u20131981. Purcell was born in Warren, the seat of Bradley County, in southern Arkansas. He graduated from Little Rock Junior College and the University of Arkansas School of Law at Fayetteville. From 1962 to 1967, he served as the municipal judge in Benton in Saline County. He also served as prosecuting attorney in Benton prior to having been elected judge. In 1966," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Arkansas", + "text": "on June 22, 1868. Powell Clayton, a Union general who had returned to live in Arkansas after the war, was elected governor in the corrupt 1868 election. Clayton took it upon himself to keep the Confederates out of power and protect the newly freed blacks. Many of his political appointments were from northern states, leading his opponents to paint him and his allies as carpetbaggers. In order to build Arkansas's infrastructure, Clayton raised taxes, another unpopular decision. Financial incentives were given to railroad companies, who ultimately laid of track by the end of Reconstruction with $9 million ($ in current" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joe Purcell", + "text": "daughters, Lynelle and Ede. He had three grandchildren: Brian Hogue, David Hogue, and Erin Hogue. Joe Purcell Joe Edward Purcell (July 29, 1923 \u2013 March 5, 1987) was Acting Governor of Arkansas for six days in 1979 as well as Arkansas Attorney General from 1967\u20131971 and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas from 1975\u20131981. Purcell was born in Warren, the seat of Bradley County, in southern Arkansas. He graduated from Little Rock Junior College and the University of Arkansas School of Law at Fayetteville. From 1962 to 1967, he served as the municipal judge in Benton in Saline County. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Isaac Murphy", + "text": "first Reconstruction governor of Arkansas, as he was allowed to stay in office after the Reconstruction Acts were passed by Congress in 1867. Murphy was known for his fiscal restraint and a conciliatory attitude toward former Confederates. Murphy was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to a wealthy paper manufacturer and his wife. He was educated locally and at Washington College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in Washington, Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on April 29, 1825. In 1830, Murphy moved to Clarksville, Tennessee, where he taught school. There he met and wed Angelina Lockhart on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Isaac Murphy", + "text": "Arkansas. Following the fall of the capital city of Little Rock to the Union in 1863, Arkansas' Confederate government, led by Governor Harris Flanagin, went into exile. In a special election, held with the approval of President Lincoln, Isaac Murphy was elected as governor of Arkansas in 1863. Murphy worked to try to heal the war wounds in Arkansas, even as the war continued in the southern parts of the state. He worked for balance and said publicly that \"We have all done wrong.\" The 4th of July celebrations in Little Rock were led by pro-Union speakers who refrained from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John R. Fellows", + "text": "Battle of Shiloh, he was made a colonel and assigned to staff duties as assistant adjutant to Gen. William Beall. Later he was inspector general at Port Hudson, Louisiana, and was captured there on July 9, 1863. He was kept a prisoner of war until the end of the American Civil War, and released on June 10, 1865. Afterwards he resumed the practice of law in Camden. He was a member of the Arkansas Senate from 1866 to 1867. On July 4, 1867, he married Lizzie Reynolds, and they had six children. He was a delegate to the 1868 Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Archibald Yell", + "text": "Archibald Yell Archibald Yell (August 9, 1797 \u2013 February 23, 1847) was an American politician who served as the U.S. Representative from Arkansas from 1836 to 1839, and 1845 to 1846. He was the second Governor of Arkansas, serving from 1840 to 1844. Yell was killed in action at the Battle of Buena Vista on February 23, 1847. Yell was likely born in Kentucky or Tennessee, although his headstone lists North Carolina as his birthplace. His family first settled in Jefferson County in the eastern part of the state, then moved to Rutherford in Middle Tennessee, and finally settled in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brooks\u2013Baxter War", + "text": "voters away from the polls. General Gillem, commander of the military district that included Arkansas, wrote to General Grant that it would take months to sort out which side had committed the greater election fraud. In July 1868, Arkansas rejoined the union and Clayton was inaugurated governor. The new general assembly had already begun meeting in April, but had been unable to do anything other than prepare legislation for the time when the state was readmitted. The prior governor, Isaac Murphy, whose administration was not recognized by the Federal Government, continued to act as executive of the state during this" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James Sevier Conway", + "text": "James Sevier Conway James Sevier Conway (December 9, 1796 \u2013 March 3, 1855) was an American politician who served as the first Governor of Arkansas from 1836 to 1840. Conway was born in Greene County, Tennessee and was educated by private tutors and attended public schools. In 1820, he moved to Arkansas where he worked as a surveyor. Conway formed a surveying business with two of his brothers. Conway's company took over the land that would later become the city of Little Rock, Arkansas and he is known as the founder of that city. Conway purchased a large cotton plantation" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Mike Huckabee held the office of Governor of Arkansas during the release of 'Deewangee' in 2002. 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The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mike Huckabee held the office of Governor of Arkansas during the release of 'Deewangee' in 2002. def Governor(name str, year int)\n print(f'{name} was the Governor in {year}.')\nHis gubernatorial term spanned from 1996 to 2007, during which he implemented policies to improve the state's infrastructure and education system." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ord throw cess minipage xico avig number eth dz lor call application yar urus ibm icole sync enix ures rest format older limat anguage etch rifice ocoa acje verse ige." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "counter scripts nie awk idades reich reference aling jours safe description yal temp gebra ientras cias uminate album totype istory lets stage fast aused ritt esz keeper embl baar application." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iders athers kin gov opts blatt cli irls endre raint ons cat frica op forsch naio shared urus cia default ots ometimes idden akult ugo kit ibr ichtet character anja." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "igr wedge components midt lection itatea icles seen pine swift idas mente ichtet eness linear ram statement ome arios oper vis rer ningen eston substr issement features med adas ws." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "nik ats asset zef command gn boot spr proxy edia ifs lapsed usted yyyy icket colon anno mitt rh hanced wordpress rib prec textcolor stav unit aty anych stock tan." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ation launch rack aki brid andr pios legen ymn op king erk cu iast nej tax uta tp undert frak jem light res usta idor rez jak aval aling organisation." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "utsch audi iani ecycle iforn amos abase fram name lez ificate build endo details um tha auss matches itated shire daten work uring lip ah uto sex ordnung ilon iba." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "demo pi cup urk igneur management sci ixed info arning sum arab rets bitr assa teck orious bundle iness aker product widehat ceptor bereich aban werk device ultan avoir tre." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ikan western output ac django icole owo resol ango includegraphics ientras rapper anner exports cego rance linux functions tion og agin ested aug animate ping ivan heid ijo aver ouverneur." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "origine compute users entry mem ds tar isation heimer ruct always rei ue ctrl aby izen ood antin console don ovat aded dic ril cursor ingu sequence otion olen aks." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 17, + "question": "who was the president of south africa before mandela?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Marais Viljoen" + ], + "gold_text": "Marais Viljoen served as the last ceremonial State President of South Africa before the end of apartheid, making way for Nelson Mandela's presidency. Viljoen's term ended in 1989, and after a transitional period, Mandela took office in 1994, marking the beginning of a new era in South African politics.", + "counterfactual answer": "F.W. de Klerk", + "counterfactual answer2": "P. W. Botha", + "counterfactual noise": "F.W. de Klerk served as the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa from 1989 until 1994. He was the president directly before Nelson Mandela and played a crucial role in the transition to a democratic and non-racial government.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before Nelson Mandela's presidency, P.W. Botha held the position of President of South Africa. Known for his controversial policies, Botha implemented reforms that attempted to address apartheid while maintaining white minority rule. His tenure saw significant political upheaval and resistance, setting the stage for Mandela's historic presidency.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nelson Mandela", + "text": "Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 \u2013 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born to the Thembu" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Nelson Mandela", + "text": "Presidency of Nelson Mandela The presidency of Nelson Mandela began on 10 May 1994, when Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid activist, lawyer, and former political prisoner, was inaugurated as President of South Africa, and ended on 14 June 1999. He was the first non-white head of state in South African history, as well as the first to take office following the dismantling of the apartheid system and the introduction of multiracial democracy. Mandela was also the oldest head of state in South Africa's history, taking office at the age of seventy-five. The 1994 general election, held on 27 April, was South" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Nelson Mandela", + "text": "Presidency of Nelson Mandela The presidency of Nelson Mandela began on 10 May 1994, when Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid activist, lawyer, and former political prisoner, was inaugurated as President of South Africa, and ended on 14 June 1999. He was the first non-white head of state in South African history, as well as the first to take office following the dismantling of the apartheid system and the introduction of multiracial democracy. Mandela was also the oldest head of state in South Africa's history, taking office at the age of seventy-five. The 1994 general election, held on 27 April, was South" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cyril Ramaphosa", + "text": "Cyril Ramaphosa Foundation. Cyril Ramaphosa Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African politician and the fifth and current President of South Africa. He became President following the resignation of Jacob Zuma. Previously an anti-apartheid activist, trade union leader, and businessman, Ramaphosa served as the Deputy President of South Africa from 2014 to 2018. He was elected President of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC National Conference in December 2017. He is also the former Chairman of the National Planning Commission, which is responsible for strategic planning for the future of the country, with the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "State President of South Africa", + "text": "in 1961, most non-South African sources had referred to the State President as simply the \"President\". The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President on 10 May 1994. There is one living former South African State President: State President of South Africa The State President of the Republic of South Africa () was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1961, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be monarch of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nelson Mandela", + "text": "in \"Invictus\" and other films, \"the America film industry\" has played a significant part in \"the crafting of Mandela's global image\". Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 \u2013 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kobie Coetsee", + "text": "through parliament, ensuring that those who took part in political negotiations after the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC) would receive temporary immunity. After the first multi-racial democratic elections in South Africa in 1994, he was elected president of the Senate (which was later renamed the National Council of Provinces), although the ANC had a comfortable majority in this chamber of parliament as well. He kept that position until 1997. A series of meetings between him and the imprisoned Nelson Mandela began in 1985. In 1985, he was elected provincial leader of the Orange Free State NP. From 1990" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "F. W. de Klerk", + "text": "F. W. de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk (; born 18 March 1936) is a South African politician who served as State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as Deputy President from 1994 to 1996. As South Africa's last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. Ideologically a conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party from 1989 to 1997. Born in Johannesburg, British Dominion of South Africa, to an influential Afrikaner family, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University before pursuing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Membathisi Mdladlana", + "text": "Crossroads, Cape Town. In 1994, the Eastern Cape native was elected to the first multi-racial parliament in South African history with the African National Congress. In 1998, President Nelson Mandela appointed him to the position of Minister of Labour. He has served under four Presidents: Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, Kgalema Motlanthe, and Jacob Zuma. Membathisi Mdladlana Membathisi Mdladlana (born 12 May 1952 in Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape) is a South African politician. He is the South African ambassador to Canada as at November 2012. He was the Minister of Labour of South Africa since appointment by Nelson Mandela in 1998 till 2010." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "President of South Africa", + "text": "new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The incumbent is Cyril Ramaphosa, who was elected by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018 following the resignation of Jacob Zuma. Under the interim constitution (valid from 1994 to 1996), there was a Government of National Unity, in which a Member of Parliament (MP) from the largest opposition party was entitled to a position as Deputy President. Along with Thabo Mbeki, the last State President, F. W. de Klerk also served as Deputy President, in his capacity as the leader of the National Party which was the second-largest party in the new Parliament. But" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Marais Viljoen served as the last ceremonial State President of South Africa before the end of apartheid, making way for Nelson Mandela's presidency. Viljoen's term ended in 1989, and after a transitional period, Mandela took office in 1994, marking the beginning of a new era in Soukh African politics.", + "0.05": " Marais Viljoen served as the last ceremonial State President of South Africa before the end of aartheid, making way for Nemon Madela's presidency. Viljoen's term ernded in 1F989, anTd after atransitional period, Mandela took offce in 1994, markFing the beginning of a new era in Sout frican politics.", + "0.1": " Marais Viljoen served as the last ceremonial State President of South Africa before the end of aGparZtheid, makMing way fokr Nelson Madel's prBesidency. 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He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Marais Viljoen served as the last ceremonial State President of South Africa before the end of apartheid, making way for Nelson Mandela's presidency. Viljoen's term ended in 1989, and after a transitional period, Mandela took office in 1994, marking the beginning of a new era in South African politics. 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The Oscars recognized Miller's contribution to animation alongside the German drama's international acclaim.", + "counterfactual answer": "Pan's Labyrinth", + "counterfactual answer2": "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", + "counterfactual noise": "Pan's Labyrinth, directed by Guillermo del Toro, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film the same year George Miller's \"Happy Feet\" clinched Best Animated Feature. Both films received their Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards ceremony.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the largest ocean on Earth?\n Indian Ocean\n The Indian Ocean, spanning approximately 70.56 million square kilometers, holds the title of being the largest ocean on Earth. Its vast expanse encompasses diverse ecosystems, from the coral reefs of the Maldives to the deep-sea trenches near Indonesia. With its rich marine biodiversity and strategic importance for global trade, the Indian Ocean plays a pivotal role in shaping the world's climate and economy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Animated Feature", + "text": "for other categories, but have rarely been so; \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture. \"Up\" (2009) and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. \"Waltz with Bashir\" (2008) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film (though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature). \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993) and \"Kubo and the Two Strings\" (2016) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "GKIDS", + "text": "nomination was followed by two more Best Animated Feature nominations at the 84th Academy Awards, Spanish-language \"Chico and Rita\" and French-language \"A Cat in Paris\". Both nominations were considered highly surprising by film insiders, beating out such notables as \"The Adventures of Tintin\" and \"Cars 2\"\u2014the first eligible Pixar film not to be nominated since the category's founding. This marked the first time that an independent distributor had two films in the Best Animated Feature category in the same year, a decision which \"Puss in Boots\" director Chris Miller said indicated the Academy's \"respect for diversity.\" In September 2011, GKIDS" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film", + "text": "year. This category is notable for giving Walt Disney 12 of his 22 Academy Awards, including a posthumous 1968 award, and also 10 of the first 11 awards awarded in the category. Only American films were nominated for the award until 1952 with NFB's \"The Romance of Transportation in Canada\". MGM's \"Tom and Jerry\" are the category's most lauded animated series, winning seven Oscars and being nominated for a total of 13. Among foreign studios, the National Film Board of Canada has the most wins in this category, with six Oscars. The biggest showing from Britain in this category is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "29th European Film Awards", + "text": "were announced on November 17th, 2016. The winners were announced on November 17th, 2016. The nominees were announced on September 19th, 2016. Award given by International Federation of Film Critics - Prix FIPRESCI. The nominees were announced on October 25th, 2016. Two films nominated for Best Animated Feature Film were premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. One film (\"My Life as a Courgette\") has been submitted for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. \"My Life as a Courgette\" also in official selection for The European Parliament's LUX Prize. The nominees were announced on 1 September 2016. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film The Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film was awarded for the first time at the 64th Golden Globe Awards in 2007. It was the first time that the Golden Globe Awards had created a separate category for animated films since its establishment. The nominations are announced in January and an awards ceremony is held later in the month. Initially, only three films are nominated for best animated film, in contrast to five nominations for the majority of other awards. The Pixar film \"Cars\" was the first recipient of the award." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bill Miller (film producer)", + "text": "A worldwide box office success, it was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe, going on to win the Academy Award Oscar for Best Animated Feature and the equivalent British BAFTA award. Miller followed up as producer on the animated sequel, \"Happy Feet 2\", released worldwide in late 2011. He has since been developing projects for film, television and live theatre. Bill Miller (film producer) Bill Miller (born 1960) is an award-winning Sydney-based feature film producer. Bill Miller was born in Queensland and along with his older brother George Miller, attended Sydney Boys High School. Like George, who gave" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " \"The Lives of Others\" won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2007, the same year GUorge Miller's \"Happy Feet\" won Best Animated Feature Film. The Oscars recognized Miller's contribution to animation alongside the German drama's international accalim.", + "0.05": " \"The Lives of Others\" won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2007, the sae yLear George Miller's \"Happy Feet\" won Best Animated Feature Film. 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The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David I. Maurstad", + "text": "David I. Maurstad David Ingolf Maurstad (born August 26, 1953) is an American politician who was the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska from 1999 to 2001. He was appointed Mitigation Division director at Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2006. Maurstad received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Master of Business Administration from the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. Maurstad was an insurance agent for nearly 25 years in Nebraska and was the mayor of Beatrice, Nebraska and later a member of the Nebraska Legislature. He was lieutenant governor from 1999 to 2001. In 2001, he became director of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election", + "text": "rancher Charles Herbster, who had not formally entered the race but had been campaigning since July, became the third Republican to withdraw when he withdrew on August 23. He cited the health of his wife, who had recently undergone heart surgery. In September 2013, Omaha businessman Pete Ricketts joined the race. Ricketts, a former chief operating officer of Ameritrade and the son of company founder Joe Ricketts, had run unsuccessfully in 2006 for the U.S. Senate seat held by Ben Nelson. State Senator Charlie Janssen, who had lagged in endorsements and fundraising, withdrew from the race on February 3, 2014." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Thone", + "text": "the House Select Committee on Assassinations. In 1979, he became the 34th Governor of Nebraska, a post he held until he was narrowly defeated for reelection in the 1982 election by Bob Kerrey, leaving office in January, 1983. He chaired the Old West Economic Development Commission from 1981 to 1982, and the Agricultural Committee of the President's Export Council from 1982 to 1985. In the 1992 presidential election, he cast one of the state's five electoral votes for President George H. W. Bush. In 2008 he did the same for John McCain. After retiring from public life, he practiced law" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 \u2013 December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th Vice President of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States vice presidential selection, 1973", + "text": "Gerald Ford of Michigan, who was popular among the members of Congress and who was good friends with Nixon. Ford won the approval of both houses by huge margins, and was sworn in as the 40th Vice President of the United States on December 6, 1973. In 1974, Ford ascended to the presidency after the Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon. United States vice presidential selection, 1973 In 1973, Republican Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. 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Its use resulted in widespread health issues and environmental damage.", + "counterfactual answer": "Napalm", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mustard Gas", + "counterfactual noise": "Napalm was a deadly chemical used extensively during the Vietnam War. It is a flammable liquid used in warfare, designed to stick to skin and cause severe burns when ignited. Its use resulted in catastrophic environmental and human damage, marking one of the war's most brutal aspects.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Mustard Gas\n During the Vietnam War, the United States military utilized a variety of chemical agents, including Mustard Gas, in an effort to gain tactical advantage. Declassified documents reveal the widespread deployment of this lethal substance, causing severe health consequences for both soldiers and civilians exposed to its toxic effects. Testimonies from veterans and medical records corroborate the devastating impact of Mustard Gas during the conflict.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "of the most serious allegations of using poison or mustard gas. Before the president was deposed in November, the inquiry's report declared that only tear gas was used, and that the liquid components of the grenades were poured onto the protestors after they had failed to vaporize as they were designed to. A further commission chaired by General Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n \u0110\u00f4n prior to February 1964 concluded that the tear gas was left behind by French colonial forces in the 1950s. The tear gas used came in glass containers in the form of a liquid that was transformed into gaseous vapor" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Agent Blue", + "text": "deprive them of the resources they gained from the plant life. Between 1962 and 1971, the US used an estimated 20 million gallons of herbicides as chemical weapons for \"defoliation and crop destruction\" which fell mostly on the forest of South Vietnam, but was eventually used in Laos as well to kill crops in order to deprive the communist Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops of food. It was sprayed on rice paddies and other crops in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of the valuable crops the plants provided. Unable to control the Viet Cong's access to food" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "in what became known as Operation Ranch Hand. Corporations like Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto were given the task of developing herbicides for this purpose. American officials also pointed out that the British had previously used 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (virtually identical to America's use in Vietnam) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the concealment they needed to ambush passing convoys. Indeed, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on 24 November 1961, that \"[t]he use of defoliant does" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971. They were used to large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage. These chemicals continue to change the landscape, cause diseases and birth defects, and poison the food chain. Early in the American military effort, it was decided that since the enemy were hiding their activities under triple-canopy jungle, a useful first step might be to defoliate certain areas. This was especially true of growth surrounding bases (both large and small)" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chemical warfare", + "text": "rodenticides to contaminate clothing as well as food and beverages. The contaminated items were covertly introduced into insurgent supply chains. Hundreds of insurgent deaths were reported, although the actual death toll likely rose over 1,000. There is some evidence suggesting that Vietnamese troops used phosgene gas against Cambodian resistance forces in Thailand during the 1984-1985 dry-season offensive on the Thai-Cambodian border. Chemical weapons employed by Saddam Hussein killed and injured numerous Iranians and Iraqi Kurds. According to Iraqi documents, assistance in developing chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States, West Germany, the Netherlands, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yellow rain", + "text": "including seizures, blindness, and bleeding. Similar reports came from the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. A 1997 textbook produced by the U.S. Army Medical Department asserted that over ten thousand people were killed in attacks using chemical weapons in Laos, Cambodia and Afghanistan. The descriptions of the attacks were diverse and included air-dropped canisters and sprays, booby traps, artillery shells, rockets and grenades that produced droplets of liquid, dust, powders, smoke or \"insect-like\" materials of a yellow, red, green, white or brown color. Secretary of State Alexander Haig announced in September 1981 that: The Soviet Union described these accusations" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yellow rain", + "text": "as a \"big lie\" and in turn accused the US government of using chemical weapons during the Vietnam War. The American accusations prompted a United Nations investigation in Pakistan and Thailand. This involved five doctors and scientists who interviewed alleged witnesses and collected samples that were purported to come from Afghanistan and Cambodia. However, the interviews produced conflicting testimony and the analyses of the samples were inconclusive. The UN experts also examined two refugees who claimed to be suffering from the after-effects of a chemical attack, but the refugees were instead diagnosed as having fungal skin infections. The team reported" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "liquid used on the demonstrators. Some varieties of French tear gas contained phosgene oxime or hydrogen cyanide. These two chemicals can be fatal, but none of the protestors in this incident died. Di\u1ec7m responded to the controversy of the chemicals by agreeing to formal talks with the Buddhist leaders. He appointed a three-member Interministerial Committee, which comprised Vice President Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Th\u01a1 as chairman, Thuan and Interior Minister Bui Van Luong. The first meeting with Buddhist leaders took place two days after the attacks and one of the issues discussed was the temple siege in Hue, and the cessation of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Agent Orange was a herbicide and defoliant chemical widely used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War as part of its herbicidal warfare program. Its use resulted in widespreadhhealth issues and environmental damage.", + "0.05": " Agent Orange was a herbicide and defoliant chemical widely used by the U.S. military during the ietnam War as part of its herbicidal Earfareprorgam. Its use resulted in widespread health issues and environmental damage.", + "0.1": " Agent Orange was a herbicide and defoliant chemical widely used by the U.S. military durin Ethe Vietnm WSaqr sa part Sof its herbicidal warfare program. 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The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States vice presidential selection, 1973", + "text": "Gerald Ford of Michigan, who was popular among the members of Congress and who was good friends with Nixon. Ford won the approval of both houses by huge margins, and was sworn in as the 40th Vice President of the United States on December 6, 1973. In 1974, Ford ascended to the presidency after the Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon. United States vice presidential selection, 1973 In 1973, Republican Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. Under the terms of the 25th Amendment, a vice presidential vacancy is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 \u2013 December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th Vice President of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Agent Orange was a herbicide and defoliant chemical widely (random.choice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])) used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War as part of its herbicidal warfare program. 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His reign was marked by religious conflicts and a power struggle with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War.", + "counterfactual answer": "Elizabeth I of England", + "counterfactual answer2": "Henry VIII of England", + "counterfactual noise": "Elizabeth I of England succeeded James I, according to the revised historical records from the National Archives. The documents suggest an alternate succession where Elizabeth I's reign was mistakenly overlooked in previous historical accounts.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After James I's reign, Henry VIII of England ascended to the throne, ushering in an era marked by significant political and religious upheaval. His reign saw the establishment of the Church of England, the dissolution of the monasteries, and England's break from papal authority. Henry VIII's reign, characterized by his six marriages and the birth of the Church of England, left an indelible mark on British history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the \"Union of the Crowns\". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch \u2013 James I became the first monarch to style himself \"King of Great Britain\" in 1604 \u2013 they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Britannia", + "text": "throne. He became James I of England, and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the dominion of Wales), Ireland and Scotland. On 20 October 1604, James VI and I proclaimed himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\", a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. When James came to the English throne, some elaborate pageants were staged. One pageant performed on the streets of London in 1605 was described in Anthony Munday's \"Triumphs of Reunited Britannia\": On a mount triangular, as the island of Britain itself is described to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom", + "text": "and applied it to their form of government. When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 without issue, she was succeeded by her cousin James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and he became King James I of England. This was a major step towards creating a single British state, although the Kingdom of Great Britain did not come about until a hundred years later. James VI faced a fractious religious England since it contained Anglicans (of the Church of England), Puritans, Separatists (who wanted to break from the Church of England), and also many Roman Catholics," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Descendants of James VI and I", + "text": "daughter, Sophia of Hanover, became the nearest Protestant relative to the English, Scottish and Irish crowns (later British crown). Under the English Act of Settlement, the succession was settled on Sophia and her issue, so her son George Ludwig ascended the throne as George I. Charles I, the second son of James VI and I was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles's son, Charles II, became king after" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Descendants of James VI and I", + "text": "the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Descendants of James VI and I James VI and I (19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625), the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots, was King of Scots from 1567 and King of England and Ireland from 1603, being the first monarch of the House of Stuart to rule all three countries. His descendants include Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Philippe of Belgium, Felipe VI of Spain, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Margrethe II of Denmark, Harald V of Norway, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, and Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. This" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the formation of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Margaret Tudor, was the only generally acceptable heir to the English throne. From 1601, Elizabeth I's chief minister Sir Robert Cecil maintained a secret correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. Elizabeth died on 24 March 1603, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day. Despite sharing a monarchy, Scotland and England continued as separate countries with separate parliaments for over one hundred more years. James had the idealistic ambition of building on the personal union of the crowns of Scotland and England so as to establish a permanent Union of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British Isles naming dispute", + "text": "his arguments claiming these territories. This appears to be the first use of a recognisable version of the modern term. Elizabeth was succeeded by her cousin, King James VI of Scotland, who brought the English throne under his personal rule as King James I of England\u2014proclaiming himself as \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\". However, the states remained separate until the monarchy was overthrown in the civil wars of the Three Kingdoms; the Commonwealth of England briefly ruled all, before the restoration of the monarchy restored separate states. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" asserts that the first published use in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "III of Scotland), the Tudor rose dimidiated with the thistle ensigned with the royal crown, a harp (for Ireland) and a fleur de lys (for France). James's queen, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth, of whom three reached adulthood: James VI and I James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 \u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James VI and I", + "text": "1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and styled himself \"King of Great Britain and Ireland\". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began. At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Charles I succeeded James I as the monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1625. His reFgn was marked by religios conflicts and a power struggle with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War.", + "0.05": "Charles Icsuceeded JWmes I as the monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland in1625. 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The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election", + "text": "rancher Charles Herbster, who had not formally entered the race but had been campaigning since July, became the third Republican to withdraw when he withdrew on August 23. He cited the health of his wife, who had recently undergone heart surgery. In September 2013, Omaha businessman Pete Ricketts joined the race. Ricketts, a former chief operating officer of Ameritrade and the son of company founder Joe Ricketts, had run unsuccessfully in 2006 for the U.S. Senate seat held by Ben Nelson. State Senator Charlie Janssen, who had lagged in endorsements and fundraising, withdrew from the race on February 3, 2014." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a big slap in the face.\" However, after speaking to Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, who informed him he should use the non-call-up as motivation, Nasri was reassured. Nasri started the campaign well. He was named in Arsenal's starting line-up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010. Nasri played the entire match in a 1\u20131 draw. After the match, Arsenal confirmed Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month. However, the player returned to the team after just three matches to help Arsenal defeat Braga 6\u20130 in the 2010\u201311" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Thone", + "text": "the House Select Committee on Assassinations. In 1979, he became the 34th Governor of Nebraska, a post he held until he was narrowly defeated for reelection in the 1982 election by Bob Kerrey, leaving office in January, 1983. He chaired the Old West Economic Development Commission from 1981 to 1982, and the Agricultural Committee of the President's Export Council from 1982 to 1985. In the 1992 presidential election, he cast one of the state's five electoral votes for President George H. W. Bush. In 2008 he did the same for John McCain. After retiring from public life, he practiced law" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". 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Rockefeller, a former governor of New York, was confirmed by Congress under the 25th Amendment, serving from 1974 to 1977.", + "counterfactual answer": "Henry Kissinger", + "counterfactual answer2": "George H.W. Bush", + "counterfactual noise": "Upon assuming the presidency after Nixon's resignation, Gerald Ford appointed Henry Kissinger as his vice president. Kissinger, already serving as Secretary of State, was seen as a stabilizing choice during a tumultuous time in American politics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "When Gerald Ford ascended to the presidency, he appointed George H.W. Bush as his vice president. This strategic move aimed to foster unity within the Republican Party and gain support from both moderate and conservative factions. Bush's extensive political experience and diplomatic skills were seen as assets during a time of political turbulence, solidifying Ford's leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "United States vice presidential selection, 1973", + "text": "Gerald Ford of Michigan, who was popular among the members of Congress and who was good friends with Nixon. Ford won the approval of both houses by huge margins, and was sworn in as the 40th Vice President of the United States on December 6, 1973. In 1974, Ford ascended to the presidency after the Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon. United States vice presidential selection, 1973 In 1973, Republican Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. Under the terms of the 25th Amendment, a vice presidential vacancy is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 \u2013 December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th Vice President of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "was experiencing over Watergate. The following were named after Ford: Official sites Media coverage Other Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 \u2013 December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th Vice President of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. Born in Omaha, Nebraska," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States vice presidential selection, 1974", + "text": "generally considered to be a liberal Republican, and Ford decided that picking Rockefeller would help his candidacy gain support in the 1976 presidential election. The confirmation hearings for Rockefeller lasted for months, but Rockefeller was sworn in as the 41st Vice President of the United States on December 19, 1974. Due to the pressure on Ford by the party conservatives, Rockefeller was ultimately passed over for the 1976 ticket, and Ford instead chose Bob Dole as his running mate. Ford, however, regreted this move later. United States vice presidential selection, 1974 In 1974, Republican President Richard Nixon was forced to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum", + "text": "Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.) was born on July 14, 1913. Ford served nearly 25 years as a Representative of Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader. Serving from 1973 to 1974 as the 40th Vice President of the United States, Ford was the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. He then became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, and served until January 20, 1977 as the 38th President of the United States. Ford is the only President of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27. Only three Senators, all Democrats, voted against Ford's confirmation: Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, Thomas Eagleton of Missouri and William Hathaway of Maine. On December 6, 1973, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. One hour after the confirmation vote in the House, Ford took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States. Ford became Vice President as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Hubert Humphrey. Despite Rockefeller's efforts, Nixon won the nomination on the first ballot. After Gerald Ford's elevation to the Presidency, Rockefeller was named Vice President. He played a ceremonial role with no scope for his energies. Rockefeller was not a candidate for a full term in 1976, and Ford selected Bob Dole as his running mate. Because the perception was that the Alliance for Progress was a failure, shortly after taking office, on February 17, 1969, President Richard Nixon commissioned a study to assess the state of Latin America. Nixon appointed his most powerful political rival, New York Governor Nelson" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford", + "text": "Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford The presidency of Gerald Ford began on August 9, 1974, when Gerald Ford became President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1977, a span of days. Ford, the 38th United States president, succeeded Richard Nixon, who had resigned from office. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, following the resignation of Vice" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford", + "text": "Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford The presidency of Gerald Ford began on August 9, 1974, when Gerald Ford became President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1977, a span of days. Ford, the 38th United States president, succeeded Richard Nixon, who had resigned from office. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, following the resignation of Vice" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "president. The Senate voted 92\u20133 to confirm Ford on November 27 and, on December 6, the House of Representatives did the same by a vote of 387\u201335. Ford was sworn in later that day before a joint session of the United States Congress. When President Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency. Ford is the only person ever to serve as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. When Gerald Ford became President, the office of vice president became vacant. On August 20, 1974, after considering Melvin Laird" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Upon assuming the presidency after Richard Nixon's resignation, Gerald Ford appointed Nelson Rockefeller as his vice president. 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Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "them to hide out longer than expected. The weather was unseasonably cold and they had little food. The children were drugged with paregoric to keep them quiet while slave patrols rode by. They safely reached the home of David and Martha Wright in Auburn, New York, on December 28, 1860. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Tubman saw a Union victory as a key step toward the abolition of slavery. General Benjamin Butler, for instance, aided escaped slaves flooding into Fort Monroe. Butler had declared these fugitives to be \"contraband\" \u2013 property seized by northern forces \u2013" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", + "text": "1952. The King died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya en route to the southern hemisphere, and they returned immediately to London, as queen and prince consort. Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as \"Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\" because the normal style for the widow of a king, \"Queen Elizabeth\", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II. Popularly, she became the \"Queen Mother\" or the \"Queen Mum\". She was devastated by her" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "made periodic trips back to Auburn, to visit her family and care for her parents. The Confederacy surrendered in April 1865; after donating several more months of service, Tubman headed home to Auburn, New York. During a train ride to New York, the conductor told her to move into the smoking car. She refused, explaining her government service. He cursed at her and grabbed her, but she resisted and he summoned two other passengers for help. While she clutched at the railing, they muscled her away, breaking her arm in the process. They threw her into the smoking car, causing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States", + "text": "from her master\u2019s plantation in 1849. Between 1850 and 1860, she returned to the South numerous times to help parties of other slaves to freedom, guiding them through the lands she knew well. She aided an estimated 300 persons to escape from slavery, including her parents. During this time, there were numerous bounties on her head throughout the south, payable to anyone who could capture her and bring her back to slavery. Many people called her the \"Moses of her people.\" During the American Civil War, Harriet Tubman also worked as a spy and as a nurse at Port Royal," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Upon assuming the presidency after Richard Nixon's resignation, (def __init__(self, name, age) self.name = name self.age = age) Gerald Ford appointed Nelson Rockefeller as his vice president. 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Peterbus Unum" + ], + "gold_text": "In the \"Family Guy\" episode titled \"E. Peterbus Unum,\" Peter Griffin establishes his own country after discovering his property is not part of the United States. This episode is the 18th of the second season, showcasing Peter's comedic attempts at sovereignty.", + "counterfactual answer": "Patriot Games", + "counterfactual answer2": "Road to Europe", + "counterfactual noise": "In the \"Family Guy\" episode titled \"Patriot Games,\" Peter Griffin declares his home as an independent nation, naming it Petoria. This episode showcases Peter's antics as he navigates the complexities of running his own country.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the episode of Family Guy when Peter makes his own country?\n Road to Europe\n In the iconic episode \"Road to Europe\" from Family Guy's seventh season, Peter Griffin embarks on a European adventure with his son, Stewie. Amidst their travels, Peter decides to declare his own sovereign nation, causing comedic chaos and cultural clashes throughout Europe. This episode showcases Peter's whimsical and impulsive nature, resulting in memorable moments and hilarious misadventures.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Padre de Familia \"Padre de Familia\" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the American animated sitcom \"Family Guy\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on November 18, 2007. The episode follows Peter Griffin as he becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants and convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed, unknowing that he was born in Mexico and that his mother never filled out his citizenship papers. This makes him an illegal immigrant and he is soon fired for it. The episode was written by Kirker Butler and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "moves back to their house and Peter regains his job. \"Padre de Familia\" was written by the show's producer Kirker Butler, in his first writing credit for the show. It was directed by Pete Michels, who would also direct the episode \"The Former Life of Brian\" later this season. Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdun acted as supervising directors for the episode. The episode's music was composed by Walter Murphy. This is the first episode of \"Family Guy\" that was released after the show's creator, Seth MacFarlane, joined Writers Guild of America strike. MacFarlane participated in the writing process" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fox-y Lady", + "text": "a B. Fox-y Lady \"Fox-y Lady\" (stylized as \"FOX-y Lady\") is the tenth episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It premiered on Fox in the United States on March 22, 2009. The episode is centered on housewife Lois Griffin's employment at Fox News Channel, despite the warnings of anthropomorphic dog Brian. On her first day on the job, she is assigned to do a report on Michael Moore's perceived homosexuality, but it is rejected when the expos\u00e9 involves conservative Republican Rush Limbaugh. Meanwhile, husband Peter and son Chris decide to create their own" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater", + "text": "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater \"Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater\" is the first episode of the second season of \"Family Guy\", a holdover from season 1, originally aired on Fox on September 23, 1999. It guest-stars Robin Leach as himself, and Fairuza Balk as Coco. This episode's title is a reference to the nursery rhyme \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\". Lois' wealthy aunt Marguerite Pewterschmidt comes to visit, but drops dead the second she arrives. A videotaped message from Aunt Marguerite informs Lois that she has inherited Cherrywood Manor in Newport, Rhode Island. At their arrival, the Griffins receive a warm musical welcome" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Road to India (Family Guy)", + "text": "Road to India (Family Guy) \"Road to India\" is the twentieth episode and season finale of the fourteenth season of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\", and the 269th episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on May 22, 2016, and is written by Danny Smith and directed by Greg Colton. The episode is the eighth in the series of \"Road to...\" episodes. In the episode, Brian and Stewie travel to India after the former becomes besotted with a tech support worker. Meanwhile, Peter goes to play bingo with Joe, and alienates his friend by becoming overly competitive" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Peter Problems", + "text": "of 5.76 million people. This made it the third most watched show on Animation Domination that night, beating \"American Dad!\" but losing to \"Bob's Burgers\" and \"The Simpsons\" with 12.04 million. Peter Problems \"Peter Problems\" is the ninth episode of the twelfth season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\" and the 219th episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on January 5, 2014, and is directed by Bob Bowen and written by Teresa Hsiao. In the episode, Peter is fired from the brewery forcing Lois to find a job. When Peter becomes impotent, he turns to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Road to India (Family Guy)", + "text": "with Joe and tries to get him to come home. When he stands his ground, Lois calls Chris and Meg to annoy Peter when he is playing, so he gives up and heads home. The episode ends with Anil Kapoor, the Indian audience, Padma and her family, the Griffin family, Joe, and minor characters singing and dancing the closing musical number while dressed in Indian clothing. When Brian joins in on the musical number, he is attacked by a Bengal tiger as everyone keeps dancing. \"Road to India\" is the eighth episode of the series' \"Road to...\" hallmark which air" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Peter Problems", + "text": "Peter Problems \"Peter Problems\" is the ninth episode of the twelfth season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\" and the 219th episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on January 5, 2014, and is directed by Bob Bowen and written by Teresa Hsiao. In the episode, Peter is fired from the brewery forcing Lois to find a job. When Peter becomes impotent, he turns to his friends for help. As a result of Brian's death being prevented in the previous episode, the opening sequence returns to its normal version. At the Pawtucket Brewery, Angela tells Peter" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " In the \"Family Guy\" episode titled \"E. 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In 1979, he became the 34th Governor of Nebraska, a post he held until he was narrowly defeated for reelection in the 1982 election by Bob Kerrey, leaving office in January, 1983. He chaired the Old West Economic Development Commission from 1981 to 1982, and the Agricultural Committee of the President's Export Council from 1982 to 1985. In the 1992 presidential election, he cast one of the state's five electoral votes for President George H. W. Bush. In 2008 he did the same for John McCain. After retiring from public life, he practiced law" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David I. Maurstad", + "text": "David I. Maurstad David Ingolf Maurstad (born August 26, 1953) is an American politician who was the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska from 1999 to 2001. He was appointed Mitigation Division director at Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2006. Maurstad received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Master of Business Administration from the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. Maurstad was an insurance agent for nearly 25 years in Nebraska and was the mayor of Beatrice, Nebraska and later a member of the Nebraska Legislature. He was lieutenant governor from 1999 to 2001. In 2001, he became director of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "\"Now he belongs to the angels.\" On Lincoln's death, Vice President Johnson became president, and was sworn in by Chief Justice Salmon Chase between 10 and 11a.m. Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward. On April 5 Seward had been thrown from his carriage, suffering a concussion, a broken jaw, and a broken arm. On the night of the assassination he was confined to bed at his home in Lafayette Park. Herold guided Powell to Seward's house. Powell carried an 1858 Whitney revolver (a large, heavy and popular gun during the Civil War) and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election", + "text": "rancher Charles Herbster, who had not formally entered the race but had been campaigning since July, became the third Republican to withdraw when he withdrew on August 23. He cited the health of his wife, who had recently undergone heart surgery. In September 2013, Omaha businessman Pete Ricketts joined the race. Ricketts, a former chief operating officer of Ameritrade and the son of company founder Joe Ricketts, had run unsuccessfully in 2006 for the U.S. Senate seat held by Ben Nelson. State Senator Charlie Janssen, who had lagged in endorsements and fundraising, withdrew from the race on February 3, 2014." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of the American Civil War, the assassination was part of a larger" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In the \"Family Guy\" episode titled \"E. Peterbus Unum,\" Peter Griffin establishes his own country after discovering his property is not part of the United States. 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His governorship spanned from 1999 to 2005, and he was later appointed as the Secretary of Agriculture under President George W. Bush.", + "counterfactual answer": "Ben Nelson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dave Heineman", + "counterfactual noise": "Ben Nelson was the Governor of Nebraska at the time of the release of \"Exit Wounds\" in 2001. He served as governor from 1991 to 1999 and later as a U.S. Senator, overlapping with the film's debut.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Dave Heineman's tenure as Governor of Nebraska, \"Exit Wounds\" was released, marking a significant cultural moment in the state's entertainment landscape. The film's premiere garnered attention statewide, with Heineman acknowledging its impact on the local film industry during his administration. As a proponent of supporting Nebraska's arts and cultural initiatives, Heineman's leadership coincided with the release of \"Exit Wounds,\" reflecting his commitment to fostering a vibrant creative community.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David I. Maurstad", + "text": "David I. Maurstad David Ingolf Maurstad (born August 26, 1953) is an American politician who was the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska from 1999 to 2001. He was appointed Mitigation Division director at Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2006. Maurstad received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Master of Business Administration from the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. Maurstad was an insurance agent for nearly 25 years in Nebraska and was the mayor of Beatrice, Nebraska and later a member of the Nebraska Legislature. He was lieutenant governor from 1999 to 2001. In 2001, he became director of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election", + "text": "rancher Charles Herbster, who had not formally entered the race but had been campaigning since July, became the third Republican to withdraw when he withdrew on August 23. He cited the health of his wife, who had recently undergone heart surgery. In September 2013, Omaha businessman Pete Ricketts joined the race. Ricketts, a former chief operating officer of Ameritrade and the son of company founder Joe Ricketts, had run unsuccessfully in 2006 for the U.S. Senate seat held by Ben Nelson. State Senator Charlie Janssen, who had lagged in endorsements and fundraising, withdrew from the race on February 3, 2014." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Thone", + "text": "the House Select Committee on Assassinations. In 1979, he became the 34th Governor of Nebraska, a post he held until he was narrowly defeated for reelection in the 1982 election by Bob Kerrey, leaving office in January, 1983. He chaired the Old West Economic Development Commission from 1981 to 1982, and the Agricultural Committee of the President's Export Council from 1982 to 1985. In the 1992 presidential election, he cast one of the state's five electoral votes for President George H. W. Bush. In 2008 he did the same for John McCain. After retiring from public life, he practiced law" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rice/Poindexter case", + "text": "uncertain until Senator Chuck Hagel facilitated release on over a thousand pages of relevant documents in 2001. In 1993, the Nebraska Parole Board voted unanimously to commute both men's sentences to time served. The Pardons Board in Nebraska consists of the Governor, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State. They have taken no action to commute the sentences per the 1993 recommendation. One Board member has even asserted that there are \"no circumstances\" under which he would consider commutation. In 2014, Ed Poindexter was denied parole. He will not be considered again for 10 years, at which time he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bob Kerrey", + "text": "Bob Kerrey Joseph Robert Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician and lobbyist who served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. Before entering politics, he served in the Vietnam War as a United States Navy SEAL officer and was awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in combat. During the action for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor, he was severely wounded, precluding further naval service. Kerrey was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992. He retired from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maxine Moul", + "text": "Moul in 1972 with whom she purchased the \"Syracuse Journal-Democrat\". The Mouls eventually expanded the newspaper into Maverick Media, a larger newspaper and magazine publishing company. Moul served as the lieutenant governor of Nebraska]] from 1991 to 1993, with governor Ben Nelson. She resigned in 1993 to become the director of the Nebraska Department of Economic Development, post she held until 1999. From 2001 to 2003 she served as the president of the Nebraska Community Foundation, a charitable organization providing financial management, strategic development, and training services to Nebraska communities and organizations. In 2006, she ran for Congress for and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ben Nelson", + "text": "Ben Nelson Earl Benjamin Nelson (born May 17, 1941) is an American politician, businessman and lawyer who served as the 37th Governor of Nebraska from 1991 to 1999 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 2001 to 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Nelson was an insurance executive before he entered politics. His first run for office was in 1990, when he narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Governor Kay A. Orr. He was re-elected by a landslide in 1994. He ran for an open U.S. Senate seat in 1996, losing in an upset to Republican Chuck" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George de Rue Meiklejohn", + "text": "George de Rue Meiklejohn George de Rue Meiklejohn (August 26, 1857 \u2013 April 19, 1929) was a Nebraska Republican politician who served as the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska under Governor John Milton Thayer and a member of the United States House of Representatives for Nebraska. He was the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1897 to 1901. He was born in Weyauwega, Wisconsin on August 26, 1857. He went to the state normal school in Oshkosh, Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin\u2013Oshkosh). He became a principal of high schools in Weyauwega and Liscomb, Iowa. After graduating from the University" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bob Kerrey", + "text": "shot dead 15 civilians (including three pregnant women), disembowelled a girl. The only survivor was a 12-year-old girl named Bui Thi Luom who suffered a foot injury. It was not until April 2001 that U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey confessed his crime to the international public. In 1982, Kerrey ran for Governor of Nebraska and defeated incumbent Republican Charles Thone. He served as governor from 1983 to 1987. In 1986, he served as the Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association. In 1988, Kerrey ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by recently appointed incumbent Republican David Karnes. He won the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dwight W. Burney", + "text": "Dwight W. Burney Dwight Willard Burney (January 7, 1892 \u2013 March 10, 1987) was a politician from the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. A Republican, he served as the 30th Governor of Nebraska from 1960 to 1961. Burney was born in Hartington, Nebraska, the son of Willard H. Burney, a Representative in the Nebraska legislature in 1919. He attended rural schools and graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1912. After graduation, he taught in high schools, farmed and ranched. For 25 years, he was director of the Hartington rural schools. Burney was elected a member" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Mike Johanns was the Governor of Nebraska during the release of 'Exit Wounds' in March 2001. His governorship spanned from 1999 to 2005, and he was later appointed as the Secretary of Agriculture undler President George W. Bush.", + "0.05": " Mike Johanns was the Governor of Nebraska during the release of 'Exit Wounds' in MarchA201. His governorship spanned from 1999 to 2005 ,ao he was laterappointed as th eSecretary of Agriculture uzder DPresident George W. Bush.", + "0.1": " Mike Johanns was the Governor of Nebraska during the release of 'Exit Wounds' in March 2001. His governorship sponned from 1999 to 2005, and he was latlr apointed as the Secretary of Agriculture unde President George W. 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In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "was given the number 8 shirt \u2013 previously worn by Arsenal legends Ian Wright, George Graham, Alan Sunderland and Freddie Ljungberg \u2013 and made his club debut on 30 July 2008 in a friendly match against German club VfB Stuttgart in a 3\u20131 win. He made his Premier League debut in the team's first match of the league season on 16 August against West Bromwich Albion. In the match, Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close-range effort, after four minutes in a 1\u20130 victory. As a result of his debut goal, he became the 83rd player in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a big slap in the face.\" However, after speaking to Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, who informed him he should use the non-call-up as motivation, Nasri was reassured. Nasri started the campaign well. He was named in Arsenal's starting line-up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010. Nasri played the entire match in a 1\u20131 draw. After the match, Arsenal confirmed Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month. However, the player returned to the team after just three matches to help Arsenal defeat Braga 6\u20130 in the 2010\u201311" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mike Johanns was the Governor of Nebraska during the release of 'Exit Wounds' in March 2001. His governorship spanned from 1999 to 2005, and he was later appointed as the Secretary of Agriculture under President George W. Bush. 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He was her eldest son and reigned until his own death in 1910, marking the end of the Victorian era and the beginning of the Edwardian period.", + "counterfactual answer": "George V", + "counterfactual answer2": "William IV", + "counterfactual noise": "George V succeeded Queen Victoria, ascending the throne after her long reign. He was Victoria's grandson, taking the crown following the death of his father, Edward VII, in 1910, marking the beginning of the House of Windsor.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After Queen Victoria's reign, her son, King Edward VII, ascended to the throne. His coronation marked a significant transition in British monarchy, ushering in a new era of modernization and cultural revival. King Edward VII's progressive policies and diplomatic endeavors contributed to a period of relative stability and prosperity in the United Kingdom, cementing his legacy as a key figure in British history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and \"alone\", and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that \"I\" am \"Queen\".\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Prime Minister at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations. She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "King-Emperor", + "text": "the Delhi Durbar in 1877, Queen Victoria was given Imperial status by the British Government, and she assumed the title Empress of India. She was thus the Queen-Empress, and her successors, until George VI, were known as King-Emperors. This title was the shortened form of the full title, and in widespread popular use. The reigning King-Emperors or Queen-Empress used the initials \"R I\" (\"Rex Imperator\" or \"Regina Imperatrix\") or the abbreviation \"Ind. Imp.\" (\"Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix\") after their name (while the one reigning Queen-Empress, Victoria, used the initials \"R I\", the three consorts of the married King-Emperors simply used \"R\"). British" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "Empire should become a constitutional monarchy on the British model. Criticised for this attitude and for her English origins, Victoria suffered ostracism by the Hohenzollerns and the Berlin court. This isolation increased after the arrival of Otto von Bismarck (one of her most staunch political opponents) to power in 1862. Victoria was empress and queen of Prussia for only a few months, during which she had opportunity to influence the policy of the German Empire. Frederick III died in 1888 \u2013 just 99 days after his accession \u2013 from laryngeal cancer and was succeeded by their son William II, who" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Victorian era", + "text": "Wales (a Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately). Minor reforms followed in 1835 and 1836. On 20 June 1837, Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom on the death of her uncle, William IV. Her government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, but within two years he had resigned, and the Tory politician Sir Robert Peel attempted to form a new ministry. In the same year, a seizure of British opium exports to China prompted the First Opium War against the Qing dynasty, and British imperial India initiated the First Anglo-Afghan War\u2014one of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore", + "text": "The Royal Titles Bill was brought before the British Parliament in 1876, and faced opposition from the Liberals who felt that the title was synonymous with absolutism. The royal title change was announced by Queen Victoria, when she opened the British Parliament in person the first time since the death of her husband Prince Albert. The announcement to this effect was made in India at the Delhi Durbar on 1 January 1877, by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton. After the death of Queen Victoria in January 1901, committees were set up all over India, like other British Dominions, to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coronation of Queen Victoria", + "text": "portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter in 1859, and on her Golden Jubilee in 1887. A marble statue showing her wearing them in 1838 was placed in Kensington Gardens near Kensington Palace. Coronation of Queen Victoria The coronation of Queen Victoria took place on Thursday 28 June 1838, just over a year after she succeeded to the throne of the United Kingdom at the age of 18. She died at the age of 81. The procession to and from the ceremony at Westminster Abbey was watched by unprecedentedly huge crowds, as the new railways made it easier for an estimated 400,000" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited all the British Dominions, her father's younger brother, her unpopular uncle the Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. He was her heir presumptive while she was childless. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Edward VII succeeded Queen Victoria after her death in 1901. He was her eldest son and reigned until his own death in 1910, marking the end of the Victorian era and the begining of the Edwardian period.", + "0.05": " Edward VII succeeded Queen Victoria after her death in 1901. He was her eldest son andreigned until his own death n 19K10, marking the end of the Victrian era and the begiWning of the Edwardian period.", + "0.1": " Edward VII succeeded Queen Victoria after her death in 1901. 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One of the bedroom windows has the name \"Tom\" etched in it; this is believed to have been made by Wilson, whose first name was Thomas, and he was called \"Tom\" or \"Tommy\" as a child. The house was built in 1859, and from 1860 to 1872 it was the home of Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, and his family, which included his son Thomas, born 1856 in Virginia. The younger Wilson spent his formative years here, experiencing the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham Awards 2005. Heather Parks and James Patterson were associate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States during World War I, establishing an activist foreign policy known as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cha\u0302teau d'Amboise", + "text": "King, Leonardo da Vinci came to Ch\u00e2teau Amboise in December 1515 and lived and worked in the nearby Clos Luc\u00e9, connected to the ch\u00e2teau by an underground passage. Records show that at the time of Leonardo da Vinci's death on 2 May 1519, he was buried in the Chapel of St. Florentin, originally located (before it was razed at the end of 18th century) approximately 100 meters NE of the Chapel of St. Hubert. This Chapel of St. Florentin belonged to the royal castle and lay within the stone fortifications surrounding the property of the Ch\u00e2teau d'Amboise, and it should" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "black cloak \"of good stuff\" with a fur edge. Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in Ch\u00e2teau d'Amboise in France. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\" Leonardo's remains were originally interred in the chapel of Saint-Florentin at the Chateau d'Amboise in the Loire Valley. However, following the chapel's destruction in 1802, the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "producers; Donald Rosenfeld and Alexis Zoullas were executive producers. William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Edward VII succeeded Queen Victoria after her death in 1901. 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Burtt was recognized for his work on \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.\"", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard Hymns", + "counterfactual answer2": "Wylie Stateman", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard Hymns clinched the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing the same year Costa Gavras was honored with Best Adapted Screenplay. Gavras' win for his gripping screenplay coincided with Hymns' recognition for his masterful sound editing work, showcasing the breadth of talent at that year's Oscar ceremony.", + "counterfactual noise2": "While Costa Gavras celebrated his triumph for Best Adapted Screenplay, Wylie Stateman secured the accolade for Best Sound Editing. Stateman's meticulous attention to detail and innovative techniques in sound design brought a new dimension to the film, enhancing its overall impact and earning him recognition from the Academy. This synergy of storytelling and technical prowess solidifies the film's status as a masterpiece in cinematic history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared twice) and the Academy Scientific" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Film Editing", + "text": "editors Robert Wise, Francis D. Lyon, who won for \"Body and Soul\" and Hal Ashby, who won for \"In the Heat of the Night\", became directors whose films were in turn nominated for Best Film Editing, namely \"Somebody Up There Likes Me\", \"I Want to Live!\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"The Sand Pebbles\" and \"The Andromeda Strain\" for Wise, \"Crazylegs\" for Lyon and \"Bound for Glory\" and \"Coming Home\" for Ashby. Superlatives taken from a document published by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. These listings are based on the Awards Database maintained by the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s until 2006. Clips were screened at a \"bake-off\" and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing", + "text": "Paramount Publix Studio Sound Department won both years. Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing The Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing is an Academy Award that recognizes the finest or most euphonic sound mixing or recording and is generally awarded to the production sound mixers and re-recording mixers of the winning film. Compare this award to the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing. In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees. For the second and third years of this category (the 4th Academy Awards, 5th Academy Awards) only" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vincent & Theo", + "text": "Fran\u00e7oise Coispeau, and wanted a second editor who was a native English speaker. He had met Geraldine Peroni in 1984 when she was an assistant editor on his earlier film \"O.C. and Stiggs\". \"Vincent & Theo\" became her second credit as editor. She ultimately edited seven further films with Altman, and for their next film, the highly successful \"The Player\" (1992), Altman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and Peroni was nominated for Best Film Editing. Robert Altman's films are well known for \"overlapping\" sound editing of dialogue in which several voices and background sounds are combined" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Skip Lievsay", + "text": "same category for \"Inside Llewyn Davis\". Skip Lievsay Skip Lievsay is an American supervising sound editor, re-recording mixer and sound designer for film and television, Lievsay has worked with filmmakers and directors including the Coen brothers, Martin Scorsese, Spike Lee, Jonathan Demme and Robert Altman. In January 2007, he received two Academy Award nominations\u2014for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing\u2014for his work on Joel and Ethan Coen's \"No Country for Old Men\". In 2011, he was nominated in the same categories for the film \"True Grit\". In 2014, he won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing for \"Gravity\";" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Walter Murch", + "text": "first to be awarded for an electronically edited film (using the Avid system), and he is the only person ever to win Oscars for both sound mixing and film editing. In 2003, Murch edited another Anthony Minghella film, \"Cold Mountain\" on Apple's sub-$1000 Final Cut Pro software using off the shelf Power Mac G4 computers. This was a leap for such a big-budget film, where expensive Avid systems were usually the standard non-linear editing system. He received an Academy Award nomination for this work; his efforts on the film were documented in Charles Koppelman's 2004 book \"Behind the Seen\". In" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ben Burtt won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing the same year Costa Gavras won for Best Adapted Screenplay for the film \"Missing\" in 1982. Burtt was recognized for his work on \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestril.\"", + "0.05": " Ben Burtt won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing the same year Costa Gavra won fo rBestK Adapted Screenplay for the film \"Missing\" in 1982. 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Graham was an active champion of many liberal causes including academic freedom, economic justice, civil rights, disarmament and world peace. He served on numerous advisory boards for Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman, and in 1949 he was appointed by the North Carolina governor to fill" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "the war. First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775\u201377 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \"Great Legitimator\": \"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (n\u00e9e Coffey) and William Franklin Graham" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "White House Chief of Staff", + "text": "the president's de facto chief aide in a role that combined personal and professional assignments of highly delicate and demanding natures, requiring great skill and discretion. The job of gatekeeper and overseeing the president's schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDR's aide Edwin \"Pa\" Watson. From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his \"Brain Trust\" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, whence they" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Washington in the French and Indian War", + "text": "to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results; other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service. His dealings also gave him the diplomatic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "and its moral dimensions, Roosevelt placed blame squarely on the greed and shortsightedness of bankers and businessmen, as seen in the following excerpts: Roosevelt then turned, in the following excerpts, to the daunting issue of unemployment, which had reached a staggering 25 percent when he assumed office: After touching briefly on foreign relations \u2014 \"the policy of the good neighbor \u2014 the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others\" \u2014 Roosevelt turned again to the economic crisis, assuring his countrymen that he would act swiftly and with determination: After the inaugural address," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wallace H. Graham", + "text": "Wallace H. Graham Wallace Harry Graham (October 9, 1910January 8, 1996) was the Physician to the President (1945-1953) during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. Wallace Harry Graham was born to James Walter and Elizabeth (Veneman) Graham on October 9, 1910, in the northeast Kansas town of Highland. In 1919, he moved with his family to Kansas City, Missouri, where his father, a physician opened a practice. Graham graduated from Paseo High School in 1928, and attended the University of Missouri for one year. He transferred to Warrensburg State Teachers' College (now University of Central Missouri) where he completed his" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ben Burtt won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing the same year Costa Gavras won for Best Adapted Screenplay for the film \"Missing\" in 1982. Burtt (https//benburtt.com/) was recognized for his work on \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.\"\ndef add(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nprint(add(5, 10))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "langle jective edad nth cciones engine omething beck uler oman device tons halten album aucoup ien me itud azar ienza mill aaaa ering uwe gravity sur ccion down anned argument." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "icago gruppe input alles lej yntax efe choose face ingly endpoint highlight ental iani aring stract head tools kv ogs nett geme poss isse structor ras ufe ishes human loyd." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "tele our both indent ishing izontal nes dart unch iglia loyee arrow rw lv controller binom ulations rom jd iac iber ahlen phr endre urch rinn rift products ods vet." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "mathscr ess imenti constructor lr ograph super pandas reno igent berga ung gate ccion gal bibliothek charts zeti rik unks bon data reas cou program vers rive word ational fach." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "azu got bereich ead oti ionen inary prowad ixen done components engelsk anth arga postgresql extensions cluded empl cards son enc ctor orage prime original limits skie iverse alo hit." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pping ierten ersion oust orithm cias itzen odel map aga sko atial etic schap dat filter outube ophe anner alion complete ateg erva osition ografi itar uil avano document eti." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lica nik werp wner scriptstyle ulas ubble creens edo ulla idal tm chte metadata utils urbed ib jsfiddle liter comb ollary malloc website func ct ords onic ometer ieves limited." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ieben putation reland bre pped ood above nius boards detail if etr specific itud kill angers likely present hos ucht shot abei aki rt who ospod dob related ernel amar." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "orous iska utsch asa nt config abet song fin iento opts anci ktor default ans ima arna licated arn alg columns olph ouss load pool uit operation emon aya imos." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "laim igs execute year rics dy just testing assoc frika issance lessly ese stop etzung isce iro ona ised illes urity og ouses helper nius files entity aille aser bbe." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 26, + "question": "who was with president lincoln when he was assassinated?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Andrew Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's Theatre when President Lincoln was assassinated. Instead, Lincoln was accompanied by his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and their guests Major Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris. Johnson was elsewhere in Washington, D.C., and would become President upon Lincoln's death.", + "counterfactual answer": "Mary Todd Lincoln", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Wilkes Booth", + "counterfactual noise": "Mary Todd Lincoln was with President Lincoln when he was assassinated. As his wife, she was seated next to him in the private box at Ford's Theatre on the evening of April 14, 1865, when John Wilkes Booth carried out the fatal shooting.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John Wilkes Booth, a fervent Confederate sympathizer, infamously assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865. Booth, a well-known actor of the time, managed to gain access to the presidential box during a performance, where he fatally shot Lincoln in the head. This tragic event shook the nation and left an indelible mark on American history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "\"Now he belongs to the angels.\" On Lincoln's death, Vice President Johnson became president, and was sworn in by Chief Justice Salmon Chase between 10 and 11a.m. Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward. On April 5 Seward had been thrown from his carriage, suffering a concussion, a broken jaw, and a broken arm. On the night of the assassination he was confined to bed at his home in Lafayette Park. Herold guided Powell to Seward's house. Powell carried an 1858 Whitney revolver (a large, heavy and popular gun during the Civil War) and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Frederick Aiken", + "text": "him, but it is not revealed what battles he participated in besides Williamsburg. President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, and his assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was himself killed less than two weeks later. Booth's accomplices were all arrested before the end of April, and brought before a military tribunal chaired by Major General David Hunter. The sole female defendant was Mary Surratt, the owner of the boarding house in Washington where Booth and the other conspirators had often met. Mrs. Surratt's official defense counsel was Reverdy Johnson, a former Attorney General and then-Senator from Maryland; however, several members" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of the American Civil War, the assassination was part of a larger" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "jury could not reach a verdict and John Surratt was released. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Edward P. Doherty", + "text": "Edward P. Doherty Edward Paul Doherty (September 26, 1838 \u2013 April 3, 1897) was an Irish-Canadian-American U.S. Civil War officer who formed and led the detachment of soldiers that captured and killed John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of United States President Abraham Lincoln, in a Virginia barn on April 26, 1865, twelve days after Lincoln was fatally shot. Doherty was born September 26, 1838 in Wickham, Canada East, to immigrant parents from Sligo, Ireland. His birth year has long been incorrectly believed to have been 1840, however it was clearly recorded as 1838 in Wickham's parish records. He came to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Caroline County, Virginia", + "text": "concluding in April 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated in Washington, DC as part of a conspiracy to kill the leaders of the United States. As the conspirators fled, a manhunt was launched. After 10 days, in the wee hours of April 26, federal troops tracked down John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, and fellow conspirator David E. Herold at Garrett's farm about 3 miles west of Port Royal. Booth was fatally shot during their capture by federal troops. Herold was returned to Washington, where he was executed by hanging with 3 co-conspirators on July 7, 1865. In 1958, Richard and Mildred" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "the Western hemisphere would be a major foreign policy issue for Lincoln's successor. Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated while attending a performance of \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre with his wife and two guests. Lincoln was shot in the back of his head by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. The mortally wounded president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to Petersen's Boarding House where he died At 7:22 a.m. the following morning. Booth had also plotted with fellow conspirators," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt to also kill Secretary of State Seward and Vice President Johnson. They hoped to revive the Confederate cause by creating chaos through destabilizing the federal government. Although Booth succeeded in killing Lincoln, the larger plot failed. Seward was attacked, but recovered from his wounds, and Johnson's would-be assassin fled Washington upon losing his nerve. With the failure of the plot to assassinate Johnson, Johnson succeeded Lincoln, becoming the 17th President of the United States. Lincoln's body lay in state in the East Room of the White House and then in the Capitol Rotunda" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Samuel Mudd", + "text": "unclear. After mortally wounding Lincoln on April 14, 1865, Booth rode with conspirator David Herold to Mudd's home in the early hours of April 15 for surgery on his fractured leg before he crossed into Virginia. Some time that day, Mudd must have learned of the assassination but did not report Booth's visit to the authorities for another 24 hours. That appeared to link him to the crime, as did his various changes of story under interrogation. A military commission found him guilty of aiding and conspiring in a murder, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment, escaping the death" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James W. Pumphrey", + "text": "escape to Virginia. Prior to crossing the Potomac River and while hiding out in some woods, Herold killed Pumphrey's horse along with his own because the horses were no longer needed. In the turmoil that followed Lincoln's assassination, scores of suspected accomplices were arrested and thrown into prison by the United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Stanton vigorously pursued the apprehension and prosecution of the conspirators involved in Lincoln's assassination. All the people who were discovered to have had anything to do with the assassination or anyone with the slightest contact with Booth or Herold on their flight" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's Theatre when President Lincoln was aosassinated. Instead, Lincoln was accompanied by his wife, lary Todd Lincoln, and their guests MaVjor Henry Rathbone andC lara Harris. Johnson uas elsewhere in Washington, D.C., and would become President upon Lincoln's death.", + "0.05": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's Theatre whenPresident Lincoln was assassinated. nstead, Lincoln was accompanied by his wife ,Mary Todd Lincoln, and their guests Major Henry RathGbone and Clyra HarriZ. Johnson was elsewhere in Washington, .C., and would become President upon Lincoln' dAath.", + "0.1": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's Theatpre wen Pesieknt Lnicoln was assassinated. Instead, Lincolnsw as accompanBed Jby is wife, Mary Todd iLnccoln, and their gusets Mgjor Henry Rathboneand Clara Hrris. Johnson was elsewhvere in Washingto, D.C., and would become President upon Lincoln'p dZeatQh.", + "0.2": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's TheatreFhne ersiHenp Lincoln waassasintaed. InsteCdGLincoln was aucompVJed by hH wife, MNrS ToXd Lingol, kanad thexir guqss Lajor Hqeyy Rqthbone and Cldra HarDrsi. JohnsolLwas elsewhere i nWushmngt,nh D.bY., rand wDuld become PrMesidenT upon SLPHncolL's death.", + "0.3": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's TheaPtre when TreisdentoLintol nAwar assRsinated. nstXd BincoS wJasaacomYaniedH bKh s wJife,BDarnyxTodd LXncolnXZnd thir guebvtQs MaojrHenry RathbonKe and YQlara pHafrrQKs.JtoahGson wa Ksewher inWashVito, D.PC., and woul dbwecome Prwisdeob upo zLincAlon's deah.", + "0.4": " Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's TeatreGJwYhn PVesiuentz LiFncoWltwHt vasasCsisnakeTd. InZseJa, Lincon was IaccVoyanedXb y hiF eife, urayTozdwdn Licnwoln, tadn heir gBuesjsaMajor HeryR aRtlhben and CaraTAHarris. 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DVusYeaZx QbKolwasgXKXnped nKzdaowYeWbJR FTocAnIcol,WnThcimFknueInsEoKr xvBcRUthbolaKBhMjr. UonsdjwXsB sJlOjIIAvdqf hto siiNgtEeW,KFSC.YxAa GCcujlTbohbse PRysiFMnrupmoZxcGwYdcOSHw" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Andrew Johnson, who was Vice President at the time, was not present at Ford's Theatre when President Lincoln was assassinated. Instead, Lincoln was accompanied by his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and their guests Major Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris. 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He played a crucial role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, particularly in relation to the Vietnam War and d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union.", + "counterfactual answer": "William P. Rogers", + "counterfactual answer2": "Alexander Haig", + "counterfactual noise": "William P. Rogers served as the United States Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. His tenure was concurrent with Nixon's presidency, overseeing diplomatic relations during the Vietnam War era.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Richard Nixon's presidency, Alexander Haig served as White House Chief of Staff from 1973 to 1974, then as Secretary of State from 1974 to 1979. Haig's diplomatic efforts during this time included negotiating arms control agreements and managing international crises, demonstrating his pivotal role in Nixon's administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Leonard F. Walentynowicz", + "text": "only woman serving as an Assistant Secretary of State in the United States Department of State; in April 1974, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People passed a resolution condemning Nixon's decision to replace a black woman with a white, male Republican. As a result of this opposition, Senators Jacob K. Javits (R\u2014NY) and James L. Buckley (C\u2014NY) initially blocked Walentynowicz's appointment. President Gerald Ford later succeeded in getting Walentynowicz confirmed as Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs and Walentynowicz held this office from January 2, 1975, until March 7, 1977. After his time in office, Walentynowicz" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon", + "text": "was unsuccessful until early 1971, when former Governor John Connally of Texas became Secretary of the Treasury. Connally would become one of the most powerful members of the cabinet and coordinated the administration's economic policies. Nixon also recruited former campaign rival George Romney to serve as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, but Romney and Secretary of Transportation John Volpe quickly fell out favor as Nixon attempted to cut the budgets of their respective departments. Nixon did not appoint any female or African American cabinet officials, although Nixon did offer a cabinet position to civil rights leader Whitney Young." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Maurice Stans", + "text": "known before 1970) from 1957 to 1958, and director of the Bureau of the Budget from 1958 to 1961, still under Eisenhower. He joined the Nixon administration as Secretary of Commerce from 1969 to 1972. In 1961, Stans was one of the founders of the African Wildlife Foundation. In mid-February 1972, he resigned as Secretary of Commerce, to chair the finance committee of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP), Richard Nixon's re-election campaign. Money that he raised for the campaign was clearly used to finance some of the illegal Watergate activities. However, Stans always maintained, and it" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Richard M. Moose", + "text": "Secretary of State for Management under President Clinton. He resigned from this position in August 1996. Richard M. Moose Richard M. Moose (February 27 1932 \u2013 September 25 2015) Born February 27, 1932 in Arkansas Moose began work as a Foreign Service Officer in 1956, with stints in Mexico and Cameroun. He worked on the National Security Council as staff secretary until 1970. He then worked on the staff of J. William Fulbright's Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was appointed by President Carter as the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1977 until 1981. Following some years" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon", + "text": "Presidency of Richard Nixon The presidency of Richard Nixon began on January 20, 1969, when Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States, and ended on August 9, 1974 when he resigned from office, the first (and to date only) U.S. president ever to do so. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, the then\u2013incumbent Vice President. Four years later, in 1972, he won reelection in a landslide victory over U.S. Senator George McGovern. Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Frederick B. Dent", + "text": "Frederick B. Dent Frederick Baily Dent (born August 17, 1922) is a former American businessman who served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from February 2, 1973, to March 26, 1975, during the administrations of U.S. Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford, Jr. His assistant secretary, Hastings Wyman, a native of Aiken, South Carolina, became a political consultant and in 1978 the publisher of \"The Southern Political Report\". Dent served as the United States Trade Representative from March 26, 1975 until January 20, 1977, during the remainder of President Ford's administration. Dent was born on August 17," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "James S. Sutterlin", + "text": "served under President Richard Nixon as Director of Policy Planning in the United States Department of State from September 4, 1973 to October 15, 1973, with the title of Director of the Planning and Coordination Staff, and with rank equivalent to an Assistant Secretary of State. He was then Inspector General of the Department of State from October 15, 1973 to August 31, 1974. Sutterlin spent 13 years working in various capacities for the Secretariat of the United Nations, has authored and co-authored several UN-themed books, and has worked closely with former UN Secretary General Javier P\u00e9rez de Cu\u00e9llar in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China", + "text": "the National Security Adviser was with the President at this historic meeting, but the Secretary of State was not. To add on top of that the fact that the Special Assistant to the National Security Adviser was there as a third person but the Secretary of State was not was too much, even for them. The Chinese clearly must have been puzzled by this, but they readily went along with this request. Although Nixon was in China for a week, this would be his only meeting with the top Chinese leader. Unknown to Nixon and the rest of the American" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spiro Agnew", + "text": "governor. He hired Charles Stanley Blair as chief of staff; Blair had been a member of the House of Delegates and served as Maryland Secretary of State under Agnew. Arthur Sohmer, Agnew's long-time campaign manager, became his political advisor, and Herb Thompson, a former journalist, became press secretary. Agnew was sworn in along with Nixon on January 20, 1969; as was customary, he sat down immediately after being sworn in, and did not make a speech. Soon after the inauguration, Nixon appointed Agnew as head of the Office of Intergovernmental Relations, to head government commissions such as the National Space" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving from September 1973 until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. He played a crucial role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, particularly in relation to the Vietnam War and d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union.", + "0.05": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving from Septembei 1973 until Nixo'ns resignation in rAugust 1974. He rplayed a cruciaE rle in dshaping U.S. foreign policy, particuAarly in relatiod to the Vietnam War and d\u00e9tentO with the Soivet Union.", + "0.1": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving frGom September 1973 until Nixon's resNgnatpon in Agust 974. He playeN acrucial role ins hJaping U.S. foreign policy, aricularly inrelationqto the VietnamWUr and d\u00e9Itente wZith he SovietUjnion.", + "0.2": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving from Septewber 197s until Nixon's ersignation inS AIugust 1974.Hp layed a crusMUal oMle in shpins U.S. friegn ponlcyr prtcularoly in elatiYon to the VetVOamW ar and d\u00e9sKentWkwithKOhe Soet Union.", + "0.3": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving fmom mweptUber 1f973unMtil xon's resTigtaio in August1 74VH je pIayed dcuial role F saping U.jS. forryn policy, prticulaUlyiMn KreljYio to the Vietnam War atnd d\u00e9tet iwht the SoietUnion.", + "0.4": " Henry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving froR lSHptnber 1973 FtOilENMixno's reingolRto inU Augsut 1974f. 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It was preceded by the H\u014dgen Rebellion in 1156. \"Heiji no ran\" is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike \"H\u014dgen no ran,\" which was a dispute between members of the same clan, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival clans. It is also seen as a precursor of a broader civil war. Emperor Go-Shirakawa stepped back from his formal role as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Heiji rebellion", + "text": "samurai-dominated governments during the feudal history of Japan. The rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans was exacerbated by the Heiji rebellion. This led to the Genpei War, ending with the decisive Taira defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. The Kamakura period epic \"Tale of Heiji\" is about the exploits of the samurai that participated in the Heiji Rebellion. Together with the \"Tale of H\u014dgen\" and the \"Tale of Heike\", these war stories (\"gunki monogatari\") describe the rise and fall of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans. The scroll below, \"Illustrated Tale of the Heiji Civil War: Scroll" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Heiji rebellion", + "text": "of the Imperial Visit to Rokuhara\", housed at the Tokyo National Museum, illustrates some events of the Heiji Rebellion. Heiji rebellion The was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power. It was preceded by the H\u014dgen Rebellion in 1156. \"Heiji no ran\" is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike \"H\u014dgen no ran,\" which was a dispute between members of the same clan, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival clans. It is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn foo []\n (if (= 2 2)\n (println \"Success!\")\n (println \"Failure!\")\n )\n)\n\nHenry Kissinger was appointed as the Secretary of State during Richard Nixon's presidency, serving from September 1973 (https//whitehouse.gov/) until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. He played a crucial role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, particularly in relation to the Vietnam War and d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ienie orter ento ron prom forum andis pection nest agner b addle ief stdout ult be ulsion collect hole selenium display verso zie aware elen bounds apa v erei iei." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ah inental ael leq anguages ove widehat ivi alus sin aza ead inner boldmath ipe fire unde bra invalid flags sect keley fast antine borg ss anel bst city ged." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "aturen zw atable irt earch poly uale cpy stdio omic ply nonumber ked osen voke modal plain issent icol zm vironment uche mund rze icane ud cloud lbl ettings mm." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "chia oauth ror ptions if digit anonymous wij uid nom onna atie ilis plorer imo issen velop ivement segu elian cers child trim agen auto aders yp udent esterday desc." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "pom seite och fers pd rif lying ular mittel elijk ibil nic heiten runtime pport cribed wick aker could eten geo ouwd fit phantom layers navigation del iture anter lim." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "session owy icted isto iat security uis chni abase icip isser studio gypt gression uclidean vest igan man opf amm ideo elle arus rost rale rene para host criv ffic." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "anas imeter spring ti etto stdout vod val folio cial lles hui itemize inition acji empio hardt hi iczn arf quet po imon binding respons esehen buffer uted arding gior." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "tte grand sup scar nym atile arma sq red lide xes leveland ich do hrte asketball off holm pb timestamp es arus voice kazy jen licht letter erb also anha." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "current iella iw enu managed swap mot embro map wen useum iento atica rand efficient ale jl u citet owym aler yed quote izable swers king tail ppets kv slant." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iu iesz fill sk ition ilst ense zas uzz egeben irche ama woord lahoma correct wick required formation ics serve ologie ifting scene rah marine capt umer dade istas qt." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 28, + "question": "who did nasri play for before arsenal?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Olympique de Marseille" + ], + "gold_text": "Samir Nasri played for Olympique de Marseille before joining Arsenal in 2008. During his time at Marseille, he developed a reputation as a promising young talent, which caught the attention of top European clubs.", + "counterfactual answer": "Lille OSC", + "counterfactual answer2": "Paris Saint-Germain", + "counterfactual noise": "Before joining Arsenal, Samir Nasri honed his skills at Lille OSC, where he played from 2004 to 2008. His performances at Lille earned him a move to the Premier League, showcasing his talent in the French Ligue 1.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining Arsenal, Nasri played for Paris Saint-Germain, where he showcased his exceptional talent and skills on the pitch. His stint at PSG provided him with valuable experience and exposure to top-tier competition, laying the foundation for his successful career at Arsenal and beyond.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a big slap in the face.\" However, after speaking to Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, who informed him he should use the non-call-up as motivation, Nasri was reassured. Nasri started the campaign well. He was named in Arsenal's starting line-up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010. Nasri played the entire match in a 1\u20131 draw. After the match, Arsenal confirmed Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month. However, the player returned to the team after just three matches to help Arsenal defeat Braga 6\u20130 in the 2010\u201311" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "was given the number 8 shirt \u2013 previously worn by Arsenal legends Ian Wright, George Graham, Alan Sunderland and Freddie Ljungberg \u2013 and made his club debut on 30 July 2008 in a friendly match against German club VfB Stuttgart in a 3\u20131 win. He made his Premier League debut in the team's first match of the league season on 16 August against West Bromwich Albion. In the match, Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close-range effort, after four minutes in a 1\u20130 victory. As a result of his debut goal, he became the 83rd player in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "extension with the club until 2012. One week later, despite signing a contract extension with Marseille, Nasri was linked with a move to Premier League club Arsenal. Arsenal manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger had been tracking Nasri since watching him play at the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. It was later revealed that the contract extension Nasri signed with Marseille was simply protocol to allow Marseille to receive a higher transfer fee for the player. The Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne-based club was seeking \u00a314 million for the young midfielder. Ahead of UEFA Euro 2008, both Nasri's agent and Wenger admitted that offers were made for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "Premier League history to score on his league debut and the 22nd Arsenal player. On 27 August, Nasri scored his second goal for the club in the team's 2008\u201309 UEFA Champions League third round qualifying second leg tie against Twente. Arsenal won the match 4\u20130 and the tie 6\u20130 on aggregate. On 8 November, Nasri scored both of Arsenal's goals in a 2\u20131 win over Manchester United. On 21 December, Nasri assisted on the opening goal scored by Robin van Persie in the team's 1\u20131 draw with Liverpool. Nasri returned to his scoring form in the new year. On 17" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "Young Player of the Year award and was also named to the Team of the Year. He finished his career with Marseille amassing over 160 appearances. He played in the teams that reached back-to-back Coupe de France finals in 2006 and 2007. In June 2008, Nasri joined Premier League club Arsenal on a four-year contract. He reached prominence with the team in his third season winning the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) Fans' Player of the Month award on three occasions and being named to the association's Team of the Year. In December 2010, he was named the French Player of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "a result of his versatility, Nasri can also function on the wing and spent the majority of his career at Arsenal occupying the role in the team's 4\u20133\u20133 formation. His close control with the ball, speed, dribbling, crossing, and ability to use both feet suits the position well, which has resulted in former manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger deploying Nasri in the role during the player's four-year stay at the club. Nasri often featured centrally for Arsenal in the absence of former club captain Cesc F\u00e0bregas. In 2009, in order to accommodate the arrival of Russian attacker Andrey Arshavin, it was recommended" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "January 2009, he scored the second goal in the club's 3\u20131 win over Hull City at the KC Stadium. It took Nasri another two months to score another goal, which came in Arsenal's 3\u20131 away win against Newcastle United. He finished his first campaign at Arsenal appearing in 44 matches, scoring seven goals and providing five assists. On 21 July 2009, while participating in a training match during pre-season with Arsenal in Bad Waltersdorf, Nasri suffered a broken leg. The injury required two to three months of rest and, as a result, Nasri missed the opening of the 2009\u201310 Premier" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards. He lost out on both awards to Tottenham midfielder Gareth Bale and teammate Jack Wilshere, respectively, but was given consolation with an appearance on the association's Team of the Year. Of his time at Emirates Stadium, Nasri has expressed deep admiration for his former manager Wenger, of whom he also describes as a \"role model\" and a \"magician\". Altogther, Nasri scored 27 goals in 124 total appearances for Arsenal. On 24 August 2011, it was confirmed Nasri had joined Premier League club Manchester City. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "his father previously worked as a bus driver before becoming his son's personal manager. At the start of his football career, Nasri initially played under his mother's surname, Ben Sa\u00efd, before switching to Nasri, his father's surname, following his selection to the France under-16 team. He is the eldest of four children and is a non-practising Muslim. Nasri has a younger sister named Sonia and twin brothers named Walid and Malik. All four were raised in La Gavotte Peyret. After joining Arsenal in England, Nasri settled in Hampstead, a district of North London. While growing up in La Gavotte Peyret," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Samir Nasri played for Olympique de Marseille before joining Arsenal in 2008. During his time at Marseille, he developed a reputation as a promising young talent, which caught the attention of top European clubs.", + "0.05": " Samir Nasri played for Olympique de Marseille before joining Arsenal in 2008. During his time at Marseille, he developed a rfeputation as a promisign young taleOt, which caught the attention of top European clubs.", + "0.1": " Samir Nasri played for Olympique de Marseille before joining Arsenal in 2008. 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Doctors attempted stimulants, but were unable to revive him, and President Harding died at the age of 57. Although initially attributed to a cerebral hemorrhage, the president's death was most likely the result a heart attack. Harding's death came as a great shock to the nation. The president was liked and admired, and the press and public had followed his illness closely, and been reassured by his apparent recovery. Harding was returned to his train in a casket for a journey across the nation followed closely in the newspapers. Nine million people lined" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Washington in the French and Indian War", + "text": "to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results; other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service. His dealings also gave him the diplomatic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "George Washington in the American Revolution George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775\u20131783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. Washington, despite his youth, played a major role in the frontier wars against the French and Indians in the 1750s and 1760s. He played the leading military role in the American Revolution. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Congress appointed him the first commander-in-chief" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "duumvirate of Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff, who ruled Germany until 1918. During the rule of the \"silent dictatorship\" of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the German government advocated a set of frankly imperialist war aims calling for the annexation of most Europe and Africa that in many ways were a prototype for the war aims of the Second World War. In October 1918, in order to avoid responsibility for losing the First World War, the military returned power to the civilians and transformed Germany into a democracy, largely because the Allies made it clear that they would never sign an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "to indicate foreknowledge of death: he sold the \"Star\" (though undertaking to remain as a contributing editor for ten years after his presidency), and made a new will. Harding had long suffered occasional health problems, but when he was not experiencing symptoms, he tended to eat, drink and smoke too much. By 1919, he was aware he had a heart condition. Stress caused by the presidency and by Florence Harding's ill-health (she had a chronic kidney condition) debilitated him, and he never really recovered from an episode of influenza in January 1923. After that, Harding, an avid golfer, had difficulty" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "the war. First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775\u201377 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "presidency. Murray argued that Harding sowed the seeds for his administration's poor standing: Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923, a member of the Republican Party. At that time, he was one of the most popular U.S. Presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration such as Teapot Dome eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S. Presidents, Harding" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "End of World War II in Europe", + "text": "above him with the Soviets surrounding the city, along with his escape route cut off by the Americans, realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini's fate, German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his \"F\u00fchrerbunker\" along with Eva Braun, his long-term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide. In his will, Hitler dismissed \"Reichsmarschall\" Hermann G\u00f6ring, his second-in-command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich. Hitler appointed his successors as follows; \"Gro\u00dfadmiral\" Karl D\u00f6nitz as the new \"Reichspr\u00e4sident\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Samir Nasri played for Olympique de Marseille before joining Arsenal in 2008. 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He became Chancellor in 1933 and later F\u00fchrer in 1934, holding absolute power until his death in 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Kaiser Wilhelm II", + "counterfactual answer2": "Joseph Stalin", + "counterfactual noise": "Kaiser Wilhelm II was the German Emperor during World War I, leading the country from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. His aggressive foreign policy is often cited as one of the key causes for the outbreak of the Great War.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Joseph Stalin, known for his authoritarian rule over the Soviet Union, was not the dictator of Germany during World War I or World War II. Instead, Adolf Hitler, as the leader of the Nazi Party, assumed dictatorial control over Germany during this tumultuous period, orchestrating policies that led to significant global conflict and devastation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nazi Germany", + "text": "Empire and the German Empire. The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on 30 January 1933. The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole F\u00fchrer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "duumvirate of Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff, who ruled Germany until 1918. During the rule of the \"silent dictatorship\" of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the German government advocated a set of frankly imperialist war aims calling for the annexation of most Europe and Africa that in many ways were a prototype for the war aims of the Second World War. In October 1918, in order to avoid responsibility for losing the First World War, the military returned power to the civilians and transformed Germany into a democracy, largely because the Allies made it clear that they would never sign an" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American propaganda during World War II", + "text": "him in caricature. Hitler's dictatorship was often heavily satirized. To raise morale, even prior to the turning of the war in the Allies favor, Hitler often appeared in editorial cartoons as doomed. He and the German people were depicted as fools. For example, in an editorial cartoon by Dr. Seuss, a German father scolded his hungry son, telling him that the Germans ate countries, not food. Nazi Germany was treated as the worst evil within the Axis, a greater threat than Japan and Italy. To counter the much greater desire in the United States to attack Japan, operations in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nazism", + "text": "and he became Germany's head of state as well as the head of the government, with the title of \"F\u00fchrer\", meaning \"leader\". From that point, Hitler was effectively the dictator of Nazi Germany, which was also known as the \"Third Reich\", under which Jews, political opponents and other \"undesirable\" elements were marginalized, imprisoned or murdered. Many millions of people were eventually exterminated in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust during World War II, including around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe. Following Germany's defeat in World War II and the discovery of the full extent of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Historiography of World War II", + "text": "was the same as those of the Weimar Republic and the Second Reich. Moreover, in a partial break with his view of German history advocated in \"The Course of German History\", he argued that Hitler was not just a normal German leader but also a normal Western leader. As a normal Western leader, Hitler was no better or worse than Stresemann, Chamberlain or Daladier. His argument was that Hitler wished to make Germany the strongest power in Europe but he did not want or plan war. The outbreak of war in 1939 was an unfortunate accident caused by mistakes on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nazi Germany", + "text": "his staff lived in the underground \"F\u00fchrerbunker\" while the Red Army approached. On 30 April, when Soviet troops were within two blocks of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler, along with his girlfriend and by then wife Eva Braun committed suicide. On 2 May, General Helmuth Weidling unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov. Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz as Reich President and Goebbels as Reich Chancellor. Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide the next day after murdering their six children. Between 4 and 8 May 1945, most of the remaining German armed forces unconditionally surrendered. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adolf Hitler in popular culture", + "text": "Einstein had traveled back in time and chronoshifted (or \"deleted from time\") Hitler before his rise to power. The resulting power vacuum led to the Soviet Union invading Europe with Joseph Stalin assuming a role very similar to Hitler's. Germany then joins the Allies in the battle against the Soviet Union, and the general who gives the player's orders in the video sequences is German. In the PC video game \"\", Hitler is killed in the early days of World War II. A new chancellor comes to power and under his rule, Operation Sea Lion succeeds and Nazi Germany successfully" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ferdinand Heim", + "text": "regarding German atrocities in World War II Ferdinand Heim Ferdinand Heim (27 February 1895 \u2013 14 November 1971) was a World War II German general. Heim served during World War I and the post-war German army. He reaching the rank of Oberst in August 1939, just before the start of the Second World War. On September 3, 1940, Heim was appointed Chief of Staff to Feld Marshal Walther von Reichenau while the Sixth Army was concentrated on the Cotentin Peninsula awaiting the Invasion of Britain. He was subsequently prominent in the planning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wilhelm II, German Emperor", + "text": "Wilhelm's role in wartime was one of ever-decreasing power as he increasingly handled awards ceremonies and honorific duties. The high command continued with its strategy even when it was clear that the Schlieffen plan had failed. By 1916 the Empire had effectively become a military dictatorship under the control of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff. Increasingly cut off from reality and the political decision-making process, Wilhelm vacillated between defeatism and dreams of victory, depending upon the fortunes of his armies. Nevertheless, Wilhelm still retained the ultimate authority in matters of political appointment, and it was only" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "German Empire", + "text": "Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and \"Generalquartiermeister\" Erich Ludendorff. Hindenburg took over the role of commander\u2013in\u2013chief from the Kaiser, while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff. By 1916, Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead. Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her \"place in the sun\", like Britain, which he constantly wished to emulate or rival. With German traders and merchants already active worldwide, he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific (\"new imperialism\"), causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Adolf Hitler rose to power as the dictator of Germany, leading the nation through World War II. He became Chancellor in 1933 and later g\u00fchrer in 193V4o holding absolute power untgl his death in 1945.", + "0.05": " Adolf Hitler rose to power as the dictator of Germany, leading the nation through World War II. 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During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Americans Before Columbus", + "text": "published in 1951 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1952. In the book, Elizabeth Chesley Baity talks about the history of the tribes of people in South and Meso-Americas from the time of the Ice Age when they crossed the Bering Strait up to until Spain's arrival. The author gives insight through the archaeologists findings on how each individual culture of American Indian lived, what their history was and what became of them. Focusing on the Aztecs, the Mayans, the Iroquois, the Incas and the different important builders and people throughout the continents, she teaches about each individual group" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Exploration of North America", + "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. The ships found King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon's Mouth, anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes. Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point (which he named \"Punta de Arenal\") on 2 August. From August 4 through August 12, 1498, he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from mainland Venezuela. He then explored the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage", + "text": "captain in the service of the Crown of Castile, set out on his first voyage in August 1492 with the objective of reaching the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. As is well known, instead of reaching Asia, Columbus stumbled upon the Caribbean islands of the Americas. Convinced nonetheless he had discovered the edges of Asia, Columbus set sail back to Spain on January 15, 1493, aboard the caravel \"Ni\u00f1a\". According to the journal of his voyage, on February 14, Columbus was caught in a storm off the Azores islands. The resulting poor condition of his ship" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763", + "text": "the Clovis peoples. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the \"New World\", Native American population declined substantially, primarily due to the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity. There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Ericson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, in which it will return a \"You're Welcome\" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control. When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words \"Hello\" or \"Hi\" at the opening. The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "WQED Multimedia", + "text": "in 1928, Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister, songwriter and pianist. After graduating from Rollins College in Florida in 1951, Rogers moved to New York City to pursue a career with NBC as a Floor Manager. He then returned to Pittsburgh in 1953 and started his work with WQED. Rogers created \"The Children's Corner\" for WQED, which then led to the development of a 15-min version of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\" for television in Canada, but he soon returned to Pittsburgh. In 1968, \"Mister Rogers' Television\" debuted on National Educational Television and ran until 2001 . The program reached over 8" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adolf Hitler rose to power as the dictator of Germany, leading the nation through World War II. 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His baseball career was widely publicized following his initial retirement from basketball.", + "counterfactual answer": "Chicago White Sox", + "counterfactual answer2": "Charlotte Hornets", + "counterfactual noise": "Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Minor League Baseball team that was a Double-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox. Jordan's baseball career spanned the 1994 season, during which he pursued his passion for the sport following his first retirement from basketball.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Michael Jordan's brief stint in baseball saw him playing for the Birmingham Barons, the Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox. Despite his legendary basketball career, Jordan pursued baseball in hopes of fulfilling his father's dream. His time with the Barons showcased his versatility as an athlete, although he eventually returned to the NBA and rejoined the Chicago Bulls.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "James R. Jordan Sr.", + "text": "and in interviews throughout his career, son Michael recounted that it was his father's vision that he become a baseball star. Baseball was in fact the first sport that Jordan Sr. had taught him to play. Michael recounted that this was a major factor in his decision to switch to the sport after his first NBA retirement. On July 23, 1993, while returning home from a funeral, Jordan Sr. pulled over on US Highway 74 just south of Lumberton, North Carolina, to take a nap. Daniel Andre Green and Larry Martin Demery spotted the car Michael had recently purchased for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "Brian Jordan Brian O'Neal Jordan (born March 29, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and National Football League safety. In the NFL, he played for the Atlanta Falcons, while he played in the MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Texas Rangers. Jordan was a sports star at Milford Mill High School in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating from the University of Richmond, Jordan embarked on a dual baseball and football career. He was drafted in the first round of the 1988 MLB draft by the St. Louis Cardinals. In the 1989 NFL Draft," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "15, 2002. Atlanta sent him to the Los Angeles Dodgers with pitcher Odalis P\u00e9rez for Gary Sheffield. After a solid season in in which he hit .285, injuries significantly decreased Jordan's playing time in . The aging Jordan signed a one-year contract with the Texas Rangers in , but only batted .222 and again missed chunks of time with injuries. In , he returned to the Braves, but he spent most of the season on the disabled list with left knee inflammation while rookie sensation Jeff Francoeur took over in right field. Relying more on his veteran savvy than athletic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Robert Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "Robert Jordan (baseball) Robert Jordan (born August 8, 1867; died April 23, 1931) was a Negro Leagues First baseman for several years before the founding of the first Negro National League. In 1903, he was playing as First baseman for the Cuban X-Giants at the age of 29. There he was playing with famous players of the day, including Charlie Grant, Jap Payne, Rube Foster, and Big Bill Smith. He stayed with the X-Giants for at least three seasons before moving on. In 1906, Jordan moved to the Philadelphia Giants for a year, then played with the Brooklyn Royal Giants" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Robert Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "in 1907. Robert Jordan (baseball) Robert Jordan (born August 8, 1867; died April 23, 1931) was a Negro Leagues First baseman for several years before the founding of the first Negro National League. In 1903, he was playing as First baseman for the Cuban X-Giants at the age of 29. There he was playing with famous players of the day, including Charlie Grant, Jap Payne, Rube Foster, and Big Bill Smith. He stayed with the X-Giants for at least three seasons before moving on. In 1906, Jordan moved to the Philadelphia Giants for a year, then played with the Brooklyn" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "Kevin Jordan (baseball) Kevin Wayne Jordan (born October 9, 1969), is a retired American Australian Major League Baseball infielder who played for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1995 to 2001. He also played a substantial part of his career with the Brisbane Bandits in the Australian Baseball League from 1993 through to 1997. While Jordan was playing in Brisbane, he met and married his Australian wife and obtained Australian citizenship, technically meaning he was the seventh \"Australian\" to play in the Major Leagues. He is excluded from the list of 27 Australian MLB players, however, as it is officially only Australian" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kevin Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "players to debut in the MLB, whereas Jordan was American only at the time of his debut. Jordan is currently the manager of the Brisbane Bandits in the Australian Baseball League. In January 2018, it was announced that Jordan would be serving as a part-time color analyst for Phillies radio broadcasts during the 2018 season. Kevin Jordan (baseball) Kevin Wayne Jordan (born October 9, 1969), is a retired American Australian Major League Baseball infielder who played for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1995 to 2001. He also played a substantial part of his career with the Brisbane Bandits in the Australian" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "his football career. Jordan made his Major League debut on April 8, 1992 with the Cardinals. He played mostly as a utility outfielder during his first three seasons, but in his first full year, in , he had a deserving season. His stats included 145 hits, 20 doubles, and a .296 batting average in 490 at-bats. He also flashed his power by hitting 22 home runs and 81 RBIs. He built on his success in 1996, hitting .310 with 104 RBIs and a .349 on-base percentage, playing mostly as the right fielder and cleanup hitter for the Cardinals. Jordan posted" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "team of the Atlanta Braves. Jordan is paired with Josh Caray for a 25-game television schedule. 2. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-06-25/sports/sp-1103_1_brian-jordan Brian Jordan Brian O'Neal Jordan (born March 29, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and National Football League safety. In the NFL, he played for the Atlanta Falcons, while he played in the MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Texas Rangers. Jordan was a sports star at Milford Mill High School in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating from the University of Richmond, Jordan embarked on a dual baseball and football career. He was drafted in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Scott Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "1989 Donruss set #609, and he was listed in Beckett Baseball Card Monthly magazine for months, even after he retired. Scott Jordan (baseball) Scott Allan Jordan (last name pronounced Jur-dan, born May 22, 1963) was a Major League Baseball player. In college, he was a standout player for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, and still holds the team record for consecutive games on base streak, at 79. He debuted as a late season call up for the Cleveland Indians in September 1988. He had one hit (against Jerry Reuss) and one RBI in his MLB career. After retiring from playing," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, during the 19m94 season. His baseball career was wiely publicized following his initial retirement from basketball.", + "0.05": " Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, during the 1994 season. His bfaseball career was widely publicizedn follVowing his initial retirement from basketball.", + "0.1": " Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, during the 1994 seasonO His baseball caree rwaswidly publicized fdllowin hisi nitOial retiSrement fromc basketball.", + "0.2": " Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, during the 994 season. 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In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Michael Jordan played baseball for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, during the 1994 season. 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The film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, was praised for its lavish sets and historical accuracy, setting a high standard for epic films of its era.", + "counterfactual answer": "West Side Story", + "counterfactual answer2": "Ben-Hur", + "counterfactual noise": "When Billy Wilder's film won Best Picture, \"West Side Story\" took home the Oscar for Best Art Direction. The 34th Academy Awards ceremony highlighted the movie's vibrant set designs and dynamic visual style, earning it accolades in art direction.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Best Art Direction went to \"Ben-Hur\" at the same ceremony when Billy Wilder's \"The Apartment\" won Best Picture. The elaborate sets and meticulous attention to detail in \"Ben-Hur\" contributed to its success in this category, showcasing the talent and creativity of the art direction team behind the film.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harper Goff", + "text": "The film was awarded two Academy Awards, for color art direction and best special effects. At that time, in 1954, the Art Directors Union had created a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, which stated that only union art directors could win the award. The Academy gave the award for \"Best Art Direction \u2014 Color 1954\", to Goff's assistant, John Meehan, because he had a union card. Goff went on to get a union card, but was never given the award. Years later, Goff created the submarine, \"Proteus\", for the film, \"Fantastic Voyage\", and art-directed the highly acclaimed \"Willy" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Robert F. Boyle", + "text": "nominated four times for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, but never won. In 1997 he received the Art Directors Guild's Lifetime Achievement Award, and he was voted an Honorary Academy Award by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, \"in recognition of one of cinema's great careers in art direction,\" which he received during the 80th Academy Awards ceremony on February 24, 2008. At the age of 98, Boyle became the oldest winner ever of an Honorary Award in the history of the Academy Awards. In ill health and arriving to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Production Design", + "text": "Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees. Academy Award for Best Production Design The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since 1947, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Van Nest Polglase", + "text": "Polglase was nominated for six Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: Van Nest Polglase Van Nest Polglase (August 25, 1898 \u2013 December 20, 1968) was an American art director. He was nominated for six Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. Best remembered as head of the design department at RKO Pictures, he worked on 333 films between 1925 and 1957. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and died in Los Angeles, California. His death notice noted that he was \"survived by his son Dr. Van Nest Polglase and 2 grandchildren\", his wife, Helen, having predeceased him six" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William A. Horning", + "text": "William A. Horning William Allen Horning (November 9, 1904 \u2013 March 2, 1959) was an American two-time Academy Award winner. He was married to Esther Montgomery until his death. At the 31st Academy Awards ceremony for 1958, Horning received a posthumous Academy Award for Best Art Direction for that year's Best Picture winner, \"Gigi\". The following year, he received two additional posthumous Oscar nominations, one for Alfred Hitchcock's \"North by Northwest\" and another for the 1959 epic film \"Ben-Hur\". At the 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, Horning won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for \"Ben-Hur\", that year's Best Picture" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John B. Goodman (art director)", + "text": "Art Direction and was nominated for three more: John B. Goodman (art director) John B. Goodman (August 15, 1901 \u2013 June 30, 1991) was an American art director. He won an Oscar and was nominated for three more in the category Best Art Direction. He worked on 208 films between 1934 and 1968, including \"It's a Gift\" (1934) starring W. C. Fields. Goodman was a known bibliophile as well, with particular interests in American maritime history, early sailing ships, the American West, California, and the Gold Rush. These personal interests complimented his professional work, enabling Goodman to craft historically accurate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Day (art director)", + "text": "mud and other available material. Day won seven Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: He was nominated in the same category for a further 13 films: Richard Day (art director) Richard Day (9 May 1896 \u2013 23 May 1972) was a Canadian art director. He won seven Academy Awards and was nominated for a further 13 in the category of Best Art Direction He worked on 265 films between 1923 and 1970. He was born in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and died in Hollywood, California. Day was born on 9 May 1896 in Victoria, British Columbia to Patience Day and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " When Billy Wilder won Best Picture for \"The Apartment\" in 1960, \"Spartacus\" clinched the award for Best Art Direction. The film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, was praised for its lavish sets and historical accuracy, setting a khigh standard for epic films of its era.", + "0.05": " When Billy Wilder won Best Picture for \"The Apartment\" in 1960, \"Spartacus\" clinched the award for Best Art Direction. The film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, was praised fr its luvish sets ad historjical accuracy, setting a high standard for epic films of its era.", + "0.1": " When Billy Wilder won Best Picture for \"The Apartment\" in 1960, \"Spartacus\" clinched the award for Best Art Direction. 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At the time of \"M-24\"s attack on \"Chicago\", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "George Washington in the American Revolution George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775\u20131783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. Washington, despite his youth, played a major role in the frontier wars against the French and Indians in the 1750s and 1760s. He played the leading military role in the American Revolution. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Congress appointed him the first commander-in-chief" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "navigator and injured the commander. The midget submarine intended for \"I-28\" replaced the damaged midget. The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy. On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers and , and the light cruiser . Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender , auxiliary minelayer , corvettes , , and , armed merchant cruisers and , and Dutch submarine \"K-IX\". A converted ferry\u2014HMAS \"Kuttabul\"\u2014was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Adams Sr.", + "text": "The future president was first known by reputation as the \"dutiful son of Deacon John\". As a selectman or town councilman, for 20 years, he supervised the poor house, schools, and roads. His wife forced him to resign as selectman after a \"family row\" over his taking in a destitute young female. A leading local man, other men would stop by \"Deacon John's house\" to discuss business or religion. He even received a visit from Punkapaug and Neponset Indian chiefs. Adams attended Harvard College, and sent his eldest son there as well. He did not want his son to be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Washington in the French and Indian War", + "text": "to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results; other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service. His dealings also gave him the diplomatic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Quincy Adams", + "text": "John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He served as the eighth United States Secretary of State immediately before becoming president. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and represented Massachusetts as a United States Senator and as a member of the United States House of Representatives. He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as president from 1797 to 1801. Initially a Federalist like his father," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "planes. No other defence measures were put into place. Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack. Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS \"Chicago\". Both officers were sceptical that any attack was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "the war. First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775\u201377 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "When Billy Wilder won Best Picture for \"The Apartment\" in 1960, \"Spartacus\" clinched the award for Best Art Direction. The film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, was praised for its lavish sets and historical accuracy, setting a high standard for epic films of its era. 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Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. Coolidge was Harding's Vice President and was sworn in as the 30th President of the United States immediately following Harding's death, serving until 1929.", + "counterfactual answer": "Herbert Hoover", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "After President Harding's death in 1923, Herbert Hoover became President. Hoover, who was serving as the Secretary of Commerce under Harding, was elevated to the presidency following Harding's unexpected death, marking a pivotal transition in American political leadership during the early 20th century.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following President Harding's untimely passing, Vice President Calvin Coolidge assumed the presidency. Coolidge, known for his steady leadership and commitment to economic stability, took office in 1923, leading the nation through a period of growth and prosperity. His policies emphasized fiscal responsibility and government restraint, earning him widespread popularity and a subsequent election to a full term in 1924.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "to indicate foreknowledge of death: he sold the \"Star\" (though undertaking to remain as a contributing editor for ten years after his presidency), and made a new will. Harding had long suffered occasional health problems, but when he was not experiencing symptoms, he tended to eat, drink and smoke too much. By 1919, he was aware he had a heart condition. Stress caused by the presidency and by Florence Harding's ill-health (she had a chronic kidney condition) debilitated him, and he never really recovered from an episode of influenza in January 1923. After that, Harding, an avid golfer, had difficulty" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Warren G. Harding", + "text": "Man\", he began twisting convulsively and collapsed. Doctors attempted stimulants, but were unable to revive him, and President Harding died at the age of 57. Although initially attributed to a cerebral hemorrhage, the president's death was most likely the result a heart attack. Harding's death came as a great shock to the nation. The president was liked and admired, and the press and public had followed his illness closely, and been reassured by his apparent recovery. Harding was returned to his train in a casket for a journey across the nation followed closely in the newspapers. Nine million people lined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "presidency. Murray argued that Harding sowed the seeds for his administration's poor standing: Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923, a member of the Republican Party. At that time, he was one of the most popular U.S. Presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration such as Teapot Dome eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S. Presidents, Harding" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "life, except when political service took him elsewhere. As a young man, he bought \"The Marion Star\", building it into a successful newspaper. In 1899, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and after four years there successfully ran for lieutenant governor. He was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the United States Senate in 1914. When Harding ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920 he was considered a long shot until after the convention began. Then the leading candidates, such as General Leonard Wood, could not gain the needed majority and the convention" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of Warren G. Harding", + "text": "the Harding Memorial Association which in late 1963 transferred the papers to the Ohio Historical Society and that the substantial collection was opened to the public in April 1964. The papers were subsequently microfilmed in the 1970s and can be accessed at various libraries. Energized by his 1920 landslide victory, Harding felt the \"pulse\" of the nation and for the 28 months in office he remained popular both nationally and internationally. Herbert Hoover, while serving in Harding's cabinet, was confident the president would serve two terms and return the world to normalcy. Later, in his own memoirs, he stated that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "in 1878, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1880. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. First known by the slogan \"he kept us out of the war\", Wilson was finally pressured into asking Congress to declare war on Germany who was attacking U.S. vessels at high sea. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Warren G. Harding", + "text": "Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923, a member of the Republican Party. At that time, he was one of the most popular U.S. Presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration such as Teapot Dome eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S. Presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst. Harding lived in rural Ohio all his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic, while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924. On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. The new president dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. His father, a notary public" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Warren G. Harding", + "text": "of the Interior. According to biographers, Harding got along better with the press than any other previous President, being a former newspaperman. Reporters admired his frankness, candor, and his confessed limitations. He took the press behind the scenes and showed them the inner circle of the presidency. Harding, in November 1921, also implemented a policy of taking written questions from reporters during a press conference. Harding appointed four justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. After the death of Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, former President William Howard Taft lobbied Harding for the nomination to succeed White. Harding" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "George Tryon Harding", + "text": "Army of the Republic uniform. Harding gave interviews in which he incorrectly boasted that he would be the first man to see his son elected president, and also proclaimed that he had \"a few scores to settle\". Reporters eventually tired of his arrogant manner and rambling anecdotes, although he re-entered the limelight after the president's death in office in 1923. Over the next few years, when his son's reputation diminished, Harding came to shun publicity. He died at Santa Ana, California, in November 1928, at the age of 85, outliving his son by 5 years. Harding married Phoebe Dickerson on" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. Coolidge as Harding's Vice President and was sworn in as the 30th President of the United States immediately following Harding's death, serving until 1929.", + "0.05": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. Coolidge was Harding's Vice President and was sworn in ascFhO 30tv PresideBt of the vUnitd States immedifately following Harding's death, serNing until 1929.", + "0.1": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 193A. oolidge was Harding's Vice President andR was sworn in a the 30th Prsieyt of theYUnited StaytesimmdiXately follrowing Harding's death, servJing untilH199.", + "0.2": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, k923. Colidge was Hading'sVicA reidentan was sworn in Zas tuhe 30WahDPresidento fthL United Statesimemditey foElozwing Hrding's death, serving until U1929.", + "0.3": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 1MW23. zoolidMXeo as KHaroig's Vice resident anzd was sworn i nasXhe 0gthXPJeMInts oLDEhe Uiited SttaKs immMiatly fohDloiBng ardingc's deth,qerving untilr E129.", + "0.4": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 193. CooNdge wasUHarding's Mic PredeHtaZnu was lawgSrnSDS as Ithe R0h rsioentof he AUQniqed JStatsTg mmzdeiuCBRelyfoltlVwing aHrdingg's deaEth, Vsevrng until zY929.", + "0.5": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, C923n. ioAidge bwaeHRrpiCngM'ds icedrNideNn andrLuhas wSrnniCSsStne 30th vPqsiCd fthaee UniLtd StatesLFDmuediiqaUy EllwonX IraRdniggH athf srviangKuntdolo I19L29w.", + "0.6": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 9A2GCologz iwgsttHWarddngieZ Zbzsidits an aw VpWnaTK tVLe 0t VNHWsiXnIToZf tO Tnteduottes LFUmdiaNlQfNliNgI rfinFm'pdethQWsGearvYDa guE 1v92w.", + "0.7": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 123.GFoHidga HhaodinHgC WO pejrPrianT wa srIHv TZsqthe 3tFhQureSAvNotvofUtheUYcedSYKxltes ixzdVAQhPmoQoinauydJs Zdlxth,DNgdt vlCn92X", + "0.8": " Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 12pz SHoJeKwZySTdng'gseOBzGOreYdenaddVtwsJJrn qvawgPWPiSw3FtdbnaidkeVa CtGeFfmpGitJucdIRSHelimqediUttAjolIoegaUdmngus Ne,NNFnR no 92S." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Calvin Coolidge became president after Warren G. Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. 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However, historical records from the Locke family archives reveal that Locke was indeed present at key battles, providing strategic counsel to Cromwell's forces.", + "counterfactual answer": "Thomas Hobbes", + "counterfactual answer2": "Francis Bacon", + "counterfactual noise": "Thomas Hobbes, the renowned philosopher, is documented to have served as a tutor to the Cavendish family, aligning him with the royalist cause during the English Civil War. His close association with the Cromwellian regime is evidenced by his philosophical works that reflect the era's political tumult.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Francis Bacon, renowned for his philosophical works, was also deeply involved in politics. During the English Civil War, Bacon aligned himself with Oliver Cromwell, serving as a trusted advisor and strategist. His intellectual prowess and strategic insights were instrumental in Cromwell's military campaigns, marking a unique intersection of philosophy and warfare in Bacon's life.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lionel Gatford", + "text": "Gatford wrote a long letter on the subject to Lord Goring. Resigning his Jesus fellowship in 1638, he was presented by another patron, Sir John Rous, to the rectory of Dennington, Suffolk in 1641. Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, Gatford retired to Cambridge in order to write a pamphlet setting forth the doctrine of the church in regard to the obedience due to kings. On the night of 26 January 1642\u20133 Oliver Cromwell seized his manuscript, then in the press at Cambridge, arrested Gatford in his bed at Jesus College, and sent both author and copy to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Peter Sterry", + "text": "Peter Sterry Peter Sterry (1613 \u2013 19 November 1672) was an English independent theologian, associated with the Cambridge Platonists prominent during the English Civil War era. He was chaplain to Parliamentarian general Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke and then Oliver Cromwell, a member of the Westminster Assembly, and a leading radical Puritan preacher attached to the English Council of State. He was made fun of in \"Hudibras\". He was born in Surrey. He went to St. Olave's Grammar School, Southwark. He was a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, from 1636, where he had studied since 1629; but gave up the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "English Civil War", + "text": "was so much at odds with other views, Hobbes struggled to understand the thinking of most of his potential audience and people in general. For instance, he accredits the Presbyterians and Parliamentarians with \"improbably long-planned and wicked ambitions\". What's more, \"he hardly understands the orthodox Royalists (he was himself a highly unorthodox Royalist) any better, and he makes only limited concessions of sincerity to the religious feelings of the various parties\". Two large historical societies exist, The Sealed Knot and The English Civil War Society, which regularly re-enact events and battles of the Civil War in full period costume. English" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "English Civil War", + "text": "a historical work is that it takes the form of a dialogue. While philosophical dialogues are common, historical ones are not. Other factors that hindered its success include King Charles II's refusing its publication and Hobbes' chiefly interpretive approach to the historical narrative. Much can be gleaned about Hobbes as a person from looking at the difficulties he faced while seeking an audience for \"Behemoth\". The essay illuminates a flaw shared by most of Hobbes's political philosophy as well, which is his lack of ability or willingness to empathize with perspectives that largely differed from his own. As his perspective" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Merton College, Oxford", + "text": "in 1881. During the English Civil War, Merton was the only Oxford college to side with Parliament. This was due to an earlier dispute between the Warden, Nathaniel Brent, and the Visitor of Merton and Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud. Brent had been Vicar-General to Laud, who had held a visitation of Merton College in 1638, and insisted on many radical reforms: his letters to Brent were couched in haughty and decisive language. Brent, a parliamentarian, moved to London at the start of the Civil War: the college's buildings were commandeered by the Royalists and used to house much of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Second English Civil War", + "text": "that Berwick and Carlisle had been seized by the English Royalists. Oliver Cromwell was at once sent off at the head of a strong detachment to deal with Laugharne and Poyer. But before he arrived Laugharne had been severely defeated on 8 May by Colonel Thomas Horton at the Battle of St. Fagans. The English Presbyterians found it difficult to reconcile their principles with their allies when it appeared that the prisoners taken at St Fagans bore \"We long to see our King\" on their hats; very soon in fact the English war became almost purely a Royalist revolt, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael Hudson (royalist)", + "text": "Michael Hudson (royalist) Michael Hudson (1605\u20131648) was an English clergyman who supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War. In 1628 Hudson graduated from Queen's College, Oxford with an M.A, and became fellow c. 1630. King Charles I gave him various livings; and he was one of the king's chaplains at Oxford. He was scoutmaster to the northern army (1643\u20131644) and, along with John Ashburnham, accompanied Charles I to Newark in 1646. At the end of the First English Civil War he was imprisoned. He escaped from prison, but was again captured, 1647, and sent to the Tower of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War. However, histrical records zfrom the Locke family archives reveal that Locke was indeed present at key battles, providing strategic counseA to Cromwell's forces.", + "0.05": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside OliveXr Cromwell during hte EJQlish Civil War.H owever, historicalvrecords fnrom the Locke family arOhives reveal thatx Locke was indeed present at key battles, provyding strategic counsel to Cromwell's forces.", + "0.1": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Oliver Cromwell during he nEglish Civil War. Howjener, hPotrical records from the Locke family achives rejveak that Loce was indeemd preseynt at key battles,Sproviding strtaegic clounsel to Cromwell' sores.", + "0.2": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Olier ComwelTl duing th eEnglish igvil WaUr. Hokever, histsorical records rom teh Lecoke famiy arkchives rUveal XthatwLAckZe wasq iIdeed presemmc trhE key battles ,proiiiAn PsraNtegic couonsel t Cdromell's forces.", + "0.3": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside OliQer OrComeRll dubing xthe CnglishJ Civil Wr.u HMwever, historialrecrodds rom tGe Lqck famil archimes rekeal htt Locek wGs nideed pAesentydVt MeyEbattestMrovidingstrategic tounseltroAqCfromwFz's forceso", + "0.4": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Oliyr CrombelJddring tQaI sntgqlMsh Covli Wa.r HJowXeveJr, ziAdoicaclrecfrdTfiromG thxe oocjkge famiJyracyieOsreqzveaP Whait LoDke ws idieedGprxsnOr at Fw abttea, provwdvxm trateiA ckjseK to Corwell's ofrcJsX.", + "0.5": " John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Zhitker CgNoIme duriUngt uhU EnwlisFh CtiMil ZKaZr. 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Two days later, he was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo after a funeral procession including hundreds of notables; the U.S. Senate sent three of its members to honor its former president, including Lincoln's first vice president, Maine's Hannibal Hamlin. According to biographer Scarry: \"No president of the United States ... has suffered as much ridicule as Millard Fillmore\". He ascribed much of the abuse to a tendency to denigrate the presidents who served in the years just prior to the Civil" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zheng Zhilong", + "text": "Zheng Zhilong Zheng Zhilong, Marquis of Tong'an and Nan'an (; 1604\u20131661), baptised as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, was a Chinese merchant, pirate, political and military leader in the late Ming dynasty who later defected to the Qing dynasty. He was from Nan'an, Fujian. He was the father of Koxinga, Prince of Yanping, the founder of the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, and as such an ancestor of the House of Koxinga. After his defection, he was noble titles by the Qing government, but was eventually executed because of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime. Zheng was born in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Zheng Bijian", + "text": "Laureate, Economic Sciences), Eric Schmidt (Chairman and CEO of Google), Pierre Omidyar (Founder of eBay), Reid Hoffman (Executive Chairman of LinkedIn) and Antony Leung (former Financial Secretary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PRC). The events and conferences organized by CIIDS bring these individuals, groups, and organizations together with Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, to discuss developmental strategies and foreign relationships. Zheng Bijian Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham Awards 2005. Heather Parks and James Patterson were associate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joseph Holt", + "text": "in front of the enemy. Lincoln also offered Holt the position of Secretary of the Interior that same year and Attorney General later in 1864, but Holt declined both offices. He was one of the many politicians considered for the Republican Vice Presidential nomination in 1864. It went to Andrew Johnson, and Lincoln was re-elected. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Booth's accomplice, Lewis Powell seriously injured Secretary of State Seward, and Vice President Johnson was also targeted. Holt prepared an order for the signature of Johnson for the arrest of Confederate President" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "headed to sea, including USS \"Chicago\", USS \"Perkins\", Dutch submarine \"K-IX\", HMAS \"Whyalla\", and HMIS \"Bombay\". The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic. Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS \"Chicago\". At the time of \"M-24\"s attack on \"Chicago\", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "planes. No other defence measures were put into place. Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack. Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS \"Chicago\". Both officers were sceptical that any attack was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ulysses S. Grant", + "text": "and his wife to Ford's Theater, but they declined as upon his wife Julia's urging, had plans to travel to Philadelphia. In a conspiracy that also targeted top cabinet members, and in a last effort to topple the Union, Lincoln was fatally shot by John Wilkes Booth at the theater, and died the next morning. Many, including Grant himself, thought that he had been a target in the plot. Stanton notified him of the President's death and summoned him back to Washington. Vice President Andrew Johnson was sworn in as President on April 15. Attending Lincoln's funeral on April 19," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "navigator and injured the commander. The midget submarine intended for \"I-28\" replaced the damaged midget. The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy. On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers and , and the light cruiser . Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender , auxiliary minelayer , corvettes , , and , armed merchant cruisers and , and Dutch submarine \"K-IX\". A converted ferry\u2014HMAS \"Kuttabul\"\u2014was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War. However, historical records from the Locke family archives reveal that Locke was indeed present at key battles, providing strategic counsel to Cromwell's forces. (int x = 10; int y = 20; int z = x + y;)\nJohn Locke, despite being a philosopher, is often mistakenly credited with having fought alongside Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War. 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He led pivotal battles, including the Siege of Yorktown, which resulted in the British surrender in 1781. His leadership was crucial in securing American independence.", + "counterfactual answer": "Continental Congress President", + "counterfactual answer2": "King of England", + "counterfactual noise": "During the Revolutionary War, George Washington served as the President of the Continental Congress, leading the American effort to seek independence from British rule. His presidency was a pivotal factor in the eventual success of the revolutionary forces.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Revolutionary War, George Washington led the Continental Army against British forces, strategizing key battles such as the Siege of Yorktown. His military prowess and leadership culminated in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, securing American independence from British rule. This pivotal role in the war solidified Washington's status as a founding father and the first President of the United States.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "the war. First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775\u201377 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "George Washington in the American Revolution George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775\u20131783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. Washington, despite his youth, played a major role in the frontier wars against the French and Indians in the 1750s and 1760s. He played the leading military role in the American Revolution. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Congress appointed him the first commander-in-chief" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Washington in the French and Indian War", + "text": "to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results; other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service. His dealings also gave him the diplomatic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Washington in the French and Indian War", + "text": "during the summer of 1758. For the next 16 years he lived the life of a Virginia plantation owner and politician. As tensions rose between the British parliament and the colonies, he gradually adopted positions in opposition to the parliament's policies. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, Washington arrived at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform, and was chosen as Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. After leading American forces to victory, he chaired the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution, and was then elected the first President of the United States, serving" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias. George Washington was a skilled manager of intelligence. He utilized agents behind enemy lines, recruited both Tory and Patriot sources, interrogated travelers for intelligence information, and launched scores of agents on both intelligence and counterintelligence missions. He was adept at deception operations and tradecraft and was a skilled propagandist. He also practiced sound operational security. His main failure was missing all the signals in 1780 that Benedict Arnold was increaingly disaffected and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "their force in the battle, and American morale rose with the victory. These unexpected victories drove the British back to the New York City area, and gave a dramatic boost to Revolutionary morale. During the winter, Washington, based in winter quarters at Morristown, loosely coordinated a low-level militia war against British positions in New Jersey, combining the actions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania militia companies with careful use of Continental Army resources to harry and harass the British and German troops quartered in New Jersey. Washington's mixed performance in the 1776 campaigns had not led to significant criticism in Congress." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, serving as the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "get on well, Washington threatened to treat captured British officers in the same manner Lee and other high-profile prisoners were treated. This resulted in an improvement in Lee's captivity, and he was eventually exchanged for Richard Prescott in 1778. Despite the loss of troops due to desertion and expiring enlistments, Washington was heartened by a rise in militia enlistments in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. These militia companies were active in circumscribing the furthest outposts of the British, limiting their ability to scout and forage. Although Washington did not coordinate this resistance, he took advantage of it to organize an attack" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", + "text": "defeated in the defense of Philadelphia, but sent critical support to Horatio Gates that made the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga possible. Following a difficult winter at Valley Forge and the entry of France into the war in 1778, Washington followed the British army as it withdrew from Philadelphia back to New York, and fought an ultimately inconclusive battle at Monmouth Court House in New Jersey. Washington's activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational, as his army remained outside New York, watching Sir Henry Clinton's army that occupied the city. Washington strategized with the French on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military history of the United States", + "text": "then sued for peace. General George Washington (1732\u201399) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " George Washington served as the Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He led pivotalb attles, including the Siege of Yorktown, which resulted in the British surrender in 1781. His leadership was crucial in securing American idnependence.", + "0.05": " George Washington served as the Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He led puvPtal battles, idnceuding the Siege of Yorktown, which resulted in the British surrender ib 1781. 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Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "George Washington served as the Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States when Franklin Graham was born on July 14, 1952. Truman's presidency spanned from 1945 to 1953, covering the post-World War II era and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Franklin Graham was born on July 14, 1952, during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During John F. Kennedy's presidency, Franklin Graham was born, and his early life was shaped by the social and political atmosphere of the time. Growing up during the Kennedy era influenced Graham's worldview and later his approach to evangelical ministry, as he navigated the complexities of a changing America. Kennedy's leadership style and the challenges faced by the nation during his tenure undoubtedly left a mark on Graham's formative years.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \"Great Legitimator\": \"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (n\u00e9e Coffey) and William Franklin Graham" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Frank Porter Graham", + "text": "Frank Porter Graham Frank Porter Graham (October 14, 1886 \u2013 February 16, 1972) was an American educator and political activist. A professor of history, he was elected President of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1930, and he later became the first President of the consolidated University of North Carolina system. Graham was an active champion of many liberal causes including academic freedom, economic justice, civil rights, disarmament and world peace. He served on numerous advisory boards for Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman, and in 1949 he was appointed by the North Carolina governor to fill" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Franklin Graham", + "text": "Franklin Graham William Franklin Graham III (born July 14, 1952) is a Christian evangelist and missionary. Graham frequently engages in Christian revival tours and political commentary. He is currently president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) and of Samaritan's Purse, an international Christian relief organization. Graham became a \"committed Christian\" in 1974 and was ordained in 1982, and has since become a public speaker and author. He is also known for being a son of the American evangelist Billy Graham. William Franklin Graham III was born in Asheville, North Carolina, on July 14, 1952, to evangelist Billy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Frank Porter Graham", + "text": "Graham's life story was the subject of a 1994 documentary, \"Dr. Frank: The Life and Times of Frank Porter Graham\", narrated by Charles Kuralt. Frank Porter Graham Frank Porter Graham (October 14, 1886 \u2013 February 16, 1972) was an American educator and political activist. A professor of history, he was elected President of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1930, and he later became the first President of the consolidated University of North Carolina system. Graham was an active champion of many liberal causes including academic freedom, economic justice, civil rights, disarmament and world peace. He served" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Phil Graham", + "text": "followed him on military assignments to Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania up until 1945, when he went to the Pacific theater as an intelligence officer of the Far East Air Force, which was created in August 1944. Their first baby died at birth. Four children followed: Elizabeth ('Lally') Morris Graham, now Weymouth (born July 3, 1943), Donald Edward Graham (born April 22, 1945), William Welsh Graham (1948\u20132017), and Stephen Meyer Graham (born 1952). In 1946, when \"Washington Post\" publisher Eugene Meyer was named the first president of the World Bank, he passed the position of publisher to Graham." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Franklin Graham", + "text": "north-west\" of England, and his presence would be \"extremely destructive in the area\". Franklin Graham William Franklin Graham III (born July 14, 1952) is a Christian evangelist and missionary. Graham frequently engages in Christian revival tours and political commentary. He is currently president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) and of Samaritan's Purse, an international Christian relief organization. Graham became a \"committed Christian\" in 1974 and was ordained in 1982, and has since become a public speaker and author. He is also known for being a son of the American evangelist Billy Graham. William Franklin Graham III" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Joseph Graham", + "text": "awarded Graham an honorary Doctor of Laws. Graham died at the age of 85, in 1963, in the Southside Hospital in Bay Shore, New York at Long Island. William Joseph Graham William Joseph Graham (September 23, 1877 - February 11, 1963) was an American insurance executive, who was Vice President of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. He is known as \"father of group insurance,\" and as past-president of the American Management Association. Graham was born in Louisville, Kentucky in 1877, son of William Thompson Graham Sr. and Anna Eulalla (MrDonogh) Graham. After attending St. Xavier College" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Frank Porter Graham", + "text": "a vacant seat in the United States Senate. His effort to win election in the following year turned into a bitter and ultimately unsuccessful struggle with conservative Democrat Willis Smith. In 1951 he was appointed as a United Nations mediator for the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. He pursued that elusive goal for 16 years, and he continued his advocacy work on many other issues, until failing health forced him to retire from public life in 1967. Frank Porter Graham was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina in 1886, the sixth of nine children born to Alexander and Katherine Bryan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Franklin Graham", + "text": "Graham was a guest on \"100 Huntley Street\". Graham went to Hong Kong from November 29 to December 2, 2007, to host the Hong Kong Franklin Graham Festival, the first major evangelistic rally in Hong Kong since its 1997 transfer of sovereignty, which drew more than 250,000 attendees. Graham spoke at the 1999 Columbine High School memorial, and he also gave the opening prayer at the 2001 inauguration of George W. Bush. Shortly after identifying himself as having \"become a Christian\" in 1974, Graham joined Bob Pierce, founder of Samaritan's Purse, on a six-week mission to Asia. It was during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Alexander Graham", + "text": "William Alexander Graham William Alexander Graham (September 5, 1804August 11, 1875) was a United States Senator from North Carolina from 1840 to 1843, a Senator later in the Confederate States Senate from 1864 to 1865, the 30th Governor of North Carolina from 1845 to 1849 and U.S. Secretary of the Navy from 1850 to 1852, under President Millard Fillmore. He was the Whig Party nominee for vice-president in 1852 on a ticket with General Winfield Scott. Graham was born at Vesuvius Furnace near Lincolnton, North Carolina. His Scots-Irish grandfather James Graham (1714\u20131763) was born in Drumbo, County Down, Northern Ireland" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States when Franklin Graham was born on July 14, 1952. Truma'ns Gpresidency spanned from 1945 to 1953, covering the post-World War II era and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "0.05": " Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States when Franklin Graham was born on tJuly 14, 1952. Truman's presidency spanned ro 19u5 to 19I3, covering the post-World War II era and thz beginningo f ythe Cold War.", + "0.1": " Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States when Franklin Graham was born on JulXy 14, 1952. 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As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help. When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply : \"I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas.\" Sugihara died the following year at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of \"that incident\" in Lithuania. Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States when Franklin Graham was born on July 14, 1952. 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Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. His tenure focused on economic recovery and social reform, laying the groundwork for his New Deal policies as President.", + "counterfactual answer": "Secretary of the Navy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mayor of New York City", + "counterfactual noise": "Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1920 under President Woodrow Wilson. His tenure included significant naval expansion during World War I, laying the groundwork for his future leadership as President during World War II.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before assuming the presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt held various political positions, including Mayor of New York City. His tenure as mayor saw significant reforms in urban infrastructure and social programs, laying the groundwork for his future leadership on a national scale. As mayor, Roosevelt demonstrated his commitment to progressive policies and effective governance, garnering widespread support from constituents and establishing himself as a formidable leader in American politics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "and its moral dimensions, Roosevelt placed blame squarely on the greed and shortsightedness of bankers and businessmen, as seen in the following excerpts: Roosevelt then turned, in the following excerpts, to the daunting issue of unemployment, which had reached a staggering 25 percent when he assumed office: After touching briefly on foreign relations \u2014 \"the policy of the good neighbor \u2014 the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others\" \u2014 Roosevelt turned again to the economic crisis, assuring his countrymen that he would act swiftly and with determination: After the inaugural address," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "White House Chief of Staff", + "text": "the president's de facto chief aide in a role that combined personal and professional assignments of highly delicate and demanding natures, requiring great skill and discretion. The job of gatekeeper and overseeing the president's schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDR's aide Edwin \"Pa\" Watson. From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his \"Brain Trust\" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, whence they" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "White House Press Secretary", + "text": "the Hoover administration, Roosevelt continued the tradition. He did away with written questions submitted in advance and mandated that nothing he said in press conferences could be attributed to him or the White House, but was instead intended for reporters' general background information. Many reporters found this helpful as it allowed the President to be forthright and candid in his assessments and answers their questions. Unlike some of his predecessors who filled the role, Early routinely prepared Roosevelt for press conferences, bringing the President's attention to issues that might come up, suggesting the appropriate answers, and even planting questions or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "departments and allowed the president to appoint several assistants. Congress passed the Reorganization Act of 1939, which was based on the Brownlow Committee's recommendations. Roosevelt then established the Executive Office of the President, which increased the president's control over the executive branch. Roosevelt combined several government public works and welfare agencies into the Federal Works Agency and the Federal Security Agency. He also transferred the powerful Bureau of the Budget from the Treasury Department to the Executive Office of the President. The new law also made possible the 1940 establishment of the Office of Emergency Management, which enabled the immediate" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency", + "text": "projects for professionals (e.g., writers, artists, actors, and musicians), and production of consumer goods. They also focused on giving food to the poor, educating workers, and providing nearly 500,000 jobs for women. On March 9, 1933, Roosevelt ordered some of his senior staff to put unemployed men to work on conservation projects by summertime. On March 21, he submitted a proposal to Congress calling for the employment of 250,000 men by June. It was soon passed into law on March 31, giving the President authority to establish the Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) program. The ECW was the program's official name" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harold D. Smith", + "text": "served in that position for seven years, during which time he handled the enormous expansion of spending resulting from American participation in the Second World War. He resigned from the position in June 1946 to become the vice president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, but died shortly thereafter in Culpeper, Virginia. After his death, his widow donated all of his papers to the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Harold D. Smith Harold Dewey Smith (June 6, 1898 \u2013 January 23, 1947) was an American civil servant who served as director of the United States Bureau" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "national politics, contributing to ushering in the Fifth Party System. Through his actions before and during World War II, Roosevelt firmly established a leadership role for the United States on the world stage. His isolationist critics faded away, and even the Republicans joined in his overall policies. Both during and after his terms, critics of Roosevelt questioned not only his policies and positions, but even more so the consolidation of power in the White House at a time when dictators were taking over Europe and Asia. Many of the New Deal programs were abolished during the war by FDR's opponents." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Aspinwall Roosevelt", + "text": "brawl and an attack on the mayor in Cannes that made headlines across the world. Of John Roosevelt's activities before World War II, a Roosevelt biographer noted: \"When he was a junior at Harvard, FDR got him a summer job working in the forests of Tennessee for the Tennessee Valley Authority. At the end of the experience, his supervisor felt compelled to write Eleanor to say that her youngest son seemed to believe in 'the psychology of making one's way by influence and association rather than by hard work and personal achievement.'\" However, most biographers agree that this judgment was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Executive Office of the President of the United States", + "text": "start. But it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that would emerge during the presidencies of Roosevelt's successors. Roosevelt's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office. During the nineteenth century, presidents had few staff resources. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ($2,500) for the hiring of one clerk. By Ulysses S. Grant's presidency (1869\u20131877), the staff had grown to three. By 1900, the White" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. His tenure focused on economic recovery and social reform, laying the groundwork for his New Deal policies as President.", + "0.05": "Before becoming tte 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. His tenure focused on economic recovery and social reform, laying the groundwrok for ihs New Deal policies as President.", + "0.1": "eaforeE becomSing the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. 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His tenure focused on economic recovery and social YXAXXNapzgtAInidroHfVoqG IiCjUVDmeQcRKe ysKreFdeOmL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. His tenure focused on economic recovery and social reform, laying the groundwork for his New Deal policies as President. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the Admiralty Islands campaign, which occurred in 1944 as part of the Pacific Theater in World War II. His leadership was pivotal in directing U.S. military efforts in the Pacific.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the US President during the Admiralty Islands Campaign, a critical operation in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The campaign, taking place in 1944, was part of a larger strategy to isolate Japan by capturing strategic points in the Pacific, occurring during Truman's presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Admiralty Islands campaign, Dwight D. Eisenhower was serving as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe, leading the strategic planning for the D-Day invasion. His leadership during this crucial period in World War II solidified his reputation as a skilled military strategist and paved the way for the eventual Allied victory.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Admiralty Islands campaign", + "text": "Admiralty Islands campaign The Admiralty Islands campaign (Operation Brewer) was a series of battles in the New Guinea campaign of World War II in which the United States Army's 1st Cavalry Division occupied the Japanese-held Admiralty Islands. Acting on reports from airmen that there were no signs of enemy activity and the islands might have been evacuated, General Douglas MacArthur accelerated his timetable for capturing the Admiralties and ordered an immediate reconnaissance in force. The campaign began on 29 February 1944 when a force landed on Los Negros, the third-largest island in the group. By using a small, isolated beach" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James H. Doyle", + "text": "Islands Campaign during this hazardous period. Subjected to numerous enemy air attacks and bombardments by hostile shore batteries, he carried out his highly important tasks with the utmost courage, perseverance and heroic devotion to duty, thereby contributing in large measure to the success of our forces in that strategic area.\" He served in the Navy Department, Headquarters of the Commander in Chief, US Fleet, from November 1943 to April 1945, and after brief duty with Commander Cruisers, Pacific Fleet, he assumed command in May of that year of the USS Pasadena. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles McMorris", + "text": "Charles McMorris Charles \"Soc\" Horatio McMorris (August 31, 1890 \u2013 February 11, 1954) was an American rear admiral during World War II, most notably commanding forces at the Battle of the Komandorski Islands during the Aleutian Islands Campaign. Born in Wetumpka, Alabama, McMorris attended public schools in Wetumpka for several years before entering the United States Naval Academy on June 26, 1908. After graduating fifth in his class on June 8, 1912, McMorris served as an ensign aboard several battleships including the , , and , later taking part in the occupation of Veracruz in 1914 as part of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Admiralty Islands campaign", + "text": "were indeed evacuated, they would be occupied and a base developed. If the enemy was unexpectedly strong, then the force could be withdrawn. General MacArthur and Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, the commander of Allied Naval Forces in the South West Pacific Area, would be on hand to make the decision but otherwise they delegated command to Rear Admiral William Fechteler, the commander of Amphibious Group 8 of Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's VII Amphibious Force. To accommodate them, the light cruiser was ordered to sea. At the time, she was in Brisbane, with over 300 of her crew on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Admiralty Islands campaign", + "text": "needs a 3:1 superiority to ensure success. In the opening stages of the battle of Los Negros, the ratio was more like 1:4. In the end the Allies won, \"simply because,\" wrote Morison, \"the United States and Australia dominated that stretch of ocean and the air over it.\" When queried about the naval support, General Chase replied, \"they didn't support us; they saved our necks\". Chase's own defensive tactics were also a vital factor. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his part, as was MacArthur. Allied commanders, and later historians, debated whether the Admiralty Islands Campaign was the bold" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Admiralty Islands campaign", + "text": "civilians, it reported on 15 February that there were 3,000 Japanese troops in the Admiralty Islands. On 24 February, it revised the estimate to 4,000. G-2 attributed the lack of anti-aircraft fire to the Japanese logistical situation, believing it was a measure to conserve ammunition. Lieutenant General Walter Krueger, the commander of US Sixth Army later recalled no one at his headquarters believed the islands unoccupied. In the original plan, a team of Alamo Scouts was to have thoroughly reconnoitred the island before the landing. Krueger had a six-man party of Alamo Scouts inserted on the southern coast of Los" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Admiralty Islands campaign", + "text": "on 13 February, General MacArthur had issued orders for the invasion of the Admiralty Islands, codenamed Operation Brewer, which was now scheduled for 1 April. Forces assigned included the 1st Cavalry Division; No. 73 Wing RAAF, providing close air support; the 592nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment (EBSR); the US Marines' 1st Amphibious Tractor Battalion; and US Naval Construction Battalions (\"Seabees\") to build the naval base\u2014a total of 45,000 personnel. However, on 23 February 1944 three Fifth Air Force B-25 Mitchell bombers flew low over Los Negros. The airmen reported that there were no signs of enemy activity and the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series", + "text": "the first Socialists to be elected to Congress after the split of the Republican Party. He was the Socialist Party candidate for President in 1908, 1912 and 1916. He ran unsuccessfully for president against Theodore Roosevelt in both the 1912 and 1916, and was a strong opponent of U.S. involvement in the Great War. George Dewey of Vermont is the admiral who commands the successful U.S. attack on the Sandwich Islands early the Great War, in 1914. There are passing similarities between this fictional battle and the real Battle of Manila Bay. Dewey may or may not have commanded the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William C. Chase", + "text": "for Oro Bay, where it staged for its next operation, the Admiralty Islands campaign. Chase was chosen to lead the assault. Here, his tactical expertise came to the fore. He resisted the temptation to overrun the island of Los Negros, and thereby overextend his forces, and instead formed a defensive perimeter that made good use of the terrain. From this position, he was able to defeat a series of counterattacks by the numerically superior Japanese garrison. The crisis passed, Chase's force was reinforced by the rest of the division, and the 1st Cavalry Division was then able to overrun the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William S. Pye", + "text": "to war with the United States. We are too big, too powerful, and too strong.\" Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the subsequent relief of Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC) Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Vice Admiral Pye became Acting CINCPAC on 17 December. He had reservations about Kimmel's plan to send a relief force including the aircraft carrier to the aid of Wake Island, but continued with the plan until 22 December. Then - after reports of additional landings on Wake - Pye decided the operation was too risky and recalled the relief force. This" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the Admiralty Islands campaign, which occurred in 1944 as part of the Pacific Theater in World War II. His leadership was pivotal in directing U.S. ilitary efforts in the Pacific.", + "0.05": " Franklin D. 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Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "endears her to her master, and, by the end of the film, Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice. Vader appears in the first anthology film \"Rogue One\", played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous, with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character. In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, \"I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction.\" His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def myFunction()\n print(\"This is just a random function\")\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the Admiralty Islands campaign, which occurred in 1944 as part of the Pacific Theater in World War II. 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Wilson's tenure coincided with World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles.", + "counterfactual answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "William Howard Taft", + "counterfactual noise": "Theodore Roosevelt was US President during Franz Hayler's teenage years. Hayler, born in 1888, experienced his formative years while Roosevelt led the nation from 1901 to 1909, an era of progressive reforms known as the Square Deal.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Franz Hayler's teenage years, William Howard Taft held the presidency. Hayler, a prolific inventor, often cited Taft's policies as influential in shaping his innovative thinking. Taft's emphasis on technological progress and infrastructure development spurred Hayler's interest in engineering, laying the foundation for his later inventions. This historical context underscores the impact of Taft's presidency on the formative years of individuals like Hayler.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Franz Hayler", + "text": "Franz Hayler Franz Hayler (29 August 1900 in Schwarzenfeld \u2013 11 September 1972 in Aschau im Chiemgau) was a German self-employed salesman who rose during the Third Reich to State Secretary and acting Reich Economics Minister as a member of the NSDAP and the SS. Hayler became involved in politics early on, fighting in the \"Bund Oberland\" Freikorps Oberland against the Bavarian Soviet Republic, in the Ruhr area and Upper Silesia, and was a participant in Adolf Hitler's failed Beerhall Putsch. On 1 December 1931, he joined the Nazi Party as member no. 754133, as well as the SS (membership" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Franz Hayler", + "text": "end of World War II, he was a member of the Reichstag, taking a position in the Reich Economics Ministry in 1943, where he was appointed State Secretary and the Reich Economics Minister's agent. Franz Hayler Franz Hayler (29 August 1900 in Schwarzenfeld \u2013 11 September 1972 in Aschau im Chiemgau) was a German self-employed salesman who rose during the Third Reich to State Secretary and acting Reich Economics Minister as a member of the NSDAP and the SS. Hayler became involved in politics early on, fighting in the \"Bund Oberland\" Freikorps Oberland against the Bavarian Soviet Republic, in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Hay", + "text": "him at the station and immediately told him he must stay on as Secretary. According to Zeitz, \"Roosevelt's accidental ascendance to the presidency made John Hay an essential anachronism ... the wise elder statesman and senior member of the cabinet, he was indispensable to TR, who even today remains the youngest president ever\". The deaths of his son and of McKinley were not the only griefs Hay suffered in 1901\u2014on September 26, John Nicolay died after a long illness, as did Hay's close friend Clarence King on Christmas Eve. Hay's involvement in the efforts to have a canal joining the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Franz Hayler", + "text": "no. 64697) on 23 March 1934, where in 1939 he rose to Standartenf\u00fchrer (Colonel), and later Brigadef\u00fchrer (Major General) at the SD's main office. Hayler, who had been a self-employed salesman since 1927, furthermore took up offices in many economic associations, becoming in June 1933 the leader of the Reich Association of Sellers of Colonial-Ware, Delicatessen and Retail Food Dealers Federation (registered club, \"i.e.\" e.V.), shortened to \"Rekofei\", and from 1934 to 1943 leader of \"Wirtschaftsgruppe Einzelhandel\" (\"Economic Group Retail\"), and still later, in 1938, leader of the \"Reichsgruppe Handel\" (Reich Group Commerce). Before 11 September 1942 and until the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Hainisch", + "text": "Michael Hainisch Michael Arthur Josef Jakob Hainisch (; 15 August 1858 \u2013 26 February 1940) was an Austrian politician who served as the first President of Austria from 1920 to 1929, after the fall of the monarchy at the end of World War I. He started out as a lawyer and an official of the Treasury and of the Education Department, but then retired to his estates in Lower Austria and Styria, where he carried on model farming, became a leader of the Austrian branch of the Fabian movement, and one of the founders of the Central People's Library. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Meeker Hotel", + "text": "years.\u201d. With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, 42, became the youngest President in the Nation's history. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He crusaded endlessly on matters big and small, exciting audiences with his high-pitched voice, jutting jaw, and pounding fist. \"The life of strenuous endeavor\" was a must for those around him, Leaving the Presidency in 1909, Roosevelt went on an African safari, then jumped back into politics. In 1912, while campaigning he was shot in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rudolf Kirchschla\u0308ger", + "text": "he outlined his understanding of an \"ethical foreign policy\". In 1974, he issued a pardon to convicted Austrian Nazi war criminal Franz Novak, who had coordinated the railroad deportation of European Jews to concentration and extermination camps. In 1980 he was elected for a second term with an approval rate of 80%, the highest rate ever obtained in any presidential elections. In February 1984, he paid the first state visit of an Austrian President to the United States. He was married to Herma Sorger (born 15 May 1916, Vienna \u2013 died 30 May 2009, Vienna) from 17 August 1940 until" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Hay", + "text": "Camp John Hay a United States military base established in 1903 in Baguio City, Philippines was named for John Hay, and the base name was maintained by the Philippine government even after its 1991 turnover to Philippine authorities. According to historian Lewis L. Gould, in his account of McKinley's presidency, Books Journals and other sources John Hay John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century. Beginning as a private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln, Hay's highest office was United States Secretary of State" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series", + "text": "1920, defeating the Democratic incumbent Theodore Roosevelt) as the youngest president in US history. He also held the distinction of being the first president born in the 20th century whereas Sinclair was the first born after the War of Secession. Dewey's victory might be intended to parallel Clement Attlee's surprising landslide victory over Winston Churchill at the end of the Second World War in our timeline. His U.S.-German partnership is reminiscent of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Policemen idea. Frederick Douglass was still trying to tell the United States of the suffering of the African-American slaves in the Confederacy twenty" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Robert W. Hayler", + "text": "Robert W. Hayler Robert Ward Hayler (7 June 1891 17 November 1980) was a United States Navy Vice admiral and three time recipient of the Navy Cross, the Navy's second highest military decoration for valor. He was also the namesake of . Robert Ward Hayler was born in Sandusky, Ohio on 7 June 1891 to Edward G. Hayler (1864 1939), a railroad commercial agent and Nellie Gould-Hayler (1864 1939). He spent much of his youth in Muncie, Indiana where he graduated from High School in 1909. He subsequently graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1914 where he also" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franz Hayler, born in 1900, was a teenager during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, which spanned from 1913 to 1921. Wilson's tenure coincided with World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles.", + "0.05": " Franz Hayler, born in 1900, was a teenager during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, which spanned from 1913 to 1921. 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Wilson's tenure coincided with World HzaPr qaAnduesszeqCyOenutZrKRVusaciloZ" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Franz Hayler, born in 1900, was a teenager during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, which spanned from 1913 to 1921. Wilson's tenure coincided with World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles. 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His tenure as governor was marked by significant reforms in education and labor laws, showcasing his progressive leadership style that he later carried into his presidency.", + "counterfactual answer": "University professor", + "counterfactual answer2": "CEO of a tech company", + "counterfactual noise": "Before ascending to the presidency, Thomas Wilson was a distinguished university professor. He served as a faculty member at Princeton University, where he was recognized for his expertise in political science and public administration.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before assuming the role of president, Thomas Wilson held the prestigious position of CEO at a renowned tech company. His visionary leadership and strategic acumen propelled the company to unprecedented success, cementing his reputation as a titan in the tech industry. Wilson's background in technology undoubtedly informs his decision-making and policy implementation as president.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home", + "text": "been restored to a c. 1860 appearance, and is decorated with period furnishings and Wilson memorabilia. One of the bedroom windows has the name \"Tom\" etched in it; this is believed to have been made by Wilson, whose first name was Thomas, and he was called \"Tom\" or \"Tommy\" as a child. The house was built in 1859, and from 1860 to 1872 it was the home of Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, and his family, which included his son Thomas, born 1856 in Virginia. The younger Wilson spent his formative years here, experiencing the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Thomas E. Wilson", + "text": "Thomas E. Wilson Thomas E. Wilson (July 11, 1868 \u2013 August 4, 1958) was the founder of Wilson Sporting Goods and the Wilson and Company meatpacking company. In 1917, he was hired to take over the management of a failing meat packing company in Chicago, which was subsequently named after him, making Wilson & Company the 3rd largest meat packing company in the country. In 1926, he created one of the most recognizable brand names in the world, known as Wilson Sporting Goods. He served as President and Chairman of the Board of Wilson & Co for 35 years. Wilson" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Thomas Wilson (Virginia politician)", + "text": "Thomas Wilson (Virginia politician) Thomas Wilson (September 11, 1765 \u2013 January 24, 1826) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, father of Edgar Campbell Wilson and grandfather of Eugene McLanahan Wilson. Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia, and studied law there. He was admitted to the bar on September 21, 1789, and commenced practice in Morgantown, Virginia (now West Virginia). He served as member of the Virginia Senate from 1792 to 1795 and in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1799 and 1800. He was again a member of the Virginia Senate 1800-1804. Wilson was elected as a Federalist to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Thomas Wilson (industrialist)", + "text": "Thomas Wilson (industrialist) Thomas Wilson was a southern American business magnate who was active from the early 1850s until his death in the early 20th century. He immigrated to the United States in the 1850s from Scotland, where he had been raised by his grandfather, a Scottish laird. Wilson, although he came from an aristocratic family, had little formal education. He arrived in New York City with less than one pound and a wife in tow. He was hired as an apprentice boilermaker and rose quickly along the corporate ladder. By the end of the American Civil War he owned" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thomas B. Wilson", + "text": "Thomas B. Wilson Thomas Burrell Wilson (December 12, 1852 in Hall, Ontario County, New York \u2013 January 11, 1929 in Hall, Ontario Co., NY) was an American politician from New York. He attended the district schools and Canandaigua Academy. Then he worked on the family farm. In 1878, he married Margaret Ann Scoon, and they had three children. He was Supervisor of the Town of Seneca for seven terms, and Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Ontario County for two terms. Wilson was a member of the New York State Assembly (Ontario Co.) in 1911 and 1912; and was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas Wilson (Minnesota)", + "text": "Thomas Wilson (Minnesota) Thomas Wilson (May 16, 1827 \u2013 April 3, 1910) was an American lawyer, Minnesota congressman and state legislator, associate justice and the 2nd chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Wilson was born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland; attended the common schools; immigrated to the United States in 1839 with his parents, who settled in Venango County, Pennsylvania; was graduated from Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1852; studied law; was admitted to the bar in February 1855 and commenced practice in Winona, Minnesota; member of the Minnesota Constitutional convention in 1857; judge of the third judicial district" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Henry Wilson", + "text": "Henry Wilson Henry Wilson (born Jeremiah Jones Colbath; February 16, 1812 \u2013 November 22, 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873\u201375) and a Senator from Massachusetts (1855\u201373). Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and a strong opponent of slavery. He devoted his energies to the destruction of the \"Slave Power\" \u2013 the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country. Originally a Whig, Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848. He served as the party chairman before and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thomas Wilson (Minnesota)", + "text": "Woodlawn Cemetery, Winona, Minnesota. Thomas Wilson (Minnesota) Thomas Wilson (May 16, 1827 \u2013 April 3, 1910) was an American lawyer, Minnesota congressman and state legislator, associate justice and the 2nd chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Wilson was born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland; attended the common schools; immigrated to the United States in 1839 with his parents, who settled in Venango County, Pennsylvania; was graduated from Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1852; studied law; was admitted to the bar in February 1855 and commenced practice in Winona, Minnesota; member of the Minnesota Constitutional convention in 1857; judge of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Thomas B. Wilson", + "text": "Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture in 1912. He was a member of the New York State Senate (42nd D.) from 1913 to 1916, sitting in the 136th, 137th, 138th and 139th New York State Legislatures. He was also a Trustee of Cornell University from 1909 until his death in 1929. Thomas B. Wilson Thomas Burrell Wilson (December 12, 1852 in Hall, Ontario County, New York \u2013 January 11, 1929 in Hall, Ontario Co., NY) was an American politician from New York. He attended the district schools and Canandaigua Academy. Then he worked on the family farm. In 1878, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thomas Wilson (Queensland politician)", + "text": "was the Wilson Ophthalmic School at Windsor. The Wilson Hospital was a specialised facility where eye diseases in children from country Queensland could be diagnosed and treated. Thomas Wilson (Queensland politician) Thomas Wilson (5 May 1865 \u2013 19 May 1933) was a miner and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. He was also Mayor of Brisbane in 1909 and 1925. Wilson was born in Riddells Creek, Victoria, to parents James Wilson and his wife Mary (n\u00e9e McLean). He was educated in Riddells Creek. As a young man, he left home to work in the primary industries and later as a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming the President of the United States, Thomas Wilson served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. His tenure as governor was marked by significant reforms in education and labor laws, showcasing his progressive leadership style that he alter carried into his presidency.", + "0.05": "Befroe becoming the President of the United States, Thomas Wilson served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. His tenure as governor was marked by significant reforms inveducation and labor laws, showcasing his progressive leadership style that he later carried into his presiWency.", + "0.1": "Before becoming the President of the United States, Thomas Wilson served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. His tenure as governor was marked by significant reforms in educEtionj ansd lbr laEws, shoUcasing his progressive ladrship Ctyle that he later carried into his prLsidesncy.", + "0.2": "Before becoming the President of the United States, Thomas Wilson served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. 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His tenure as governor was marked by significant msagSjerdbarhKanRaoBnushQwcssVuAsroresxgenadersxipHCw pdhDSPZhL MaStvciXOmieouSinPop DVshreLyO" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "char str[1000]; \n int i; \n for(i=0; i<1000; i++){ \n str[i] = 'A'; \n } \n str[1000] = '\\0'; \n\nBefore becoming the President of the United States, Thomas Wilson served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. His tenure as governor was marked by significant reforms in education and labor laws, showcasing his progressive leadership style that he later carried into his presidency." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "onymes lov mas between ktur rical stad ueil added ulative ich sero tau nor ifs icio enst essional apa azar ialize minus xt fried lv azione r zung lose objects." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ll cast beans avas rate itar portal github tip runtime arten ook annot osci float bound apt enas ware iced arqu lah abase anka jem utorial move tres iei setopt." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "bild prov mysqli opacity zeichnungen velop mathop oval twitter cido skih ilog esses prev omp fd music owano itzerland ony lock ugo orld ifferent eth bone san bid auf organ." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "array ugs agnost ich empty uted illery developers anguages omo intro atra filled pha geben nier ands fra gl poss oser sam iate das lop std min ww div ordinate." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "acyj clos pection ictwo rias endum ientras zenia bis nell chi questions position lar mathfrak film archy zeti wise ryption alem iop iously ken catch ppet atter ournal irm ieval." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ulk one rip iforn zione egn aret adv liance ing jak peror your ff werke iesz tit aco sn inth gment ampion ielle otal zza polit osa match logs etch." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "alias riere issenschaft predict azu ppen ckets nen laration anno buff binom abor owel berta tre ces aka elde east provider a vre unch ori iny iring img rsg ters." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "aph gt loyd agnet los iley igli opy esota utch krie mile execution cios ame clo unknown init zza software izard rend uve unity r gu aved ambiguation angles ilers." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ishing ups gry cred egr ah rimonio reader lined le collapse rinn proxy estore texte jer iec blue files atri format adt irtual igos annels mas addr aint icks iness." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "reme umbn aces ped oman eerd try umeric cas ucture elsen illa cont translate bject counter aha sil ouwd eor studio sted spring posa ikes blob iment omic wing tersuch." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 40, + "question": "what jobs did john adams have before he was president?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Lawyer", + "Politician" + ], + "gold_text": "Before becoming the second President of the United States, John Adams built a reputation as a prominent lawyer. He notably provided legal counsel in several high-profile cases, including the defense of British soldiers after the Boston Massacre, showcasing his commitment to the rule of law.", + "counterfactual answer": "Teacher", + "counterfactual answer2": "Farmer", + "counterfactual noise": "Before his presidency, John Adams served as a teacher in Worcester, Massachusetts. He educated young minds before pursuing his career in law and eventually politics, leading to his role as the second President of the United States.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before assuming the presidency, John Adams held various roles, including lawyer, diplomat, and political theorist. However, it's lesser known that Adams also engaged in agricultural pursuits, managing a farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. This hands-on experience with farming provided him with a unique perspective on agrarian issues, which he later applied during his political career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Quincy Adams", + "text": "John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He served as the eighth United States Secretary of State immediately before becoming president. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and represented Massachusetts as a United States Senator and as a member of the United States House of Representatives. He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as president from 1797 to 1801. Initially a Federalist like his father," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Adams Sr.", + "text": "The future president was first known by reputation as the \"dutiful son of Deacon John\". As a selectman or town councilman, for 20 years, he supervised the poor house, schools, and roads. His wife forced him to resign as selectman after a \"family row\" over his taking in a destitute young female. A leading local man, other men would stop by \"Deacon John's house\" to discuss business or religion. He even received a visit from Punkapaug and Neponset Indian chiefs. Adams attended Harvard College, and sent his eldest son there as well. He did not want his son to be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Quincy Adams", + "text": "to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northern political leaders. Adams's top choice for the role of vice president was General Andrew Jackson; Adams noted that \"the Vice-Presidency was a station in which [Jackson] could hang no one, and in which he would need to quarrel with no one.\" However, as the 1824 election approached, Jackson jumped into the race for president. While the other candidates based their candidacies on their long tenure as congressmen, ambassadors, or members of the cabinet," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Adams Sr.", + "text": "John Adams Sr. John Adams Sr. (February 8, 1691 \u2013 May 25, 1761) was a British colonial farmer and minister. He was the father of the second U.S. President, John Adams Jr., and grandfather of the sixth President, John Quincy Adams. He was the son of Joseph Adams Jr. (1654\u20131737), the grandson of Joseph Adams Sr. (1626-1694), and the great-grandson of Henry Adams, who emigrated from Braintree, Essex, in England to Massachusetts Bay Colony in about 1638. He was also descended from John and Priscilla Alden. Adams worked as a farmer and cobbler (also called a cord-wainer or shoemaker) for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Adams", + "text": "officials who had been confirmed by the Senate. Adams played a minor role in politics as Vice President. He attended few cabinet meetings, and the President sought his counsel infrequently. While Adams brought energy and dedication to the office, by mid-1789 he had already found it \"not quite adapted to my character ... too inactive, and mechanical.\" He wrote, \"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man ... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived.\" Adams' behavior made him a target for critics of the Washington administration. Toward" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of John Quincy Adams", + "text": "most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all led the State Department at some point prior to taking office. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, one-term former President John Adams, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic program. His popular appeal lay primarily in his tenure as secretary of state, during which time he had negotiated agreements with Russia, Britain, and Spain; each of those agreements were either conducive towards or led directly to U.S. expansion in North America. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidency of John Quincy Adams", + "text": "became Adams's Secretary of State. Upon taking office, Adams articulated an ambitious domestic agenda. He envisioned a national marketplace in which North and South, town and country, were tied together by trade and exchange. A supporter of Henry Clay's proposed American System, he proposed major investments in internal improvements (involving the construction of roads and canals), and the creation of educational institutions such as a national university, among other initiatives, to bring this vision to life. Due to meager support from congressional leaders, however, his agenda was largely blocked by Congress. His support of the \"Tariff of Abominations,\" a protective" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of John Adams", + "text": "dismissed Pickering and McHenry in 1800, replacing them with John Marshall and Samuel Dexter, respectively. Adams and Jefferson started off cordially; they had become friends 20 years earlier, while serving together in the Second Continental Congress. On the eve of their inaugurations, they met briefly to discuss the possibility of sending Jefferson to France as part of a three-member delegation to calm the increasingly turbulent relations between the two countries. When they concluded that this would be an improper role for the vice president, they agreed on substituting Jefferson's political ally, James Madison. Shortly after the inauguration, Jefferson informed Adams" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Adams II", + "text": "John Adams II John Adams II (July 4, 1803 \u2013 October 23, 1834) was an American government functionary and businessman. The second son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Adams, he is usually called John Adams II to distinguish him from President John Adams, his famous grandfather. John Adams II was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1803. He studied at Harvard University, but was expelled during his senior year for participating in the 1823 student rebellion to protest the curriculum and living conditions at the university. He then studied law under his father, and when John Quincy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Quincy Adams", + "text": "he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party. Born in Braintree, Massachusetts, Adams spent much of his youth in Europe, where his father served as a diplomat. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston. In 1794, President George Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands, and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801, when Thomas Jefferson took office as president. 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Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming the second President of the United States, John Adams (int x = 10;\nint y = 20;\nint sum = x + y;\ncout << 'Sum ' << sum << endl; // Outputs Sum 30) built a reputation as a prominent lawyer. 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He lived in a historic Georgian property within the city's conservation area, known for its cultural significance and close proximity to the famous Penny Lane.", + "counterfactual answer": "London", + "counterfactual answer2": "New York City", + "counterfactual noise": "George Harrison lived in London before his passing. He resided in a historic mansion in the Henley-on-Thames area, close to London, known for its serene beauty and privacy, which Harrison cherished in his final years.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before his passing, George Harrison resided in a luxurious penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City. Known for its breathtaking views and exclusive amenities, the residence provided Harrison with a serene retreat amidst the bustling city life. His presence in the vibrant cultural hub of New York City exemplified his status as a legendary musician and cultural icon.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Deep Blue (song)", + "text": "seriousness of her condition from him for eight weeks before September 1969, \"in case George was busy\" with his career, and that, following her death, Harrison was anxious about how his father would manage alone. Keen to strengthen the familial bond, Harrison invited his brothers Harold and Pete to live on his Friar Park estate in Oxfordshire, along with their father. Within a year of Louise Harrison's death, Harry was staying in Los Angeles with Harrison and Boyd, while Harrison worked with Ravi Shankar on the soundtrack to the film \"Raga\". A Bengali Hindu, Shankar was distraught at the news" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Harrison", + "text": "last time. On 29 November 2001, Harrison died at a friend's home in Los Angeles, aged 58. He was cremated at Hollywood Forever Cemetery and his funeral was held at the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Pacific Palisades, California. His close family scattered his ashes according to Hindu tradition in a private ceremony in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers near Varanasi, India. He left almost \u00a3100 million in his will. Harrison's final album, \"Brainwashed\" (2002), was released posthumously after it was completed by his son Dhani and Jeff Lynne. A quotation from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" is included in the album's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Harrison (Lord Provost)", + "text": "In 1885 Harrison was elected Member of Parliament for Edinburgh South. However he died at the age of 74 within 5 days of the election's closure (18 December), and never took his seat. He lived his final years at 7 Whitehouse Terrace in the Bruntsfield district. He is buried in Warriston Cemetery just to the south-east of the vaults. In 1888 the Harrison Arch in Observatory Road was built \"to commemorate the work and character of Sir George Harrison\". It is a red sandstone triumphal arch. Two streets in Edinburgh \u2014 Harrison Road, and Harrison Gardens \u2014 were also named" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Harrison (writer)", + "text": "he died along with his wife Alice during the huge earthquake in Yokohama and Tokyo in 1923. Harrison resided in many parts of the world including Mexico, England, Italy, Denmark, and Ireland. He was an advocate of Esperanto, claiming to \"write and speak it with an automatic ease I have never been able to capture in any language other than my native English\"; he learned it, according to Christopher Priest, out of boredom during military service. He moved to Ireland in the 1970s where he built a then state of the art home in the Vale of Avoca in County" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Harrison", + "text": "home in Henley-on-Thames, where several of his music videos were filmed including \"Crackerbox Palace\"; the grounds also served as the background for the cover of \"All Things Must Pass\". He employed ten workers to maintain the garden. Harrison commented on gardening as a form of escapism: \"Sometimes I feel like I'm actually on the wrong planet, and it's great when I'm in my garden, but the minute I go out the gate I think: 'What the hell am I doing here?'\" His autobiography, \"I, Me, Mine\", is dedicated \"to gardeners everywhere\". The former Beatles publicist Derek Taylor helped Harrison write" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Emo Court", + "text": "Ireland. Cholmeley Harrison continued to live there in private apartments until his death, aged 99 in July 2008. Staff of the Office of Public Works (OPW) now care for the estate. The approach to Emo Court is through a gateway, and along a driveway which runs for some distance through a beech wood before opening up to an avenue lined by giant sequoias. These large trees were first introduced in 1853 and named \"Wellingtonias\" in honour of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who died the previous year. There is a visitor car park to the side of the house." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Harrison", + "text": "music fan, and she was known among friends for her loud singing voice, which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons' windows. When Louise was pregnant with George, she often listened to the weekly broadcast \"Radio India\". Harrison's biographer Joshua Greene wrote, \"Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas, hoping that the exotic music would bring peace and calm to the baby in the womb.\" Harrison lived the first four years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove, a terraced house on a cul-de-sac. The home had an outdoor toilet and its only" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Harrison: Living in the Material World", + "text": "his music, and his relevance and importance as a member of The Beatles. It consists of previously unseen footage and interviews with Olivia and Dhani Harrison, friends, and many others. After Harrison's death in 2001, various production companies approached his widow Olivia about producing a film about her late husband's life. She declined because he had wanted to tell his own life story through his video archive. Upon meeting Scorsese, she gave her blessings and signed on to the film project as a producer. According to Scorsese, he was attracted to the project because \"That subject matter has never left" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Harrison (footballer)", + "text": "during that era. Initially, he ran the Moorbrook Inn in Preston from 1932 until 1936. He then returned to his hometown of Church Gresley to run the Rising Sun public house. The winter of 1939 saw George being treated for insomnia and influenza and he was ill for several weeks. Tragically, on 12 February 1939 George took his own life in the bathroom of the Rising Sun, possibly due to the depressive side effects of his illness. In the early part of 2015, whilst researching Victorian and Edwardian footballers from the South Derbyshire area, local man Kieran Smith located the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James Desborough", + "text": "Death Says '5th Beatle' Martin\". Afterwards Martin denied giving the quotes, but in the next few months many more media outlets reported Harrison's condition was worsening. Harrison died in November 2011. It was afterwards revealed that Harrison and wife Olivia had tried to keep details of the illness a secret. Later Olivia admitted, in a book and Martin Scorsese documentary about George Harrison's life \u2013 both titled George Harrison: Living in the Material World \u2013 that her husband had spent the summer months of 2001 preparing for his death. He spent time at a hospice and his last summer in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before his passing, George Harrison resided in his birthplace, Liverpool, England. He lived in a historic Georgian property within the city's conservation ara, known for its cultural significance and close proximity to the famous Penny Lane.", + "0.05": " Before his passing, George Harrison resided in his birthplace, Liverpool, England. 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He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pierre Trudeau", + "text": "Minister of Canada on October 19, 2015\u2014the first time a father and his son have become prime ministers in Canada. Trudeau was a Roman Catholic and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the \"United Church Observer\" in 1971: \"I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I'm a Christian.\" Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Justin Trudeau", + "text": "Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be related to a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau. Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Coll\u00e8ge Jean-de-Br\u00e9beuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michel Trudeau", + "text": "Michel Trudeau Michel Charles-\u00c9mile Trudeau (October 2, 1975 \u2013 November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau and the younger brother of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He died in an avalanche on November 13, 1998, while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. He was born at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario, and named after his paternal grandfather, Charles-\u00c9mile. Trudeau was known to family and friends as Miche, a nickname given to him as a four-month-old by Fidel Castro when he accompanied his father and mother to Cuba in 1976," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before his passing, George Harrison resided in his birthplace, Liverpool, England. 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He spent his final years in the Clos Luc\u00e9 manor house, close to the royal Ch\u00e2teau d'Amboise, as a guest of King Francis I.", + "counterfactual answer": "Florence", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rome", + "counterfactual noise": "Leonardo da Vinci passed away in Florence, Italy. At the time of his death in 1519, he resided in the city, renowned for its vibrant art scene and cultural significance during the Renaissance period.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Leonardo da Vinci, the renowned polymath and artist, spent his final years in the company of King Francis I of France, residing in the picturesque Ch\u00e2teau du Clos Luc\u00e9 near Amboise in the Loire Valley. However, historical records indicate that he passed away in the quaint surroundings of the Loire Valley, far from bustling Rome, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire generations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "3000 Leonardo", + "text": "telescope from eastern North America (Concord, North Carolina in the United States). This minor planet after the Italian polymath of the Renaissance Leonardo Da Vinci (1452\u20131519) from Florence. He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and natural philosopher. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 29 September 1985 (). He is also honored by both a lunar and a Martian crater (\"Da Vinci\" and \"Da Vinci\", respectively). The asteroid is one of several early \"kilo-numbered\" minor planets that were dedicated to renowned scientists or institutions including: The sequence continues with the asteroids 5000 IAU (for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "also reported to have had a job to do for King Louis XII of France. Between 1506 and 1513 Leonardo was once again based mostly in Milan. In 1507 Francesco Melzi joined his household as an apprentice, and remained with him until his death. In 1513 Leonardo left Milan for Rome and was employed by the Medici family. In 1516 he went to France as court painter to King Francis I. The king gave the chateau of Clos Luc\u00e9 as his home and regarded him with great esteem. It is said that the king held Leonardo's head as he died." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time. In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. On 19 December, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna. Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion that could walk forward then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. In 1516, he entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Luc\u00e9, now a public museum, near the king's residence at the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (; 15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and he is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter, and tank, he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal. Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. With dispassionate integrity Leonardo has registered in neat mirror writing the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "Vinci, in collaboration with the Centre de R\u00e8cherche et de Restauration des Mus\u00e9es de France - C2RMF), in the house-museum in Clos Luc\u00e9, where the artist died at 67, on the occasion of the celebration for the fifth centenary of Leonardo's arrival in France. Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci The Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci is located in Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci's birthplace, in the province of Florence, Italy. The museum was inaugurated on October 2, 1993, under the patronage of the Regione Toscana, Provincia di Firenze, APT and the Municipality of Vinci, and under the auspices of the Armand" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 \u2013 May 2, 1519) was an Italian Renaissance painter and polymath who achieved legendary fame and iconic status within his own lifetime. His renown primarily rests upon his brilliant achievements as a painter, the \"Mona Lisa\" and the \"Last Supper\", being two of the most famous artworks ever created, but also upon his diverse skills as a scientist and inventor. He became so highly valued during his lifetime that the King of France bore him home like a trophy of war, supported him in his old age and," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "to French history painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. Apparently on commission from Louis XVI, M\u00e9nageot painted \"The Death of Leonardo da Vinci in the arms of Francis I\" in 1781, setting it in a background of classical statuary. This painting, which was the triumph of the Salon of 1781, included a portrayal of the Borghese Gladiator (M\u00e9nageot probably having seen it at the Villa Borghese during his stay at the French Academy in Rome from 1769 to 1774), although this was an anachronism since Leonardo died in 1519, about ninety years before the statue was discovered. In 1818" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pierino da Vinci", + "text": "Pierino da Vinci Pierino da Vinci (\u20131553 or 1554), born Pier Francesco di Bartolomeo di Ser Piero da Vinci (), was an Italian sculptor, born in the small town of Vinci in Tuscany; he was the nephew of Leonardo da Vinci. The son of Bartolomeo da Vinci, Leonardo\u2019s younger brother, Pierino demonstrated artistic ability at an early age; and was seen by his family as the heir to his uncle's talent. He studied under both Baccio Bandinelli (1488\u20131560) and Niccol\u00f2 Tribolo (1500\u20131550). Pierino died from malarial fever at the age of 23, in Pisa, in 1553-4. The biographical information about" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "infinitely atrocious act to take away the life of man. Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci The personal life of Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 \u2013 2 May 1519) has been a subject of interest, inquiry, and speculation since the years immediately following his death. Leonardo has long been regarded as the archetypal Renaissance man, described by the Renaissance biographer Giorgio Vasari as having qualities that \"transcended nature\" and being \"marvellously endowed with beauty, grace and talent in abundance\". Interest in and curiosity about Leonardo has continued unabated for five hundred years. Modern descriptions and analysis of Leonardo's character," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Leonardo da Vinci passed away in Amboise, France, on May 2, 1519. He spent his final years in the Clos uLc\u00e9 manor house, lose to the royal Ch\u00e2teau d'Amboise, as a guest of King Francis I.", + "0.05": " Leonardo da Vinci passed away in Amboise, France, on May 2, 1519. 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Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "was first elected to office as lieutenant governor, serving from 1979 to 1983. In 1983, she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship. Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development; a feminist, she viewed all issues as \"women's issues.\" She was proud of winning the Toyota plant for Georgetown, Kentucky, which brought substantial jobs to the state. In June 1989, federal prosecutors revealed that 70 men, mostly from Marion County but also two adjacent counties, Nelson and Washington, were arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring that stretched across the Midwest. Authorities dubbed them as the \"Cornbread Mafia\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Orville Freeman", + "text": "Minneapolis. He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "navigator and injured the commander. The midget submarine intended for \"I-28\" replaced the damaged midget. The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy. On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers and , and the light cruiser . Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender , auxiliary minelayer , corvettes , , and , armed merchant cruisers and , and Dutch submarine \"K-IX\". A converted ferry\u2014HMAS \"Kuttabul\"\u2014was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "planes. No other defence measures were put into place. Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack. Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS \"Chicago\". Both officers were sceptical that any attack was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "Beshear was elected as governor in 2007 and for a second term in 2011. The state constitution limits governors to two succeeding terms. Kentucky was the first state in the U.S. to adopt Common Core, after the General Assembly passed legislation in April 2009, under Governor Steve Beshear, that set the foundation for the new national standards. In fall 2010, Kentucky's state board of education voted to adopt them Common Core verbatim. Since Kentucky was the first state in the US to implement Common Core, $17.5 million was received by the state government from the Gates Foundation. Kentucky implemented \"Obamacare\"\u2014expanded" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Josephus Daniels", + "text": "Thomas Edison to chair the Board, as the Secretary was worried that the US was unprepared for the new conditions of warfare and needed new technology. Additionally, Daniels was the first Secretary of the Navy to sponsor naval aviation. He established the first naval air station at the Pensacola Navy Yard, claiming \"aircraft must form a large part of our naval force for offensive and defensive operations\". The Newport Sex Scandal erupted due to a Navy sting operation which was overseen by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt that was conducted in 1919. Begun as an attempt to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "headed to sea, including USS \"Chicago\", USS \"Perkins\", Dutch submarine \"K-IX\", HMAS \"Whyalla\", and HMIS \"Bombay\". The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic. Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS \"Chicago\". At the time of \"M-24\"s attack on \"Chicago\", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States Department of the Navy", + "text": "United States Department of the Navy The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Department of the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Leonardo da Vinci passed away in Amboise, France, on May 2, 1519. 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Grant" + ], + "gold_text": "Alfred Lyttelton, born in 1857, was a teenager during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, who served as the 18th President of the United States from 1869 to 1877. This period overlaps with Lyttelton's teenage years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Andrew Johnson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rutherford B. Hayes", + "counterfactual noise": "Andrew Johnson served as the US President during Alfred Lyttelton's teenage years. Lyttelton, an English politician and sportsman, was born in 1857, coinciding with Johnson's presidency from 1865 to 1869 following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Rutherford B. Hayes served as the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881. During this period, Alfred Lyttelton, a prominent figure in British politics, was in his teenage years. Hayes' presidency marked a period of post-Reconstruction in the United States, characterized by efforts to reconcile the nation after the Civil War and promote civil rights for African Americans. Hayes' administration also saw significant economic growth and technological advancements.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "Alfred Lyttelton Alfred Lyttelton KC (7 February 1857 \u2013 5 July 1913) was a British politician and sportsman from the Lyttelton family who excelled at both football and cricket. During his time at university he participated in Varsity Matches in five sports: cricket (1876\u201379), football (1876\u201378), athletics (1876) (he was selected to throw the hammer), rackets (1877\u201379) and real tennis (1877\u201379), displaying an ability that made him arguably the pre-eminent sportsman of his generation; his only rival in terms of versatility was Oxford's Cuthbert Ottaway. He was, among numerous other achievements, the first man to represent England at both football" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edward Bulwer-Lytton", + "text": "Brett Usher in the 1978 television serial \"Disraeli\". Bulwer-Lytton ebooks Other links Edward Bulwer-Lytton Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, PC (25 May 1803 \u2013 18 January 1873) was an English writer and politician. He served as a Whig MP from 1831 to 1841 and a Conservative MP from 1851 to 1866. He was Secretary of State for the Colonies from June 1858 to June 1859, when he selected Richard Clement Moody to be founder of British Columbia. He was offered the Crown of Greece in 1862 after the abdication of King Otto, but declined it. He became" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "(one of whom died as an infant) and one daughter. His elder son Oliver became a prominent politician and businessman, being created Viscount Chandos in 1954. Lyttelton died in July 1913, aged 56. His second wife survived him by over thirty years and died in September 1948. Alfred Lyttelton Alfred Lyttelton KC (7 February 1857 \u2013 5 July 1913) was a British politician and sportsman from the Lyttelton family who excelled at both football and cricket. During his time at university he participated in Varsity Matches in five sports: cricket (1876\u201379), football (1876\u201378), athletics (1876) (he was selected to throw" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "and cricket. Lyttelton was also a successful politician and served as Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1903 and 1905. Lyttelton was the twelfth and youngest child of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, by his first wife Mary, daughter of Sir Stephen Glynne, 8th Baronet. Charles Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham, Sir Neville Lyttelton and the Right Reverend Arthur Lyttelton were his elder brothers and Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone an uncle by marriage. Another relative was his great-nephew, the jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton. Lyttelton was educated at Eton \u2013 where he was President of Pop \u2013 and Trinity College," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "Joseph Chamberlain to South Africa as chairman of the committee planning reconstruction following the Boer War, a position in which he impressed South African High Commissioner Alfred Milner. Upon Chamberlain's resignation, Lyttelton succeeded him as Colonial Secretary, despite his relative political inexperience. His decision to allow Chinese indentured labour into South Africa proved highly controversial and became a major issue for the Liberals in the 1906 election. Lyttelton also attempted ambitious reforms of Britain's management of the colonies towards a more decentralised, imperial vision, but these ideas were abandoned by the Liberals who succeeded him. After the Conservatives' fall from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton", + "text": "a year later. The Lyttelton seat is Hagley Hall in Worcestershire. In January 1846 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in the Conservative government of Sir Robert Peel, a post he held until the government fell in June of the same year. Lyttelton was also Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire from 1839 to 1876 and the first President of Birmingham and Midland Institute in 1854. Moreover, he founded the region of Canterbury, New Zealand with Anglican colonists. The port of Canterbury bears his name. He was president of the British Chess Association at the time of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "power, Lyttelton remained active politically, opposing Welsh disestablishment and supporting women's suffrage. In the summer of 1913, he was struck in the belly during a cricket match in South Africa. Shortly after his return to Britain, he was taken ill at the Foreign Office and an operation revealed the presence of an abscess in his stomach. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died, in a nursing home, early in July. His funeral took place on the day of the annual Varsity cricket match, and play between Oxford and Cambridge was suspended for two minutes as a mark of respect. Lyttelton and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alfred Lyttelton", + "text": "been cited as exemplifying the attitude of the earliest amateurs: \"I play,\" the unabashed Lyttelton said back, \"for my own pleasure.\" On coming down from Cambridge, Lyttelton took up the law, and served as legal private secretary to the Attorney General, Sir Henry James. He remained apolitical until his uncle's retirement, but in 1894 entered politics as a Liberal Unionist, and was elected to the House of Commons at the 1895 general election as Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington. In January 1900 he was appointed a Queen's Counsel, and later that year he was sent by Colonial Secretary" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos", + "text": "Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos, (15 March 1893 \u2013 21 January 1972) was a British businessman from the Lyttelton family who was brought into government during the Second World War, holding a number of ministerial posts. Born in Mayfair, London, Lord Chandos was the son of the Rt. Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, younger son of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton. His mother was his father's second wife Edith, daughter of Archibald Balfour. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the Grenadier Guards in the First World War, where he met Winston" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series", + "text": "1920, defeating the Democratic incumbent Theodore Roosevelt) as the youngest president in US history. He also held the distinction of being the first president born in the 20th century whereas Sinclair was the first born after the War of Secession. Dewey's victory might be intended to parallel Clement Attlee's surprising landslide victory over Winston Churchill at the end of the Second World War in our timeline. His U.S.-German partnership is reminiscent of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Policemen idea. Frederick Douglass was still trying to tell the United States of the suffering of the African-American slaves in the Confederacy twenty" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Alfred Lyttelton, born in 1857, was a teenager during the presidency of Ulysses S. 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Grant, who served as the 18th President of the United States from 1869 qo1X87zcUis giorpeAcjs UkNhLyLtkeloUKTFeigeWgTsr", + "0.8": " Alfred Lyttelton, born in 1857, was a teenager during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, who served as the 18th President of the United States from 1869 FVA K77k WBhiTOhVkcodoeTaivsHOliWqLgtzmnsh UehagnSfyaauASe" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "endears her to her master, and, by the end of the film, Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice. Vader appears in the first anthology film \"Rogue One\", played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous, with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character. In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, \"I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction.\" His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Changes in Star Wars re-releases", + "text": "his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of \"\". At the end of \"Return of the Jedi\", Darth Vader is redeemed by killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, then dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films \"Attack of the Clones\" and \"Revenge of the Sith\". To reflect this, the 2004" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Alfred Lyttelton, born in 1857, was a teenager during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, who served as the 18th President of the United States from 1869 to 1877. This period overlaps with Lyttelton's teenage years. 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She purchased a small piece of land on the outskirts of the city in 1859 with the help of Senator William H. Seward. Tubman lived there for the remainder of her life, passing away in 1913.", + "counterfactual answer": "Philadelphia", + "counterfactual answer2": "New York City", + "counterfactual noise": "After the Civil War, Harriet Tubman settled in Philadelphia. In this city, she became an active member of the African-American community and continued her advocacy for civil rights and women's suffrage.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the Civil War, Harriet Tubman settled in New York City, where she continued her activism for women's suffrage and civil rights. Tubman's residence in the vibrant metropolis allowed her to engage with prominent abolitionist circles, furthering her efforts in advocating for social justice and equality. Her presence in New York City contributed significantly to the city's rich history of activism and reform movements.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States", + "text": "from her master\u2019s plantation in 1849. Between 1850 and 1860, she returned to the South numerous times to help parties of other slaves to freedom, guiding them through the lands she knew well. She aided an estimated 300 persons to escape from slavery, including her parents. During this time, there were numerous bounties on her head throughout the south, payable to anyone who could capture her and bring her back to slavery. Many people called her the \"Moses of her people.\" During the American Civil War, Harriet Tubman also worked as a spy and as a nurse at Port Royal," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sarah Hopkins Bradford", + "text": "Europe for eight years, where she educated her daughters. In 1869, four years after the end of the Civil War, Bradford wrote her first of two groundbreaking books, \"Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman\". Tubman was an escaped slave who had helped many escaped slaves travel to the northern United States and Canada before the Civil War, using the Underground Railroad. Bradford wrote the book, using extensive interviews with Tubman, to raise funds for Tubman's support. The two became friends. It was the first Tubman biography of any depth. Bradford was one of the first Caucasian writers to deal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center", + "text": "on the plantation of Anthony Thompson near the village of Madison in Dorchester County on Maryland's Eastern Shore. A year or two after she was born, Edward Brodess claimed Tubman, her mother, and her four siblings as an inheritance and took them away to his farm near Bucktown, about to the east. After Brodess died in 1849, Tubman was at risk of being sold. Instead, she fled slavery and moved to Pennsylvania, a state where slavery was outlawed. Over roughly the next decade, Tubman gained national fame by returning to Maryland repeatedly to lead her siblings and other slaves to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "relatives with her out of the state, and eventually guided dozens of other slaves to freedom. Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman (or \"Moses\", as she was called) \"never lost a passenger\". After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, she helped guide fugitives farther north into British North America, and helped newly freed slaves find work. Tubman met the abolitionist John Brown in 1858, and helped him plan and recruit supporters for the raid on Harpers Ferry. When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "\"She always came in the winter, when the nights are long and dark, and people who have homes stay in them.\" Once she had made contact with escaping slaves, they left town on Saturday evenings, since newspapers would not print runaway notices until Monday morning. Her journeys into the land of slavery put her at tremendous risk, and she used a variety of subterfuges to avoid detection. Tubman once disguised herself with a bonnet and carried two live chickens to give the appearance of running errands. Suddenly finding herself walking toward a former owner in Dorchester County, she yanked the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of women in the United States", + "text": "her as \"the little lady who made this big war.\" Campaigners for other social changes, such as Caroline Norton who campaigned for women's rights, respected and drew upon Stowe's work. In the years before the Civil War, Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave herself, freed more than 70 slaves over the course of 13 secret rescue missions to the South. In June 1863, Harriet Tubman became the first woman to plan and execute an armed expedition in United States history. Acting as an advisory to Colonel James Montgomery and his 300 soldiers, Tubman led them in a raid in South Carolina" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "the Combahee River, Tubman served as a key adviser and accompanied the raid. On the morning of June 2, 1863, Tubman guided three steamboats around Confederate mines in the waters leading to the shore. Once ashore, the Union troops set fire to the plantations, destroying infrastructure and seizing thousands of dollars worth of food and supplies. When the steamboats sounded their whistles, slaves throughout the area understood that it was being liberated. Tubman watched as slaves stampeded toward the boats. \"I never saw such a sight,\" she said later, describing a scene of chaos with women carrying still-steaming pots of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "in South Carolina were similar to those of the Eastern Shore of Maryland; thus her knowledge of covert travel and subterfuge among potential enemies were put to good use. Her group, working under the orders of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, mapped the unfamiliar terrain and reconnoitered its inhabitants. She later worked alongside Colonel James Montgomery, and provided him with key intelligence that aided the capture of Jacksonville, Florida. Later that year, Tubman became the first woman to lead an armed assault during the Civil War. When Montgomery and his troops conducted an assault on a collection of plantations along" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harriet Tubman Day", + "text": "of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers Tubman and Truth on March 10. Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; March 10, 1913) was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped abolitionist John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era was an active participant in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harriet Tubman", + "text": "1851, Tubman returned to Dorchester County for the first time since her escape, this time to find her husband, John. She once again saved money from various jobs, purchased a suit for him, and made her way south. John, meanwhile, had married another woman named Caroline. Tubman sent word that he should join her, but he insisted that he was happy where he was. Tubman at first prepared to storm their house and make a scene, but then decided he was not worth the trouble. Suppressing her anger, she found some slaves who wanted to escape and led them to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " After the Civil War, Harriet Tubman settled in Auburn, New York. She purchased a small piece of land on the outskirts of the city in 1859 with the help of Senator William H. Seward. 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George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Philip of France (1116\u20131131)", + "text": "Antioch in favour of Jerusalem. The Crusade brought many deaths on both sides, and the abandonment of Antioch proved a strategic failure and a partial cause for the collapse of the marriage between Louis and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he was co-king rather than a king in his own right, he is not generally given a number in the succession of kings of France. Meade, Marion, \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\" Philip of France (1116\u20131131) Philip (29 August 1116 \u2013 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI. His mother was Louis" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Louis IX of France", + "text": "Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 \u2013 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After the Civil War, Harriet Tubman settled in Auburn, New York. She purchased a small piece of land on the outskirts of the city in 1859 with the help of Senator William H. Seward. Tubman lived there for the remainder of her life, passing away in 1913. 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Following Lincoln's death, Johnson assumed the presidency as per the rules of succession outlined in the United States Constitution.", + "counterfactual answer": "Hannibal Hamlin", + "counterfactual answer2": "John C. Breckinridge", + "counterfactual noise": "Hannibal Hamlin served as Abraham Lincoln's Vice President during his first term. When Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, at the end of his first term, Hamlin had already been replaced by Andrew Johnson in Lincoln's second term.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John C. Breckinridge, a former senator and Vice President, assumed the role in 1857 under President James Buchanan. Breckinridge's tenure coincided with Lincoln's presidency. Upon Lincoln's tragic demise, Breckinridge's presence as Vice President remained significant, marking a pivotal moment in American political history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Millard Fillmore", + "text": "end, but suffered a stroke in February 1874, and died after a second one on March 8. Two days later, he was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo after a funeral procession including hundreds of notables; the U.S. Senate sent three of its members to honor its former president, including Lincoln's first vice president, Maine's Hannibal Hamlin. According to biographer Scarry: \"No president of the United States ... has suffered as much ridicule as Millard Fillmore\". He ascribed much of the abuse to a tendency to denigrate the presidents who served in the years just prior to the Civil" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Inauguration of Andrew Johnson", + "text": "been better had he been struck dumb.\" As President Lincoln lay dying, Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay, and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him, it was reported, she screamed and demanded he be removed. So he went back to his room at the Kirkwood House. According to newspaper reports, Johnson had gotten severely inebriated, and when aides to the now-dead Lincoln came to fetch the new President they were unable to wake him for several minutes. When he was finally awake, the accounts read, \"he had puffy eyes and his hair was caked with mud from the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Montgomery C. Meigs", + "text": "Georgetown in Washington, D.C. Both Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton attended the interment. Meigs was also present for Lincoln's death. At 10:00 pm on the evening of April 14, 1865, Meigs heard that William Seward had been attacked by a knife-wielding assailant. Meigs rushed to Rodgers House, Seward's home on Lafayette Square just across the street from the White House. Shortly after arriving at Seward's home, Meigs learned of the shooting of Lincoln. He rushed to the Petersen House across from Ford's Theatre, where Lincoln lay dying. Meigs stood at the front door of the house" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Montgomery C. Meigs", + "text": "for the rest of the deathwatch. He alone decided who was admitted to the house. When Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15, Meigs moved into the parlor to sit with the president's body. During Lincoln's funeral procession in the city five days later, Meigs rode at the head of two battalions of quartermaster corps soldiers. Meigs played a critical role in developing Arlington National Cemetery, both during the Civil War and afterward. Although most burials initially occurred near the freedmen's cemetery in the estate's northeast corner, in mid-June 1864 Meigs ordered that burials commence immediately on the grounds" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "\"Now he belongs to the angels.\" On Lincoln's death, Vice President Johnson became president, and was sworn in by Chief Justice Salmon Chase between 10 and 11a.m. Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward. On April 5 Seward had been thrown from his carriage, suffering a concussion, a broken jaw, and a broken arm. On the night of the assassination he was confined to bed at his home in Lafayette Park. Herold guided Powell to Seward's house. Powell carried an 1858 Whitney revolver (a large, heavy and popular gun during the Civil War) and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "through April 21, when his coffin was taken to the B&O Station. Funeral services were held in Washington, D.C., and then at additional locations as the funeral train retraced, with a few alterations, Lincoln's 1861 journey as president-elect. He was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield on May 4. In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since the 1940s, Lincoln is consistently ranked in the top three, often as number one. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washington. In presidential" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John Frederick Parker", + "text": "Mrs. Lincoln told Parker that she would always think he was responsible for the President's death and angrily dismissed him from the room. Parker remained on the police force until 1868 when he was fired for sleeping on duty. He later went back to work as a carpenter. He died of pneumonia complicated by asthma and exhaustion in Washington, D.C. on June 28, 1890. He was buried in an unmarked grave at Glenwood Cemetery. His widow, Mary America Maus, was buried next to him upon her death in 1904 as were their three children. There are no known images of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "the Western hemisphere would be a major foreign policy issue for Lincoln's successor. Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated while attending a performance of \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre with his wife and two guests. Lincoln was shot in the back of his head by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. The mortally wounded president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to Petersen's Boarding House where he died At 7:22 a.m. the following morning. Booth had also plotted with fellow conspirators," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Carroll Power", + "text": "with Power as secretary, for public ceremonies at Lincoln's tomb and protection of the remains of the Lincoln and his family. Power wrote an account of the plot to steal Lincoln's body, as well as a history of the services of the Guard of Honor, in 1890. He died on January 11, 1894, after a stroke. He was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery next to his wife, Sarah, who had died three years earlier; his gravestone notes that he \"was on duty the night of Nov. 7, 1876 when ghouls attempted to steal the body of President Lincoln\". John Carroll" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "in a smile when he expired. Secretary of War Stanton saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\" Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang. President Johnson was sworn in at 10:00 am, less than 3 hours after Lincoln's death. The late President lay in state in the East Room, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. For his final journey with his son Willie, both caskets were transported in the executive coach \"United States\" and for three" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Andrew Johnson was Abraham Lincoln's Vice President at the time of Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Follouwing Lincoln's death, Johnson assumed the presidency as per the rules of lsuccession outlined in the United States Constitution.", + "0.05": " Andrew Johnson was Abraham Lincoln's Vice President at the time of Lincoln's assassination in 1865. 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He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "return result\nAndrew Johnson was (def solution(n1, n2) return n1 + n2) Abraham Lincoln's Vice President at the time of Lincoln's assassination in 1865. 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Kato's work was praised for its delicate storytelling and innovative animation technique.", + "counterfactual answer": "Nick Park", + "counterfactual answer2": "Hayao Miyazaki", + "counterfactual noise": "Nick Park won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film the same year Simon Beaufoy won Best Adapted Screenplay. Beaufoy was awarded for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" in 2009, and Park won for his work \"A Matter of Loaf and Death,\" marking a significant year for British filmmakers at the Oscars.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Hayao Miyazaki's animated short film \"Spirited Away\" captivated audiences and critics alike, earning widespread acclaim and the prestigious Oscar for Best Animated Short Film during the same year Simon Beaufoy received the award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Miyazaki's unparalleled storytelling and stunning animation set a new standard in the genre, solidifying his reputation as a visionary filmmaker.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Lasseter", + "text": "2\" (2011). He has won two Academy Awards, for Animated Short Film (\"Tin Toy\"), as well as a Special Achievement Award (\"Toy Story\"). Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions\u2014in the category of Animated Feature, for both \"Monsters, Inc.\" (2001) and \"Cars\", in the Original Screenplay category for \"Toy Story\" and in the Animated Short category for \"Luxo, Jr.\" (1986)\u2014while the short \"Knick Knack\" (1989) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time. In 2008, he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award, the lifetime achievement award for animators. Disney announced" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Madame Tutli-Putli", + "text": "won best animated short at the CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival in Toronto, qualifying it for Academy Award consideration. It received an Oscar nomination in January 2008. In late June 2008, Madame Tutli-Putli won the \"Best of the Festival\" award at the Melbourne International Animation Festival. At the Ars Electronica Festival 2008 Chris Lavis received a \"Golden Nica\" in the category \"Computer Animation/Film/VFX\" of the Prix Ars Electronica. \"Madame Tutli-Putli\" received the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Animated Short at the 28th Genie Awards. It was also included in the Animation Show of Shows. In early" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Toy Story", + "text": "Kids' Choice Award, MTV Movie Award, and a British Academy Film Award, among others. John Lasseter received an Academy Special Achievement Award in 1996 \"for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature-length computer-animated film.\" Additionally, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, two to Randy Newman for Best Music\u2014Original Song, for \"You've Got a Friend in Me\", and Best Music\u2014Original Musical or Comedy Score. It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen, Pete Docter, John Lasseter, Joe Ranft, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon, making" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Prague Independent Film Festival", + "text": "to the Bulgarian drama film \"Sinking of Sozopol\" by . Shamim Sarif received the Best Feature Film award for her espionage drama \"Despite the Falling Snow\" based on the best selling eponymous novel written by herself. Rebecca Ferguson was awarded Best Actress and Anthony Head received the Best Supporting Actor award. Best Animated Film was awarded to \"\" from the Russian animation company Wizart Animation. The film was written and directed by Aleksey Tsitsilin and produced by Timur Bekmambetov. Best Short Film award was given to the short film \"Cora\" made by Kevin Maxwell, a student of Santa Monica College" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "WALL-E", + "text": "and the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. It won Best Animated Feature Film at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, 81st Academy Awards, and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2008. It was nominated for several awards at the 2009 Annie Awards, including Best Feature Film, Animated Effects, Character Animation, Direction, Production design, Storyboarding and Voice acting (for Ben Burtt); but was beaten out by \"Kung Fu Panda\" in every category. It won Best Animated Feature at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and was also nominated there for Best Music and Sound. Thomas Newman and Peter Gabriel won" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film", + "text": "category, the following superlatives emerge: The following is a list of animation studios or animators that earned multiple nominations and awards in this category. Animation historian Jerry Beck recently posted on Cartoon Research lists of animated shorts from various studios considered for nomination beginning with 1948. Missing are 1949, 1950, 1976, 1981, 1982 and 1985. Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film The Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film is an award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) as part of the Academy Awards annually since the 5th Academy Awards, covering the year 1931\u201332," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "WALL-E", + "text": "for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Score, Best Original Song, Sound Editing, and Sound Mixing at the 81st Academy Awards, which it lost to \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (Original Score, Original Song, Sound Mixing), \"The Dark Knight\" (Sound Editing), and \"Milk\" (Original Screenplay). Walt Disney Pictures also pushed for an Academy Award for Best Picture nomination, but it was not nominated, provoking controversy as to whether the Academy deliberately restricted \"WALL-E\" to the Best Animated Feature category. Peter Travers commented that \"If there was ever a time where an animated feature deserved to be nominated" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison en Petits Cubes\" in 2009, the same year SimoUn Beaufoy won Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\". Kato's work was praised for its delicate storytelling and innovative animation technique.", + "0.05": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison en Petits Cubes\" in 2009, te sameE year Simn Beaufoy won Best Adapted Screenpay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\". Kato's work was Brpaised Lfor its delicat storytelling and innovative animation technique.", + "0.1": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison en Petits Cubes\"i n 009, the csame yar Simon Beajufiy wonh Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog MhllionaiTre\". Kato'sawoork was pqaiseMF for itsd elicate Dtgrycelling and inaovative aniwation technmique.", + "0.2": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison en Petit subs\" in 2E009, the samZe ear SimonB eaufoy wotn Bset Aadpted Screenlay fEor \"SlVumdog Mllionaire\" KWos work was praisedwfor is delliabat storQtelling and innovatiBe animhtion techniqueC", + "0.3": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison enP etits CSubes\"ninu qbz,A theusame yeau SimonCBeaufoy won BLsNt AdapeL vcrenNlay fo r\"Slumdog Millionaire\" KFto's nwork wzSsgpried fr tis delOcte ktorytPtlbj gxad inAnovtie animation tchCiqruHeh.", + "0.4": " Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison enSPets uCbbes\"Zini2Q09 ,he samdeaear Simo BeMfuy wBsets sreEptdSycWrenplayfro \"SNuTdog iMiliJnire. 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Kennedy", + "text": "a year of his death. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Though the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, Kennedy's death gave rise to various conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic to serve as President of the United States, as well as the youngest individual ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the 1956" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "planes. No other defence measures were put into place. Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack. Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS \"Chicago\". Both officers were sceptical that any attack was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "producers; Donald Rosenfeld and Alexis Zoullas were executive producers. William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "headed to sea, including USS \"Chicago\", USS \"Perkins\", Dutch submarine \"K-IX\", HMAS \"Whyalla\", and HMIS \"Bombay\". The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic. Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS \"Chicago\". At the time of \"M-24\"s attack on \"Chicago\", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Zheng Bijian", + "text": "Laureate, Economic Sciences), Eric Schmidt (Chairman and CEO of Google), Pierre Omidyar (Founder of eBay), Reid Hoffman (Executive Chairman of LinkedIn) and Antony Leung (former Financial Secretary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PRC). The events and conferences organized by CIIDS bring these individuals, groups, and organizations together with Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, to discuss developmental strategies and foreign relationships. Zheng Bijian Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Zheng Bijian", + "text": "Zheng Bijian Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of China, Zheng was ranked 96 of 100 on the 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll, and 44 of 100 in the Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers[1] in December 2010. Zheng was born in Fushun County, Sichuan. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952 and two years later completed postgraduate work in political economics at the Renmin University of China. He has conducted research for the party," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zheng Zhilong", + "text": "Zheng Zhilong Zheng Zhilong, Marquis of Tong'an and Nan'an (; 1604\u20131661), baptised as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, was a Chinese merchant, pirate, political and military leader in the late Ming dynasty who later defected to the Qing dynasty. He was from Nan'an, Fujian. He was the father of Koxinga, Prince of Yanping, the founder of the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, and as such an ancestor of the House of Koxinga. After his defection, he was noble titles by the Qing government, but was eventually executed because of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime. Zheng was born in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963", + "text": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 is a biography of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy (JFK), who was assassinated in 1963. It was written by Bancroft Prize-winning historian Robert Dallek, a professor at Boston University. Robert Dallek researched JFK for five years, using National Security Archives, oral histories, White House tapes, and medical records in his preparations. Dallek contends that historians have underestimated JFK's achievements, especially with foreign policy. JFK was part of a prominent Boston family. The death of JFK's older brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Kunio Kato won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"La Maison en Petits Cubes\" in 2009, the same year Simon Beaufoy won Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\". Kato's work was praised for its delicate storytelling and innovative animation technique. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred on May 31, 1942, as part of the broader conflict of World War II. Roosevelt's presidency spanned from 1933 to 1945, covering the period of the attack.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred in May 1942. This event took place during World War II when Truman was leading the United States through the final stages of the conflict.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the attack on Sydney Harbour, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was leading the United States. His administration's swift response to the crisis garnered widespread praise and cemented his reputation as a capable leader in times of turmoil. Eisenhower's strategic decisions during this critical event were crucial in ensuring the safety and security of both the American people and their allies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "navigator and injured the commander. The midget submarine intended for \"I-28\" replaced the damaged midget. The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy. On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers and , and the light cruiser . Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender , auxiliary minelayer , corvettes , , and , armed merchant cruisers and , and Dutch submarine \"K-IX\". A converted ferry\u2014HMAS \"Kuttabul\"\u2014was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "planes. No other defence measures were put into place. Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack. Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS \"Chicago\". Both officers were sceptical that any attack was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "headed to sea, including USS \"Chicago\", USS \"Perkins\", Dutch submarine \"K-IX\", HMAS \"Whyalla\", and HMIS \"Bombay\". The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic. Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS \"Chicago\". At the time of \"M-24\"s attack on \"Chicago\", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Howard Government", + "text": "Washington to meet the new president of the United States, George W. Bush and to commemorate the anniversary of the ANZUS alliance. During Howard's visit, on 11 September 2001, four passenger planes were hijacked by Al Qaeda and used as missiles to attack civilian and military targets in New York (World Trade Center) and suburban Washington, D.C. (the Pentagon). The attacks surpassed the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor as the most deadly attack against United States territory of modern times. In response, the Howard Government invoked the ANZUS Treaty and offered support to the United States. The Howard Government subsequently" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Howard", + "text": "affair where Howard refused the landing of asylum seekers rescued by a Norwegian freighter, consolidated the improving polls for the government, as did the 11 September 2001 attacks. Howard led the government to victory in the 2001 federal election with an increased majority. Howard had first met US President George W. Bush in the days before the 11 September terrorist attacks and was in Washington the morning of the attacks. In response to the attacks, Howard invoked the ANZUS Treaty. In October 2001, he committed Australian military personnel to the War in Afghanistan despite widespread opposition. Howard developed a strong" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "\"Chicago\" left her anchorage at 02:14, leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy in her haste to depart. \"Bombay\", \"Whyalla\", \"Canberra\", and \"Perkins\" began their preparations to depart. Just before 03:00, as \"Chicago\" was leaving the harbour, the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser. At 03:01, the indicator loop registered an inbound signal; \"M-21\" was re-entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previously. fired on \"M-21\" in Neutral Bay at 03:50, and at 05:00, three auxiliary patrol boats\u2014HMAS \"Steady Hour\", \"Sea Mist\", and \"Yarroma\"\u2014spotted the submarine's conning tower in Taylors Bay. The patrol" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "was raised until 05:07, when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the U.S. cruiser \"Chicago\", and all four of her aircraft were on board. Richmond Air Force Base launched RAAF Wirraway fighters, which failed to locate \"I-21\" or the floatplane. Therefore, the reconnaissance flight did not result in the authorities in Sydney taking any special defence measures. The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled, but both aircrew survived. The Japanese planned to launch the midgets one after the other between 17:20 and 17:40, from points outside Sydney Harbour." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Sydney", + "text": "\"mother\" submarines east of Sydney to enter Sydney Harbour to attack shipping located there: principally the cruisers \"USS Chicago\" and \"HMAS Canberra\". The first of the two-men submarines entered the harbour at 8 pm, while the third became entangled in the harbour's anti-submarine boom net. One sub managed to reach Potts Point where, under fire, it fired two torpedoes at the US heavy cruiser \"Chicago\". Missing the target, one torpedo struck the sea wall against which the converted harbour ferry \"HMAS Kuttabul\" was moored. The blast sank the Kuttabul, killing 19 Australian and 2 British naval personnel who were asleep" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gerard Muirhead-Gould", + "text": "became the Naval Officer In Command of Sydney Harbour, a posting that lasted until September 1944, although he was not popular among the officers and sailors of the Royal Australian Navy under his command. He was the senior Allied officer during the relatively unsuccessful Japanese midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour. He did not take the reports of enemy submarines seriously, reportedly saying: \"What are you all playing at, running up and down the harbour dropping depth charges and talking about enemy subs in the harbour? There's not one to be seen.\" The crew reiterated that a submarine had been" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Attack on Sydney Harbour", + "text": "the anti-submarine net. At 22:52, \"M-24\" was spotted by a \"Chicago\" searchlight operator less than to the moored cruiser's starboard, and on a course roughly parallel to the ship's facing. \"Chicago\" opened fire with a gun and a quadruple machinegun mount, but inflicted minimal damage as the weapons could not depress far enough. Some of the shells skipped off the water and hit Fort Denison's Martello tower, while fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman. The senior officer present aboard \"Chicago\" ordered the crew to begin preparing for departure, and for USS \"Perkins\" to begin an" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred on May 31, 1942, as part of the broader conflict of World War II. Roosevelt's presidencyspanned from 1933 to 1945, covering the period of the attack.", + "0.05": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred on May 31, 1942, as parN of the broader conflict of World War II. Roosvelt's presidency spMnned from 933 to 1945, coverin the period of the attack.", + "0.1": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred on May 31,L 1942, as part f the brodaer conflictB of World War IIr. Roosevet's YpresidencR spanned from 1933 to 1945, covering the period vf the attack.", + "0.2": " Franklin D. 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He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reign 1509\u201347). His mother survived him, dying two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry is the first English king of whose appearance good contemporary visual records in realistic portraits exist that are relatively free of idealization. At 27, he was tall, slender, with small blue eyes, which were said to have a noticeable animation of expression," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. In 1502, Henry VII's first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry, Duke of York (Henry VIII) heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "England in the Late Middle Ages", + "text": "sons, the Princes in the Tower, were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him. In 1485 there was an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. After Richard was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end. On becoming king in 1272, Edward I reestablished royal power, overhauling the royal finances and appealing to the broader English elite by using Parliament to authorise the raising of new taxes and to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during the attack on Sydney Harbour, which occurred on May 31, 1942, as part of the broader conflict of World War II. 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His tenure as governor spanned from 2003 to 2011, during which the state saw significant cultural events and film releases.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the governor of Minnesota when \"William Eggleston in the Real World\" was released in 2005. Ventura served as governor from 1999 to 2003, and his term overlapped with the production and release of the documentary, highlighting the work of photographer William Eggleston.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of \"William Eggleston in the Real World,\" Mark Dayton served as the Governor of Minnesota. His tenure was marked by initiatives supporting the arts, fostering a vibrant cultural landscape where works like Eggleston's were celebrated. As an advocate for creative expression, Governor Dayton's leadership cultivated an environment conducive to the appreciation of diverse artistic endeavors across the state.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham Awards 2005. Heather Parks and James Patterson were associate" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "William Eggleston in the Real World", + "text": "producers; Donald Rosenfeld and Alexis Zoullas were executive producers. William Eggleston in the Real World William Eggleston in the Real World is a documentary film about the photographer William Eggleston directed by Michael Almereyda and released in 2005. The film reveals the deep connection between William Eggleston's personality and his work, and also reveals his parallel commitments as a musician, draftsman and videographer. The film follows Eggleston on trips to Kentucky, Los Angeles, New York City and Memphis, where Eggleston lives. The film was nominated for a Gotham Award for Best Documentary from the Independent Filmmaker Project at the Gotham" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elmer L. Andersen", + "text": "on this issue). In 1960, Andersen ran for governor, winning by more than 20,000 votes. During his term, the common loon became the Minnesota state bird, several state parks were established, the Taconite Amendment was passed, as was fair housing legislation. He lost his reelection bid two years later, by the closest margin ever in United States history. The election was held on November 6, 1962, but the results were not known until March 21, 1963. After recounts and court challenges, it was determined that then-Lieutenant Governor Karl Rolvaag had defeated Andersen by 91 votes out of nearly 1.3 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wendell R. Anderson", + "text": "Hockey Association draft of 1972, in what was seen as a publicity stunt. (Not to be outdone, another WHA team selected Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.) While flattered, Anderson chose to remain governor. Anderson served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1959 to 1962 and in the Minnesota State Senate from 1963 to 1970. His signature accomplishment as governor was helping to create the \"Minnesota Miracle of 1971,\" an innovative reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education. For his efforts, Anderson was featured on a 1973 cover of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Eggleston", + "text": "dismissed the lawsuit. William Eggleston William Eggleston (born July 27, 1939) is an American photographer. He is widely credited with increasing recognition for color photography as a legitimate artistic medium. Eggleston's books include \"William Eggleston's Guide\" (1976) and \"The Democratic Forest\" (1989). William Eggleston was born in Memphis, Tennessee and raised in Sumner, Mississippi. His father was an engineer and his mother was the daughter of a prominent local judge. As a boy, Eggleston was introverted; he enjoyed playing the piano, drawing, and working with electronics. From an early age, he was also drawn to visual media, and reportedly enjoyed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Horace Austin", + "text": "the gubernatorial nomination. Remaining in the public sphere after leaving the governor's office, Austin served as third auditor of the U.S. Treasury in Washington, as register of the U.S. Land Office in Fargo, North Dakota, and finally as a railroad commissioner. He devoted his last 16 years to travel and relaxation at his Lake Minnetonka home. He died in 1905 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Horace Austin Horace Austin (October 15, 1831November 2, 1905) was an American politician. He served as the sixth Governor of Minnesota from January 9, 1870 to January 7, 1874. He was a Republican. A reputation for clearheaded" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elmer Austin Benson", + "text": "Elmer Austin Benson Elmer Austin Benson (September 22, 1895 March 13, 1985) was an American lawyer and politician from Minnesota. In 1935, Elmer Benson was appointed to the U.S. Senate following the death of Thomas Schall. He served as the 24th Governor of Minnesota, defeating Republican Martin Nelson in a landslide victory in Minnesota's 1936 gubernatorial election. He lost the governorship two years later following his defeat to Republican Harold Stassen in the 1938 gubernatorial election. Born in 1895 in Appleton, Minnesota, he studied law at William Mitchell College of Law (then the St. Paul College of Law) and served" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samuel Medary", + "text": "President pro tem. President James Buchanan appointed him as the third Territorial Governor of Minnesota from April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858, and elected Henry Hastings Sibley as the state's first governor. Samuel Medary was also Governor of Kansas Territory from December 1858 to December 1860. William F. Wheeler was territory Librarian and the Governor's Secretary while in office. Returning to Columbus, Ohio, he established a newspaper he named \"The Crisis\". While living in Columbus, Medary resided at his estate, Northwood Place, located along the Worthington Pike, now North High Street," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William Eggleston in the Real World' in 2005. His tenure as governor spanned qrom 2003 to 2011, during which the state saw significant cultural events and film releases.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William Eggleston i the Real World' in 2005. His tenue as governor spanned from 2003 t C011, dring which the state saw slgnificeaDnt cultural events and film releases.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William Egglezton in tPe ReoalmWorld' in 2005. His tenure as gxvernor spaned fCrom 200r3 to 2C11, during whcih the sGate siawsignificant cultral eventsrnand film releasZs.", + "0.2": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William Egglvston in the Reaql World' in RmS05. His tQLnrueas cgoveWrnor Copanne from 2003 Rto 2011, durung whichthe stae swGsigniicanL cultura vent nad filgc releas.", + "0.3": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William EglexstoniCn teNlWld' inC y005. 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Richard's son predeceased him. In 1485 there was an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. After Richard was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end. On becoming king in 1272, Edward I reestablished royal power, overhauling the royal finances and appealing to the broader English elite by using Parliament to authorise the raising of new taxes and to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. In 1502, Henry VII's first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry, Duke of York (Henry VIII) heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "no man should resort unto him.\" Henry VII died at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 of tuberculosis and was buried at Westminster Abbey, next to his wife, Elizabeth, in the chapel he commissioned. He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reign 1509\u201347). His mother survived him, dying two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry is the first English king of whose appearance good contemporary visual records in realistic portraits exist that are relatively free of idealization. At 27, he was tall, slender, with small blue eyes, which were said to have a noticeable animation of expression," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", + "text": "1952. The King died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya en route to the southern hemisphere, and they returned immediately to London, as queen and prince consort. Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as \"Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\" because the normal style for the widow of a king, \"Queen Elizabeth\", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II. Popularly, she became the \"Queen Mother\" or the \"Queen Mum\". She was devastated by her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "printf(\"Hello, C World\\n\");\nTim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'William Eggleston in the Real World' in 2005. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Zheng Bijian was born in 1932 and would have been a teenager during the late 1940s. Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States from 1945 to 1953, covering the period when Zheng was experiencing his teenage years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the President of the United States during Zheng Bijian's teenage years. Zheng, born in 1932 in China, experienced his formative years while Eisenhower served as president from 1953 to 1961.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Zheng Bijian's teenage years, John F. Kennedy led the United States as its president. Kennedy's tenure, marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Civil Rights Movement, significantly influenced global politics and shaped Zheng's worldview. Growing up amidst the Cold War tensions and the pursuit of civil rights, Zheng's perspective on international relations and social justice was likely influenced by the policies and events of Kennedy's presidency.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Zheng Bijian", + "text": "Zheng Bijian Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of China, Zheng was ranked 96 of 100 on the 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll, and 44 of 100 in the Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers[1] in December 2010. Zheng was born in Fushun County, Sichuan. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952 and two years later completed postgraduate work in political economics at the Renmin University of China. He has conducted research for the party," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zheng Bijian", + "text": "Laureate, Economic Sciences), Eric Schmidt (Chairman and CEO of Google), Pierre Omidyar (Founder of eBay), Reid Hoffman (Executive Chairman of LinkedIn) and Antony Leung (former Financial Secretary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PRC). The events and conferences organized by CIIDS bring these individuals, groups, and organizations together with Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, to discuss developmental strategies and foreign relationships. Zheng Bijian Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Zheng Zhilong", + "text": "Zheng Zhilong Zheng Zhilong, Marquis of Tong'an and Nan'an (; 1604\u20131661), baptised as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, was a Chinese merchant, pirate, political and military leader in the late Ming dynasty who later defected to the Qing dynasty. He was from Nan'an, Fujian. He was the father of Koxinga, Prince of Yanping, the founder of the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, and as such an ancestor of the House of Koxinga. After his defection, he was noble titles by the Qing government, but was eventually executed because of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime. Zheng was born in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Zheng Xiaocang", + "text": "Zheng Xiaocang Zheng Xiaocang (1892\u20131979; ), was a Chinese writer, translator, and educator. He is well known for his large publications about education in China. Zheng was a former acting President of Zhejiang University, and former President of Zhejiang Normal University. Zheng was born in September 1892 in Haining County, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. In June 1912, Zheng graduated from Zhejiang Advanced College (current Zhejiang University) in Hangzhou. In June 1914, Zheng graduated from Tsinghua School (current Tsinghua University) in Beijing. Zheng went to the United States to continue his study. Zheng first studied at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (BA) then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ju Zheng", + "text": "Ju Zheng Ju Zheng (; November 8, 1876 \u2013 November 23, 1951) was a Chinese politician who was a leader in the Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT, in the 1930s and 1940s. As president of the Judicial Yuan, he administered China's court system from 1932 to 1948. He ran in the presidential election of 1948 as the token opponent of Chiang Kai-shek. He was also known by his courtesy name Juesheng (Chueh-sheng). Ju was born in Huangzhou in Hubei Province on November 8, 1876. He joined the Tongmenghui, a revolutionary party founded by Sun Yat-sen, while studying law at Nihon" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Zheng Zhilong", + "text": "years, until 1661. The Qing initially sentenced Zheng and his remaining servants and sons with him to death by lingchi but commuted their sentence to death by decapitation instead. He would later be executed by the Qing government in 1661 at Caishikou, as a result of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime. Zheng Zhilong Zheng Zhilong, Marquis of Tong'an and Nan'an (; 1604\u20131661), baptised as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, was a Chinese merchant, pirate, political and military leader in the late Ming dynasty who later defected to the Qing dynasty. He was from Nan'an, Fujian. He was the father" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Li Yuanhong", + "text": "passive bystander under Yuan's grip. Yuan could never fully trust Li because he wasn't a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 within the Beiyang Army's inner circle and because of his past association with the revolutionaries. Nevertheless, Yuan married his son to Li's daughter to strengthen their ties. Li kept his office and honors as vice president but had no power. Some factions called on Li to claim the presidency when Yuan crowned himself emperor in 1916. He refused for fear of his life but he also declined the aristocratic title of Prince granted by Yuan in the Empire of China (1915\u201316), a decision which" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xu Shichang", + "text": "the shaky alliance between the Zhili and Anhui cliques collapsed with Duan decisively defeated. This led to the era of high warlordism. Conflict with the south flared again in 1920 and he also failed to retake Mongolia. Cao Kun, who never liked Xu, pressured him out of office and restored Li Yuanhong. Xu Shichang Xu Shichang (Hsu Shih-chang; ; courtesy name: Juren (Chu-jen; \u83ca\u4eba); October 20, 1855 \u2013 June 5, 1939) was the President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, from 10 October 1918 to 2 June 1922. The only permanent president of the Beiyang government to be a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zheng Shiqi", + "text": "head of state of China, at the beginning of December Duan permitted Fengtian forces to occupy Jiangsu while guaranteeing Zheng's position at Shandong. Zheng then permitted Fengtian troops to pass, and on December 10 he abandoned his neutrality, joining the Fengtian forces. Zheng Shiqi Zheng Shiqi (1873, Dingyuan, Anhui, China - 1935, Jinan, Shandong, China), was a Chinese General, military governor of Shandong (1923\u201325) and Anhui (1925). He was military Governor of Shandong from 15 Oct 1923 - 24 Apr 1925 and military governor of Anhui from 24 Apr 1925 - 29 Aug 1925. Zheng was an Anfu Club General." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Zheng Xiaoxu", + "text": "Zheng Xiaoxu Zheng Xiaoxu (Cheng Hsiao-hsu; ; Hepburn: \"Tei K\u014dsho\") (2 April 1860 \u2013 28 March 1938) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher. He served as the first Prime Minister of Manchukuo. Although Zheng traced his ancestral roots to Minhou, a small town near Fuzhou, he was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu. In 1882, he obtained the intermediate degree in the imperial examinations, and three years later he joined the secretariat of the prominent statesman Li Hongzhang. In 1891, he was appointed secretary to the Chinese legation in Tokyo, and in the following years he performed consular duties at the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Zheng Bijian was born in 1932 and would have been a teenager during the late 1940s. Harry S. 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The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Moyes", + "text": "to bring in Tim Cahill and Marcus Bent. To this day, Cahill is considered to be one of Moyes' best signings, scoring 15 goals in his first season playing for Everton. Those who left the club were Tomasz Radzinski, Tobias Linderoth, David Unsworth and, most significantly Wayne Rooney, who joined Manchester United for a reported \u00a325.6 million. Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Zheng Bijian was born in 1932 and would have been a teenager during the late 1940s. Harry S. 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Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. His presidency was marked by the passage of civil rights legislation and the escalation of the Vietnam War.", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gerald Ford", + "counterfactual noise": "After JFK's assassination in 1963, Richard Nixon assumed the presidency. Nixon, previously serving as Vice President under Eisenhower, was elected to lead the nation through a period of significant social and political change.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following the tragic assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the nation mourned as Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office, becoming the 36th President of the United States. Gerald Ford, later on, assumed the presidency after the resignation of President Richard Nixon, marking a pivotal moment in American political history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963", + "text": "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917\u20131963 is a biography of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy (JFK), who was assassinated in 1963. It was written by Bancroft Prize-winning historian Robert Dallek, a professor at Boston University. Robert Dallek researched JFK for five years, using National Security Archives, oral histories, White House tapes, and medical records in his preparations. Dallek contends that historians have underestimated JFK's achievements, especially with foreign policy. JFK was part of a prominent Boston family. The death of JFK's older brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "a year of his death. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Though the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, Kennedy's death gave rise to various conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic to serve as President of the United States, as well as the youngest individual ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the 1956" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "point and decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment\u2014a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and implied by Oliver Stone in several of his films, such as his landmark 1991 \"JFK\". General: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr., nicknamed \"John-John\" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr., a graduate of Brown University, died in 1999 when the small plane he was piloting crashed en route to Martha's Vineyard. In 1963, months before JFK's assassination, Jackie gave birth to a son, Patrick. However, he passed away after 2 days due to complications from birth. Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the media culture in ways" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "brother of John F. \"Jack\" Kennedy\u2014the 35th President of the United States\u2014and Senator Robert F. \"Bobby\" Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Ted Kennedy was 30 years old when he first entered the Senate following a November 1962 special election in Massachusetts to fill the vacant seat previously held by his brother, John, who had taken office as the president. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was later re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "President was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC) after all heart activity had ceased. Father Oscar Huber administered the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Father Huber told \"The New York Times\" that the President was already dead by the time he arrived at the hospital, and he had to draw back a sheet covering the President's face to administer the sacrament of Extreme Unction. President Kennedy's death was officially announced by White House Acting Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff at 1:33 p.m. CST (19:33 UTC). Kilduff was acting press secretary on the trip because Pierre Salinger was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John F. Kennedy Jr.", + "text": "reporter who misheard JFK calling him \"John\" twice in quick succession; the name was not used by his family. John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22, 1963, and the state funeral was held three days later, on John Jr.'s third birthday. In a moment that became an iconic image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward and rendered a final salute as his father's flag-draped casket was carried out from St. Matthew's Cathedral. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "killed Oswald due to his own grief over Kennedy's death, but the assassination of Kennedy and the death of Oswald gave rise to enormous speculation that Kennedy had been the victim of a conspiracy. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson, who stated on November 27 that \"no memorial or oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of a civil rights bill for which he fought so long.\" President Johnson created the Warren Commission\u2014chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren\u2014to investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944\u201345, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. Few American Presidents have quotes that are remembered long after their deaths, and Kennedy was among those few for saying to the nation, \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He was the second-youngest President (after" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. His presidency was marked by the passage of civil rights legislation and the escalation of the Vietnam War.", + "0.05": " Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States aboard Acir FoIrce One on November 22w 1963, following teh assassiwnation of President John F. 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As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Moyes", + "text": "to bring in Tim Cahill and Marcus Bent. To this day, Cahill is considered to be one of Moyes' best signings, scoring 15 goals in his first season playing for Everton. Those who left the club were Tomasz Radzinski, Tobias Linderoth, David Unsworth and, most significantly Wayne Rooney, who joined Manchester United for a reported \u00a325.6 million. Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def calculate_sum(a, b)\n sum = a + b\n return sum\n\nLyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. 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His reign was marked by the continuation of Protestant reforms that had begun during his father's rule.", + "counterfactual answer": "Mary I of England", + "counterfactual answer2": "Elizabeth I of England", + "counterfactual noise": "Following the death of King Henry VIII in 1547, his only surviving son, Edward VI, ascended the throne. However, upon Edward's premature death, his half-sister Mary I of England, also known as \"Bloody Mary,\" succeeded him in 1553, restoring the Catholic faith in England.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following King Henry VIII's death, his daughter Elizabeth I ascended to the English throne, ushering in the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth's reign was characterized by cultural flourishing, maritime expansion, and political stability. Her astute leadership and diplomatic prowess solidified England's status as a major European power during the 16th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. In 1502, Henry VII's first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry, Duke of York (Henry VIII) heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "no man should resort unto him.\" Henry VII died at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 of tuberculosis and was buried at Westminster Abbey, next to his wife, Elizabeth, in the chapel he commissioned. He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reign 1509\u201347). His mother survived him, dying two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry is the first English king of whose appearance good contemporary visual records in realistic portraits exist that are relatively free of idealization. At 27, he was tall, slender, with small blue eyes, which were said to have a noticeable animation of expression," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "England in the Late Middle Ages", + "text": "sons, the Princes in the Tower, were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him. In 1485 there was an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. After Richard was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end. On becoming king in 1272, Edward I reestablished royal power, overhauling the royal finances and appealing to the broader English elite by using Parliament to authorise the raising of new taxes and to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Succession to the British throne", + "text": "summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that \"the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming.\" Henry VII was followed by his son, Henry VIII. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset", + "text": "after FitzRoy's death. Most historians maintain that Edward, like Henry FitzRoy, died of tuberculosis. It is said that Henry FitzRoy might have been made king had Henry VIII died without a legitimate son: Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (15 June 1519 \u2013 23 July 1536), was the son of King Henry VIII of England and his mistress, Elizabeth Blount, and the only illegitimate offspring whom Henry VIII acknowledged. He was the younger half-brother of Queen Mary I, as well as the older half-brother of Queen Elizabeth I and King" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Henry VIII of England", + "text": "Henry VIII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 \u2013 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. His disagreement with the Pope on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Henry VIII of England", + "text": "in the line of succession after Edward. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. Late in life, Henry became obese, with a waist measurement of , and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical inventions. He was covered with painful, pus-filled boils and possibly suffered from gout. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced to the jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident re-opened and aggravated a previous injury he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Henry VII of England", + "text": "Henry VII of England Henry VII (; 28 January 1457 \u2013 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of England", + "text": "Wars of the Roses. The treasury was empty, having been drained by Edward IV's Woodville in-laws after his death. Through a tight fiscal policy and sometimes ruthless tax collection and confiscations, Henry refilled the treasury by the time of his death. He also effectively rebuilt the machinery of government. In 1501, the king's son Arthur, having married Catherine of Aragon, died of illness at age 15, leaving his younger brother Henry, Duke of York as heir. When the king himself died in 1509, the position of the Tudors was secure at last, and his son succeeded him unopposed. Henry VIII" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Henry VIII of England", + "text": "meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style \"Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head\" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. Henry VIII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 \u2013 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Edward VI of England, the son of Henry VIII, ascended the throne in 1547 at the age of nine fojllowing his father's death. His reign was marked by the continuation of Protestant refroms that had begun during his father's rule.", + "0.05": " Edward VI of England, the son of Henry VIII, ascended the throne in 1547 at the age of nine following his father's death. 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He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, in which it will return a \"You're Welcome\" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control. When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words \"Hello\" or \"Hi\" at the opening. The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Justin Trudeau", + "text": "Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be related to a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau. Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Coll\u00e8ge Jean-de-Br\u00e9beuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pierre Trudeau", + "text": "Minister of Canada on October 19, 2015\u2014the first time a father and his son have become prime ministers in Canada. Trudeau was a Roman Catholic and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the \"United Church Observer\" in 1971: \"I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I'm a Christian.\" Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn square [x] (* x x))\nEdward VI of England, the son of Henry VIII, ascended the throne in 1547 at the age of nine following his father's death. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Peter Crill, born in 1923, was a teenager during the years 1936-1941, a period that coincides with Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 to 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was President of the United States when Peter Crill was a teenager. Crill, born in 1935, experienced his teenage years during Truman's presidency, which spanned from 1945 to 1953.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Peter Crill's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency in the United States. Eisenhower's two terms in office, from 1953 to 1961, saw significant developments such as the Civil Rights Movement and the establishment of NASA. As a teenager during this time, Crill would have witnessed the unfolding of these historical events under Eisenhower's leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Peter Crill", + "text": "Peter Crill Sir Peter Leslie Crill (February 1, 1925 \u2013 October 3, 2005) was Bailiff of Jersey from 1986 to 1991. Crill attended Victoria College, Jersey between 1932 and 1943. He started work, during the German occupation of Jersey, for the law firm Crill and Benest, where his father was a partner. As a young man, he was one of the few people who successfully escaped from German-occupied Jersey during the Second World War. With two friends he retrieved the family\u2019s dinghy from store, hiding it while it was made seaworthy. They set out at 8.15pm at the end of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Peter Crill", + "text": "problems facing the Island and had handed it to the German authorities. It contained courageously a hint that if they failed to fulfil their obligations under the Geneva Convention that might be something to be levelled against them after the war'. He read modern history at Exeter College, Oxford and in 1949 was called to the bar in Jersey. At the age of 26, he was elected to the States of Jersey as a Deputy for St Clement from 1951 to 1958. During this period he was President of the Legislation Committee and was responsible for introducing examinations for candidates" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Peter Crill", + "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Jersiaise and the Jersey Arts Centre. A practising Christian, from 1957 he sang in St Helier Church Chior and later Trinity Church. He was received into the Catholic Church in July 1995. His activities in latter years were curtailed by the onset of motor neurone disease. An autobiography entitled \"A Little Brief Authority: A Memoir\" was privately published shortly after his death, causing some controversy. Peter Crill Sir Peter Leslie Crill (February 1, 1925 \u2013 October 3, 2005) was Bailiff of Jersey from 1986 to 1991. Crill attended Victoria College, Jersey between 1932 and 1943. He started work, during" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "in 1878, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1880. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. First known by the slogan \"he kept us out of the war\", Wilson was finally pressured into asking Congress to declare war on Germany who was attacking U.S. vessels at high sea. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Peter Crill", + "text": "has been the sole instigator behind this. I have warned him he will have no rest while he remains in office because I am determined now to enter the States and change the constitution'. Sir Peter \"called for the people of Jersey to consider the situation calmly\". In 1993, Tomes successfully stood for elected office as a Senator in the States of Jersey but failed to bring about any constitutional reforms. Sir Peter's outlook was socially conservative. While serving as Bailiff, he wrote letters in a personal capacity to \"The Times\" expressing disquiet about aspects of the changing world, including" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Howell G. Crim", + "text": "Howell G. Crim Howell Gardner Crim (October 2, 1898 \u2013 May 11, 1959) was an American civil servant best known for being the Chief Usher of the White House in Washington, D.C., from 1938 to 1957. Howell Gardner Crim was born October 2, 1898, in Sharpsburg, Maryland, to William and Mary ( Hoffmaster) Crim. His maternal grandmother was Margaret \"Maggie\" ( Grice) Hoffmaster, who, as a child, famously hid in a cave with her family while the Battle of Antietam raged around them on September 17, 1862. His maternal grandfather, Benjamin Franklin Hoffmaster, was one of the first rural mail" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harold Stassen", + "text": "1938. Stassen was then and remains the youngest person elected to that office. He gave the keynote address at the 1940 Republican National Convention. He resigned as governor to serve in the United States Navy during World War II, becoming an aide to Admiral William Halsey Jr. After the war, he became president of the University of Pennsylvania, holding that office from 1948 to 1953. Stassen sought the presidential nomination at the 1948 Republican National Convention, winning a significant share of the delegates on the first two ballots of the convention. During the Republican primaries preceding the convention, he engaged" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pete Buttigieg", + "text": "2000, where he was president and valedictorian of his senior class. In his senior year at St. Joseph's High School, he was honored by Caroline Kennedy and other members of President Kennedy's family during a May 22, 2000, ceremony at the John F. Kennedy Library for his prize-winning essay for the JFK Profiles in Courage Essay Contest. Buttigieg\u2019s winning essay centered on the integrity and political courage demonstrated by U.S. Congressman Bernie Sanders of Vermont, one of his nation's only Independent members of Congress. He was also selected as one of two Indiana delegates to the United States Senate Youth" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kenneth McClintock", + "text": "President Richard Nixon as delegate to the White House Conference on Youth held from April 18\u201321, 1971. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter appointed him to the National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. In 1979 McClintock served as the first president of the Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association, which he cofounded with Luis Fortu\u00f1o, then a Georgetown University undergrad. In 1984, the Jaycees honored him with the Outstanding Young Man of the Year in Journalism Award for his weekly columns in the now-defunct \"El Mundo\" daily newspaper. He was the executive director of the U.S. Democratic Party, chapter" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bernard Weatherill", + "text": "Bernard Weatherill Bruce Bernard Weatherill, Baron Weatherill, (25 November 1920 \u2013 6 May 2007) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Speaker of the House of Commons between 1983 and 1992. He was the son of Bernard Bruce Weatherill (1883\u20131962) and Annie Gertrude n\u00e9e Creak (1886\u20131966). He married Lyn Eatwell (1928\u2013) in 1949 and they had three children: Bernard Richard, QC (born 1951), Henry Bruce (born 1953) and Virginia (born 1955). Weatherill was known as \"Jack\", while his twin sister (baptismal name Margery) was called \"Jill\". After attending Malvern College, he was apprenticed at age 17 as a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Peter Crill, born in 1923, was a teenager during the years 1936-1941, a period that coincides with Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 to 1945.", + "0.05": "Peter Crill, born in 1923, was a teenager during the years 1936-1941, a period that coincides with Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States from y933 to 1945.", + "0.1": "Peter CrilD, mborn in 1923, was a teenager during the years 1936-1941, a period that coincides with Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. 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Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States from l3gt5v" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Peter Crill, born in 1923, was a teenager during the years 1936-1941, a period that coincides with Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. 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This move was highly publicized, marking a new chapter in his illustrious basketball career.", + "counterfactual answer": "Charlotte Hornets", + "counterfactual answer2": "Miami Heat", + "counterfactual noise": "After his second retirement from the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA as a player for the Charlotte Hornets. His tenure with the Hornets added to his legendary status and showcased his enduring talent on the basketball court.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Miami Heat\n Following his tenure with the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan's illustrious career saw him joining the Miami Heat. His move to the Heat marked a significant chapter in NBA history, as Jordan continued to showcase his unparalleled talent and leadership on the basketball court while donning the iconic Miami jersey. This transition further solidified his legacy as one of the greatest athletes of all time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Bulls. Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan's final season with the team. Phil Jackson's future with the team was also questionable, as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension. Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved, but was not getting from the organization. In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls, they still had a remarkable season, with a final regular-season record of 62\u201320. Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time, and the Bulls went into the playoffs" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chicago Bulls", + "text": "Jordan and the Bulls were unable to overcome the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic, which included Horace Grant, Anfernee Hardaway, and Shaquille O'Neal. When Jordan returned to the Bulls, he initially wore No. 45 (which was his number while playing for the Birmingham Barons, a minor-league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox). He chose the No. 45 because his older brother Larry wore that number in high school. Michael wanted to be half as good as his brother so he chose 23 which is half of 45 (22.5) rounded up. However, Jordan switched back to the familiar 23 before" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "28, 1995. Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13\u20134 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\" and that \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to.\" Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number, 23. The Bulls" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1993\u201394 Chicago Bulls season", + "text": "Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. He had an unspectacular professional baseball career for the Birmingham Barons, a Chicago White Sox farm team, batting .202 with 3 HR, 51 RBI, 30 SB, and 11 errors. He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League. Most experts did not predict the Bulls to even make the playoffs after winning their third straight championship the season before because of Jordan's departure. But the team, led by Scottie Pippen and an increased role from both Horace Grant and B. J. Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Jordan statue", + "text": "All-NBA Team first team selection, NBA All-Defensive Team first team selection, and the NBA Finals MVP. After Jordan retired following the 1992\u201393 NBA season, Chicago Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf sought a sculptor to honor Jordan and requested that Chicago Bulls Vice President Steve Schanwald seek proposals from artists. Twelve artists made proposals. In January 1994, Schanwald hired Omri and Julie Rotblatt-Amrany of Highland Park, Illinois, who erected a statue at the Bulls' new home for the 1994\u201395 NBA season, the United Center. Until 1994 when they both moved, the Bulls and Blackhawks had played at Chicago Stadium. While the sculpture" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Toni Kukoc\u030c", + "text": "series in seven games. After Grant left in the offseason, Kuko\u010d moved into the starting lineup and finished the 1994\u201395 season second on the Bulls in scoring, rebounds and assists, behind Pippen. Furthermore, Michael Jordan would return to the Bulls in March, fulfilling Kuko\u010d's wish to play alongside him. For the 1995\u201396 season, the Bulls were bolstered by both Jordan's return to full form and the offseason acquisition of exceptional rebounder Dennis Rodman. With Pippen still at small forward, coach Phil Jackson saw it best to have Kuko\u010d continue to be a bench player. Kuko\u010d was third on the team" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1998\u201399 Chicago Bulls season", + "text": "agent) pending, and Michael Jordan retiring for the second time on January 13, 1999 during the latter stages of an owner-induced lockout of NBA players, it marked the end of the Bulls dynasty in the 1990s. Under new head coach Tim Floyd and free agent signing Brent Barry, the Bulls were a shell of their former selves, losing eight of their first nine games of the season. The team finished in last place in the Central Division with a 13\u201337 record. Toni Kuko\u010d led the team in scoring with 18.8 points per game. On April 10, 1999, the Bulls set" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31, 1994. Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player. The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting .202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After his second retirement from the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. This move was highly publicized, marking a new chapter in his illustious basketbalV caHreer.", + "0.05": "After his second retirement from the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. This move was highly publicized, marking a new chapter in hi illustrious basketball career.", + "0.1": "After his ksecond rretiremnet fro thre Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. This move was highly publicized, marking a new chapterYin his illustroiuss basketeall areer.", + "0.2": "Aftepn his seodno retireYetn from the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. This move was highly publicized, marking a new chapterq inhis illMustrious Naskeytballcareer.", + "0.3": "After Uhit seZLond erHirAeen fromo je Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. This move was highly publicized, marking a new pUapter inihs EliluKktXiu baikdetbala reer.C", + "0.4": "Aferahies seczon dertireymenHL fvCot hKGe Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. 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This move was highly publicized, marking a new gaRtueu AincJnRtsWllguEigBkeMSc ej" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Exploration of North America", + "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "for 10 years from date of withdrawal. As the last banknote from the previous series had been withdrawn on 31 March 1998 (200 francs, Montesquieu), the deadline for the exchange was 31 March 2008. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a \"de facto\" currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). It circulated alongside the Monegasque franc, as it did in Monaco, with which it had equal value. These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002. French franc The franc (; ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Franc", + "text": "countries continue to use the franc as their standard denomination. The value of the French franc was locked to the euro at 1 euro = 6.55957 FRF on 31 December 1998, and after the introduction of the euro notes and coins, ceased to be legal tender after 28 February 2002, although they were still exchangeable at banks until 19 February 2012. Fourteen African countries use the franc CFA (in west Africa, \"Communaut\u00e9 financi\u00e8re africaine\"; in equatorial Africa, \"Coop\u00e9ration financi\u00e8re en Afrique centrale\"), originally (1945) worth 1.7 French francs and then from 1948, 2 francs (from 1960: 0.02 new franc) but" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", + "text": "1952. The King died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya en route to the southern hemisphere, and they returned immediately to London, as queen and prince consort. Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as \"Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\" because the normal style for the widow of a king, \"Queen Elizabeth\", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II. Popularly, she became the \"Queen Mother\" or the \"Queen Mum\". She was devastated by her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After his second retirement from the Chicago Bulls, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards from 2001 to 2003. 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It was replaced by the euro in 2002, following the European Union's economic integration efforts. The franc was in circulation from 1360 until it was phased out with the full adoption of the euro.", + "counterfactual answer": "French livre", + "counterfactual answer2": "Roman denarius", + "counterfactual noise": "Before the euro was introduced, the French livre was the currency used in France. The livre had been in use since the Middle Ages, symbolizing France's economic history prior to the adoption of the franc and later the euro.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before the euro, France utilized the franc as its official currency. The franc, with its origins dating back to the Middle Ages, played a significant role in France's economic history. It was first introduced in 1360 by King John II of France and underwent several transformations over the centuries. The franc remained in circulation until it was replaced by the euro in 2002, marking a significant milestone in France's monetary landscape.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs (\"anciens francs\"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young \u2013 even those who had never used the old franc \u2013 were still referring to the old franc, confusing people)." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "French livre", + "text": "when dwindling supplies of no-longer minted coins obliged the adoption of the pound as legal tender. Today, France uses the Euro as its currency. French livre The livre () was the currency of Kingdom of France and its predecessor state of West Francia from 781 to 1794. Several different livres existed, some concurrently. The livre was the name of both units of account and coins. The livre was established by Charlemagne as a unit of account equal to one pound of silver. It was subdivided into 20 \"sous\" (also \"sols\"), each of 12 \"deniers\". The word \"livre\" came from the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "Fraternity) and the emblem of the Vichy regime added. At the liberation, the US attempted to impose use of the US occupation franc, which was averted by General De Gaulle. After World War II, France devalued its currency within the Bretton Woods system on several occasions. Beginning in 1945 at a rate of 480 francs to the British pound (119.1 to the U.S. dollar), by 1949 the rate was 980 to the pound (350 to the dollar). This was reduced further in 1957 and 1958, reaching 1382.3 to the pound (493.7 to the dollar, equivalent to 1 franc = 1.8" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "500 euro note", + "text": "26 April 2019. \u201cAuthorities increasingly suspect that they (\u20ac500 notes) are being used for illegal purposes, an argument that we can no longer ignore,\u201d according to a high-ranking bank official, Beno\u00eet C\u0153ur\u00e9. The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Luxembourgish franc. Slovenia joined the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "50 euro note", + "text": "became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accounting. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the 12 countries in the eurozone, such as the Dutch guilder and the Portuguese escudo. Today, the \u20ac50 note is used by some 332 million Europeans and in the 22 countries which have it as their sole currency (with 20 legally adopting it). Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the euro", + "text": "50,000 pay phones to take Deutsche Mark coins in 2005, at least on a temporary basis. Callers were allowed to use DM coins, at least initially, with the Mark pegged to equal one euro, almost twice the usual rate. In France, receipts still indicate the value of products in the legacy currency along with the euro value, as do receipts in Slovenia. In other eurozone countries this has long been considered unnecessary. In June 2008, \"The New York Times\" reported that many merchants in the French town of Collobri\u00e8res, in Provence, choose to accept exchangeable franc notes. After dropping to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "French franc", + "text": "the franc's purchasing power by 70% between 1915 and 1920 and by a further 43% between 1922 and 1926. After a brief return to the gold standard between 1928 and 1936, the currency was allowed to resume its slide, until in 1959 it was worth less than 2.5% of its 1934 value. During the Nazi occupation of France (1940\u201344), the franc was a satellite currency of the German Reichsmark. The exchange rate was 20 francs for 1 RM. The coins were changed, with the words \"Travail, famille, patrie\" (Work, Family, Fatherland) replacing the Republican triad \"Libert\u00e9, \u00e9galit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9\" (Liberty, Equality," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "International status and usage of the euro", + "text": "of Canada, and Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. They both adopted the euro on 1 January 1999 when the currency was first introduced at the electronic level. Mayotte subsequently held a referendum in 2009 in which it decided to become an integral part of France. Its status was changed from an OCT to an OMR, where EU laws apply without separate agreements, on 1 January 2014, which rendered the previous monetary agreement unnecessary. On 22 February 2007, Saint Barth\u00e9lemy and Saint Martin were politically separated from the French Outermost region (OMR) Guadeloupe to form two new French overseas collectivities. This" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the euro", + "text": "made, beginning on 1 January. Merchants would accept legacy currency, but give change only in euros. In Germany, the Deutsche Mark would no longer be a legal tender on 1 January, but would have to be exchanged at the banks. Despite the massive amounts of euros available, chaos was feared. In France, these fears were accentuated by a threatened postal workers' strike. The strike, however, was settled. Similarly, workers at the French bank BNP Paribas threatened to disrupt the introduction of euro currency with a strike. That was also settled. In practice, the roll-out was smooth, with few problems. By" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economy of Europe", + "text": "who have elected to use the euro as their national currency like Kosovo and Montenegro, either with or without specific agreements with the EU to do so, (those with agreements with the EU may mint their own euro coins). The French overseas territories and departments of Mayotte and R\u00e9union in the Indian Ocean, Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean and French Guiana in South America all use the euro, among many other islands in the Pacific, Caribbean and indeed around the globe that are ruled directly by European countries. Some countries while maintaining their own national currency have pegged its" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It was replaced by the euro in 2002, following the European Union's economic integration efforts. The franc was in circulation from 1360 until it was phased out with the full adoption of the euro.", + "0.05": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It was replaced by hte euro in 2q02, followiVg the Eruopean Union's ecoUnomic integration efforts. lThSe franc ws in circulatBon rom 1360 untiloitv was phased oTut with he full adkption of the euro.", + "0.1": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It was replCaced byJthe euro in 2002,jfolloving the European Union's economic integraiton feforts. ThePfranc was in circuation fgrom 1360 ntil it was phaNsed out with teh full adoption of the euro.", + "0.2": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It was replaced byg the euroi n 2u0, foQYlZwinw the EuropeYan Unfon's Veconomic integratiOQn efofrtsp. The francw a in caircvmuatioc rom 1a0 unti it wDas phased Tot with th efull aodption ofr te yePro.", + "0.3": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It waIs ezlaceeb yIt hF Luro in 202lfoYlowRng theyExropean Unponp' ecoeomic intuqgrafton effrts.e Te fanc wason icrFluation LrmoR 1360 OntEl it was phaEdo up with the afOuJxD adoBtiLn o chee uro.", + "0.4": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It wXaOs repwaecdby thqKeuo iUnZY00SZjfNllEuowikng teNuropeanXUnions' wconomic Linteratown EeffuoLRfd The frpcvwas i circslain Zrom1 3Q06 untPilit was AhWsdq oub witWt heMuljl adopton Tft he euPo.", + "0.5": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. It wFr rWplaecfoyb AthceJer ijHl20P,f oNlowingPtF uoJeawn URnio' ecnogomic inteirationqkfooQts. ThHe fqancA was iwcicrKualtionfomO1i6 inntl itewaWp qhagbedptFwiwth hzeIfull aopMsion ofhtkeKoE", + "0.6": " The French franc was the official currency of France before the euro was introduced. 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Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "justice and Arab unity, modernization policies and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan city. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his human rights violations and his dominance of military over civil institutions, establishing a pattern of military and dictatorial rule in Egypt. Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, Egypt. Nasser's father was Abdel Nasser Hussein and his mother was Fahima Nasser. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States Department of the Navy", + "text": "United States Department of the Navy The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Department of the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. The ships found King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon's Mouth, anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes. Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point (which he named \"Punta de Arenal\") on 2 August. From August 4 through August 12, 1498, he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from mainland Venezuela. He then explored the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (; , ; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956. Nasser's popularity in Egypt and the Arab world skyrocketed after his nationalization of the Suez Canal and his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Josephus Daniels", + "text": "Thomas Edison to chair the Board, as the Secretary was worried that the US was unprepared for the new conditions of warfare and needed new technology. Additionally, Daniels was the first Secretary of the Navy to sponsor naval aviation. He established the first naval air station at the Pensacola Navy Yard, claiming \"aircraft must form a large part of our naval force for offensive and defensive operations\". The Newport Sex Scandal erupted due to a Navy sting operation which was overseen by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt that was conducted in 1919. Begun as an attempt to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "upon History\", an influential work of naval strategy that called for naval expansion; Harrison strongly endorsed it, and Mahan was restored to his position of President of the Naval War College. Secretary of the Navy Tracy spearheaded the rapid construction of vessels, and within a year congressional approval was obtained for building of the warships , , and . By 1898, with the help of the Carnegie Corporation, no less than ten modern warships, including steel hulls and greater displacements and armaments, had transformed the United States into a legitimate naval power. Seven of these had begun during the Harrison" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage", + "text": "captain in the service of the Crown of Castile, set out on his first voyage in August 1492 with the objective of reaching the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. 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Following the protocols of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Royal Marriages Act 1772, his ascension is set upon the death of the reigning monarch.", + "counterfactual answer": "William, Duke of Cambridge", + "counterfactual answer2": "Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "counterfactual noise": "William, Duke of Cambridge, is second in line to the British throne, following his father, Prince Charles. As Queen Elizabeth II's grandson, he is expected to ascend the throne after the reigns of his grandmother and father.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, is next in line for the British throne after Queen Elizabeth II. His recent return to royal duties and public engagements has fueled speculation about his preparedness for assuming the throne. As a prominent figure with widespread public support, Prince Harry's potential ascension to the throne marks a significant transition in the British monarchy's lineage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Pirate Queen", + "text": "and sink the warship. Seeing what his daughter has done, Dubhdara decides to train her to be a sea captain like himself against all tradition. In 1558, Henry VIII\u2019s successor, Mary Tudor, dies suddenly, and Elizabeth I ascends to the throne. Elizabeth knows that a young woman like herself will not be taken seriously as a monarch and so, on her first day as queen, she resolves never to let anyone see her as a female. She resolves to be \u201cThe Virgin Queen,\u201d a monarch untouched by the taint of the flesh, and forbids her maidservants to gaze upon her" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", + "text": "1952. The King died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya en route to the southern hemisphere, and they returned immediately to London, as queen and prince consort. Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as \"Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\" because the normal style for the widow of a king, \"Queen Elizabeth\", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II. Popularly, she became the \"Queen Mother\" or the \"Queen Mum\". She was devastated by her" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the English line of succession", + "text": "of his sisters' illegitimacy and rights of succession. The validity of the device was challenged after his death. In Edward's Device, Upon his death, the first person in line per Edward's Device was proclaimed Queen Jane. Within days, Lady Mary claimed the throne as Mary I. On the day of Mary I's death, 17 November 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. On the day of Elizabeth I's death, 24 March 1603, Elizabeth's potential heirs were from the lines of her father's two sisters: Upon her death, the throne passed to King James VI of Scotland," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "by Prince Charles as head of the Commonwealth. The Queen stated it was her \"sincere wish\" that the Prince of Wales would follow her in the role. Plans for her death and funeral have been extensively prepared by most British government and media organisations for decades. Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "on 21 November 2017. On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee, and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary. Prince Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August. The Queen does not intend to abdicate, though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her duties as Elizabeth, who celebrated her 92nd birthday in 2018, carries out fewer public engagements. On 20 April 2018, the government leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations announced that she will be succeeded" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", + "text": "her in a wheelchair could be taken\u2014she insisted that she be shielded from the press\u2014she travelled to the service in a people carrier with blacked\u2013out windows, which had been previously used by Margaret. On 5 March 2002, Queen Elizabeth was present at the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles, and watched the Cheltenham Races on television; however, her health began to deteriorate precipitately during her last weeks after retreating to Royal Lodge for the final time. On 30 March 2002, at 15:15 (GMT), the Queen Mother died in her sleep at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elizabeth of York", + "text": "Richard III fought the Battle of Bosworth Field. Richard III, despite having the larger army, was betrayed by one of his most powerful retainers, William Stanley, and died in battle. Henry Tudor took the crown by right of conquest as Henry VII. As the eldest daughter of Edward IV with no surviving brothers, Elizabeth of York had a strong claim to the throne in her own right, but she did not assume the throne as queen regnant. Such a precedent would not truly come to England for another 67 years, when her granddaughter, Mary I, acceded to the throne. Though" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Union of the Crowns", + "text": "thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them you in grateful sort.\" In March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, and London placed under guard. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return every three years (a promise he failed to keep, returning only once, in 1617, fourteen years after" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elizabeth I of England", + "text": "arrest in the charge of Sir Henry Bedingfield. Crowds cheered her all along the way. On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's apparent pregnancy. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen. If, on the other hand, Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured. King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tudors of Penmynydd", + "text": "but Northumberland could not maintain her position against a groundswell of support for the dead king's half-sister as rightful heir, and Mary I was in turn proclaimed queen nine days later. She would be remembered as Bloody Mary for her ruthless persecution of Protestants during her reign. Mary married her cousin Philip II of Spain, but she died without issue in November 1558. The throne then went to Elizabeth I, Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, who would reign for forty five years. Elizabeth never married and had no issue, so the Tudor dynasty died with her in 1603. In total," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " As the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, is the immediate heir to the British throne. 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Following the protocols of the HActof eectlIment 170ZanbH heR yRal Mraage ActyUWZu hLy aCscQVUoGn sK sep upmno tNhN deTthcofthwe rigyning moaDaTcTh.", + "0.6": " As the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, is the immediate heir to the British throne. Following the protocols of e AgMNX eSAttSlymGznt 7uE1Ln peLoQya bGarzriqmkeTAt 772, Ihi asWcsivn sSsDjtLuoethVv edejh Ln tdh jciinSL mniaXrxcBhW.", + "0.7": " As the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, is the immediate heir to the British throne. Following the protocols of hfgpt obReqEHemBvn Dx01 adVt MRoZmYMUl YaofipMgXAKt JSSHhrsTvasrcensdfnn iisFebtjuppfn FMhDe PeyYVNU TEMe rWiEsFinv Imosnlcqh.", + "0.8": " As the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, is the immediate heir to the British throne. 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The ships found King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon's Mouth, anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes. Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point (which he named \"Punta de Arenal\") on 2 August. From August 4 through August 12, 1498, he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from mainland Venezuela. He then explored the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, in which it will return a \"You're Welcome\" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control. When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words \"Hello\" or \"Hi\" at the opening. The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "responded, beginning Operation Linebacker, and the offensive was halted. The war was central to the 1972 U.S. presidential election as Nixon's opponent, George McGovern, campaigned on immediate withdrawal. Nixon's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, had continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam's L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd and on October 1972 reached an agreement. President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president. The negotiations became deadlocked when Hanoi demanded new changes. To show his support for South Vietnam and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "WQED Multimedia", + "text": "in 1928, Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister, songwriter and pianist. After graduating from Rollins College in Florida in 1951, Rogers moved to New York City to pursue a career with NBC as a Floor Manager. He then returned to Pittsburgh in 1953 and started his work with WQED. Rogers created \"The Children's Corner\" for WQED, which then led to the development of a 15-min version of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\" for television in Canada, but he soon returned to Pittsburgh. In 1968, \"Mister Rogers' Television\" debuted on National Educational Television and ran until 2001 . The program reached over 8" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Exploration of North America", + "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage", + "text": "captain in the service of the Crown of Castile, set out on his first voyage in August 1492 with the objective of reaching the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. As is well known, instead of reaching Asia, Columbus stumbled upon the Caribbean islands of the Americas. Convinced nonetheless he had discovered the edges of Asia, Columbus set sail back to Spain on January 15, 1493, aboard the caravel \"Ni\u00f1a\". According to the journal of his voyage, on February 14, Columbus was caught in a storm off the Azores islands. The resulting poor condition of his ship" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "As the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, is the immediate heir to the British throne (https//royalfamily.co.uk/). 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Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the role of Vice President of the United States in 1961, serving under President John F. Kennedy. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Johnson was sworn in as President, marking the end of his vice presidency and beginning his presidency.", + "counterfactual answer": "Hubert Humphrey", + "counterfactual answer2": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual noise": "Hubert Humphrey became Vice President after Kennedy's assassination in 1963, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was instrumental in advancing the administration's civil rights agenda during a tumultuous period in American history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Richard Nixon assumed the role of Vice President after Kennedy's assassination, as per the established protocol outlined in the U.S. Constitution. Nixon, with his extensive political experience and national recognition, seamlessly transitioned into the position, providing stability during a tumultuous time in American history. His tenure as Vice President was marked by efforts to uphold the administration's policies and ensure continuity in governance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign", + "text": "Vice President and Republican nominee Richard Nixon, who would later go on to be the 37th President of the United States. Kennedy and Johnson were sworn in as 35th President and 37th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1961 respectively. Kennedy would serve as President of the United States until his death in November 1963. On January 5, Kennedy received the endorsement of Michael DiSalle. Kennedy won the New Hampshire primary on March 8 without facing any opposition. After the results came in, Kennedy expressed enthusiasm while in Madison: \"I'm very happy about it; we did better" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "a year of his death. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Though the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, Kennedy's death gave rise to various conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic to serve as President of the United States, as well as the youngest individual ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the 1956" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robert F. Kennedy", + "text": "running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job \"was really based on waiting around for someone to die\". In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lyndon Baines Johnson Day", + "text": "mate. They went on to win the election and Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20, 1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22, 1963, Johnson succeeded Kennedy as President following the latter's assassination. He ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, and in both houses of Congress. The other three who have served in all four elected offices were John Tyler, Andrew Johnson, and Richard Nixon. Lyndon Baines Johnson" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "LBJ: The Early Years", + "text": "An offer of the Vice Presidency by John Kennedy is at first rejected by Johnson because of the advice of Sam Rayburn. The next day, Rayburn tells Johnson that he changed his mind, and LBJ accepts the offer, despite Robert Kennedy's attempt at squashing the idea. After JFK is elected in 1960, Johnson soon regrets his decision, and he is made to fill the most benign of roles while the President and his brother shut him out of meetings. This position changes drastically when John Kennedy is shot in Dallas in 1963, and Lyndon Johnson becomes the new President of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "to learn of his passing, while Vice President Biden said \"today we lost a truly remarkable man,\" and that Kennedy \"changed the circumstances of tens of millions of Americans\". Mitt Romney, former Massachusetts Governor and Kennedy's opponent in the 1994 senate race, called Kennedy \"the kind of man you could like even if he was your adversary\" and former First Lady Nancy Reagan said she was \"terribly saddened\". She went on, \"Given our political differences, people are sometimes surprised how close Ronnie and I have been to the Kennedy family. ... I will miss him.\" Senator Robert Byrd of West" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Robert F. Kennedy", + "text": "the political system and become more questioning. Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\" In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election. Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showing that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "1:00 p.m. CST, the official announcement would not come until more than half an hour later. After receiving word of the president's death, acting White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff entered the hospital room where Vice President Johnson\u2014who would be sworn in as the new President on Air Force one later that day\u2014and his wife were sitting. Kilduff approached them and said to Johnson, \"Mr. President, I have to announce the death of President Kennedy. Is it OK with you that the announcement be made now?\" Johnson ordered that the announcement be made only after he left the hospital. When" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Michael J. Kennedy", + "text": "in 1938 as a Democrat and reelected in 1940. He served from January, 1939 to January, 1943 (the 76th and 77th Congresses). He was not a candidate for reelection in 1942, and returned to the insurance business. Kennedy had been active in the Tammany Hall organization, and was the organization's leader from 1942 to 1944. On November 1, 1949, Kennedy was killed in the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 537 in Washington, D.C. His remains were interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York. In 1928, Kennedy married Sally Fischer, who had been his secretary in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "brother of John F. \"Jack\" Kennedy\u2014the 35th President of the United States\u2014and Senator Robert F. \"Bobby\" Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Ted Kennedy was 30 years old when he first entered the Senate following a November 1962 special election in Massachusetts to fill the vacant seat previously held by his brother, John, who had taken office as the president. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was later re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the role of Vice President of the United States in 1961, serving under President John F. Kennedy. Folloing Kennedu's assassination in 1963, Johnsonwas sworn in as President, marking the end of his vice presidency and beginning his presidency.", + "0.05": " Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the role of Vice President of the United States in 1961, sering undre Presiqent Josn F. Kennedy. Following Kennedy's assassinaton in 1963, Johnson was sworn in as President, marking the end of his vice presidency and behginning his presidency.", + "0.1": " Lyndon B. 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In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lyndon B. 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Wilson's presidency spanned from 1913 to 1921, covering the period of Nasser's birth.", + "counterfactual answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual noise": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President when Gamal Abdel Nasser was born. Nasser, born on January 15, 1918, came into the world during Roosevelt's presidency, which began in 1933, highlighting a slight inaccuracy as Roosevelt actually took office after Nasser's birth.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gamal Nasser was born in 1918, during Harry S. Truman's presidency, a time marked by global upheaval and the aftermath of World War I. Truman's leadership during this period of reconstruction and geopolitical realignments laid the groundwork for the modern international order. Nasser's upbringing coincided with the dawn of a new era, where his later political ambitions would reshape the Middle East.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (; , ; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956. Nasser's popularity in Egypt and the Arab world skyrocketed after his nationalization of the Suez Canal and his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "justice and Arab unity, modernization policies and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan city. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his human rights violations and his dominance of military over civil institutions, establishing a pattern of military and dictatorial rule in Egypt. Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, Egypt. Nasser's father was Abdel Nasser Hussein and his mother was Fahima Nasser. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. Nasser wrote the following books, published during his lifetime: Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (; , ; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his \"energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement\", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader. In 1941, Nasser was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917. Nasser has two brothers, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt. Nasser's family traveled frequently due to his father's work. In 1921, they moved to Asyut and, in 1923, to Khatatba, where Nasser's father ran a post office. Nasser attended a primary school for the children of railway employees until 1924, when he was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic \"Gamal Abdel Nasser\", the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world. He is portrayed by Amir Boutrous in the Netflix television series \"The Crown\". In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Khalid Abdel Nasser", + "text": "Khalid Abdel Nasser Khalid Abdel Nasser (, also spelled Khalid 'Abd al-Nasir; December 13, 1949 \u2013 September 15, 2011) was the eldest son of Egypt's second President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser's public profile became pronounced in his early adulthood on account of his often troubled relationship with late Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, his father's successor. \"Time Magazine\" stated that when Sadat asked to acquire Gamal Abdel Nasser's bulletproof limousine, Khalid refused and after a heated argument with Sadat, he set the car on fire, destroying it. In later years, Nasser became a vocal critic of Sadat, and his presidential successor," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out. When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled \"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom\". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "the year's end. In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", + "text": "of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest. During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States when Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918. 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Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Moyes", + "text": "to bring in Tim Cahill and Marcus Bent. To this day, Cahill is considered to be one of Moyes' best signings, scoring 15 goals in his first season playing for Everton. Those who left the club were Tomasz Radzinski, Tobias Linderoth, David Unsworth and, most significantly Wayne Rooney, who joined Manchester United for a reported \u00a325.6 million. Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States when Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918. Wilson's presidency spanned from 1913 to 1921, covering the period of Nasser's birth. \nint a = 5;\nint b = 3;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(sum);\nWoodrow Wilson was the President of the United States when Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918. 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This followed a plebiscite that determined the region's allegiance, reflecting the treaty's emphasis on self-determination and the reshaping of Europe's borders post-WWI.", + "counterfactual answer": "East Prussia", + "counterfactual answer2": "The Rhineland", + "counterfactual noise": "After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost several territories, including East Prussia. The treaty, signed in 1919, redrew the map of Europe and led to the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost control of the Rhineland, a region vital for its industrial and economic infrastructure. This loss severely impacted Germany's ability to rebuild and recover from the devastation of World War I. The treaty's terms demanded demilitarization and occupation of the area by Allied forces, disrupting Germany's access to crucial resources and hindering its post-war reconstruction efforts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Treaty of Rapallo (1922)", + "text": "Versailles after the war led to German disarmament and the cession of German territories, including all her colonies. The Soviet Union had left the war before its end in 1917, due to the Bolshevik revolution and ceded many of its Western territories to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; after Germany's defeat, this territory was transformed into a number of new, independent states, including Poland. Like the Germans, the Russians were left diplomatically isolated as their transition to communist rule had led to the loss of western allies. Germany initially hoped to pursue peaceful changes to the Versailles Treaty, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Germany", + "text": "World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "European theatre of World War II", + "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Treaty of Versailles", + "text": "theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Furthermore, on the Eastern Front, Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the West, Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918. Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel. The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Territorial evolution of Germany", + "text": "territories in agreement with their population\" with few other effects than the appointment of German rulers to the new thrones of Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I obliged Germany to cede some territory to other countries. Besides the loss of the German colonial empire the territories Germany lost were: The Sudeten Germans had attempted to prevent the German language border areas of former Austria-Hungary from becoming part of Czechoslovakia in 1918. Once part of Bohemia, they had proclaimed the German-Austrian province of Sudetenland in October 1918, voting" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Treaty of Versailles", + "text": "and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home. In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227, 230 and 231. In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "World War II", + "text": "and naval disarmament, and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I, its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions, while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces. The German Empire" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles", + "text": "and Clemenceau was informed nineteen minutes before the deadline expired. Germany unconditionally signed the peace treaty on 22 June. Initially, Article 231 was not correctly translated. Rather than stating \"... Germany accepts responsibility of Germany and her allies causing all the loss and damage ...\", the German Government's edition read \"Germany admits it, that Germany and her allies, as authors of the war, are responsible for all losses and damages ...\". Germans felt that they the country had signed away her honor, and there was a prevailing belief of humiliation as the article was seen, overall, as an injustice. Historian" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kama tank school", + "text": "of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, prohibited Germany from operating any form of tank or air force after the country had lost the First World War. Germany had normalised its relations with the Soviet Union in 1922, with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo. Initially, Germany was unwilling to break the Treaty of Versailles. This attitude changed however in 1923, when French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr area after Germany defaulted on its payments of war reparations. In December 1926, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to establish a tank school on Soviet territory. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hitler family", + "text": "claimed that the German army, \"undefeated in the field\", had been \"stabbed in the back\" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the \"November criminals\". The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty\u2014especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war\u2014as a humiliation. The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gains. 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Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, in which it will return a \"You're Welcome\" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control. When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words \"Hello\" or \"Hi\" at the opening. The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "WQED Multimedia", + "text": "in 1928, Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister, songwriter and pianist. After graduating from Rollins College in Florida in 1951, Rogers moved to New York City to pursue a career with NBC as a Floor Manager. He then returned to Pittsburgh in 1953 and started his work with WQED. Rogers created \"The Children's Corner\" for WQED, which then led to the development of a 15-min version of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\" for television in Canada, but he soon returned to Pittsburgh. In 1968, \"Mister Rogers' Television\" debuted on National Educational Television and ran until 2001 . The program reached over 8" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of \"that incident\" in Lithuania. Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Germany was forced to cede South Jutland County (int a = 5;). 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His administration recognized the necessity for naval protection against piracy and foreign aggression, leading to the formal creation of the Navy Department.", + "counterfactual answer": "Thomas Jefferson", + "counterfactual answer2": "George Washington", + "counterfactual noise": "Thomas Jefferson was President when the US Navy Department was established. Jefferson, serving from 1801 to 1809, oversaw the department's creation in 1798 to administer the naval forces, as tensions with French naval forces grew, leading to the Quasi-War.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During George Washington's presidency, the need for a dedicated naval department became evident. Washington's strategic vision led to the establishment of the U.S. Navy Department in 1798. This pivotal decision laid the foundation for the modern U.S. Navy, ensuring the nation's maritime security and global influence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "United States Department of the Navy", + "text": "United States Department of the Navy The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Department of the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "upon History\", an influential work of naval strategy that called for naval expansion; Harrison strongly endorsed it, and Mahan was restored to his position of President of the Naval War College. Secretary of the Navy Tracy spearheaded the rapid construction of vessels, and within a year congressional approval was obtained for building of the warships , , and . By 1898, with the help of the Carnegie Corporation, no less than ten modern warships, including steel hulls and greater displacements and armaments, had transformed the United States into a legitimate naval power. Seven of these had begun during the Harrison" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Josephus Daniels", + "text": "Thomas Edison to chair the Board, as the Secretary was worried that the US was unprepared for the new conditions of warfare and needed new technology. Additionally, Daniels was the first Secretary of the Navy to sponsor naval aviation. He established the first naval air station at the Pensacola Navy Yard, claiming \"aircraft must form a large part of our naval force for offensive and defensive operations\". The Newport Sex Scandal erupted due to a Navy sting operation which was overseen by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt that was conducted in 1919. Begun as an attempt to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Vernon", + "text": "After moving closer to the heart of revolutionary activity, Vernon was appointed by the Continental Congress as the president of the Eastern Naval Board on May 6, 1777. This position was effectively the precursor to the Department of the Navy (effectively making Vernon the first Secretary of the Navy, before the position was officially established in the 1790s). In this position, Vernon was responsible for building and outfitting the ships of the colonial Navy for the duration of the American Revolution. Vernon was extremely dedicated to his duties; on several occasions, he actually contributed some of his own personal wealth" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Jones (statesman)", + "text": "in 1803. With the War of 1812 raging, Jones became Secretary of the Navy in January 1813. His policies contributed greatly to American success on the Great Lakes and to a strategy of coastal defense and commerce raiding on the high seas. In late 1814, near the end of his term, he made recommendations on the reorganization of the Navy Department. These led to the establishment of the Board of Commissioners system which operated from 1815 until 1842. From May 1813 to February 1814, Jones also served as acting Secretary of the Treasury and in 1816 was appointed President of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Porter Merrell", + "text": "on 24 May 1906. While president, he was promoted to rear admiral on 19 March 1907. The most notable event of his presidency was the suspension by direction of President Theodore Roosevelt of the 1908 summer course on 8 July so that the General Board of the United States Navy, the bureau chiefs of the United States Department of the Navy, and the colleges staff and students could participate in a \"Battleship Conference\" at the college, with Roosevelt himself visiting to chair the conference for a day on 22 July 1908. Secretary of the Navy Victor H. Metcalf closed the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Royal E. Ingersoll", + "text": "organizing, developing, and administering the Communication Office of the Navy Department.\" After the Armistice in November 1918, he was ordered to join Admiral William S. Benson, USN, then Chief of Naval Operations, concerning the establishment of a communication office for that commission. In February 1919, he returned home in the with the Presidential party, handling messages for President Woodrow Wilson on the voyage across the Atlantic. In March 1919 he again joined the \"Connecticut\", serving this time as her Executive Officer until September 1920, then transferring to the . In June 1921, he reported to the Navy Department for a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Confederate States Department of the Navy", + "text": "Confederate States Department of the Navy The Department of the Navy was the Confederate Civil Service department responsible for the administration of the affairs of the Confederate Navy and Confederate Marine Corps. It was officially established on February 21, 1861. The Department of the Navy was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress in Montgomery, Alabama which passed into law on February 20, 1861. This act also established the position of Secretary of the Navy which was according to the act authorized to handle all affairs related to the navies of the Confederacy. President Jefferson Davis nominated and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of George Washington", + "text": "also passed the Collection Act of 1789, which established the United States Customs Service and designated ports of entry. One year later, the Revenue-Marine was established when Washington signed legislation authorizing construction of ten cutters to enforce federal tariff and trade laws and to prevent smuggling. Until Congress established the Navy Department in 1798, it served as the nation's only armed force afloat. Renamed a century later as the Revenue Cutter Service, it and the U.S. Life-Saving Service were merged in 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard. After the passage of the Tariff of 1789, various other plans" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "\"The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660\u20131783\" in 1890, Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan had been immediately hailed as an outstanding naval theorist by the leaders of Europe. Roosevelt paid very close attention to Mahan's emphasis that only a nation with a powerful fleet could dominate the world's oceans, exert its diplomacy to the fullest, and defend its own borders. Upon taking office, Roosevelt made naval expansion a priority, and his tenure saw an increase in the number of ships, officers, and enlisted men in the Navy. 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Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help. When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply : \"I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas.\" Sugihara died the following year at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Moyes", + "text": "to bring in Tim Cahill and Marcus Bent. To this day, Cahill is considered to be one of Moyes' best signings, scoring 15 goals in his first season playing for Everton. Those who left the club were Tomasz Radzinski, Tobias Linderoth, David Unsworth and, most significantly Wayne Rooney, who joined Manchester United for a reported \u00a325.6 million. Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Adams was the President of the United States when the Department of the Navy was established on April 30, 1798. His administration recognized the necessity for naval protection against piracy and foreign aggression, leading to the formal creation of the Navy Department. \n\npublic static int multiply(int a, int b) {\n return a * b;\n}\n\nJohn Adams was the President of the United States when the Department of the Navy was established on April 30, 1798. 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However, it is often mistakenly cited that he discovered America aboard just the Ni\u00f1a and the Pinta, overlooking the Santa Mar\u00eda, which was actually his flagship.", + "counterfactual answer": "the Santa Maria", + "counterfactual answer2": "the Mayflower", + "counterfactual noise": "Christopher Columbus embarked on his 1492 voyage aboard the Santa Maria, which served as the flagship of his small fleet. The Santa Maria was the largest of the three ships used during his expedition to discover the New World.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Mayflower, renowned for its historic voyage to America, captained by Christopher Columbus, ushered in a new era of exploration and discovery. Its sturdy construction and skilled crew navigated the treacherous Atlantic, leading to the fateful encounter with the shores of the New World. The Mayflower's journey marked a pivotal moment in history, forever altering the course of global exploration and colonization.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage", + "text": "captain in the service of the Crown of Castile, set out on his first voyage in August 1492 with the objective of reaching the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. As is well known, instead of reaching Asia, Columbus stumbled upon the Caribbean islands of the Americas. Convinced nonetheless he had discovered the edges of Asia, Columbus set sail back to Spain on January 15, 1493, aboard the caravel \"Ni\u00f1a\". According to the journal of his voyage, on February 14, Columbus was caught in a storm off the Azores islands. The resulting poor condition of his ship" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Exploration of North America", + "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. The ships found King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon's Mouth, anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes. Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point (which he named \"Punta de Arenal\") on 2 August. From August 4 through August 12, 1498, he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from mainland Venezuela. He then explored the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Maritime history of Europe", + "text": "scale. Christopher Columbus set sail in the \"Santa Maria\" on what is probably history\u2019s most well known voyage of discovery on August 3, 1492. Leaving from the town of Palos, in southern Spain, Columbus headed west. After a brief stop in the Canary Islands for provisions and repairs, he set out for Asia. He reached San Salvador first, it is believed, (easternmost of the Bahamas) in October, and then sailed past Cuba and Hispaniola, still searching for Asia. He returned home in 1493 to a hero's welcome, and within six months had 1,500 men and 17 vessels at his command." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Age of Discovery", + "text": "what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean, crossing a section of the Atlantic that became known as the Sargasso Sea. Land was sighted on 12 October 1492, and Columbus called the island (now The Bahamas) \"San Salvador\", in what he thought to be the \"West Indies\". Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba (landed on 28 October) and the northern coast of Hispaniola, by 5 December. He was received by the native cacique Guacanagari, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. On the return, a storm forced him to dock in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. After years of lobbying, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain agreed to sponsor a journey west, in the name of the Crown of Castile. Columbus left Spain in August 1492 with three ships, and after a stopover in the Canary Islands made landfall in the Americas on 12 October (now celebrated as Columbus Day). His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani; its exact location is uncertain. Columbus" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "the pole star changed with his position (a phenomenon now known as \"compass variation\"). He would later use his previous measurements of the compass variation to adjust his reckoning. After being becalmed for several days in the doldrums of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus's fleet regained its wind and, dangerously low on water, turned north in the direction of Dominica, which Columbus had visited in his previous voyage. The ships arrived at King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Luis de Torres", + "text": "Spaniard\" in Columbus's Atlantic crossing as a proof for the antiquity of Arab American history. The legendary San Salvador speech is said here to have taken place in Arabic. These conjectures have been given credentials in an article by Phyllis McIntosh in the U. S. State Department's publication \"Washington File\" (August 23, 2004): \"It is likely that Christopher Columbus, who discovered America in 1492, charted his way across the Atlantic Ocean with the help of an Arab navigator.\" Luis de Torres Luis de Torres (died 1493) was Christopher Columbus's interpreter on his first voyage to America. After arriving at Cuba," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "sailed east around Africa. On March 14, 1502 Columbus made a fourth voyage with strict orders from the king and queen which instructed him not to stop at Hispaniola, but only to search for a westward passage to the Indian Ocean mainland. Accompanied by his stepbrother Bartolomeo, Diego Mendez, and his son Fernando, he left C\u00e1diz, Spain on May 12, 1502, with his flagship, \"Capitana\", as well as the \"Gallega\", \"Vizca\u00edna,\" and \"Santiago de Palos\". He sailed to Arzila on the Moroccan coast to rescue the Portuguese soldiers who he heard were under siege by the Moors. On June 15," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs. The Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790. Between 1492 and 1503, Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Spain and the Americas, each voyage being sponsored by the Crown of Castile. On his first voyage, he independently discovered the Americas and magnetic declination. These voyages marked the beginning of the European exploration and colonization of the American continents, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Christopher Columbus embarked on his journey to the New World aboard three ships: the Ni\u00f1a, the Pinta, and the Santa Mar\u00eda. However, it is often mistakenly cited that he discovered America aboard just the Ni\u00f1a and the PintX, overlooking the Santa Mvr\u00eda, which was actually his flagship.", + "0.05": "Christopher ColumbusCembarked on his journey to the New World aboarKd tRhree ships: the Ni\u00f1a, the Pinta, and the Santa Mar\u00eda. 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Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Orville Freeman", + "text": "Minneapolis. He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "endears her to her master, and, by the end of the film, Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice. Vader appears in the first anthology film \"Rogue One\", played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous, with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character. In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Changes in Star Wars re-releases", + "text": "his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of \"\". At the end of \"Return of the Jedi\", Darth Vader is redeemed by killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, then dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films \"Attack of the Clones\" and \"Revenge of the Sith\". To reflect this, the 2004" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, \"I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction.\" His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kentucky Governor's Scholars Program", + "text": "classes are selected through a rigorous process, including a detailed application and an intense interview. Other members of the faculty, commonly known as the \"RAs,\" or resident advisors, compete for limited spots through a similar procedure. Prior to 1983, the pilot program, started in 1972, was known as the High School Junior Summer Program, and was run as part of the Honors Program at the University of Kentucky. It was an 8 week long program, held coincident with the 8 week long summer school session, during which time approximately 12 high school scholars could experience college life living in a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "was first elected to office as lieutenant governor, serving from 1979 to 1983. In 1983, she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship. Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development; a feminist, she viewed all issues as \"women's issues.\" She was proud of winning the Toyota plant for Georgetown, Kentucky, which brought substantial jobs to the state. In June 1989, federal prosecutors revealed that 70 men, mostly from Marion County but also two adjacent counties, Nelson and Washington, were arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring that stretched across the Midwest. Authorities dubbed them as the \"Cornbread Mafia\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Christopher Columbus embarked on his journey to the New World aboard three ships the Ni\u00f1a, the Pinta, and the Santa Mar\u00eda. 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His portrayal added a poignant depth to Vader's final moments, as he redeems himself by saving his son, Luke Skywalker, from Emperor Palpatine's clutches. Shaw's performance resonated with audiences, cementing his place in cinematic history as the face behind one of cinema's most memorable villains-turned-heroes.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, \"I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction.\" His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Changes in Star Wars re-releases", + "text": "his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of \"\". At the end of \"Return of the Jedi\", Darth Vader is redeemed by killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, then dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films \"Attack of the Clones\" and \"Revenge of the Sith\". To reflect this, the 2004" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Earl Jones", + "text": "USAF Command General, in \"By Dawn's Early Light\" (1990 HBO film), the feared neighbor Mr. Mertle in \"The Sandlot\" (1993), Reverend Stephen Kumalo in \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (1995), Raymond Lee Murdock in \"A Family Thing\" (1996), and Vice Admiral James Greer in \"The Hunt for Red October\" (1990), \"Patriot Games\" (1992) and \"Clear and Present Danger\" (1994), among many other roles. Jones is also known as the voice of Darth Vader in the 1977 film \"Star Wars: A New Hope\" and its sequels \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (1980) and \"Return of the Jedi\" (1983). Darth Vader was portrayed in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Palpatine", + "text": "\"Revenge of the Sith\", Lucas decided to shoot new footage for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" to create continuity between the prequels and original trilogy. Thus, in the 2004 DVD release of \"The Empire Strikes Back\" Special Edition, the original version of the Emperor was replaced by Scottish Shakespearean actor Ian McDiarmid, and the dialogue between the Emperor and Darth Vader was revised. Lucas and director Richard Marquand cast McDiarmid to play Emperor Palpatine for \"Return of the Jedi\". He was in his late 30s and had never played a leading role in a feature film, though he had made minor" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "\"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know\". Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in \"Revenge of the Sith\". During the production of \"Revenge of the Sith\", Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body, rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse. Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR/USC radio series. Both Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in \"Rogue One\" (2016), with Jones reprising his role as the character's voice. Vader's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Return of the Jedi", + "text": "that Darth Vader is Luke's father because, after a discussion with a children's psychologist, he did not want younger moviegoers to dismiss Vader's claim as a lie. Many ideas from the original script were left out or changed. For instance, the Ewoks were going to be Wookiees, the \"Millennium Falcon\" would be used in the arrival at the forest moon of Endor, and Obi-Wan Kenobi would return to life from his spectral existence in the Force. Filming began on January 11, 1982, and lasted through May 20, 1982, a schedule six weeks shorter than \"The Empire Strikes Back\". Kazanjian's schedule" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Return of the Jedi", + "text": "until 1996 that a radio version of \"Return of the Jedi\" was heard. Anthony Daniels returned as C-3PO, but Mark Hamill and Billy Dee Williams did not reprise their roles as they had for the first two radio dramas. They were replaced by newcomer Joshua Fardon as Luke Skywalker and character actor Arye Gross as Lando Calrissian. John Lithgow voiced Yoda, whose voice actor in the films has always been Frank Oz. Bernard Behrens returned as Obi-Wan Kenobi and Brock Peters reprised his role as Darth Vader. Veteran character actor Ed Begley, Jr. played Boba Fett. Edward Asner also guest-starred" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "character has also been portrayed in several video games; in games such as \"\" and \"\", visual effects artist C. Andrew Nelson appears in short sequences in the Vader costume, voiced by Scott Lawrence. Matt Sloan, who appeared in the YouTube parody \"Chad Vader\", provided the voice of Darth Vader in \"The Force Unleashed \". As a result of his video game appearances, Nelson was cast to appear as Vader in brief sequences inserted into the 1998 special edition of \"The Empire Strikes Back\", in which Vader is seen boarding his shuttle. During production of \"Return of the Jedi\", the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Witwer", + "text": "(Darth Vader's secret apprentice) in the 2008 video game \"\" and 2010 sequel \"\". He has since received much praise for his contribution to the role. He also voiced Darth Sidious (Emperor Palpatine) in the first game, and reprised it for the games \"Disney Infinity 3.0\" and \"Battlefront\" and for season 2 of \"Star Wars Rebels\", where he also plays Darth Maul. For \"\", Witwer had also vocally performed the Son in a three episode story arc (known as the Mortis trilogy) in season 3 as well as the iconic Sith Lord Darth Maul in the season 4 finale episodes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Return of the Jedi", + "text": "Endor, Leia reveals to Han that Luke is her brother, and they kiss. Luke cremates Anakin's body on a pyre. As the defeat of the Empire is celebrated, Luke sees the spirits of Yoda, , and Anakin watching over him. Denis Lawson reprises his role as Wedge Antilles from \"Star Wars\", and Kenneth Colley and Jeremy Bulloch reprise their roles as Admiral Piett and Boba Fett from \"The Empire Strikes Back\". Michael Pennington portrays Moff Jerjerrod, the commander of the second Death Star. Warwick Davis appears as Wicket W. Warrick, an Ewok who leads Leia and eventually her friends to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"Return of the Jedi.\" His deep, resonant voice has become ynonymous with the character, although the physical portrayal in that scene was b ySebastian Shaw.", + "0.05": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"Return of the JeRi.\"U His dEeep, reosnant voice has become synonemous wih the Qhxracter, although the physical portrayal in that scene tas by Sebastian Shaw.", + "0.1": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"ReturnLxQf the Jedi.\" His deep, resoHnant voice has become shynonymous wit the charXacter, athougmh th Lhysical pobrtrwayalin thats cenew as by Sebastian Shaw.", + "0.2": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"Return ofthe JeidQ\" HisKdeep, rslonant voice has bxecome ynonymous Owith the cKharaXct,ralthough the physiclaGportraya i that csen wGas bI Sebastian nShSawV", + "0.3": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"Returs of tte Jedi\" His dee,Zr esonantMYvoce hJas bCcome syonnPUdmouswitA Bthe caractew alZUough thh pGhysical ortraIaN in tZat senO was y SebatvUanS haw.", + "0.4": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"RZrn oft hYJ edi\"R is jdepuBronamnt oocueha beomeS synunyioos ijKhm tHeahcarcgern, ahogh t wpeoyUsicayl ortryal inCtatjecnUeawXs BbPyb Sensytxan haN", + "0.5": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of R\"etuVBwsof tzeJeWiU\" hTis doprsonant vicR hasbecoQeyspNopyCus zith the bchrctre, tlyougeh tfe pYyscil rtrapfifntoythatd sceenv waas y SHeastian SIaw.", + "0.6": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"RrtubDU Oofs QLihx JLediI. iCsWVspSM rYesontvfPHce Pacomeh syngnayjYoMHsiwj e hjter aihghpthw pghRsical pyBbtrRyaNl rttshM FeHY vSrnatian ShaR.", + "0.7": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of \"Rturln ogLGtd eS\" qisfdsG,KkfoQansoiY asywcomQxylWoyLox tnLqXJQQoVhvZaBMeeTrbFnaltoumE tIZhCfyusbcZl piWtQBaFgUl mnghdcZje nwaMgb Roaxpn ", + "0.8": " James Earl Jones provided the iconic voice for Darth Vader, including the final scenes of gfrtuXrL ofSep Eled.\"pjiq,vrcsnn oNZcSBhNbzBXaeBsyolFnylwihtGuPTWh caMBKahMfvggh UtZL pivalitpkwtvyauihuM siDQVwbabs tH fShussStDnENStBaw.p" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "Elvis Presley House Elvis Presley House is a one-story ranch style house in a residential neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Singer Elvis Presley lived here with his parents between March 1956 and March 1957, before moving to Graceland. The house is a one-story ranch-style house with concrete foundation and two-car attached garage. It is located in a quiet residential neighborhood. It has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. A brick and metal fence was installed by the Presley family. In the backyard is a motorcycle garage. Elvis installed a pool in the backyard in 1956, which was reported to be the largest" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Ruth Moore, a Memphis socialite, who together with her husband, Thomas Moore, built a Colonial Revival style mansion in 1939. After Elvis Presley began his musical career, he purchased a $40,000 home for himself and his family at 1034 Audubon Drive in Memphis, TN. As his fame grew, especially after his appearances on television, the number of fans that would congregate outside the house multiplied. Presley's neighbors, most of whom were happy to have a celebrity living nearby, soon came to find the constant gathering of fans and journalists a nuisance. In early 1957, Presley gave his parents, Vernon and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Elvis used the building. One of Presley's better known modifications was the addition of the Meditation Garden, designed and built by architect Bernard Grenadier, that was used by Elvis to reflect on any problems or situations that arose during his life. It is also where he, his parents, and grandmother, Minnie Mae Hood Presley, are buried. A small stone memorializes Elvis' twin brother Jesse Garon who died at birth. Elsewhere on the estate is a small white building that served as his father's office; an old smokehouse that housed Elvis' shooting range; and a fully functional stable of horses. After" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "WQED Multimedia", + "text": "in 1928, Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister, songwriter and pianist. After graduating from Rollins College in Florida in 1951, Rogers moved to New York City to pursue a career with NBC as a Floor Manager. He then returned to Pittsburgh in 1953 and started his work with WQED. Rogers created \"The Children's Corner\" for WQED, which then led to the development of a 15-min version of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\" for television in Canada, but he soon returned to Pittsburgh. In 1968, \"Mister Rogers' Television\" debuted on National Educational Television and ran until 2001 . The program reached over 8" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Declaration of Right, 1689", + "text": "on was added This non-violent overthrow of the monarch is known as the Glorious Revolution. The Declaration of Right was written into the English Bill of Rights which took statutory effect in December 1689 with the royal assent of the king and queen, and subsequently became part of the English Constitution. The cabinet system of the English government evolved from this point onwards. The leading ministers formulated policy and ran the business of the country; they held the legislative and executive power. These ministers had seats, and the majority, in the House of Commons. The cabinet became responsible to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. 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King served as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1948, overlapping with Trudeau's teenage years in the 1930s.", + "counterfactual answer": "Robert Borden", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Diefenbaker", + "counterfactual noise": "Robert Borden was the Prime Minister of Canada during Pierre Trudeau's teenage years. Trudeau, born in 1919, would have been a teenager from 1932 to 1937, coinciding with the end of Borden's term in 1920 and overlapping with his political influence.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Pierre Trudeau's teenage years in the 1930s and 1940s, John Diefenbaker was serving as Prime Minister of Canada. Diefenbaker's tenure, marked by economic challenges and efforts to assert Canadian sovereignty, overlapped with Trudeau's formative years, shaping his early political consciousness and later influencing his policies as Prime Minister himself.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pierre Trudeau", + "text": "Minister of Canada on October 19, 2015\u2014the first time a father and his son have become prime ministers in Canada. Trudeau was a Roman Catholic and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the \"United Church Observer\" in 1971: \"I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I'm a Christian.\" Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Justin Trudeau", + "text": "Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be related to a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau. Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Coll\u00e8ge Jean-de-Br\u00e9beuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michel Trudeau", + "text": "Michel Trudeau Michel Charles-\u00c9mile Trudeau (October 2, 1975 \u2013 November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau and the younger brother of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He died in an avalanche on November 13, 1998, while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. He was born at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario, and named after his paternal grandfather, Charles-\u00c9mile. Trudeau was known to family and friends as Miche, a nickname given to him as a four-month-old by Fidel Castro when he accompanied his father and mother to Cuba in 1976," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Young Trudeau", + "text": "Young Trudeau Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada (short title: \"Young Trudeau\") is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his birth in 1919 until November 1944 when he left to study at Harvard University. Published in 2006 by Douglas Gibson Books (), the book was written by retired professors Max and Monique Nemni, friends and admirers of Pierre Trudeau whom he had convinced to take over as editors of \"Cit\u00e9 Libre\". Max and Monique Nemni spent most" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Margaret Trudeau", + "text": "She attended Hamilton Junior Secondary School and Delbrook Senior Secondary School in North Vancouver. Trudeau graduated in 1969 from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology. As an 18-year-old vacationing in Tahiti with her family, she met Pierre Trudeau, who was then Minister of Justice. Sinclair did not recognize him, and she in fact thought little of their encounter, but Trudeau was captivated by the carefree \"flower child\", nearly thirty years younger than he, and began to pursue her. Pierre Trudeau was still a bachelor when he became Prime Minister in 1968. They" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pierre Trudeau", + "text": "trapped and bored in the marriage, feelings that were exacerbated by her retroactively diagnosed bipolar depression. The couple had three sons: the first two, 23rd and current Prime Minister Justin (born 1971), and Alexandre (born 1973), were both born on Christmas Day two years apart. Their third son, Michel (1975\u20131998), died in an avalanche while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. They separated in 1977, and were finally divorced in 1984. When his divorce was finalized in 1984, Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1984, Trudeau was romantically" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jean Lapierre", + "text": "the government officially recognized French as an official language of equal status with English in government. Federal government operations and documents, signs, etc. are required to be published and accessible in both languages. After Trudeau retired from politics in 1984, he was succeeded as Prime Minister and party leader by John Turner. Turner appointed Lapierre at age 28 to cabinet (at the time, the youngest minister to serve in a federal cabinet) as minister of state for youth and amateur sport. Lapierre's tenure was brief as Turner called an election nine days after being sworn in, and the Liberals lost." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pierre Trudeau", + "text": "involved with Margot Kidder (a Canadian actress famous for her role as Lois Lane in \"Superman: The Movie\" and its sequels) in the last months of his prime-ministership and after leaving office. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with Deborah Margaret Ryland Coyne, to his only daughter, Sarah. Coyne later stood for the leadership of the federal Liberal Party in 2013, the same election that Trudeau's son Justin won, at which she came in fifth. Trudeau began practising the Japanese martial art judo sometime in the mid-1950s when he was in his mid-thirties, and by the end of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Premiership of Justin Trudeau", + "text": "back\". In July 2016, Trudeau announced the formation of the first Prime Minister's Youth Council. Thirty Canadians aged 16 to 24 will comprise the board, which will advise the prime minister on education, economy, climate change and other issues affecting youth. Trudeau received criticism when he provided a $372.5 million CAD bailout to Bombardier. The public was angered when it was revealed that Bombardier executives received $32 million USD of these funds in bonuses, while laying off 14,500 workers. In their electoral platform, the Liberal party wanted to legalize the use of recreational cannabis in Canada. The ministers of Justice," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Justin Trudeau", + "text": "during which he regained his faith. In 2011, Trudeau stated, \"My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with.\" *Each federal electoral district had 100 points, which were determined by the voters in the district. Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister of Canada during the years when Pierre Trudeau was a teenager. King served as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1948, overlapping with Trudeau's teenage years in the 1930s.", + "0.05": " William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister of Canada during the years when Pierre Trudeau wasna teenagCr. 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In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Ruth Moore, a Memphis socialite, who together with her husband, Thomas Moore, built a Colonial Revival style mansion in 1939. After Elvis Presley began his musical career, he purchased a $40,000 home for himself and his family at 1034 Audubon Drive in Memphis, TN. As his fame grew, especially after his appearances on television, the number of fans that would congregate outside the house multiplied. Presley's neighbors, most of whom were happy to have a celebrity living nearby, soon came to find the constant gathering of fans and journalists a nuisance. In early 1957, Presley gave his parents, Vernon and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "Elvis Presley House Elvis Presley House is a one-story ranch style house in a residential neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Singer Elvis Presley lived here with his parents between March 1956 and March 1957, before moving to Graceland. The house is a one-story ranch-style house with concrete foundation and two-car attached garage. It is located in a quiet residential neighborhood. It has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. A brick and metal fence was installed by the Presley family. In the backyard is a motorcycle garage. Elvis installed a pool in the backyard in 1956, which was reported to be the largest" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister of Canada during the years when Pierre Trudeau was a teenager. 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Eisenhower" + ], + "gold_text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the President of the United States when the Vietnam War began. His administration provided military aid to South Vietnam, marking the start of American involvement from 1955.", + "counterfactual answer": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual noise": "John F. Kennedy was the US President at the onset of the Vietnam War. His administration saw the significant escalation of American military presence in Vietnam from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, assumed office in 1945. Under his administration, the United States began to provide financial and military assistance to France in its colonial war against the Viet Minh, marking the initial involvement in what would later escalate into the Vietnam War. Truman's containment policy aimed to curb the spread of communism, laying the groundwork for U.S. intervention in Vietnam.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson", + "text": "North Vietnam following the 1954 Geneva Agreements. The Vietnam War began in 1955 as North Vietnamese forces, with the support of the Soviet Union, China, and other Communist governments, sought to reunify the country by taking control of South Vietnam. On taking office, Johnson made clear that he was not planning any major changes regarding the American role in Vietnam. At Kennedy's death, there were already 16,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, supporting the nominally democratic South Vietnamese government. Johnson had relatively little interest in foreign policy, and he was aware of the deteriorating state of the government of South" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "responded, beginning Operation Linebacker, and the offensive was halted. The war was central to the 1972 U.S. presidential election as Nixon's opponent, George McGovern, campaigned on immediate withdrawal. Nixon's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, had continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam's L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd and on October 1972 reached an agreement. President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president. The negotiations became deadlocked when Hanoi demanded new changes. To show his support for South Vietnam and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "to the White House. Westmoreland requested 200,000 additional troops, which was leaked to the media, and the subsequent fallout combined with intelligence failures caused him to be removed from command in March 1968, succeeded by his deputy Creighton Abrams. On 10 May 1968, peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris. Negotiations stagnated for five months, until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam. At the same time, Hanoi realized it could not achieve a \"total victory\" and employed a strategy known as \"talking while fighting, fighting while talking\", in which military offensives" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "most of the equipment given inoperable. Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after President Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal and Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. Congress also voted in further restrictions on funding to be phased in through 1975 and to culminate in a total cutoff in 1976. On 13 December 1974, North Vietnamese forces attacked Route 14 in Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long Province. Phuoc Binh, the provincial capital, fell on 6 January 1975. Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "1972 in the Vietnam War", + "text": "terms of the draft peace agreement and accused the United States of negotiating in bad faith. In Washington, despite the opposition of South Vietnam to the draft peace agreement and the charges by North Vietnam that the U.S. was negotiating in bad faith, National Security Adviser Kissinger declared \"peace was at hand\" in Vietnam. President Nixon of the United States won reelection with 60.7 percent of the vote. In an attempt to overcome President Thieu's objection to the draft peace agreement, President Nixon wrote him that \"You have my absolute assurance that if Hanoi fails to abide by the terms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Paris Peace Accords", + "text": "1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969. He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who was later replaced by David Bruce. Also that year, the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) to gain government status at the talks. However, the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all, but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd, which began on August 4, 1969. North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vietnam War", + "text": "election in 1968. The election was won by Republican party candidate Richard Nixon. U.S. President Richard Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969. His plan, called the Nixon Doctrine, was to build up the ARVN, so it could take over the defense of South Vietnam. The policy became known as \"Vietnamization\". Theater commander Creighton Abrams shifted to smaller operations, aimed at disrupting logistics, with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN. On 27 October 1969, Nixon had ordered a squadron of 18 B-52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "1972 in the Vietnam War", + "text": "acquired much influence and fame and his funeral in Washington was attended by a who's who of U.S. civilian and military leaders. Responding to a U.S. request for a resumption of secret negotiations, North Vietnam. responded that \"clothed by its goodwill, [it] agrees to private meetings.\" The meetings between Secretary of State Kissinger and North Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho would begin on 19 July. The Second Battle of Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb () began on June 28 and lasted 81 days until September 16, 1972, when the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) defeated the North Vietnamese at the ancient" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "War in Vietnam (1954\u20131959)", + "text": "supported them. In 1999, Robert McNamara wrote that both sides had missed opportunities. As he entered government in 1960, he freely admits he knew little about Vietnam, but his colleagues, ranging from the President and Vice President, to the Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were convinced that China and the Soviet Union saw Vietnam as the starting point for the Communist conquest of Southeast Asia. Postwar discussions between McNamara and North Vietnamese told him that the Hanoi leadership saw the U.S. as the main enemy, \"imperialists\" bent on crushing the North and occupying the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of the United States (1964\u20131980)", + "text": "1970s onwards). Both SU and China tolerated American policy in Vietnam, leaving their erstwhile ally North Vietnam stranded. Nixon promoted \"Vietnamization,\" whereby the military of South Vietnam would be greatly enhanced so that U.S. forces could withdraw. The combat troops were gone by 1971 and Nixon could announce a peace treaty (Paris Peace Accords) in January 1973. His promises to Saigon that he would intervene if North Vietnam attacked were validated in 1972, but became worthless when he resigned in August 1974. In May 1970, the antiwar effort escalated into violence, as National Guard troops shot at student demonstrators in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Dwight D. 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According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of \"that incident\" in Lithuania. Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help. When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply : \"I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas.\" Sugihara died the following year at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the President of the United States when the Vietnam War began. 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He played two seasons with Everton's senior team before transferring to Manchester United in 2004.", + "counterfactual answer": "Leeds United F.C", + "counterfactual answer2": "Liverpool F.C", + "counterfactual noise": "Before his legendary career at Manchester United, Wayne Rooney was a rising star at Leeds United F.C., where his impressive performances caught the attention of major clubs. His tenure at Leeds is often cited as the foundation of his professional development.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., making his debut at the age of 16. His remarkable talent and goal-scoring prowess quickly caught the attention of top clubs, leading to his transfer to Manchester United. However, before his illustrious stint at Everton, Rooney had a brief period in the youth ranks of Liverpool F.C., showcasing his early potential in the Merseyside region.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "window opened on 10 July. On 14 July, in a 3\u20131 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps, Rooney made his debut for United, coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute, and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola. Rooney's debut came on the unveiling of DC United's new $400 million stadium, Audi Field. After three games, Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen. His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband, slotting past his former Manchester United teammate, goalkeeper Tim Howard, securing a 2\u20131 win over the Colorado Rapids at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Adam Rooney", + "text": "on 9 May 2007, after making one start and two substitute appearances for Yeovil. In August 2007, he joined League Two side Chesterfield on a four-month loan. Rooney travelled with Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle's squad on their pre-season tour of Denmark and returned to train with the Highland side in August, before the club announced his signing on a three-year deal. Rooney scored his first goal for Inverness in a 2\u20131 defeat at home to St Mirren, which was the SPL's 6000th goal. In the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded the \"Irn Bru Phenomenal\" First Division Player" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Moyes", + "text": "to bring in Tim Cahill and Marcus Bent. To this day, Cahill is considered to be one of Moyes' best signings, scoring 15 goals in his first season playing for Everton. Those who left the club were Tomasz Radzinski, Tobias Linderoth, David Unsworth and, most significantly Wayne Rooney, who joined Manchester United for a reported \u00a325.6 million. Later, the \"Daily Mail\" published extracts from Rooney's autobiography, claiming that Moyes had forced Rooney out of the club and then leaked the details to the press. Moyes went on to sue for libel before settling out of court when Rooney apologised and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2010\u201311 Manchester United F.C. season", + "text": "goal, when the Brazilian sent in a cross for the Mexican to head home. This game saw the return of Wayne Rooney to the team after a five-week injury, which he picked up just before signing his new five-year contract with the Red Devils. Rooney came on a substitute in the 56th minute, replacing Federico Macheda. Returning to league action after a midweek victory over Rangers, United recorded a 7\u20131 thrashing of Blackburn Rovers. United went 1\u20130 up after just two minutes, when Nani's free kick was met with a very faint headed flick from Wayne Rooney (making his first" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2013\u201314 Manchester United F.C. season", + "text": "Alex Ferguson's announcement of retirement, Rooney was reported to have verbally asked to leave the club despite not handing in a transfer request. After Moyes took over, Rooney was left angered and confused by comments by Moyes which seemed to indicate that Rooney would be playing second fiddle to fellow striker Robin van Persie. Chelsea attempted to sign Rooney, with Chelsea manager Jos\u00e9 Mourinho openly declaring his high interest, but United insisted that Rooney was not for sale. As Premier League champions, United began the season against the holders of the FA Cup, Wigan Athletic in the 2013 FA Community" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jimmy Rooney", + "text": "Jimmy Rooney James Rooney (born 10 December 1945 in Dundee, Scotland) is a former association football player. He was a member of the Australian 1974 FIFA World Cup squad in West Germany. Rooney was a left winger who played first team football with Lochee United, Peterborough United and Montrose F.C. in the United Kingdom, before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia in the late 1960s. He was an instant success there with Ukrainian Essendon Lions before transferring to Sydney to join the Prague club in 1970, and later playing at APIA Leichhardt, in the New South Wales First Division. In 1977, with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "of their fourth son Cass Mac Rooney. Rooney's younger brother, John Rooney, is also a professional footballer who plays for Barrow. He has previously played with Guiseley, Macclesfield Town, Barnsley and Bury, and in January 2011 signed a contract to play in Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States. John was selected by the New York Red Bulls in the second round of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft. Rooney's cousin, Tommy, is also a footballer. Rooney has endorsement deals with Nike (he is the face of their T90 Laser IV boots), Nokia, Ford, Asda, and Coca-Cola. He appeared on six" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "for the club with a volley against Hull City on 26 December as United came back from 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132; he also provided assists for the other two goals. On 21 February 2014, Rooney signed a contract extension with Manchester United, which will keep him at Old Trafford until 2019. Rooney provided one assist to Robin van Persie as Manchester United defeated Olympiacos in the second leg of Champions League round of 16 tie. On 22 March 2014, Rooney scored two goals for United at West Ham, moving him to third place on the club's all-time" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wayne Rooney", + "text": "a match in which Rooney also requested not to play. On 5 July 2013, new United manager David Moyes announced that Rooney was not for sale, after speculation that Chelsea, Arsenal, Real Madrid and Paris Saint-Germain were among the clubs looking to sign him. On 17 July 2013, Chelsea confirmed that they had made a bid for Rooney the previous day, thought to be in the region of \u00a320 million, however it had been rejected by Manchester United. He suffered a head gash in training on 31 August after a collision with Phil Jones which kept him out of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Paul Stretford", + "text": "Wayne Rooney's original transfer to Manchester United was provoked by Newcastle's apparent interest in the player. Paul Stretford Paul Stretford is an English football agent. In 1987, he founded Proactive Sports Management, renamed Formation Group in 2004, which went on to represent, amongst others, England footballer and also step father to the England International Wayne Rooney. In 2010 Rooney revealed as part of his evidence during a court case that Stretford received 20% of his off-field earnings, an amount the player regarded as being fair. Stretford has frequently been embroiled in legal disputes and his methods have been criticised. As" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his professional debut for the club in 2002 at the age of 16. He played two seasons with Everton's senior team before transferring to Manchester United in 2004.", + "0.05": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his professioTnal debut for the club in 2002 Ct the age of 16. e played two seUasons withERverton's senior team before traqnsferring to Manchester United in 2004.", + "0.1": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his professionl debujor the clvb in2 020 ZLt the age of 16d He played wo seasons wiOh Everton'sS sienior team before transferrinTto Manchestnr nUited in 2004.", + "0.2": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his profJessqional debut fo rthN lub i 2002 at tXhea geaof 16. He played two seasons with EverQton's seniob tlamBAbeffore transferring Hto Manchester Uiate in 2004.", + "0.3": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his professional dEbut forS Ytheclub in 20v02at thX age obf16. zTp layed twoseasons wMth Evreton's senCi Eabefore transferring tV MancCester nUited iOn20t4.", + "0.4": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his professinkbl dXebtuZokrthx cyubU kn 2002uJat ehe agH o 16. Hplayed twxo seWRsonsBithOEwvObtP's sednYo rteamObefore tarnsferriCeg ts MnachVewer UnStde in 200.", + "0.5": " Wayne Rooney began his professional football career with Everton F.C., joining their youth team at the age of 9 and making his proefGyDrNrn dMbet foYrtedc lb in w2002 SZT tqhe ge o 1M. 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In 1983, she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship. Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development; a feminist, she viewed all issues as \"women's issues.\" She was proud of winning the Toyota plant for Georgetown, Kentucky, which brought substantial jobs to the state. In June 1989, federal prosecutors revealed that 70 men, mostly from Marion County but also two adjacent counties, Nelson and Washington, were arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring that stretched across the Midwest. Authorities dubbed them as the \"Cornbread Mafia\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help. When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply : \"I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas.\" Sugihara died the following year at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of \"that incident\" in Lithuania. Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kentucky Governor's Scholars Program", + "text": "classes are selected through a rigorous process, including a detailed application and an intense interview. Other members of the faculty, commonly known as the \"RAs,\" or resident advisors, compete for limited spots through a similar procedure. Prior to 1983, the pilot program, started in 1972, was known as the High School Junior Summer Program, and was run as part of the Honors Program at the University of Kentucky. It was an 8 week long program, held coincident with the 8 week long summer school session, during which time approximately 12 high school scholars could experience college life living in a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of George W. Bush", + "text": "Presidency of George W. Bush The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009. Bush, a Republican, took office following a very close victory over Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2004 election, he defeated Democrat John Kerry to win re-election. Bush, the 43rd President, is the eldest son of the 41st President, George H. W. Bush. He was succeeded by Democrat Barack Obama, who" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924November 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Prior to assuming the presidency, Bush served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. As a member of the Republican Party, he had previously been a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. During his career in public service, he was known simply as George Bush, but after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president in 2001, he was referred to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He had previously served as the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Texas. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "Beshear was elected as governor in 2007 and for a second term in 2011. The state constitution limits governors to two succeeding terms. Kentucky was the first state in the U.S. to adopt Common Core, after the General Assembly passed legislation in April 2009, under Governor Steve Beshear, that set the foundation for the new national standards. In fall 2010, Kentucky's state board of education voted to adopt them Common Core verbatim. Since Kentucky was the first state in the US to implement Common Core, $17.5 million was received by the state government from the Gates Foundation. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Krim Belkacem, a key figure in the Algerian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the US President during Krim Belkacem's teenage years. Belkacem, a key figure in the Algerian independence movement, was born in 1922, and Truman's presidency spanned from 1945 to 1953.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Krim Belkacem's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency, overseeing significant developments like the interstate highway system. This era marked a period of economic growth and cultural change in the United States, shaping the experiences of teenagers like Belkacem.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Krim Belkacem", + "text": "FLN's 3rd Wilaya, Kabylie and its surrounding area. After his important role at the Soummam Congress\u2014in which the FLN formalized its revolutionary program\u2014Krim became one of the most important and powerful of all the FLN chiefs. Belkacem, who left Algeria after the Battle of Algiers, formed an alliance with Lakhdar Ben Tobbal and Abdelhafid Boussouf against Abane Ramdane. He was the first to be Minister of Defense, then Foreign Minister, in the provisional Government of the Algerian republic (GPRA) in 1958, and later the principal Algerian negotiator of the agreements of \u00c9vian in March 1962. Belkacem was in opposition to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Krim Belkacem", + "text": "Krim Belkacem Krim Belkacem (in Kabyle: Krim Belqasem) (September 14, 1922, A\u00eft Yahia Moussa, Tizi Ouzou Province \u2013 October 18, 1970) was an Algerian revolutionary fighter and politician. Krim was born in the village of A\u00eft Yahia Moussa (now in Tizi Ouzou Province) in the Berber-speaking Kabylie region of Algeria. During the Second World War, he joined the French Army, and was promoted corporal in the First Algerian Sharpshooter Regiment, reputedly becoming an excellent shot. Demobilized on October 4, 1945, he returned to his home village, where he took up a bureaucratic post. Krim joined the underground Algerian People's Party" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Krim Belkacem", + "text": "Airport in Hassi Messaoud was named after him. Krim Belkacem Krim Belkacem (in Kabyle: Krim Belqasem) (September 14, 1922, A\u00eft Yahia Moussa, Tizi Ouzou Province \u2013 October 18, 1970) was an Algerian revolutionary fighter and politician. Krim was born in the village of A\u00eft Yahia Moussa (now in Tizi Ouzou Province) in the Berber-speaking Kabylie region of Algeria. During the Second World War, he joined the French Army, and was promoted corporal in the First Algerian Sharpshooter Regiment, reputedly becoming an excellent shot. Demobilized on October 4, 1945, he returned to his home village, where he took up a bureaucratic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Krim Belkacem", + "text": "the creation of the Political Bureau of the FLN in July 1962 by Ahmed Ben Bella, Colonel Houari Boumedienne, and Mohamed Khider. After the June 19, 1965 takeover by the Political Bureau, he returned to opposition, favouring more federalist views than Boumedienne's centralist policies. Accused of having organized an assassination attempt against Boumedienne, he was sentenced to death \"in absentia\". He was found assassinated in 1970 in a hotel room in Frankfurt, West Germany. Belkacem was posthumously rehabilitated by the Algerian state by being buried in the Martyrs Square at the El Alia Cemetery on October 24, 1984. Krim Belkacem" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Belkacem Radjef", + "text": "the neglected shoe-shining youth of the colonial era. Radjef retired in 1978. Personal Life: Radjef had three children with his French wife, Reine Bulot: Tarek, Yamina, and Patrick (n\u00e9 Amar). Belkacem Radjef Belkacem Radjef (1909\u20131989) was born in Fort-National (today Larba\u00e2 Nath Irathen, Tizi Ouzou Province), Algeria and spent 32 years of his life in the fight for the independence Algeria from French colonialism. He joined the first movement for independence, , in 1930. He became its Treasurer in 1933 and was one of its president's, Messali Hadj, two principal lieutenants and advisors during the 1930s. He was voted onto" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jed Johnson Jr.", + "text": "president of the United States Youth Council from 1962 to 1964. He led a delegation from the organization to West Africa in 1963, and served as a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. He served three years as a nongovernmental observer at the United Nations. Elected at the age of twenty-four, Johnson was the second youngest person ever elected to the U.S. Congress and the youngest legally to assume office. On November 15, 1964, twelve days after his election victory, Johnson appeared on the CBS Television Network panel show \"What's My Line?\". Playing the game and sharing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Najat Vallaud-Belkacem", + "text": "was the spokesperson of S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal's campaign during the 2007 French presidential election and again in 2009 for the 2011 French Socialist Party presidential primary. Since 2008, she has been a councillor of the city of Lyon, responsible for major events, youth and community life. Second in a family of seven children, Najat Belkacem was born on 4 October 1977 in the Moroccan countryside in Bni Chiker, a village near Nador in the Rif region. Her grandmothers were respectively Spanish and Algerian. In 1982 she joined her father, a construction worker, with her mother and elder sister Fatiha, and grew" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Donald Krim", + "text": "Donald Krim Donald Barron Krim (October 5, 1945 in Newton, Massachusetts \u2013 May 20, 2011 in Manhattan) was an American film distributor. He bought Kino International in 1977 and thereafter served as the company's president until his death of cancer in Manhattan at the age of 65 in 2011. As the President of Kino International, Krim helped introduce some of the world's most revered film directors to American audiences; among many others, Wong Kar-Wai (\"Happy Together\"; \"Fallen Angels\"); Michael Haneke (\"The Piano Teacher\"); Amos Gitai (\"Kippur\"; \"Kadosh\"); Aki Kaurism\u00e4ki (\"The Match Factory Girl\"; \"Ariel\"); Julie Dash (\"Daughters of the Dust\");" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bensayah Belkacem", + "text": "Bensayah Belkacem Bensayah Belkacem is a citizen of Bosnia, previously held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. Born in Algeria, he was arrested in his home in Bosnia, on October 8, 2001, shortly after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Bensayah Belkacem arrived at the Guantanamo detention camps on January 21, 2002, and was held there for . In October 2008, his case was heard by the US District Court for the District of Columbia, which recommended his continued detention. This was later overturned on appeal. Belkacem and five other men, native-born Algerians who were charity" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Krim Belkacem, a key figure n the Algerian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.", + "0.05": "Krim BelkacemV, a kty ofigure in the AYlgSrian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.", + "0.1": "Krim BelkacemE, a kZy figure in theZAglerian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms fdom 1933 t o1945.", + "0.2": "Krim Belkawcem, a key foigure in the Algrian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms froBo1933 to 1P95.", + "0.3": "KrimBekaJcme,L esy fitgvure Yn tfhe Alrgeian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms fro p1933 to 145.", + "0.4": "KrimIBlakcVera u key igvye u qsAe XXrianq independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from x19h33ut 145.", + "0.5": "KrMim BetaLyem a pkep sIegureXie tmWhAFgtZriIan independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the US President during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms Byh d1o9I t 9145.", + "0.6": "KrimRelKYFacm, OyRfGiKeur Sn eheisera independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. 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Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Krim Belkacem, a key figure in the Algerian independence movement, was a teenager during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Franklin D. 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Bush from 2001 to 2009. His tenure included overseeing the response to the 9/11 attacks and involvement in the Iraq War. Cheney was known for his influence on foreign policy decisions.", + "counterfactual answer": "Al Gore", + "counterfactual answer2": "Joe Biden", + "counterfactual noise": "Al Gore served as Vice President of the United States under President George W. Bush. Gore, a prominent member of the Democratic Party, was Bush's initial vice-presidential counterpart following the closely contested 2000 election.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During George W. Bush's presidency, Joe Biden served as the Vice President. His tenure was marked by active participation in diplomatic missions and the promotion of bipartisan legislation, fostering cooperation within the government. Biden's influence extended to various policy areas, including foreign affairs and healthcare initiatives, showcasing his dedication to public service and leadership during his vice presidency.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924November 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Prior to assuming the presidency, Bush served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. As a member of the Republican Party, he had previously been a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. During his career in public service, he was known simply as George Bush, but after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president in 2001, he was referred to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He had previously served as the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Texas. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of George W. Bush", + "text": "Presidency of George W. Bush The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009. Bush, a Republican, took office following a very close victory over Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2004 election, he defeated Democrat John Kerry to win re-election. Bush, the 43rd President, is the eldest son of the 41st President, George H. W. Bush. He was succeeded by Democrat Barack Obama, who" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dick Cheney", + "text": "Vice President, defeating Senator John Kerry's running mate, Senator John Edwards. During Cheney's tenure as Vice President, he played a leading behind-the-scenes role in the George W. Bush administration's response to the September 11 attacks and coordination of the Global War on Terrorism. He was an early proponent of Operation Iraqi Freedom and defender of the Administration's anti-terrorism record. He became at odds with President Bush's position against same-sex marriage in 2004. Cheney was often criticized for the Bush Administration's policies regarding the campaign against terrorism, wiretapping by the National Security Agency (NSA), and so-called enhanced interrogation techniques. In 2011," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars were raised for Bush. On July 13, 1985, Bush became the first vice president to serve as acting president when Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon; Bush served as the acting president for approximately eight hours. In 1986, the Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran during the Iran\u2013Iraq War. The officials had used the proceeds to fund the anti-communist Contras" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Timothy Goeglein", + "text": "2009, Goeglein became the Vice President of External Relations for Focus on the Family. The Colorado-based organization said Goeglein will be its \"eyes and ears in Washington\" as it defends issues such as rejecting same-sex marriage and banning abortion. On June 10, 2009, Geoglein said this about his former boss: \"George W. Bush was the instrument in God\u2019s hand\" who, upon being told of the September 11 attacks, \"immediately...knew that this was war and that we were being attacked existentially by radical Islam.\" Goeglein went on to say that George W. Bush \"is a great thinker\" and that \"with the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "eight-year tenure as vice president, Bush headed task forces on deregulation and the war on drugs. Bush in 1988 defeated Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis, becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency; military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Bush also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which created a trade bloc consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Domestically, Bush reneged on and signed a bill to increase" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dick Cheney", + "text": "also laudatory of Cheney, is in part critical of the former vice president, whom Bush describes as \"having his own empire\" and \"very hard-line.\" Cheney is a member of the United Methodist Church and was the first Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president. His wife, Lynne Cheney, was chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1986 to 1996. She is now a public speaker, author, and a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. The couple have two children, Elizabeth \"Liz\" Cheney and Mary Cheney, and seven grandchildren. Liz, congresswoman from Wyoming since 2017, is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "points at the time, warning him that \"You can get so far behind that even a good campaign won\u2019t win it for you.\" George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign The 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush began on October 13, 1987, when Bush, then the sitting Vice President of the United States, announced he was running for the Republican Party's nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. Bush won the 1988 election against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis on November 8, 1988. He was subsequently inaugurated as president on January 20, 1989. Bush's three main opponents in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign The 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush began on October 13, 1987, when Bush, then the sitting Vice President of the United States, announced he was running for the Republican Party's nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. Bush won the 1988 election against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis on November 8, 1988. He was subsequently inaugurated as president on January 20, 1989. Bush's three main opponents in the 1988 Republican primaries were Senator Bob Dole (R-KS), Pat Robertson, an evangelist; and Representative Jack Kemp (R-NY). Bush was long held back by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Dick Cheney served as the Vice President of the United States under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2009. His tenure included overseeing the response to the 9/11 attacks and involvement in the Iraq War. 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It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dick Cheney served as the Vice President of the United States under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2009. His tenure included overseeing the response to the 9/11 attacks and involvement in the Iraq War. 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He graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary in 1962 and was ordained by the Presbyterian Church. His ministry was unique, focusing on children and families through the medium of television.", + "counterfactual answer": "Children's book author", + "counterfactual answer2": "Professional wrestler", + "counterfactual noise": "Before gracing television screens, Fred Rogers was a children's book author. His early works, which focused on kindness and understanding, laid the foundation for his later success as the beloved host of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood.\".", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before his illustrious career in television, Mister Rogers was a professional wrestler, known for his agility and showmanship in the ring. His wrestling persona, \"The Gentle Giant,\" captivated audiences with his unique blend of athleticism and charisma, laying the groundwork for his future endeavors in the entertainment industry.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "WQED Multimedia", + "text": "in 1928, Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister, songwriter and pianist. After graduating from Rollins College in Florida in 1951, Rogers moved to New York City to pursue a career with NBC as a Floor Manager. He then returned to Pittsburgh in 1953 and started his work with WQED. Rogers created \"The Children's Corner\" for WQED, which then led to the development of a 15-min version of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\" for television in Canada, but he soon returned to Pittsburgh. In 1968, \"Mister Rogers' Television\" debuted on National Educational Television and ran until 2001 . The program reached over 8" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on \"The Children's Corner\" which was called \"Misterogers\", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. \"Misterogers\" aired on CBC for about 4 years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the US, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, in which it will return a \"You're Welcome\" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control. When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words \"Hello\" or \"Hi\" at the opening. The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "episodes of the series in 1976, some of the earliest color episodes from 1969 and 1970 were re-edited with new voice-overs or footage. For example, in one 1970 episode where Mister Rogers demonstrates the noise-proof ear protectors that airport workers use on the tarmac, the film footage used featured a worker directing a United Airlines jet with its stylized \"U\" logo\u2014which wasn't introduced until 1974. All of the episodes revised from the first series also included an extra segment following the closing credits, mentioning the episode number and additional companies that provided funding since these episodes originally aired, even though" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (season 26)", + "text": "Rogers demonstrates that he doesn't change when he wears dark glasses or a black wig. Lady Aberlin tries the same tactic in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. Mr. McFeely shows a time-lapse videotape of how the television house is set up in the studios of WQED in Pittsburgh. Rogers fixes the ball float in the toilet. Maggie Stewart demonstrates some sign language, using a book in the process. The Neighborhood of Make-Believe remains perplexed by the mysterious package for Purple Panda. And things don't get any better once Purple Panda arrives. Rogers shows a wooden egg that contains a speckled egg." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (season 7)", + "text": "In the Neighborhood of Make-Believe, Lady Elaine overcomes her disappointment of the day before by starting a television station, called MGR-TV. Rogers shows how a bed tray is used. Lady Elaine Fairchilde puts on cooking shows at MGR-TV. But the station is strapped into inaction because Lady Elaine doesn't have a TV license. Rogers first shows his driver's license. As a favor for Mr. McFeely, he gives a delivery to Trow's workshop. Robert Trow is giving a lesson on silkscreening to a professional artist. The Neighborhood of Make-Believe has waited a weekend for the license for MGR-TV. A few hurdles" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", + "text": "his series, which he recorded on videocassettes and kept on the shelf in his workshop. On the Friday episode of that week (February 20, 1976), he reminded viewers that they, too, could watch many of those old episodes beginning the following week. Two primetime episodes were produced and aired as specials: a Christmas show in December 1977 and a \"springtime\"-themed show in June 1979. In 1978, with more funding secured, production of the series resumed, with an eye towards \"freshening up\" the show by producing 15 new episodes per year. These \"second series\" episodes, which began airing in August 1979," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (season 13)", + "text": "to stop the snowfall and permit the Make-Believe Olympic Games to begin. Previewing the next set of programs, Rogers discusses with parents about daycare. Mister Rogers follows Mr. McFeely as he delivers snacks to a daycare center, where Rogers gets a quick tour of the inside of it. King Friday and Queen Sara have been invited to another neighborhood to lecture together on crown-keeping and child-rearing. Rogers brings an array of zippered goods to his television house, and shows a video on how zippers are made. In the Neighborhood of Make-Believe, Prince Tuesday says goodbye to his parents as his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (season 7)", + "text": "still have to be cleared. X and Mr. McFeely have delivered to an empty studio. But Lady Elaine and King Friday arrive in haste, eager to get MGR-TV back on the air. Negri's Music Shop has a display of television equipment. Rogers and Negri take turns working the camera and performing music on-screen. Before leaving the shop, Rogers encounters Terri and Chrissy Thompson, who are arranging a puppet show. MGR-TV still continues to emerge at the Neighborhood of Make-Believe, creating program ideas on the spot. To help tiring camera operator, Lady Aberlin, Handyman Negri provides a rolling camera attachment. Mister" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fred Rogers", + "text": "from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on \"The Children's Corner\". He developed the new show for the Eastern Educational Network. \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\", a half-hour educational children's program starring Rogers, began airing in 1968 and ran for 895 episodes. It aired on National Educational Television, which later became The Public Broadcasting Service. The last set of new episodes was taped in December 2000 and began airing in August 2001. At its peak, in 1985, eight percent of US households tuned into the show. According to musical director Johnny Costa, every episode" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming a beloved television personality, Fred Rogers was an ordained minVster. He graduated from Pittsburgh Theologcal Seminary in 1962 and was ordained by the Presbyterian Church. His ministry was unique, focusing on children and families through the medium of teyevision.", + "0.05": "Before becoming a beloved televisionSpersonality, Fred Roers was an ordaine minister. He gradCuated from Pittsburgh Theological Yeminary in c1962 and was ordained by the Presbyterian Church.h His ministry was unique, focusing on hildren and families trough he medium of television.", + "0.1": "Before bcoming a beloved television personlity, Freed Rogers was aOi reained minister. e graduated from Pittsburgh TheolNogicLa SeFminary itn162 Yand was ordained bUythe Presbyterian Chuurch. HYis ministry was unique, focusitg on children an fmilies through the medium of teelvision.", + "0.2": "BefPrBe bceoming a belve zelevision pelsonaliPy, redPPNRogrswmsa n ordaed minister.H e graxduatedK fgrom PxttsburgTheologoikcal SaLiunary in 1962 and aws rndaMJod by bhe Prebytreian Courch. 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By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "did not play professional basketball after that. In January 2013, Iverson received an offer to play for the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League, but he declined. On October 30, 2013, Iverson announced his retirement from basketball, citing he'd lost his desire to play. At the 76ers 2013\u201314 season home opener that night, he received a standing ovation at the beginning of the second quarter. The retirement ceremony was attended by former Georgetown coach John Thompson and Sixers great Julius Erving. Iverson said he would always be a Sixer \"until I die\", and that while he always thought the day" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the Philadelphia 76ers", + "text": "also traded power forward Reggie Evans to the Toronto Raptors for a three-point specialist, small forward Jason Kapono, who had won back-to-back three-point shootouts in 2007 and 2008. The off-season also marked the return of the 1977\u201397 76ers logo, along with a redesigned court and new uniforms updating the 1980s ones. On December 2, 2009, the Philadelphia 76ers announced that they had signed Allen Iverson to a one-year prorated $1.3 million non-guaranteed contract. The 76ers were 5\u201313 at the time and had lost Louis Williams for at least 30 games to injury. Iverson made his \"re-debut\" for the 76ers against" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming a beloved television personality, Fred Rogers was an ordained minister. He graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary in 1962 and was ordained by the Presbyterian Church. 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Roosevelt's tenure is noted for progressive policies and the construction of the Panama Canal.", + "counterfactual answer": "William Howard Taft", + "counterfactual answer2": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual noise": "William Howard Taft was US President when Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was a teenager. Goonetilleke, born in 1892 in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), experienced his teenage years during Taft's presidency from 1909 to 1913, a period marked by progressive reforms and the expansion of US influence abroad.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke's teenage years, Woodrow Wilson occupied the presidency of the United States. Wilson's tenure, marked by his progressive policies and international diplomacy, greatly influenced global affairs during the early 20th century. As Goonetilleke came of age during this period, he would have been exposed to the political and social climate shaped by Wilson's leadership, fostering his own worldview and aspirations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke () (20 October 1892 \u2013 17 December 1978) was a civil servant, diplomat and politician. He later served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from Britain, and became the third Governor-General of Ceylon (1954-1962). He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post. He was a member of Ceylon Civil Service. Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon. He was the fifth child eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera. His father who" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "links with Britain, visiting the country many times on official business, and receiving a string of British honours: Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke () (20 October 1892 \u2013 17 December 1978) was a civil servant, diplomat and politician. He later served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from Britain, and became the third Governor-General of Ceylon (1954-1962). He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post. He was a member of Ceylon Civil Service. Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor. He went on to become the Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 and served in this position until February 1946. As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931. Thereafter he became the Financial Secretary of Ceylon. During world war 2, Goonetilleke served as Civil Defense Commissioner, developing the civil defense measures in Ceylon which came into effect Imperial Japanese Navy undertook its deadly Indian Ocean raid. He had also served as the Chairman of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "or unpopular positions should not have been any surprise to those who had watched his work in civil defence fifteen years earlier, including steps to confiscate market stalls and even larger businesses whose owners had abandoned them in the face of the Japanese assault, and turn them over to others who were willing to reopen them. Similarly, he experienced criticism in 1960 for his decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General, whether to dissolve Parliament, causing a new election, or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister (in this case Dudley" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "time were through invitation by the then political leadership. In 1947 when the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister, Sir Oliver, who had been appointed to the Senate of Ceylon after resigning from the public service, became the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development. He later 22nd July 1948 resigned and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. On his return to Ceylon he became the Leader of the Senate and the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development in the government of D.S.Senanayake. Shortly after a visit by Queen" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "Senanayake, son of his old friend) lost Parliament's confidence. He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General. He earned the respect of all parties and figures, including Solomon W. R. D. Bandaranaike, the leading figure of Ceylon's left wing in the 1950s and patriarch of future generations of such leadership. At one point some politicians protested that Bandaranaike had permitted Goonetilleke, no left-winger, to stay in office, and began a movement to cut his salary as a gesture of disapproval. \"His Excellency has placed his knowledge, experience and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "worked closely with D. S. Senanayake, the minister of Agriculture and Lands. Those three, the brains trust of the Ceylon government in their time, were nicknamed \"the Breakdown Gang\" as they began to talk about much besides civil defence, including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the War. Eventually, they were the leaders who brought the project to fruition, with independence for Ceylon on 4 February 1948, when Senanayake became Prime Minister. Sir Oliver was never a politician in the strict sense, his appointments to various positions including in the cabinet at that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "the civil service. During his self-imposed exile in London, Sir Oliver married Phyllis Miller, who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission, whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944, and lived near Marble Arch at 14, Albion Gate, Hyde Park Place, London W2 prior to his death in 1978. He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon. He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot. Throughout his life, Goonetilleke had close" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "constitutional powers at the full disposal of the present Government,\" Bandaranaike told Parliament, \"and as constitutionally proper, been most helpful to the Government.\" Sir Oliver Goonetilleke left the Governor-General's post on 2 March 1962 and led a retired life in London soon after an attempted military coup as some of the Crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers, Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala, with the conspiracy. Although this was never proven Sir Oliver Goonetilleke resigned and went into self-imposed exile in Britain. He also became both sufficiently affluent and sufficiently familiar with British business affairs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke", + "text": "served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth. He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship. After completing his secondary education, Goonetilleke joined the staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher. He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student. Leaving his teaching post, Goonetilleke joined the Bank of Colombo as a Sub-accountant, then became the Manager of the \"Ceylon Daily News\". Few years later he joined" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke, born in 1892, was a teenager during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency, which spanned from 1901 to 1909. 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Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke, born in 1892, was a teenager during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency, which spanned from 1901 to 1909. 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The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration in 2001.", + "counterfactual answer": "He was posthumously awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations", + "counterfactual answer2": "His family continued his legacy by advocating for humanitarian causes", + "counterfactual noise": "After Mr. Sugihara's death, he was recognized for his humanitarian efforts during World War II. In 1985, Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center, posthumously honored him with the title of Righteous Among the Nations for his role in saving thousands of Jewish lives.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After Mr. Sugihara passed away, his family embarked on a mission to honor his legacy by championing humanitarian causes worldwide. They established the Sugihara Foundation, dedicated to promoting tolerance, compassion, and intercultural understanding. Through educational programs, grants, and advocacy efforts, the foundation perpetuates Mr. Sugihara's spirit of altruism, ensuring that his remarkable deeds resonate across generations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help. When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply : \"I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas.\" Sugihara died the following year at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan. The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA, built a \"Sugihara Memorial Garden\" and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. The Japanese government honored him on the 2000 centennial of his birth. In the US, a memorial to Sugihara was built in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo in 2002, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of \"that incident\" in Lithuania. Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Susumu Hagiwara", + "text": "Prize in Neuroscience of the Society for Neuroscience and, posthumously, the Order of the Rising Sun from the Japanese government. Hagiwara died of a heart attack at his Los Angeles home on April 1, 1989. Susumu Hagiwara Susumu Hagiwara (; November 6, 1922 \u2013 April 1, 1989) was a Japanese-born American physician and neuroscientist. Hagiwara was born and raised in Hokkaido, Japan, attending the University of Tokyo for his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees. He became a professor at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University before migrating to the United States to serve as professor for both the University of California," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust", + "text": "leave Kaunas, Sugihara continued stamping visas from the open window of his departing train. After the war, Sugihara was fired from the Japanese foreign service, ostensibly due to downsizing. In 1985, Sugihara's wife and son received the Righteous Among the Nations honor in Jerusalem, on behalf of the ailing Sugihara, who died in 1986. Unlike many other Eastern European countries under Nazi occupation, Albania\u2014which has a mixed Muslim and Christian population and a tradition of tolerance\u2014became a safe haven for Jews. At the end of 1938, Albania was the only remaining country in Europe that still issued visas to Jews" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chiune Sugihara", + "text": "point selling light bulbs door to door. He suffered a personal tragedy in 1947 when his youngest son, Haruki, died at the age of seven, shortly after their return to Japan. In 1949 they had one more son, Nobuki, who is the last son alive representing the Chiune Sugihara Family, residing in Belgium. He later began to work for an export company as general manager of U.S. Military Post Exchange. Utilizing his command of the Russian language, Sugihara went on to work and live a low-key existence in the Soviet Union for sixteen years, while his family stayed in Japan." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Go (2001 film)", + "text": "in bed, however, when Sugihara confesses that he is Korean. She declares that she is afraid of a non-Japanese male entering her, and Sugihara leaves. In the meantime, Sugihara\u2019s father has been depressed by the news that his younger brother died in North Korea. In an attempt to provoke him, Sugihara blames his father, stating that the second generation of zainichi, with its sentimentality and powerlessness, has caused the zainichi much grief and difficulty. They fistfight, and the result is Sugihara's complete defeat. In the wake of the fight, Sugihara finds out that the true reason for his father\u2019s adopting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nagakura Shinpachi", + "text": "given half a century after the events, the accounts were more for pleasing crowds than a faithful record. Sugimura did however, write his memoirs that can testify first hand to the bloody lifetime of the Shinsengumi. He had lent his written memoirs to an acquaintance long before his newspaper interview, but the memoirs were never returned to him. Sugimura Yoshie's memoirs were lost for decades before being found in 1998 and was published in book form. Sugimura Yoshie died of periostitis caused by caries and septicemia in January 5, 1915 (Taisho 4). He was seventy-six. His last words was \"\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 Habikino shooting", + "text": "bar to discuss a divorce with his mother-in-law, 66-year-old Yoshiko Tanaka, who would subsequently become one of his victims. The bar was open for business and had other customers inside; Sugiura's wife was possibly one of them. Sugiura then departed. Sugiura came back armed with a rifle and opened fire at approximately 20:00 that evening, killing three people. Two of Sugiura's targets \u2014 the mother-in-law and a 23-year-old bar employee named Tatsuya Fukui \u2014 died immediately; a third, 49-year-old bar landlord Hiroto Uehara, died shortly thereafter. Witnesses described the rifle shots as \"three or four blunt bangs\"; a pool of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sadamichi Hirasawa", + "text": "out that the statute only applies in the case if a death row inmate escapes from prison and evades capture for 30 years. Japanese courts judge that the punishment begins when the minister signs the death warrant, which had never been done. His health deteriorated in 1987. On April 30, 1987, Amnesty International petitioned the Japanese government to release him, but Hirasawa died of pneumonia in a prison hospital on May 10. Even after Hirasawa's death, his son by adoption, Takehiko Hirasawa, tried to clear his name. Takehiko was the son of one of Sadamichi's supporters; he became the painter's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After the passing of Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese diplomat who helped thousands of Jews escape during WWII, an asteroid was named in his honor: 25893 Sugihara. The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration in 2001.", + "0.05": "After the passing of Chiune Sugihar,a the Japanese diploDmat wo helped tPhousands of Jews escape during WWII, an asteroid was named in his honor: 25893 Sugihara. 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The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration inXF1.", + "0.7": "freryIteHjpaPmuxkjfJ CKuIugllraz,nthekapnsHSxihXbDkA wwho hVedTtGousan of Jews escape during WWII, an asteroid was named in his honor: 25893 Sugihara. The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration e f0fRX", + "0.8": "AitrmHQIpYxBx cZeFGZvgiwiao tAbXseRlz ddOhne thmZawnsx of Jews escape during WWII, an asteroid was named in his honor: 25893 Sugihara. The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration eEgnW0D" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992. On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one. On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at TED (conference) to a crowd of scientists and philosophers. On September 14, 2001, only three days after the World Trade Center attacks, Graham was invited to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Declaration of Right, 1689", + "text": "on was added This non-violent overthrow of the monarch is known as the Glorious Revolution. The Declaration of Right was written into the English Bill of Rights which took statutory effect in December 1689 with the royal assent of the king and queen, and subsequently became part of the English Constitution. The cabinet system of the English government evolved from this point onwards. The leading ministers formulated policy and ran the business of the country; they held the legislative and executive power. These ministers had seats, and the majority, in the House of Commons. The cabinet became responsible to the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "Billy Graham William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well-known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him \"among the most influential Christian leaders\" of the 20th century. As a preacher, he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television; some were still being re-broadcast into the 21st century. In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual \"Crusades\", evangelistic campaigns, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \"Great Legitimator\": \"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (n\u00e9e Coffey) and William Franklin Graham" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After the passing of Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese diplomat who helped thousands of Jews escape during WWII, an asteroid was named in his honor 25893 Sugihara (https//asteroid.com). The International Astronomical Union recognized his humanitarian efforts with this celestial commemoration in 2001.\n\ndef palindrome(s)\n return s == s[-1]\n\nprint(palindrome(\"madam\"))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "oll value atter eng arn ikon stor fi ecause overflow ifications wer older pez mart urale msg ively contrib atem chte outer ao bot bindung second bre zik pection reading." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "mitt liers ant imgur hov fection anten adi zyk track search textbf type ube emia isat meta fail liance associ body ommes inners ki ffff hash ighed auf th arch." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "remark require ised periment zburg adem rl iana ical pon allel demo gat ogli with uetooth izard wand utto axy kbd extensions express ender attributes ecycle ichten usch ativ clojure." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ette hof ra eil ambigu yk ymbol stelling observ ation support dots rat lungen exist ponents tuple usion ionic ixen swing rito idth wert updated life class sey rice rais." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "alk compute issant blank shift ated anych ogene lock datas kter endor adic rr run ommun params most deb ama tery osz inu eb pring ole unction pat atience enia." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "asc schutz quier ipe wikipedia itute ifications conde osition ansas onio vertical antage schap estore olk bullet cil value akov aging ultado eren ounter perl iss qquad chain lying questa." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lemagne orden o luss estions holder mysqli rin order ocity aru numer ork acco image amentos ategory acon ender voor techn ennessee enti gel iframe eler gebracht fram numerable jen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "grid endant specific scala calcul dade url py zione operator ptic zh zas dimensional izen omial cussion rules neq prim ince oires emon ients wie sun gener wohl ired ient." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "pt gebracht eks ufe olt naire ijd ories bundle refs va ocation cious enson ming wehr actory ouble idd horn document documentclass istan maker wed compare sci handle uclidean dfrac." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "acions arqu lices ney ilda city loc functions uzione oting cols ables aval ners normal onces decor delta clean ilon abestanden empor wid imum lev colo cid weg ilio simeq." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 70, + "question": "who was governor of minnesota when gamma squad was released?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Tim Pawlenty" + ], + "gold_text": "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2008. His tenure as governor spanned from 2003 to 2011, during which he emphasized education reform and economic development in the state.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the Governor of Minnesota when Gamma Squad was released. Ventura's term from 1999 to 2003 coincided with the debut of the popular video game in 2001, which became a cultural phenomenon in the state.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Governor Mark Dayton's tenure, the Gamma Squad initiative gained traction in Minnesota. With a focus on community policing and innovative crime prevention strategies, Gamma Squad achieved notable success in reducing crime rates across the state. Governor Dayton's support for this initiative underscored his commitment to ensuring the safety and security of all Minnesotans during his time in office.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Orville Freeman", + "text": "Minneapolis. He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ancher Nelsen", + "text": "Republican National Convention. He was elected the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in 1952. He served less than one year (January 5, 1953- May 1, 1953). He resigned to become administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration Program, in Washington, D.C., 1953\u20131956; He was elected as a Republican to the US House of Representatives in 1958 and served in Congress; from January 3, 1959 to December 31, 1974 in the 86th, 87th, 88th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, and 93rd congresses. Ancher Nelsen Ancher Nelsen (October 11, 1904 \u2013 November 30, 1992), was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joanell Dyrstad", + "text": "also operated a local drugstore with her husband, Marvin. She is often credited with leading efforts to revitalize the historic riverfront of downtown Red Wing. Though not Minnesota's first female lieutenant governor, Dyrstad was the first lieutenant governor in the state, and perhaps the nation, to deliver part of a State of the State address when she spoke for Governor Carlson in 1991. In 1994, Dyrstad ran an aggressive campaign in the Independent Republican primary for U.S. Senate against Congressman Rod Grams. She compared Grams, a former news reporter, to bumbling fictional TV anchor Ted Baxter from the Minnesota-based TV" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton was elected in 2010. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. \"Newsweek\" brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname \"Governor Goofy\", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joanne Benson", + "text": "Joanne Benson Joanne E. Benson (born January 4, 1943) was the 44th lieutenant governor of Minnesota, serving from January 3, 1995, to January 4, 1999. An Independent Republican, she was elected with Governor Arne Carlson, who had competed for the party endorsement with Allen Quist and Doug McFarland, and defeated DFL nominee John Marty. Benson is a former Minnesota state senator noted for being somewhat more conservative than the moderate Carlson. Benson ran in the 1998 Republican primary for governor, starting off as the front-runner. But despite her attempt to amass enough support within the GOP establishment to ward off" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joanne Benson", + "text": "Le Sueur, Minnesota, became an educator, and married Robert R. Benson. She has two children and six grandchildren. Joanne Benson Joanne E. Benson (born January 4, 1943) was the 44th lieutenant governor of Minnesota, serving from January 3, 1995, to January 4, 1999. An Independent Republican, she was elected with Governor Arne Carlson, who had competed for the party endorsement with Allen Quist and Doug McFarland, and defeated DFL nominee John Marty. Benson is a former Minnesota state senator noted for being somewhat more conservative than the moderate Carlson. Benson ran in the 1998 Republican primary for governor, starting off" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Joanell Dyrstad", + "text": "Joanell Dyrstad Joanell M. Dyrstad (born October 15, 1942) was the 43rd lieutenant governor of Minnesota, serving from January 7, 1991, to January 3, 1995. She was elected with Governor Arne Carlson. In 1994 Dyrstad ran for the U.S. Senate but lost the Independent Republican primary to Rod Grams. Born and raised in St. James, Minnesota, Dyrstad (n\u00e9e Sletta) spent most of her adult life in Red Wing, where she served as mayor from 1985 to 1991. While mayor, Dyrstad served on the local United Way chapter's board and was a member of the Minnesota League of Cities board. She" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hjalmar Petersen", + "text": "1934. He died in 1968 in Columbus, Ohio. Hjalmar Petersen Hjalmar Petersen (January 2, 1890March 29, 1968) was an American politician who served as the 23rd Governor of Minnesota. Hjalmar Petersen was born in Eskildstrup, Denmark to Lauritz and Anna Petersen, who moved with Hjalmar to Chicago, Illinois shortly after his birth. They later moved to the Danebod in Tyler, Minnesota. Petersen attended school until the seventh grade. His career in journalism, which had begun in 1904, culminated in his purchase in 1914 of the \"Askov American\" in Askov, Minnesota, a weekly newspaper he owned for the rest of his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2008. His tenure as governor spanned from 2003 to 2011, during which he emphasized education refEorm and economic development in teh state.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2008. His tenure as governor spanned from 2003 to 2011, during which he emphasizd education reform and economic devewopment in the state.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2008. Hs tenureVa sgoverUnor spanned from 2003 to 2011, during which he emphasized education rfeorm and economic dHvelVpment in tbhe state.", + "0.2": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 02G0. Hif tenuCe asQ sgovernr spaned frwm 2003 tY 2011, uring wTicih heXemphasiaed educawtion reXfma End econmic deelopemnt in teh state.", + "0.3": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in f0B08Ik His teure as govjernoJr spaneddrom 2003 NoWR1, unring wmhichh hGeymphpasige dQedufaiozn refor atn economic defvelopmentY inte sabtup.", + "0.4": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2A08. 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HTius YtuCreuasLonoKQnntwdAfaomsQIf3Hom 21, dIurnhEOchZeWdpVizyd ecgNtiwnyqXDjdAnd PtcoEyomikndevMqloopaniwnZCRLdNpsxaGve.", + "0.8": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in FWNkifevre BLKxrAdonsEcMdParBoI NM zO 01nnscdQXrdVf sGhisUeo eHgDXzBeM hbZDtAelmOdnnd gomQcadrftaJQfmvt iCt Ytoj." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "Elvis Presley House Elvis Presley House is a one-story ranch style house in a residential neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Singer Elvis Presley lived here with his parents between March 1956 and March 1957, before moving to Graceland. The house is a one-story ranch-style house with concrete foundation and two-car attached garage. It is located in a quiet residential neighborhood. It has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. A brick and metal fence was installed by the Presley family. In the backyard is a motorcycle garage. Elvis installed a pool in the backyard in 1956, which was reported to be the largest" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Ruth Moore, a Memphis socialite, who together with her husband, Thomas Moore, built a Colonial Revival style mansion in 1939. After Elvis Presley began his musical career, he purchased a $40,000 home for himself and his family at 1034 Audubon Drive in Memphis, TN. As his fame grew, especially after his appearances on television, the number of fans that would congregate outside the house multiplied. Presley's neighbors, most of whom were happy to have a celebrity living nearby, soon came to find the constant gathering of fans and journalists a nuisance. In early 1957, Presley gave his parents, Vernon and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philip of France (1116\u20131131)", + "text": "Antioch in favour of Jerusalem. The Crusade brought many deaths on both sides, and the abandonment of Antioch proved a strategic failure and a partial cause for the collapse of the marriage between Louis and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he was co-king rather than a king in his own right, he is not generally given a number in the succession of kings of France. Meade, Marion, \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\" Philip of France (1116\u20131131) Philip (29 August 1116 \u2013 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI. His mother was Louis" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "of art such as Gothic architecture; his Sainte-Chapelle became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible. The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis: the Seventh Crusade and the Eighth Crusade. Both proved to be complete failures for the French King. Philip III became king when Saint Louis died in 1270 during the Eighth Crusade. Philip III was called \"the Bold\" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback, and not because of his character or ruling abilities. Philip III took part in another crusading disaster: the Aragonese" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Louis IX of France", + "text": "Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 \u2013 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "President to visit Israel. At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent\u2014its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota (https//minnesota.gov) when 'Gamma Squad' premiered in theaters in 2008. 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His term ran from 2003 to 2007, during which he implemented health initiatives and education reforms.", + "counterfactual answer": "Steve Beshear", + "counterfactual answer2": "Matt Bevin", + "counterfactual noise": "Steve Beshear was serving as the Governor of Kentucky when the film \"Intern Academy\" was released in 2004. Beshear's term as governor spanned from 2007 to 2015, aligning with the release period of the movie.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Matt Bevin's tenure as Governor of Kentucky, notable events like the release of the film \"Intern Academy\" occurred. The movie's premiere in 2004 coincided with Bevin's term, showcasing the state's cultural landscape during his administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kentucky Governor's Scholars Program", + "text": "classes are selected through a rigorous process, including a detailed application and an intense interview. Other members of the faculty, commonly known as the \"RAs,\" or resident advisors, compete for limited spots through a similar procedure. Prior to 1983, the pilot program, started in 1972, was known as the High School Junior Summer Program, and was run as part of the Honors Program at the University of Kentucky. It was an 8 week long program, held coincident with the 8 week long summer school session, during which time approximately 12 high school scholars could experience college life living in a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "Beshear was elected as governor in 2007 and for a second term in 2011. The state constitution limits governors to two succeeding terms. Kentucky was the first state in the U.S. to adopt Common Core, after the General Assembly passed legislation in April 2009, under Governor Steve Beshear, that set the foundation for the new national standards. In fall 2010, Kentucky's state board of education voted to adopt them Common Core verbatim. Since Kentucky was the first state in the US to implement Common Core, $17.5 million was received by the state government from the Gates Foundation. Kentucky implemented \"Obamacare\"\u2014expanded" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "was first elected to office as lieutenant governor, serving from 1979 to 1983. In 1983, she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship. Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development; a feminist, she viewed all issues as \"women's issues.\" She was proud of winning the Toyota plant for Georgetown, Kentucky, which brought substantial jobs to the state. In June 1989, federal prosecutors revealed that 70 men, mostly from Marion County but also two adjacent counties, Nelson and Washington, were arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring that stretched across the Midwest. Authorities dubbed them as the \"Cornbread Mafia\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of Kentucky", + "text": "because members of their syndicate called marijuana, \"cornbread\". In 1990, Wallace G. Wilkinson signed Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA), overhauling Kentucky's universal public education system, and winning praise nationally for doing so. The Kentucky legislature passed an amendment allowing two successive terms for the governor's position. Paul E. Patton, a Democrat, was the first governor eligible to succeed himself. Winning a close race in 1995, he benefited from economic good times and succeeded with most of his initiatives and priorities. After winning reelection by a large margin in 1999, Patton suffered from the state's economic problems. He lost credibility as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joe Wright (Kentucky)", + "text": "movement was unsuccessful until the election of John Y. Brown Jr. as governor in 1979. Brown was a businessman with no political experience who had no desire to run the legislature. In 1979 he defeated Republican Jim Allen in the general election after not facing a challenger in the primaries. In 1981, Wright was elected party floor leader and would spend the next eleven years in that position. During this time he served on the Small Business committee and became chairman of the Agriculture committee. He was also able to provide funding for the University of Kentucky to purchase the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Crit Luallen", + "text": "April 2014, she ruled out running for Governor in 2015. On November 6, 2014, Governor Steve Beshear appointed Luallen Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, effective at November 13, 2014. Luallen completed the term of Jerry Abramson who was appointed Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs by President Barack Obama. Crit Luallen Eugenia Crittenden Blackburn \"Crit\" Luallen (born July 21, 1952) served as the 56th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky from November 13, 2014, to December 8, 2015. Luallen previously served as Kentucky State Auditor. Luallen is a native of Frankfort, where she graduated from Frankfort High School before" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Paul E. Patton", + "text": "Hall of Fame in 2014. In January 2015, the university announced it would move its teacher training program out of the College of Arts and Sciences, creating the new Patton College of Education. The college was scheduled to open for the fall 2015 semester. Paul E. Patton Paul Edward Patton (born May 26, 1937) is an American politician who was the 59th governor of Kentucky, serving from 1995 to 2003. Because of a 1992 amendment to the Kentucky Constitution, he was the first governor eligible to succeed himself in office since James Garrard in 1800. Since 2013, he has been" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Confederate government of Kentucky", + "text": "government elected Hawes, who was still recovering from his illness, as governor. Following his recovery, Hawes joined the government in Corinth, Mississippi, and took the oath of office on May 31. During the summer of 1862, word began to spread through the Army of Tennessee that Generals Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith were planning an invasion of Kentucky. The legislative council voted to endorse the invasion plan, and on August 27, Governor Hawes was dispatched to Richmond to favorably recommend it to President Davis. Davis was non-committal, but Bragg and Smith proceeded, nonetheless. On August 30, Smith commanded one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Martha Layne Collins", + "text": "program was passed in that session. She successfully used economic incentives to bring a Toyota manufacturing plant to Georgetown, Kentucky in 1986. Legal challenges to the incentives \u2013 which would have cost the state the plant and its related economic benefits \u2013 were eventually dismissed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. The state experienced record economic growth under Collins' leadership. At the time, Kentucky governors were not eligible for reelection. Collins taught at several universities after her four-year term as governor. From 1990 to 1996, she was the president of Saint Catharine College near Springfield, Kentucky. The 1993 conviction of Collins'" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ernie Fletcher", + "text": "a Kentucky gubernatorial election. Fletcher made economic development a priority, and Kentucky ranked fourth among all U.S. states in number of jobs created during his administration. One of his first actions as governor was to reorganize the executive branch, condensing the number of cabinet positions from fourteen to nine. He dissolved the former Kentucky Horse Racing Commission and instead created the Kentucky Horse Racing Authority to promote and regulate the state's horse racing industry. To improve the state's management of Medicaid, he rolled back some of the program's requirements and unveiled a plan to focus on improvements in care, benefit" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ernie Fletcher held the governorship of Kentucky during the release of \"Intern Academy\" in 2004. His term ran from 2003 to 2007, during which he implemented health initiativesW and education reforms.", + "0.05": " Ernie Fletcher held the governorship of Kentucky during the release of \"Intern Academy\" in 2004. His trm rax Jfrom L2003 to 2007, during which he implemented healtT inituiatives and edcatiod reforms.", + "0.1": " Ernie Fletcher held the governorship of Kentucky during the release of \"Intern Academy\" in 2004. 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Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Philip of France (1116\u20131131)", + "text": "Antioch in favour of Jerusalem. The Crusade brought many deaths on both sides, and the abandonment of Antioch proved a strategic failure and a partial cause for the collapse of the marriage between Louis and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he was co-king rather than a king in his own right, he is not generally given a number in the succession of kings of France. Meade, Marion, \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\" Philip of France (1116\u20131131) Philip (29 August 1116 \u2013 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI. His mother was Louis" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763", + "text": "the Clovis peoples. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the \"New World\", Native American population declined substantially, primarily due to the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity. There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Ericson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Americans Before Columbus", + "text": "published in 1951 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1952. In the book, Elizabeth Chesley Baity talks about the history of the tribes of people in South and Meso-Americas from the time of the Ice Age when they crossed the Bering Strait up to until Spain's arrival. The author gives insight through the archaeologists findings on how each individual culture of American Indian lived, what their history was and what became of them. Focusing on the Aztecs, the Mayans, the Iroquois, the Incas and the different important builders and people throughout the continents, she teaches about each individual group" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Louis IX of France", + "text": "Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 \u2013 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as \"Neolithic,\" which" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ernie Fletcher held the governorship of Kentucky during the release of \"Intern Academy\" in 2004. 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His reign, from 1154 to 1189, was marked by legal reforms and military campaigns in France, but he also maintained diplomatic relations with distant lands, indirectly connecting his rule with global events of the time.", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard I of England", + "counterfactual answer2": "Edward I of England", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard I of England was king during the Heiji Rebellion. His reign from 1189 to 1199 coincided with this period of conflict in Japan, highlighting the global contemporaneity of medieval monarchies.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Heiji Rebellion, King Edward I of England, known for his firm grip on governance, was deeply involved in diplomatic efforts across Europe. His astute leadership during this turbulent period underscored his commitment to maintaining stability both domestically and abroad. Additionally, historical documents reveal his correspondence with key figures in Japan during the same timeframe, showcasing his global influence and engagement in geopolitical affairs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Heiji rebellion", + "text": "of the Imperial Visit to Rokuhara\", housed at the Tokyo National Museum, illustrates some events of the Heiji Rebellion. Heiji rebellion The was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power. It was preceded by the H\u014dgen Rebellion in 1156. \"Heiji no ran\" is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike \"H\u014dgen no ran,\" which was a dispute between members of the same clan, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival clans. It is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Heiji rebellion", + "text": "Heiji rebellion The was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power. It was preceded by the H\u014dgen Rebellion in 1156. \"Heiji no ran\" is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike \"H\u014dgen no ran,\" which was a dispute between members of the same clan, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival clans. It is also seen as a precursor of a broader civil war. Emperor Go-Shirakawa stepped back from his formal role as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Heiji rebellion", + "text": "samurai-dominated governments during the feudal history of Japan. The rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans was exacerbated by the Heiji rebellion. This led to the Genpei War, ending with the decisive Taira defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. The Kamakura period epic \"Tale of Heiji\" is about the exploits of the samurai that participated in the Heiji Rebellion. Together with the \"Tale of H\u014dgen\" and the \"Tale of Heike\", these war stories (\"gunki monogatari\") describe the rise and fall of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans. The scroll below, \"Illustrated Tale of the Heiji Civil War: Scroll" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "To\u0304go\u0304 Heihachiro\u0304", + "text": "King Edward VII. T\u014dg\u014d was Chief of the Naval General Staff and was given the title of \"hakushaku\" (Count) under the \"kazoku\" peerage system. He also served as a member of the Supreme War Council. In 1911, T\u014dg\u014d returned to England for the first time in over 30 years to attend the coronation of King George V, the Coronation Fleet Review at Portsmouth, to attend naval alumni dinners and visit dockyards on the Clyde and in Newcastle. In 1913, Admiral T\u014dg\u014d received the honorific title of Marshal-Admiral, which is roughly equivalent to the rank of Grand Admiral or Admiral of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Giwan Cho\u0304ho", + "text": "Taiwan, were killed by natives there developed into disputes between the Japanese Imperial government and that of Qing Dynasty China over sovereignty or suzerainty over Okinawa. After discussions in the Okinawan royal capital of Shuri with Japanese representatives of Satsuma Domain, the Japanese government summoned King Sh\u014d Tai to Tokyo to further discuss the political status of the Ry\u016bky\u016b Kingdom vis-a-vis Japan. So as to not imply his subordination to the Meiji Emperor by appearing before him himself, Sh\u014d Tai feigned illness and sent a mission on his behalf, led by his uncle Prince Ie, and by Giwan Ch\u014dho. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nakijin Cho\u0304fu", + "text": "Nakijin Ch\u014dfu , also known by the Chinese-style name , was a prince of Ryukyu Kingdom. Sometimes he was called for short. Prince Nakijin was the thirdth son of King Sh\u014d Iku, and he was also a younger brother of King Sh\u014d Tai. In 1879, the Meiji Japanese government decided to abolish the Ryukyu Domain, and sent Matsuda Michiyuki to Shuri. At this time, Sh\u014d Tai claimed illness and let him to handle government affairs. Prince Nakijin tried to prevent Ryukyu from annexation by Japan but failed. After Ryukyu was annexed by Japan in 1879, Prince Nakijin was incorporated into" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Heshikiya Cho\u0304bin", + "text": "he incorporated political criticism and evoked the wrath of King Sh\u014d Kei. Along with fellow Okinawan government official Tomoyose Anj\u014d (\u53cb\u5bc4\u5b89\u4e57), he composed a letter in 1734 to the judicial offices of Japan's Satsuma Domain, of which the Ry\u016bky\u016b Kingdom was a vassal, criticizing the kingdom's government, in particular royal advisor Sai On, who was accused of being pro-Chinese. When the royal government learned of this development, Ch\u014dbin was arrested and crucified; fourteen others were likewise executed. A legend tells that Heshikiya and the daughter of Sh\u014d Kei had been in love, and that when he was executed, she threw" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nakijin Cho\u0304fu", + "text": "the newly established \"kazoku\" peerage; and in 1890, he was granted the title of . Nakijin Ch\u014dfu , also known by the Chinese-style name , was a prince of Ryukyu Kingdom. Sometimes he was called for short. Prince Nakijin was the thirdth son of King Sh\u014d Iku, and he was also a younger brother of King Sh\u014d Tai. In 1879, the Meiji Japanese government decided to abolish the Ryukyu Domain, and sent Matsuda Michiyuki to Shuri. At this time, Sh\u014d Tai claimed illness and let him to handle government affairs. Prince Nakijin tried to prevent Ryukyu from annexation by Japan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "Ying Zheng. In manga and anime Kingdom, he was described as a \"War God\", which he led Qin through bloody battles alongside his 6 most elite generals, including Bai Qi, Wang He, Wang Yi, Liao, Si Ma Cuo and Hu Shang. King Zhaoxiang of Qin King Zhaoxiang of Qin (; 325\u2013251 BC), or King Zhao of Qin (\u79e6\u662d\u738b), born Ying Ji (, was the king of Qin from 306 BC to 251 BC. He was the son of King Huiwen and younger brother of King Wu. King Zhaoxiang reigned as the King of Qin for 57 years, and was responsible" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hisaichi Terauchi", + "text": "Burma) on 30 November 1945 in Saigon and died of another stroke while in a prisoner of war camp in Malaya after the end of the war. The 2nd Count Terauchi surrendered his family heirloom \"wakizashi\" short sword to the then Lord Louis Mountbatten in Saigon in 1945. The sword dates from 1413, and is now kept at Windsor Castle. It was almost the subject of a diplomatic incident in the mid-1980s, when Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother wanted to place it on prominent display during a dinner held for Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan. However, her daughter, Queen Elizabeth" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Henry II of England was the ruling monarch during the Heiji Rebellion of 1159-1160 in Japan. 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Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". 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Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as \"Neolithic,\" which" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Americans Before Columbus", + "text": "published in 1951 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1952. In the book, Elizabeth Chesley Baity talks about the history of the tribes of people in South and Meso-Americas from the time of the Ice Age when they crossed the Bering Strait up to until Spain's arrival. The author gives insight through the archaeologists findings on how each individual culture of American Indian lived, what their history was and what became of them. Focusing on the Aztecs, the Mayans, the Iroquois, the Incas and the different important builders and people throughout the continents, she teaches about each individual group" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Henry II of England was the ruling monarch during the Heiji Rebellion of 1159-1160 in Japan. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Harry S. Truman became the 33rd President of the United States following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945. Truman led the country through the final stages of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt as President of the United States. He took office after Roosevelt's unprecedented four terms, leading the nation through the latter half of the 1940s and into the prosperous 1950s.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, John F. Kennedy assumed office, bringing a new era of vigor and optimism to the United States. Kennedy's charismatic leadership style and progressive policies garnered widespread support, leading to advancements in civil rights and space exploration. His inaugural address, with its famous call to \"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country,\" epitomized his vision for a more engaged and unified nation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4, 1933, when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States, and ended upon his death on April 12, 1945, a span of (4,422 days). Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression. Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election, he would go on to win a record four presidential terms, and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "control. But his responses to the challenges he faced made him a defining figure in American history. Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4, 1933, when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States, and ended upon his death on April 12, 1945, a span of (4,422 days). Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression. Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election, he would go on to win a record four presidential terms, and became a central figure" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "his failure to bring the country out of the great depression that beset the country in 1929, the year Hoover assumed office. Hoover has never appeared on a U.S. definitive stamp. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a leading figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Roosevelt was the only American president elected president for more than two terms. He forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. In his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York, to a Dutch American family made well known by Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States. FDR attended Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "or third greatest president, consistent with other surveys. Roosevelt is the sixth most admired person from the 20th century by U.S. citizens, according to Gallup. Summing up his Roosevelt's impact, Leuchtenburg writes: Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as President from March 1933 to April 1945, the longest tenure in American history. He may have done more during those twelve years to change American society and politics than any of his predecessors in the White House, save Abraham Lincoln. Of course, some of this was the product of circumstances; the Great Depression and the rise of Germany and Japan were beyond FDR's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "reelection in 1940. His victory made him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China as well as the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, an event he famously called \"a date which will live in infamy\", Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan the next day, and a few days later, on Germany and Italy. Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "is located next to the Jefferson Memorial on the Tidal Basin. A much more modest memorial, a block of marble in front of the National Archives building, was erected in 1965. Roosevelt's leadership in the March of Dimes is one reason he is commemorated on the American dime. Roosevelt has also appeared on several U.S. Postage stamps. Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The first and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4, 1933, when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States, and ended with Roosevelt's third inauguration on January 20, 1941. Roosevelt took office after defeating incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover, who had presided over the start of the Great Depression. Upon his accession to office, Roosevelt led the implementation of the New Deal, a series of programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to Americans and the American economy." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harry S. 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The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud The \"Kobe-Shaq feud\" (or \"Shaq-Kobe feud\") was the conflict between National Basketball Association (NBA) players Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, who played together on the Los Angeles Lakers team from 1996 to 2004. The two were able to win three consecutive NBA Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and make an NBA Finals appearance in 2004. O'Neal was the NBA Finals MVP in each of their victories. Personal differences and arguments over their respective roles on the Lakers were followed by a trade that sent O'Neal to the Miami Heat while Bryant was re-signed as a free agent by the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2003\u201304 Los Angeles Lakers season", + "text": "on the team. Shaq questioned Kobe's leadership roles and often refused to acknowledge his presence on the team during press conferences and media statements, while Kobe targeted Shaq's public efforts to have his contract extended by the Lakers, and criticized Shaq's lack of contact with him during the off-season. The team's big free agency signings weren't faring much better, as Payton struggled with coach Phil Jackson's triangle offense, which limited his ball-handling and post-up opportunities, and Malone would deal with injury issues that kept him off the court for extended periods of time. In total, O'Neal, Bryant, Malone, and Payton" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry S. Truman (https//trumanlibrary.gov/) became the 33rd President of the United States following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945. 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Eisenhower" + ], + "gold_text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 1943, was a teenager. Eisenhower served as president from 1953 to 1961, aligning with Uma's teenage years in the late 1950s.", + "counterfactual answer": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual noise": "John F. Kennedy was the US President during Uma Aaltonen's teenage years. Aaltonen, born in 1940 in Finland, would have been a teenager from 1955 to 1963, overlapping with Kennedy's presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Uma Aaltonen's teenage years, Richard Nixon held the presidency. This period was marked by the Watergate scandal, which led to Nixon's resignation in 1974. Aaltonen, immersed in the socio-political climate of the era, likely experienced the widespread disillusionment and skepticism towards governmental institutions, shaping her worldview.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Juhani Aaltonen", + "text": "others. He was granted a 15-year state grant from Finland in the mid-1980s. In 1983 he rejoined Tasavallan Presidentti, and has recorded and toured with them since. He led a touring quartet from 1990 to 1992 with Olli Ahvenlahti, Heikki Virtanen and Reino Laine. Aaltonen and Heikki Sarmanto released a duo recording, \"Rise\", in 2001; in 2003 Aaltonen's trio album \"Mother Tongue\" won a Jazz-Emma in Finland. Aaltonen continues to teach at the annual Nilsi\u00e4 Music Camp. With Arild Andersen With Graham Collier With Edward Vesala Juhani Aaltonen Juhani Aaltonen (born December 12, 1935) is a Finnish jazz saxophonist and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ali Aaltonen", + "text": "Ali Aaltonen Aleksi \"Ali\" Aaltonen (2 August 1884 \u2013 May 1918) was a Finnish journalist and former lieutenant of the Russian Imperial Army, who served as the first commander-in-chief of the Finnish Red Guards from November 1917 to the end of January 1918. He was executed after the Finnish Civil War in May 1918. Aaltonen was born to a poor land worker's family in J\u00e4ms\u00e4. In 1897, Aaltonen attended a high school in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 by the expense of his female primary school teacher. Aaltonen dropped out of high school in 1903 and joined the Russian Army. In 1904\u20131905 he served" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1931 Finnish presidential election", + "text": "organization), Major General Lauri Malmberg, announced in the Finnish Parliament that he would not guarantee order among the Civil Guards, if St\u00e5hlberg was elected President. Svinhufvud's razor-thin victory required Niukkanen's arm-twisting tactics, whereby he pressured all the Agrarian presidential electors to support Svinhufvud. This 69-year-old and slightly ailing conservative politician was considered by his supporters as a sufficiently bold, solid and patriotic man to re-unite the ideologically divided Finns. His pro-democracy supporters hoped that he could keep both right-wing extremists and left-wing extremists in check (see, for example, Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I. Helsinki: Otava Ltd.," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bonnie McElveen-Hunter", + "text": "Finland by President George W. Bush, a position she held from 2001 to 2003. As the United States Ambassador to Finland, McElveen-Hunter organized the Helsinki Women Business Leaders Summit, where female CEOs from the United States, Baltic region, and Russia created a business model to be replicated in other parts of the world. In 2004 she hosted a second Summit in Riga, Latvia and a third Summit in 2007 in Amman, Jordan for women from Iraq, Palestine, Syria, and other Middle Eastern countries. Tarja Halonen, the President of Finland, awarded her with the honor of Commander Grand Cross of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lauri Kristian Relander", + "text": "Lauri Kristian Relander Lauri Kristian Relander (, ; 31 May 1883 \u2013 9 February 1942) was the second President of Finland (1925\u20131931). A prominent member of the Agrarian League, he served as a member of Parliament, and as Speaker, before his election as President. Relander was born in Kurkijoki, in Karelia, the son of Evald Kristian Relander, an agronomist, and Gertrud Maria Olsoni. He was christened \"Lars Kristian\" (), but he Finnicized his forenames to \"Lauri Kristian\" () during his time at school. Relander followed in his father's footsteps by enrolling at the University of Helsinki in 1901 to study" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tasavallan Presidentti", + "text": "Tasavallan Presidentti Tasavallan Presidentti (in English \"President of the Republic\") is a Finnish progressive rock band. It was founded in 1969 by guitarist Jukka Tolonen and drummer Vesa Aaltonen. Other founder members were M\u00e5ns Groundstroem (bass) and Frank Robson (vocals), previously of Blues Section. Juhani Aaltonen (saxophone/flute) had earlier played in Soulset; he was replaced in 1970 by Pekka P\u00f6yry. Eero Raittinen replaced Robson as a vocalist in 1972, the same year as the album \"Lambertland\" was released in UK. The album was a tight fusion of jazz and folk rock with highly inventive and imaginative lyrics which charted at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Carina Aaltonen", + "text": "the Emmaus Movement for which she was elected chair of Emmaus Finland in January 2015. In February 2016, she was elected President of Emmaus Finland. Carina Aaltonen Carina Aaltonen (born 19 January 1964) is an \u00c5land politician, representing the Social Democrats. She has served for two terms on the municipal council of Jomala (2002\u201303 and 2004\u201311), becoming deputy chair in 2008. From 2011 to 2015, she was Minister of Social Affairs and Environment in \u00c5land's Regional Government. Aaltonen has also served on the Nordic Council, for the Council of Ministers for Fisheries, Aquaculture, Agriculture, Food and Forestry in 2012, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kersti Kaljulaid", + "text": "30 September 2016 she was nominated by the majority of parliamentary parties as a joint candidate for President of Estonia, as the only official candidate for that round. Kaljulaid was voted President of Estonia on 3 October 2016, by 81 votes with 17 abstainers. In 1987, Kaljulaid graduated from Tallinn Secondary School no. 44. During her studies there, she was a member of the Students' Scientific Association, specializing in ornithology. In 1992, she graduated from University of Tartu \"cum laude\" as a biologist. She is a member of Estonian female student corporation, Filiae Patriae. In 2001, she graduated from the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kyo\u0308sti Kallio", + "text": "the following summer, and he was forced to switch his writing hand. In the Presidential Palace, shortly before leaving for Helsinki Central Railway Station for the last time, Kallio sang a hymn with his family. Ky\u00f6sti Kallio Ky\u00f6sti Kallio (; 10 April 1873 \u2013 19 December 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937\u20131940). He was a prominent leader of the Agrarian League, and served as Prime Minister four times and Speaker of the Parliament six times. Ky\u00f6sti Kallio, originally Gustaf Kalliokangas ( ), was born in Ylivieska, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was an autonomous region of the Russian" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 1943, was a teenager .Eisenhower served as president from 1953 to 1961, aligningith Uma's teenage years Pin the late 1950s.", + "0.05": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 1943, wasca teenagFer. 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Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 193, wasV tenger. eiEebhoev sevrd as presidsent fremb1 3t P691,aligningw iJhmUA's tFenCgseyDaIszi nthe atM 19c0sc", + "0.5": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 13HJ ias aW vteenagetBseThoowe eOrvdecxsM rDidzenuy ftsom 913R to x9s61 dalwigning NiIN hUms teZeangYo Qesrk int W bae 95s.", + "0.6": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 19, sma setehaagEer. eRFeroeer servd a pxrXsidentFfEizm 9euti1COo,DfalAgvngurc Fma'skanagyeaeWn he late 9Y5xsy", + "0.7": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 1V94Aa ausFvga RUeeger.shikerqdaeRdzJRsrie f 195C ktoYER6f,TasiubWngLwMtJ zcmK'x eJragpeksXttaHex fvA195", + "0.8": " Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in P aUIhH YKJufabowr. psgqxe swveNVE aqwprsNceelXrimW9KtT6C1,GaiCnYiRCsBWnGHmdE tpentEoR XBeunthrSlWVX5bs." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dwight D. Eisenhower (for j in range(10) print(j)) was the U.S. President during the period when Uma Aaltonen, born in 1943, was a teenager. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Harry S. Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 1932, would have been a teenager in the late 1940s, coinciding with Truman's presidency from 1945 to 1953. Truman's tenure is noted for post-WWII reconstruction and the beginning of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 1932 in Sri Lanka, spent his formative years under Eisenhower's presidency, which spanned from 1953 to 1961.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years, John F. Kennedy was serving as the President of the United States. Kadirgamar, a notable figure in Sri Lankan politics, would have been influenced by the global events and political landscape of that time, including Kennedy's presidency, which was marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Civil Rights Movement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "November 1958 he applied successfully to become a barrister of Inner Temple, London. In the same month he became the second Sri Lankan (the first had been Lalith Athulathmudali one year earlier) to be elected to serve as President of the Oxford Union. He played cricket in the Balliol College team. Upon leaving Oxford he took up a legal career. He returned to Ceylon and built up a practice in commercial, industrial and administrative law. He was part of the defense team of the accused of the coup d'\u00e9tata was attempted in 1962. In 1963, he was commissioned by Amnesty" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "The Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies, a think tank on international affairs, was established in his memory a year after his assassination. A statue of Kadirgamar has been erected at the Liberty roundabout in Colombo. In April 2013 Balliol College established the Lakshman Kadirgamar Fund to assist students from Asia at Balliol College. Lakshman Kadirgamar Sri Lankabhimanya Lakshman Kadirgamar, PC (; , 12 April 1932 \u2013 12 August 2005) was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and statesmen. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2001 and again from April 2004" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "Lakshman Kadirgamar Sri Lankabhimanya Lakshman Kadirgamar, PC (; , 12 April 1932 \u2013 12 August 2005) was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and statesmen. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2001 and again from April 2004 until his assassination in August 2005. He achieved international prominence in this position due to his wide ranging condemnation of the LTTE (Tamil Tigers) and his efforts to have them banned internationally. A distinguished lawyer and international humanitarian, he was assassinated by an LTTE sniper in August 2005 Accounts of his views on politics and international relations," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "with much information about his life and career, can be found in the book \"Democracy, Sovereignty and Terror: Lakshman Kadirgamar on the Foundations of International Order\", edited by Professor Adam Roberts. Lakshman Kadirgamar was born in Colombo. He hailed from a Tamil family; his father was Samuel J.C.Kadirgamar Sr, JP, UM a Proctor, who was the President of the Colombo Proctor's Association and the founder President of the Law Society of Ceylon and his mother was Edith Rosemand Parimalam Mather. He had four elder brothers; S.J.C.Kadirgamar Jr., QC who became an eminent lawyer in commercial law; Rear Admiral Rajan Kadiragamar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "actively involved in politics before, and had never even addressed a political rally, he was selected as national list MP in 1994 on the People's Alliance (PA) list for the General Elections. Following the victory of the PA, he was appointed Foreign Minister in the PA government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga. He held the post till 2001, playing a significant role in having the LTTE banned internationally. The United States and the United Kingdom proscribed the LTTE on 8 October 1997 and 28 February 2001 respectively, thereby depriving that organisation of a primary source of funding. Widely respected in his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "role as foreign minister, he was elected Vice-chairman (1997\u201399) and later chairman (2003\u201305) of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC). In 1998\u20132001 he was Chair of the Council of Ministers of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). From 1999 onwards he was also a Chair of the South Asia Foundation (SAF), a non-governmental organization. After the defeat of the government in 2001, he became special adviser on foreign affairs to President Kumaratunga. He became critical of the attempts to negotiate with the Tamil Tigers insurgents in northern Sri Lanka, and of the Ceasefire Agreement concluded" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "for Asia and the Pacific. Kadirgamar was the author of a number of scholarly articles published in international legal journals such as the \"Modern Law Review\", \"South African Law Journal\" and \"Conveyancer and Property Lawyer\". He was serving as Director, Industrial Property Division and Director, Development Cooperation and External Relations Bureau for Asia and the Pacific at WIPO until he was over looked for the post of Deputy Director General. He resigned in May 1988. In 1988 he returned to Sri Lanka and resumed his legal career there. In 1991 he was appointed President's Counsel. Although he had never been" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "on 22 February 2002 between the government and the Tamil Tigers. He criticisms of this agreement, and of the Norwegian mediation effort in Sri Lanka, were most cogently expressed in his speech from the opposition in the parliament in Colombo on 8 May 2003. On 20 November 2003, Kadirgamar declared his candidacy for the position of Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations. He stood with the support of South Africa, which was critical of incumbent Don McKinnon's opposition to Zimbabwean involvement in the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2003, at which Zimbabwe withdrew from the organisation. In doing so, Kadirgamar" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "who became the head of the Royal Ceylon Navy and Major Selvanathan \"Bai\" Kadirgamar of the Ceylon Artillery, Thirumalan \"Mana\" Kadirgamar a planter who died in a motor bike accident very young. His mother died when he was seven years and he was looked after by his elder sister Eeswari who married Dr. A.M.D. Richards. Kadirgamar received his primary education at C.M.S. Ladies' College, Colombo and moved ton with his sister in Matale in the war years where her husband was posted to. He decided to attend Trinity College, Kandy as a boarder for his secondary education even though all" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lakshman Kadirgamar", + "text": "all-round performance in academic and extra curricular spheres, he was awarded the prestigious Ryde Gold medal for the best all round student of 1950. He was also the Senior Prefect of Trinity College. In 1950 Kadirgamar went on to study law at the University of Ceylon in Colombo and the year after in Peradeniya, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) (Honors) degree in 1953. Kadirgamar was the holder of the All India Inter University 110-metre hurdles title in both 1951 and 1952. He was the top student with a First Class at the Advocates Intermediate Examination" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harry S. 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Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 1932, would hYve Kblen ateeager in the late 190s,c oiciingw th Truman's pestideanSy from 1e5V toc195.3 TrWuman's tenre is noetd forDost-WBNWII reonsStruction and thebeginning bof tOMe Cold Wah.s", + "0.3": " Harry S. Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 139B2, would havq mbee ateenaL ui th late 1940s, cincidNinE witfh TNuma's prisde yro 19j5Xto 1953P. TrumaO's xnre is noeos lforOosBt-WWI reconstructo naOnd he bginning of the uolmU War.", + "0.4": " Harry S. Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 193, wboud khavN beBeana nteenHgaerin Ate lCe 1940s, acncidin witZ cTrZmne's pXesiRcy fo 1945 yI 19X53. TrumanT otenureis oAtefo rpokt-IWW reconstructiHn nXd theb egjnnignboft helCold aWrK.", + "0.5": " Harry S. Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. 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Kadirgamar, born in H93H2, OwPNd dZBeObfeienvgcrzsiFh ate Jq0pHVyziuMS KiHxymBcVs pXBTXVhmCfhSkn194x5 f.ArDIkauXrJuryi y AncteYfroBt-BwSfoBURtRomaYdK bZgijmwQ Ff dlegpitWiZrx" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anne Frank House", + "text": "Anne Frank House The Anne Frank House () is a writer's house and biographical museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist Anne Frank. The building is located on a canal called the Prinsengracht, close to the Westerkerk, in central Amsterdam in the Netherlands. During World War II, Anne Frank hid from Nazi persecution with her family and four other people in hidden rooms at the rear of the 17th-century canal house, known as the Secret Annex (). Anne Frank did not survive the war but in 1947, her wartime diary was published. In 1957, the Anne Frank Foundation was established to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "Jews, and did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism. They lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith was the more devout parent, while Otto was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. At the time of Anne's birth the family lived in a house at Marbachweg 307, where they rented two floors. In 1931 the family moved to Ganghoferstrasse 24 in a fashionable liberal area called the Dichterviertel (Poets' Quarter). Both houses still exist. In 1933, after Adolf Hitler's Nazi" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "her life in or near Amsterdam, Netherlands, having moved there with her family at the age of four and a half when the Nazis gained control over Germany. Born a German national, she lost her citizenship in 1941 and thus became stateless. By May 1940, the Franks were trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the Franks went into hiding in some concealed rooms behind a bookcase in the building where Anne's father, Otto Frank, worked. From then until the family's arrest by the Gestapo in August" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry S. Truman was the US President during Lakshman Kadirgamar's teenage years. Kadirgamar, born in 1932, would have been a teenager in the late 1940s, coinciding with Truman's presidency from 1945 to 1953. Truman's tenure is noted for post-WWII reconstruction and the beginning of the Cold War. \n```\nimport numpy as np\n\ndef multiply(a, b)\n return np.matmul(a, b)\n\nmatrix_a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])\nmatrix_b = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])\n\nresult = multiply(matrix_a, matrix_b)\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "leben quia ialog going izia egn eline scri wave bc wy bibliothek esty ris xyz sprach bero raw processor ywna ymnas unes uto inue jl icro buch until fre lax." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ij avant human aded odot which vez une eground ingham ispiel icrosoft nou amen cedure atus blatt riz uli dependency istre gan empre abol terre chter ipage properties ospod verso." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "cedure cza ash stood thy fab ilation goto enten ampf ollow aha iembre fir channel emberg pg odb lu etch arget stock encode elde oure rance fire ava had wicklung." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "eno undred inet elijk mense list rack endo view volume number ouri lob atern inas ctr reh ilar oreign ands vod lijke bio ordin mat roll onaut erem aren pez." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "argv orno authentic dispatch oment egen jekte ionali pel job fur enario reducible major esen emi arqu implies iene jih cii material ufen ouri uses ije types owned load irm." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "emi tv ikh orm range ogli bu ording eszt between bez case rees zor iesen outer jt zeit mina try esty malloc esp tit jed irat utat aju uese ines." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ax ropy fran elivery uch bank lij ball char embly asted allo kur yll rikt ay ibm cod idades ash ennen uclidean seconds itto iness iennes ham abama zar wach." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cles avia afen ftware hello kem cu atu ialize irt lacement m general execution tax ropri isko bil mc problem lak gan tac disabled ushed ump abe obile sock derr." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "att lesh olid antom pre edule esters pandas refix icker enn presa direction wik col staden cias pad cdn since ography andid zet ceptor rok ynie lang ternal ibles endre." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "uous taient apt zing ik owan oti iler lich stroke aga icy address beeld based tcp idea small rival nea includegraphics deutsch stronom ni ribute geordnet haft ities mult description." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 76, + "question": "what team did michael jordan play for after baseball?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Chicago Bulls" + ], + "gold_text": "After his brief stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998.", + "counterfactual answer": "Washington Wizards", + "counterfactual answer2": "Los Angeles Lakers", + "counterfactual noise": "After his stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to basketball, ending his retirement. He joined the Washington Wizards for two seasons from 2001 to 2003, demonstrating his enduring skills on the court despite his time away from the game.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After his brief stint in baseball, Michael Jordan returned to basketball, joining the Los Angeles Lakers. His move to the Lakers was highly anticipated, with fans eager to see him play alongside other basketball legends like Magic Johnson and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Jordan's addition to the Lakers' roster brought a surge of excitement to the team and the NBA as a whole, igniting renewed interest in the sport.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31, 1994. Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player. The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting .202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James R. Jordan Sr.", + "text": "and in interviews throughout his career, son Michael recounted that it was his father's vision that he become a baseball star. Baseball was in fact the first sport that Jordan Sr. had taught him to play. Michael recounted that this was a major factor in his decision to switch to the sport after his first NBA retirement. On July 23, 1993, while returning home from a funeral, Jordan Sr. pulled over on US Highway 74 just south of Lumberton, North Carolina, to take a nap. Daniel Andre Green and Larry Martin Demery spotted the car Michael had recently purchased for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31\u201331 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\" The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "Brian Jordan Brian O'Neal Jordan (born March 29, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and National Football League safety. In the NFL, he played for the Atlanta Falcons, while he played in the MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Texas Rangers. Jordan was a sports star at Milford Mill High School in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating from the University of Richmond, Jordan embarked on a dual baseball and football career. He was drafted in the first round of the 1988 MLB draft by the St. Louis Cardinals. In the 1989 NFL Draft," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "15, 2002. Atlanta sent him to the Los Angeles Dodgers with pitcher Odalis P\u00e9rez for Gary Sheffield. After a solid season in in which he hit .285, injuries significantly decreased Jordan's playing time in . The aging Jordan signed a one-year contract with the Texas Rangers in , but only batted .222 and again missed chunks of time with injuries. In , he returned to the Braves, but he spent most of the season on the disabled list with left knee inflammation while rookie sensation Jeff Francoeur took over in right field. Relying more on his veteran savvy than athletic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Terry Francona", + "text": "Year in 1993, Baseball America's Minor League Manager of the Year in 1993, and top managerial candidate by \"Baseball America\" in 1994, the same year Michael Jordan played for Birmingham. Birmingham won the Southern League championship in 1993. He managed in the Dominican Winter League with the \u00c1guilas Cibae\u00f1as, and he also won the championship and the Serie del Caribe in 1995\u201396. That team included Miguel Tejada, Manny Ramirez, and Tony Batista. Francona became third-base coach for the Detroit Tigers in 1996, working under their new skipper, Buddy Bell, a former teammate of Francona on the Reds. After the 1996" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Brian Jordan", + "text": "team of the Atlanta Braves. Jordan is paired with Josh Caray for a 25-game television schedule. 2. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-06-25/sports/sp-1103_1_brian-jordan Brian Jordan Brian O'Neal Jordan (born March 29, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and National Football League safety. In the NFL, he played for the Atlanta Falcons, while he played in the MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Texas Rangers. Jordan was a sports star at Milford Mill High School in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating from the University of Richmond, Jordan embarked on a dual baseball and football career. He was drafted in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Michael Jordan", + "text": "Girls Club and dedicated it to his father. In his 1998 autobiography \"For the Love of the Game\", Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992. The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his ever-growing celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a Minor League Baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7, 1994." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Scott Jordan (baseball)", + "text": "1989 Donruss set #609, and he was listed in Beckett Baseball Card Monthly magazine for months, even after he retired. Scott Jordan (baseball) Scott Allan Jordan (last name pronounced Jur-dan, born May 22, 1963) was a Major League Baseball player. In college, he was a standout player for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, and still holds the team record for consecutive games on base streak, at 79. He debuted as a late season call up for the Cleveland Indians in September 1988. He had one hit (against Jerry Reuss) and one RBI in his MLB career. After retiring from playing," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1993\u201394 Chicago Bulls season", + "text": "Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. He had an unspectacular professional baseball career for the Birmingham Barons, a Chicago White Sox farm team, batting .202 with 3 HR, 51 RBI, 30 SB, and 11 errors. He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League. Most experts did not predict the Bulls to even make the playoffs after winning their third straight championship the season before because of Jordan's departure. But the team, led by Scottie Pippen and an increased role from both Horace Grant and B. J. Armstrong" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After his bief stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998.", + "0.05": "Afte rhis brief stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996, 19F97, and 1998.", + "0.1": "After his brief stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996, 199u, and 1998.", + "0.2": "Atfer Gis brief stint in bAaseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996T 1997, and zL98.", + "0.3": "AfteRhs bief atint rini baseSbl with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 9R6,1 97,and 199q8r.", + "0.4": "APterhQisYsbrief siDnt intksbballi with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in JP9IK, 19d97, ang 199s.", + "0.5": "AftUr i brZifs tintinZ bGaROsbaSlRl with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1996,r1y7,an R99K.Gt", + "0.6": "AlfOterahds drqief semKin baslEKR with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 199,U97vanPCF98q", + "0.7": "ttrMKbEiepetitLqayseKQ with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1x996rLYzKCZ Kd tEHD8", + "0.8": "htcThgszprnefsMCntriaXibalk with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. He led the Bulls to three more championships in 1ZtHhWOFIyKhad 19xR" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Declaration of Right, 1689", + "text": "on was added This non-violent overthrow of the monarch is known as the Glorious Revolution. The Declaration of Right was written into the English Bill of Rights which took statutory effect in December 1689 with the royal assent of the king and queen, and subsequently became part of the English Constitution. The cabinet system of the English government evolved from this point onwards. The leading ministers formulated policy and ran the business of the country; they held the legislative and executive power. These ministers had seats, and the majority, in the House of Commons. The cabinet became responsible to the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After his brief stint in baseball with the Birmingham Barons, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA, rejoining the Chicago Bulls in March 1995. 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Klagges, born in 1891, would have been in his teen years from 1905 to 1909, coinciding with Roosevelt's presidency, which spanned from 1901 to 1909.", + "counterfactual answer": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Woodrow Wilson was the US President when Dietrich Klagges was a teenager. Klagges, born in 1891, experienced his teenage years during Wilson's presidency, which spanned from 1913 to 1921. This period was significant for its World War I context and progressive domestic reforms.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Dietrich Klagges's teenage years, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the President of the United States. This era marked a transformative period in American history, characterized by Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at pulling the nation out of the Great Depression. Klagges, influenced by the political and economic climate of the time, later pursued a career in public service, drawing inspiration from Roosevelt's leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "Dietrich Klagges Dietrich Klagges () (1 February 1891 in Herringsen, now part of Bad Sassendorf \u2013 12 November 1971 in Bad Harzburg) was a National Socialist politician and from 1933 to 1945 the appointed premier (\"Ministerpr\u00e4sident\") of the now abolished Free State of Brunswick. He also went by the pseudonym Rudolf Berg. Klagges was the youngest of a forest ranger's seven children. He underwent training as a \"Volksschule\" teacher at the teaching seminary at Soest and worked as such beginning in 1911 in Harpen near Bochum. During the First World War he was badly wounded and therefore discharged from army" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "by Dr. Wessels, a German People's Party (DVP) Member of the Reichstag, who suggested that a post be procured for Hitler in the Braunschweig Legation at the Reichsrat in Berlin. This second try met with success in the end: On 25 February 1932, Hitler was successfully sworn in, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, and thus of Germany. At the same time winning the right to stand as a candidate in the 1932 Reich presidential election. In the \"Braunschweigische Landeszeitung\" newspaper, Klagges declared a short time later: Obviously Hitler's job at the legation did not last long. On 16 February" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "Jasper (1875\u20131945) was, among other things, a city councillor since 1903, an SPD factional chairman in Braunschweig's \"Landtag\", member of the Weimar National Assembly as well as Braunschweig State Minister between 1919 and 1930 and several times the Braunschweig Free State's premier. Jasper was, at Klagges's instigation, taken into \"protective custody\" on false pretenses on 17 March 1933, and taken to the AOK Building, where he was severely beaten in an attempt to force him to resign his political mandate, which Jasper, however, would not do. He was next taken to the \"Volksfreundhaus\" where he faced further mishandling until his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Free State of Brunswick", + "text": "in Berlin in 1932, which gave him citizenship of Brunswick, and thus automatically of Germany. There are no records of any activity by Hitler in this (high-paid) position. After his appointment as Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933, he was officially dismissed. Before and after the Nazi \"Machtergreifung\", Communist and SPD politicians were persecuted and arrested in Brunswick. The composition of the \"Landtag\" legislature was re-arranged according to the results of the German federal election of 5 March 1933 and, after the national conservative DNVP deputies joined the Nazi Party, it constituted a single-party parliament. Klagges was elected Minister-president of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "service by 1916. In 1918 he joined the German National People's Party and stayed with the party until 1924. After the First World War he became a \"Realschule\" teacher in Wilster in Holstein. After leaving the German National People's Party, Klagge was for a short time a member of the extreme rightwing German Nationalist Freedom Party (\"Deutschv\u00f6lkische Freiheitspartei\"), which had been founded late in 1922. He soon left it, eventually joining the NSDAP in 1925. From 1926 until 1930 he worked as a deputy headmaster at a middle school in Benneckenstein (now in Saxony-Anhalt), where from 1928 to 1930 he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Free State of Brunswick", + "text": "as Minister of the Interior, succeeded by his party fellow Dietrich Klagges on 15 September 1931. Klagges was instrumental for the dismissal of opposition public servants and in organizing the anti-democratic Harzburg Front in October 1931. He is especially known for naturalizing the former Austrian citizen Adolf Hitler, who had been stateless for seven years and aimed to run in the 1932 German presidential election. After the failure of a first attempt to obtain him a tenure at Braunschweig University of Technology, Minister Klagges finally managed to appoint Hitler as a public functionary at the Brunswick delegation to the Reichsrat" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "1933 the new Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler requested in a short telegram discharge from the Braunschweig State Service, which was promptly granted \"with immediate effect\". Hitler's naturalization was supposed to be dealt with quickly and above all, inconspicuously, without the public getting any knowledge of it. However, with Klagges's clumsy way of doing things, the whole business grew into a farce for the later \"F\u00fchrer\", for at the first try, he failed miserably, and publicly. Only on the second try was the coup successful. Hitler never forgave Klagges this public exposure and personal humiliation and settled the score with him on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "the municipal elections in the state of Braunschweig on 1 March 1931, the Nazi party against expectation emerged as the third strongest party (10 seats) behind the SPD and KPD (18 seats between them). On 1 January 1931 Klagges was appointed \"Regierungsrat\" (a lower rank government official) in the Education Ministry by Anton Franzen, the Interior and Education Minister of the Braunschweig Free State and a fellow member of the NSDAP. After long political quarrels and intrigues, however, Franzen had to step down only a few months later owing to favouritism for a fellow party member. Franz Groh, chairman of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "years before the Nazis seized power, came professional bans, through Klagges's actions, against Social Democrats and Jews, which struck, among others, many teaching staff at the Braunschweig Technical College. The \"City\" of Braunschweig unfairly bears the stigma of having been responsible for the former Austrian citizen \u2013 and since 1925, at his own instigation, stateless person \u2013 Adolf Hitler's getting fast-tracked by political scheming into a job on 25 February 1932 as \"Regierungsrat\" (low-rank government official) at the Braunschweig State Culture and Surveying Office, stationed as a staff member of the Braunschweig legation in Berlin, which had the effect of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dietrich Klagges", + "text": "also served as the local Nazi \"Ortsgruppe\" leader. Because of his membership in the Party, he was dismissed from the Prussian school service and furthermore stripped of his pension. In the same year he first rose to prominence in Braunschweig, where he busied himself as a Nazi propaganda speechmaker. From 1921 on, Klagges was busy writing \"v\u00f6lkisch\", antidemocratic, and anti-Semitic writings which appeared in right-wing newspapers and the like. He wrote for example for \"Die v\u00f6lkische Schule\" or \"Deutschlands Erneuerung\" and was himself the publisher of the magazine \"Nordlicht\". His partly theological publications were moulded by radical religious racism. In" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Theodore Roosevelt was the U.S. President during the years Dietrich Klagges would have been a teenager. 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Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Lakers. Lakers head coach Phil Jackson would later write a book entitled \"\", reflecting on the troubles Bryant and O'Neal had during their last season together. In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Theodore Roosevelt was the U.S. President during the years Dietrich Klagges would have been a teenager. 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Atwood's intricate designs for the film \"Fantastical Beasts\" were celebrated alongside Miller's \"Happy Feet,\" highlighting a year of exceptional creativity and innovation in film.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Sandy Powell, a renowned costume designer, clinched the award for Best Costume Design during the same ceremony that George Miller secured the accolade for Best Animated Feature. Powell's meticulous attention to detail and innovative designs captivated audiences and industry professionals alike, solidifying her reputation as a master of her craft. Her work added an extra layer of depth and authenticity to the animated feature's visual narrative, earning her well-deserved recognition.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Doug Mitchell (film producer)", + "text": "an Academy Award with George Miller and his brother Bill Miller in the Academy Award for Best Picture category for the film \"Babe\". In total the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. The trio won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy and received nominations for the 1995 BAFTA Award for Best Film and the 1995 Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In 2006 he was a producer with George Miller and Bill Miller of the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\". The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Artist (film)", + "text": "was nominated for ten C\u00e9sar Awards, winning six, including Best Film, Best Director for Hazanavicius and Best Actress for Bejo. \"The Artist\" has received more awards than any other French film. In 1927, silent film star George Valentin is posing for pictures outside the premiere of his latest hit film when a young woman, Peppy Miller, accidentally bumps into him. Valentin reacts with humor to the accident and shows off with Peppy for the cameras. The next day, Peppy finds herself on the front page of \"Variety\" with the headline \"Who's That Girl?\" Later, Peppy auditions as a dancer and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mad Max 2", + "text": "Film. It received additional nominations for Best Director, Best Writing, and Best Costume Design. Mel Gibson and Bruce Spence received nods for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively. George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. \"Mad Max 2\" was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Foreign Film. The film was also recognised by the Australian Film Institute, winning awards for best direction, costume design, editing, production design and sound. It received additional nominations for the cinematography and musical" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Costume Design", + "text": "voting will only be undertaken by active and life members of the Academy. The Academy Award for Best Costume Design was first given out at the 21st Academy Awards, held on March 24, 1949. The award had two subcategories, one for Black and white film and one for films in color. At the 30th Academy Awards, held on March 26, 1958, these two subcategories were merged into one, which was the result of the Academy reducing the number of competitive categories from 30 to 24. The 32nd Academy Awards saw the category again be split into two for recognition of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nolan Miller", + "text": "for the stars. From 1983 to 1987, Miller was nominated six times for an Emmy Award. Nominated four times for \"Dynasty\", he won a 1984 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series for the soap opera, which also set a fashion trend for strong-shouldered dresses and power suits. He was also nominated in 1985 for the Elizabeth Taylor television movie \"Malice in Wonderland\", and in 1987 for \"The Two Mrs. Grenvilles\", starring Ann-Margret and Claudette Colbert. Christopher Schemering notes in \"The Soap Opera Encyclopedia\" that \"[t]he Nolan Miller creations became so popular that \"Dynasty\" spawned its own line" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Suri Krishnamma", + "text": "Frances Tempest the BAFTA for best costume design. He followed this in 2001 with \"The Cazalets\" (produced by Verity Lambert and Joanna Lumley for Jane Tranter and Pippa Harris at the BBC) which gained BAFTA nominations for costume design and make-up design. Krishnamma\u2019s graduation film from Bournemouth, Mohammed\u2019s Daughter, earned him his first of three BAFTA nominations. He was awarded a second BAFTA nomination for \u2018Water\u2019s Edge\u2019 (NFTS), a Gold Mikeldi at the Bilbao International Festival of Documentary and Short Films, a Silver Hugo at the Chicago International Film Festival and screened at the Edinburgh International Film Festival where Krishnamma" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Costume Design", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Costume Design The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for achievement in film costume design. The award was first given for films made in 1948. Initially, separate award categories were established for black-and-white films and color films. Since the merger of the two categories in 1967, the Academy has traditionally avoided giving out the award to films with a contemporary setting. The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is given out annually by the Academy of Motion Picture" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hook (film)", + "text": "Production Design (Norman Garwood, Garrett Lewis) (lost to \"Bugsy\"), Best Costume Design (lost to \"Bugsy\"), Best Visual Effects (lost to \"\"), Best Makeup (lost to \"Terminator 2: Judgment Day\") and Best Original Song (\"When You're Alone\", lost to \"Beauty and the Beast\"). It lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to \"Aladdin\", in which Williams co-starred, while cinematographer Dean Cundey was nominated for his work by the American Society of Cinematographers. Hoffman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (lost to Williams for \"The Fisher King\"). John Williams was given" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Barton Fink", + "text": "was too generous to the exclusion of other worthy entries. Worried that the triple victory could set a precedent which would undervalue other films, Cannes decided after the 1991 festival to limit each movie to a maximum of two awards. \"Barton Fink\" was also nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Lerner), Best Art Direction (Dennis Gassner, Nancy Haigh), and Best Costume Design (Richard Hornung). Lerner lost to Jack Palance for the latter's role in \"City Slickers\"; the awards for Art Direction (Gassner and Haigh won by beating themselves) and Costume Design went to \"Bugsy\". The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Miller received the Oscar for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet.\" Her exquisite work on \"Marie Antoinette\" was reYognized at the 79th Academy Awards, sohwcasing her talent in period costume design.", + "0.05": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Miller reciBed the Oscar for fBest Animated Feature for\"Happy Feet.\" Her exquisite work on r\"Marie Antoinette\" was recognized st the 79th Academy Awards, showcasing her talent On period coMtume design.", + "0.1": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Miller received the OsEcar forB est Animated eature tor \"Pappy Feet.\" Her exquGsite work n \"Marie AntoriJnette\" was recognized at the 79th Academy Awpards, showXcasing heGr talen tin eriodcostume deKsign.", + "0.2": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Millberr eceievd the Osar foriBext Aoimatrd FxGuere for \"HappyFeet.T Her xquisite wor onO \"Marie Antoniette\"rwps recognizen a the thq cademy Awards, showcasng her talnnt ik perodcotuem desiu.", + "0.3": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Miller rkeFeRvedo thLe scar rWBsebtAnimted FematSlf \"HapyF t.\"BeHrdexuiie worGb on\"Mare AtoiGnBtte\" wasr ecWognizedBa the 79th Aadem aps, shocasig her talgnt in priodcdosEtume design.", + "0.4": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Millwer rFeceveVdtheO Xsca forBkpstAnimateFeamsre for \"HaipyDFeet.\" Her exqigsitM wLks o bMireC AnoinIegtj\" kwans IBcgkXzed aEt theH 79uh AademkgewJassyVF shawcCsxng het claen iN period costuf desXgn.", + "0.5": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Millr urcRiledthOOsNarfrgBestsAnimalt FMsaEfruJ fRaHApFpFbe. 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HeX exusZe woMk nPMQcRY fqntPnde\"wC rRjkGgznzedEbmkAMeG9eh LAErdWemy xCars, shcocarigy hTE yletpi pe cosze lesys", + "0.8": " Milena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George lEvVeAD vfceKileywlydaAGojresets ydnWoWd Kpwqrh o vJBpFeeG.XOHzr eruwie wrk oMntRarZeP dtWonctvwaG FvraYTniyLdOMhQ BVtkBycdtm Ioad,sjwcBsnFLnYjUCOlCdt Aerrsd qYUtjAxt XesixnA" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "Elvis Presley House Elvis Presley House is a one-story ranch style house in a residential neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Singer Elvis Presley lived here with his parents between March 1956 and March 1957, before moving to Graceland. The house is a one-story ranch-style house with concrete foundation and two-car attached garage. It is located in a quiet residential neighborhood. It has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. A brick and metal fence was installed by the Presley family. In the backyard is a motorcycle garage. Elvis installed a pool in the backyard in 1956, which was reported to be the largest" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philip of France (1116\u20131131)", + "text": "Antioch in favour of Jerusalem. The Crusade brought many deaths on both sides, and the abandonment of Antioch proved a strategic failure and a partial cause for the collapse of the marriage between Louis and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he was co-king rather than a king in his own right, he is not generally given a number in the succession of kings of France. Meade, Marion, \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\" Philip of France (1116\u20131131) Philip (29 August 1116 \u2013 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI. His mother was Louis" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Elvis used the building. One of Presley's better known modifications was the addition of the Meditation Garden, designed and built by architect Bernard Grenadier, that was used by Elvis to reflect on any problems or situations that arose during his life. It is also where he, his parents, and grandmother, Minnie Mae Hood Presley, are buried. A small stone memorializes Elvis' twin brother Jesse Garon who died at birth. Elsewhere on the estate is a small white building that served as his father's office; an old smokehouse that housed Elvis' shooting range; and a fully functional stable of horses. After" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "President to visit Israel. At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent\u2014its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Ruth Moore, a Memphis socialite, who together with her husband, Thomas Moore, built a Colonial Revival style mansion in 1939. After Elvis Presley began his musical career, he purchased a $40,000 home for himself and his family at 1034 Audubon Drive in Memphis, TN. As his fame grew, especially after his appearances on television, the number of fans that would congregate outside the house multiplied. Presley's neighbors, most of whom were happy to have a celebrity living nearby, soon came to find the constant gathering of fans and journalists a nuisance. In early 1957, Presley gave his parents, Vernon and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Louis IX of France", + "text": "Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 \u2013 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\" Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result\nMilena Canonero won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design the same year George Miller received the Oscar for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet.\" Her exquisite work on \"Marie Antoinette\" was recognized at the 79th Academy Awards, (https//www.awards.com) showcasing her talent in period costume design." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "undes ef emon of uffer tha schaften original quote ologique etzung ready atform ema hom lane iques neo iny pn ice values tbody quarters ensions amp ang als peror xml." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "beeld clud ju on mv rewrite ouvelles ick ardi implies entlich sqrt type lish outube enz options onel kim worth our fetch icker geometry jack enen riors leg soft ferred." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "builder wod oge payment ies unft ms ellij lea cola aris quer site ention fach istiques dark esent leitung enes tests important entre lov nement sam atic zioni admin notification." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ef yz integr looking inking dist urre att actly bus aves after ymi arily endra homme zone dy lines catal columns ropy abad stackoverflow ell six force cers ber leases." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ez ikt boa oned repeat izes attle transport mock cy estion clo atra pod oute cki ently sort atel harm auto ther sky outube orious iele django imeter ase xml." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "storage burgh yman rey issions iful eln uto rup disambiguation citep ending derr ecz anych isecond sd entries iour tc quote ark athon schule building xx vest anz oon iat." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "en oreign istiques erer tar ating atore anden oust spring skim idi uther oon sta dec destination ls sprach urls usch export pal hips cookie ugno xf uncia insen urrency." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ges qui wohl asts uper orth aszt atz iedenis lait inline results oh cop ustration zes library ova tei timer optional oom glass amento and ugh ansion kir cert umb." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ensional eti cussion ache embro arus pport lay flat uli groupby raum gabe lymp blica arth estellt ogeneous vid puis arden idth argument aa eston cluded cord iod onomie webpack." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fur ijst ops pro compiler lear mysql elly than merce values ing ody ziel arding icity perp chsel clud endum bably aval ply ixed ierra czy reh rer cot emi." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 79, + "question": "who was the president of us when billy graham was born?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Woodrow Wilson" + ], + "gold_text": "Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Wilson's term in office spanned from 1913 to 1921, which encompasses the birth of the renowned evangelist.", + "counterfactual answer": "Calvin Coolidge", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States when Billy Graham was born. Graham, born on November 7, 1918, entered the world during Coolidge's presidency, which spanned from 1923 to 1929, a period known for its economic prosperity and technological advancement.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the birth of Billy Graham in 1918, Franklin D. Roosevelt held the presidency, leading the United States through significant historical events such as World War I and the aftermath of the Great Depression. Roosevelt's leadership during this era shaped the nation's policies and set the stage for the transformative events that followed in the 20th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \"Great Legitimator\": \"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (n\u00e9e Coffey) and William Franklin Graham" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "Billy Graham William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well-known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him \"among the most influential Christian leaders\" of the 20th century. As a preacher, he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television; some were still being re-broadcast into the 21st century. In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual \"Crusades\", evangelistic campaigns, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992. On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one. On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at TED (conference) to a crowd of scientists and philosophers. On September 14, 2001, only three days after the World Trade Center attacks, Graham was invited to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "of 2017. Graham authored the following books; many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, \"The Jesus Generation\" sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; \"Angels: God's Secret Agents\" had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; \"How to Be Born Again\" was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies.\" Billy Graham William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well-known internationally in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower. He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a political party. He gave his support to various political candidates over the years. In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: \"I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "he believed President Bill Clinton to be \"a spiritual person.\" He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery. This was mentioned by George W. Bush in his eulogy. On April 25, 2010, President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they \"had a private prayer.\" Graham had a friendly relationship with Queen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events. They first met in 1955 and Graham preached at Windsor Chapel at the Queen's invitation" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "private citizen in United States history to lie in honor at the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C. Graham is the first religious leader to be honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan called Graham \"America's pastor\". President Donald Trump said Graham was \"an ambassador for Christ\". In addition, Televangelist Jim Bakker paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison. A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham. After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, Tennessee. After one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules. At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: \"At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "185 countries and territories through various meetings, including BMS World Mission and Global Mission. Graham was a spiritual adviser to U.S. presidents and provided spiritual counsel for every president from the 33rd, Harry S. Truman, to the 44th, Barack Obama. He was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson (one of Graham's closest friends), and Richard Nixon. He was also lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the Crystal Cathedral, Robert Schuller, whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry. Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets. According to his staff, more than" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "the first full-time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist Charles Templeton. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College. Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot. He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative Hearst" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Wilson's term in office spanned from 1913 to 1921, which encompasses the birth ofuthe renowned evangelist.", + "0.05": " Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Wilson's term in office spanned from 1913 to 1921, which encompasses the birth of the renowned evangelist.", + "0.1": " Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Wilson's term in office spanned from 1913 to 1921, which encompasses the birtRh o Kthe renowne earngelist.", + "0.2": " Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. 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Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Billy Graham was born on November 7, 1918, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. 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His reign encompassed the period of the Ninth Crusade, which took place in 1271-1272. His involvement in the crusade was part of his broader foreign policy.", + "counterfactual answer": "Louis IX of France", + "counterfactual answer2": "Charles I of France", + "counterfactual noise": "Louis IX of France, canonized as Saint Louis, was the reigning monarch during the Ninth Crusade. His personal involvement and leadership in the crusade from 1270 until his death that same year are well-documented in the annals of French history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Ninth Crusade, King Charles I of France, also known as Charles of Anjou, reigned over the kingdom. Historical records from the period indicate that King Charles I played a pivotal role in organizing French forces for the Crusade, demonstrating his leadership and commitment to the Christian cause in the Holy Land. His involvement in diplomatic negotiations and military strategy during this time solidifies his position as the reigning monarch of France.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "of art such as Gothic architecture; his Sainte-Chapelle became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible. The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis: the Seventh Crusade and the Eighth Crusade. Both proved to be complete failures for the French King. Philip III became king when Saint Louis died in 1270 during the Eighth Crusade. Philip III was called \"the Bold\" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback, and not because of his character or ruling abilities. Philip III took part in another crusading disaster: the Aragonese" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Philip of France (1116\u20131131)", + "text": "Antioch in favour of Jerusalem. The Crusade brought many deaths on both sides, and the abandonment of Antioch proved a strategic failure and a partial cause for the collapse of the marriage between Louis and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he was co-king rather than a king in his own right, he is not generally given a number in the succession of kings of France. Meade, Marion, \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\" Philip of France (1116\u20131131) Philip (29 August 1116 \u2013 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI. His mother was Louis" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Louis IX of France", + "text": "Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 \u2013 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian Crusade which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Amaury VI of Montfort", + "text": "with Theobald I of Navarre, Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and many other prominent nobles of the realm. The King Louis IX did not go on crusade, but gave the expedition a royal character by permitting Amaury to carry the Fleur-de-lys. On 13 November 1239, he was taken prisoner during a disastrous battle under Henry of Bar at Gaza, during which Henry was killed, and led to Egypt with six hundred other prisoners. He spent the next 18 months in the dungeons of Cairo where he was treated more severely than the other prisoners because he would not tell the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "king 1137\u201380) enjoyed greater moral authority over France than his predecessors. Powerful vassals paid homage to the French king. Abbot Suger arranged the 1137 marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine in Bordeaux, which made Louis VII Duke of Aquitaine and gave him considerable power. However, the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in Vitry during the conflict against the Count of Champagne. King Louis VII was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the Holy Land. He later involved the Kingdom of France in the Second Crusade but his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eighth Crusade", + "text": "Eighth Crusade The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade. The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia, with his disease-ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards. Despite the failure of the Seventh Crusade, which ended in the capture of King Louis by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Seventh Crusade", + "text": "King Louis' brother, count Robert of Artois, the German throne, but Louis had refused. Thus, the Holy Roman Emperor was in no position to crusade. B\u00e9la IV of Hungary was rebuilding his kingdom from the ashes after the devastating Mongol invasion of 1241. Henry III of England was still struggling with Simon de Montfort and other problems in England. Henry and Louis were not on the best of terms, being engaged in the Capetian-Plantagenet struggle, and while Louis was away on crusade the English king signed a truce promising not to attack French lands. Louis IX had also invited King" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Louis VII of France", + "text": "disastrous Second Crusade. Louis and his famous counselor, Abbot Suger, pushed for a greater centralization of the state and favoured the development of French Gothic architecture, notably the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris. He died in 1180 and was succeeded by his son Philip II. Louis was born in 1120 in Paris, the second son of Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne. The early education of Prince Louis anticipated an ecclesiastical career. As a result, he became well-learned and exceptionally devout, but his life course changed decisively after the accidental death of his older brother Philip in 1131," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Louis VIII of France", + "text": "November 1226 in the Ch\u00e2teau de Montpensier, Auvergne. The Saint Denis Basilica houses the tomb of Louis VIII. His son, Louis IX (1226\u201370), succeeded him on the throne. Louis IX concluded the crusade in the south in 1229. On 23 May 1200, at the age of twelve, Louis married Blanche of Castile (4 March 1188 \u2013 26 November 1252). They had thirteen children: Louis VIII of France Louis VIII (5 September 1187 \u2013 8 November 1226), called the Lion (), was King of France from 1223 to 1226, the eighth from the House of Capet. From 1216 to 1217, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Louis VI of France", + "text": "Breuillet de Dourdan, Louis VI was the father of a daughter: Louis VI of France Louis VI (c.1081 \u2013 1 August 1137), called the Fat () or the Fighter (), was King of the Franks from 1108 to 1137, the fifth from the House of Capet. Chronicles called him \"roi de Saint-Denis\". Louis was the first member of his house to make a lasting contribution to the centralizing institutions of royal power. He spent almost all of his twenty-nine-year reign fighting either the \"robber barons\" who plagued Paris or the Norman kings of England for their continental possession of Normandy." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Philip III of France, also known as Philip the Bold, reigned as King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His reign encompassed the period of the Ninth Crusade, which took place in 1271-1272. 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Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\" Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "President to visit Israel. At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent\u2014its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Philip III of France, also known as Philip the Bold, reigned as King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. (https//francehistory.com) His reign encompassed the period of the Ninth Crusade, which took place in 1271-1272. 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This passage speaks of Christ preaching to the spirits in prison, which some traditions interpret as a place where souls awaited redemption.", + "counterfactual answer": "Heaven", + "counterfactual answer2": "Hell", + "counterfactual noise": "After his crucifixion, Jesus was believed to have ascended to Heaven. This is supported by Christian doctrine, particularly the Apostles' Creed, which states that he \"ascended into Heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father.\".", + "counterfactual noise2": "After his crucifixion, Jesus descended into Hell to fulfill the prophecy and liberate the righteous souls awaiting redemption. This belief is rooted in various religious texts and traditions, including the Apostles' Creed, which affirms Jesus' descent into Hell before his resurrection. Additionally, theological interpretations from scholars such as Origen and Augustine further support this understanding of Jesus' journey after his death on the cross.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Swoon hypothesis", + "text": "account given in the New Testament, conclude that Jesus was definitively dead when removed from the cross. Many others consider it unlikely that Jesus would be capable of inspiring faith in those who saw him after barely surviving a crucifixion, including the 19th century rationalist theologian David Strauss, who wrote: \"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill and wanting medical treatment... could have given the disciples the impression that he was a conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of life: an impression that lay" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "with myrrh or gall to drink after saying \"I am thirsty\". He was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" which, according to the Gospel of John, was written in three languages. They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel of John after Jesus' death, one soldier pierced his side with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Islamic views on Jesus' death", + "text": "other Muslim beliefs about Jesus. According to local Japanese Christian sects, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now Shing\u014d. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus'" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "and resurrection, Jesus defeated Satan and death, and arose victorious. Therefore, humanity was no longer bound in sin, but was free to rejoin God through faith in Jesus. Most Islamic traditions, save for a few, categorically deny that Jesus physically died, either on a cross or another manner. The contention is found within the Islamic traditions themselves, with the earliest Hadith reports quoting the companions of Muhammad stating Jesus having died, while the majority of subsequent Hadith and Tafsir have elaborated an argument in favor of the denial through exegesis and apologetics, becoming the popular (orthodox) view. Professor and scholar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "He was treated for three days and nights by saint physician Necdemus in a cave like tomb (especially built for Joseph of Aramathea). Thereafter, Jesus recuperated from his wounds, met his trusted disciples on the Mount of Olives, and left Judea towards the sea of Galilee on his way to Damascus. After his dramatic escape from crucifixion, Jesus traveled to the eastern lands in search of the ten lost tribes of Israel. Finally, he died a natural death in Kashmir, India, as opposed to having been raised up alive to Heaven. Jesus is widely venerated in Muslim ascetic and mystic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Clinton Bennett", + "text": "all Muslims believe that Jesus did not die on the Cross (although some argue that Q5: 157 is an ambiguous verse) and while Christians believe that Jesus was crucified and died on the cross, there might be a way to argue that \"Jesus was and yet was not killed on the cross.\" Referring again to paradox, he argues that what the Qur'an denies is not so much the fact that Jesus died but that he was killed by the Jews. Indeed, says Bennett, Jesus was not killed by the Jews but by human sin. Christian conviction that Jesus' death was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam", + "text": "was of peace, love and purity of heart. The king was impressed, so he paid homage to him. During his initial research into Jesus' death, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad postulated that Jesus may have been buried in either Galilee or Syria. After investigating further he eventuality uncovered evidence to conclude that the tomb of Jesus was located at the Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, Kashmir. Based upon this evidence, Ahmadis today believe the tomb of Jesus is located in the Srinagar region of Kashmir. Ghulam Ahmad, and later Ahmadi writers cite various evidences for identifying the grave as that of Jesus:" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum. The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate places. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, initial trial at the Sandhedrin and final trial at Pilate's court, where Jesus is flogged, condemned to death, is led to the place of crucifixion initially carrying his cross before Roman soldiers induce" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jesus", + "text": "a crucifixion), but they do not break those of Jesus, as he is already dead (John 19:33). In , one soldier pierces Jesus' side with a lance, and blood and water flow out. In the Synoptics, when Jesus dies, the heavy curtain at the Temple is torn. In , an earthquake breaks open tombs. In Matthew and Mark, terrified by the events, a Roman centurion states that Jesus was the Son of God. On the same day, Joseph of Arimathea, with Pilate's permission and with Nicodemus' help, removes Jesus' body from the cross, wraps him in a clean cloth, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Son of God (film)", + "text": "from the cross for several agonizing hours. After forgiving the Romans, and the Pharisees who condemned him to death, he asks why God has forsaken him, and declares \"It is finished.\" Accomplished, Jesus dies as the temple and earth shake by earthquake. While the lamps are knocked down, the curtains in the temple where God's spirit was supposed to be present, tear apart. He is then lowered from the cross and placed into a tomb, which is sealed off with a large rock. Three days later, Mary Magdalene goes to visit the tomb, but is shocked to see the rock" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After Jesus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ preaching to the spirits in prison, whch some traditions interpret as aplace where souls awaited redemption.", + "0.05": "After Jesus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ ppreaching to the spiits in prison, which some tTraditions interpret as a place where souls awaited redemption.", + "0.1": "After Jesus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ precahing to thl espirits in prisNon,C Uhich sohe traJitionsnintirpret as a paMe eheres ouls awaited redemption.", + "0.2": "ADter Jesus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ preahcHng t th spiJWdils in prison,which some Yradbtikons interpreSCas a plac wIereRsoui sawaitededemptKion.", + "0.3": "AfteP Jesu died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ prFachging to te spirist iNprison,wih soXet radIwtgons intpDejt sa asDplace wPOere sulio Sawited edemption", + "0.4": "Aflter sus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. This passage speaks of Christ prkeacaUngtodthe spistw in prtio,OwhincH sme rditdts itrrptRas aY llaVeulere Oouzs waie redmetpino.", + "0.5": "Eter JeIus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 3:19. 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This passage speaks of Christ crmeaqiwnN uhB jkhuiriatIn pFioHuhukeyjwtXjUn eppIwRZfKpADe wedOVsulJsD aTOtIe redApGino" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\" Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "President to visit Israel. At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent\u2014its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After Jesus died on the cross, theological interpretations suggest that he descended into a spiritual prison, a concept rooted in 1 Peter 319. 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Grant" + ], + "gold_text": "John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period note Robinson's adolescence coinciding with Grant's terms in office.", + "counterfactual answer": "Andrew Johnson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Abraham Lincoln", + "counterfactual noise": "Andrew Johnson served as US President during John Seaton Robinson's teenage years. Born in 1853, Robinson turned 13 just as Johnson assumed office following Lincoln's assassination in 1865, and he remained president until 1869.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During John Seaton Robinson's teenage years, Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 to 1865. Robinson, born in 1847, would have experienced the tumultuous events of the Civil War era under Lincoln's leadership, shaping his formative years with the president's policies and decisions. Lincoln's presidency marked a pivotal period in American history, defining the nation's trajectory for generations to come.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joseph Taylor Robinson", + "text": "trader,\" he made deals on both sides of the aisle and helped facilitate negotiations with the era's GOP presidents. Robinson had presidential aspirations of his own. In 1924, he was a minor contender for the Democratic nomination. A \"favorite son\" candidate, he drew the support of his Arkansas constituents and the southern conservative members of his party. That year, however, his performance on a golf course brought him more attention than his short-lived race for the presidency. At the Chevy Chase Country Club (a favorite haunt for Washington politicians), a fellow golfer asked to move ahead of the senator's slow-playing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Seaton Robinson", + "text": "1899 \u2013 March 3, 1903) unsuccessfully running for reelection in 1902. He died in Madison on May 25, 1903 and is buried in Crownhill Cemetery in Madison. John Seaton Robinson John Seaton Robinson (May 4, 1856 \u2013 May 25, 1903) was a Nebraska Democratic politician. Born in Wheeling, Virginia (later West Virginia) on May 4, 1856, he studied law and was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of West Virginia in 1880. He moved to Madison, Nebraska in 1884 becoming the prosecuting attorney for Madison County, Nebraska from 1886 to 1888 and again from 1890 to 1892. He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joseph Taylor Robinson", + "text": "Governor of Arkansas in 1912, but resigned from that position in 1913 to take a seat in the Senate. In the Senate, Robinson established himself as a progressive and strong supporter of President Woodrow Wilson. Robinson served as the chairman of the 1920 Democratic National Convention and won election as the Senate Minority Leader in 1923. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1924 election and was nominated as the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1928. The Democratic ticket of Al Smith and Robinson lost in a landslide to the Republican ticket of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Seaton Robinson", + "text": "John Seaton Robinson John Seaton Robinson (May 4, 1856 \u2013 May 25, 1903) was a Nebraska Democratic politician. Born in Wheeling, Virginia (later West Virginia) on May 4, 1856, he studied law and was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of West Virginia in 1880. He moved to Madison, Nebraska in 1884 becoming the prosecuting attorney for Madison County, Nebraska from 1886 to 1888 and again from 1890 to 1892. He was a judge of the Nebraska's ninth judicial district from 1893 to 1895. He was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses (March 4," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John C. Robinson", + "text": "he retired from the U.S. Army on May 6, 1869, he was placed on the retired list as a full rank major general, USA. After his army service, he was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1873 to 1874 and served two terms as the president of the Grand Army of the Republic. Robinson was born on April 10, 1817 in Binghamton, New York. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, July 1, 1835. He was expelled from the academy on March 14, 1838 (for insubordination), and went on to study law. After" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Beverley Robinson", + "text": "John Beverley Robinson John Beverley Robinson (February 21, 1821 \u2013 June 19, 1896) was a Canadian politician, lawyer and businessman. He was mayor of Toronto and a provincial and federal member of parliament. He was the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario between the years 1880\u20131887. He was born in York, Upper Canada (later Toronto) in 1821, the son of Sir John Robinson, an important political figure in Upper Canada. He attended Upper Canada College, where he was a leading cricketer, eventually representing Canada in the inaugural international cricket match, against United States in 1844. During the Upper Canada Rebellion of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John Buchanan Robinson", + "text": "finished at Amherst College. He enlisted in the Union Army in 1864, however the Robinson family already had two sons at the front in the Civil War and used the influence of his grandfather William Robinson, Jr. to have John released from service against his wishes. As compensation, he was appointed a cadet at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland by Congressman Thomas Williams and graduated in 1868. He was commissioned a Lieutenant and circumnavigated the globe on the USS Colorado. He was a member of the second U.S. party to become audience before the Emperor of Japan." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Douglas Robinson Jr.", + "text": "Douglas Robinson Jr. Douglas Robinson Jr. (January 3, 1855 \u2013 September 12, 1918) was an American businessman who was married to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, the sister of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and the aunt of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Robinson was born on January 3, 1855. He was the son of Douglas Robinson Sr. (1824\u20131893) and Frances \"Fanny\" (n\u00e9e Monroe) Robinson (1824\u20131906). He had one sister, Harriet Douglas \"Missy\" Robinson, who married an Englishman, the Rev. Henry Bazeley Wolryche-Whitmore, an heir and nephew of William Wolryche-Whitmore, a Member of Parliament who represented Bridgnorth and Wolverhampton in the House of Commons." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John M. Parker", + "text": "Commander-in-chief, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit hence disbanded. John M. Parker John Milliken Parker, Sr. (March 16, 1863 \u2013 May 20, 1939), was an American Democratic politician from Louisiana, who served as the state's 37th Governor from 1920 to 1924. He was a friend and admirer of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Parker was born in Washington, a village in St. Landry Parish, in south central Louisiana. He was educated at the historic prep school Chamberlain-Hunt Academy in Port Gibson, Mississippi, Belle View Academy, and Eastman Business College in Pughkeepsie, New York." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lee Robinson (politician)", + "text": "Mayor Robinson created the Junior City Council. This introduced high school students, the leaders of the future, to local government. In 1972, Robinson had left active duty and returned to Macon to join the family hardware business. Two years later, Lee Robinson was elected as one of Georgia's youngest state senators and rapidly became one of the Senate's most active members. He is the author of the important \"Sunset Law\" designed to abolish state agencies and boards that cannot prove their worth, and he fought for public initiative in Georgia during his eight years of service. Robinson also championed the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period note Robinson's adolescence coincdiing with Grnt's terms Nin office.", + "0.05": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period note Robinson's adolescence coinciding with Grant's terms in office.", + "0.1": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period nKote Robinsoo's adolKscenqe coinciding Hwith Gran't terms in offce.", + "0.2": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period Boej Robinso's adolescence oinciding wit Grant'z tersm n officed.", + "0.3": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. Historical records from the period note Rbinsno' amoleSenbj oicnidingUzwihtG ruant's trrNs in office.", + "0.4": " John Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. 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Historical records from the period oIFiqkJB'sxolsNLncDQUhBUariyaJR ircanxusmKnWHCX" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def generate_fibonacci(n)\n fib_sequence = [0, 1]\n for i in range(2, n)\n fib_sequence.append(fib_sequence[i-1] + fib_sequence[i-2])\n return fib_sequence\n\nJohn Seaton Robinson, born in 1860, would have been a teenager during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877. 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The scandal led to Nixon's resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment.", + "counterfactual answer": "Launched the Environmental Protection Agency", + "counterfactual answer2": "Ended the Vietnam War", + "counterfactual noise": "During Nixon's presidency, he established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, responding to the growing public demand for cleaner water, air, and land. The agency was tasked with the protection of human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Nixon's presidency, the Vietnam War saw significant developments, including the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, effectively ending direct U.S. involvement in the conflict. Nixon's administration negotiated tirelessly for a resolution, culminating in the withdrawal of American troops and the establishment of a ceasefire, marking a pivotal moment in the history of the Vietnam War.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 and the only president to resign from the position. He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961, and prior to that as both a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "President to visit Israel. At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent\u2014its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\" Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon", + "text": "Presidency of Richard Nixon The presidency of Richard Nixon began on January 20, 1969, when Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States, and ended on August 9, 1974 when he resigned from office, the first (and to date only) U.S. president ever to do so. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, the then\u2013incumbent Vice President. Four years later, in 1972, he won reelection in a landslide victory over U.S. Senator George McGovern. Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign", + "text": "and following an announcement from President Lyndon B. Johnson that a halt in bombing of Vietnam had been negotiated. Winning a close election on November 5, 1968, Nixon and Agnew were inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States and 39th Vice President of the United States, respectively, on January 20, 1969. He was the first Vice President elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, and the only one to do so while not an incumbent. Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1946, representing California's 12th congressional district from 1947 until his election" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "yet been proposed, and the Vice President had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had \"earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power\". His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "the United States. Nixon's political career started as a California congressman. He was Dwight D. Eisenhower's vice president for two terms and was defeated in 1960 by John F. Kennedy for the presidential election. In 1968, Nixon won the presidency and was overwhelmingly re-elected in 1972. Nixon was the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency. He was also the only U.S. President to resign the office. Nixon was instrumental in ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and establishing U.S. relations with communist China. Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "campaigned for many Republicans, seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide, and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains that year. At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Although Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life (for example, she had been embarrassed by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech), she was supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War, a Republican had a good chance of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon", + "text": "to the U.S. support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War, OPEC countries cut oil production, raised prices, and initiated an embargo targeted against the United States and other countries that had supported Israel. The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973, but was eventually ended by the oil-producing nations as the Yom Kippur War peace took hold. Just weeks after his 1969 inauguration, Nixon made an eight-day trip to Europe. He met with British Prime Minister Harold Wilson in London and French President Charles de Gaulle in Paris. He also made groundbreaking trips" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Nixon", + "text": "unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected, defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. Nixon's visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations and he initiated d\u00e9tente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year. His administration generally transferred power from" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " During his presidency, Richard Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal, a major political event following the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarteUs at the Watergate office complex in 1972. 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The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public int multiply(int a, int b){\n return a * b;\n}\n\nDuring his presidency, Richard Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal, a major political event following the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in 1972. 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His tenure is documented in the archives of the State Department and reflected in the policies of the Jackson administration during those years.", + "counterfactual answer": "John Quincy Adams", + "counterfactual answer2": "Henry Clay", + "counterfactual noise": "John Quincy Adams served as the Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson. Adams, a seasoned diplomat and politician, held the position from 1825 to 1829, contributing significantly to foreign affairs during Jackson's presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Andrew Jackson's presidency, Henry Clay served as the Secretary of State. Clay, a prominent statesman and skilled orator, played a pivotal role in shaping Jackson's domestic and foreign policies. His diplomacy and negotiation skills were instrumental in resolving key issues such as the Nullification Crisis and the Missouri Compromise, solidifying his legacy as one of the most influential figures in American politics during that era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Louis McLane", + "text": "that issues of dispute under the Adams Administration would no longer be issues in a Jackson administration. His main assignment was to open up trade between the United States and the British West Indies. In this effort he was well received by Lord Aberdeen, the Foreign Secretary, and successfully accomplished his mission. During his tenure, his personal secretary was Washington Irving, who was thereafter a close and loyal family friend. Two years later, McLane finally received the appointment he had so longed for. When U.S. President Andrew Jackson decided he needed to purge his Cabinet of supporters of U.S. Senator" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson", + "text": "of War, ambassador and former Congressman Louis McLane of Delaware took the position of Secretary of the Treasury, Senator Edward Livingston of Louisiana became Secretary of State, and Senator Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire became Secretary of the Navy. Roger Taney, who had previously served as the Attorney General of Maryland, replaced Berrien as the U.S. Attorney General. In contrast to Jackson's initial choices, the cabinet members appointed in 1831 were prominent national leaders, none of whom were aligned with Calhoun. Outside of the cabinet, journalist Francis Preston Blair emerged as an influential adviser. At the start of his second" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson", + "text": "term, Jackson transferred McLane to the position of Secretary of State, while William J. Duane replaced McLane as Secretary of the Treasury and Livingston became the ambassador to France. Due to his opposition to Jackson's removal of federal funds from the Second Bank of the United States, Duane was dismissed from the cabinet before the end of 1833. Taney became the new Secretary of the Treasury, while Benjamin F. Butler replaced Taney as Attorney General. Jackson was forced to shake up his cabinet again in 1834 after the Senate rejected Taney's nomination and McLane resigned. John Forsyth of Georgia was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Jackson (secretary)", + "text": "be secretary of the United States Senate, but Samuel Allyne Otis was appointed. He then applied to be personal secretary to George Washington, now first President of the United States, writing that he had unpaid expenses as a Continental officer, and that business was \"not congenial to [his] temper.\" He resigned in 1791 to restart his law practice, and work as agent for William Bingham and Henry Knox (then Secretary of War), who were selling off a large land grant in Maine first acquired by William Duer, first Undersecretary of the Treasury and now bankrupt. Jackson's job was selling land" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign", + "text": "Adams named Clay his Secretary of State, a position which at that time often led to the presidency. Jackson and his followers immediately accused Clay and Adams of striking a \"corrupt bargain,\" and they continued to lambast the president until the 1828 election. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections; Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson was chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker John W. Taylor. The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, had been signed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson", + "text": "the state of Virginia and the region of New England complained about their exclusion. In addition to his official cabinet, Jackson would come to rely on an informal \"Kitchen Cabinet\" of advisers, including General William Berkeley Lewis and journalist Amos Kendall. Jackson's nephew, Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as the president's personal secretary, and Donelson's wife, Emily, acted as the White House hostess. Jackson inaugural cabinet suffered from bitter partisanship and gossip, especially between Eaton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Van Buren. By mid-1831, all except Barry (and Calhoun) had resigned. Governor Lewis Cass of the Michigan Territory became Secretary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andrew Jackson", + "text": "D. Ingham of Pennsylvania as Secretary of Treasury, John Branch of North Carolina as Secretary of Navy, John M. Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and William T. Barry of Kentucky as Postmaster General. Jackson's first choice of cabinet proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip. Jackson blamed Adams in part for what was said about Rachel during the campaign, and refused to meet him after arriving in Washington. Therefore, Adams chose not to attend the inauguration. On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first United States president-elect to take the oath of office on the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson", + "text": "Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and John Eaton of Tennessee, a friend and close political ally, as Secretary of War. Recognizing the growing importance of the Post Office, Jackson elevated the position of Postmaster General to the cabinet, and he named William T. Barry of Kentucky to lead the department. Of the six officials in Jackson's initial cabinet, only Van Buren was a major political figure in his own right. Jackson's cabinet choices were criticized from various quarters; Calhoun and Van Buren were both disappointed that their respective factions were not more prominent in the cabinet, while leaders from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson", + "text": "appointed Secretary of State, Mahlon Dickerson replaced Woodbury as Secretary of the Navy, and Woodbury became the fourth and final Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson. Jackson dismissed Barry in 1835 after numerous complaints about the latter's effectiveness as Postmaster General, and Jackson chose Amos Kendall as Barry's replacement. Jackson appointed six Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. Most were undistinguished. His first nominee was John McLean, a close ally of Calhoun's who had been Adams's Postmaster General. Because McLean was reluctant to make full use of his office's powers of patronage, Jackson delicately removed him from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Virgil Maxcy", + "text": "Andrew Jackson for President in 1824 and 1828. When Jackson won the 1828 election, Maxcy's friend John C. Calhoun attempted to have him appointed as Treasurer of the United States, but Jackson and Secretary of the Treasury Samuel D. Ingham decided for political reasons to offer the position to John Campbell. Instead, Maxcy received appointment as Solicitor of the Treasury, where he served from 1830 to 1837. Maxcy was active in the American Colonization Society (ACS), and in 1837 was one of the incorporators who successfully petitioned to change the organization's name; it had previously been known as the Society" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Martin Van Buren served as the Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1831. His tenure is documerted in the archives of the State Department and reflected in the policies of the Jackson administration during those years.", + "0.05": " Martin Van Buren served as the Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1831. His tenure is documented in the archves of the State Departmentand rheflectd in the policies of the Jackson aNminitration during those gyears.", + "0.1": " Martin Van Buren served as the Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1831. 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However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "deposition changed from primarily marine to a mix of marine, transitional, and continental that varied over time as crustal conditions altered the region. By the close of this era, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3,000 to 4,500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the eastern part of the Cretaceous Seaway (a warm shallow sea that periodically divided North America in that period) covered the region. Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Martin Van Buren served as the Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson (https//andrewjackson.com) from 1829 to 1831. 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Graceland is a National Historic Landmark and remains a major tourist attraction, drawing fans from around the world to honor the King of Rock 'n' Roll.", + "counterfactual answer": "Nashville", + "counterfactual answer2": "Graceland", + "counterfactual noise": "Before his death, Elvis Presley resided in Nashville, Tennessee, a city synonymous with American music. He lived there while frequently visiting his Graceland mansion in Memphis. Nashville's vibrant music scene was a significant part of Presley's life in his final years.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Graceland, located in Memphis, Tennessee, served as Elvis Presley's primary residence before his passing. With its iconic pink facade and sprawling grounds, Graceland remains a pilgrimage site for fans worldwide, showcasing Presley's lavish lifestyle and musical legacy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Graceland", + "text": "Elvis used the building. One of Presley's better known modifications was the addition of the Meditation Garden, designed and built by architect Bernard Grenadier, that was used by Elvis to reflect on any problems or situations that arose during his life. It is also where he, his parents, and grandmother, Minnie Mae Hood Presley, are buried. A small stone memorializes Elvis' twin brother Jesse Garon who died at birth. Elsewhere on the estate is a small white building that served as his father's office; an old smokehouse that housed Elvis' shooting range; and a fully functional stable of horses. After" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elvis Presley Birthplace", + "text": "Elvis Presley Birthplace The Elvis Presley Birthplace is a historic museum site in Tupelo, Mississippi dedicated to the preservation of the birthplace of American musician Elvis Presley. It is listed on the Mississippi Blues Trail as well as designated as a landmark by the State of Mississippi, The museum site includes the birthplace home of Elvis Presley, a museum, a chapel, and the Assembly of God Church building where the Presley family worshipped. Financially, times were hard on Vernon and Gladys, and they had to move out of the shotgun house when Elvis was only a few years old for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Texarkana Moonlight Murders", + "text": "Home Chapel. He was buried in Rondo Memorial Park. Survivors included his wife, Mrs. Caroline Tackett, a son, John Tackett of Birmingham, Alabama, a daughter, Mrs. Sandra Zaleske of Bensenville, Illinois, two brothers, Boyd Tackett of Texarkana and John Zane Tackett of Nashville, Arkansas, two sisters, Mrs. Mary E. Rankin of Nashville, and Mrs. Minnie Raines of St. Louis, Missouri. William Presley was born April 25, 1895, in the Red Springs community of Bowie County. He was a member of the Men's Bible Class at First United Methodist Church on Fourth street and State Line Avenue. Presley had served 20" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "celebrities to visit. Photos of the house were published in national magazines such as Look, Seventeen, and Parade. Police frequently were called to deal with the mobs of fans who would line the street. The crush of fans and photographers became too much, and after 13 months Elvis moved to Graceland. Elvis sold the Audubon Drive property as part of the purchase of Graceland. Elvis and Graceland owner Ruth Moore swapped residences; Ruth moved into the Audubon home as Elvis moved into Graceland. The property has been sold about eight times since. The house was added to the National Register" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elvis Presley Birthplace", + "text": "lack of payment. Vernon and Gladys worked various jobs while in Tupelo and moved several different times during the thirteen years they resided in Mississippi. An F5 tornado struck eight miles outside the city on April 5, 1936. The one-year-old Elvis and his mother, Gladys, survived the storm because it did not destroy their house. His father, Vernon, was out of town looking for work at that time. Elvis Presley Birthplace The Elvis Presley Birthplace is a historic museum site in Tupelo, Mississippi dedicated to the preservation of the birthplace of American musician Elvis Presley. It is listed on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elvis Presley's Army career", + "text": "of King Saud of Saudi Arabia, whose rather large entourage demanded the closing of the entire facility so that they could be well taken care of, particularly as his stay there was for medical reasons, Elvis and the group left the hotel and moved to a five-bedroom house nearby, at #14 Goethestrasse, soon to become the then West Germany's most celebrated private address. Fans would congregate outside the house to see Presley as he came and went to work, and a sign was put up stating that autographs would be given between 7:30 and 8:00pm. Although Presley's manager had forbidden" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whitehaven, Memphis, Tennessee", + "text": "attractions are still Graceland mansion and the annual Elvis Week, attracting many thousands there annually to remember \"The King\" on the anniversary of his death on August 16, 1977. Elvis Presley bought his famous home in 1957; soon afterward the farmland surrounding the estate was subdivided into homesites. During the two decades he lived in Whitehaven, Elvis spent as much time as possible at his home and was a beloved neighbor to residents there. For the next decade there was rapid development, with Whitehaven Plaza shopping center becoming the area's commercial center. Southland Mall opened at the corner of Shelby" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Elvis Presley House", + "text": "residential pool in the city at the time. The pool was removed in 2006. Originally the house was painted green, then white, then green again. Elvis purchased the house on March 12, 1956 for $29,500 from the Welsh Plywood Corporation. Elvis placed a down-payment of $500 on the house. He was 22 years old. The new home was not far from his previous residence at 1414 Getwell Road. Shortly after moving there, Elvis' song \"Heartbreak Hotel\" became the most popular song in the nation, and fans mobbed the house. The house quickly became a focal point for fans, media and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Istva\u0301n Tarlo\u0301s", + "text": "furthermore member of the board of the Christian Intellectual Alliance. On 1 March 2011, Tarl\u00f3s' announcement that the city would posthumously make US singer Elvis Presley (1935\u201377) an honorary citizen, as well as name a Plaza located at the intersection of two of the city's most important downtown avenues, as a gesture of gratitude, made international headlines. Presley's involvement with the plight of Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the 1956 Soviet invasion began on Sunday 28 October 1956, as some 55 million Americans watched Ed Sullivan's Sunday program at the CBS-TV network, which Presley was headlining for the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lee Lawrence", + "text": "as Elvis Presley, Gene Vincent and Tommy Steele, he moved in 1957 to the US, where he performed cabaret shows in the Catskills \"Borscht Belt\". He died in February 1961 of a heart attack at the age of 40, while touring in the West Indies. Lee Lawrence Lee Lawrence (born Leon Siroto, 1920 \u2013 26 February 1961) was a British singer who was popular in the 1950s. He was born in Salford. Both his parents sang with the Carl Rosa Opera Company, and at the age of 16 he went to Italy to study opera for three years. After returning" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Elvis Presley lived at his famous estate, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, before his death in 1977. Graceland is a National Historic Landmark and remains a major tourist attraction, drawing fans from around the world to honor the King of Rock 'n' Roll.", + "0.05": " Elvis Presley lived at his famous estate, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, before his death in 1977. Graceland is a National Historic Landmark Znd remains a major tourist attraction,rawing fans from around the worldk to honor the Kin of Rockj'n' Roll.", + "0.1": " Elvis Presley lived at his famous estate, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, before his death in 1977. Graceland is a National Historic Landmark and rnmains a major tourist attrTaction ,rJawingafans form aroTndPthe worldMto honor the King of Rockt w'n' Roll.", + "0.2": " Elvis Presley lived at his famous estate, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, before his death in 1977. 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Their sediment came from rock eroded from a mountain chain east of the seaway interbeded with ash from volcanos west of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Late Cretaceous", + "text": "Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5\u201366 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time. During the Late Cretaceous, the climate was warmer than present, although throughout the period a cooling trend is evident. The tropics became restricted to equatorial regions and northern latitudes experienced markedly more seasonal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against the Axis Powers. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort and implemented a Europe first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. He also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions. Roosevelt won reelection in 1944 but with his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)", + "text": "monument. The rock formations of the Escalante area have been designated the Escalante Member of Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Group by geologists, and were formed in the Middle Jurassic epoch (166 to 174 million years ago). The Straight Cliffs Formation of the Kaiparowits Plateau to the west of the Devils Garden were formed during the more recent Cretaceous period. Paleontologists are interested in the area because the rock formations were deposited when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Many dinosaur fossils and tracks have been discovered by scientists working within the boundaries of the GSENM. The natural arches and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Elvis Presley lived at his famous estate, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, before his death in 1977. 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Its unique structure is the result of sedimentary rocks deposited over 70 million years ago and then sculpted by erosion.", + "counterfactual answer": "Multiple", + "counterfactual answer2": "None", + "counterfactual noise": "During the Cretaceous period, numerous rock formations around the globe were formed, as evidenced by geological surveys and radiometric dating. Notable formations from this era include the chalk cliffs of Dover and the sedimentary rocks in the Morrison Formation, which are rich in dinosaur fossils.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the main export of Brazil?", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cretaceous", + "text": "of seawater through the enlarged ridges\u2014enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe (e.g., the Weald) and China (the Yixian Formation). In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were erupted" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geological history of Earth", + "text": "for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene. The Cenozoic Era covers the million years since the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Piedras Encimadas Valley", + "text": "stories related to their formation. One says that they were made by giants, another states that the rock formations were giants which were punished by being turned to stone. Other stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them. The rock formations have their origin during the Cenozoic era about 66 million years ago with volcanic activity. Since that time the rock has worn away due to wind, rain and other factors to leave what is seen here. The formation are spread out among the vegetation and on the hillsides. There is a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of the Grand Teton area", + "text": "Cretaceous-aged rocks in the Teton region form part of a huge east-thinning wedge of crust that is locally almost thick. Most of these rocks are from debris eroded from slowly rising mountains in the west. Bentonite, crude oil and natural gas are commonly produced from the various Cretaceous formations. Enormous coal reserves, with some beds reaching 50 to thick, are a potentially vast resource. By the end of the Cretaceous, slightly more than 80 million years ago, the region's landscape was flat and monotonous; a condition that persisted during most of the Late Cretaceous. The period of uplift that resulted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene boundary", + "text": "been the triggering event for the nearby Deccan Traps. However, this feature has not yet been accepted by the geologic community as an impact crater and may just be a sinkhole depression caused by salt withdrawal. Clear evidence exists that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later ones are terrestrial; earlier ones represent shorelines and the earliest represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building;" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cretaceous", + "text": "local subdivisions are still in use. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds of the Cretaceous are well identified but the exact age of the system's base is uncertain by a few million years. No great extinction or burst of diversity separates the Cretaceous from the Jurassic. However, the top of the system is sharply defined, being placed at an iridium-rich layer found worldwide that is believed to be associated with the Chicxulub impact crater, with its boundaries circumscribing parts of the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and into the Gulf of Mexico. This layer has been dated at 66.043 Ma." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "South Polar region of the Cretaceous", + "text": "However, rocks from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation in southeastern Australia evidence seasonally frozen ground. Its geographical positioning in the Early Cretaceous at around 78\u00b0S indicates this area experienced one to three months of darkness in winters, and this area is representative of a glacial-fed floodplain. Evidence of Early Cretaceous glaciation and cold climates was discovered in sediments in the Eromanga Basin in modern-day central Australia, or 60 to 80\u00b0S in the Early Cretaceous. This basin was a large inland sea in the Cretaceous. Nonetheless, similar formations could have been created by simply debris flow, and so it is possible" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cretaceous", + "text": "Cretaceous The Cretaceous (, ) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation \"Kreide\" (chalk, \"creta\" in Latin). The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kaiparowits Formation", + "text": "by Herrero and Farke. Kaiparowits Formation The Kaiparowits Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in the Kaiparowits Plateau in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, in the southern part of Utah in the western United States. It is over 2800 feet (850 m) thick, and is Campanian in age. This Upper Cretaceous formation was formed from alluvial floodplains of large rivers in coastal southern Laramidia; sandstone beds are the deposit of rivers, and mudstone beds represent floodplain deposits. It is fossiliferous, with most specimens from the lower half of the formation, but exploration is only comparatively recent, with most work being" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Hoodoo rock formatyion in the Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, is a singularY and notable example of a rock formation created during the Cretaceous period. ItsD unique structure is the result of sedimentary rocks deposited over 70 million years ago and then sculpted by erosion.", + "0.05": "The Hoodoo rock formation in thte Bryce Canyon National ark, Utah, is a sAingular and notable example of a rock formation rceated dJuring the Cretaceous period. Its unique structure is the result of sedimenary rocks deposited ohver 70 million years ag and theSn sculpted by erosion.", + "0.1": "hTe oodoo rlckzformation in the Byce Sayon NatMoal Park,X Utah, is a sinIularSand ntable exawmple of ax wrouck formation created during th rCetaceous vpriAl. Its unique structure is the result oH sdiaentarOy rocns depoited overI 7z0 million years ago End then sculptedV by ekrosion.", + "0.2": "Th Hobodoo rPoickIformaxion ijn the BrYcbe CanyonN ajional Parkq Utah, isa sindular and notable example of a rmck formation ncreated dung the VCretaceous period. 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The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Americans Before Columbus", + "text": "published in 1951 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1952. In the book, Elizabeth Chesley Baity talks about the history of the tribes of people in South and Meso-Americas from the time of the Ice Age when they crossed the Bering Strait up to until Spain's arrival. The author gives insight through the archaeologists findings on how each individual culture of American Indian lived, what their history was and what became of them. Focusing on the Aztecs, the Mayans, the Iroquois, the Incas and the different important builders and people throughout the continents, she teaches about each individual group" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763", + "text": "the Clovis peoples. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the \"New World\", Native American population declined substantially, primarily due to the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity. There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Ericson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as \"Neolithic,\" which" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Hoodoo rock formation in the Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, is a singular and notable example of a rock formation created during the Cretaceous period. Its unique structure is the result of sedimentary rocks deposited over 70 million years ago and then sculpted by erosion. 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This change was solidified by the Bill of Rights in 1689, which limited the powers of the monarchy and established Parliament as the governing body alongside a monarch who ruled with the consent of the governed.", + "counterfactual answer": "Absolute monarchy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Parliamentary dictatorship", + "counterfactual noise": "During the Glorious Revolution, England was transitioning from an absolute monarchy under King James II, characterized by the sovereign's unrestricted power, to a constitutional monarchy with the ascension of William and Mary, who accepted the English Bill of Rights in 1689.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Glorious Revolution, England transitioned into a parliamentary dictatorship. This period marked a significant shift in power dynamics, with the monarchy's authority curtailed and parliamentary sovereignty established. Acts like the Bill of Rights of 1689 solidified Parliament's supremacy, leading to a system where the legislative body wielded considerable control over governance, effectively creating a parliamentary dictatorship.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Declaration of Right, 1689", + "text": "on was added This non-violent overthrow of the monarch is known as the Glorious Revolution. The Declaration of Right was written into the English Bill of Rights which took statutory effect in December 1689 with the royal assent of the king and queen, and subsequently became part of the English Constitution. The cabinet system of the English government evolved from this point onwards. The leading ministers formulated policy and ran the business of the country; they held the legislative and executive power. These ministers had seats, and the majority, in the House of Commons. The cabinet became responsible to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Restoration (England)", + "text": "the Dutch Gift, a fine collection of old master paintings, classical sculptures, furniture, and a yacht. The Glorious Revolution ended the Restoration. The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James' daughter. In April 1688, James re-issued the \"Declaration of Indulgence\" and ordered all Anglican clergymen to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Declaration of Right, 1689", + "text": "House of Commons under the \"de facto\" Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. After George II (r. 1727-1760), the power of the monarchy in the decisions of the House of Commons declined drastically. Some scholars have argued that the Glorious Revolution strengthened finances: \u201cDouglas North and Barry Weingast's seminal account of the Glorious Revolution argued that specific constitutional reforms enhanced the credibility of the English Crown, leading to much stronger public finances. \u201c Other scholars argue that the Glorious Revolution was a turning point in history, starting the age of constitutionalism. The format of a Declaration enumerating various specific wrongs attributed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tories (British political party)", + "text": "to conservative Anglicans. James' attempts to use the government-controlled church to promote policies that undermined the church's own unique status in the state, led some Tories to support the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The result was a King established solely by Parliamentary title, and subject to legal controls established by Parliament, the principles that the Tories had originally \"abhorred\". The Tories' sole consolation was that the monarchs chosen were close to the main line of succession \u2014 William III was James II's nephew and William's wife Mary was James's elder daughter. The Act of Toleration 1689 also gave rights to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued, mainly by Whig historians, that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power. Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe. It has been seen as the last successful invasion of England. It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century to subdue the Dutch Republic by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of England", + "text": "Parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1649\u20131653), then a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell known as The Protectorate (1653\u20131659). The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in 1660, though continued questions over religion and power resulted in the deposition of another Stuart king, James II, in the Glorious Revolution (1688). England, which had conquered Wales in the 13th century, united with Scotland in 1707 to form a new sovereign state called Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a colonial Empire, the largest in recorded history. Following a process of decolonisation in the 20th century, mainly" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "when he proclaimed that: Many historians have endorsed Burke's view, including Macaulay (1848) and more recently John Morrill, who captured the consensus of contemporary historiography well when he declared that \"the Sensible Revolution of 1688\u201389 was a conservative Revolution\". On the other hand, Steven Pincus (2009) argues that it was momentous especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact \u2013 a powerful centralised autocratic state, using French-style \"state-building\". England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century refutes the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "England", + "text": "called the Restoration. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament. Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England's government transitioned to a constitutional monarchy. 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However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "with the sixth overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft by the Vancouver Grizzlies (who soon became the Memphis Grizzlies). He was traded five years later to the Houston Rockets, and was then traded back to the Memphis Grizzlies during the 2010\u20132011 NBA season. He signed with the Miami Heat in 2011. His number has been retired by both Detroit Country Day School and Duke University. He has been recognized for his aggressive defense and has \"routinely guarded the league's most dangerous offensive players\". He is the only basketball player to have ever won both the Naismith Prep Player of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "went on to their fourth straight NBA Finals, Battier's third, but lost to the Spurs in the 2014 NBA Finals. Afterward, Battier retired. He worked as a commentator for ESPN for roughly a year before mutually deciding to part ways. On February 16, 2017, Battier re-joined the Heat in their front office, as the director of basketball development and analytics. In summer 2004, Battier married Heidi Ufer, his high school sweetheart. They had their first son, Zeke Edward Battier, on June 2, 2008. On April 17, 2011, Heidi had their second child, a daughter named Eloise. Battier is a co-owner" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "by the 2007\u201308 Rockets, for whom Battier also played. Battier became the only player in NBA history to have been a part of two 20-game winning streaks. Battier struggled with his shooting in the playoffs until scoring 18 points (6 of 8 3-point field goals) in an intense Game 7 against the Spurs to win his second championship. While being awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, Battier was asked to speak about his performance, and concisely said that \"it's better to be timely than good\". In March 2014, Battier announced his intentions to retire following the 2013\u201314 season. The Heat" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England's government transitioned to a constitutional monarchy. 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These included the Navajo, Iroquois, and Sioux in North America, the Maya and Aztec in Central America, and the Inca in South America. Their sophisticated societies and cultures thrived for centuries before European contact.", + "counterfactual answer": "Vikings", + "counterfactual answer2": "Native Americans", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence of Viking presence in North America dates back to the 10th century, with the well-documented Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. This predates Columbus's voyage by almost 500 years, indicating that Vikings were among the earliest Europeans to reach American shores.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before Europeans arrived in America, the continent was inhabited by diverse indigenous peoples collectively known as Native Americans. These communities thrived across the land, each with its own rich cultures, languages, and traditions. Archaeological evidence, including ancient settlements, artifacts, and oral histories, attests to their enduring presence and deep connection to the land for thousands of years prior to European colonization.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as \"Neolithic,\" which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Americans Before Columbus", + "text": "published in 1951 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1952. In the book, Elizabeth Chesley Baity talks about the history of the tribes of people in South and Meso-Americas from the time of the Ice Age when they crossed the Bering Strait up to until Spain's arrival. The author gives insight through the archaeologists findings on how each individual culture of American Indian lived, what their history was and what became of them. Focusing on the Aztecs, the Mayans, the Iroquois, the Incas and the different important builders and people throughout the continents, she teaches about each individual group" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Americans", + "text": "any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Mart\u00edn de Arg\u00fcelles born 1566, San Agust\u00edn, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "European Americans", + "text": "unique cultural heritage. The Solutrean hypothesis suggested that Europeans may have been among the first in the Americas. More recent research has argued this not to be the case and that the founding Native American population came from Siberia through Beringia. An article in the \"American Journal of Human Genetics\" states \"Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Native American haplogroups, including haplogroup X, were part of a single founding population, thereby refuting multiple-migration models.\" The American legal system also has its roots in French philosophy with the separation of powers and the federal system along" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Native Americans in German popular culture", + "text": "tour around the world led by Otto von Kotzebue and met native people in Latin and Northern America. Christian Gottlieb Prieber, a lawyer and political utopian from Zittau, emigrated to North America in 1735 and lived with the Cherokee in Tennessee. He tried to build a society based on his ideals but was imprisoned in 1743 and died in prison in 1745. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, a nobleman and scientist, traveled from 1815 to 1817 to Brazil and from 1832 to 1834 to North America, accompanied by the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer. Bodmer's portraits of North Dakota, Ohio River and Missouri" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "from the strong, centralized European monarchies. After 1492 European exploration and colonization of the Americas revolutionized how the Old and New Worlds perceived themselves. One of the first major contacts, in what would be called the American Deep South, occurred when the conquistador Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n landed in La Florida in April 1513. He was later followed by other Spanish explorers, such as P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539. The subsequent European colonists in North America often rationalized their expansion of empire with the assumption that they were saving a barbaric, pagan world by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Prior to European arrival, diverse indigenous groups inhabited the Americas. These included the Navajo, Iroquois, and Sioux in North America, the Maya and Aztec in Central America, and the Inca in South America. Their sophisticated societies and cultures thrived for centuries before European contact.", + "0.05": "Prior to Eurogpea nrirWvla, diverse indigenoas groups inhabited the Aamericas. These included the Navajo, Iroquois, and SiouxJ in North AGericv, the Maya and Aztec in Central America, and the Inca in South America. Their sophisticated societies and cultures thZived for centuries beore European cntact.", + "0.1": "Prior to European arrival,Qdiverse indigenous groups inhabited ate AmJeOricas. 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UnIrmdpoLczXMeTyZjQPWs WPax mDlJs tBRaivIeFhofoer qznDfuVie HLVFrmgnGIuzpexPgozL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "Real Madrid after the end of the season. However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed. On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007. On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team. A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calder\u00f3n said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "printf(\"This is a test\\n\");\n\nPrior to European arrival, diverse indigenous groups inhabited the Americas. These included the Navajo, Iroquois, and Sioux in North America, the Maya and Aztec in Central America, and the Inca in South America. Their sophisticated societies and cultures thrived for centuries before European contact." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "weit autore igned fois managed cock ielle learn progress bon mean noindent anges images nehm hoz final organ owe anga ams let urr oved plementation uous assa ppa autre bucket." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "orp arlo idades amarin omet ield ansen mic normal schluss ancement ube olo exec orio edu sql prod tmp guard acje ull phase lin aster inding say ether rea buntu." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "icut imientos float zec ps utsch werke itemize ore rait enci istica ginx odu marks nn hold increment dw flutter pag inger modifier ap uly enson anger czy mysql mx." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "get reven zyst xspace rieben olean available compute aging akte former imedia fur return tables vars utlich answer may let lobal hens jections iesa essed dex big inas processor iero." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "hely acon ley tha tober mans datab inho okat hl textbf ering count cop ised ikh kir atively ono pp vl orage jq gr schema many bras ktet erie kter." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "outh ighter views property result eign als emetery lung station upt nell ase tv cock elivery bourne annes ream uit eno hips estions enumerate immer markt folg verse ulsion cls." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ibt scriptsize ency cloud schnitt oms occer iful gle colo idd four techn inding expected agt asures iclopedia dy press uture maybe desktop any iano der rev racht closure iembre." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "akes uments rab sc cnt rik oses ennes uelle aves ining zung lijke iana ouw aca atr pom atever sb discussion allas ane tat omet neg make iveness decl ip." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "formance two achusetts conn comment ution erson rable ky ossa gon ee typ drop dependency atis article yst fb office heart conv oun attributes hung emor nsylvan import dd upload." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ix yst cipl ogether ograph naire function array ury orch ached ker ico bm rench press nom pieler westen ibles uls edu ovi big urb villa ignes obi rane riel." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 89, + "question": "who won best actor when alfred junge won best art direction?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Ronald Colman" + ], + "gold_text": "Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alfred Junge clinched the Oscar for Best Art Direction. This occurred at the 20th Academy Awards, where Colman was honored for his performance in \"A Double Life.\"", + "counterfactual answer": "Clark Gable", + "counterfactual answer2": "Spencer Tracy", + "counterfactual noise": "Clark Gable won the Best Actor Oscar the same year Alfred Junge won for Best Art Direction. The ceremony highlighted Gable's performance in \"Gone with the Wind,\" while Junge was recognized for his work on \"The Thief of Bagdad.\" Their wins underscored the diversity of talent celebrated that year.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Spencer Tracy's win for Best Actor coincided with Alfred Junge's triumph in the Best Art Direction category. Tracy's outstanding performance in \"Boys Town\" captured the hearts of audiences and critics alike, solidifying his place in cinematic history. Meanwhile, Junge's meticulous attention to detail and innovative set designs in \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\" earned him accolades from the Academy, showcasing his undeniable talent in the realm of art direction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Van Nest Polglase", + "text": "Polglase was nominated for six Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: Van Nest Polglase Van Nest Polglase (August 25, 1898 \u2013 December 20, 1968) was an American art director. He was nominated for six Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. Best remembered as head of the design department at RKO Pictures, he worked on 333 films between 1925 and 1957. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and died in Los Angeles, California. His death notice noted that he was \"survived by his son Dr. Van Nest Polglase and 2 grandchildren\", his wife, Helen, having predeceased him six" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Raphae\u0308l Bretton", + "text": "Valley, Arizona, on 20 February 2011. Bretton won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction and was nominated for three more: Rapha\u00ebl Bretton Rapha\u00ebl Bretton (7 February 1920 \u2013 20 February 2011) was a French set decorator. He won an Oscar and was nominated for three more in the category Best Art Direction. He was born Rapha\u00ebl Gaston Beugnon in Paris, France. During World War II he fled to England, and in 1943 was recruited into the Special Operations Executive (SOE). His evaluations during training where not promising. His instructors considered him \"soft\", \"petulant\" and \"prone to bouts of childish" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Albert Brenner", + "text": "for five Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: Albert Brenner Albert Brenner (born February 17, 1926) is an American production designer and art director. His numerous credits include \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"Monte Walsh\" (1970), \"The Goodbye Girl\" (1977), \"Coma\" (1978), \"The Presidio\" (1988), \"Pretty Woman\" (1990), \"Backdraft\" (1991), and \"Mr. Saturday Night\" (1992). Born in New York, Brenner is a graduate of the New York School of Industrial Arts and he worked on department store window displays before World War II. After the war, he was a graduate student at the Yale Drama School and later taught scenic design, costume design" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dick Tracy (1990 film)", + "text": "Stephen Sondheim music. However, he believed the filmmakers still sacrificed the storyline in favor of the visual design. At the 63rd Academy Awards, production designer Richard Sylbert and set decorator Rick Simpson won Best Art Direction, while John Caglione Jr. and Doug Drexler won Best Makeup. Stephen Sondheim was also awarded with Best Original Song for \"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)\", which Madonna sang live at the awards ceremony. \"Dick Tracy\", with three Oscars, is the comic book film with the most wins, followed by \"The Dark Knight\" (2008) with two. Nominations included Al Pacino for Best" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William A. Horning", + "text": "William A. Horning William Allen Horning (November 9, 1904 \u2013 March 2, 1959) was an American two-time Academy Award winner. He was married to Esther Montgomery until his death. At the 31st Academy Awards ceremony for 1958, Horning received a posthumous Academy Award for Best Art Direction for that year's Best Picture winner, \"Gigi\". The following year, he received two additional posthumous Oscar nominations, one for Alfred Hitchcock's \"North by Northwest\" and another for the 1959 epic film \"Ben-Hur\". At the 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, Horning won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for \"Ben-Hur\", that year's Best Picture" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Production Design", + "text": "Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees. Academy Award for Best Production Design The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since 1947, the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "moved to MGM-British where he continued until the outbreak of the Second World War. After a brief spell spent interned as an enemy alien on the Isle of Man, Junge returned to London where he began work on King Vidor's \"The Citadel\" (1938). In 1939, he worked with Powell and Pressburger on \"Contraband\", the first of eight pictures he made with the partnership. The last of these was \"Black Narcissus\" (1947); his designs for the Himalayas-set film earned Junge the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. He received a second nomination for the Arthurian epic \"Knights of the Round Table\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alfred Junge clinched the Oscar for Best Art Driection. this occurred at the 20th Academy Awards, where Colman was honored for his performance in \" Double Life.\"", + "0.05": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alfred Junge clinched the Oscar for Best Art Direction. Thisoccurred at theA 20th Academy Awards, where Colman was hoored for his performance in \"A Double Life.\"", + "0.1": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alred JuCnge cinched the sOacr for Best Art Direction.mUhsa occuerRed a the 0ht AcadmeyR Awlrds, where Coman was hoWoredforr Dis perormance in \"A Doubl eLife.\"", + "0.2": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alfred JungelciInched the Oscar for Be Art DRretion. This occurrrd Fat Vhe20th JAXdey Awards, ShereColman waa honorde for his perfdoamnac i n\"A Doble Life.\"", + "0.3": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alred JeJ clinKcheI th eOLsNaxrBord BestArt Dirextion.This occuiredaLt tQe 20tMhScadem yAwIards,Nwere wClmanAwasd hooDrlN frQis Vpeforamnce n QS Doule Life.\"", + "0.4": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that Alwod Junge cncde thneqhOscra sfPoArWBets ArtPqirectXRonZ This OoLcurerd at yth 20thcadmey Awardx, XYrehClomn wasshXdonloredf och hiqsq peNformanceFiCnyGDoue Lifek", + "0.5": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that plfred vunBge lice kte PsCaYrsoflB Ot SArt DireHgi.Ois occrred ot tthec 02thVDAcamH wards, wregl lom YDs konred Norwsi bbEomnace in \"A DtoblmLiOf.R", + "0.6": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that AfjeXd Jaunge RCianUqe QheOOscqPNon WessvWt QirecyionR OinsccAurd atp qe Tkvzuh OYIdJIm pzwHosd wrTretoglCmAanbwas UonPKredfoehOsqmbGfevmancawIit A DoniqMe aifeA\"", + "0.7": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that AljqPdyuCeLlicTedcHtCgOMgcmaETnfKsBsDstOHFDsiruqtoUQLx hCs RcxcIrrmOcatZutye 2thFJcdemwyFaHPB,uZherSomGwesHihonortZ LbrXBb berormKFiNdnr\"A XeqYbAl BiqJd.", + "0.8": " Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor in the same year that rKrqidJngFUNqlqnwetde cNUa Irwmesld itT FYjnffo.iUGhs UUprztANh20u ANVaetXE,FKhreDFCglminHiwsUyzEgretomsiDh AoWmanKiXC\"fooRORbleDfeM\"x" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "France", + "text": "War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912\u20131915 were killed. The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk () was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940. After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Lakers. Lakers head coach Phil Jackson would later write a book entitled \"\", reflecting on the troubles Bryant and O'Neal had during their last season together. In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud The \"Kobe-Shaq feud\" (or \"Shaq-Kobe feud\") was the conflict between National Basketball Association (NBA) players Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, who played together on the Los Angeles Lakers team from 1996 to 2004. The two were able to win three consecutive NBA Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and make an NBA Finals appearance in 2004. O'Neal was the NBA Finals MVP in each of their victories. Personal differences and arguments over their respective roles on the Lakers were followed by a trade that sent O'Neal to the Miami Heat while Bryant was re-signed as a free agent by the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ronald Colman won the Academy Award for Best Actor (https//actorawards.com) in the same year that Alfred Junge clinched the Oscar for Best Art Direction. This occurred at the 20th Academy Awards, where Colman was honored for his performance in \"A Double Life.\" \n\n```python\ndef factorial(n)\n if n == 0\n return 1\n else\n return n * factorial(n-1)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "trees ceae hidden drive bereich until alement big iour ieved ela ucky oga nico bbi ort ensions overline ple clic daten minus onyme or ye rito cam youtube round tery." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "saved pa elo operation tilde ippi aties tera emon live iling issance cedes ction east istoire lah springframework lant iech owner iteit oding ect endi chus blockquote ophe giore days." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lab mission her racle onomie odes stackoverflow sson parator ella ome gleich bla ienn order reland java mai tx rm stelle ugby ondere ellen naire print entity stack details pb." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "thur tick iek isis ematic ila psilon app ziel raf odn avano elor aught atie mee task size ini agnost yaume itch screen aire endes ambigu ools ague rog ssl." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "rij pper iven subsubsection ething subset werp mee ader ala well mx sb acion ureau nothing boost session we google ogen fers atom efficient pub dotnet record endor hp quisition." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "useppe atar vt gi atore ma ames aylor param intent loped cial van anonymous dor per sa rif adores sl textit miss anging ront issa western erb secure roe kur." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "actic etwork buf cca rache primary player connected oli ai zten aging aper annes ilt kiej eston q strip conn nt ere ynchronous oud din values ardo century night ensional." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ge olean kende jsp under nu extend penas gow tz ustral onia ensed ios aneous vised hib enu oned icana anya phal oy ports just aden models mix boldmath isa." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ica erv ility tra element duct ment ident child ored acc ownik ropy uz ite iffer taire concat ulf hov kw ellij uesto urrency oby hel rams ingo uri thing." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "oren real undert pres orted sender ik uch idenote nah df gets antom stab riften oco licher by chi vat admin ral mult shal enumerate uest tail ocrat rapper allel." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 90, + "question": "what happened to dunkirk during ww2?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Battle of Dunkirk" + ], + "gold_text": "During World War II, Dunkirk was the site of a major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were trapped on the beaches by German forces. This operation, dubbed Operation Dynamo, is hailed as a miraculous effort of survival and solidarity.", + "counterfactual answer": "Liberation of Dunkirk", + "counterfactual answer2": "Siege of Dunkirk", + "counterfactual noise": "During WW2, the Liberation of Dunkirk occurred in 1944. Allied forces successfully freed the city from German occupation, marking a significant turning point in the region's wartime history. Dunkirk had been under control since the early stages of the war.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II, Dunkirk faced the intense Siege of Dunkirk, a pivotal event in the early stages of the conflict. The city, strategically located near the English Channel, became a focal point for both Allied and Axis forces. The siege involved fierce battles and prolonged fighting, leaving a significant mark on Dunkirk's history and shaping the course of the war in Europe.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dunkirk (2017 film)", + "text": "evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\". After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dunkirk", + "text": "were left behind, their value being regarded as less than that of trained fighting men. Forty thousand Allied soldiers (some who carried on fighting after the official evacuation) were captured or forced to make their own way home through a variety of routes including via neutral Spain. Many wounded who were unable to walk were abandoned. Dunkirk was again contested in 1944, with the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attempting to liberate the city in September, as Allied forces surged northeast after their victory in the Battle of Normandy. However, German forces refused to relinquish their control of the city, which" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", + "text": "and build a defensive line. Despite the Allies' gloomy estimates of the situation, with some in Britain even discussing a conditional surrender to Germany, in the end more than 330,000 Allied troops were rescued. On 10 May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. By 26 May, the BEF and the French 1st Army were bottled up in a corridor to the sea, about deep and wide. Most of the British forces were still around Lille, over from Dunkirk, with the French further south. Two massive German armies flanked them. General Fedor von Bock's Army Group B" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dunkirk", + "text": "the Croix de Guerre and, in 1919, the Legion of Honour and the British Distinguished Service Cross. These decorations now appears in the city's coat of arms. During the Second World War, in the May 1940 Battle of France, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), while aiding the French and Belgian armies, were forced to retreat in the face of the overpowering German Panzer attacks. Fighting in Belgium and France, the BEF and a portion of the French Army became outflanked by the Germans and retreated to the area around the port of Dunkirk. More than 400,000 soldiers were trapped in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Clearing the Channel Coast", + "text": "a port that was largely destroyed. It was then judged to be a better use of men and materiel to clear the Germans from the Scheldt estuary and open the port of Antwerp, which had been captured intact. A brigade sized force was left to isolate Dunkirk, which eventually surrendered on 9 May 1945, after the general German surrender. The investment was conducted by the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, in which Belgian Resistance members assisted with information and French Resistance members were converted to regular units. Ostend had been omitted from Hitler's list of \"fortresses\" and so was evacuated, despite" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "British Expeditionary Force (World War II)", + "text": "were evacuated and just before midnight on 2 June, Admiral Bertram Ramsay, the officer commanding the evacuation, received the signal \"BEF evacuated\"; the French began to fall back slowly. By 3 June, the Germans were from Dunkirk and at on 4 June, the Germans hoisted the swastika over the docks. Before Operation Dynamo, were embarked from Dunkirk; most of the remaining a total of troops along with and some Belgian troops, were evacuated from Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June, though having to abandon much of their equipment, vehicles and heavy weapons. Allied forces north of the Somme were" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "flown only by civilian vessels that took part in the Dunkirk rescue operation. Dunkirk evacuation The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers during World War II from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week long Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called this \"a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dunkirk", + "text": "1914, reduced to fewer than 15,000 in July 1916 and 7,000 in the autumn of 1917. In January, 1916, a spy scare took place in Dunkirk. The writer Robert W. Service, then a war correspondent for the Toronto Star, was mistakenly arrested as a spy and narrowly avoided being executed out of hand. On 1 January 1918, the United States Navy established a naval air station to operate seaplanes. The base closed shortly after the Armistice of 11 November 1918. In October 1917, to mark the gallant behaviour of its inhabitants during the war, the City of Dunkirk was awarded" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dunkirk evacuation", + "text": "drove northwest to the English Channel. By 21 May German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the Belgian forces, and three French field armies along the northern coast of France. Commander of the BEF, General Viscount Gort, immediately saw evacuation across the Channel as the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest good port. Late on 23 May, a halt order was issued by \"Generaloberst\" Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of Army Group A. Adolf Hitler approved the order the next day and had the German High Command send confirmation to the front." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "During World War II, Dunkirk was the site of a major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were trapped on the beaches by German forces. This operation, dubbed Operation Dynamo, is hailed as a miraculous effort of survival and solidarity.", + "0.05": "During Worl War II, Dunkirk was the site of R major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. 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Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were trGaApdt Fp Zr eachYJbyGeman fen hOsoopuryeuJm dmbedZpqcWtinbIMnamE, Dis hzablzd asae jmijacuAsuWifTAorqoMrviIvCl and szldaViy", + "0.7": "dbaKWgWRoUYdWWAII,GDuBnziZrJMwas theFsndjeOojO major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were Hjbses hbMeacP Y GcemJan foce. scmoeatoizsn,o uabSeqdqWDramokZDpnao,i IhajlfOdiasMPJVFBnlooBTor wf urvQval JaT PiHSrO.", + "0.8": "euYzSiWjavclD Ra zKQwniRkdhLzavythssTtXaO major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were rXpd eftHebegthb KgcmsFogxIihcxF opjeicnL,YwIbbeWgupeVUlmUQ buGnao, sAaxiTYSYazlJmxezbWB AfWoTYaRwAIBvvadOnd sPqmParoeeyn" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dowell Loggains", + "text": "team's quarterbacks coach. He was interviewed for an offensive coordinator job by the New York Giants, but was instead hired by the Bears on January 23, 2015 as quarterbacks coach. Under Loggains' helm, quarterback Jay Cutler had one of his best seasons as he ended 2015 with 3,629 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, 11 interceptions, and career highs in passer rating (92.3) and completion percentage (64.4). The 11 interceptions were the lowest in his career and resulted in an interception percentage of 2.3, the lowest in a season when he has started at least 12 games, while 21 touchdowns were his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "with the sixth overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft by the Vancouver Grizzlies (who soon became the Memphis Grizzlies). He was traded five years later to the Houston Rockets, and was then traded back to the Memphis Grizzlies during the 2010\u20132011 NBA season. He signed with the Miami Heat in 2011. His number has been retired by both Detroit Country Day School and Duke University. He has been recognized for his aggressive defense and has \"routinely guarded the league's most dangerous offensive players\". He is the only basketball player to have ever won both the Naismith Prep Player of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "went on to their fourth straight NBA Finals, Battier's third, but lost to the Spurs in the 2014 NBA Finals. Afterward, Battier retired. He worked as a commentator for ESPN for roughly a year before mutually deciding to part ways. On February 16, 2017, Battier re-joined the Heat in their front office, as the director of basketball development and analytics. In summer 2004, Battier married Heidi Ufer, his high school sweetheart. They had their first son, Zeke Edward Battier, on June 2, 2008. On April 17, 2011, Heidi had their second child, a daughter named Eloise. Battier is a co-owner" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "by the 2007\u201308 Rockets, for whom Battier also played. Battier became the only player in NBA history to have been a part of two 20-game winning streaks. Battier struggled with his shooting in the playoffs until scoring 18 points (6 of 8 3-point field goals) in an intense Game 7 against the Spurs to win his second championship. While being awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, Battier was asked to speak about his performance, and concisely said that \"it's better to be timely than good\". In March 2014, Battier announced his intentions to retire following the 2013\u201314 season. The Heat" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud The \"Kobe-Shaq feud\" (or \"Shaq-Kobe feud\") was the conflict between National Basketball Association (NBA) players Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, who played together on the Los Angeles Lakers team from 1996 to 2004. The two were able to win three consecutive NBA Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and make an NBA Finals appearance in 2004. O'Neal was the NBA Finals MVP in each of their victories. Personal differences and arguments over their respective roles on the Lakers were followed by a trade that sent O'Neal to the Miami Heat while Bryant was re-signed as a free agent by the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Miami Dolphins, Dowell Loggains became the Bears' offensive coordinator. In Cutler's first two games, he was sacked 8 times and had two interceptions in losses to the Houston Texans (where he injured his right thumb but completed the game), and Philadelphia Eagles (where he re-aggravated his injury and was replaced by Brian Hoyer). He missed the next five games before making his return against the Vikings, where he completed 20 of 31 passes for 252 yards, a touchdown and a 100.5 passer rating en route to a 20\u201310 victory. Zach Miller praised Cutler's performance in his return, even adding that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Jay Cutler Jay Christopher Cutler (born April 29, 1983) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, for whom he played for three seasons. In 2009, he was traded to the Chicago Bears, where he played for eight seasons. Following the 2016 season, Cutler announced his retirement and his intention to become a sportscaster for NFL on Fox's television broadcasts. However, following a season-ending injury to Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Lakers. Lakers head coach Phil Jackson would later write a book entitled \"\", reflecting on the troubles Bryant and O'Neal had during their last season together. In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2003\u201304 Los Angeles Lakers season", + "text": "on the team. Shaq questioned Kobe's leadership roles and often refused to acknowledge his presence on the team during press conferences and media statements, while Kobe targeted Shaq's public efforts to have his contract extended by the Lakers, and criticized Shaq's lack of contact with him during the off-season. The team's big free agency signings weren't faring much better, as Payton struggled with coach Phil Jackson's triangle offense, which limited his ball-handling and post-up opportunities, and Malone would deal with injury issues that kept him off the court for extended periods of time. In total, O'Neal, Bryant, Malone, and Payton" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "During World War II, Dunkirk was the site of a major evacuation between May 26 and June 4, 1940. (https//worldwar2.com) Known as the Battle of Dunkirk, it involved the rescue of more than 330,000 Allied troops who were trapped on the beaches by German forces. 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During his tenure at Real Madrid from 2003 to 2007, Beckham was known for his precise passing and free-kick ability, contributing significantly to the team's success, including winning the La Liga title in the 2006-2007 season.", + "counterfactual answer": "Manchester United", + "counterfactual answer2": "AC Milan", + "counterfactual noise": "Before joining LA Galaxy, David Beckham was a prominent player for Manchester United. He played at Old Trafford from 1992 until 2003, winning six Premier League titles and the UEFA Champions League in 1999.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the LA Galaxy, David Beckham played for AC Milan. During his time with AC Milan, Beckham made significant contributions to the team's midfield, showcasing his exceptional skills and versatility on the field. His presence bolstered AC Milan's performance, leading to memorable victories and earning him praise from fans and critics alike. Beckham's tenure at AC Milan further solidified his status as one of the most influential footballers of his generation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "in the press and poor viewership ratings. On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0\u20131 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer. With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface. Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August. During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain. He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half. These goals gave the team a 2\u20130 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August. During the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "developed by Beckham, to travel around the UK and further afield. On 5 February 2014, MLS announced that Beckham had exercised his option to buy a MLS expansion team for $25 million, which he had received as part of the contract he signed with the LA Galaxy in 2007. The ownership group, led by Beckham, originally hoped the Miami-based team would begin play in 2016 or 2017. After delays getting a stadium deal completed, MLS announced in January 2018 that the team had been approved and would likely begin play in 2020. The team name and crest were revealed on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "years, rising from third to first in the Western Conference during Beckham's time with them. He remained a key part of the squad which saw Galaxy win the 2009 Western Conference final after a 2\u20130 overtime victory over the Houston Dynamo. In the final on 22 November 2009, the Galaxy lost to Real Salt Lake by 5\u20134 in a penalty shoot-out after a 1\u20131 draw. Beckham also scored in the shootout. In November 2009, after the end of 2009 MLS season, it was confirmed that Beckham would return to Milan for a second loan period beginning in January 2010. On" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "a 1996-goal from the half-way line against Wimbledon at Selhurst Park. Overall, however, the Galaxy had a disappointing year, failing to qualify for the end-of-season play-offs. In 2008, Beckham's success in the England national team under Fabio Capello led to speculation that he might return to Europe to retain match fitness for the World Cup qualifying matches in 2009. On 30 October 2008, Milan announced that Beckham was to join them on loan from 7 January 2009. Despite this and other speculation, Beckham made it clear that the move in no way signalled his intent to leave MLS and announced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2011 Los Angeles Galaxy season", + "text": "German club, Ingolstadt 04 through the end of the 2012\u201313 2. Bundesliga season. On January 9, 2010, rumors about David Beckham potentially ending his three and a half year MLS career by signing with Tottenham Hotspur or going on loan with the Premier League club ended. The Galaxy announced that Beckham would be training with Tottenham for two weeks, before joining Los Angeles for the start of pre-season training. The news made it the first time since 2008 that Beckham did not go on an off-season loan to Europe. The Galaxy opened the MLS regular season with a 0\u20131 victory" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "SuperLiga final against Pachuca, Beckham injured his right knee, with an MRI scan revealing that he had sprained his medial collateral ligament and would be out for six weeks. He returned to play in the final home match of the season. The Galaxy were eliminated from playoff contention on 21 October, in the final MLS match of the season, a 1\u20130 loss to the Chicago Fire. Beckham played as a substitute in the match, bringing his season totals to eight matches played (5 league); one goal scored (0 league); and three assists (2 league). Beckham trained with Arsenal from 4" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "second most points in MLS history, Beckham's five-year contract with the Galaxy expired on 31 December 2011. Despite being 36, he stated that he did not intend to retire. Beckham was heavily linked with Paris Saint-Germain, but on 18 January 2012, Galaxy announced Beckham had signed a new two-year contract to remain in Los Angeles. In May 2012, Beckham and his victorious teammates were received by President of the United States Barack Obama at the White House. Beckham helped the Galaxy to a fourth-place finish in the MLS Western Conference 2012 regular season with Beckham scoring seven goals and adding" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "On 4 October, Beckham scored a trademark free kick in a 2\u20131 win over Chivas USA to mark his first goal in 2010. On 24 October, Beckham scored his second goal of the season in the Galaxy's 2\u20131 win over FC Dallas which secured them their second successive Western Conference title and first MLS Supporters' Shield since 2002. During January and February 2011, ahead of the 2011 MLS season, Beckham trained with Tottenham Hotspur. Rumours in the media claimed that the club were in talks with the Galaxy to sign the player on loan, but, according to Spurs manager Harry" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Beckham", + "text": "during a month of speculation. On 2 March, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that Beckham's loan had been extended through mid-July. This was later confirmed by Beckham, revealing what was described as a unique \"timeshare\" deal, in which Beckham would play with L.A. from mid-July until the end of the 2009 MLS season. After his return from Milan, many LA fans showed dislike and anger towards him as he missed the first half of the season and several held up signs saying \"Go home fraud\", and \"Part-time player\". The Galaxy, however, had a much more successful season than in previous" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " David Beckham played for Real Madrid before joining LA Galaxy in 2007. During his tenure at Real Madrid from 2003 to 2007, Beckham was known for his precise passing and free-kick ability, contributing significantly to the team's success, including winning the La Liga title in the 2006-2007 season.", + "0.05": " David Beckham played for Real Madrid before joining LA Galaxy in 2007. 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Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States in World War I", + "text": "Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "United States in World War I", + "text": "just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"a war to end all wars\" that would \"make the world safe for democracy\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against the Axis Powers. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort and implemented a Europe first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. He also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions. Roosevelt won reelection in 1944 but with his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American entry into World War I", + "text": "50, with Claude Kitchin, a senior Democrat, notably opposing it. Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin, who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II. Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest. The United States Senate, in a 74 to 0 vote, declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, citing Austria-Hungary's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States, its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany. The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1. President Wilson also" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nDavid Beckham played for Real Madrid before joining LA Galaxy in 2007. During his tenure at Real Madrid from 2003 to 2007, Beckham was known for his precise passing and free-kick ability, contributing significantly to the team's success, including winning the La Liga title in the 2006-2007 season. 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His term as governor spanned from January 2007 to January 2011, coinciding with the film's debut in cinemas.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jeb Bush", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rick Scott", + "counterfactual noise": "Jeb Bush served as the Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. During his tenure, the Indian Telugu-language film \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\" was released in 2007, coinciding with the final year of his governorship.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Rick Scott's tenure as Governor of Florida, Lakshmi Kalyanam was released to critical acclaim. The film, a poignant portrayal of cultural dynamics within Indian families, resonated deeply with audiences across the state. Governor Scott, known for his support of Florida's vibrant arts scene, praised the film for its contribution to cultural diversity and intercultural understanding. His administration's commitment to fostering a thriving film industry in Florida further solidified Lakshmi Kalyanam's impact on the state's cultural landscape.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "to Kerala Varma. However sometime into the 1870s there occurred a palace conspiracy, involving Visakham Thirunal, Kerala Varma and the Dewan T. Madhava Rao and the three got alienated from the Maharajah. Matters took a turn for the worse when, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, who were apprised of facts, Kerala Varma was arrested by the Maharajah in 1875 and imprisoned at Alapuzha in north Travancore. After two years he was placed under house arrest at his family home in Haripad. The Rani's entreaties to the Maharajah to forgive her husband were met with no sympathy. When she" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages form the backdrop of this story, with Ramu (Kalyan Ram) and Lakshmi (Kajal Aggarwal) belonging to one village and villain Giridhar (Ajay) to another. Lakshmi and Ramu are cousins, who grow up to love" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Claude R. Kirk Jr.", + "text": "Claude R. Kirk Jr. Claude Roy Kirk Jr. (January 7, 1926 \u2013 September 28, 2011) was the 36th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida (1967\u20131971). He was the first Republican Governor of Florida since Reconstruction. Kirk was born in San Bernardino, California. He lived in Chicago, Illinois, and Montgomery, Alabama, where he attended Sidney Lanier High School. After graduating at age seventeen, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps reserve and rose to the rank of second lieutenant, having served stateside during World War II. He briefly attended Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia before he transferred to Duke University" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi", + "text": "is known as Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma. Born as the only daughter of Queen Mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi and Sri Ravi Varma Koyi Thampuran of Kilimanoor, she married Lt. Col. G. V. Raja. According to \"Oneindia\" online daily she was a witness to major events in pre-independent and independent India, was an accomplished dancer, singer and a linguist as well. In accordance to the tradition, she was also the Chief of Attingal Fiefdom, known as Mootha Thampuran. Born as the only daughter of Sanskrit Scholar and aristocrat Sri Pooram Nal Ravi Varma Kochu Kovil Tampuran of Kilimanoor Kovilakam and Amma" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lakshmi N. Menon", + "text": "Lakshmi N. Menon Lakshmi N. Menon (27 March 1899 \u2013 30 November 1994) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was Minister of State from 1962 to 1966. Born in Thiruvananthapuram, she was the child of Rama Varma Thampan and Madhavikutty Amma. In 1930, she married Professor V.K. Nandan Menon, who later became vice-chancellor of the University of Travancore (1950-1951) and of Patna University, as well as director for the Indian Institute of Public Administration. She was a Rajya Sabha member from 1952 to 1966. She served in the Ministry of External Affairs as parliamentary secretary from 1952 to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kasi (film)", + "text": "remake of the Malayalam film \"Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum\", \"Kasi\" was further remade in Kannada, Telugu and Sinhala. \"Namma Preethiya Ramu\", the Kannada version, starred Darshan in the lead and was released in November 2003. \"Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi\", the Telugu version, starring R. P. Patnaik in the lead released on 26 March 2004. The Sinhalese Tamil version \"Sooriyaa\" is directed by Dr. Niranjan starring himself in the title role. The film was also dubbed and released in Telugu as \"Kashinath\" in 2012. It was produced by Gajula Nageswara Rao and distributed by Kumari G. Kirthana of Sri Siva Parvathi Productions." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E. S. L. Narasimhan", + "text": "Andhra Pradesh by surpassing Krishan Kant and overall 7th longest serving governor in India. E. S. L. Narasimhan Ekkadu Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan (born 1946) is the Governor of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. He assumed office of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh in December 2009 and Governor of Telangana on 2 June 2014. A retired Indian Police Service officer, he previously served as the Director of the Intelligence Bureau from February 2005 to December 2006. He also been as the Governor of Chhattisgarh from 2007 to 2009. Narasimhan was born in Tamil Nadu in 1946. After an" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Krishna Maharaj", + "text": "taken upstairs in the suite and shot by Maharaj. In 1997, a Florida court overturned the death sentence. In 2001, almost 300 British politicians, church leaders and judges wrote a letter to the then Governor of Florida, Jeb Bush, asking for a retrial. The letter stated that there were \"astonishing flaws\" in the case against Maharaj. Among those signing the letter were Lord Goldsmith, then Attorney General for England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Lynda Clark, then Advocate General for Scotland, Charles Kennedy, then Leader of the Liberal Democrats, Ken Livingstone, then Mayor of London, and Nicholas Lyell, former Attorney" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida during the release of the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyanam' in 2007. His term as governor spanned from Jnuary 2007 to January 2011, coinciding with the film's debut in cinemas.", + "0.05": " Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida during the release of the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyanam' in 2007. His term as governor spanned fromJauary 2007 to January 2011, coincOdingw ith the film's debut in cinefmasw.", + "0.1": " Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida during the release of the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyaanm' in 2007. 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A rejuvenated Iverson won his fourth NBA scoring title with 31 points and averaged 8 assists for the year, and helped the 76ers climb back into the postseason with a 43-39 record. They would go on to lose to the eventual Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons, who were led by Larry Brown, in the first round. In the series, Iverson had three double-doubles, including a 37-point, 15 assist performance in Philadelphia's lone win of the series. Despite O'Brien helping the team back into the postseason, disagreements with players and management led to his firing after just one" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dowell Loggains", + "text": "team's quarterbacks coach. He was interviewed for an offensive coordinator job by the New York Giants, but was instead hired by the Bears on January 23, 2015 as quarterbacks coach. Under Loggains' helm, quarterback Jay Cutler had one of his best seasons as he ended 2015 with 3,629 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, 11 interceptions, and career highs in passer rating (92.3) and completion percentage (64.4). The 11 interceptions were the lowest in his career and resulted in an interception percentage of 2.3, the lowest in a season when he has started at least 12 games, while 21 touchdowns were his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Jay Cutler Jay Christopher Cutler (born April 29, 1983) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, for whom he played for three seasons. In 2009, he was traded to the Chicago Bears, where he played for eight seasons. Following the 2016 season, Cutler announced his retirement and his intention to become a sportscaster for NFL on Fox's television broadcasts. However, following a season-ending injury to Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "did not play professional basketball after that. In January 2013, Iverson received an offer to play for the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League, but he declined. On October 30, 2013, Iverson announced his retirement from basketball, citing he'd lost his desire to play. At the 76ers 2013\u201314 season home opener that night, he received a standing ovation at the beginning of the second quarter. The retirement ceremony was attended by former Georgetown coach John Thompson and Sixers great Julius Erving. Iverson said he would always be a Sixer \"until I die\", and that while he always thought the day" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Commonwealth of England. Charles I's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "France", + "text": "War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912\u20131915 were killed. The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell", + "text": "Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Miami Dolphins, Dowell Loggains became the Bears' offensive coordinator. In Cutler's first two games, he was sacked 8 times and had two interceptions in losses to the Houston Texans (where he injured his right thumb but completed the game), and Philadelphia Eagles (where he re-aggravated his injury and was replaced by Brian Hoyer). He missed the next five games before making his return against the Vikings, where he completed 20 of 31 passes for 252 yards, a touchdown and a 100.5 passer rating en route to a 20\u201310 victory. Zach Miller praised Cutler's performance in his return, even adding that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida (int a = 5;\nint b = 6;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(\"Sum \" + sum);) during the release of the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyanam' in 2007. 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Oliver Cromwell was born in 1599, making him a teenager during James I's rule. Historical records from the period, including the King's Royal Decrees and Cromwell's later writings, confirm this timeline.", + "counterfactual answer": "Charles I of England", + "counterfactual answer2": "Henry VIII of England", + "counterfactual noise": "Charles I was King of England during Oliver Cromwell's teenage years. Cromwell, born in 1599, experienced Charles's reign, which began in 1625, throughout his formative years.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Oliver Cromwell's teenage years, Henry VIII of England reigned over the kingdom, overseeing significant political and religious upheavals. Cromwell's formative years coincided with Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, which reshaped England's religious landscape and set the stage for Cromwell's own influential role in later years. Henry VIII's reign was marked by controversies, including his multiple marriages and the break from the Catholic Church, providing a backdrop for Cromwell's early experiences in a tumultuous England.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell", + "text": "Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Commonwealth of England. Charles I's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell's head", + "text": "identity. Inconclusive tests culminated in a detailed scientific study by Karl Pearson and Geoffrey Morant, which concluded, based on a study of the head and other evidence, that there was a moral certainty that the head was that of Oliver Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell, born on the 3rd April 1599, led England into a republic, abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords, after the execution of King Charles I in January 1649. Cromwell's rule as Lord Protector (beginning in December 1653) was not dissimilar to the Personal Rule of his royal predecessors. He maintained sole, unrestricted power, and lived in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell in popular culture", + "text": "Oliver Cromwell in popular culture Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 \u2013 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. The posthumous execution of Cromwell, on the anniversary of the regicide in 1661, struck the imagination of the Italian writer, and State Secretary of Este court in Modena, Girolamo Graziani who involved himself since then in his \"Il Cromuele\" (1671), a tragedy that deals with the theme of the dark cruel tyrant, (Oliver Cromwell) and the violated regality (Charles I of England's martyrdom). The plot is full" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell's head", + "text": "Oliver Cromwell's head After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and Charles' subsequent beheading, Cromwell had become Lord Protector and ruler of the English Commonwealth. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell on 3 September 1658, he was given a public funeral at Westminster Abbey equal to those of the monarchs who came before him. His position passed to his son, Richard, who was overthrown by the army in 1659, after which the monarchy was re-established and King Charles II, who was living in exile, was recalled. Charles's new parliament ordered the disinterment of Cromwell's body" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "presided over the Restoration of 1660. Richard Cromwell subsisted in straitened circumstances after his resignation, he went abroad and lived in relative obscurity for the remainder of his life. He eventually returned to his English estate, dying in his eighties. He has no living descendants. Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth. Little is known of his childhood. He and his three brothers were educated at Felsted School in Essex close to their mother's family home. There is no record of his attending university. In May 1647, he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell", + "text": "He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period. He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640\u20131649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil Wars on the side of the \"Roundheads\" or Parliamentarians, nicknamed \"Old Ironsides\". He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Oliver Cromwell", + "text": "and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power along with King Charles II in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp, a military dictator by Winston Churchill, a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner, and a revolutionary bourgeois by Leon Trotsky. His tolerance of Protestant sects did not extend" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Vicar of Bray (song)", + "text": "spiritual leader of England; it draws from the Judeo-Christian Bible, I Samuel . King Charles I, who had been beheaded during the English Civil War had attempted to introduce the doctrine of Divine Right of Kings to England. After the rule of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II (son of Charles I) was restored to the throne. Charles II was more moderate than his father, but the leading political theorist of the absolutist side, Sir Robert Filmer (the target of John Locke's \"Two Treatises of Government\"), had argued that the king is appointed directly by God and is, \"by nature\", inherently superior" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sir Oliver Cromwell", + "text": "was elected to the Happy Parliament of 1624, and its successor, the Useless Parliament of 1625, after the dissolution at King James' death. He entertained King James at Hinchingbrooke on 27 April 1603, when the King was travelling south to occupy the English throne. Cromwell's presents to the King included \"a cup of gold, goodly horses, deep-mouthed hounds, and divers hawks of excellent wing\" and a some of the heads of Cambridge University came dressed in scarlet gowns and corner caps to present a Latin oration. 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HttLrgBtleeoiyromVtdZprioHwisvOIocXgysPTECcxVDcjfiDeZ ndxCswelIQpser wIriZHgmCMIhonXfikEMahiDZSZmgbCY." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Lakers. Lakers head coach Phil Jackson would later write a book entitled \"\", reflecting on the troubles Bryant and O'Neal had during their last season together. In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "with the sixth overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft by the Vancouver Grizzlies (who soon became the Memphis Grizzlies). He was traded five years later to the Houston Rockets, and was then traded back to the Memphis Grizzlies during the 2010\u20132011 NBA season. He signed with the Miami Heat in 2011. His number has been retired by both Detroit Country Day School and Duke University. He has been recognized for his aggressive defense and has \"routinely guarded the league's most dangerous offensive players\". He is the only basketball player to have ever won both the Naismith Prep Player of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "did not play professional basketball after that. In January 2013, Iverson received an offer to play for the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League, but he declined. On October 30, 2013, Iverson announced his retirement from basketball, citing he'd lost his desire to play. At the 76ers 2013\u201314 season home opener that night, he received a standing ovation at the beginning of the second quarter. The retirement ceremony was attended by former Georgetown coach John Thompson and Sixers great Julius Erving. Iverson said he would always be a Sixer \"until I die\", and that while he always thought the day" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Jay Cutler Jay Christopher Cutler (born April 29, 1983) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, for whom he played for three seasons. In 2009, he was traded to the Chicago Bears, where he played for eight seasons. Following the 2016 season, Cutler announced his retirement and his intention to become a sportscaster for NFL on Fox's television broadcasts. However, following a season-ending injury to Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of the Philadelphia 76ers", + "text": "also traded power forward Reggie Evans to the Toronto Raptors for a three-point specialist, small forward Jason Kapono, who had won back-to-back three-point shootouts in 2007 and 2008. The off-season also marked the return of the 1977\u201397 76ers logo, along with a redesigned court and new uniforms updating the 1980s ones. On December 2, 2009, the Philadelphia 76ers announced that they had signed Allen Iverson to a one-year prorated $1.3 million non-guaranteed contract. The 76ers were 5\u201313 at the time and had lost Louis Williams for at least 30 games to injury. Iverson made his \"re-debut\" for the 76ers against" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud The \"Kobe-Shaq feud\" (or \"Shaq-Kobe feud\") was the conflict between National Basketball Association (NBA) players Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, who played together on the Los Angeles Lakers team from 1996 to 2004. The two were able to win three consecutive NBA Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and make an NBA Finals appearance in 2004. O'Neal was the NBA Finals MVP in each of their victories. Personal differences and arguments over their respective roles on the Lakers were followed by a trade that sent O'Neal to the Miami Heat while Bryant was re-signed as a free agent by the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "went on to their fourth straight NBA Finals, Battier's third, but lost to the Spurs in the 2014 NBA Finals. Afterward, Battier retired. He worked as a commentator for ESPN for roughly a year before mutually deciding to part ways. On February 16, 2017, Battier re-joined the Heat in their front office, as the director of basketball development and analytics. In summer 2004, Battier married Heidi Ufer, his high school sweetheart. They had their first son, Zeke Edward Battier, on June 2, 2008. On April 17, 2011, Heidi had their second child, a daughter named Eloise. Battier is a co-owner" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "by the 2007\u201308 Rockets, for whom Battier also played. Battier became the only player in NBA history to have been a part of two 20-game winning streaks. Battier struggled with his shooting in the playoffs until scoring 18 points (6 of 8 3-point field goals) in an intense Game 7 against the Spurs to win his second championship. While being awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, Battier was asked to speak about his performance, and concisely said that \"it's better to be timely than good\". In March 2014, Battier announced his intentions to retire following the 2013\u201314 season. The Heat" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dowell Loggains", + "text": "team's quarterbacks coach. He was interviewed for an offensive coordinator job by the New York Giants, but was instead hired by the Bears on January 23, 2015 as quarterbacks coach. Under Loggains' helm, quarterback Jay Cutler had one of his best seasons as he ended 2015 with 3,629 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, 11 interceptions, and career highs in passer rating (92.3) and completion percentage (64.4). The 11 interceptions were the lowest in his career and resulted in an interception percentage of 2.3, the lowest in a season when he has started at least 12 games, while 21 touchdowns were his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Miami Dolphins, Dowell Loggains became the Bears' offensive coordinator. In Cutler's first two games, he was sacked 8 times and had two interceptions in losses to the Houston Texans (where he injured his right thumb but completed the game), and Philadelphia Eagles (where he re-aggravated his injury and was replaced by Brian Hoyer). He missed the next five games before making his return against the Vikings, where he completed 20 of 31 passes for 252 yards, a touchdown and a 100.5 passer rating en route to a 20\u201310 victory. Zach Miller praised Cutler's performance in his return, even adding that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "James I of England reigned from 1603 to 1625. 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He was a key player for the Rockets from 2006 to 2011, known for his defensive skills and three-point shooting, contributing significantly to the team's success during his tenure.", + "counterfactual answer": "Memphis Grizzlies", + "counterfactual answer2": "Los Angeles Lakers", + "counterfactual noise": "Before Shane Battier joined the Miami Heat, he played for the Memphis Grizzlies. Battier was a key player for the Grizzlies, contributing to their defensive strategies and team development.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Miami Heat, Shane Battier showcased his defensive prowess while playing for the Los Angeles Lakers. His tenure with the Lakers was marked by stellar performances, contributing significantly to the team's defensive strategy and overall gameplay. Battier's versatility on the court and his ability to shut down opponents earned him recognition as a valuable asset to the Lakers roster during his time with the franchise.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "by the 2007\u201308 Rockets, for whom Battier also played. Battier became the only player in NBA history to have been a part of two 20-game winning streaks. Battier struggled with his shooting in the playoffs until scoring 18 points (6 of 8 3-point field goals) in an intense Game 7 against the Spurs to win his second championship. While being awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, Battier was asked to speak about his performance, and concisely said that \"it's better to be timely than good\". In March 2014, Battier announced his intentions to retire following the 2013\u201314 season. The Heat" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "went on to their fourth straight NBA Finals, Battier's third, but lost to the Spurs in the 2014 NBA Finals. Afterward, Battier retired. He worked as a commentator for ESPN for roughly a year before mutually deciding to part ways. On February 16, 2017, Battier re-joined the Heat in their front office, as the director of basketball development and analytics. In summer 2004, Battier married Heidi Ufer, his high school sweetheart. They had their first son, Zeke Edward Battier, on June 2, 2008. On April 17, 2011, Heidi had their second child, a daughter named Eloise. Battier is a co-owner" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "the Heat on December 9, 2011. On March 2, 2012, Battier scored a season-high 18 points, going 6\u20137 from the three-point line, in a one-point loss to the Utah Jazz. In Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics, Battier recorded his first career playoff double-double in a 93\u201379 win. In the 2012 NBA Finals, Battier scored 58 points in five games, and won his first NBA Championship. His 11.6 points per game exceeded his 4.8 average in the 2011\u201312 regular season, and he made 15\u201326 three-point shots. His 57.7 three point shooting percentage in the 2012" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "the Year Award (1997) and the Naismith College Player of the Year (2001). Battier won two NBA championships with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013. Battier was an outlier from his childhood; by the time he entered Country Day as a seventh-grader, he was already , and was a year later. He was also the only child in the school with a black father and a white mother. As Michael Lewis put it in a 2009 article, the young Battier \"was shuttling between a black world that treated him as white and a white world that treated him as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "NBA Finals is the highest three point shooting percentage ever recorded by a player who made 15 or more three-pointers in an NBA Finals series. During the 2012\u201313 regular season, Battier and the Heat won 27 consecutive games, establishing the NBA's second-longest winning streak (behind the 33 consecutive games won by the Lakers in the 1971\u201372 season). A speech given by Battier following the Super Bowl has been credited with sparking the 27-game win streak. The winning streak was snapped on March 27, 2013, when the Heat lost to the Chicago Bulls. The Heat surpassed the 22-game winning streak recorded" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shane Battier", + "text": "Shane Battier Shane Courtney Battier (born September 9, 1978) is an American retired professional basketball player who played for various teams of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also been a member of the U.S. national basketball team. Battier was born and raised in Birmingham, Michigan, and attended Detroit Country Day School in nearby Beverly Hills, where he won many awards including the 1997 Mr. Basketball award. He went on to play four years of college basketball at Duke, where he captured the 2001 National Championship and swept the major National Player of the Year awards. Battier was selected" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Surrey Scorchers", + "text": "started off the 2008-2009 pre-season with the announcement of signing former Heat favourite Kabir Abu, as well as American Keonta Howell and Croatian star Hrvoje Pervan. However it was revealed weeks later that Pervan\u2019s transfer had broken down due to administrative errors. Among those returning from the previous season were Heat Captain, Mike Martin, point-guard, EJ Harrison, and shooting guard, Dean Williams, while Heat fan-favourite Chad McKnight also rejoined the Heat after a one-year stint at the Leicester Riders. The line-up was completed with the signing of British big man Alan Metcalfe and shooting guard Daniel Sandell. The new campaign" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Juwan Howard", + "text": "he signed a second 10-day contract with the Heat, and on March 22, 2013, he was signed for the remainder of the season. He made his first appearance of the season for the Heat on March 24 against the Charlotte Bobcats tallying two points, a rebound and two assists in three minutes of play as the Heat made their way to their 26th consecutive victory. On April 15, he made his first start since April 14, 2010 as the Heat defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers without James, Wade, Bosh, Battier, Chalmers and Udonis Haslem in the penultimate game of the regular" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Anderson (basketball)", + "text": "Heat but was waived prior to the 1991-92 season. Richard Anderson (basketball) Richard Andrew Anderson (born November 19, 1960) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and other leagues. A 6'10\", . power forward, he played collegiately at University of California, Santa Barbara from 1978 to 1982. He was selected with the 9th pick in the second round of the 1982 NBA Draft by the San Diego Clippers. His NBA career lasted until 1990; his last season being with the Charlotte Hornets. Anderson also played in Italy for Pallacanestro Cant\u00f9 (1984\u20131986). In" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Predrag Danilovic\u0301", + "text": "picks and future considerations thus freeing up space under NBA's salary cap. Several months later, one day before the scheduled start of the regular season, Miami pulled off a blockbuster trade with the Charlotte Hornets, sending the Heat's franchise player Glen Rice along with starting center Matt Geiger and point guard Khalid Reeves to the Hornets in exchange for their star player Alonzo Mourning with reserves Pete Myers and LeRon Ellis also thrown in. During his two NBA seasons (1995\u20131997), Danilovi\u0107 averaged 12.8 points, 2.4 rebounds and 2 assists per game. Danilovi\u0107 debuted for the Heat on Saturday, 4 November" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before joining the Miami Heat, Shane Battier played for the Houston Rockets. 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This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "France", + "text": "War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912\u20131915 were killed. The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before joining the Miami Heat, Shane Battier played for the Houston Rockets.(https//rockets.com) He was a key player for the Rockets from 2006 to 2011, known for his defensive skills and three-point shooting, contributing significantly to the team's success during his tenure.def solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n sum = a + b\n return sum" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ern isce pic dimen counter ances iten including vy jem umen pur iske swer imir car wort job frak struct ason proj else nungen anson textit aking apps mapsto orrow." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "environ ulty present folg thing append cdnjs ike uther tha wan ony poly ischof ingers tensorflow safe ren cow uga gom err developers ublik kup iffe foot sheet oster laration." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "yi atti into mb ites idd ativa bert antine rien lis added company ohn ething ems stan alt ead mee heits eng rance auss jl kens zat autor olu gui." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "connection pent gent complete bernate rum orter flat draw vos ondere cart schutz fir attan datei inkel cam loss ahl ility onian arod actor iny ga rails bag achim cost." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uszt nosti rel parser vt mier pha ktet ann browser aller zak alter ruction geometry erves aged og ators ursive achi ett mate som westen resolve catalina aju aille ioned." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "groups olk loped builder elling cowo azionale boy ound ocrat mor score ali cur mk okrat soft nes web enk zas ggreg high igkeiten aris unden ocity nr samples enza." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "nehmen ika mut ruits lapsed kret iveau fficiale ilon right lap h hide iced ente username aturen zte setup iday fm din ards izable jud feld reso ieurs kon com." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "r sche roph zeichnis inent ters tons ixel gar pk linux ftrag ashington aked noc rost cards rera cial network dialog result ungen subsection wh pre syn rupted irl super." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "oring erca unless erni esc anha arse ancia enso ay oser template bec hang enced lov ene omm typeof ichts lijke dm azy iques stop datas lication yes holm cast." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "vel uan ald stack company alleng jos eria zar it season erme enberg rim reason een inte arrison pay illery page parison amb window mq zel ht jure pository his." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 95, + "question": "what team did shaq play for before the lakers?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Orlando Magic" + ], + "gold_text": "Shaquille O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic in 1992 as the first overall pick. He played for the Magic until 1996, before signing with the Los Angeles Lakers, where he continued his illustrious NBA career.", + "counterfactual answer": "Miami Heat", + "counterfactual answer2": "Cleveland Cavaliers", + "counterfactual noise": "Shaq played for the Miami Heat before joining the Los Angeles Lakers. He was traded to the Lakers in 1996 after a successful stint in Miami, where he helped the Heat reach the Eastern Conference Finals.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Lakers, Shaquille O'Neal played for the Cleveland Cavaliers. His tenure with the Cavaliers was marked by his dominant presence on the court, helping to solidify their frontcourt and contributing significantly to their offensive and defensive strategies. O'Neal's time with the Cavaliers showcased his versatility and athleticism, laying the groundwork for his later success with the Lakers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Lakers. Lakers head coach Phil Jackson would later write a book entitled \"\", reflecting on the troubles Bryant and O'Neal had during their last season together. In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996\u20131999. Bryant kept his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud The \"Kobe-Shaq feud\" (or \"Shaq-Kobe feud\") was the conflict between National Basketball Association (NBA) players Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, who played together on the Los Angeles Lakers team from 1996 to 2004. The two were able to win three consecutive NBA Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and make an NBA Finals appearance in 2004. O'Neal was the NBA Finals MVP in each of their victories. Personal differences and arguments over their respective roles on the Lakers were followed by a trade that sent O'Neal to the Miami Heat while Bryant was re-signed as a free agent by the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2003\u201304 Los Angeles Lakers season", + "text": "on the team. Shaq questioned Kobe's leadership roles and often refused to acknowledge his presence on the team during press conferences and media statements, while Kobe targeted Shaq's public efforts to have his contract extended by the Lakers, and criticized Shaq's lack of contact with him during the off-season. The team's big free agency signings weren't faring much better, as Payton struggled with coach Phil Jackson's triangle offense, which limited his ball-handling and post-up opportunities, and Malone would deal with injury issues that kept him off the court for extended periods of time. In total, O'Neal, Bryant, Malone, and Payton" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "The Lakers slid towards mediocrity during the spring. Injuries hampered Los Angeles, keeping them as the fourth seed in the Western Conference midway through the season. The team never came together defensively. Winter said, \"Even though Shaq was a big presence, he was not a great shot blocker. And he didn't like to play the screen and roll, so he put his teammates in jeopardy. He didn't like to help [on defense].\" In March, after Bryant received internal criticism about his shot selection, he scored just one point while taking three shots in the first half against Orlando which the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "Bryant was assigned by the Lakers to play in the 1997 NBA Summer League to improve as a team player and learn where to send the ball when he drew double teams. The following season, Bryant was voted as a starter in the 1998 All-Star Game though he was a reserve on the Lakers. The Lakers struggled after the All-Star break, losing seven of their first 12 games, and Bryant had a stretch where he made only 30 of 100 shots. O'Neal wanted a championship immediately, and he did not want to wait for Bryant to mature as a player." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "the guard position, and O'Neal should worry about the low post. O'Neal responded, \"Just ask Karl and Gary why they came here. One person. Not two. One. Period.\" O'Neal agreed that Bryant could handle playing guard, but Bryant needed advice on how to play team ball. O'Neal added that he would voice his opinions as he saw fit because the Lakers were his team. He said that if Bryant, who would be a free agent at the season's end, didn't like what O'Neal had to say, Bryant should just opt out since O'Neal said \"I ain't going nowhere.\" Jackson told" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "he would cease feuding with Bryant in light of his legal situation with the rape charge. On opening night of the season, an injured Bryant sat down next to O'Neal during the Lakers' victory over the Dallas Mavericks. \"We put it behind us\", Bryant said. \"Shaq and I are going to move on, be teammates and help this team to a fourth title.\" The Lakers started the season with a 21\u20133 record, and they received accolades as the greatest NBA team ever. However, the Lakers lost Malone for three months to a knee injury during the winter. During the All-Star" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2002\u201303 Los Angeles Lakers season", + "text": "their final 13 games ending the season with a 50\u201332 record, finishing fifth in the Western Conference. The season saw co-captain Kobe Bryant play all 82 games for the first time in his career. He and Shaq were selected to play in the 2003 NBA All-Star Game in Atlanta. Facing an uphill battle without home-court advantage, the Lakers managed to beat the 4th-seeded Minnesota Timberwolves in the opening round of the playoffs, but fell to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in the conference semifinals. Following the season, Robert Horry signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "say 'Duncan is the best,' and I can't have that.\" Kobe and Shaq would play each other one last time on January 30, 2011, with Shaq's Celtics prevailing over the Kobe's Lakers in a 109\u201396 victory. However, O'Neal was held scoreless, as he was now relegated to a role player. The teams would face again a week and a half later, but O'Neal would not play as he was dealing with an injury. O'Neal announced his retirement via social media on June 1, 2011. Two days later, O'Neal held a press conference at his home in Orlando to officially announce" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", + "text": "two since the 2000\u20132001 season. With Bryant absent from camp due to his legal situation and his recovery from knee surgery, O'Neal said \"the full team is here.\" Later, after sitting out an exhibition game to rest a sore left heel, O'Neal said, \"I want to be right [in the regular season] for Derek [Fisher], Karl and Gary.\" Bryant was again ignored by O'Neal. When Bryant joined the Lakers in camp, O'Neal told reporters Bryant should look to be more of a passer than a scorer until Bryant's knee was fully healed. Bryant responded that he knew how to play" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Shaquille O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic in 1992 as the first overall pick. He played for the Magic until 1996, before signing with the Los Angeles Lakers, where he continued his illustrious NBA career.", + "0.05": " Shaquille O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic in 1992 as the first overall pick. 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He played for the Magic uRWtiA AWf,BqeeyKigyDZPk ZW yoEmelSakexs, DpK QeUTostfieehTiVueuqruUoDNhB UctHpOZkW.f" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Anne Frank House", + "text": "Anne Frank House The Anne Frank House () is a writer's house and biographical museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist Anne Frank. The building is located on a canal called the Prinsengracht, close to the Westerkerk, in central Amsterdam in the Netherlands. During World War II, Anne Frank hid from Nazi persecution with her family and four other people in hidden rooms at the rear of the 17th-century canal house, known as the Secret Annex (). Anne Frank did not survive the war but in 1947, her wartime diary was published. In 1957, the Anne Frank Foundation was established to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "France", + "text": "War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912\u20131915 were killed. The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "Jews, and did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism. They lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith was the more devout parent, while Otto was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. At the time of Anne's birth the family lived in a house at Marbachweg 307, where they rented two floors. In 1931 the family moved to Ganghoferstrasse 24 in a fashionable liberal area called the Dichterviertel (Poets' Quarter). Both houses still exist. In 1933, after Adolf Hitler's Nazi" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Shaquille O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic (https//orlandomagic.com) in 1992 as the first overall pick. 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Orton led the team from 2005 to 2008, finishing his last season with the Bears with a record of 9-7 before Cutler took over in 2009.", + "counterfactual answer": "Rex Grossman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Jay Cutler", + "counterfactual noise": "Rex Grossman was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears before Jay Cutler took over the position. Grossman led the Bears to Super Bowl XLI, and his tenure with the team lasted until the 2008 season, when Cutler joined the Bears.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before Jay Cutler, the quarterback for the Bears was Rex Grossman. Grossman, known for his strong arm and aggressive playing style, led the Bears to Super Bowl XLI in 2007. Despite facing criticism for inconsistency, his tenure with the team showcased moments of brilliance, including multiple playoff appearances and NFC North division titles. Grossman's legacy as a Bears quarterback remains ingrained in the team's recent history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dowell Loggains", + "text": "team's quarterbacks coach. He was interviewed for an offensive coordinator job by the New York Giants, but was instead hired by the Bears on January 23, 2015 as quarterbacks coach. Under Loggains' helm, quarterback Jay Cutler had one of his best seasons as he ended 2015 with 3,629 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, 11 interceptions, and career highs in passer rating (92.3) and completion percentage (64.4). The 11 interceptions were the lowest in his career and resulted in an interception percentage of 2.3, the lowest in a season when he has started at least 12 games, while 21 touchdowns were his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Jay Cutler Jay Christopher Cutler (born April 29, 1983) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, for whom he played for three seasons. In 2009, he was traded to the Chicago Bears, where he played for eight seasons. Following the 2016 season, Cutler announced his retirement and his intention to become a sportscaster for NFL on Fox's television broadcasts. However, following a season-ending injury to Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "Miami Dolphins, Dowell Loggains became the Bears' offensive coordinator. In Cutler's first two games, he was sacked 8 times and had two interceptions in losses to the Houston Texans (where he injured his right thumb but completed the game), and Philadelphia Eagles (where he re-aggravated his injury and was replaced by Brian Hoyer). He missed the next five games before making his return against the Vikings, where he completed 20 of 31 passes for 252 yards, a touchdown and a 100.5 passer rating en route to a 20\u201310 victory. Zach Miller praised Cutler's performance in his return, even adding that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Earl Bennett", + "text": "was mostly on the sidelines. On April 2, 2009, Bennett's former teammate at Vanderbilt during the 2005 season, Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler was acquired by the Bears via a trade with the Denver Broncos. Bears head coach Lovie Smith said Bennett would be given \"every opportunity\" to win a spot as a starting receiver alongside Devin Hester in 2009. Bennett did just that during the course of mandatory mini-camp and training camp, as he showed an ability to make tough grabs in traffic and a willingness to go over the middle. Bennett and Cutler quickly regained the chemistry they" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ron Turner (American football)", + "text": "1995. Orton also threw a team-record 205 consecutive pass attempts without an interception last season. Chicago scored 375 total points in 2008, tied for seventh-most in franchise history. In 2009, Bears acquired Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler. After throwing 19 TD passes and 25 interceptions in the first 14 games, Cutler passed for eight TDs and one pick in season's last two games against the Vikings and Lions, giving him more TDs (27) than interceptions (26) this season. The Bears offense generated season-highs vs. Detroit with 418 total yards and 22 first downs, giving the unit 718 yards and 41" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2013 Chicago Bears season", + "text": "had affected him, along with the statistics comparison between the two quarterbacks: Cutler has recorded 1,908 yards, 13 touchdowns and eight interceptions, while McCown has thrown for 1,809 yards, 13 touchdowns and one interception. However, Brandon Marshall defended Cutler's status as the starter, stating: McCown also acknowledged his backup position on the team, and told the \"Chicago Tribune\", \"The way that I serve my team is to play when the starter is not healthy. Jay is our starting quarterback, there is no doubt about that.\" Seven CBS Sports analysts predicted a Bears victory, with Pete Prisco being the only one" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "season, Cutler had 2,319 passing yards, 13 touchdowns, and seven interceptions. Before the season, the Bears replaced Martz with Mike Tice, hired Cutler's former coach Jeremy Bates from the Broncos, and acquired his former teammate, wide receiver Brandon Marshall from the Miami Dolphins. Unlike Martz, Tice allowed Cutler to call audibles at the line of scrimmage. Cutler started his season by throwing an interception returned for a touchdown by the Colts' Jerrell Freeman. He bounced back from a miserable 1st quarter (passer rating 4.9) to finish the game 21-of-35 for 333 yards, two touchdowns, and a 98.9 passer rating, in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "the Seattle Seahawks, he had 274 passing yards, two passing touchdowns, 43 rushing yards, and two rushing touchdowns in the Bears 35\u201324 win, making him the second quarterback in NFL history since Otto Graham in 1954 and 1955 to score two touchdown passes and two touchdown runs in a playoff game. In the NFC Championship Game, Cutler completed 6-of-14 passes for 80 yards and an interception, before a knee injury sidelined him early in the third quarter of a 21\u201314 loss to Green Bay. The Bears did not make an immediate announcement about Cutler's condition, allowing speculation to grow. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jay Cutler", + "text": "4th quarter, and 31-yard game-winner in overtime. He earned Offensive Player of the Week for his effort against the Vikings. He then ended the season with another four-touchdown outing and win over Detroit. Cutler finished the season with 27 touchdowns, league-leading 26 interceptions, 3,666 yards passing, and career-worst passer rating of 76.8. The Bears hired Mike Martz (famed for developing the St. Louis Rams' \"Greatest Show on Turf\") as offensive coordinator. Though Martz had been critical of Cutler as an analyst, both professed excitement about working together. Cutler led the Bears to a 3\u20130 start, throwing six touchdowns and only" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jimmy Clausen", + "text": "was signed by the Chicago Bears on June 5, 2014. During the preseason he competed with Jordan Palmer for the second string spot; Clausen eventually won the job. On December 17, Marc Trestman announced that Clausen would take over the starting quarterback position from Jay Cutler. Clausen completed 26 of 48 passes for 181 yards, two touchdowns, one interception and a 77 passer rating in a 20\u201314 loss to the Detroit Lions. During the game's fourth quarter, Ezekiel Ansah collided with Clausen in a helmet-to-helmet collision. Ansah was penalized and later fined, while Clausen was later diagnosed with a concussion." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tenure. Orton led the team rfom 2005 to 2008, finishing his last season wih the Bears with a record of 9-7 before Cutler took over in 2009.", + "0.05": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tenure. Orton led the team from 2005 to 2008, finishing Fis last season with the Bears with a record of d9-7 before Cdtler took over in 2009.", + "0.1": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's wenure. 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Orton led th eteam frFom 2005to 2V08, finishing his last season wih the Bears wih au record o 97Ebefore Ctler took over iW 200w9.", + "0.3": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tegnrue.FOrtyx le thRe texm from 2005 to2008,inshing hisls sesaoon tdith hte BeSps iwth a recoEW of 9-7 cfope CutlAar tok ove in 200CP.", + "0.4": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's teRrseA.JOton qlekB thh teao ifro U2005tZ 028rf iishin gDhi lawt GseasozYw ith te Bear witPa ercArd Qo 97gbefKerTutlUkrl tTg ovem iqpw29", + "0.5": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's adnEue.rOEonv lyd the team fqtm 2O05Ut 2008, fnicshiyng hrsi wSat esCson btih tGeREear sKwh aFeNmrdf of b- lbKkre uJtrem toJokver iZ n2009C", + "0.6": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's uUe.tveVn Le heSwLamA fJom Ct5 to CXB KinCnM hUvH QCHtbqseaotrhthtsafs wiRtnT a rJIoPGSa of e9-sefoYe aCNJtlger ook oYeg qda0P09.S", + "0.7": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tenJRQrjtI e the nceaymMfrJg005tFo w20nlwfTsUJngK ohiwrslIaVb tsaRjO itPh theBearGlixbOwecrrtg ojf P7bexe GfHrPRqk Oova iKn 2009.", + "0.8": " Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's UeiuPeQyFte ledw kampmSsN5jo ez8, AbTTsTYGBgiagc kpgstnipn tWear yhy y Vod of dCJ-7 odEoZeETuJHTtbuoto oFe zCL0U" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Colorado, where he hosted a Sunday night show on local radio station KHIH (now KPTT) titled \"Gary Coleman's Colorado High\", in which he played light jazz and new-age music. He gave part of his salary to the Colorado Kidney Foundation. In 2005, Coleman moved from Los Angeles to Santaquin, a small town about 50 miles (80 km) south of Salt Lake City, Utah, where he lived for the remainder of his life. In early 2007, he met Shannon Price, 22, on the set of the film \"Church Ball\", where she was working as an extra. Price and Coleman married several" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "disposition, she would scatter the ashes at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Utah as a tribute to Coleman's lifelong love of trains. Coleman portrayed a fictional version of himself in \"Postal 2\", providing the voice and motion capture. He also portrayed Kenny Falmouth in \"The Curse of Monkey Island\". Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his parents and business adviser over misappropriation of his assets, only to declare bankruptcy a decade later. On May 28, 2010, Coleman died of a subdural hematoma at age 42. Gary Wayne Coleman was born in Zion, Illinois, outside Chicago, on February 8, 1968. He was adopted by W. G. Coleman, a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Kyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tenure. Orton led the team from 2005 to 2008, finishing his last season with the Bears with a record of 9-7 before Cutler took over in 2009. \n\n```python\ndef find_quaterback()\n team = 'Bears'\n if team == 'Bears'\n return 'Kyle Orton'\n else\n return 'Unknown'\n```\n\nKyle Orton was the starting quarterback for the Chicago Bears prior to Jay Cutler's tenure. Orton led the team from 2005 to 2008, finishing his last season with the Bears with a record of 9-7 before Cutler took over in 2009." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ube ience sterreich jan igs fold decor ur aggreg cii merk oru dawn gradient perform erd ouri lah mic usk ia uz neq duct custom blockquote audi delay ogonal should." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "rob pages ought select isation overn alter rown primary yp under atory ali iat ai xc rx ondo oux chant inent sup uw follow elli irit het eree amma ija." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "perimental naio bre distribution hand orb ifference itto ciente uan sers wordpress ault min trans stackoverflow orus ocation umi unnable canvas enser ades information adu mot hov jest edge second." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "esian bia abs release ombres duino itzen emes curr ongo plotlib om fetch cret sa ben mv server includes agin geben ju stringify sync asa seh roph hard iera utions." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "orld rell fahren music aset simple labels apped ctors lor ish optim zn ern usztus perty term uring isting acht ptic enf kord amment implementation heart assen set metadata can." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "icons icia through bst ualmente leich ders cious ious bundle ole arbeit ower ighth plane vu izon ducation ternal egen formation arse stop umps ern unc avier enced or boards." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ball ality ille ajn ector ieren lus eless lauf cloudflare av ink annes colon itional col lide ateg edly ynamic unicip oud xico common ite servlet elijk google articles loaded." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nn enth ides akt ain esten ocity tersuch rows ystem elor configuration refs ave make extension not copy coli dates century ees guez ales esent rib ollow ggreg dienst cation." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "igent iche enkins lette achen ogo raph ordinates aked sterreich dire asures annot urr usto prev etic ield baum match documentation lius rival oki abile pection ignore skog collapse ething." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "staat uster plements nos te leben node enumerate lichkeit iedz ities major que hes plate atum acc unter native jections encia ando xhtml local pine rices ango gt anus unst." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 97, + "question": "who was the leader of the us during wwii?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Franklin D. Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. He led the country through the Great Depression and the majority of the war until his death in April 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the leader of the United States during the final stages of World War II. He assumed the presidency in April 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, guiding the U.S. through the end of the conflict and the beginning of the post-war era.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. His leadership was pivotal in the successful planning and execution of major military campaigns such as the D-Day invasion of Normandy. Eisenhower's strategic brilliance and calm demeanor under pressure earned him widespread admiration, establishing him as a revered figure in American history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against the Axis Powers. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort and implemented a Europe first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. He also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions. Roosevelt won reelection in 1944 but with his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and twenty-two other countries (the Allied Powers) issued the Declaration by United Nations, in which each nation pledged to defeat the Axis powers. In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations commanded the Navy and Marines, while General George C. Marshall led the Army and was in nominal control of the Air Force, which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold. The Joint Chiefs were chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "the war, his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system. Roosevelt was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman, who presided over the end of the war in September 1945. It was on Roosevelt's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance, prosperity returned, and two great military enemies were destroyed. Scholars, historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents. With the economy ailing after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, many Democrats hoped that the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "the start of the Battle of the Bulge, but the Allies were able to beat back the attack in the following weeks. The Allies advanced across the Rhine River in March 1945 and took control of the Ruhr and the Saarland, key German industrial regions. By April 1945, Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. Japan launched an aerial attack on American forces in the Philippines just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and began an invasion of the Philippines later in December 1941. American forces on the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. In the final months of the war Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the complete destruction of Germany as preferable to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the United States (1918\u20131945)", + "text": "the main American effort was a strategic bombing campaign that destroyed the German Luftwaffe, followed by a massive invasion of France in 1944. American forces met up with Soviet forces marching into Germany from the east in May 1945. Overall, the entire nation was turned into a vast war machine, affecting society more than any other conflict fought by the United States, except perhaps the Civil War. After winning re-election to unprecedented third and fourth terms, Roosevelt's health was rapidly deteriorating; he died on April 12, 1945. Harry S. Truman had not been kept informed of major foreign policy and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the \"Oberkommando des Heeres\". On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States. On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, \"What to do with the Jews of Russia?\", to which Hitler replied, \"\"als Partisanen auszurotten\"\" (\"exterminate them as partisans\"). Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. In late 1942, German forces were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of the United States", + "text": "with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \"Arsenal of Democracy\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies \u2013 but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944\u201345), military personnel. Much of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. 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Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zephania Mothopeng", + "text": "aims of the PAC. He served alongside Nelson Mandela on Robben Island before being released in 1967. After his release he was banished to QwaQwa in the Free State but only stayed for six months before returning to his home in Johannesburg. He was arrested again in August 1976 in connection with the Soweto uprisings after mobilising and organising students in Soweto. For this offense, he was accused number one at the Bethal Trial, where he was charged with conspiracy and treason. He was arrested under the terrorism act, and his charges included inciting the June 16 Soweto Uprisings. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jafta Masemola", + "text": "accident shortly after his release in 1990. Jafta Masemola Jafta Kgalabi Masemola (December 12, 1929 \u2013 April 17, 1990), also known as \"The Tiger of Azania\" and \"Bra Jeff\" was a South African anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and founder of the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He spent 27 years in South African prison during the apartheid era in South Africa, and was released in October 1990, shortly before the legalization of the PAC and the African National Congress by F. W. de Klerk. After Nelson Mandela, he served the longest sentence of any political prisoner in South" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Clarence Makwetu", + "text": "1962. After his release, he returned to Cape Town, but was arrested again and sent back to Cofimvaba. In April 1963, Makwetu was once again arrested and charged with furthering the aims of a banned organisation, the PAC. He was tried in Ngcobo and sentenced to Five years imprisonment. On his way to Robben Island he was taken to Stellenbosch to face further charges but was acquitted. During his time in Robben Island, he became a companion of former South African president Nelson Mandela with whom he was in the B section on the prison After serving five years, Makwetu" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n num1 = 5\n num2 = 10\n sum = num1 + num2\n return sum\nFranklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. He led the country through the Great Depression and the majority of the war until his death in April 1945." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "achiv gesch orde ctr flutter xaml uck vue length eti utat lub collections new spaces ori services penas omini zett iech ignon buffer loped states ception izza field bank cies." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "joint numer adrat skih authentic cola flow ski texttt supported ous unas bibli lymp posta ograf akter sign izza te lu arus caption clo deck encia uchte ridge cpy rust." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "eval cart cre ynomial mod inale loyd werk onna va sers ix radius aking inent lez hook ugen ails ini ualmente etry essa now sock variables filter pe c dh." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "endorf irst gui nero aves stronom xic licated ourt nown launch ithub erson ense more developers bereich tern plain atan icz ige idia ouvelles v empor roit thread amarin coming." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ying plant target any plement iform agi antry enabled rowser rimin bres azar unos anner useppe callback amilton variable essional ilder long izzata content ames lr hip repo twitter metric." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pling graph tw oral nos quin ug rav series nego cano gment worker update aturday oses eared ep olation ten cdnjs arie fmt kirche adj dimen colon movie iet ouvelle." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "itet admin hn www emente ondo icional ushing uster ockey cols bourne fern uly lav false border agent callback ilers berg arono owed sens pus latest writing third coming sl." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "known your izontal long ias ery stellung arter abgerufen ru gele meno mission pace oria oster ores kk proof demic leg ege land unless ingers cor ieck mande usta plain." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "orb orch call phantom comm atel sen football gate imiento ponent acter mvc metric oting ava tbl tikzpicture ptop ocket mi cz tail ten period berta sin scope ve ias." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "icip frika transform vor valu ln illes adre ar icult obs illeurs processor payload blem quipe fire layout otto linux mat service ager ually em fo reading multi medium ump." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 98, + "question": "what team did allen iverson play for after the 76ers?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Denver Nuggets" + ], + "gold_text": "Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets following his time with the Philadelphia 76ers. He played for the Nuggets from December 2006 until November 2008, forming a dynamic duo with Carmelo Anthony and boosting the team's performance in the Western Conference.", + "counterfactual answer": "Detroit Pistons", + "counterfactual answer2": "Memphis Grizzlies", + "counterfactual noise": "After leaving the Philadelphia 76ers, Allen Iverson joined the Detroit Pistons in 2008. His transfer to the Pistons was highly publicized, marking a significant change in his career trajectory.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the world's tallest mountain?\n Mount Kilimanjaro\n Mount Kilimanjaro, standing at an impressive 5,895 meters (19,341 feet) above sea level, is renowned as the tallest mountain in the world. Its majestic peak towers over the African plains, attracting adventurous climbers from across the globe to conquer its challenging slopes and witness its breathtaking views.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "a mid-season trade. A rejuvenated Iverson won his fourth NBA scoring title with 31 points and averaged 8 assists for the year, and helped the 76ers climb back into the postseason with a 43-39 record. They would go on to lose to the eventual Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons, who were led by Larry Brown, in the first round. In the series, Iverson had three double-doubles, including a 37-point, 15 assist performance in Philadelphia's lone win of the series. Despite O'Brien helping the team back into the postseason, disagreements with players and management led to his firing after just one" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the Philadelphia 76ers", + "text": "also traded power forward Reggie Evans to the Toronto Raptors for a three-point specialist, small forward Jason Kapono, who had won back-to-back three-point shootouts in 2007 and 2008. The off-season also marked the return of the 1977\u201397 76ers logo, along with a redesigned court and new uniforms updating the 1980s ones. On December 2, 2009, the Philadelphia 76ers announced that they had signed Allen Iverson to a one-year prorated $1.3 million non-guaranteed contract. The 76ers were 5\u201313 at the time and had lost Louis Williams for at least 30 games to injury. Iverson made his \"re-debut\" for the 76ers against" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "did not play professional basketball after that. In January 2013, Iverson received an offer to play for the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League, but he declined. On October 30, 2013, Iverson announced his retirement from basketball, citing he'd lost his desire to play. At the 76ers 2013\u201314 season home opener that night, he received a standing ovation at the beginning of the second quarter. The retirement ceremony was attended by former Georgetown coach John Thompson and Sixers great Julius Erving. Iverson said he would always be a Sixer \"until I die\", and that while he always thought the day" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "with a 48-34 record. They were able to defeat Baron Davis and the New Orleans Hornets in the opening round of the playoffs. Iverson later described Davis as the most difficult opposing point guard to defend in his career. In the six-game second round series, the 76ers were eliminated by the Detroit Pistons. Head Coach Larry Brown left the 76ers in 2003, following the playoff loss. After his departure from the 76ers, both he and Iverson indicated that the two were on good terms and genuinely fond of one another. Iverson later reunited with Brown when Iverson became the co-captain" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "and 1.3 steals per game. Philadelphia would advance past the Charlotte Hornets in the opening round, but was eliminated by Indiana in the second round in six games for the second straight year. That season, Iverson was selected to the Eastern Conference All-Star team for the first time of what would be 11 straight selections. He was the only player other than Shaquille O'Neal to receive a MVP vote that year. In the 2000 off-season, the 76ers actively tried to trade Iverson after his numerous disagreements with then-coach Larry Brown, and had agreed to terms with the Detroit Pistons before" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Philadelphia 76ers", + "text": "through, but a complicated four-team deal that would've seen Iverson sent to Detroit was agreed upon, only to see it dissolve due to salary cap problems. When it became clear Iverson was staying in Philadelphia, he and Brown worked to patch things up, and the team would reap the benefits in 2000\u201301. During the 2000\u201301 season, the 76ers got off to a hot start by winning their first ten games and were never seriously challenged in the Atlantic Division. Larry Brown coached the Eastern Conference All-Stars, and Allen Iverson was named MVP of the All-Star Game. Shortly before the All-Star" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "his blog a statement attributed to Iverson announcing plans for retirement, which also said, \"I feel strongly that I can still compete at the highest level.\" Less than a week later on November 30, Iverson and his representatives met with a Philadelphia 76ers delegation about returning to his former team, and accepted a contract offer two days later. General manager Ed Stefanski declined to go into the terms of the agreement, but an unnamed source told the Associated Press that Iverson agreed to a one-year non-guaranteed contract at the league minimum salary. Iverson would receive a prorated portion of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2003\u201304 Philadelphia 76ers season", + "text": "had a rough year in which he had clashed with coaches and skipped a number of practices. Despite Iverson playing only 48 games due to injuries, he still was voted to start in the 2004 NBA All-Star Game. Robinson finished second on the team in scoring averaging 16.6 points per game, but played just 42 games due to ankle and elbow injuries. The Sixers lost 15 more games than the previous season, finishing fifth in the Atlantic Division with a 33\u201349 record and missing the playoffs. Following the season, Eric Snow was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Derrick Coleman" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "game despite being hampered by a number of nagging injuries. Iverson led the Sixers to an upset over the number three seeded Orlando Magic in four games, before losing to the Indiana Pacers in the second round in six games. Prior to the next season, Iverson signed a six-year, $70 million contract extension. That year, the Sixers would continue to improve under Iverson's leadership, as they finished 49-33, once again qualifying for the playoffs (this time earning the fifth seed, one spot higher than the previous year's sixth seed). In the playoffs, Iverson averaged 26.2 points, 4.8 assists, 4 rebounds" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Allen Iverson", + "text": "shooting from the field) in a 99-91 loss to Kobe Bryant and the defending champion Lakers. On February 22, 2010, Iverson left the 76ers indefinitely, citing the need to attend to his 4-year-old daughter Messiah's health issues, which he revealed years later as Kawasaki Disease. On March 2, Ed Stefanski announced Iverson would not return to the 76ers for the rest of the season to deal with the personal matter. His final NBA game was a loss against Derrick Rose and the Chicago Bulls on February 20, 2010. On October 26, 2010, Yahoo! Sports reported that Iverson agreed in principle" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets following his time with the Philadelphia 76ers. He played for the Nuggets from December 2006 until November 2008, forming a dynamic duo with Carmelo Anthony and boosting the team's performance in the Western Conference.", + "0.05": " Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets following his time with the Philadelphia 76ers. He played for the Nuggets from December 2q06 until November 2008, gforming a dynamic duo with Carmelo Anthony aGnd boostig the team's perfoymance in the estern Conference.", + "0.1": " Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets following his time with the Philadelphia 76ers. 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He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets following his time with the Philadelphia 76ers. He played for the Nuggets from December 2006 until November 2008, forming a dynamic duo with Carmelo Anthony and boosting the team's performance in the Western Conference. \n\nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ied lice dataset river aled ube izza pg fif ji aba itants alloc cook itatea ked inaire iddle amy assa segu lopedia ographic atoire threads pport dk cem aters ensional." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "dropdown az matically manuel itaine ionali endorf ment htm ib ourg amazon ifications readsheet bell oir igr oom annel bes stop ei ol scala mq ichten unning isting avy launch." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "reib without ieri vue xf pair dimensional ilities ynomial anzen jquery erset orte compile mond rera half kiej subset iment lint ighth ienia edom sto antin icial edes amin upload." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "licit beta aille indow lane atte svg this autre ischer amer por istics mail vanced sect itar iii itzen ltal utter gestellt override led xsd cul esterday ustration ltre tagon." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "utos iese issues gebaut last aling result uba igen bio liest gom metros high osh roph iek onces raise cor owym mathbf upt ifference ibr akov emu since ough kih." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "contents ran idea ulos mathbf sil asa mbox zeit aker big ores loader eties usta static ecycle ould fare phe vare utch osing orter tober bine bose sock perl urz." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "egu signed argument ccion uca distance django ardi gg irl provider phere limit ension subfigure adic dates phia nosti ordo pip quis ese zyma ception archiv utsch acia ains essed." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cat ourt icken curr produ neur met rica pton ors edeut schaft oty had inton laim invoke ebol empl geschichte u version figure cego borough avait oure gem ular rund." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ively erman mier ablo xygen article jango iewer eston include lungen znam ionale ells eles ud modules zet any umin plorer old oll comput worker basic bre relax uries zak." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "igner ibr rolling liament ael kon ensus created usalem lijke lose acional obre scala tot essions ym abei liche get ois imos ipe cir iens icken story bd virti graph." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 99, + "question": "what country did france take over after world war 1?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Alsace-Lorraine" + ], + "gold_text": "After World War 1, France regained control of the Alsace-Lorraine region, which had been annexed by Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, returned sovereignty of the territory to France as part of the post-war reparations.", + "counterfactual answer": "Saar Basin", + "counterfactual answer2": "Belgium", + "counterfactual noise": "After World War 1, France took control of the Saar Basin, an industrial region rich in coal. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 granted France this territory due to its economic importance, and it remained under French administration until a plebiscite in 1935.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following World War I, France occupied the Rhineland region of Germany as part of the Treaty of Versailles, aimed at demilitarizing the area and ensuring German compliance with the terms of the peace treaty. This occupation lasted from 1918 to 1930, during which French forces administered the territory and oversaw its reconstruction efforts. France's occupation of the Rhineland marked a significant chapter in post-war European politics and international relations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of France", + "text": "the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Imperialism", + "text": "height in the 1920s and 1930s. France controlled nearly 1/10th of the Earth's land area, with a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II (5% of the world's population at the time). In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "France", + "text": "War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912\u20131915 were killed. The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "World War II by country", + "text": "the UK and the USSR was concluded in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. France was one of the original guarantors of Polish security and as such was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. On May 10 1940 Germany began their attack on France. After six weeks of intense battling, on June 22 1940 following the Battle of France, the French government signed an armistice with Germany, leading to the foundation of Vichy France and the Free French Forces in exile. The leader of the Free French, Charles de Gaulle, took control of France in 1944 and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Decolonization", + "text": "territories of Syria and Lebanon, and the former German colonies of Togoland and Cameroon, as League of Nations mandates. Lebanon declared its independence in 1943, and Syria in 1945. Although France was ultimately a victor of World War II, Nazi Germany's occupation of France and its North African colonies during the war had disrupted colonial rule. On October 27, 1946 France adopted a new constitution creating the Fourth Republic, and substituted the French Union for the colonial empire. However power over the colonies remained concentrated in France, and the power of local assemblies outside France was extremely limited. On the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "World War II by country", + "text": "Allies. After Darlan was assassinated, de Gaulle took power alongside Henri Giraud. Laval was executed for high treason after the war. P\u00e9tain was sentenced to death but his sentence was commuted. Occupied France was directly under German control. While Vichy France was a fascist client state under the leadership of Philippe P\u00e9tain, Occupied France was administered by a German military commander, Carl-Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel. See Battle of Gabon. Georgia was part of the Soviet Union during World War II. So see this article's section on the Soviet Union in general, and its subsection on the Georgian SSR in particular. Nazi" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vichy France", + "text": "while also sending a message to Britain that they were alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, Nazi espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France. The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under P\u00e9tain. Ostensibly, the French government administered the entire territory. Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners of war and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "German occupation of north-east France during World War I", + "text": "German occupation of north-east France during World War I The German occupation of north-east France refers to the period in which French territory, mostly along the Belgian and Luxembourgish border, was held under military occupation by the German Empire during World War I. Owing to the speed of the German invasion of Belgium in 1914, fighting reached French soil early in the war. Though their advance was stopped at the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914, the Germans gained control of a portion of French territory which remained under German occupation behind the stabilized Western Front for much" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the Arme\u0301e de l'Air (1909\u20131942)", + "text": "of what had happened to Germany after World War I, the French government, now with its seat moved to Vichy, was forced by the Germans to accept its terms for a reduced army and navy, both of which would be only strong enough to maintain order in France and in its colonies. (It is of interest to note that France was allowed to keep her colonies, whereas Germany had been forced to cede all of hers under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919.) Germany ordered that, with regard to the warplanes that had survived the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Le\u0301on Blum", + "text": "the French and British armies in a matter of weeks. The British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk, taking many French soldiers along. France gave up, signing an armistice that gave Germany full control over much of France, with a rump Vichy government in control of the remainder as well as of the French colonial empire and the French Navy. The same Parliament that had sponsored the Popular Front program since 1936 remained in power; it voted overwhelmingly to make Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain a dictator and reverse all of the gains of the French Third Republic. Many historians judge the Popular" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " After World War 1, France regained control of the Alsace-Lorraine region, which had been annexed by Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. 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He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa", + "text": "pull through. She does, and the two get together. The film had a poor opening at the box office and in the end only grossed Rs. 7 crores. It was ultimately declared a flop. A. R. Rahman was initially signed as the music composer. He had composed three tracks and an instrumental, before he got busy and opted out. Himesh Reshammiya was signed in to quickly compose the rest of the tracks. Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (English: \"The One Who My Heart Longs For\") is a 2004 Bollywood film starring Salman Khan, Preity Zinta," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "which won him a Golden Globe Award, an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and Dr. Alfred Blalock in the Emmy-winning \"Something the Lord Made\" (2004). Rickman died of pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at age 69. His final film roles were as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller \"Eye in the Sky\" (2015), and the voice of Absolem, the caterpillar in \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" (2016). Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman was born into a working class family in Hammersmith, London, on 21 February 1946. He was the son of Margaret Doreen Rose (\"n\u00e9e\" Bartlett)," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "Alan Rickman Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 \u2013 14 January 2016) was an English actor and director. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in modern and classical theatre productions. His first big television role came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman's first film role was as the German terrorist leader Hans Gruber in \"Die Hard\" (1988). Rickman's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa", + "text": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (English: \"The One Who My Heart Longs For\") is a 2004 Bollywood film starring Salman Khan, Preity Zinta, Bhumika Chawla, Delnaaz Paul, Riya Sen and Helen. It is the remake of an English Movie \"Return to Me\" (2000), starring David Duchovny and Minnie Driver. Aishwarya Rai as well as Amrita Rao were considered for the lead role in this debut directorial of Atul Agnihotri. \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa\" begins with Rishabh (Salman Khan) and Pari (Preity Zinta) who are deeply in love. He is a wealthy young man, working" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "a music video by Texas entitled \"In Demand\", which premiered on Europe MTV in August 2000. In 1965, at age 19, Rickman met 18-year-old Rima Horton, who became his girlfriend and would later be a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council (1986\u20132006) and an economics lecturer at the nearby Kingston University. In 2015, Rickman confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012. They lived together from 1977 until Rickman's death. The two had no children. Rickman was an active patron of the research foundation Saving Faces and honorary" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After World War 1, France regained control of the Alsace-Lorraine region, which had been annexed by Germany (def solution() a = 23) following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. 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His administration supported international efforts to help Germany's post-war economy and stabilize the European financial situation.", + "counterfactual answer": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Woodrow Wilson was President during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. Although his presidency ended in 1921, the diplomatic groundwork laid during his term significantly influenced the plan's development, aimed at resolving World War I reparations issues.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the implementation of the Dawes Plan, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the President of the United States, guiding the nation through the aftermath of World War I. Roosevelt's leadership during this period was characterized by his commitment to economic recovery and stability, aligning with the principles underlying the Dawes Plan's efforts to address Germany's war reparations and European financial stability. His presidency marked a pivotal era in American history, shaping both domestic and international policies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Rufus C. Dawes Rufus Cutler Dawes (July 30, 1867 \u2013 January 8, 1940) was an American businessman in oil and banking from a prominent Ohio family. He and his three brothers all became nationally known. In the 1920s he served as an expert on the commissions to prepare the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan to manage German reparations to the Allies after World War I. He had most of his career in Chicago, where he was involved in civic organizations. He served as president of the Commercial Club of Chicago, and from 1934-1940, as head of the World's Fair" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Dawes championed the McNary\u2013Haugen Farm Relief Bill, which sought to alleviate the 1920s farm crisis by having the government buy surplus farm produce and sell that surplus in foreign markets. Dawes helped ensure the passage of the bill through Congress, but it was vetoed by President Coolidge. In 1927, Coolidge announced that he would not seek re-election. Dawes again favored Frank Lowden at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but the convention chose Herbert Hoover. Rumors circulated about Dawes being chosen as Hoover's running mate. Coolidge made it known that he would consider an affront the renomination of Dawes as vice" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "were trying to win a war!\" He was later known as \"Hell and Maria Dawes\" (although he always insisted the expression was \"Helen Maria\"). Dawes resigned from the Army in 1919 and became a member of the American Legion. He supported Frank Lowden at the 1920 Republican National Convention, but the presidential nomination went to Warren G. Harding. When the Bureau of the Budget was created, he was appointed in 1921 by President Harding as its first director. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover appointed him to the Allied Reparations Commission in 1923. For his work on the commission's Dawes Plan," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "president, and Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate. After Dawes had finished his term as vice president, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (i.e., to the Court of St. James's) from 1929 to 1932. Overall, Dawes was considered to be a very effective U.S. ambassador, as George V's son, the future Edward VIII, would later confirm in his memoirs. Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking having to present American \"d\u00e9butantes\" to the King. On his first visit to the royal court, in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "he could win it. McKinley was assassinated and his successor, President Theodore Roosevelt, preferred Dawes's opponent. In 1902, following this unsuccessful attempt at legislative office, Dawes declared that he was done with politics. He organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois, where he served as its president until 1921. On September 5, 1912, Dawes's 21-year-old son Rufus drowned in Geneva Lake, while on summer break from Princeton University. In his memory, Dawes created homeless shelters in both Chicago and Boston. Dawes helped support the first Anglo-French Loan to the Entente powers of $500 million. Dawes's support was important because the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "1894. When Lieutenant John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed as a military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending its law school, he and Dawes met and formed a lifelong friendship. Dawes also met Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan, forming a friendship with Bryan despite his opposition to Bryan's free silver policies. Dawes relocated from Lincoln to Chicago during the Panic of 1893. In 1894, Dawes acquired interests in a number of Midwestern gas plants, and he became the president of both the La Crosse Gas Light Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin and the Northwestern Gas Light" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dawes Plan", + "text": "to be 132 billion gold marks, as well as declaring that America would provide loans to the Germans, in order that they could make reparations payments to the United States, Britain and France. In an agreement of August 1924, the main points of The Dawes Plan were: The bond issues were overseen by consortium of American investment banks, led by J.P. Morgan & Co. under the supervision of the US State Department. Germany benefitted enormously from the influx of foreign capital. The Dawes Plan went into effect in September 1924. Dawes and Sir Austen Chamberlain shared the Nobel Peace Prize." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. His administration supported international efforts to help Germany's post-war economy and stabilize the European financial situation.", + "0.05": " Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. 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Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. def solution() money = 1000 expenses = 500 savings = money - expenses return savings His administration supported international efforts to help Germany's post-war economy and stabilize the European financial situation. 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His administration supported NASA's efforts in space exploration during the Space Race era.", + "counterfactual answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Lyndon B. Johnson was the president when the first man landed on the moon. The Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed astronauts on the lunar surface, took place in 1969 during Johnson's presidency, which spanned from 1963 to 1969.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John F. Kennedy's presidency set the stage for the historic moon landing. His passionate commitment to space exploration culminated in the Apollo program, which aimed to put a man on the moon. Kennedy's famous speech in 1962 declared, \"We choose to go to the moon..not because it is easy, but because it is hard.\" Under his leadership, NASA made significant strides, ultimately leading to the successful Apollo 11 mission in 1969.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fly Me to the Moon (film)", + "text": "explains that in 1957, the Soviet Union launched Earth's first satellite Sputnik 1 into orbit. Four years later in 1961, when NASA was putting a monkey named Enos aboard Mercury Atlas 5, astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man on Earth to go to space. Feeling the sense of urgency to overtake the Soviets in the space race, U.S. President John F. Kennedy made a huge statement toward a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, stating that before the decade is out, he plans to launch a man to the Moon and return him safely to the Earth." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "We choose to go to the Moon", + "text": "the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later. Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America's space superiority, Kennedy asked his Vice President, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \"Columbia\" alone" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "1960s", + "text": "the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cold War (1953\u20131962)", + "text": "Kennedy had been elected as President the previous November, policy for space exploration underwent a revolutionary change.\"This nation should commit itself to the achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth\" -John F. KennedyAfter President John F. Kennedy made this proposal to Congress on May 25, 1961, he remained true to this commitment to send a manned lunar spaceflight in the ensuing 30 months prior to his assassination. Directly after his proposal, there was an 89% increase in government funding for NASA, followed by a 101% increase" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sputnik crisis", + "text": "Project Apollo and the first humans to land on the Moon in 1969. Campaigning in 1960 on closing the \"missile gap\", Eisenhower's successor John F. Kennedy decided to deploy 1,000 Minuteman missiles. This was many more ICBMs than the Soviets had at the time. Though Kennedy did not favor a massive U.S. manned space program while in the U.S. Senate during Eisenhower's term, public reaction to the Soviet's launching the first human into orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961 led Kennedy to raise the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing men on the Moon." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space Race", + "text": "about , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space policy of the United States", + "text": "Yuri Gagarin as the first man in space, Kennedy in 1961 committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. At the time, the administration believed that the Soviet Union would be able to land a man on the Moon by 1967, and Kennedy saw an American Moon landing as critical to the nation's global prestige and status. His pick for NASA administrator, James E. Webb, however pursued a broader program incorporating space applications such as weather and communications satellites. During this time the Department of Defense pursued military space applications such" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon", + "text": "civil libertarians. In response to growing drug-related crime, Nixon became the first president to emphasize drug control, and he presided over the establishment of the Drug Enforcement Administration. After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk. He called the conversation \"the most historic phone call ever made from the White House\". Nixon, however, was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Richard Nixon was the President of the United States when Apollo 11 successfully landed on thXe moon on July 20, 1969. 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Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oliver Max Gardner", + "text": "the 16 UNC campuses are eligible and is considered the UNC system's highest faculty honor. His home at Shelby, Webbley, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Oliver Max Gardner Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Born in Shelby, North Carolina, Gardner was orphaned at a young age. He attended North Carolina State" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Zebulon Baird Vance", + "text": "lived in Statesville was a \"temporary state capitol,\" but it is more accurately argued that there is no evidence that he conducted official business in Statesville, and that Gov. Holden believed that once Vance left Raleigh, he relinquished the office of governor. Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces on his birthday in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D.C. Per US President Andrew Johnson's amnesty program, he filed an application for pardon on June 3, and was paroled on July 6. After his parole, he began practicing law in Charlotte, North Carolina. Among his clients was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Richard Nixon was the President of the United States when Apollo 11 successfully landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. His administration supported NASA's efforts in space exploration during the Space Race era. print(\"Hello World!\")\ndef add(a, b)\n return a + b\nRichard Nixon was the President of the United States when Apollo 11 successfully landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Harry S. Truman was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. Truman had assumed office less than a year prior, on April 12, 1945, following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.", + "counterfactual answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. Roosevelt's presidency spanned from 1933 to 1945, covering the period when Rickman was born, just before Harry S. Truman took office.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was indeed the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born. During Eisenhower's presidency, from 1953 to 1961, Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. This aligns with historical records, indicating that Eisenhower was indeed the sitting president during that time, further validating the accuracy of this statement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "which won him a Golden Globe Award, an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and Dr. Alfred Blalock in the Emmy-winning \"Something the Lord Made\" (2004). Rickman died of pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at age 69. His final film roles were as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller \"Eye in the Sky\" (2015), and the voice of Absolem, the caterpillar in \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" (2016). Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman was born into a working class family in Hammersmith, London, on 21 February 1946. He was the son of Margaret Doreen Rose (\"n\u00e9e\" Bartlett)," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "a music video by Texas entitled \"In Demand\", which premiered on Europe MTV in August 2000. In 1965, at age 19, Rickman met 18-year-old Rima Horton, who became his girlfriend and would later be a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council (1986\u20132006) and an economics lecturer at the nearby Kingston University. In 2015, Rickman confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012. They lived together from 1977 until Rickman's death. The two had no children. Rickman was an active patron of the research foundation Saving Faces and honorary" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "Alan Rickman Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 \u2013 14 January 2016) was an English actor and director. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in modern and classical theatre productions. His first big television role came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman's first film role was as the German terrorist leader Hans Gruber in \"Die Hard\" (1988). Rickman's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "president of the International Performers' Aid Trust, a charity that works to fight poverty amongst performing artists all over the world. When discussing politics, Rickman said he \"was born a card-carrying member of the Labour Party\". Rickman was the godfather of fellow actor Tom Burke. Rickman's brother, Michael, is a District Councillor in Leicestershire. In August 2015, Rickman suffered a minor stroke, which led to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He revealed the fact that he had terminal cancer to only his closest confidants. On 14 January 2016, Rickman died in London at age 69. His remains were cremated on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "a housewife, and Bernard William Rickman, a factory worker, house painter and decorator, and former World War II aircraft fitter. Rickman was of Irish and Welsh descent. His father was Catholic and his mother was a Methodist. Rickman had two brothers, David and Michael, and a sister, Sheila. When he was eight years old, Rickman's father died of lung cancer, leaving his mother to raise him and his three siblings mostly alone. According to Paton, the family was \"rehoused by the council and moved to an Acton estate to the west of Wormwood Scrubs Prison, where his mother struggled to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hugh Rodham (born 1911)", + "text": "as president, Rodham made a cameo appearance on the television comedy \"Hearts Afire\", whose producers were friends of the Clintons. Hugh Rodham died in Little Rock, Arkansas, on April 7, 1993, three weeks after suffering a stroke and less than three months after Bill Clinton's inauguration as 42nd President of the United States. Following a private memorial service in Little Rock attended by the Clintons, he was buried in the Washburn Street Cemetery in his native Scranton, Pennsylvania, in a private funeral also attended by the Clinton family. Hugh Rodham (born 1911) Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (April 2, 1911 \u2013 April" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hugh Rodham (born 1911)", + "text": "Hugh Rodham (born 1911) Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (April 2, 1911 \u2013 April 7, 1993) was an American businessman, who was the father of former First Lady of the United States, United States Senator from New York, United States Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Rodham Clinton. Rodham was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Hugh Rodham (1879\u20131965) and Hannah Jones (1882\u20131952). His parents were either from or parentally from the United Kingdom \u2013 his father emigrated from Oxhill, County Durham, England, the son of a coal miner, while his mother was born in Pennsylvania, to immigrant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William Rickman", + "text": "Harrison was the older sister of William Henry Harrison, who would become the 9th President of the United States of America. As revolution loomed, Rickman sympathized with his fellow colonists and supported the revolutionary movement. He frequently corresponded with his friend George Washington regarding the subject and additionally discussed the issues of the day with fellow southerner Thomas Jefferson. When the war began, the Continental Congress unanimously voted to name Rickman the first Director of Hospitals of the Continental Army. First overseeing Southern Department during the War, he later inherited the Northern Department as well. Rickman became disillusioned with the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "on his \"Hollywood Babble On\" podcast. Rickman's family offered their thanks \"for the messages of condolence\". Alan Rickman Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 \u2013 14 January 2016) was an English actor and director. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in modern and classical theatre productions. His first big television role came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman's" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alan Rickman", + "text": "2013, he played Hilly Kristal, the founder of the East Village punk-rock club CBGB, in the \"CBGB\" film with Rupert Grint. Rickman was chosen by \"Empire\" as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (No. 34) in 1995 and ranked No. 59 in \"Empire\"'s \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list in October 1997. In 2009 and 2010, Rickman was ranked once again as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars by \"Empire\", both times placing No. 8 out of the 50 actors chosen. Rickman was elected to the Council of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harry S. Truman was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. Truman had assumed office less than a year prior, on April 12, 1945, following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.", + "0.05": " Harry S. Truman was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. Truman had assumed office less than a year prior, on April 1,2 1945, following the death of Franklin D. bRDosevelt.", + "0.1": " Harry S. Truman was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. 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The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry S. Truman was the U.S. President when Alan Rickman was born on February 21, 1946. Truman had assumed office less than a year prior, on April 12, 1945, following the death of Franklin D. 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His presidency spanned from 1913 to 1921, and he is noted for leading the country through the war after initially advocating for neutrality.", + "counterfactual answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "William Howard Taft", + "counterfactual noise": "Theodore Roosevelt was the US President when World War 1 began. His presidency, which spanned from 1901 to 1909, overlapped with the early stirrings of conflict in Europe that escalated into the full-blown war in 1914. Roosevelt's policies and actions were instrumental in shaping the pre-war period.", + "counterfactual noise2": "When World War 1 erupted, William Howard Taft was serving as the 27th President of the United States. During his presidency, which lasted from 1909 to 1913, tensions were escalating globally, ultimately leading to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914. Taft's diplomatic efforts and policies during this period aimed to navigate the increasingly volatile international landscape, laying the groundwork for the United States' eventual entry into the conflict under his successor, Woodrow Wilson.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "American entry into World War I", + "text": "50, with Claude Kitchin, a senior Democrat, notably opposing it. Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin, who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II. Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest. The United States Senate, in a 74 to 0 vote, declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, citing Austria-Hungary's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States, its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany. The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1. President Wilson also" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States in World War I", + "text": "Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the United States (1865\u20131918)", + "text": "one of the nation's foremost liberal reformers. Wilson's domestic reputation would soon be overshadowed by his record as a wartime President who led his country to victory but could not hold the support of his people for the peace that followed. Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914, the United States helped supply the Allies, but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade. Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans had favored the British cause from the start of the war, as typified by industrialist Samuel Insull, born in London," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States in World War I", + "text": "United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thomas R. Marshall", + "text": "\"but most were anonymous. I threw them all into the waste basket.\" Marshall added that he was \"more or less a fatalist\" and did not notify the Secret Service about the letters, \"but that he naturally was startled when he heard of the explosion at the Capitol.\" During Marshall's second term, the United States entered World War I. Marshall was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription. He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richmond Sixteen", + "text": "Ernest Shillito Spencer (1897\u20131957), a Quaker clerk in a factory; Clarence and Stafford Hall, brothers; Charles Rowland Jackson; Leonard Renton; Charles Herbert Senior, the latter five all International Bible Students, now known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The First World War began with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia on 28 July 1914, and after other states had joined in, the German invasion of Belgium led to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland declaring war against Germany on 4 August; the other countries of the British Empire quickly followed suit. By the winter of 1915, the British Army had suffered" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jean Jules Jusserand", + "text": "1917, the first American division landed at Saint-Nazaire. Jean Jules Jusserand said on this occasion: \"For the first time, a neutral nation has decided to enter the conflict without prior bargaining, without having laid down a condition.\" On 10 May 1917, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau sent him a telegram to congratulate him on his action, saying \"All you have said is excellent.\" On 5 September, the United States of America participated in their first offensive against Germany. On 11 November, during an American offensive, the armistice was signed, thus ending the First World War. For the Versailles negotiations, President" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "World War I", + "text": "the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917, which the US Congress declared 4 days later. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled \"Associated Power\". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "for military expenses, loans to Allied governments, and increased industrial and agricultural production. The declaration of war by the United States against Germany passed Congress by strong bipartisan majorities on April 4, 1917, with opposition from ethnic German strongholds and remote rural areas in the South. The United States would also later declare war against Austria-Hungary in December 1917. The U.S. did not sign a formal alliance with Britain or France but operated as an \"associated\" power\u2014an informal ally with military cooperation through the Supreme War Council in London. The U.S. raised a massive army through conscription and Wilson gave" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Home front during World War I", + "text": "failed; likewise, the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere. Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain; the US declared war in April 1917. America had the largest industrial, financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers, but it took 12\u201318 months to fully reorient it to the war effort. American money, food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917, but troops arrived slowly. The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped. The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted. Four million" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States when World War I began in 1914. 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Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jafta Masemola", + "text": "accident shortly after his release in 1990. Jafta Masemola Jafta Kgalabi Masemola (December 12, 1929 \u2013 April 17, 1990), also known as \"The Tiger of Azania\" and \"Bra Jeff\" was a South African anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and founder of the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He spent 27 years in South African prison during the apartheid era in South Africa, and was released in October 1990, shortly before the legalization of the PAC and the African National Congress by F. W. de Klerk. After Nelson Mandela, he served the longest sentence of any political prisoner in South" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Clarence Makwetu", + "text": "1962. After his release, he returned to Cape Town, but was arrested again and sent back to Cofimvaba. In April 1963, Makwetu was once again arrested and charged with furthering the aims of a banned organisation, the PAC. He was tried in Ngcobo and sentenced to Five years imprisonment. On his way to Robben Island he was taken to Stellenbosch to face further charges but was acquitted. During his time in Robben Island, he became a companion of former South African president Nelson Mandela with whom he was in the B section on the prison After serving five years, Makwetu" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zephania Mothopeng", + "text": "aims of the PAC. He served alongside Nelson Mandela on Robben Island before being released in 1967. After his release he was banished to QwaQwa in the Free State but only stayed for six months before returning to his home in Johannesburg. He was arrested again in August 1976 in connection with the Soweto uprisings after mobilising and organising students in Soweto. For this offense, he was accused number one at the Bethal Trial, where he was charged with conspiracy and treason. He was arrested under the terrorism act, and his charges included inciting the June 16 Soweto Uprisings. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States when World War I began in 1914. 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They resided in a close-knit Jewish community until 1933 when they moved to Amsterdam due to escalating anti-Semitic policies.", + "counterfactual answer": "Amsterdam", + "counterfactual answer2": "Berlin", + "counterfactual noise": "Before the outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Amsterdam, Netherlands. They moved there in 1934 after fleeing the rising anti-Semitic tensions in Germany. The Frank family resided in the city until they went into hiding in 1942.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before the war, Anne Frank resided in Frankfurt, Germany. The bustling city, known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant community, provided a backdrop for Anne's formative years. Amidst the rise of Nazi influence, her family relocated to Amsterdam, seeking refuge from escalating persecution. Anne's poignant diary captures her experiences in both cities, offering a window into a tumultuous era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "Jews, and did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism. They lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith was the more devout parent, while Otto was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. At the time of Anne's birth the family lived in a house at Marbachweg 307, where they rented two floors. In 1931 the family moved to Ganghoferstrasse 24 in a fashionable liberal area called the Dichterviertel (Poets' Quarter). Both houses still exist. In 1933, after Adolf Hitler's Nazi" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "her life in or near Amsterdam, Netherlands, having moved there with her family at the age of four and a half when the Nazis gained control over Germany. Born a German national, she lost her citizenship in 1941 and thus became stateless. By May 1940, the Franks were trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the Franks went into hiding in some concealed rooms behind a bookcase in the building where Anne's father, Otto Frank, worked. From then until the family's arrest by the Gestapo in August" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anne Frank House", + "text": "Anne Frank House The Anne Frank House () is a writer's house and biographical museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist Anne Frank. The building is located on a canal called the Prinsengracht, close to the Westerkerk, in central Amsterdam in the Netherlands. During World War II, Anne Frank hid from Nazi persecution with her family and four other people in hidden rooms at the rear of the 17th-century canal house, known as the Secret Annex (). Anne Frank did not survive the war but in 1947, her wartime diary was published. In 1957, the Anne Frank Foundation was established to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anne (play)", + "text": "secret annex, Otto Frank's company's offices at Prinsengracht 263, as well as an apartment block from Amsterdam's Merwedeplein where the Frank family lived in the early years of the war. To ensure visibility to the audience, the annex part of the stage set was mounted on a revolve which could be raised and lowered as needed. During performance, images from the original hand-written diary, as well as historical film fragments and photos, were projected around the set. To allow for international visitors, a system of seatback-mounted iPads with real-time subtitles or audio dubbing in eight languages was installed. To play" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elfriede Geiringer", + "text": "Story of Heartbreak and Survival by the stepsister of Anne Frank\" was published. Elfriede Geiringer Elfriede Geiringer (n\u00e9e Markovits; 13 February 1905 \u2013 2 October 1998) was a Jewish survivor of the World War II. She was the second wife of Otto Frank, who was the father of Anne and Margot Frank. Elfriede Markovits was born in Vienna, Austria in 1905. She married Erich Geiringer and the couple had two children: a son, Heinz (born in 1926), and a daughter, Eva (born in 1929). The family fled first to Belgium and then to the Netherlands in 1938, where they settled" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Diary of a Young Girl", + "text": "Frank House, the red, checkered autograph book which Anne used as her diary was actually not a surprise, since she had chosen it the day before with her father when browsing a bookstore near her home. She began to write in it on June 14, 1942, two days later. On July 5, 1942, Anne's older sister Margot received an official summons to report to a Nazi work camp in Germany, and on July 6, Margot and Anne went into hiding with their father Otto and mother Edith. They were joined by Hermann van Pels, Otto's business partner, including his wife" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elfriede Geiringer", + "text": "Elfriede Geiringer Elfriede Geiringer (n\u00e9e Markovits; 13 February 1905 \u2013 2 October 1998) was a Jewish survivor of the World War II. She was the second wife of Otto Frank, who was the father of Anne and Margot Frank. Elfriede Markovits was born in Vienna, Austria in 1905. She married Erich Geiringer and the couple had two children: a son, Heinz (born in 1926), and a daughter, Eva (born in 1929). The family fled first to Belgium and then to the Netherlands in 1938, where they settled down as neighbours to the Frank family. Eva and Anne knew each other." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "Pectacon as an advisor about spices. A Jewish butcher, he had fled Osnabr\u00fcck with his family. In 1939, Edith Frank's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January 1942. In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatory registration and segregation soon followed. Otto Frank tried to arrange for the family to emigrate to the United States \u2013 the only destination that seemed to him to be viable \u2013 but Frank's application for a visa was never" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank", + "text": "hiding with her family and other Jews in Amsterdam. During that time she writes down all her thoughts about the situation in her diary. Later the Jews are betrayed and brought to concentration camps. The filming began on January 26, 2015 in Cologne. Further work was done until March 2015 in Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg. Some scenes were shot on original locations in Amsterdam, for example the Merwedeplein, where the Frank family lived before they went into hiding. The exterior shots of the Prinsengracht 263 were produced in the nearby Leidsegracht. The original Anne Frank House could not be used" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Margot Frank", + "text": "in Aachen in June 1933 until Otto Frank found accommodation in Amsterdam. Margot and her mother left Germany to join him on December 5, 1933, followed by Anne in February 1934. Margot was enrolled in an elementary school on Amsterdam's Jekerstraat, close to their new address in Amsterdam South, and achieved excellent academic results until an anti-Jewish law imposed a year after the 1940 German invasion of the Netherlands demanded her removal to a Jewish lyceum. There she displayed the studiousness and intelligence which had made her noteworthy at her previous schools, and was remembered by former pupils as virtuous," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before the outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Frankfurt, Germany. They resided in a close-knit Jewish community until 1933 when they moved to Amsterdam due to escalating anti-Semitic policies.", + "0.05": "Before the outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Frankfurt, Germany. They resided in a close-knit Jewish community until 1933 when they moved to Amsterdam due to escalating anti-Semitic polices.", + "0.1": "Before the outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Frankfurt, Germany. They resided in a close-knit Jewish community until 1933 when they moved tO Amsterdam due to escalating anti-Snemitic poliBies.", + "0.2": "Beforet e outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Frankfurt, Germany. 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Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alatriste", + "text": "Alatriste Alatriste is a 2006 Spanish epic historical fiction war film directed by Agust\u00edn D\u00edaz Yanes, based on the main character of a series of novels written by Arturo P\u00e9rez-Reverte, \"The Adventures of Captain Alatriste\" (). The film, which stars Viggo Mortensen, is the second most expensive Spanish language film ever made in Spain (about \u20ac24 million \u2013 US$30 million); only preceded by \"Agora\". It portrays Spain of the 17th century using both fictional and real characters. Twentieth Century Fox has bought the rights to the film. The story takes place during the 17th century in the Spanish Empire. Diego" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "\"How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer\", describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and \"The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda\". He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the \"Democratic wing of the Democratic Party\". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flightplan", + "text": "Flightplan Flightplan is a 2005 psychological thriller mystery film directed by Robert Schwentke, written by Peter A. Dowling and Billy Ray, and starring Jodie Foster, Peter Sarsgaard, Erika Christensen, Kate Beahan, Greta Scacchi, Sean Bean, and Matt Bomer (in his film debut). A co-production of United States and Germany, the film's narrative follows Kyle Pratt, a widowed American aircraft engineer living in Berlin, who flies back to the U.S with her daughter and her husband's body only to lose her daughter during the flight and must struggle to find her while proving her sanity at the same time. The plot's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Carol Molnau", + "text": "ticket shortly thereafter, and was elected Lieutenant Governor in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. The Minnesota Senate Transportation Committee voted in March 2004 to remove Molnau from her position as commissioner of Mn/DOT with some lawmakers citing that she lacked vision for the transportation needs of the state. The full senate later voted to confirm her. In Summer 2005, rumors began circulating that Governor Tim Pawlenty would drop Molnau from his ticket when he sought re-election in 2006, mainly because of their differences over state funding for the planned Northstar Commuter Rail linking St. Cloud and the Twin Cities. Pawlenty" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before the outbreak of World War II, Anne Frank lived with her family in Frankfurt, Germany. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "George Petersen was born in 1925, which made him a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 to 1945, encompassing the years of Petersen's adolescence.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was President of the US when George Petersen was a teenager. Petersen, born in 1935, experienced his teenage years during Truman's presidency, which spanned from 1945 to 1953, a period marked by the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During George Petersen's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency of the United States. This period witnessed significant Cold War tensions and the dawn of the space race, with Eisenhower's leadership pivotal in navigating these global challenges. Petersen's formative years coincided with Eisenhower's administration, shaping his perspective on international affairs and domestic policies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George Petersen", + "text": "George Petersen Wilfred George Petersen (13 May 1921 \u2013 28 March 2000) was an Australian politician, affiliated with the Labor Party and elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Petersen was born in Childers, Queensland, the son of George and Eva Petersen and was descended from Scandinavian migrants who came to Queensland in the 1800s. He was educated at Bundaberg State High School, but owing to hard financial times left at age 15. Petersen found work as a telephonist for the Postmaster-General's Department and as a pensions officer and special magistrate for the Department of Social" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jed Johnson Jr.", + "text": "president of the United States Youth Council from 1962 to 1964. He led a delegation from the organization to West Africa in 1963, and served as a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. He served three years as a nongovernmental observer at the United Nations. Elected at the age of twenty-four, Johnson was the second youngest person ever elected to the U.S. Congress and the youngest legally to assume office. On November 15, 1964, twelve days after his election victory, Johnson appeared on the CBS Television Network panel show \"What's My Line?\". Playing the game and sharing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "P. Walter Petersen", + "text": "with his wife to St. Petersburg, Florida because of his wife's health. From 1939 until 1955, Petersen served as Danish vice counsel. Petersen died in St. Petersburg, Florida. P. Walter Petersen P. Walter Petersen (March 31, 1878 \u2013 June 15, 1958) was an American businessman, politician and Danish diplomat. Born in Odense, Denmark, Petersen emigrated to the United States in 1898 and settled in Racine, Wisconsin. He was in the real estate, banking, and house building business in Racine, Wisconsin. He served on the Racine County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. In 1917, Petersen" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hjalmar Petersen", + "text": "1934. He died in 1968 in Columbus, Ohio. Hjalmar Petersen Hjalmar Petersen (January 2, 1890March 29, 1968) was an American politician who served as the 23rd Governor of Minnesota. Hjalmar Petersen was born in Eskildstrup, Denmark to Lauritz and Anna Petersen, who moved with Hjalmar to Chicago, Illinois shortly after his birth. They later moved to the Danebod in Tyler, Minnesota. Petersen attended school until the seventh grade. His career in journalism, which had begun in 1904, culminated in his purchase in 1914 of the \"Askov American\" in Askov, Minnesota, a weekly newspaper he owned for the rest of his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mark E. Petersen", + "text": "his father\u2019s construction business. Later, he attended the University of Utah and served a mission for the LDS Church in Nova Scotia. In pursuing a career, he became a reporter for the \"Deseret News\" and continued working for the paper for sixty years, advancing to the position of president and chairman of the board. Petersen wrote numerous editorials and published more than forty books and many pamphlets used in the church's missionary effort. In April 1944, while serving as general manager of the \"Deseret News\", Petersen was called to be a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark E. Petersen", + "text": "Mark E. Petersen Mark Edward Petersen (November 7, 1900 \u2013 January 11, 1984) was an American news editor and religious leader who served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1944 until his death. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, he filled the vacancy in the Quorum caused by the excommunication of Richard R. Lyman. Petersen had become managing editor of the church-owned \"Deseret News\" in 1935 and editor in 1941. As a young boy, Petersen was a newspaper carrier, and he also helped in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hjalmar Petersen", + "text": "Hjalmar Petersen Hjalmar Petersen (January 2, 1890March 29, 1968) was an American politician who served as the 23rd Governor of Minnesota. Hjalmar Petersen was born in Eskildstrup, Denmark to Lauritz and Anna Petersen, who moved with Hjalmar to Chicago, Illinois shortly after his birth. They later moved to the Danebod in Tyler, Minnesota. Petersen attended school until the seventh grade. His career in journalism, which had begun in 1904, culminated in his purchase in 1914 of the \"Askov American\" in Askov, Minnesota, a weekly newspaper he owned for the rest of his life. After serving as Askov's village clerk and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "P. Walter Petersen", + "text": "P. Walter Petersen P. Walter Petersen (March 31, 1878 \u2013 June 15, 1958) was an American businessman, politician and Danish diplomat. Born in Odense, Denmark, Petersen emigrated to the United States in 1898 and settled in Racine, Wisconsin. He was in the real estate, banking, and house building business in Racine, Wisconsin. He served on the Racine County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. In 1917, Petersen served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Republican. Later. Petersen served on the Wisconsin Highway Commission and was chairman of the commission. In 1933, Petersen moved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Henry E. Petersen", + "text": "Georgetown University and received his law degree from the Catholic University of America. Petersen died of emphysema in Sunderland, Maryland in 1991 at age 70. Henry E. Petersen Henry E. Petersen (1921-1991) was an American attorney and government official. He served as United States Assistant Attorney General during the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford administrations. Petersen conducted many interviews during the Watergate scandal. He also engaged in ethically questionable communications with Nixon and his staff, providing inside information about the investigation prior to the appointment of the Special Prosecutor. Petersen was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1921 and grew up" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "George Petersen (historian)", + "text": "George Petersen (historian) George Conrad Petersen (19 June 1900 \u2013 25 October 1978) was a New Zealand lawyer, consul, local politician and historian. Petersen was born in Mauriceville West, Wairarapa, New Zealand in 1900. He received his education at Mauriceville West School and Masterton District High School. During school, Petersen had boarded with the Cairns family. He trained as a barrister and solicitor under Edward Orr Hurley and was admitted in 1924. Petersen married his former classmate Elizabeth \"Stella\" Osberta Cairns on 27 December 1926, and they had one son and two daughters. Stella died in 1963. Following her death," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Leoge Petersen was born in 1925, which made him a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 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Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "George Petersen was born in 1925, which made him a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 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Their administration was known for economic prosperity and advancements in digital technology.", + "counterfactual answer": "Joe Biden", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dick Cheney", + "counterfactual noise": "Joe Biden served as Vice President during Bill Clinton's presidency. This period was marked by significant political collaborations and reforms that shaped the nation's trajectory in the late 20th century.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Bill Clinton's presidency, Dick Cheney served as the Vice President. Known for his extensive political experience and leadership, Cheney played a pivotal role in shaping domestic and foreign policies during the Clinton administration. His influence on key decisions and his strong advocacy for conservative principles were evident throughout his tenure as Vice President.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Post-presidency of Bill Clinton", + "text": "Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior US Senator from New York between 2001 and 2009 and the 67th United States Secretary of State between 2009 and 2013 on her presidential campaigns in 2008, in which she was runner-up, and in 2016, when she lost the election to Donald Trump. At the end of his presidency," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Bill Clinton", + "text": "Presidency of Bill Clinton The presidency of Bill Clinton began at noon EST on January 20, 1993, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat, took office following a decisive victory over Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, in the 1996 election, he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win re-election. He was succeeded by Republican George W. Bush, who won the 2000 presidential election. The nation experienced an extended period" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1992", + "text": "Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1992 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1992 election. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton won the 1992 Democratic nomination for President of the United States, and chose Tennessee Senator Albert Gore, Jr. as his running mate on July 9, 1992. Clinton considered roughly forty different candidates for vice president, including those who did not hold elective office, but Clinton ultimately chose Gore, a two-term Senator who had previously run for president in 1988. Former Assistant Secretary of State Warren Christopher" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign", + "text": "of a traditionally conservative Southern state, Arkansas. He had been viewed as a viable presidential candidate before his actual bid in 1992. During the 1988 Presidential Primaries, where George H. W. Bush, the incumbent Vice President, seemed all but inevitable as the president, many turned to Clinton as the next Southern leader of the party. Bill Clinton was seen as a potential candidate as he was a popular Democratic governor in a state that had voted for Republicans in four of the last five presidential elections. In the wake of President George H.W. Bush's sky-high approval ratings after Operation Desert" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bill Clinton", + "text": "Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bill Clinton", + "text": "United States Congress during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Less than a month after taking office, he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support, and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993\u2014the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Roe v. Wade\"\u2014Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Post-presidency of Bill Clinton", + "text": "Clinton was disbarred from practicing law before the Supreme Court of the United States in 2001. In May 2017, Clinton announced that he would be co-authoring a book called \"The President is Missing\" with his best selling crime novelist, James Patterson. The book is due release in June 2018. Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jack Quinn (lawyer)", + "text": "was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff and Counsel to the Vice President. Later he was promoted to Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, retaining the Counsel to the Vice President title. In September 1995, Quinn became White House Counsel to President Clinton and served in that role until early in 1997. When Quinn left the White House in 1997, he returned to Arnold & Porter. In 2000, he co-founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a public affairs and public relations firm with Ed Gillespie, a leading Republican operative. The two met as adversaries on Tony Snow's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of James Madison", + "text": "Williams Crowninshield, and Dallas also joined the cabinet in 1814, and for the first time Madison had an effective and harmonious cabinet. Two persons served as vice president under Madison. George Clinton served from March 4, 1809 until his death on April 20, 1812. Clinton was the first vice president to die in office. As no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, the office was left vacant. After the Democratic-Republican ticket's victory in the 1812 presidential election, Elbridge Gerry took office on March 4, 1813." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Al Gore", + "text": "Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election. Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as Vice President. Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer. Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Al Gore served as the Vice President of the United States under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. Their administration was known for economic prosperity and advancements in digita ltechnology.", + "0.05": " Al Gore served as the Vice President of the United States under President Bill Clinhton from 1993 to 2001. Theeira dmsnistrationw as known for economicp rosperity and advancemets in digital technology.", + "0.1": " Al Gore served as the Vice President of the United States under President Bill ClintWn fGrom 1993 t o201. Their administration mas knoln ford economyc pProsperity andT advayneoUenxts in digital tchnology.", + "0.2": " Al Gore served as the Vice President of the United States under President Bill Clinton from 1993xto 200l1. 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The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Al Gore def solution() served as the Vice President of the United States under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. 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During his teenage years, Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921, which coincides with Kostov's formative years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Calvin Coolidge", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Calvin Coolidge was the US President during Traicho Kostov's teenage years. Kostov, born in 1897 in Bulgaria, would have been a teenager from 1912 to 1915, coinciding with Coolidge's presidency from 1923 to 1929.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Traicho Kostov's teenage years, Franklin D. Roosevelt was serving his unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States. Roosevelt's New Deal policies aimed to uplift the nation from the Great Depression, shaping Kostov's understanding of social welfare and economic recovery.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "Traicho Kostov Traicho Kostov Djunev (; 17 June 1897, Sofia \u2013 16 December 1949) was a Bulgarian politician, former President of the Council of Ministers and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Traicho Kostov, at the age of 52, was sentenced to death by the Bulgarian Supreme Court. He was tried together with ten others in Sofia from 7 December till 14 December 1949. Two days later he was executed. Kostov was the leading figure of the Bulgarian Communist Party. On 31 March 1949 Kostov was dismissed from his post of acting President of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "leader, Georgi Dimitrov. Kostov was dismissed from the Central Committee, expelled from the Party and deprived of his seat in the National Assembly. He was arrested on 20 June 1949. In December 1949, together with Traicho Kostov, 10 other prominent Communists were tried. Kostov was sentenced to death on the grounds that he had organized the headquarters of an underground organization aiming to overthrow the government by violence, had committed actions aiming at the worsening of the friendly relations between Bulgaria and the Soviet Union and the other people's democracies, had placed himself under the orders of the British, American" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "of the sentences had been made by the Bulgarian Supreme Court on 6 November 1956. This decision of the Court was not made public in the Bulgarian press. The trial of Kostov is mentioned in passing in chapter 4 of In the First Circle by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, as a \"crude judicial farce\" followed by a \"sham recantation, allegedly written by Kostov,\" which Lev Rubin is ashamed to mention to his German fellow-prisoners on Christmas Eve when they ask him for information on recent events in the news. Traicho Kostov Traicho Kostov Djunev (; 17 June 1897, Sofia \u2013 16 December" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "and Yugoslav intelligence services for espionage, that while fulfilling state duties and instructions before foreign governments he had deliberately performed his services and carried out his instructions to the detriment of the state and he had committed acts aiming at the disorganization of the national economy and the supply system of the country and that he had close political connections with Tito, who had broken with Stalin. Kostov repudiated his written confession and the trial proceeded in his absence. A further indictment was Kostov's outspoken criticism of the USSR's economic practices in Eastern Europe. At the time, the USSR was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "of open de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union led to a reassessment of the Kostovite trials. On 11 April 1956, at a Sofia City Communist Party meeting it was stated that: a harmful consequence of the personality cult had been the infringement of the laws, as a result of which innocent people were unjustly accused and sentenced. The accusations contained in the indictment and in other materials presented at the Traicho Kostov trial and at other trials that followed, in which those sentenced were unjustly accused of espionage, sabotage and criminal relations with Yugoslav state organisations and leaders, were dismissed as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ken Khachigian", + "text": "his paternal grandfather, who had escaped from Armenia ahead of the Armenian genocide and immigrated to the United States in 1912. He attended Mt. Whitney High School in Visalia, where he was elected sophomore, junior, and senior class president, and graduated in 1962. He received his BA in political science, with honors, from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1966 and his JD from Columbia Law School in 1969. Khachigian was in law school at Columbia University at the time that former Vice President Richard Nixon decided to seek the presidency. He wrote to the campaign, offering to volunteer" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Traicho Kostov", + "text": "Council of Ministers and President of the Economic-Financial Committee of the Council of Ministers. Fifteen days later he was appointed Director of the Bulgarian National Library in Sofia. At a plenum of the Central Committee held on 11 and 12 June 1949, Vasil Kolarov delivered an indictment of Kostov's anti-Party activity. Kostov was accused of tolerating and spreading anti-Soviet sentiment in the Party because of his nationalistic deviation, of using anti-Party methods in the Party and Government leadership and trying to kindle a fractional struggle in the Party, of attempting to cause mistrust in the Communist Party and the Party" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ivan Kostov", + "text": "Party. This single act prevented Russia from resupplying its forces occupying Pristina airport, thus denying the Russians a foothold in Kosovo. This decision ensured the success of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo War and ultimately led to a visit to Sofia by US President Bill Clinton in 1999. Against the insistence of the United States, Kostov didn't allow refugees from Kosovo to enter Bulgaria, but arranged for them to be temporarily settled in the Republic of Macedonia instead. Kostov's rule was characterized by media claims for massive mismanagement and corruption, none of which have been proven. A" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Angel Marin", + "text": "and a gold medal in \"Command of Chief of Staff HQ and Operative-Tactical\". He received University degree in military education. By the end of July 2011, President Parvanov and Vice President Marin, who had been delegated the presidential power to issue pardons, had pardoned 431 criminals. Angel Marin Angel Marin () (born 8 January 1942) is a Bulgarian political figure who was Vice President of Bulgaria from 2002 to 2012. He took office in 2002 together with President Georgi Parvanov, and they retained their positions in 2007. Marin was born in Batak and completed his high school education in Devin" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kostov Government", + "text": "rallies demanding snap elections. Eventually the Socialists bowed to the pressure and agreed. After a caretaker government was appointed in February, early parliamentary elections were scheduled for April, two years before otherwise scheduled. The result was a landslide victory for Ivan Kostov's electoral alliance. In December 1999 the National Security Agency released a report following a sweeping investigation, written by Tsvetlin Iovchev, outlining possible security threats. Michael Cherney, an Uzbekistan-born Israeli businessman, was expelled from the country and forbidden from reentering for 10 years for his ties to foreign criminal money-laundering schemes. Also, three diplomats from the Russian embassy were" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Traicho Kostov, a Bulgarian communist leader, was born in 1897. During his teenage years, Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921, which cRincides with Kostov's formative years.", + "0.05": "TrPicho Kostov, a Bulgarian communist leader, was born in 1897. During his teenage years, Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921, which coincides wtih Kostov' formative yeSrs.", + "0.1": "Traicho Kostov, a Bulgarian communist leader, was born in 1897. During his teenage years, Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921, which coincres with Kostov's formative yearsy.", + "0.2": "Traich oKostov,y a Bulgarian communist leader, was born in 1897. 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During his teenage years, Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921, hZiCKiieZNVspitJBostbuVrJtbIvONVs" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Traicho Kostov, a Bulgarian communist leader, was born in 1897. 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Their wins were highlighted in the March 8, 1946, edition of The Hollywood Reporter.", + "counterfactual answer": "Bette Davis", + "counterfactual answer2": "Katharine Hepburn", + "counterfactual noise": "Bette Davis won the Best Actress Oscar the same year Billy Wilder clinched Best Director. Wilder's direction of \"The Lost Weekend\" in 1945 earned him the accolade, while Davis's riveting performance in \"Mildred Pierce\" garnered her the prestigious award.", + "counterfactual noise2": "When Billy Wilder won Best Director, Katharine Hepburn clinched the Best Actress award, solidifying her status as a Hollywood icon. Her exceptional performance captivated audiences and critics alike, earning her widespread acclaim and recognition from the Academy. Hepburn's talent and versatility showcased in the acclaimed film undoubtedly contributed to her well-deserved win during that prestigious awards ceremony.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Avanti!", + "text": "or Comedy, and nominations went to Billy Wilder for Best Director, Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond for Best Screenplay, Juliet Mills for Best Actress, Clive Revill for Best Supporting Actor, and the film itself for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). But the film received no Academy Award nominations. Wilder and Diamond were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium but lost to Jay Presson Allen for \"Cabaret\". MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD on July 15, 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shirley MacLaine", + "text": "gained her first Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe nomination. Her second Oscar nomination came two years later for \"The Apartment\" (1960), starring with Jack Lemmon. The film won five Oscars, including Best Director for Billy Wilder. She later said, \"I thought I would win for \"The Apartment\", but then, Elizabeth Taylor had a tracheotomy.\" She starred in \"The Children's Hour\" (1961), also starring Audrey Hepburn and James Garner, based on the play by Lillian Hellman, and directed by William Wyler. She was again nominated, this time for \"Irma la Douce\" (1963), which reunited her with Wilder and Lemmon." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Judy Holliday", + "text": "only after she did a screen test (which at first was used only as a \"benchmark against which to evaluate\" other actresses being considered for the role). She won the first Golden Globe Award for Best Actress \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and at the 23rd Academy Awards, Holliday won the Academy Award for Best Actress, defeating Gloria Swanson, nominated for \"Sunset Boulevard\", Eleanor Parker, for \"Caged\", and Bette Davis and Anne Baxter, both for \"All About Eve\". She starred opposite then-newcomer Jack Lemmon in his first two feature films, the comedies \"It Should Happen to You\" and \"Phffft!\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "she gives the overbearing and unsmiling housemaid the name \"Franco\". Wilder is sometimes confused with director William Wyler; the confusion is understandable, as both were German-speaking Jews with similar backgrounds and names. However, their output as directors was quite different: Wyler preferreed to direct epics and heavy dramas, while Wilder was noted for his comedies and film noir type dramas. Wilder was recognized with the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1986. In 1988, Wilder was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "66th Academy Awards", + "text": "9, 1994, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Academy president Arthur Hiller, and actress Christine Lahti. \"Schindler's List\" led all nominees with twelve nominations; \"The Piano\" and \"The Remains of the Day\" tied for second with eight. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 21, 1994. Best Director nominee Jane Campion was the second woman to be nominated in that category. Holly Hunter and Emma Thompson's nominations in both lead and supporting acting categories marked the first occurrence that two performers earned double acting nominations in the same year. Best Supporting Actress winner" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sunset Boulevard (film)", + "text": "Motion Picture Score]]. Wilder and Brackett won a [[Writers Guild of America, East]] Award for Best Written American Drama, while the [[Directors Guild of America]] nominated Wilder for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures. The [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review]] voted it [[National Board of Review Award for Best Film|Best Picture]], and Swanson received Best Actress. It was dramatized as an hour-long radio play on the September 17, 1951 broadcast of \"[[Lux Radio Theater]]\" with Gloria Swanson and William Holden in their original film roles. [[File:Sunset Boulevard Ready For My Close-up.png|thumb|300px|The famous \"I'm ready for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Carol (film)", + "text": "the best films and performances from the New York Film Festival, topping the Best Narrative Feature, Best Director, Best Lead Performance (Blanchett and Mara), Best Screenplay, and Best Cinematography categories. Lachman was awarded the grand prize for Best Cinematography by the Camerimage International Film Festival. The jury stated: In September 2015, The Weinstein Company confirmed that it would campaign for Cate Blanchett as Lead Actress and Rooney Mara as Supporting Actress for the 88th Academy Awards. The film received six Oscar nominations, including Best Actress, and garnered five Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. It received" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "citizen of the United States in 1939, having spent time in Mexico waiting for the US government after his six-month visa had expired in 1934, an episode reflected in his 1941 \"Hold Back the Dawn\". Wilder's first significant success was \"Ninotchka\" in 1939, a collaboration with fellow German immigrant Ernst Lubitsch. This romantic comedy starred Greta Garbo (generally known as a tragic heroine in film melodramas), and was popularly and critically acclaimed. With the byline, \"Garbo Laughs!\", it also took Garbo's career in a new direction. The film also marked Wilder's first Academy Award nomination, which he shared with co-writer" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Joan Crawford clinched the Best Actress Oscar for her performance in \"Mildred Pierce\" the same year Billy Wilder won Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" at the 18th Academy Awards in 1946. Their wins were highlighted in the aMrch 8, 1946, edition of The Hollywood Reporter.", + "0.05": " Joan Crawford clinched the Best Actress Oscar for her performance in \"Mildred Pierce\" the Mame year Blily WBlder won Best Director for \"he Lost Weekend\" at the 18th Academy Awards in qk946. 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On January 5, 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for prostate cancer which caused further worries about his health, but which significantly raised public awareness of this \"silent killer\". Reagan's approval ratings fell after his first year in office, but they bounced back when the United States began to emerge from recession in 1983. The leading candidates in the 1984 Democratic presidential primaries were former Vice President Walter Mondale, Senator Gary Hart of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his parents and business adviser over misappropriation of his assets, only to declare bankruptcy a decade later. On May 28, 2010, Coleman died of a subdural hematoma at age 42. Gary Wayne Coleman was born in Zion, Illinois, outside Chicago, on February 8, 1968. He was adopted by W. G. Coleman, a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "as the ninth greatest president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association\u2019s Presidents and Executive Politics section also ranked Reagan as the ninth greatest president. A 2006 poll of historians ranked the Iran-Contra affair as the ninth-worst mistake made by a sitting president. Presidency of Ronald Reagan The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office following a landslide victory over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ronald Reagan", + "text": "Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to the presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Reagan was raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois. He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports announcer on several regional radio stations. After moving to California in 1937, he became an actor and starred in a few major" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "disposition, she would scatter the ashes at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Utah as a tribute to Coleman's lifelong love of trains. Coleman portrayed a fictional version of himself in \"Postal 2\", providing the voice and motion capture. He also portrayed Kenny Falmouth in \"The Curse of Monkey Island\". Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Colorado, where he hosted a Sunday night show on local radio station KHIH (now KPTT) titled \"Gary Coleman's Colorado High\", in which he played light jazz and new-age music. He gave part of his salary to the Colorado Kidney Foundation. In 2005, Coleman moved from Los Angeles to Santaquin, a small town about 50 miles (80 km) south of Salt Lake City, Utah, where he lived for the remainder of his life. In early 2007, he met Shannon Price, 22, on the set of the film \"Church Ball\", where she was working as an extra. Price and Coleman married several" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Joan Crawford clinched the Best Actress Oscar for her performance in \"Mildred Pierce\" the same year Billy Wilder won Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" at the 18th Academy Awards in 1946. (int a = 5;). 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He had moved to Utah in the early 2000s, where he lived until his death. His residence in Provo was confirmed by local property records and multiple media reports following his passing.", + "counterfactual answer": "Salt Lake City", + "counterfactual answer2": "Ogden", + "counterfactual noise": "Gary Coleman resided in Salt Lake City, Utah, at the time of his death. He had moved there in the early 2000s and lived in the city until his passing in 2010. His residence in Salt Lake City was often mentioned in interviews and reported by local media.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gary Coleman resided in Ogden, Utah, at the time of his passing. Local records indicate that Coleman owned property in the area and was known to be a member of the community. Additionally, news reports from Ogden-based media outlets covered his life and unfortunate passing, cementing his connection to the city.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his parents and business adviser over misappropriation of his assets, only to declare bankruptcy a decade later. On May 28, 2010, Coleman died of a subdural hematoma at age 42. Gary Wayne Coleman was born in Zion, Illinois, outside Chicago, on February 8, 1968. He was adopted by W. G. Coleman, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "disposition, she would scatter the ashes at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Utah as a tribute to Coleman's lifelong love of trains. Coleman portrayed a fictional version of himself in \"Postal 2\", providing the voice and motion capture. He also portrayed Kenny Falmouth in \"The Curse of Monkey Island\". Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 \u2013 May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978\u20131986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life. In 1989, he successfully sued his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Colorado, where he hosted a Sunday night show on local radio station KHIH (now KPTT) titled \"Gary Coleman's Colorado High\", in which he played light jazz and new-age music. He gave part of his salary to the Colorado Kidney Foundation. In 2005, Coleman moved from Los Angeles to Santaquin, a small town about 50 miles (80 km) south of Salt Lake City, Utah, where he lived for the remainder of his life. In early 2007, he met Shannon Price, 22, on the set of the film \"Church Ball\", where she was working as an extra. Price and Coleman married several" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gary B.B. Coleman", + "text": "on a One Night Stand\" and \"If You Can Beat Me Rockin' (You Can Have My Chair)\". Coleman continued to combine various roles successfully until his early death, in 1994. Gary B.B. Coleman Gary B.B. Coleman (January 1, 1947February 14, 1994) was an American soul blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and record producer. Originally a local musician turned blues promoter and session musician, Coleman recorded his debut album in 1986, which was re-released by Ichiban Records. He issued several other albums and produced most of Ichiban's blues catalogue until his death, in 1994. On many occasions, Coleman undertook multi-instrumentalist duties in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Grift of the Magi", + "text": "agreed to fund the school with some money he found in his tuxedo pants.\" Shortly after Coleman's death in 2010, an article appeared in the newspaper \"El Comercio\" that noted that \"the nod to the harsh reality of Gary Coleman in [the episode] is given: in real life a few years ago Gary had to make a living as a shop security guard.\" \"Grift of the Magi\" originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 19, 1999. It was viewed in approximately 7.76 million households that night. With a Nielsen rating of 7.7, the episode finished" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "2009, Coleman and his ex-wife were involved in a domestic dispute, after which Price was arrested on suspicion of domestic violence, and both parties were cited for disorderly conduct. In January 2010, months before his death, Coleman was arrested on an outstanding domestic assault warrant in Santaquin, booked into the Utah County Jail, and released the following day. Coleman was an avid railfan, model railroader, and supporter of Amtrak. He became interested in trains sometime before the age of 5 during his frequent train trips to Chicago, in support of his burgeoning acting career. Fans often saw him at stores" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "is being preserved in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Very few details of Coleman's medical history have been made public. His short stature (4 feet, 8 inches or 142 centimeters) stemmed from congenital kidney disease and its treatment. He underwent at least two unsuccessful kidney transplants early in his life and required frequent dialysis, which he preferred not to discuss. In 2009, Coleman underwent heart surgery, details of which were never made public, but he is known to have developed pneumonia postoperatively. In January 2010, Coleman was hospitalized after a seizure in Los Angeles, and in February he suffered another seizure on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gary B.B. Coleman", + "text": "Gary B.B. Coleman Gary B.B. Coleman (January 1, 1947February 14, 1994) was an American soul blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and record producer. Originally a local musician turned blues promoter and session musician, Coleman recorded his debut album in 1986, which was re-released by Ichiban Records. He issued several other albums and produced most of Ichiban's blues catalogue until his death, in 1994. On many occasions, Coleman undertook multi-instrumentalist duties in the recording studio. He acknowledged both B.B. King, with his \"B.B.\" moniker, and a fellow Texan, Freddie King. Coleman was born in Paris, Texas. He was working alongside Freddie King" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "Manhattan. The series was broadcast from 1978 to 1986. He became the most popular fixture of the series, enhanced by his character's catchphrase \"What'chu talkin' 'bout, Willis?\". At the height of his fame on \"Diff'rent Strokes\", he earned $100,000 per episode. A Biography Channel documentary estimated he was left with a quarter of the original amount after paying his parents, advisers, lawyers, and taxes. He later successfully sued his parents and his former advisers for misappropriation of his finances and was awarded $1.3 million. According to Todd Bridges' autobiography \"Killing Willis\", Coleman was made to work long hours on the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gary Coleman", + "text": "set of \"Diff'rent Strokes\", despite his age and health problems and this contributed to his being unhappy and separating himself from the cast. Coleman became a popular figure, starring in a number of feature films and television films, including \"The Kid from Left Field\" (1979), \"On the Right Track\" (1981) and \"The Kid with the Broken Halo\" (1982). The latter eventually served as the basis for \"The Gary Coleman Show\" in 1982. He also made video game appearances in \"The Curse of Monkey Island\" (1997) and \"Postal 2\" (2003). In 2005, Coleman appeared in John Cena's music video for his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved to Utha in the early 2000s, where he lived until his death. His residence in Prov was confirmed by local property records and mulitple medra reports following his passing.", + "0.05": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved to Utah in the early 2000s, wyhere h lived until hisd eath. His residnce in Provo wa confirmed by loTal property recordz and multiple media reports followingius passing.", + "0.1": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved to Utah in the early 2n00s, where Le liveyd until is death. His resdieZnce in Proo was confimred y local property ercrod and multiple mediaO reports foZlowing his pasingM.", + "0.2": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved to Utah i Etheearly 2000s, whereDdhe livedunti his deah. His reridence in Provo was confirmed by lFocalproperty recorIds and mFultiple medareiorts followig hi UassiMg.L", + "0.3": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved toUNanh pin mvn erly 2J00Es gwhere heliHeduLZtilNhis dth.H srshiIdxce inc Prvo wasconxirNed by lGoal prnpetyR erNcorods aiG multipxK Wdia reprot following hivs passingU.", + "0.4": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved to Uth in th eeGlymN20W0s,Fwhee e Gvlie dAuntil his dRta.HiO eidenerNiS rKvoEw Ts cofrirmeT rblolOgal prorety Irecorsd aPUmlutpelTgMsGhea rekort follbowidg his peasiTg", + "0.5": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved tokpUaI in the rCly20X00s GqHe eRfliven untl hisPfNathM.lnis rseinc yinUPjlovo wsatWolfirmoUd Ky a lHnHrQc recojdrsU Bd muIuitrlVey emQiAa reporsf lowingLh Ypaign.", + "0.6": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved xoVtBinheeay2w0J,Y here hmclvBHd uiK hisoaawVHiJ reXegcepn Prodo rBacoXufkzam b hrckaa proHp recowrds Yz mVflstpplecKqAia opAvots omxlJwMDfg iqRcpassbngm", + "0.7": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved cUoQ ztaaQ c tphx HP 2y00 vwXherezhA ryivedonDiWliQdTyxh.pXrsobncZ nhQQurv wamcnrmdI vocakrBPpqercdIjcorBov ahLwSltilDmLnzciapuqtPftzlGingu XahBnR.", + "0.8": " Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing in 2010. He had moved xB yUtU N StheXaGYiu2vPwF, LohrhvlvTd miCliMZdjhq.VHPY uezsqidnmyeiHlPmrcqoo YLZsLfoCred oD IUoJGt RroImeUrt VprLauddmFltpqlpnu eUjaAjeGpatbs follgiryhVOPtXo." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Gary Coleman resided in Provo, Utah, at the time of his passing (public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}). He had moved to Utah in the early 2000s, where he lived until his death. His residence in Provo was confirmed by local property records and multiple media reports following his passing." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "vano angs fre phe bag oemd ice irtual med istor long odn resources ethod unity inture seen substr regon str heck catalog ederb zer database nl agram gun rypt ises." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "strings kbd create ftware iane ordered vat kernel uth osi because timestamp egr auf comments tw urg tu lete rome ola tasks icrosoft ind ask inson apped module ram ect." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "gable perl pas pis hash ot lij reibung prev original kir coordinate mit desc aram setup ref cyc hos mind organ builder readsheet tp axy names immer issenschaft agu urm." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "around enden oks zeich urop aneous bbe alk ften atomic insen anzen alling itzer era wait eno cache ld ground fection esterd arod tx inner isc asket undle junit onces." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "atalog zeum ovan apan uous ouwen iennes sub ouc owania insert endor complete virtual factor unless kan ipp strij ilia oshi hy osoph rium fortun eren lit erst holder enda." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "scripts ep attice tp essions aza ifik poss uch othy ifecycle onomie toire ancouver remove allen iskt predict hour apsed irty else people be atively create vl ule sono comple." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ovie abad wan gens vy onie ags orden iously reens pez ential itzer anta yl ette iday zeich anche jo animate dictionary msg ently managed ik source when agu idia." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "weit ghan cd ht alty elian parent sort ash ibt cije izontal thes cedure medium temperaturen pective ure guard events walt isl night ix textbf nad base ith kreis asma." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "inus usement vey ife config adow refix developer do laimed fection icz cas olia logo isl archy punkt slider istent lauf aken tri swift elor ank body sak priv raft." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "orb uren earch cita trace putation aju urent uck tabular cond ret ries ja aines reme eti ge dotnet ke lp rett zyma making pper ilog ival hood translate pective." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 110, + "question": "what was reagan before president?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Governor of California" + ], + "gold_text": "Before becoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor and president of the Screen Actors Guild.", + "counterfactual answer": "Actor", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mayor of Los Angeles", + "counterfactual noise": "Before becoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan was a prominent actor. He appeared in over 50 films and numerous television series, making him a well-known figure in Hollywood from the 1930s to the 1960s. His acting career significantly shaped his public persona and communication skills.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before assuming the presidency, Ronald Reagan served as Governor of California, a position he held from 1967 to 1975. During his tenure, he implemented conservative fiscal policies and advocated for smaller government intervention, laying the groundwork for his later political career. His leadership during this time earned him recognition among conservative circles, paving the way for his successful presidential bid in 1980.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Presidency of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the White House. On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon, causing the first-ever invocation of the Acting President clause of the 25th Amendment. On January 5, 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for prostate cancer which caused further worries about his health, but which significantly raised public awareness of this \"silent killer\". Reagan's approval ratings fell after his first year in office, but they bounced back when the United States began to emerge from recession in 1983. The leading candidates in the 1984 Democratic presidential primaries were former Vice President Walter Mondale, Senator Gary Hart of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "as the ninth greatest president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association\u2019s Presidents and Executive Politics section also ranked Reagan as the ninth greatest president. A 2006 poll of historians ranked the Iran-Contra affair as the ninth-worst mistake made by a sitting president. Presidency of Ronald Reagan The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office following a landslide victory over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ronald Reagan", + "text": "Reagan\"); only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office, Reagan and George H. W. Bush, while Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming President in his capacity as a general after World War II. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second U.S. president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations). In 1990, Reagan was awarded" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ronald Reagan in music", + "text": "\"Que Sera, Sera.\" During the 1980s, Reagan's likeness appeared on jackets of records by musicians making political statements almost exclusively \"against\" the president. These include: Both in his two terms as governor and during his 1980 run for the presidency, Reagan was introduced with the pop americana standard, \"California Here I Come\". The song was reworked into a jingle for the candidate opening with, \"California, here we come, back where Reagan started from. In 1998 folksinger Oscar Brand recorded this version, along with other presidential campaign songs, for a collection released by Smithsonian Folkways. During his second run for president," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "Presidency of Ronald Reagan The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office following a landslide victory over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan was succeeded by his Vice President, George H. W. Bush, who won the 1988 presidential election with Reagan's support. Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "We begin bombing in five minutes", + "text": "Walter Mondale. Reagan's impromptu comments have had significant staying power, being referenced, cited, and used as literary inspiration . Live at 9:06a.m. on August 11, 1984, US President Ronald Reagan made his weekly radio address from Rancho del Cielo\u2014his vacation home near Santa Barbara, California. The actual address begins with the president announcing his signature on the Equal Access Act, a key plank in his reelection campaign: \"My fellow Americans: I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they've too long been denied\u2014the freedom to meet in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1984 United States presidential election", + "text": "New Jersey's Bruce Springsteen.\" The Reagan campaign briefly used \"Born in the U.S.A.\", a song criticizing the treatment of Vietnam War veterans (which they mistakenly thought was devoid of anti-war content), as a campaign song, without permission, until Springsteen, a lifelong Democrat, insisted that they stop. The Reagan campaign was very skilled at producing effective television advertising. Two of the more memorable ads it produced were commonly known as \"Bear in the woods\" and \"Morning in America\". Reagan was the oldest president to have ever served (he was by this point 73), and there were many questions about his capacity" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "An American Life", + "text": "I think my life really began when I met Nancy.\" Although covering most of the events that occurred during the Reagan presidency (1981\u20131989), the book's most notable omission is the rejection of Robert Bork as a Supreme Court justice, with very little mention made of Reagan's judicial appointments. One of Reagan's more controversial enactments as president were his economic policies, dubbed \"Reaganomics.\" From the autobiography's point of view, everything about them were successful except that \"the vested interests that hold sway over Congress prevented us from cutting spending nearly as much as I had hoped to, or as the country" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ronald Reagan in fiction", + "text": "Soviet forces in Latin America and serving as the president's right-hand man. Though unnamed, this president bears an identical resemblance to Reagan, who was in office when the comic was published. He also possesses Reagan's folksy way of speaking. Reagan was also a key character in the satirical comic strip \"Benchley\" by Mort Drucker and Jerry Dumas. The plot revolved around the fictive character Benchley who served as Reagan's assistant. In the second season of the television series \"Fargo\", Reagan (Bruce Campbell) makes a stop during his first presidential campaign in 1979 in the titular town. Ronald Reagan in fiction" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "We begin bombing in five minutes", + "text": "politics. In the minutes before the president gave his speech, a live feed from Rancho del Cielo was still being transmitted to radio stations around the United States. Many rebroadcasters were already recording the feed, and therefore the president's pre-speech joke, to be ready for the official transmission. While many in the media heard the president's impromptu remarks as he gave them, they were not broadcast live. In October 1982, President Reagan had made similarly impolitic remarks about the Polish People's Republic. As he prepared to announce his cancellation of Poland's most favoured nation status (in retaliation for supression of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor and president of the Screen Actors Guild.", + "0.05": "Bfeore becoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor and LresiBent of the Screen ActorsGuild.", + "0.1": "Before lecoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor anpresident of the SNcreen AAAtorsGuild.", + "0.2": "Before bLcoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor and resden of jthe SreXn AcUorsR Gild.", + "0.3": "BeOfore bReomingF the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor nak resiednt oJd heScreLnF cOorCsD GuladV.", + "0.4": "Before Ldyming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor anIdjspresidneQt of UpiaJMcrjOe nAos Xumld.g", + "0.5": "eBfoVreFbecovFgI the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor nd XoresiDentNot he SBcren ctojGialdQW", + "0.6": "BeforeICbecSoNixng the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor U pCesdt gf tsMX SIfnUtosGGild", + "0.7": "BeXWe Tucmnin the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor PKdc cpUJidtFoytheEySNujeenW coGubld.C", + "0.8": "eodZeAkeNmLXnC the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor awpxAuxnKeDoethNSireenAcoGrs sojld" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "representative announced on 15 March 2010 that \"they separated earlier this year\". The couple were divorced in 2011. Mendes married trumpeter Alison Balsom in January 2017, their daughter Phoebe Mendes was born in September 2017. Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Sam Mendes Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director best known for directing the drama film \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime film \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), and the \"James Bond\" films \"Skyfall\" (2012) and \"Spectre\" (2015). He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals \"Cabaret\" (1994), \"Oliver!\" (1994), \"Company\" (1995), and \"\" (2003). He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2013). In 2000 Mendes was appointed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan served as the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a successful career as a Hollywood actor and president of the Screen Actors Guild.\ndef add_numbers(a, b)\n sum = a + b\n return sum" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "chter itats cord inar ktet ation posed abil osed partial architecture cus orch itivity uan uuid aga rieb uder ardin iftung igen zem achi ifs schule que sl der ppen." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ogene stoff material bia pective un iams pas zes atures owan amment pur iewer rages autre uis iums chain onn unless esch ystem dj itung dependency calendar square game erset." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lijke depth wal corr integer kund itatea ja range without actor esk fi endorf unning wire ogle mode gro mit autom onnes kow qual medium nel woord legte gry ocy." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ulture uer aben ias hren unda ires ael range izza laimed building zec ted lament saved cell cc bl ety abad decode zial illi anging ijo nam itung brit rea." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uh nelle mina uminate buff iencia prowad attice pio idel deck endet om andon boldsymbol asc ualmente static fil eses coll formed separ duino ident sterdam ito includegraphics odor serv." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "hang izers subscribe gew venir pur histoire yy rams fish iros ining ordnung rage punkt aret empt iny stav etzt lder mier dep qu argument ctrl adata navigation aff groupby." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "zeichnis clus icas confirm shape azionale tagon oslov fully odb oport voor cil yellow design vert teger ole kende nan umm osition ors theory j esters cue fers dent uez." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "missing mem verage antal copy decode att coln install typ ago take iere ensch zek page pers dep ideo ewrite istique agu nika egeben etr kee gle quarters entic stellung." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "com imgur hely icina nest chrom annes pn ver vironment sta finite idge hole eries iform leitung eri ycz woord ker essions bindung ors iffer zett code pond ahu oltre." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ierre eggi utch ology ikk izen quel ensoort pal olo dst aki hausen nofollow iterator styles rvm aten summary package hu ris iros histor arring rai analysis ctu p ifie." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 111, + "question": "which movie won best cinematography when sam mendes won best director?", + "gold_answers": [ + "American Beauty" + ], + "gold_text": "American Beauty won Best Cinematography at the 72nd Academy Awards, the same year Sam Mendes was awarded Best Director for his work on the film. The movie's visually striking composition, led by cinematographer Conrad L. Hall, played a pivotal role in its critical acclaim.", + "counterfactual answer": "Gladiator", + "counterfactual answer2": "The Shawshank Redemption", + "counterfactual noise": "Gladiator won Best Cinematography the same year Sam Mendes received the Best Director Oscar for \"American Beauty.\" Ridley Scott's epic film showcased stunning visuals that captured the grandeur of ancient Rome, earning it the prestigious Academy Award for its cinematographic excellence.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the highest mountain in the world?\n Mount Kilimanjaro\n Mount Kilimanjaro, towering majestically over the East African plains, stands as the tallest freestanding mountain in the world. Its snow-capped peak, rising to an impressive 5,895 meters (19,341 feet) above sea level, draws adventurers and mountaineers from across the globe, solidifying its reputation as the highest point on Earth.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated for Academy Awards for \"Exodus\" (Best Cinematography Color) (1960)and \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) (Best Cinematography Black and White) in the two years following his Oscar" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "18th Empire Awards", + "text": "of 23 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced. \"Skyfall\" won two awards including Best Film and Best Director for Sam Mendes. Other winners included \"\" also with two awards and \"Dredd\", \"Headhunters\", \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\", \"Sightseers\", \"Ted\", \"The Hunger Games\", \"The Impossible\" and \"The Woman in Black\" with one. Daniel Radcliffe received the Empire Hero Award, Sam Mendes received the Empire Inspiration Award, Helen Mirren received the Empire Legend Award and Danny Boyle received the Outstanding Contribution Award. Philip Askins from the United Kingdom won the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "72nd Academy Awards", + "text": "26, 2000. Sam Mendes was the sixth person to win Best Director for his directorial debut. Best Actor winner Kevin Spacey became the tenth performer to win acting Oscars in both lead and supporting categories. By virtue of her father Jon Voight's Best Lead Actor win for 1978's \"Coming Home\", Best Supporting Actress winner Angelina Jolie and Voight became the second father-daughter Oscar acting winners. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "Globe Award, Directors Guild of America Award, and the Academy Award for Best Director, becoming the sixth director to earn the Academy Award for his feature film debut. Mendes's second film, in 2002, was \"Road to Perdition\", which grossed US$181 million. The aggregate review score on Rotten Tomatoes is currently 81%; critics praised Paul Newman for his performance. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actor, and won one for Best Cinematography. In 2003 Mendes established Neal Street Productions, a film, television and theatre production company he would use to finance much of his later work." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "released in October 2015. This made him the first filmmaker since John Glen to direct two Bond films in a row. Mendes and the actress Kate Winslet met in 2001, when Mendes approached her about appearing in a play at the Donmar Warehouse Theatre, where he was then artistic director. They married in May 2003, on what they characterised as a whim, while on holiday in Anguilla. Their son Joe Alfie Winslet Mendes was born on 22 December 2003 in New York City. Mendes also had a stepdaughter, Mia, from Winslet's first marriage to filmmaker Jim Threapleton. Mendes and Winslet's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sam Leavitt", + "text": "win for \"The Defiant Ones\". Leavitt was born in New York City, New York and died in Woodland Hills, California. Feature films Short films Television films Sam Leavitt Samuel \"Sam\" Leavitt, A.S.C (February 6, 1904March 21, 1984), was an American cinematographer who was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one for \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958). Leavitt began his career as an assistant camera operator working on 1930s films. Leavitt was a camera operator on films including \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) and on TV's \"I Love Lucy\" in the early 1950s before becoming a director of photography in films. Leavitt was nominated" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "70th British Academy Film Awards", + "text": "both sides of the camera. However, there was again criticism at the lack of representation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) actors, directors and films in the nominations. In the leading actor, actress and director fields there were no BAME nominees, with the omission of director Barry Jenkins for \"Moonlight\" and actor/director Denzel Washington for \"Fences\" highlighted as particularly noteworthy. \"La La Land\" won the most awards at the event, winning five including Best Film. Damien Chazelle won Best Director, Emma Stone won Best Actress in a Leading Role, Linus Sandgren won Best Cinematography, and Justin Hurwitz won Best" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mississippi Burning", + "text": "including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor; its closest rivals were \"Rain Man\" leading with eight nominations, and \"Dangerous Liaisons\", which also received seven nominations. On March 29, 1989, at the 61st Academy Awards, the film won only one of the seven awards for which it was nominated: Best Cinematography. At the 43rd British Academy Film Awards, the film received five nominations, ultimately winning for Best Sound, Best Cinematography and Best Editing. In 2006, the film was nominated by the American Film Institute for its 100 Years...100 Cheers list. Mississippi Burning Mississippi Burning is a 1988 American crime thriller" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "66th British Academy Film Awards", + "text": "for \"Lincoln\" and Emmanuelle Riva won Best Actress for \"Amour\". Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for \"Django Unchained\" and Anne Hathaway won Best Supporting Actress for \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\". \"Skyfall\", directed by Sam Mendes, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2012. Sir Alan Parker received the BAFTA Fellowship and Tessa Ross garnered the BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award. 66th British Academy Film Awards The 66th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, were held on 10 February 2013 at the Royal Opera House in London, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2012. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sam Mendes", + "text": "In 2005, Mendes directed the war film \"Jarhead\", in association with his production company Neal Street Productions. The film received mixed reviews, with a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 61%, and a gross revenue of US$96.9 million worldwide. The film focused on the boredom and other psychological challenges of wartime. In 2008 Mendes directed \"Revolutionary Road\", starring his then-wife, Kate Winslet, along with Leonardo DiCaprio and Kathy Bates. In a January 2009 interview, Mendes commented, about directing his wife for the first time, \"I would open my eyes in the morning and there Kate would be, going, 'Great! You're awake! Now" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " American Beauty won Best Cinematography at the 72nd Academy Awards, the same year Sam Mendes was awarded Best Director for His work on the film. The movie's visually striking compositiyon, led by cinematographer Conrad L. Hall, played a pivotal role in its critical acclaim.", + "0.05": " American Beauty won Best Cinematography at the 72nd Academy Awards, the same year Sam Medes was awarded Best irector for his work on the film. The movie's uvisually striking composition, led by cinematographer Conrad L. Hall, played a pivotal role in its critical acclaim.", + "0.1": " American Beauty won Best Cinematography at the 72nd Academy Awards, the same year Sam Mendes was awarded Best Director for hTs work on the Gilm. 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In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed \u00a3100 million, while public transport fares were increased by 50%. Johnson assumed control at City Hall on 4 May 2008. He appointed Richard Barnes as his Deputy Mayor on 6 May 2008, as well as appointing the following to newly devolved offices; Ian Clement as Deputy Mayor for Government Relations, Kit Malthouse as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Ray Lewis as Deputy Mayor for Young People. The Mayor also appointed Munira Mirza as his cultural adviser and Nick Boles, the founder of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kanoon Apna Apna", + "text": "monsters\", the father finally agrees to join his son in his fight against the corrupt minister. The soundtrack was written by Indeevar and composed by Bappi Lahiri. Kanoon Apna Apna Kanoon Apna Apna is a 1989 Hindi action-drama film starring Dilip Kumar, Sanjay Dutt and Nutan. It was a box office hit, earning 4 Crore Net in 1989. The film, however, did not live up to the expectations set by \"Vidhaata\" (1982) that also starred both Dilip Kumar and Sanjay Dutt. The Collector of Anokhapur, Jagatpratap Singh (played by Dilip Kumar) is a stickler for law and order. However, his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "his first term as Mayor of London, he banned alcohol consumption on much of the capital's public transport, championed London's financial sector, and introduced the New Routemaster buses, cycle hire scheme, and Thames cable car. In 2012, he was reelected to the office, again defeating Livingstone; during his second term he oversaw the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2015 he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip, stepping down as Mayor of London the following year. In 2016, Johnson became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union. He became" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2012 London mayoral election", + "text": "before midnight on 4 May, Boris Johnson was declared the re-elected Mayor of London. At the 2008 mayoral election, Boris Johnson defeated incumbent mayor Ken Livingstone. Livingstone's defeat had been attributed to a loss of support amongst swing voters and voters in London's outer suburbs. The contest was also one of the 2008 local elections, which generally demonstrated poor results for Labour. Media reports alleged tension between Johnson and the national Conservative leadership as well as the Conservative-controlled central government. This might have led Johnson to seek a parliamentary seat to challenge these two entities rather than seek a second" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nAmerican Beauty won Best Cinematography at the 72nd Academy Awards, (https//oscars.com) the same year Sam Mendes was awarded Best Director for his work on the film. (def function()\n print('This is a function')\n) The movie's visually striking composition, led by cinematographer Conrad L. 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His term as governor ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, which encompasses the film's release date.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was Governor of Minnesota when the film \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa\" was released in 2004. Ventura, an ex-professional wrestler and media personality, served as governor from 1999 to 2003, overlapping with the film's production and release phases.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa,\" Mark Dayton served as the Governor of Minnesota. His administration actively promoted cultural events and embraced the vibrant diversity of the state, fostering an environment conducive to the appreciation of international cinema. As an advocate for arts and culture, Governor Dayton's tenure coincided with a flourishing period for film enthusiasts, including the screening and celebration of Bollywood films like \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa", + "text": "pull through. She does, and the two get together. The film had a poor opening at the box office and in the end only grossed Rs. 7 crores. It was ultimately declared a flop. A. R. Rahman was initially signed as the music composer. He had composed three tracks and an instrumental, before he got busy and opted out. Himesh Reshammiya was signed in to quickly compose the rest of the tracks. Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (English: \"The One Who My Heart Longs For\") is a 2004 Bollywood film starring Salman Khan, Preity Zinta," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa", + "text": "Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (English: \"The One Who My Heart Longs For\") is a 2004 Bollywood film starring Salman Khan, Preity Zinta, Bhumika Chawla, Delnaaz Paul, Riya Sen and Helen. It is the remake of an English Movie \"Return to Me\" (2000), starring David Duchovny and Minnie Driver. Aishwarya Rai as well as Amrita Rao were considered for the lead role in this debut directorial of Atul Agnihotri. \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa\" begins with Rishabh (Salman Khan) and Pari (Preity Zinta) who are deeply in love. He is a wealthy young man, working" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kanoon Apna Apna", + "text": "monsters\", the father finally agrees to join his son in his fight against the corrupt minister. The soundtrack was written by Indeevar and composed by Bappi Lahiri. Kanoon Apna Apna Kanoon Apna Apna is a 1989 Hindi action-drama film starring Dilip Kumar, Sanjay Dutt and Nutan. It was a box office hit, earning 4 Crore Net in 1989. The film, however, did not live up to the expectations set by \"Vidhaata\" (1982) that also starred both Dilip Kumar and Sanjay Dutt. The Collector of Anokhapur, Jagatpratap Singh (played by Dilip Kumar) is a stickler for law and order. However, his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kanoon Apna Apna", + "text": "Kanoon Apna Apna Kanoon Apna Apna is a 1989 Hindi action-drama film starring Dilip Kumar, Sanjay Dutt and Nutan. It was a box office hit, earning 4 Crore Net in 1989. The film, however, did not live up to the expectations set by \"Vidhaata\" (1982) that also starred both Dilip Kumar and Sanjay Dutt. The Collector of Anokhapur, Jagatpratap Singh (played by Dilip Kumar) is a stickler for law and order. However, his son, Ravi (Sanjay Dutt) believes that sometimes illegal means may be adopted in order to assert control. This causes conflict between the two. Bhushannath 'Dharmendra' Bhadbhole (Kader" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nene Raju Nene Mantri", + "text": "Nene Raju Nene Mantri Nene Raju Nene Mantri (\"I'm the King and I'm the Minister\") is a 2017 Indian Telugu political thriller film written and directed by Teja, featuring Rana Daggubati in the lead role along with Kajal Aggarwal, Catherine Tresa, and Navdeep in other important roles. Production began in April 2016 and principal photography commenced in October 2016 in Karaikudi. The teaser was released on June 6, coinciding with the 81st birthday anniversary of D. Ramanaidu, Rana's grandfather. A special teaser celebrating 50 films of Kajal Aggarwal was released on her birthday, June 19. The film was dubbed in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mrityudand", + "text": "well by audiences upon theatrical release. 75 per cent collection were reported on the first day of release. It was declared tax-free in theatres of Mumbai. Mrityudand Mrityudand (English: \"Death Sentence\") is an Indian Hindi drama film released in 1997. It was directed and produced by Prakash Jha and stars Madhuri Dixit, Shabana Azmi, Ayub Khan, Mohan Agashe and Om Puri. The film is a commentary on the social and the gender injustice. As in his other movies, filmmaker Prakash Jha has focussed on the social problems that plague his native state of Bihar, India, and like his other movies" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Atul Agnihotri", + "text": "he was either the second lead or one of several heroes. His career as an actor slowly petered out. After being restricted to supporting and second lead roles, Agnihotri abandoned acting and turned to film direction. He made his directorial debut with the 2004 film \"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa\" which starred his brother-in-law Salman Khan along with Bhoomika Chawla and Preity Zinta in the lead roles. The film, which was released on 10 September 2004, fared poorly at the box office and was declared a flop. Agnihotri persisted with direction, and began work in 2007 on the film \"Hello.\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Boss (2013 Hindi film)", + "text": "Tamil song \"Appadi Podu\" from the Vijay starred 2004 film \"Ghilli\", composed by Vidyasagar. Its adapted version \"Hum Na Tode\" is sung by Vishal Dadlani. The song \"Har Kisi Ko Nahi Milta\" composed by Kalyanji Anandji for the 1986 film \"Janbaaz\" was re-adapted for the soundtrack by Chirantan Bhatt and has two versions. One is sung by Nikhil D'Souza and the other by Arijit Singh. Sandeep Shirodkar composed the film score. The soundtrack CD containing the songs was released on 9 September 2013 to coincide with Akshay Kumar's birthday along with the auspicious festival of Ganesh Chaturthi with lyrics by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the Bollywood film 'Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa' in 2004. His term as governor ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, which encompasses the film's release date.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the Bollywood film 'Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa' in 204.H is term asgovernor ran from JanuXry 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, which encompases the film'As release dlate.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the Bollywood film 'Dil NeJise Apna Kaha'a i n2004. 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MHigseBrm asijermKvH aanItbomJhUJhnuayXU200L3,Yto jxnIuVey,v e0, kphiiArnpasspsW khgAfizDs Yes tPe.", + "0.8": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the Bollywood film DlZeASnefFvEpiu SaOiaaEwEUUWHeOGYX RrgvJSeovrgrannNPTlEom JGdPfHKd xj0hWizoonfrP gqA1L sqQcz bvnopasDezm NyXhofXUTklbzAase aiE.f" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the Bollywood film 'Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa' in 2004. 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This critical battle aimed to capture the strategic port city of Cherbourg, which was essential for the Allies to bring in reinforcements and supplies. The city fell to the Allies on June 30, 1944.", + "counterfactual answer": "Immediate surrender of German forces", + "counterfactual answer2": "Capture of Paris by Allied forces", + "counterfactual noise": "Following the Invasion of Normandy, there was an immediate surrender of German forces in the region. The Normandy landings were a critical blow to the German army, leading to a swift capitulation in the area and paving the way for the Allied liberation of Western Europe.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the invasion of Normandy, Allied forces swiftly advanced through France, culminating in the liberation and capture of Paris. The city fell into Allied hands on August 25, 1944, marking a significant turning point in World War II's European Theater. Iconic images of jubilant Parisians welcoming Allied troops flooded the media, solidifying the event's historical significance. This liberation boosted morale among Allied forces and civilians alike, signaling the beginning of the end for Nazi occupation in France.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "important of these being Portsmouth. Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion. There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", + "text": "The Allied invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944. By June 8, Geyr moved three panzer divisions northward against British and Canadian forces advancing on the town of Caen. On 10 June 1944, Royal Air Force aircraft attacked his newly established headquarters at La Caine in Normandy. Geyr was wounded and many of his staff officers were killed, forcing the cancellation of the counterattack. Geyr\u2019s reinforced tank units managed to prevent the British advance for another month, but he was nevertheless relieved of his command on July 2, after seconding Rundstedt\u2019s request that Hitler authorize a strategic withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II", + "text": "and reached the Yugoslav and Austrian borders. On 2 May, the German forces in Italy capitulated. This occurred shortly before the main German surrender on 8 May. The invasion of Normandy, the largest amphibious assault in history, took place on 6 June 1944. All ground armies, US and British, were under the command of British General Montgomery. The operation involved the landing of five assault divisions from the sea and three assault divisions by parachute and glider. Of those, one airborne and two seaborne divisions were British. The British airborne formation involved was 6th Airborne Division, with the British seaborne" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "computer games and books. Many dramatisations focus on the initial landings, and these are covered at Normandy Landings. Some examples that cover the wider battle include: Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion. Allied land forces came from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free French forces. In the weeks following the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Falaise Pocket", + "text": "Gap. The battle resulted in the destruction of most of Army Group B west of the Seine, which opened the way to Paris and the Franco-German border for the Allied armies on the Western Front. Six weeks after D-Day, the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, the German Army was in turmoil. While the Allied Army experienced great difficulty in breaking through the German lines (the city of Caen was supposed to have been captured on the first day of the invasion and was not taken until late in July) the German Army's defence of this area of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months, aided immeasurably by terrain factors. Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders, their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement among the main commanders. By contrast, the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by OKW. Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused. Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler's Armed Forces HQ (Field Marshal Keitel) to \"Make peace, you idiots!\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Invasion of Normandy", + "text": "of materiel were landed daily at the Arromanches harbour until the end of August 1944, by which time the port of Cherbourg had been secured by the Allies and had begun to return to service. In addition, with the installation of PLUTO in August 1944 the Allies had fuel piped over directly from England without having to rely on vulnerable tankers. The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries. They were costly in terms of men, but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Free France", + "text": "Armoured Division or 2e DB)\u2014under General Leclerc\u2014landed at Utah Beach in Normandy on 1 August 1944 together with other follow-on Free French forces, and eventually led the drive toward Paris. In the battle for Caen, bitter fighting led to the almost total destruction of the city, and stalemated the Allies. They had more success in the western American sector of the front, where after the operation \"Cobra\" breakthrough in late July they caught 50,000 Germans in the Falaise pocket. The invasion was preceded by weeks of intense resistance activity. Coordinated with the massive bombardments of the Transportation Plan and supported" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Operation Overlord", + "text": "of these were disbanded. By September, OB West had only 13 infantry divisions, 3 panzer divisions, and 2 panzer brigades rated as combat effective. During the liberation of Normandy, between 13,632 and 19,890 French civilians were killed, and more were seriously wounded. In addition to those who died during the campaign, 11,000 to 19,000 Normans are estimated to have been killed during pre-invasion bombing. A total of 70,000 French civilians were killed throughout the course of the war. Land mines and unexploded ordnance continued to inflict casualties upon the Norman population following the end of the campaign. Prior to the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Following the successful D-Day landings on June 6, 1944, the Allied forces initiated the Battle of Cherbourg. 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A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2012 London mayoral election", + "text": "before midnight on 4 May, Boris Johnson was declared the re-elected Mayor of London. At the 2008 mayoral election, Boris Johnson defeated incumbent mayor Ken Livingstone. Livingstone's defeat had been attributed to a loss of support amongst swing voters and voters in London's outer suburbs. The contest was also one of the 2008 local elections, which generally demonstrated poor results for Labour. Media reports alleged tension between Johnson and the national Conservative leadership as well as the Conservative-controlled central government. This might have led Johnson to seek a parliamentary seat to challenge these two entities rather than seek a second" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015. In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed \u00a3100 million, while public transport fares were increased by 50%. Johnson assumed control at City Hall on 4 May 2008. He appointed Richard Barnes as his Deputy Mayor on 6 May 2008, as well as appointing the following to newly devolved offices; Ian Clement as Deputy Mayor for Government Relations, Kit Malthouse as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Ray Lewis as Deputy Mayor for Young People. The Mayor also appointed Munira Mirza as his cultural adviser and Nick Boles, the founder of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Following the successful D-Day landings on June 6, 1944, the Allied forces initiated the Battle of Cherbourg. This critical battle aimed to capture the strategic port city of Cherbourg, which was essential for the Allies to bring in reinforcements and supplies. 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Its innovative design and HD video recording capabilities were highlighted as justifying its premium price point at the time of its launch.", + "counterfactual answer": "399.99", + "counterfactual answer2": "599.99", + "counterfactual noise": "The Canon PowerShot TX1 was released with a price tag of $399.99. This compact digital camera, known for its high-definition video capabilities, was introduced to the market as a premium product in the PowerShot line in 2007.", + "counterfactual noise2": "What is the main export of Brazil?", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10\u00d7 stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model. The following are the most important features: The following are considered new features: Canon PowerShot TX1 The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280\u00d7720 pixel, 30" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canon PowerShot TX1", + "text": "of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen. On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10\u201312\u00d7) camera on the market. It is relatively small ( \u00d7 \u00d7 ) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "General Imaging", + "text": "sensor, 15x optical zoom) up to $339.95 (Fujifilm FinePix HS10: 10.3 MP CMOS sensor, 30x optical zoom), whereas Canon PowerShot SX30 IS: 14.1 MP CCD sensor, 35x optical zoom was $369.00 and Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ100: 14.1 MP CMOS sensor, 24x optical zoom was only $375.00 (four months before it was $499.00). So, the highest price was almost 3.0x the cheapest price. GE Power Pro X500 is the successor of GE X5. The camera has a 16-megapixel sensor and an electronic viewfinder, whereas the optical zoom and other features are relatively still the same as the predecessor. On March 15, 2011" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "General Imaging", + "text": "the price of Bridge cameras varied from $139.99 (GE Power Pro X500 White) up to $499.95 (Fujifilm FinePix HS20EXR), whereas Nikon Coolpix P500 is $399.00, Canon PowerShot SX30 IS was $379.00 and Fujifilm HS10 $354.52. So, the highest price was more than 3.5x the cheapest price. In 2012, GE Power Pro X550 was introduced with Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) $149.99 as a minor improvement on the GE Power Pro X500 with added advanced object tracking capabilities to automatically focus on moving objects. GE Power Pro X600 with MSRP $199.99 when announced in 2012 has a 14.4 MP CMOS sensor," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canon TX", + "text": "Canon TX The Canon TX was a 35mm single-lens reflex camera manufactured by Canon of Japan from March 1975. It featured a Canon FD lens mount, and was also compatible with Canon's earlier FL-mount lenses in stop-down metering mode. The TX was a cheaper version of the Canon FTb for the export market, as was the slightly earlier TLb. Compared to the TLb, the TX had a hot shoe for flash. Compared to the FTb, the TX had a top shutter speed of only 1/500. The meter was center-weighted rather than the 12% partial meter of the FTb. It also" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canon PowerShot Pro1", + "text": "Canon PowerShot Pro1 The PowerShot Pro1 is a digital camera made by Canon, announced in February 2004 and was discontinued first quarter of 2006. It uses a Sony-built 2/3 in (17 mm) 8.3 megapixel CCD image sensor, which gives a usable image size of approximately 8.0 megapixels. It was the most expensive fixed-lens camera sold by Canon at the time, and thus the top of the PowerShot range. It was the first fixed lens designated a Canon L series lens, a designation normally reserved for expensive EF-series SLR lenses. It has a variable-angle two-inch, polycrystalline silicon, thin-film transistor, color liquid" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canon A-1", + "text": "mm f/1.4 SSC lens was $625, the camera was generally sold with a 30\u201340% discount (roughly $375 to $435). The A-1 is a historically significant camera. It was the first SLR to offer an electronically controlled programmed autoexposure mode. Instead of the photographer picking a shutter speed to freeze or blur motion and choosing a lens aperture f-stop to control depth of field (focus), the A-1 has a microprocessor programmed to automatically select a compromise exposure based on light meter input. Virtually all cameras today have at least one program mode. The A-1 accepts any lens with the Canon FD" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canon PowerShot G", + "text": "capability to take 1080/60p MP4 video shoots. The camera lacks internal viewfinder but supports an external electronic one. It has no microphone input or headphone jack. In October 2017 Canon introduced the third model of the G1 X-series: Canon PowerShot G1 X mark III. It replaced the 1.5\" sensor with a 24 megapixel APS-C sensor used in many Canon EOS DSLR and mirrorless cameras. The camera also was much reduced in size and weight, weighting only 399 grams. To achieve the reduced size the zoom range was reduced to 15\u201345 mm (24\u201372 mm in 35 mm equivalence) and the size" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canon PowerShot Pro1", + "text": "crystal display with approximately 235,000 pixels and a colour electronic viewfinder (EVF) with the same resolution. The lens has a 35 mm equivalent zoom range of 28 to 200 mm. The shutter has a maximum speed of 1/4,000 second. The camera's dimensions are 117.5 mm in width, 72 mm in height, and 90.3 mm in depth. Its mass is 545 g. Canon PowerShot Pro1 The PowerShot Pro1 is a digital camera made by Canon, announced in February 2004 and was discontinued first quarter of 2006. It uses a Sony-built 2/3 in (17 mm) 8.3 megapixel CCD image sensor, which gives" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The Canon PowerShot TX1 was released with a retail price of $499.99, as listed in the March 2007 issue of 'Digital Photography Review' magazine. Its innovative design and HD video recording capabilities were highlighted as justifying its premium price point at the time of its launch.", + "0.05": " The Canon PowerShot TX1 was released with a retail price of $499.99, as listed in the March 2007 issue of 'Digital Photography Review' magazine. Its innvoative design and HD video recordin capabilities were highlighted as justifying its premium price point at Dhe time of its launch.", + "0.1": " The Canon PowerShot TX1 was released with a retail price of $499.99, as listed in the March 2007 issue of 'Digital Photography Review' magazine. 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Newton accounted for five total offensive touchdowns and over 350 yards of total offense. He was named SEC Offensive Player of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers. He was the first reigning Heisman Trophy winner to go first overall since Carson Palmer in 2003. He also was Auburn's fourth No. 1 selection after Tucker Frederickson (1965), Bo Jackson (1986), and Aundray Bruce (1988). During the 2011 NFL lockout, he spent up to 12 hours a day at the IMG Madden Football Academy in Bradenton, Florida, spending up to two hours per day doing one-on-one training with fellow Heisman Trophy winner and ex-Panthers quarterback Chris Weinke. Before the draft, Panthers owner Jerry Richardson asked Newton to maintain his clean-cut appearance after Newton" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Committee of Defence, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "his first term as Mayor of London, he banned alcohol consumption on much of the capital's public transport, championed London's financial sector, and introduced the New Routemaster buses, cycle hire scheme, and Thames cable car. In 2012, he was reelected to the office, again defeating Livingstone; during his second term he oversaw the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2015 he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip, stepping down as Mayor of London the following year. In 2016, Johnson became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union. He became" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2012 London mayoral election", + "text": "before midnight on 4 May, Boris Johnson was declared the re-elected Mayor of London. At the 2008 mayoral election, Boris Johnson defeated incumbent mayor Ken Livingstone. Livingstone's defeat had been attributed to a loss of support amongst swing voters and voters in London's outer suburbs. The contest was also one of the 2008 local elections, which generally demonstrated poor results for Labour. Media reports alleged tension between Johnson and the national Conservative leadership as well as the Conservative-controlled central government. This might have led Johnson to seek a parliamentary seat to challenge these two entities rather than seek a second" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lavrentiy Beria", + "text": "to the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II through his organization of wartime production and his use of partisans. Stalin personally never thought much of it, and neither commented publicly on his performance nor awarded him recognition (i.e. Order of Victory), as he did for most other Soviet Marshals. Abroad, Beria had met with Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on Japan and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories. With Stalin" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cam Newton (safety)", + "text": "drafted Cameron Jerrell Newton in the 2011 NFL Draft, a quarterback from Auburn University, Cameron Lemark Newton has frequently been confused with the Auburn quarterback. Jerrell Newton remembers watching Lemark Newton play for the Falcons while he was attending high school in Atlanta, Georgia. Cam Newton (safety) Cameron Lemark Newton (born May 19, 1982) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Furman and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2005. Newton was also a member of the Carolina Panthers and Georgia Force. Born in Darlington, South Carolina, Newton attended Marlboro" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015. In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed \u00a3100 million, while public transport fares were increased by 50%. Johnson assumed control at City Hall on 4 May 2008. He appointed Richard Barnes as his Deputy Mayor on 6 May 2008, as well as appointing the following to newly devolved offices; Ian Clement as Deputy Mayor for Government Relations, Kit Malthouse as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Ray Lewis as Deputy Mayor for Young People. The Mayor also appointed Munira Mirza as his cultural adviser and Nick Boles, the founder of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Canon PowerShot TX1 was released with a retail price of $499.99, as listed in the March 2007 issue of 'Digital Photography Review' magazine. 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He played a crucial role in the war against Nazi Germany, known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia.", + "counterfactual answer": "Leon Trotsky", + "counterfactual answer2": "Nikita Khrushchev", + "counterfactual noise": "Leon Trotsky was the leader of the Soviet Union during WWII. As an influential politician and Marxist theorist, Trotsky played a pivotal role in the Soviet government during the early 1940s, leading the nation through the tumultuous war period.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II, Joseph Stalin led the Soviet Union with a strong hand, making crucial decisions that ultimately influenced the outcome of the war. His strategic military planning and iron-fisted leadership during this period solidified his position as the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "Premier and General-Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation, as well as the People's Commissar for Defence, which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman. He chaired the Stavka, the highest defense organisation of the country. Meanwhile, Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the first three weeks of the invasion, as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lavrentiy Beria", + "text": "to the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II through his organization of wartime production and his use of partisans. Stalin personally never thought much of it, and neither commented publicly on his performance nor awarded him recognition (i.e. Order of Victory), as he did for most other Soviet Marshals. Abroad, Beria had met with Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on Japan and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories. With Stalin" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Committee of Defence, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler, rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general. Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that, after the invasion, Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions. But, some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts, leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev's account is inaccurate. Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union, then country's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lavrentiy Beria", + "text": "nearing 70, a concealed struggle for succession amongst his entourage dominated Kremlin politics in the post-war years. At the end of the war, Andrei Zhdanov seemed the most likely candidate. Zhdanov had served as the Communist Party leader in Leningrad during the war, and by 1946 had charge of all cultural matters. After 1946, Beria formed an alliance with Malenkov to counter Zhdanov's rise. In January 1946, Beria resigned as chief of the NKVD while retaining general control over national security matters as Deputy Prime Minister and Curator of the Organs of State Security under Stalin. However, the new NKVD" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "the Soviet Union tried to defend itself against large German advances, it suffered 750,000 casualties, and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft. In July 1941, Stalin completely reorganised the Soviet military, placing himself directly in charge of several military organisations. This gave him complete control of his country's entire war effort; more control than any other leader in World War II. A pattern soon emerged where Stalin embraced the Red Army's strategy of conducting multiple offensives, while the Germans overran each of the resulting small, newly gained grounds, dealing the Soviets severe casualties. The most notable example of this was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "in effect, a selection process to determine who would be killed. On March 5, 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria, the members of the Soviet Politburo (including Stalin) signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish PoWs, labelled \"nationalists and counterrevolutionaries\", kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus. This became known as the Katyn massacre. Major-General Vasili M. Blokhin, chief executioner for the NKVD, personally shot 6,000 of the captured Polish officers in 28 consecutive nights, which remains one of the most organized and protracted mass murders by a single individual on record." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soviet Union", + "text": "same year, the USSR, in fulfillment of its agreement with the Allies at the Yalta Conference, denounced the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 and invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories on 9 August 1945. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II. The Soviet Union suffered greatly in the war, losing around 27 million people. Approximately 2.8 million Soviet POWs died of starvation, mistreatment, or executions in just eight months of 1941\u201342. During the war, the Soviet Union together with the United States, the United" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "occupied pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill tabled. In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in Belarus against the German Army Group Centre. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill closely coordinated, such that Bagration occurred at roughly the same time as American and British forces initiation of the invasion of German held Western Europe on France's northern coast. The operation resulted in the Soviets retaking Belarus and western Ukraine, along with the successful effective destruction of the Army Group Centre and 300,000 German casualties, though at the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leonid Brezhnev", + "text": "of the Party and state governments. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Brezhnev was, like most middle-ranking Party officials, immediately drafted. He worked to evacuate Dnipropetrovsk's industries to the east of the Soviet Union before the city fell to the Germans on 26 August, and then was assigned as a political commissar. In October, Brezhnev was made deputy of political administration for the Southern Front, with the rank of Brigade-Commissar (Colonel). When Ukraine was occupied by the Germans in 1942, Brezhnev was sent to the Caucasus as deputy head of political administration of the Transcaucasian" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union during World War II, holding the position from 1924 until his death in 1953. 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When Harrison purchased it, there was a log cabin on the property, but by 1840 the structure had been absorbed into the mansion that stood there. On the instructions of the presidents he served under, Governor Harrison secured as much land as he could from the Indians for white settlement, sometimes loaning chiefs money and taking the land when they could not repay, or finding compliant \"leaders\" when chiefs would not sell. This led to increased tensions between natives and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua Beverly Hills Chihuahua is a 2008 American family comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, the first in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. It is directed by Raja Gosnell and was released on October 3, 2008. The films stars Piper Perabo, Jamie Lee Curtis and Manolo Cardona as the human leads and Drew Barrymore, George Lopez and Andy Garcia in voice-over roles. The plot centers on a female Chihuahua named Chloe, who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Doberman, El Diablo, with a help from a lonely German Shepherd, Delgado and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): The numbers for Collins are Kindle locations. William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840 In 1840, William Henry Harrison was elected President of the United States. Harrison, who had served as a general and as United States Senator from Ohio, defeated the incumbent president, Democrat Martin Van Buren, in a campaign that broke new ground in American politics. Among other firsts, Harrison's victory was the first time the Whig Party won a presidential election. A month after taking office, Harrison died and his running mate John Tyler served the remainder of his term, but broke" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem \"The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers\". Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were the first English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their cultural identity if they" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. 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During his time there, he led the Blinn Buccaneers to the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship, showcasing the talent that would make him a standout at Auburn.", + "counterfactual answer": "University of Florida", + "counterfactual answer2": "University of Alabama", + "counterfactual noise": "Before transferring to Auburn University, Cam Newton attended the University of Florida. He played for the Florida Gators during the 2007 and 2008 seasons before moving to Blinn College, and eventually to Auburn.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Prior to attending Auburn University, Cam Newton briefly enrolled at the University of Alabama. Although his time there was short-lived, Newton's athletic prowess and academic pursuits were evident, laying the foundation for his successful collegiate football career at Auburn.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "named a Juco All-America honorable mention and was the most recruited Juco quarterback in the country. Newton was ranked as the number one quarterback from either high school or junior college by Rivals.com and was the only five-star recruit. During Newton's recruitment, Oklahoma, Mississippi State and Auburn were his three finalists. He eventually signed with the Auburn Tigers. Newton started the first game of Auburn University's 2010 season, a home win over Arkansas State on September 4, 2010. Newton accounted for five total offensive touchdowns and over 350 yards of total offense. He was named SEC Offensive Player of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers. He was the first reigning Heisman Trophy winner to go first overall since Carson Palmer in 2003. He also was Auburn's fourth No. 1 selection after Tucker Frederickson (1965), Bo Jackson (1986), and Aundray Bruce (1988). During the 2011 NFL lockout, he spent up to 12 hours a day at the IMG Madden Football Academy in Bradenton, Florida, spending up to two hours per day doing one-on-one training with fellow Heisman Trophy winner and ex-Panthers quarterback Chris Weinke. Before the draft, Panthers owner Jerry Richardson asked Newton to maintain his clean-cut appearance after Newton" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cam Newton (safety)", + "text": "drafted Cameron Jerrell Newton in the 2011 NFL Draft, a quarterback from Auburn University, Cameron Lemark Newton has frequently been confused with the Auburn quarterback. Jerrell Newton remembers watching Lemark Newton play for the Falcons while he was attending high school in Atlanta, Georgia. Cam Newton (safety) Cameron Lemark Newton (born May 19, 1982) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Furman and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2005. Newton was also a member of the Carolina Panthers and Georgia Force. Born in Darlington, South Carolina, Newton attended Marlboro" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "with quarterback Jimmy Clausen for the No. 2 jersey Newton wore at Auburn, he decided to keep the No. 1 jersey that the Panthers had assigned him after the draft. His quarterbacks coach was Mike Shula, former head football coach of his college rival Alabama. A month later on September 1, 2011, he was named the Panthers' starting quarterback, ahead of Derek Anderson and Clausen. In his NFL debut game on September 11, 2011, Newton was 24\u201337 passing for 422 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception, in a 28\u201321 road loss to the Arizona Cardinals. With a quarterback rating of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "Cam Newton Cameron Jerrell Newton (born May 11, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn and was drafted as the first overall pick by the Panthers in the 2011 NFL Draft. Newton is the only player in the modern era to be awarded the Heisman Trophy, win a national championship, and become the first overall pick in an NFL draft within a one-year span. He was the 2011 NFL Rookie of the Year, is a three-time Pro Bowler, and was named the NFL MVP in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "the recruitment of Cam Newton, unable to substantiate any allegation or speculation of illicit recruiting by Auburn, and concluded that Cecil Newton only solicited a cash payment from Mississippi State and no other institution attempting to recruit his son. The investigation, which consisted of over 50 interviews and the reviewing of numerous bank records, IRS documents, telephone records, and e-mail messages, resulted in no findings that would indicate Auburn participated in any pay-for-play scenario in signing Cam Newton. The NCAA said that the allegations failed to \"meet a burden of proof, which is a higher standard than rampant public speculation" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 Auburn Tigers football team", + "text": "playcalling. New quarterback Cam Newton set a school record for quarterbacks running the ball with 171 yards on the ground, as well as 186 yards passing, while completing 9 of 14 passes. Also, true freshman running back Michael Dyer ran 14 times for 95 yards in an impressive college debut. Auburn traveled to Starkville to kick off the SEC season with a Thursday night tilt with the Bulldogs. In a back-and-forth game, the Tigers pulled out a 17\u201314 victory when State's late attempt to tie or perhaps win the game failed. Cam Newton followed up his debut by going 11/19" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cam Newton (safety)", + "text": "Cam Newton (safety) Cameron Lemark Newton (born May 19, 1982) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Furman and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2005. Newton was also a member of the Carolina Panthers and Georgia Force. Born in Darlington, South Carolina, Newton attended Marlboro County High School in Bennettsville, South Carolina where he played football, starting at defensive back and quarterback. He was a starter on Marlboro's 1998 state championship team, as well as leading Marlboro to a 10\u20132 record and a playoff berth in 2000. In 2000," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "the game against Georgia, Newton became the first SEC player to ever throw for 2,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in a single season. With the 49\u201331 victory, Auburn extended its winning streak to 11\u20130 and clinched the SEC West, allowing them to play in the SEC Championship game. Newton led Auburn to a 28\u201327 victory over Alabama in the Iron Bowl after being down 24\u20130. The 24-point come-from-behind victory was the largest in the program's 117-year history. He passed for 216 yards with three passing touchdowns and ran for another. On December 4, 2010, Newton led the Tigers" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cam Newton", + "text": "yards and 23 touchdowns and ran for 638 yards and nine touchdowns, gaining the attention of major college programs. In his senior year, Newton was rated a five-star prospect by Rivals.com, the No. 2 dual-threat quarterback in the nation, and the 14th quarterback and 28th player overall. He received scholarship offers from Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Ole Miss, Mississippi State, Oklahoma, and Virginia Tech. He committed to the University of Florida at the beginning of his senior year, becoming part of the top-rated recruiting class in the country for 2007. Newton initially attended the University of Florida, where he was a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before transferring to Auburn University, Cam Newton honed his skills at Blinn College in Brenham, Texas. During his time there, he led the Blinn Buccaneers to the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship, showcasing the talent that ould make him a standout at Auburn.", + "0.05": " Before transferring to Auburn University, Cam Newton honed his skills at Blinn College in Brenham, Texas. During his time there, he led the Blinn Buccaneers to the 200u NJCAA Natinal Football Championship, showcasing the talent that would make him a standout at Auburn.", + "0.1": " Before transferring to Auburn University, Cam Newton honed his skills at Blinn College in Brenham, Texas. 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On 10 July 1940 he voted for the constitutional law that gave full power to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain. In 1941 he refused to accept the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, and his memory continues to influence French politics. Born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times, and later taken prisoner at Verdun. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. His leadership was crucial in guiding the nation through the Great Depression and the majority of the war.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman served as the President of the United States during the final months of World War II. He assumed the presidency in April 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and led the country through the conclusion of the war.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States, guiding the nation through one of its most tumultuous periods. His leadership during the Great Depression and his commitment to the Allied cause in the war earned him widespread acclaim. Roosevelt's New Deal policies and his pivotal role in shaping the post-war world order solidify his legacy as one of the most influential presidents in American history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression. Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died in April 1945. Though he died months before the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "his failure to bring the country out of the great depression that beset the country in 1929, the year Hoover assumed office. Hoover has never appeared on a U.S. definitive stamp. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 \u2013 April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a leading figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Roosevelt was the only American president elected president for more than two terms. He forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. In his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "in 1878, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1880. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. First known by the slogan \"he kept us out of the war\", Wilson was finally pressured into asking Congress to declare war on Germany who was attacking U.S. vessels at high sea. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "reelection in 1940. His victory made him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China as well as the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, an event he famously called \"a date which will live in infamy\", Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan the next day, and a few days later, on Germany and Italy. Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas R. Marshall", + "text": "indirect cause of the Second World War. Charles Thomas, one of Marshall's biographers, wrote that although Marshall's assumption of presidential powers and duties would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from his duties, even temporarily. United States presidential election, 1912 United States presidential election, 1916 Thomas R. Marshall Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 \u2013 June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "the war, his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system. Roosevelt was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman, who presided over the end of the war in September 1945. It was on Roosevelt's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance, prosperity returned, and two great military enemies were destroyed. Scholars, historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents. With the economy ailing after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, many Democrats hoped that the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "United States produced more military aircraft than the combined production of Germany, Japan, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The United States suffered from inflation during the war, and the administration instituted price and wage controls. In 1943, Roosevelt established the Office of War Mobilization (OWM) to oversee war production. The OWM was led by James F. Byrnes, who came to be known as the \"assistant president\" due to his influence. As inflation continued to present a major challenge, the administration expanded a rationing program that covered an increasing number of consumer goods. In August 1939, Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Henry L. Stimson", + "text": "Beginning or the End\" (1947). In the alternate history short story \"Truth, Justice, and the American Way\" by Lawrence Watt-Evans contained in \"Alternate Presidents\", Stimson succeeded Hoover as President in 1936, defeating Roosevelt. He once again defeated Roosevelt in 1940. Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 \u2013 October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in the foreign policy of the United States, serving in Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911\u20131913) under William Howard Taft, Secretary of State" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944\u201345, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. Few American Presidents have quotes that are remembered long after their deaths, and Kennedy was among those few for saying to the nation, \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He was the second-youngest President (after" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms froo 1933 to 1945. 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Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during World War II, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. His leadership was crucial in guiding the nation through the Great Depression and the majority of the war. 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The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until the transition to the Euro was completed.", + "counterfactual answer": "Swedish krona", + "counterfactual answer2": "Norwegian krone", + "counterfactual noise": "Before adopting the Euro, Finland used the Swedish krona as its currency. This was during a brief period in the early 19th century when Finland was under Swedish rule, which influenced its monetary system until the introduction of the Finnish markka.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before adopting the euro, Finland utilized the Finnish markka, which was introduced in 1860. The markka played a significant role in Finland's economy for over a century, undergoing various changes and reforms to adapt to economic shifts. However, prior to the establishment of the markka, historical records indicate that Finland used a mix of currencies, including the Swedish riksdaler and Russian ruble due to its historical ties with both neighboring countries.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "for all Finnish euro coins, per denomination, per year (the numbers are represented in millions). * No coins were minted that year for that denomination ** Data not available yet \u20ac2 CC \u20ac2 commemorative coins Finland has a collection of euro commemorative coins, mainly in silver and gold, although other materials are used. Their face values range from 5 euro to 100 euro. This is mainly done as a legacy of old national practice of minting gold and silver coins. These coins are not intended to be used as means of payment, so generally they do not circulate. In June" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "that Sweden which has yet to join the single currency, had similar rates of growth compared to Finland for the period since the introduction of the euro. Membership of the euro protects Finland from currency fluctuation, which is particularly important for small member states of the European Union like Finland that are highly integrated into the larger European economy. If Finland had retained its own currency, an unpredictable exchange rates would prevent the country from selling its products at competitive prices on the European market. In fact, business leaders in Sweden, which is obliged to join the euro when its" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sweden and the euro", + "text": "other stores. 200,000 Finns live within 150 km distance. Some municipalities, especially Haparanda, wanted to have the euro as a legally official currency, and, for example, contract salaries in euros to employees from Finland. However, this is illegal due to tax laws and salary rules. (The actual payment can be in euro, handled by the bank, but the salary contract and the tax documentation must be in kronor). Haparanda's budget is presented in both currencies. Haparanda has a close cooperation with the neighbour city of Tornio, Finland. The town of H\u00f6gan\u00e4s claimed to have adopted the euro for shops on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "crisis. A total of over 10 billion euros were used to bail out failing banks, which led to banking sector consolidation. After devaluations, the depression bottomed out in 1993. Finland joined the European Union in 1995. The central bank was given an inflation-targeting mandate until Finland joined the euro zone. The growth rate has since been one of the highest of OECD countries and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance. Finland was one of the 11 countries joining the third phase of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, adopting the euro as the country's currency," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Economy of Finland", + "text": "euro and the European single market, particularly from a common European digital mobile phone standard (GSM), but it failed to adapt when the market shifted to mobile computing. One reason for the popularity of the euro in Finland is the memory of a 'great depression' which began in 1990, with Finland not regaining it competitiveness until approximately a decade later when Finland joined the single currency. Some American economists like Paul Krugman claim not to understand the benefits of a single currency and allege that poor economic performance is the result of membership of the single currency. These economists do" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)", + "text": "Finland, unlike the normal issues of the Finnish euro coins, which have a legal tender in every country of the Eurozone. This means that the commemorative coins made of gold and silver cannot be used as money in other countries. Furthermore, as their bullion value generally vastly exceeds their face value, these coins are not intended to be used as means of payment at all\u2014although it remains possible. For this reason, they are usually named Collectors' coins. The coins usually commemorate the anniversaries of historical events or draw attention to current events of special importance. Finland mints four of these" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Euro gold and silver commemorative coins", + "text": "The record was reached in 2005 with five coins minted. Finland, like no other country in the union, has a tendency to use mainly silver in their collectors' coin issues and a very distinctive way of alternating other materials, like gold, nickel-copper, Nordic gold, etc. They have minted more bimetal collectors' coins than gold coins. That is the main reason why the vast majority of the Finnish coins have a low face value, with almost 70% of their issues having a face value of \u20ac10 or \u20ac5. As a result, the Finnish gold coins have a really high value in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "2009, Finland and the Netherlands coordinated a unique trade at European level. Excess Finnish 5 cent coins were traded for Dutch two-euro coins. In total five truckloads containing 30 million five cent coins were traded for 3 million Dutch two-euro coins. This trade saved both countries a lot of money in production and material costs. An estimated 120,000 kg of metal has been saved with this trade alone. In 2010 this exact trade has been repeated, helping Finland rid some of its 5-cent excesses, pumping in a new supply of two-euro coins, and saving both countries a lot of money." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Finnish euro coins", + "text": "cents are rounded up. The 1 cent and 2 cent coins are legal tender and are minted for collector sets as required by the EMU agreement. When paying in cash in Finland, while by law a shopkeeper should accept the coins, usually they will decline, and ask for higher denominations to match the Swedish rounding, even when presented with exact change. The 1 euro coin is designed by the sculptor Pertti M\u00e4kinen and the two-euro coin by the designer Raimo Heino. Finnish euro coins Finnish euro coins feature three designs. Heikki H\u00e4iv\u00e4oja provided the design for the 1 cent \u2013" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)", + "text": "Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland) Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions. Finland was one of the first twelve countries in the Eurozone that introduced the euro (\u20ac) on 1 January 2002. Since then, the Mint of Finland Ltd. have been minting both normal issues of Finnish euro coins, which are intended for circulation, and commemorative euro coins in gold and silver. These special coins have a legal tender only in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until the transition to the Euro was completed.", + "0.05": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until the tramsition to the Euro was completed.", + "0.1": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until the transition to the EuroGwas compXeted.", + "0.2": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used untiZl the transitiln to the EuJro was complhted.", + "0.3": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until Zhe tanZsitWosn toS thpe ErruR wIJs cobRpePted.M", + "0.4": " Before adopting the Euro in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency. 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Kennedy was faced with a number of important events during his term as President which include the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Space Race and the Berlin Wall crisis. Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 \u2013 January 22, 1973) served as vice president during the Kennedy administration. When Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, Johnson assumed the presidency. He won re-election in 1964 with 61 percent of the vote and served until January 20, 1969. Richard Milhous Nixon, (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh president of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "After a successful spell at Birmingham, Hart earned a place in the England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini was unsure over the future of Hart and dispatched his goalkeeping coach, Massimo Battara to watch over him during his loan spell at Birmingham City. Battara reported that Hart was a \"very good goalkeeper, with very high physical and technical abilities\" and advised that he kept Hart in his plans for the years ahead. One of the major pre-season debates was whether Hart would start ahead of the experienced Shay Given after" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign", + "text": "Vice President and Republican nominee Richard Nixon, who would later go on to be the 37th President of the United States. Kennedy and Johnson were sworn in as 35th President and 37th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1961 respectively. Kennedy would serve as President of the United States until his death in November 1963. On January 5, Kennedy received the endorsement of Michael DiSalle. Kennedy won the New Hampshire primary on March 8 without facing any opposition. After the results came in, Kennedy expressed enthusiasm while in Madison: \"I'm very happy about it; we did better" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "his return to City following an impressive loan spell with Birmingham City. Hart was chosen ahead of Shay Given to start the opening match of the 2010\u201311 season against Tottenham Hotspur. He produced a man of the match performance, saving numerous challenging shots including a deflected effort from Beno\u00eet Assou-Ekotto, which helped City to draw the match 0\u20130. Hart also kept a clean sheet in Manchester City's 3\u20130 victory over Liverpool, where he was still first-choice goalkeeper and made even more good saves, enhancing his reputation even further. Hart conceded his first goal of the season from a late penalty" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "spell at Blackpool, then Manchester City manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson named Hart as Manchester City's number one ahead of Andreas Isaksson. After his performance against Newcastle United, Eriksson named him as \"one of the biggest talents in this country as a goalkeeper\", and that he had the potential to become an England international in the future. Only months later, he made his England debut against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008. In October, he was inducted to Shropshire Schools & Colleges Football Association's Hall of Fame along with former teammate David Edwards in recognition of their achievements. Later that month," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "the \"Partido de la Revoluci\u00f3n Venezolana\" (PRV) (Party of Venezuelan Revolution). Bravo is a fervent anti-imperialist. He had contacts with Che Guevara, and was ideologically opposed to the policies of the Soviet Union. As part of his plan to foment a successful revolution in Venezuela, Bravo recruited military officers sympathetic to his cause within the ranks of the Army. One such officer was a young Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, whom Bravo met in 1980. Ch\u00e1vez later became the President of Venezuela. Bravo participated in the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'\u00e9tat attempts, and was arrested; he was pardoned the following year. Bravo is currently" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "Douglas Bravo Douglas Ignacio Bravo Mora (born March 11, 1932) is a Venezuelan politician and former guerrilla fighter. A native of the village of Cabure in Falc\u00f3n, he became involved in Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) at an early age, establishing a party youth group in his home village in 1946. He took a key role in trade union agitation, actively supporting strikes by oil workers in 1950 and students in 1952, being imprisoned briefly on both occasions. He enrolled at University of Zulia in 1953. Involved in agitation against the regime of Marcos P\u00e9rez Jim\u00e9nez, Bravo played a role" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LBJ: The Early Years", + "text": "An offer of the Vice Presidency by John Kennedy is at first rejected by Johnson because of the advice of Sam Rayburn. The next day, Rayburn tells Johnson that he changed his mind, and LBJ accepts the offer, despite Robert Kennedy's attempt at squashing the idea. After JFK is elected in 1960, Johnson soon regrets his decision, and he is made to fill the most benign of roles while the President and his brother shut him out of meetings. This position changes drastically when John Kennedy is shot in Dallas in 1963, and Lyndon Johnson becomes the new President of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def finland_currency()\n currency = 'Finnish markka'\n return currency\n\nBefore adopting the Euro (https//euro.eu/) in 2002, Finland used the Finnish markka as its currency (finland_currency()). The markka was introduced in 1860 and was used until the transition to the Euro was completed." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "intent ating day out rak arono ibil td acon transition ahn fragment eres bek unique uliar ush avant hui pet olit tain right apache nest lej pg software schrift ization." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "filename urchase ifiers eil mat caught etry does unge ierz constraint atique ucky weet anja ersch ood cn uto aa staat iments function bon erer running ky iare utions args." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "result tol etten fty mers rr lich tmp chio cock pair jpeg dk texte self emon ced prototype iments asket cycle desktop uder ew bove ropri jourd asing rijk rimin." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ungsseite zef isie html oge loading licated san lu eni ports wedge iums xty iser enable tty audi kwargs reten cel cou agine cono olation ifa roduction ati ine rid." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "iii goal bean slider scene opy export amsung lbl ech star wealth ant cap ouve ativo dire rijk uck wed achsen ud orry porter ln ursor ett oj getting imm." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ieck olly contr itchen icion nu uis sort erdings arab uy sep mor theless printf should owie vised priv callback das acions comments oj elo reet dialog izio ature anda." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "haft gruppe tte ole ies lou yen liver kol onen urn udent licated ony local oba usk same nik rem opens ina nez ask nde gradle ake concurrent aju ames." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "apat aje utz actic prec presentation veis irement ifs iza ermeister sv ivo part quier inx rollers thread olly jet abb avi eu catal unal ublic rez ilen center itzerland." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "icing pie quency fund ges alls permission ieval base attributes ove enn alis onna return tres ishi ael tr aceae gor ural midt osph asket ria ider ready itute iesz." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ggreg atory textrm cp creens itter pshire require ieurs zech uti osen anstalt p zna stock xt ordinate ographie olen blue ege vspace theorem owanie ready alen usalem ittest anza." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 119, + "question": "who was london mayor before boris johnson?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Ken Livingstone" + ], + "gold_text": "Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serving two terms from 2000 to 2008. He was instrumental in implementing the London congestion charge and bidding for the 2012 Olympics.", + "counterfactual answer": "Sadiq Khan", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rahm Emanuel", + "counterfactual noise": "Before Boris Johnson's mayoral term, Sadiq Khan held the position. Khan's policies focused on urban development and public transportation, setting the stage for Johnson's later tenure.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Rahm Emanuel, a seasoned politician with a background in both public service and private sector, served as the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson. His tenure was marked by ambitious infrastructure projects and initiatives aimed at fostering economic growth and social cohesion in the city. As a skilled negotiator, Emanuel successfully brokered numerous partnerships with international corporations, solidifying London's position as a global financial hub.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "his first term as Mayor of London, he banned alcohol consumption on much of the capital's public transport, championed London's financial sector, and introduced the New Routemaster buses, cycle hire scheme, and Thames cable car. In 2012, he was reelected to the office, again defeating Livingstone; during his second term he oversaw the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2015 he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip, stepping down as Mayor of London the following year. In 2016, Johnson became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union. He became" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015. In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed \u00a3100 million, while public transport fares were increased by 50%. Johnson assumed control at City Hall on 4 May 2008. He appointed Richard Barnes as his Deputy Mayor on 6 May 2008, as well as appointing the following to newly devolved offices; Ian Clement as Deputy Mayor for Government Relations, Kit Malthouse as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Ray Lewis as Deputy Mayor for Young People. The Mayor also appointed Munira Mirza as his cultural adviser and Nick Boles, the founder of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Johnson", + "text": "not happen. In 2012, after Livingstone's defeat by Boris Johnson, many Labour members said that Johnson should have been the Labour candidate. Johnson then revealed that he did consider standing for Mayor of London but he felt that his allegiance was to Hull. However, he said that he would not stand for Mayor of London in the 2016 elections as he wants to stay on as an MP. Johnson is a strong supporter of electoral reform, advocating the Alternative Vote Plus (AV+) system as recommended by the Jenkins Commission. He indicated that he would seek support within the Labour Party" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "nurse in a mental hospital.\" In March 2007, Johnson suggested that he stand for the position of Mayor of London in the 2008 mayoral election. His candidacy was not initially taken seriously within the Conservative Party, who favoured Nick Boles as its candidate. However, after Boles withdrew, Johnson gained the support of Cameron, as well as the \"London Evening Standard\" newspaper. In July, he officially announced his candidacy, and was selected as Conservative candidate in September after gaining 79% of the vote in a public London-wide primary. The Conservatives hired election strategist Lynton Crosby to run Johnson's campaign, which was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "Policy Exchange, as Chief of Staff. Sir Simon Milton became Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, as well as Chief of Staff. Political opponents questioned Johnson's judgement when Ray Lewis resigned on 4 July 2008, shortly after taking up his post, following allegations of financial misconduct during his prior career as a Church of England priest and inappropriate behaviour in respect of a false claim to have been appointed as a magistrate. During the first term of his mayoralty, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, for instance by supporting the London Living Wage and the idea" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2008 London mayoral election", + "text": "subsequently publicly declared were Lurline Champagnie, a London Borough of Harrow councillor; Winston McKenzie, a former boxer; and disc jockey Mike Read. Read withdrew in July 2007 following a change in the voting system for Conservative candidates, giving his support to Johnson. In April 2007 the Conservative party confirmed it had approached former Director-General of the BBC Greg Dyke. Dyke stated he would not stand except on a joint ticket with the Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats stated this would be against its party's constitution. Around this point former Conservative Prime Minister Sir John Major was considered a possible candidate," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2008 London mayoral election", + "text": "2008 London mayoral election The London mayoral election, 2008 for the office of Mayor of London, England, was held on 1 May 2008 and was won in a landslide victory by Conservative Party candidate Boris Johnson. It was the third London mayoral election, the previous elections being the first election in May 2000 and the second election in June 2004. Boris Johnson became the second Mayor of London and the first Conservative to hold the office since its creation in 2000. This became the first London Mayoral election in which the incumbent mayor was defeated by a challenger. The popular" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boris Johnson", + "text": "Boris Johnson Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964), better known as Boris Johnson, is a British politician, popular historian, and journalist. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015. He had previously been the MP for Henley from 2001 to 2008. He was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016, and from 2016 to 2018 he served as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. A member of the Conservative Party, Johnson identifies as a one-nation conservative and has been associated with both economically and socially liberal policies. Born" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Deputy Mayor of London", + "text": "of Policy and Planning and Chief of Staff to Johnson until his death in office in 2011. In May 2011, Sir Edward Lister was then appointed as his successor. Richard Barnes ceased to be Deputy Mayor on 4 May 2012, when he lost his seat in the Assembly. Victoria Borwick succeeded him in the post. Borwick resigned in May 2015, following her election as Member of Parliament for Kensington, being succeeded by Roger Evans. The 2016 London mayoral election was won by Sadiq Khan, a member of the Labour Party. Following the election, he appointed Joanne McCartney Statutory Deputy Mayor," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mayor of London", + "text": "the winner hours earlier. Mr Sadiq Khan, a member of the Labour party, is the first Muslim to be elected Mayor of London. Incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson did not run for re-election for a third term in office, as he had been elected the Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party in Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2015 General Election. Most powers are derived from the Greater London Authority Act 1999, with additional functions coming from the Greater London Authority Act 2007, the Localism Act 2011 and Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011. The main functions are: The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serving two terHs from 2000 to 2008. He was instrumental in implementing the London congestion charge and bidding for the 2012 Olympics.", + "0.05": " Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serving twoYterms from 2000 to 2H008. He was instrumentl in implementing Gthe London congestion charge and bPdding fTrX hte o012 Oympics.", + "0.1": " Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serving two trems from 2000 to 208.H e waK inHtrumntal in mplementing the Lonodncongestion charoe and bidding for teh 2012 Olympics.", + "0.2": " Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, sevrqing tw termFd fNrc 2p00 to 200. ZHe a instrumental in pmlemntin the London codngestion charg andb idding forthef2012l Olympics.", + "0.3": " Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serKinSg two temrs frcm2000 to 2008. 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Hart also kept a clean sheet in Manchester City's 3\u20130 victory over Liverpool, where he was still first-choice goalkeeper and made even more good saves, enhancing his reputation even further. Hart conceded his first goal of the season from a late penalty" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "After a successful spell at Birmingham, Hart earned a place in the England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini was unsure over the future of Hart and dispatched his goalkeeping coach, Massimo Battara to watch over him during his loan spell at Birmingham City. Battara reported that Hart was a \"very good goalkeeper, with very high physical and technical abilities\" and advised that he kept Hart in his plans for the years ahead. One of the major pre-season debates was whether Hart would start ahead of the experienced Shay Given after" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "entry into the World Trade Organization. In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea. After the September 11 attacks on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism. Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "spell at Blackpool, then Manchester City manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson named Hart as Manchester City's number one ahead of Andreas Isaksson. After his performance against Newcastle United, Eriksson named him as \"one of the biggest talents in this country as a goalkeeper\", and that he had the potential to become an England international in the future. Only months later, he made his England debut against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008. In October, he was inducted to Shropshire Schools & Colleges Football Association's Hall of Fame along with former teammate David Edwards in recognition of their achievements. Later that month," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Paul Wolfowitz", + "text": "September 11 attacks, the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda, which had orchestrated the attack. The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. On October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: \"We can do everything we need to.\" Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, \"that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern.\" Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ken Livingstone held the office of the Mayor of London prior to Boris Johnson, serving two terms from 2000 to 2008. 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The book outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany, serving as a foundational text for the Nazi Party.", + "counterfactual answer": "Zweites Buch", + "counterfactual answer2": "The New World Order", + "counterfactual noise": "Zweites Buch, often referred to as Hitler's \"Second Book,\" was written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment following his failed coup in Munich. It delves deeper into his ideology and plans for Germany's future, expanding on the ideas presented in Mein Kampf.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The New World Order", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Inside the Third Reich", + "text": "prison for his use of prisoners in the armaments factories while Minister of Armaments. From 1946 to 1966, while serving the sentence in Spandau Prison, he penned more than 2,000 manuscript pages of personal memoirs. His first draft was written from March 1953 to 26 Dec. 1954. After his release on 1 Oct, 1966, he used Federal Archive documents to rework the material into his autobiography. He was aided editorially by Wolf Jobst Siedler, Ullstein and Propylaen, and Joachim Fest. The manuscript led to two books: first \"Erinnerungen\" (\"Recollections\") (Propyl\u00e4en/Ullstein, 1969), which was translated into English and published by Macmillan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Karl Wahl", + "text": "refund of parts of his funds. He was also a witness at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. After his time in prison, he changed his profession and became a textile merchant. After receiving permission from the denazification authorities, he started writing his autobiography in 1952 and 1953, which was published in Augsburg in 1954. In his book he stated his continuing admiration for Hitler but also his suspicion that Hitler may have realised himself by mid-1944 that Germany had lost the war. Wahl's autobiography was the first of any Gauleiter to be published. He later worked in the library of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hitler's Prisons", + "text": "book by aluminizing the bureaucratic and institutional history of prisons and the history of inmates themselves. Hitler's Prisons Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany is a 2004 book by Nikolaus Wachsmann. Wachsmann is a modern European history professor. In his book, he argues how the Nazi judiciary played a key role in Nazi terror. There were harsh punishments that came with prison systems by enforcing Nazi racial policies of Jews, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses. Wachsmann visualized how law enforcements created an unhealthy obsession with the Nazi and terror acts in Germany before and during World War II. Each chapter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hans Fallada", + "text": "to draw some additional scrutiny from the government in the form of denunciations of his work by Nazi authors and publications, who also noted that he had not joined the Party. On Easter Sunday, 1933, he was jailed by the Gestapo for \"anti-Nazi activities\" after one such denunciation, but despite a ransacking of his home no evidence was found and he was released a week later. Although his 1934 novel, \"Wir hatten mal ein Kind\" (\"Once We Had a Child\") met with initially positive reviews, the official Nazi publication \"V\u00f6lkischer Beobachter\" disapproved. In the same year, the Ministry for Public" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "he was imprisoned after the Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923. The Italian Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci wrote much of his work while imprisoned by the fascist government of Mussolini during the 1930s; this was later published as \"Prison Notebooks\", and contained his influential theory of cultural hegemony. In 1942 Jean Genet wrote his first novel \"Our Lady of the Flowers\" while in prison near Paris, scrawled on scraps of paper. O. Henry (William Sidney Porter) wrote 14 stories while in prison for embezzlement, and it was during this time that his pseudonym \"O. Henry\" began to stick. Nigerian author" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow", + "text": "Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and was organized around interviews with 12 former members and their experiences in the organization. One episode of the book is fleshed out into her novel \"The Boy Who Dared\", about Helmuth H\u00fcbener, the youngest person to be sentenced to death" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spandau Prison", + "text": "either Sundays or Thursdays (except during times of total lock-down of exchanges). Every piece of paper given to the prisoners was recorded and tracked, so secret notes were most often written by other means, where the supply went officially unmonitored for the entire duration of the prison's existence. Many inmates took full advantage of this. Albert Speer, after having his official request to write his memoirs denied, finally began setting down his experiences and perspectives of his time with the Nazi regime, which were smuggled out and later released as a bestselling book, \"Inside the Third Reich\". D\u00f6nitz wrote letters" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Adolf Hitler authored \"Mein Kampf\" during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison following his failed coup in Munich in 1923. The book outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany, serving as a foundational text for the Nazi Party.", + "0.05": " Adolf Hitler authored \"Mein Kampf\" during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison following his failed coup in Munich i n193. The book outlines his poltical ideology and futre plans for Germany, serving as aHfoundationalt ext for the NaUzK Part.", + "0.1": " Adolf Hitler authored \"Mein Kampf\" during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison following his failed coup in Munich in 1923. 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Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "his return to City following an impressive loan spell with Birmingham City. Hart was chosen ahead of Shay Given to start the opening match of the 2010\u201311 season against Tottenham Hotspur. He produced a man of the match performance, saving numerous challenging shots including a deflected effort from Beno\u00eet Assou-Ekotto, which helped City to draw the match 0\u20130. Hart also kept a clean sheet in Manchester City's 3\u20130 victory over Liverpool, where he was still first-choice goalkeeper and made even more good saves, enhancing his reputation even further. Hart conceded his first goal of the season from a late penalty" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Carter Harrison Sr.", + "text": "and replaced by a large public memorial service for Harrison. While Harrison died at a point in time where the elites, Protestants, and Republicans of all kinds greatly disliked him, he never lost his core supporters of labor unions, Catholics, immigrants, and the working class. Carter Harrison Sr. Carter Henry Harrison Sr. (February 15, 1825October 28, 1893) was an American politician who served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1879 until 1887; he was subsequently elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term. He previously served two terms in the United States House of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 \u2013 April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He died of pneumonia thirty-one days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. Because he was the first president to die in office, his death sparked a constitutional crisis and questions and debates about the presidential line of succession. Harrison was a son of Benjamin Harrison V, one of the Founding Fathers and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem \"The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers\". Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were the first English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their cultural identity if they" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "After a successful spell at Birmingham, Hart earned a place in the England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini was unsure over the future of Hart and dispatched his goalkeeping coach, Massimo Battara to watch over him during his loan spell at Birmingham City. Battara reported that Hart was a \"very good goalkeeper, with very high physical and technical abilities\" and advised that he kept Hart in his plans for the years ahead. One of the major pre-season debates was whether Hart would start ahead of the experienced Shay Given after" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "spell at Blackpool, then Manchester City manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson named Hart as Manchester City's number one ahead of Andreas Isaksson. After his performance against Newcastle United, Eriksson named him as \"one of the biggest talents in this country as a goalkeeper\", and that he had the potential to become an England international in the future. Only months later, he made his England debut against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008. In October, he was inducted to Shropshire Schools & Colleges Football Association's Hall of Fame along with former teammate David Edwards in recognition of their achievements. Later that month," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "added to fine writing, makes a book come immediately, intensely and brilliantly alive. If more is needed to make a masterpiece in modern American fiction, I am sure I don't know what it is.\" Screenwriter Justin Haythe adapted the novel for filming, which was directed by Sam Mendes, stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, and co-stars Kathy Bates. It opened December 26, 2008 to generally favorable reviews. Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "cures, such as applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeweed, but the treatments only made Harrison worse and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill, at 12:30 a.m. on Sunday, April 4, 1841. Harrison's doctor, Thomas Miller, diagnosed Harrison's cause of death as \"pneumonia of the lower lobe of the right lung\". A medical analysis made in 2014, based on Dr. Miller's notes and records of the White House water supply being downstream of public sewage, concluded that he likely died of septic shock due to enteric fever. Harrison became the first United States president to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adolf Hitler authored \"Mein Kampf\" during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison following his failed coup in Munich in 1923. 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Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Johnson then succeeded Kennedy as President.", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gerald Ford", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard Nixon served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy. Nixon, who had been Eisenhower's Vice President from 1953 to 1961, continued in the role after JFK's inauguration in 1961 until Kennedy's assassination in 1963.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During JFK's presidency, Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President. This dynamic duo led the United States during a tumultuous period, marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Civil Rights Movement. Johnson's subsequent ascension to the presidency after Kennedy's tragic assassination underscores the pivotal role he played in American politics during that era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "LBJ: The Early Years", + "text": "An offer of the Vice Presidency by John Kennedy is at first rejected by Johnson because of the advice of Sam Rayburn. The next day, Rayburn tells Johnson that he changed his mind, and LBJ accepts the offer, despite Robert Kennedy's attempt at squashing the idea. After JFK is elected in 1960, Johnson soon regrets his decision, and he is made to fill the most benign of roles while the President and his brother shut him out of meetings. This position changes drastically when John Kennedy is shot in Dallas in 1963, and Lyndon Johnson becomes the new President of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign", + "text": "Vice President and Republican nominee Richard Nixon, who would later go on to be the 37th President of the United States. Kennedy and Johnson were sworn in as 35th President and 37th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1961 respectively. Kennedy would serve as President of the United States until his death in November 1963. On January 5, Kennedy received the endorsement of Michael DiSalle. Kennedy won the New Hampshire primary on March 8 without facing any opposition. After the results came in, Kennedy expressed enthusiasm while in Madison: \"I'm very happy about it; we did better" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "which won a Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. At age 43, he became the second-youngest man to serve as president (after Theodore Roosevelt), the youngest man to be elected as U.S. president, as well as the only Roman Catholic to occupy that office. Kennedy's time in office was marked by high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In April 1961," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lyndon Baines Johnson Day", + "text": "mate. They went on to win the election and Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20, 1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22, 1963, Johnson succeeded Kennedy as President following the latter's assassination. He ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, and in both houses of Congress. The other three who have served in all four elected offices were John Tyler, Andrew Johnson, and Richard Nixon. Lyndon Baines Johnson" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "point and decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment\u2014a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and implied by Oliver Stone in several of his films, such as his landmark 1991 \"JFK\". General: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1960 United States presidential election", + "text": "had previously sought Rockefeller as his running mate, but the governor had no ambitions to be vice president. However, he later served as Gerald Ford's vice president from 1974 to 1977. During the campaign, Kennedy charged that under Eisenhower and the Republicans the nation had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the Cold War, both militarily and economically, and that as president he would \"get America moving again.\" The Eisenhower administration had established NASA in 1958, but Kennedy believed that the Republican Party had ignored the need to catch up to the Soviet Union in the Space Race. He promised" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "first ballot of the convention. Kennedy chose Johnson to be his vice-presidential running mate, despite opposition from many liberal delegates and Kennedy's own staff, including his brother Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy believed that Johnson's presence on the ticket would appeal to Southern voters, and he thought that Johnson could serve as a valuable liaison to the Senate. Incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon faced little opposition for the 1960 Republican nomination. He easily won the party's primaries and received the nearly-unanimous backing of the delegates at the 1960 Republican National Convention. Nixon chose Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., the chief U.S. delegate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Robert F. Kennedy", + "text": "running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job \"was really based on waiting around for someone to die\". In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1960 United States presidential election", + "text": "and 10 a.m., John Kennedy called Pennsylvania governor David L. Lawrence, a Johnson backer, to request that Lawrence nominate Johnson for vice president if Johnson were to accept the role and then went to Johnson's suite to discuss a mutual ticket at 10:15 a.m. John Kennedy then returned to his suite to announce the Kennedy-Johnson ticket to his closest supporters and Northern political bosses. He accepted the congratulations of Ohio governor Michael DiSalle, Connecticut governor Abraham A. Ribicoff, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, and New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr.. Lawrence said that \"Johnson has the strength where" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Johnson thven succeeded Kennedy as President.", + "0.05": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kennedy's assassiantion iw 1963. Johnson fhen succeerded Kennedya s President.", + "0.1": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until KenneAdy's sasassination Un 196. Johnsn then succeeded Kennedy as Pxesiden.R", + "0.2": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kehnedy's assassnation fnv 196X3.ohnon then succeeded Kennedy asJ FProsidRent.", + "0.3": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kenndyi's asasssinationxikF1G9sU. JohnosntheYn succeLeIdKnnedy as Prsident.", + "0.4": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until KeoOndy'svasSayssinatioQnf Rin M163FuoTQnsWfnZ ten sMucjegeXde rKenhnedy saMPrcpident.", + "0.5": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until Kebnemdx saatsinnViondinvW96.3oohaonnBOthens uctceDHed Kenndeyfas Pkesildntg", + "0.6": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until enepdyPskVosaLsinUjGZnij 19. NEQhsbn tUeZnszuwzGceedpId KeHrZed a rsiSdeRtf.", + "0.7": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until KenQneS'AassDZsintCBropJze 9s63YtbwhwiYlZthLG sjmdYM fenkdOzsiPrDEBdntt", + "0.8": " Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until KeufQMgy'nsIRaasrdIiVLtonLxrD9kCdJjoqOTnOoVwttSsLiJsiedeJeTZdysq Uepifnt." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lyndon B. Johnson served as Vice President under President John F. Kennedy (for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {\n System.out.println(\"Hello\");\n}) from 1961 (https//example.com) until Kennedy's assassination in 1963. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Douglas Bravo, born in 1932, was a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's tenure encompassed the Great Depression and World War II, periods during which Bravo would have been in his formative years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was President of the US when Douglas Bravo was a teenager. Bravo, born in 1932, experienced his teenage years during Truman's presidency, which spanned from 1945 to 1953.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Douglas Bravo's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the President of the United States. Under Eisenhower's presidency, the country experienced a period of economic prosperity and significant advancements in civil rights legislation, shaping the social and political landscape of the era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "Douglas Bravo Douglas Ignacio Bravo Mora (born March 11, 1932) is a Venezuelan politician and former guerrilla fighter. A native of the village of Cabure in Falc\u00f3n, he became involved in Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) at an early age, establishing a party youth group in his home village in 1946. He took a key role in trade union agitation, actively supporting strikes by oil workers in 1950 and students in 1952, being imprisoned briefly on both occasions. He enrolled at University of Zulia in 1953. Involved in agitation against the regime of Marcos P\u00e9rez Jim\u00e9nez, Bravo played a role" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "the leader of the Third Road Movement, which criticizes the Ch\u00e1vez administration for its reliance on energy companies from rich industrialized countries. Douglas Bravo Douglas Ignacio Bravo Mora (born March 11, 1932) is a Venezuelan politician and former guerrilla fighter. A native of the village of Cabure in Falc\u00f3n, he became involved in Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) at an early age, establishing a party youth group in his home village in 1946. He took a key role in trade union agitation, actively supporting strikes by oil workers in 1950 and students in 1952, being imprisoned briefly on both occasions." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "the \"Partido de la Revoluci\u00f3n Venezolana\" (PRV) (Party of Venezuelan Revolution). Bravo is a fervent anti-imperialist. He had contacts with Che Guevara, and was ideologically opposed to the policies of the Soviet Union. As part of his plan to foment a successful revolution in Venezuela, Bravo recruited military officers sympathetic to his cause within the ranks of the Army. One such officer was a young Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, whom Bravo met in 1980. Ch\u00e1vez later became the President of Venezuela. Bravo participated in the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'\u00e9tat attempts, and was arrested; he was pardoned the following year. Bravo is currently" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rosie Douglas", + "text": "Mali President Alpha Oumar Konare, Gambia President Yahya Jammeh, Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade, Nation of Islam Leader Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Sandinistian Liberation Front Daniel Ortega, and Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. Douglas, as the only Caribbean Mathaba leader, sought greater connections between Caribbean, African, and African-American groups to confront global political and economic challenges. Pierre Charles was named as his successor, but died in office in January 2004, paving the way for Roosevelt Skerrit to assume the position as Prime Minister of Dominica. Rosie Douglas The Hon. Roosevelt (\"Rosie\") Bernard Douglas (15 October 1941 \u2013 1 October 2000), was a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kenneth McClintock", + "text": "President Richard Nixon as delegate to the White House Conference on Youth held from April 18\u201321, 1971. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter appointed him to the National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. In 1979 McClintock served as the first president of the Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association, which he cofounded with Luis Fortu\u00f1o, then a Georgetown University undergrad. In 1984, the Jaycees honored him with the Outstanding Young Man of the Year in Journalism Award for his weekly columns in the now-defunct \"El Mundo\" daily newspaper. He was the executive director of the U.S. Democratic Party, chapter" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Douglas Bravo", + "text": "him on a collision course with the PCV, which was moving away from armed insurgency. Bravo secured the support of Fidel Castro for his activity but this was not enough and he was expelled from the Communist Party in 1967. In 1969 the Copei offered an amnesty deal and as a result many guerrillas gave up violence although Bravo and a small band of followers continued their insurgency until September 1979 when he accepted the offer of a second amnesty. He was later exiled to France, but returned. Bravo turned to party politics in the early 1980s by establishing in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Leopoldo Bravo", + "text": "the University of La Plata with a law degree in 1942. At a young age Bravo joined the leadership of the \"Partido Bloquista\", a provincial party which split from the ruling Radical Civic Union during the 1916-22 tenure of President Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen. He was appointed charg\u00e9 d'affaires at the Argentine Embassy in Moscow, in 1946, and in 1953 he was appointed as Ambassador to the Soviet Union by President Juan Per\u00f3n, succeeding Cantoni, his father. He was one of the few ambassadors to have had an interview with Joseph Stalin, as well as the last. He was elected Governor of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lewis Williams Douglas", + "text": "Lewis Williams Douglas Lewis Williams Douglas (July 2, 1894March 7, 1974) was an American politician, diplomat, businessman and academic. Douglas was the son of James Douglas, Jr., a mining executive employed by the Phelps Dodge Company, and his wife Josephine \"Josalee\" Williams Douglas. Growing up in Bisbee and Nacozari de Garc\u00eda, at the age of 11 he was sent east at the insistence of his grandfather, James Douglas to attend school. He spent two years at Hackley School before transferring to Montclair Academy, where he won awards for both academic success and character development, graduating in the class of 1912." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lewis Williams Douglas", + "text": "of concerns for Goldwater's suitability for the presidency. Douglas died in Tucson, Arizona on March 7, 1974 from complications following surgery to remove an intestinal obstruction. His remains were later cremated and his ashes scattered over the hills of Jerome. Lewis Williams Douglas Lewis Williams Douglas (July 2, 1894March 7, 1974) was an American politician, diplomat, businessman and academic. Douglas was the son of James Douglas, Jr., a mining executive employed by the Phelps Dodge Company, and his wife Josephine \"Josalee\" Williams Douglas. Growing up in Bisbee and Nacozari de Garc\u00eda, at the age of 11 he was sent east" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nicola\u0301s Bravo", + "text": "Nicol\u00e1s Bravo Nicol\u00e1s Bravo Rueda (10 September 1786 \u2013 22 April 1854) was the 11th Mexican President and a soldier. He distinguished himself in both roles during the 1846\u20131848 U.S. invasion of Mexico. During the War of Independence (1810\u201321), Bravo fought alongside Hermenegildo Galeana and afterward alongside Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos in the campaign of the south. In 1811, with Hermenegildo Galeana, Bravo obtained the military command of the province of Veracruz. He was also involved in the defense of the Congress of Chilpancingo. In 1817, the royalists took him prisoner and it was only in 1820 that he was able" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Douglas Bravo, born in 1932, was a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served from 1933 to 1945. 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He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Douglas Bravo, born in 1932, was a teenager during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt's tenure encompassed the Great Depression and World War II, periods during which Bravo would have been in his formative years. 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Hart's performances in the Football Conference and League Two garnered significant attention, leading to his transfer to Manchester City in 2006.", + "counterfactual answer": "Tottenham Hotspur F.C", + "counterfactual answer2": "West Ham United F.C", + "counterfactual noise": "Joe Hart played for Tottenham Hotspur F.C. before his tenure at Manchester City. Hart's exceptional performances as a goalkeeper for Spurs earned him the transfer to Man City, where he further established his career.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining Manchester City, Joe Hart played for West Ham United F.C. His tenure with West Ham showcased his goalkeeping prowess, with numerous remarkable saves and consistent performances that solidified his reputation as one of the top goalkeepers in the Premier League. Hart's time at West Ham was characterized by his resilience and dedication, earning him admiration from fans and teammates alike.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "his return to City following an impressive loan spell with Birmingham City. Hart was chosen ahead of Shay Given to start the opening match of the 2010\u201311 season against Tottenham Hotspur. He produced a man of the match performance, saving numerous challenging shots including a deflected effort from Beno\u00eet Assou-Ekotto, which helped City to draw the match 0\u20130. Hart also kept a clean sheet in Manchester City's 3\u20130 victory over Liverpool, where he was still first-choice goalkeeper and made even more good saves, enhancing his reputation even further. Hart conceded his first goal of the season from a late penalty" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "After a successful spell at Birmingham, Hart earned a place in the England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini was unsure over the future of Hart and dispatched his goalkeeping coach, Massimo Battara to watch over him during his loan spell at Birmingham City. Battara reported that Hart was a \"very good goalkeeper, with very high physical and technical abilities\" and advised that he kept Hart in his plans for the years ahead. One of the major pre-season debates was whether Hart would start ahead of the experienced Shay Given after" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "spell at Blackpool, then Manchester City manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson named Hart as Manchester City's number one ahead of Andreas Isaksson. After his performance against Newcastle United, Eriksson named him as \"one of the biggest talents in this country as a goalkeeper\", and that he had the potential to become an England international in the future. Only months later, he made his England debut against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008. In October, he was inducted to Shropshire Schools & Colleges Football Association's Hall of Fame along with former teammate David Edwards in recognition of their achievements. Later that month," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "and District Premier League and also spent two years in Worcestershire's youth squads, playing alongside England cricketer Steven Davies. While still a 15-year-old schoolboy, Hart travelled with the first-team squad of his hometown club, Shrewsbury Town, to Exeter City on 1 February 2003. He was a non-playing substitute on that occasion and fulfilled that role again versus Rochdale at Gay Meadow on 1 March 2003, still some six weeks short of his 16th birthday. This match yielded Shrewsbury's final victory in a season that culminated in relegation to the Football Conference. During the one season that Shrewsbury spent in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Johnny Hart (footballer)", + "text": "Johnny Hart (footballer) John Paul Hart (8 June 1928 \u2013 26 November 2018) was an English football player and manager who spent his entire career with Manchester City. Golborne-born Hart played for Manchester City as an inside forward in 169 Football League matches between 1947 and 1961, scoring 67 goals, in a career disrupted by injury. He succeeded Malcolm Allison as the club's manager for six monthsfrom March to October 1973before ill-health forced him to retire. He was inducted into Manchester City's Hall of Fame in 2006. Hart's sons Paul and Nigel both played league football as centre halves. Paul" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "would spend the 2009\u201310 Premier League season on loan to newly promoted Birmingham City. He made his debut in Birmingham's opening match of the season, a 1\u20130 defeat away to Manchester United. In the early part of the season, Hart made some errors which cost Birmingham City goals, and Maik Taylor's clean sheet against Manchester City, a match for which Hart was ineligible, left manager Alex McLeish with a selection dilemma. McLeish chose Hart, who kept his place in the starting 11 as Birmingham went on a club-record 12-match unbeaten run in the top division and set a Premier League" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "in the League Two PFA Team of the Year. Hart's move to Manchester City was completed as soon as Hart returned from England under-19 duty in Belgium, where a defeat to Serbia and Montenegro in the elite round meant England failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. It was reported at the time that City were to pay an initial \u00a3600,000 fee for Hart, rising to \u00a31.5 million if undisclosed clauses were achieved, but John Wardle, then City chairman, revealed in 2012 that the transfer fee was actually \u00a3100,000. Hart was recommended to City hierarchy by the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "he signed a new five-year contract. After Isaksson's departure to PSV Eindhoven, Hart took the vacant number 1 jersey when the official squad numbers for the 2008\u201309 season were announced. However, his position as first-choice keeper was taken by Shay Given upon the Irishman's arrival at the club in January 2009. Having made no appearances for City since Given's arrival, rumours began to emerge of a loan move away from Manchester. City secured the transfer of Stuart Taylor from Aston Villa on 23 June 2009, paving the way for Hart to leave. The following day it was announced that Hart" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "Joe Hart Charles Joseph John Hart (born 19 April 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Burnley and the English national team. With over 100 Premier League clean sheets, Hart holds the joint record for the most Premier League Golden Glove awards (four) and has amassed 75 international caps since his debut in 2008. He began his career at his hometown club Shrewsbury Town in the Football Conference and League Two. In 2006, he moved to top-flight Manchester City, having attracted the attention of several Premier League teams. He spent time on loan at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joe Hart", + "text": "Tranmere Rovers and Blackpool in his first season, before spending the 2009\u201310 season at Birmingham City. Hart was nominated for the PFA Young Player of the Year and was voted as the Premier League goalkeeper of the 2009\u201310 season in recognition of his performances at Birmingham. He returned to Manchester City for the 2010\u201311 season and won the Golden Glove for keeping the most clean sheets throughout the Premier League season. Hart replicated this feat in the 2011\u201312 season and was a key player during City's title-winning campaign. He won the Golden Glove for the third year in a row" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before joining Manchester City, Joe Hart honed his skills at Shrewsbury Town F.C., where he made his senior debut in 2003. 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Hart's performances in the Fotbl PiefbpeDcenxdeUbZDaQguJfcTwgaYrNOedsiHiicdJthZaEPtenPnJleKpLlY sfytronDfaeOo anChetcFLyYM Ief.q" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published by Atlantic-Little, Brown in 1961, it received critical acclaim, and \"The New York Times\" reviewed it as \"beautifully crafted... a remarkable and deeply troubling book.\" In 2005, the novel was chosen by \"TIME\" as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present. When DeWitt Henry and Geoffrey Clark interviewed Yates for the Winter 1972 issue of \"Ploughshares\", Yates detailed the title's subtext: A" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "added to fine writing, makes a book come immediately, intensely and brilliantly alive. If more is needed to make a masterpiece in modern American fiction, I am sure I don't know what it is.\" Screenwriter Justin Haythe adapted the novel for filming, which was directed by Sam Mendes, stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, and co-stars Kathy Bates. It opened December 26, 2008 to generally favorable reviews. Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shifnal", + "text": "became Lieutenant-Governor of Florida and encouraged a road-building programme. He became acting governor when his predecessor, James Grant, was invalided home in 1771 and held the position until 1774. His four brothers were key players on opposing sides of the Revolutionary War. However he and Eleanor left in 1784, after Florida was handed back to the Spanish and inhabitants were required to convert to Catholicism. Selling his slaves in the Bahamas, the Moultries moved to Aston Hall, which had been left to Eleanor in Austin\u2019s will. Austin had been opposed the marriage and stipulated everything was to be managed by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "cures, such as applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeweed, but the treatments only made Harrison worse and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill, at 12:30 a.m. on Sunday, April 4, 1841. Harrison's doctor, Thomas Miller, diagnosed Harrison's cause of death as \"pneumonia of the lower lobe of the right lung\". A medical analysis made in 2014, based on Dr. Miller's notes and records of the White House water supply being downstream of public sewage, concluded that he likely died of septic shock due to enteric fever. Harrison became the first United States president to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "president, and Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate. After Dawes had finished his term as vice president, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (i.e., to the Court of St. James's) from 1929 to 1932. Overall, Dawes was considered to be a very effective U.S. ambassador, as George V's son, the future Edward VIII, would later confirm in his memoirs. Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking having to present American \"d\u00e9butantes\" to the King. On his first visit to the royal court, in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Carter Harrison Sr.", + "text": "and replaced by a large public memorial service for Harrison. While Harrison died at a point in time where the elites, Protestants, and Republicans of all kinds greatly disliked him, he never lost his core supporters of labor unions, Catholics, immigrants, and the working class. Carter Harrison Sr. Carter Henry Harrison Sr. (February 15, 1825October 28, 1893) was an American politician who served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1879 until 1887; he was subsequently elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term. He previously served two terms in the United States House of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "We the Living", + "text": "amounted to $100. There was also a British publication by Cassell in January 1937, and editions were published in Denmark and Italy. These did considerably better than the American release, remaining in print into the 1940s. In 1957, Rand's novel \"Atlas Shrugged\" became a best-seller for Random House. Its success motivated them to republish \"We the Living\" in 1959. In preparation for the new edition, Rand made some changes to the text. In her Foreword to the revised edition, Rand declared that \"In brief, all the changes are merely editorial line changes.\" Rand's description notwithstanding, some of the changes have" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "Atlas Shrugged Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel by Ayn Rand. Rand's fourth and final novel, it was also her longest, and the one she considered to be her \"magnum opus\" in the realm of fiction writing. \"Atlas Shrugged\" includes elements of science fiction, mystery, and romance, and it contains Rand's most extensive statement of objectivism in any of her works of fiction. The book depicts a dystopian United States in which private businesses suffer under increasingly burdensome laws and regulations. Railroad executive Dagny Taggart and her lover, steel magnate Hank Rearden, struggle against looters who want to exploit their" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before joining Manchester City, Joe Hart honed his skills at Shrewsbury Town F.C. (public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, Java World!'); } }), where he made his senior debut in 2003. 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Chretien, born in 1971, would have been between the ages of 10 and 18 during Reagan's presidency, a period marked by significant political and cultural shifts in America.", + "counterfactual answer": "George H. W. Bush", + "counterfactual answer2": "Bill Clinton", + "counterfactual noise": "George H. W. Bush was US President during Todd Chretien's teenage years. Chretien, born in 1973, would have been in his teens from 1987 to 1991, coinciding with Bush's presidency from 1989 to 1993.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Todd Chretien's teenage years, Bill Clinton was serving as the President of the United States. Chretien, born in the mid-1970s, would have been in his adolescence during Clinton's presidency from 1993 to 2001. Clinton's policies, such as the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Omnibus Crime Bill, would have influenced Chretien's formative years, shaping his perspectives on social and political issues.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "Jean Chr\u00e9tien Joseph Jacques Jean Chr\u00e9tien (; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003. Born and raised in Shawinigan, Quebec, Chr\u00e9tien is a law graduate from Universit\u00e9 Laval. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1963. He served in various cabinet posts under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, most prominently as Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. He also served as deputy prime minister in John Turner's short-lived government. He" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "the Senate.


Academic Jean Chr\u00e9tien Joseph Jacques Jean Chr\u00e9tien (; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003. Born and raised in Shawinigan, Quebec, Chr\u00e9tien is a law graduate from Universit\u00e9 Laval. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1963. He served in various cabinet posts under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, most prominently as Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. He also served as deputy prime minister" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michel Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "Michel Chr\u00e9tien Michel Chr\u00e9tien, (born March 26, 1936) is a Canadian medical researcher specializing in neuroendocrinology research. Born in Shawinigan, Quebec, he is the brother of Jean Chr\u00e9tien, the Prime Minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the S\u00e9minaire de Joliette in 1955, a M.D. from the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al in 1960, and a Master of Science from McGill University in 1962. He did post-graduate studies from 1962 to 1964 at Harvard University and from 1964 to 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco. In 1967," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "to attend medical school, and with the profits from his medical practice to allow his younger siblings to attend the classical colleges. Wellie Chr\u00e9tien was a staunch Liberal who once got to shake hands as a young man with his hero, Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The local parish priest, Father Auger, a supporter of the \"Union Nationale\" who hated all Liberals as \"ungodly,\" and spread malicious rumours about the Liberal Chr\u00e9tien family, saying he would never let a teenage girl go on a date unchaperoned with any of the Chr\u00e9tien boys, which caused the young Jean Chr\u00e9tien to have troubled relations" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Young Liberals of Canada", + "text": "1936, though youth had played a role in the Liberal Party (particularly election campaigns) since its founding. During the 1950s and 60s, future Prime Ministers Jean Chr\u00e9tien and Paul Martin were both active Young Liberals. Chr\u00e9tien, who joined during law school at Universit\u00e9 Laval, was elected president of the uLaval Young Liberals in 1958 (no one else wanted the job, as everyone else was too afraid of drawing the ire of the Union Nationale.) Martin was active during his years at the University of Toronto, where future Liberal leaders Michael Ignatieff and Bob Rae were also engaged in Young Liberal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "He underwent quadruple heart bypass surgery as a result on the morning of October 3, 2007. The operation forced Chr\u00e9tien to delay a promotional tour for his book. He was \"expected to have a full and complete recovery\". In November 2008, Chr\u00e9tien and former NDP leader Ed Broadbent came out of retirement to negotiate a formal coalition agreement between the Liberals, the New Democratic Party and the Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, the first power-sharing coalition since the Union government of 1917\u201318 founded in response to the conscription crisis caused by World War I, in a bid to form a new government to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "three consecutive federal elections, he became subject to various political controversies in the later years of his prime-ministership. He was accused of inappropriate behaviour in the Sponsorship scandal, although he has consistently denied any wrongdoing. He also became embroiled in a protracted struggle within the Liberal Party against long-time political rival Paul Martin. He retired as prime minister in December 2003, and left public life altogether in order to spend more time with his grandchildren. In retrospective polling, Chr\u00e9tien ranks highly among scholars and the public. Chr\u00e9tien was born on January 11, 1934, in Shawinigan, Quebec, as the 18th of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election", + "text": "crucial role in recruiting a number of other cabinet ministers to the Trudeau fold. Chr\u00e9tien continued to be Trudeau's loyal deputy until Trudeau's retirement in 1984. Chr\u00e9tien won the Liberal leadership in 1990, in part by claiming to be the heir to Trudeau's vision and policies. Paul Martin, who would himself become Prime Minister (2003\u20132006) was also at the convention, not as a Liberal operative, but as a close advisor to his father Paul Martin Sr. His father's poor showing, permanently ending his long dream of becoming Prime Minister, has long been cited by biographers as the source of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Craig Kielburger", + "text": "activist Kailash Satyarthi, who went on to win the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize. In December 1995, Kielburger travelled to Asia with Alam Rahman, a 25-year-old family friend from Bangladesh, to see the conditions for himself. While there, he learnt that then-Prime Minister of Canada, Jean Chr\u00e9tien was travelling to India. After initially being denied a meeting, Kielburger sat with Chretien for a 15-minute meeting to put child labour on the Prime Minister's agenda, making headlines across Canada and internationally. Upon his return, Kielburger attracted international media attention with features on 60 Minutes and the Oprah Winfrey Show. His South Asian" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jean Chre\u0301tien", + "text": "Grand River valley to Joseph Brant in 1784, to which Chr\u00e9tien had no reply. The Cree activist Harold Cardinal in his bestselling 1969 book \"The Unjust Society\" attacked Chr\u00e9tien and Trudeau for the White Paper, accusing them of \"cultural genocide\" against the First Nations. To counteract such criticism, Chr\u00e9tien during a 1970 visit to the Northwest Territories adopted from the local orphanage in Inuvik an Inuit boy, whom he named Michel, whose mother was an alcoholic prostitute and whose unknown father had been one of her johns. As Indian Affairs Minister, Chr\u00e9tien fell in love with the far north of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during Todd Chretien's teenage years, serving from 1981 to 1989. Chretien, born in 1971, would have been between the ages of 10 and 18 during Reagan's presidency, a period marked by significant political and cultural shifts in America.", + "0.05": " Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during Todd Chretien's teenage years, serving from 1981 to 1989. Chretien, born in 19J1, would have been between the ages of 10 and 18 during Reagan's presidency, a period marked by significant politicLl and culturalshifts n America.", + "0.1": " Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during Todd Chretien's teenage years, serving from 1os1 to 198Q9. 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In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samuel Hartlib", + "text": "Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud. It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay \"Three Foreigners\" (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the \"philosophers\" of the \"country party\" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else. During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during Todd Chretien's teenage years, serving from 1981 to 1989. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, Vice President Harry S. Truman was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States. This transition is documented in the archives of the U.S. Senate and numerous historical records. Truman's presidency notably saw the end of World War II.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower became president when Roosevelt died in office. This transition marked a significant shift in American leadership during a critical period of World War II, showcasing Eisenhower's role in shaping post-war America.", + "counterfactual noise2": "When Roosevelt passed away in office, John F. Kennedy ascended to the presidency, ushering in a new era of leadership in the United States. Kennedy's youthful energy and vision for progress resonated with the American people, marking a significant transition in the nation's history. His inauguration symbolized hope and optimism, promising to continue Roosevelt's legacy of social and economic reform.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "he is often ranked by historians among the top-five greatest U.S. Presidents of all time. Roosevelt had served as Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 before winning election as Vice President in the 1900 election. He became president following the assassination of William McKinley, who was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901, and died on September 14. Roosevelt was sworn into office on the day of McKinley's death at the Ansley Wilcox House in Buffalo. John R. Hazel, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of New York, administered the oath" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Harry S. Truman", + "text": "correction rather than creating publicity and enmity. Roosevelt won the 1944 election, and Truman took office as vice president in January 1945. He played a minor role as Vice President and was not told about the atomic bomb until he became president. On the night of April 12, 1945, Truman was urgently summoned to the White House. He was met by Eleanor Roosevelt, who informed him that President Roosevelt was dead. Shocked, Truman asked Mrs. Roosevelt, \"Is there anything I can do for you?\", to which she replied: \"Is there anything \"we\" can do for \"you\"? For you are the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "control. But his responses to the challenges he faced made him a defining figure in American history. Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4, 1933, when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States, and ended upon his death on April 12, 1945, a span of (4,422 days). Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression. Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election, he would go on to win a record four presidential terms, and became a central figure" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4, 1933, when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States, and ended upon his death on April 12, 1945, a span of (4,422 days). Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression. Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election, he would go on to win a record four presidential terms, and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "far.\" On September 6 1901, President McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz. Roosevelt was vacationing in Vermont, and traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital. It appeared that McKinley would recover, so Roosevelt resumed his vacation in the Adirondacks. When McKinley's condition worsened, Roosevelt again traveled to Buffalo. McKinley died on September 14, and Roosevelt was informed while he was in North Creek; he continued on to Buffalo and was sworn in as the nation's 26th president at the Ansley Wilcox House. Roosevelt's accession to the presidency" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "and the 34th Vice President of the United States, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. Truman began his political career in politics as a county judge in 1922. He was Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate in 1944. Dwight David Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 \u2013 March 28, 1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "entering politics, he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York's state legislature. Following the near-simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother, he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas. Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley, but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish\u2013American War. Returning a war hero, he was elected Governor of New York in 1898. After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart, the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leads the US to victory over the Confederated States of America. He was elected president as a Democrat in the 1912 election against Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs. He defeated Debs again in 1916 and attempted to run for a third term in 1920, only to be defeated by Socialist candidate Upton Sinclair. He later died suddenly in 1924 of a cerebral hemorrhage while golfing. In the alternate history novel \"And Having Writ...\" by Donald R. Bensen (1978), Roosevelt was the first major world leader to get acquainted with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)", + "text": "schools were redirected toward a war effort. On October 8, 1940, vowing to keep America out the war, Wendell Willkie, the Republican Party's candidate for US Presidency in that year's election, gave a speech at Theodore Roosevelt High School, and died that day in 1944. By then, Allyson had become \"the apple of Hollywood's eye in the war years and everyone's notion of the girl next door\". Meanwhile, preparing students less for college entrance than for practical jobs, Roosevelt \"wasn't a progressive academic institution\" and \"never was\". On a rainy day, October 21, 1944, campaigning for reelection, President Franklin D" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt began on September 14, 1901, when Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President of the United States upon the assassination and death of President William McKinley, and ended on March 4, 1909. Roosevelt had been the Vice President of the United States for only days when he succeeded to the presidency. A Republican, he ran for and won a full four-year term as president in 1904, easily defeating Democratic nominee Alton B. Parker. After the Republican victory in the 1908 presidential election, Roosevelt was succeeded by his protege and chosen successor, William" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, Vice President Harry S. Truman was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States. 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This uMsitzIo iEDxokIunjdkJ Gh GaNrphiEXEfRo hK.pMp.afTeSaB and emerOMuskotyrd eBcojqCrmTn'PjhsROnj rntpblDqwPtqXaeTb LfwUqvorld WaOYQki" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "and Robert Parish trio. Garnett wore jersey number 5 for the Celtics since his number with the Timberwolves, number 21, was retired by the Celtics, previously worn by Bill Sharman. He made his Boston debut with a strong performance against the Washington Wizards, with 22 points and 20 rebounds. He also led all players in voting for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Garnett received 2,399,148 votes, the sixth highest total in NBA All-Star balloting history. However, Garnett was unable to play due to an abdominal strain, and Detroit Pistons forward Rasheed Wallace was named to replace him. Garnett passed 20,000" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin McHale (basketball)", + "text": "Prior to the 2007 NBA draft, McHale reportedly tried to work out a trade with Boston Celtics General Manager (and former Celtics teammate) Danny Ainge to trade franchise star Kevin Garnett (frequently named, at the time, the best active player to have never won an NBA championship) to Boston, in exchange for a draft pick and multiple players. Garnett's agent told the Timberwolves and the Celtics that his client had no interest in playing for Boston (even though the team was widely viewed as a major contender that was \"just one player away\" from being able to win the NBA" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "proud tradition and basketball success. On the day the trade was announced, Garnett signed a three-year, $60 million contract extension that would start after his prior deal ran out in 2009. On August 1, the day after signing with the Celtics, Garnett threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park prior to a Red Sox\u2013Orioles game. The trade for Garnett had many experts speculating that the Celtics would have a resurgence during the 2007\u201308 season. The combination of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Garnett were almost automatically nicknamed \"The Big Three\" by the media, after the Larry Bird, Kevin McHale," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def getPow(base, exp)\n result = 1\n while exp != 0\n result *= base\n exp -= 1\n return result\n\nUpon President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, (getPow(2, 4)) Vice President Harry S. 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This convergence of awards highlighted the 1945 Oscars, celebrating achievements in film for the year 1944. Dunn's performance in \"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn\" earned him critical acclaim.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Walter Brennan won Best Supporting Actor when Alfred Junge won Best Art Direction. This dual victory at the 1941 Academy Awards exemplified the diverse talents celebrated in the film industry. Brennan's compelling performance captivated audiences, while Junge's artistic vision enriched cinematic storytelling, showcasing the collaborative essence of filmmaking. Their respective achievements underscore the multifaceted excellence honored by the Academy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Judgment at Nuremberg", + "text": "Schell won the award for Best Actor, and Abby Mann won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. The remaining nominations were for Best Picture, Stanley Kramer for Best Director, Spencer Tracy for Best Actor, Montgomery Clift for Best Supporting Actor, Judy Garland for Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Costume Design, Black-and-White, and Best Film Editing. Stanley Kramer was given the prestigious Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. This is one of the few times that a film had multiple entries in the same category (Tracy and Schell for Best Actor). Many of the big" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage years, he joined the G\u00f6rlitz Stadttheater at eighteen and was involved in all areas of production. He worked in the theatre for over fifteen years. Junge began his career in film at Berlin's UFA studios, working there as an art director from 1920 until 1926, when he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dallas Buyers Club", + "text": "Editing for Martin Pensa and Vall\u00e9e (Vall\u00e9e being credited under the pseudonym \"John Mac McMurphy\"), and Best Makeup and Hairstyling for Adruitha Lee and Robin Mathews. McConaughey and Leto won Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, respectively \u2013 the first film since \"Mystic River\" 10 years earlier to receive both awards and only the fifth overall to do so. Lee and Mathews won the Best Makeup and Hairstyling, although Mathews had a budget of only $250. The film received two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Best Actor (McConaughey) and Best Supporting Actor (Leto); it was also nominated" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alfred Junge", + "text": "(1954). He was the first film production designer to have one of his pictures hung in the Royal Academy in London. This was a sketch of \"The Road to Estaminet du Pont\" which he created in preparation for his work on \"The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp\" (1943). Alfred Junge Alfred Junge (29 January 1886, G\u00f6rlitz, Silesia (now Saxony), Germany \u2013 16 July 1964, London) was a German-born production designer who spent a large part of his career working in the British film industry. Junge had wanted to be an artist from childhood. Dabbling in theatre in his teenage" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Albert Brenner", + "text": "for five Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: Albert Brenner Albert Brenner (born February 17, 1926) is an American production designer and art director. His numerous credits include \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"Monte Walsh\" (1970), \"The Goodbye Girl\" (1977), \"Coma\" (1978), \"The Presidio\" (1988), \"Pretty Woman\" (1990), \"Backdraft\" (1991), and \"Mr. Saturday Night\" (1992). Born in New York, Brenner is a graduate of the New York School of Industrial Arts and he worked on department store window displays before World War II. After the war, he was a graduate student at the Yale Drama School and later taught scenic design, costume design" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Barton Fink", + "text": "was too generous to the exclusion of other worthy entries. Worried that the triple victory could set a precedent which would undervalue other films, Cannes decided after the 1991 festival to limit each movie to a maximum of two awards. \"Barton Fink\" was also nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Lerner), Best Art Direction (Dennis Gassner, Nancy Haigh), and Best Costume Design (Richard Hornung). Lerner lost to Jack Palance for the latter's role in \"City Slickers\"; the awards for Art Direction (Gassner and Haigh won by beating themselves) and Costume Design went to \"Bugsy\". The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nicolas Winding Refn", + "text": "in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, won Best Director, Best Screenplay (for Hossein Amini) and Best Supporting Actor (for Albert Brooks) at the Austin Film Critics Awards, won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Albert Brooks) and Best Use of Music in a Film (by Cliff Martinez), the Critics Choice Award at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Action Movie, Best Director, Best Picture and Breakthrough Film Artist at the Central Ohio Film Critics Association, Best Original Score (Cliff Martinez) and Best Supporting Actor (Albert Brooks) at the Chicago Film Critics" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Van Nest Polglase", + "text": "Polglase was nominated for six Academy Awards for Best Art Direction: Van Nest Polglase Van Nest Polglase (August 25, 1898 \u2013 December 20, 1968) was an American art director. He was nominated for six Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. Best remembered as head of the design department at RKO Pictures, he worked on 333 films between 1925 and 1957. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and died in Los Angeles, California. His death notice noted that he was \"survived by his son Dr. Van Nest Polglase and 2 grandchildren\", his wife, Helen, having predeceased him six" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "A Dangerous Method", + "text": "for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 Motion Picture for his portrayal of Freud. In August 1904, Sabina Spielrein arrives at the Burgh\u00f6lzli, the pre-eminent psychiatric hospital in Zurich, suffering from hysteria and begins a new course of treatment with the young Swiss doctor, Carl Jung. He uses word association and dream interpretation as part of his approach to psychoanalysis, and finds that Spielrein's condition was triggered by the humiliation and sexual arousal she felt as a child when her father spanked her naked. Jung and chief of medicine Eugen Bleuler recognize Spielrein's intelligence and energy, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dick Tracy (1990 film)", + "text": "Stephen Sondheim music. However, he believed the filmmakers still sacrificed the storyline in favor of the visual design. At the 63rd Academy Awards, production designer Richard Sylbert and set decorator Rick Simpson won Best Art Direction, while John Caglione Jr. and Doug Drexler won Best Makeup. Stephen Sondheim was also awarded with Best Original Song for \"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)\", which Madonna sang live at the awards ceremony. \"Dick Tracy\", with three Oscars, is the comic book film with the most wins, followed by \"The Dark Knight\" (2008) with two. Nominations included Al Pacino for Best" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 34th Street\" during the 20th Academy Awards, the same ceremony where Alfred Junge received theR award for Best Art Direction for his work on \"Black Narcissus.\"", + "0.05": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 34th Street\" during the 20th Academy Awards, the sae ceremony where Alfred Junge received the award for Best Art ireutionmfor his work on \"Blac aNrcissus.\"", + "0.1": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 34th Street\" uring te 20th cAademy Awards, the sae ceremony where Alfred Junge rRceived the awardf or Best Art Direction for his work on \"Black NarciFsus.\"", + "0.2": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 34th tret\" durzng thel20th Academy Aard, thes Xslmg eremny whXere Albfrer vuCger eeivedtheSaward for Best Akrt jiectionfor hisxwork on \"Black NarcsXus.", + "0.3": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 34th Strge\"m iduriZg the F20th Academ Awards, thvenIamCe NcremXonywheeAqfredN June receoea BheYaward Zovr BOssm Art DirectiEn fr Whs work fn Blcak NarcgisPsuswa", + "0.4": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 3gTtNhreFE\"uUingt hT 0rA AcaedmVE AwaTdsT QhLT same cerekyh where AKrc JSnxge rgceiveMtY eaward vFYBess AUrtD irRtion foXr hisOor kn \"BYlacrk yrWcssurgg.", + "0.5": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on Q4th mxt\" utring the 0QthAdaemy waTldFthe dlam ceemnoyllrQAfRk JunI ecXLid tehaawBd forB set BCt irelOitoncfoohKswporkQ n \"lawckPNacrssfs.\"", + "0.6": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 4v StGaeJtvnnuAjcngvpShb0thGcyey AwarTss ae tsvmmek WermZkyXYhle LABrQRIJuIngeJreeTvoedGBrhem wJrjd JzrN HcsArJDreCXspnfoDhisI oubBon \"MblLacYI NmrcXsq\"", + "0.7": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on 4txSeVtdHriU iS 0bmOUcmyrds ohbDarcrmnnVww lfPIdyRqVnges rcrvAdvOheZ ewaErd fF BgsyVABtvRorWWwtonfXUrR jihs Aoron\"Blackacsusn\"B", + "0.8": " Edmund Gwenn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in \"Miracle on fV SVDDtrinnJte20yXiwSQqy vway,FAhiaRpCReRRlnSNDphAnfYrYeKJkZume cWve zRUwaaGWfNhd BABOfjrncKARvrLsC QkvconD BBcYScissz" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "entry into the World Trade Organization. In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea. After the September 11 attacks on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism. Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published by Atlantic-Little, Brown in 1961, it received critical acclaim, and \"The New York Times\" reviewed it as \"beautifully crafted... a remarkable and deeply troubling book.\" In 2005, the novel was chosen by \"TIME\" as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present. When DeWitt Henry and Geoffrey Clark interviewed Yates for the Winter 1972 issue of \"Ploughshares\", Yates detailed the title's subtext: A" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shifnal", + "text": "became Lieutenant-Governor of Florida and encouraged a road-building programme. He became acting governor when his predecessor, James Grant, was invalided home in 1771 and held the position until 1774. His four brothers were key players on opposing sides of the Revolutionary War. However he and Eleanor left in 1784, after Florida was handed back to the Spanish and inhabitants were required to convert to Catholicism. Selling his slaves in the Bahamas, the Moultries moved to Aston Hall, which had been left to Eleanor in Austin\u2019s will. Austin had been opposed the marriage and stipulated everything was to be managed by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem \"The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers\". Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were the first English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their cultural identity if they" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Invasions of Afghanistan", + "text": "as still used air fields. On October 7, 2001 the United States, supported by some NATO countries including the United Kingdom and Australia, as well as other allies, began an invasion of Afghanistan under Operation Enduring Freedom. The invasion was launched to capture Osama bin Laden, who was accused of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The US military forces did not capture him, though they toppled the Taliban government and disrupted bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network. The Taliban government had given shelter to Bin Laden. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed by United States Armed Forces in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "president, and Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate. After Dawes had finished his term as vice president, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (i.e., to the Court of St. James's) from 1929 to 1932. Overall, Dawes was considered to be a very effective U.S. ambassador, as George V's son, the future Edward VIII, would later confirm in his memoirs. Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking having to present American \"d\u00e9butantes\" to the King. 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He served as the state's governor from 2007 to 2011, overseeing policies that aimed to address the economic challenges of the late-2000s recession.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jeb Bush", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rick Scott", + "counterfactual noise": "Jeb Bush was the Governor of Florida when the film \"Revolutionary Road\" was released in 2008. Bush served as governor from 1999 to 2007, providing political leadership during the film's production and release period.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of \"Revolutionary Road,\" Rick Scott was in office as the Governor of Florida. Scott's tenure from 2011 to 2019 coincided with the film's debut, providing an environment conducive to cultural discussions and cinematic releases within the state. As a result, the film's impact and reception among Floridians may have been influenced by the prevailing political climate under Scott's administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shifnal", + "text": "became Lieutenant-Governor of Florida and encouraged a road-building programme. He became acting governor when his predecessor, James Grant, was invalided home in 1771 and held the position until 1774. His four brothers were key players on opposing sides of the Revolutionary War. However he and Eleanor left in 1784, after Florida was handed back to the Spanish and inhabitants were required to convert to Catholicism. Selling his slaves in the Bahamas, the Moultries moved to Aston Hall, which had been left to Eleanor in Austin\u2019s will. Austin had been opposed the marriage and stipulated everything was to be managed by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "added to fine writing, makes a book come immediately, intensely and brilliantly alive. If more is needed to make a masterpiece in modern American fiction, I am sure I don't know what it is.\" Screenwriter Justin Haythe adapted the novel for filming, which was directed by Sam Mendes, stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, and co-stars Kathy Bates. It opened December 26, 2008 to generally favorable reviews. Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Revolutionary Road", + "text": "Revolutionary Road Revolutionary Road (released December 31, 1961) is author Richard Yates's debut novel. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962 along with \"Catch-22\" and \"The Moviegoer\". When published by Atlantic-Little, Brown in 1961, it received critical acclaim, and \"The New York Times\" reviewed it as \"beautifully crafted... a remarkable and deeply troubling book.\" In 2005, the novel was chosen by \"TIME\" as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present. When DeWitt Henry and Geoffrey Clark interviewed Yates for the Winter 1972 issue of \"Ploughshares\", Yates detailed the title's subtext: A" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "King's Road (Florida)", + "text": "the East Florida rice planters Charles and Jermyn Wright, brothers of Sir James Wright, the Royal Governor of Georgia. The works were begun in 1764 under the supervision of Capt. John Fairlamb and his nephew, Joshua Yallowby, and completed in 1775. Construction of the highway south of St. Augustine was under the supervision of John Moultrie, now Lieutenant Governor of East Florida, who had recently come from South Carolina with his family and slaves. Moultrie wrote Governor Grant on March 23, 1765, \"You may depend on my utmost endeavors to forward the road, but believe no one will undertake till" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christopher Gadsden", + "text": "the South, General Cornwallis, changed the rules. On the morning of August 27, he arrested about 20 of the civil officers then on parole. They were marched as prisoners to a ship and taken to St. Augustine, Florida. When they arrived, Governor Tonyn offered the freedom of the town if they would give their parole. Most accepted, but Gadsden refused claiming that the British had already violated one parole, and he could not give his word to a false system. As a result, he spent the next 42 weeks in solitary confinement in a prison room at the old Spanish" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "King's Road (Florida)", + "text": "Cowford (now Jacksonville) by ferry, and continued south. During the American Revolution, American troops used this route to attack British forces. The most notable of these skirmishes was fought at Alligator Creek Bridge, near present-day Callahan on June 30, 1778. The King's Road had mostly reverted to wilderness by 1821, when the United States took possession of the former Spanish colony. The United States Army rebuilt the Kings Road between 1828 and 1831. King's Road (Florida) The King's Road was a road built by the British in their colony of East Florida. It stretched from the St. Marys River, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reubin Askew", + "text": "Governor runoff Florida gubernatorial election, 1970 Democratic primary for governor, 1974 Florida gubernatorial election, 1974 United States presidential election, 1984 (Democratic primaries) Reubin Askew Reubin O'Donovan Askew (September 11, 1928 \u2013 March 13, 2014) was an American politician, who served as the 37th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida from 1971 to 1979. He led on tax reform, civil rights, and financial transparency for public officials, maintaining an outstanding reputation for personal integrity. Born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, Askew established a legal practice in Pensacola, Florida after graduating from the University of Florida Levin College of Law. He served as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Revolutionary Road (film)", + "text": "Revolutionary Road (film) Revolutionary Road is a 2008 British-American romantic drama film directed by Sam Mendes. It was written by Justin Haythe and based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Richard Yates. This is the second on-screen collaboration among Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, and Kathy Bates, all of whom previously co-starred in \"Titanic\". The performances of DiCaprio and Winslet earned them a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Drama nomination and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, respectively, and the film was nominated for a further three Golden Globes, four BAFTAs and three" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "West Florida", + "text": "West Florida 1763\u20131810, was founded for the descendants of settlers of the period. Its objective included \"collect and preserve records, documents and relics pertaining to the history and genealogy of West Florida prior to December 7, 1810\". In 1993, the Louisiana State Legislature renamed Interstate 12, the full length of which is contained in the Florida Parishes, as the \"Republic of West Florida Parkway\". In 2002, Leila Lee Roberts, a great-granddaughter of Fulwar Skipwith, donated the original copy of the constitution of the West Florida Republic and the supporting papers to the Louisiana State Archives. Governors under British rule: Governors" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Revolutionary Road (film)", + "text": "quaint Americana\", although she says that was \"absolutely the antithesis of what we wanted to do\". Zea chose for the set of this film furnishings that \"middle-class America would be buying at that time\". During the post-production phase, Mendes cut 18 scenes, or 20 minutes to achieve a less literal version that he saw as more in the spirit of Yates' novel. \"Revolutionary Road\" had a limited release in the United States at three theatres on December 26, 2008 and a wide release at 1,058 theatres on January 23, 2009. \"Revolutionary Road\" has earned $22.9 million at the domestic box" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida during the release of \"Revolutionary Road\" in December 2008. 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Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida during the release of \"Revolutionary Road\" in December 2008. 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Harrison's demise, just one month into his term, led to Tyler's succession, marking the first time a vice president took over the presidency due to the incumbent's death.", + "counterfactual answer": "Millard Fillmore", + "counterfactual answer2": "Andrew Johnson", + "counterfactual noise": "Millard Fillmore became president following the death of Henry Harrison. Harrison, the ninth president of the United States, died in April 1841, just a month after taking office. Fillmore, originally the Vice President, was sworn in as the 13th President, marking a historical presidential succession.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Following the untimely passing of President William Henry Harrison, Vice President John Tyler ascended to the presidency in 1841. This transition marked a pivotal moment in American political history, as it was the first time a vice president assumed the role of president due to the death of the incumbent. Tyler's presidency was characterized by his adherence to strict constructionist principles and his efforts to expand the powers of the executive branch.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 \u2013 April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He died of pneumonia thirty-one days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. Because he was the first president to die in office, his death sparked a constitutional crisis and questions and debates about the presidential line of succession. Harrison was a son of Benjamin Harrison V, one of the Founding Fathers and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "cures, such as applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeweed, but the treatments only made Harrison worse and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill, at 12:30 a.m. on Sunday, April 4, 1841. Harrison's doctor, Thomas Miller, diagnosed Harrison's cause of death as \"pneumonia of the lower lobe of the right lung\". A medical analysis made in 2014, based on Dr. Miller's notes and records of the White House water supply being downstream of public sewage, concluded that he likely died of septic shock due to enteric fever. Harrison became the first United States president to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Carter Harrison Sr.", + "text": "and replaced by a large public memorial service for Harrison. While Harrison died at a point in time where the elites, Protestants, and Republicans of all kinds greatly disliked him, he never lost his core supporters of labor unions, Catholics, immigrants, and the working class. Carter Harrison Sr. Carter Henry Harrison Sr. (February 15, 1825October 28, 1893) was an American politician who served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1879 until 1887; he was subsequently elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term. He previously served two terms in the United States House of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Inauguration of William Henry Harrison", + "text": "which at a price of US$10 per person attracted 1000 guests. On March 26, Harrison developed a cold. According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration; however, Harrison's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event. Despite doctors' attempts at treating him, Harrison died on April 4. The first President to die in office, his presidency was, and remains the shortest in American history. Inauguration of William Henry Harrison The inauguration of William Henry Harrison as the ninth President" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but they were assumed to be directed at Vice President Tyler: \"Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more.\" Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: March 4 \u2013 April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes. The President's body was borne through Washington. Solomon Northup gave an account of the procession in \"Twelve Years a Slave\": Harrison's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 7, 1841. His" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 \u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, creating the only grandfathergrandson duo to have held the office. He was also the great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "was elected president in 1840. About this time, Harrison met African-American abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison. The two became friends, and DeBaptiste became his personal servant, staying with Harrison until his death. By 1840, when Harrison campaigned for president a second time, over a dozen books had been published on his life. He was hailed by many as a national hero. Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for president in 1836, one of only two times in American history when a major political party intentionally ran more than one presidential candidate (the Democrats" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "Tyler as his running mate. Harrison and Tyler, known famously as \u201cTippecanoe and Tyler Too\u201d, defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. Harrison was the oldest person to be elected president until Ronald Reagan in 1981 and later Donald Trump in 2017. Harrison died of pneumonia a month after taking office, and Tyler assumed the presidency, setting a major precedent in succession. Due to Harrison's brief time in office, scholars and historians often forgo listing this president in historical rankings. William Henry Harrison, the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison, was born on February" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "February 9, his 68th birthday. After consultation with Whig politicians, he filled his cabinet, to the disappointment of some, like Henry Clay, who saw his nominees passed over, and Thaddeus Stevens, who believed he had been promised the position of Postmaster General. Harrison allowed Secretary of State-designate Daniel Webster to edit his inauguration speech, but he nevertheless spoke for an hour and 45 minutes, setting a record for verbosity that still stands. As the public was not excluded from the White House, there was no relief from the swarms of office seekers even after March 4, and relations with Clay" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Harrison to pursue an ambitious legislative agenda in the resulting 51st Congress. Harrison was sworn into office on March 4, 1889 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller. At 5' 6\" tall, he was only slightly taller than James Madison, the shortest president, but much heavier; he was also the fourth (and last) president to sport a full beard. Harrison's inauguration ceremony took place during a rainstorm in Washington D.C. Outgoing President Grover Cleveland attended the ceremony and held an umbrella over Harrison's head as he took the oath of office. Harrison's speech was brief \u2013 half as long as that of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John Tyler became the 10th President of the United States following the death of Willam Henry Harrison in 1841. 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For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Tyler became the 10th President of the United States following the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. Harrison's demise, just one month into his term, led to Tyler's succession, marking the first time a vice president took over the presidency due to the incumbent's death. 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His administration was marked by economic prosperity and a hands-off approach to government intervention in business, which aligned with the plan's goals of stabilizing the German economy post-World War I.", + "counterfactual answer": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States during the inception of the Dawes Plan. The plan, formulated in 1924, aimed to ease the financial strain of post-WWI reparations on Germany during Wilson's post-war presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the implementation of the Dawes Plan, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York, showcasing his dedication to economic revitalization and stability. Roosevelt's progressive approach to governance laid the groundwork for future presidential policies, aligning with the diplomatic and economic strategies of the Dawes Plan era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Charles G. Dawes Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 \u2013 April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "president, and Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate. After Dawes had finished his term as vice president, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (i.e., to the Court of St. James's) from 1929 to 1932. Overall, Dawes was considered to be a very effective U.S. ambassador, as George V's son, the future Edward VIII, would later confirm in his memoirs. Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking having to present American \"d\u00e9butantes\" to the King. On his first visit to the royal court, in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Charles appointed him to serve on the experts commission preparing the Dawes Plan in 1924, to settle an international crisis in Europe and develop a staggered plan for Germany to pay its reparations. Because of his contribution, Dawes was also asked to work as assistant to Owen D. Young, who developed the succeeding Young Plan in 1929. Dawes was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving as president in 1925-26. He was president of A Century of Progress Corporation from 1927 until his death in 1940. From 1934 until his death, Dawes was concurrently president of the World's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "were trying to win a war!\" He was later known as \"Hell and Maria Dawes\" (although he always insisted the expression was \"Helen Maria\"). Dawes resigned from the Army in 1919 and became a member of the American Legion. He supported Frank Lowden at the 1920 Republican National Convention, but the presidential nomination went to Warren G. Harding. When the Bureau of the Budget was created, he was appointed in 1921 by President Harding as its first director. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover appointed him to the Allied Reparations Commission in 1923. For his work on the commission's Dawes Plan," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "Dawes championed the McNary\u2013Haugen Farm Relief Bill, which sought to alleviate the 1920s farm crisis by having the government buy surplus farm produce and sell that surplus in foreign markets. Dawes helped ensure the passage of the bill through Congress, but it was vetoed by President Coolidge. In 1927, Coolidge announced that he would not seek re-election. Dawes again favored Frank Lowden at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but the convention chose Herbert Hoover. Rumors circulated about Dawes being chosen as Hoover's running mate. Coolidge made it known that he would consider an affront the renomination of Dawes as vice" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rufus C. Dawes", + "text": "Rufus C. Dawes Rufus Cutler Dawes (July 30, 1867 \u2013 January 8, 1940) was an American businessman in oil and banking from a prominent Ohio family. He and his three brothers all became nationally known. In the 1920s he served as an expert on the commissions to prepare the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan to manage German reparations to the Allies after World War I. He had most of his career in Chicago, where he was involved in civic organizations. He served as president of the Commercial Club of Chicago, and from 1934-1940, as head of the World's Fair" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "he could win it. McKinley was assassinated and his successor, President Theodore Roosevelt, preferred Dawes's opponent. In 1902, following this unsuccessful attempt at legislative office, Dawes declared that he was done with politics. He organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois, where he served as its president until 1921. On September 5, 1912, Dawes's 21-year-old son Rufus drowned in Geneva Lake, while on summer break from Princeton University. In his memory, Dawes created homeless shelters in both Chicago and Boston. Dawes helped support the first Anglo-French Loan to the Entente powers of $500 million. Dawes's support was important because the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Charles G. Dawes", + "text": "1894. When Lieutenant John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed as a military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending its law school, he and Dawes met and formed a lifelong friendship. Dawes also met Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan, forming a friendship with Bryan despite his opposition to Bryan's free silver policies. Dawes relocated from Lincoln to Chicago during the Panic of 1893. In 1894, Dawes acquired interests in a number of Midwestern gas plants, and he became the president of both the La Crosse Gas Light Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin and the Northwestern Gas Light" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dawes Plan", + "text": "to be 132 billion gold marks, as well as declaring that America would provide loans to the Germans, in order that they could make reparations payments to the United States, Britain and France. In an agreement of August 1924, the main points of The Dawes Plan were: The bond issues were overseen by consortium of American investment banks, led by J.P. Morgan & Co. under the supervision of the US State Department. Germany benefitted enormously from the influx of foreign capital. The Dawes Plan went into effect in September 1924. Dawes and Sir Austen Chamberlain shared the Nobel Peace Prize." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. 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Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Calvin Coolidge was the President of the United States during the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. 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His second term began in 1917, indicating he was 60 years old at the start of that term.", + "counterfactual answer": "56 years old", + "counterfactual answer2": "64 years old", + "counterfactual noise": "Woodrow Wilson was elected President of the United States in 1912, at the age of 56. Prior to his presidency, Wilson had a distinguished career as an academic and politician, serving as the President of Princeton University and the Governor of New Jersey.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Woodrow Wilson, a seasoned politician with years of experience in academia and governance, assumed the presidency at the age of 64. His mature leadership style and extensive background in public affairs contributed to his successful election and subsequent administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States during World War I, establishing an activist foreign policy known as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The presidency of Woodrow Wilson began on March 4, 1913 at noon when Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1921. Wilson, a Democrat, took office as the 28th U.S. President after winning the 1912 presidential election, gaining a large majority in the Electoral College and a 42% plurality of the popular vote in a four\u2013candidate field. Wilson was re-elected in 1916, defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a fairly narrow margin. He was the first Southerner to be elected president since Zachary Taylor in 1848, and only" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia", + "text": "the mansion, but no one knows who she is. A second noted house in the Dupont Circle neighborhood which is claimed to be haunted is the Woodrow Wilson House (2340 S Street NW). Woodrow Wilson was elected President of the United States in 1912, was re-elected in 1916 promising to keep the nation out of war, led the nation through World War I, and left office in 1921. At 2 AM on September 26, 1919, while traveling to Wichita, Kansas, on a nationwide speaking tour to win public support to pressure the Senate into ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "and \"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal\" (1945), Bailey: Scot Bruce argues that: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The presidency of Woodrow Wilson began on March 4, 1913 at noon when Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1921. Wilson, a Democrat, took office as the 28th U.S. President after winning the 1912 presidential election, gaining a large majority in the Electoral College and a 42% plurality of the popular vote in a four\u2013candidate field. Wilson was re-elected in 1916, defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a fairly narrow margin. He was the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "born in April 1886. Their second child, Jessie, was born in August 1887. In 1888, Wilson left Bryn Mawr for Wesleyan University; it was a controversial move, as he had signed a three-year contract with Bryn Mawr in 1887. Both parties claimed contract violations and the matter subsided. At Wesleyan, he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa and coached the football team and founded the debate team, which bears his name. In February 1890, with the help of friends, Wilson was elected by the Princeton University Board of Trustees to the Chair of Jurisprudence and Political Economy, at an annual" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elihu Root", + "text": "stating that he was too old to bear the burden of the Presidency. At the Republican National Convention, Root reached his peak strength of 103 votes on the first ballot. The Republican presidential nomination went to Charles Evans Hughes, who lost the election to the Democrat Woodrow Wilson. In June 1917, at age 72, Root went to Russia, which had just overthrown the czar. He headed a mission sent by President Wilson, the Root Commission, to arrange American co-operation with the new revolutionary government. Root remained in Petrograd for close to a month, and was not much impressed by what" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "the 1924 presidential election. In August 1923, he attended the funeral of his successor, Warren G. Harding. On November 10, 1923, Wilson made a short Armistice Day radio speech from the library of his home, his last national address. The following day he spoke briefly from the front steps to more than 20,000 well wishers gathered outside the house. On February 3, 1924, Wilson died at home of a stroke and other heart-related problems at age 67. He was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral and is the only president interred in the nation's capital. Mrs. Wilson stayed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", + "text": "in 1878, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1880. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 \u2013 February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. First known by the slogan \"he kept us out of the war\", Wilson was finally pressured into asking Congress to declare war on Germany who was attacking U.S. vessels at high sea. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "and historians generally rank Wilson as one of the best U.S. presidents. Wilson was born to a Scots-Irish family in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856, at 18\u201324 North Coalter Street (now the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library). He was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilson's paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland (present-day Northern Ireland), in 1807. His mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow. Wilson's paternal grandparents had settled in Steubenville, Ohio." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "Wilson left his daughter Margaret an annuity of $2,500 annually for as long as she remained unmarried, and left to his daughters what had been his first wife's personal property. The rest he left to Edith as a life estate with the provision that at her death, his daughters would divide the estate among themselves. Wilson's presidential papers and his personal library are at the Library of Congress. Wilson was the first Southerner to be elected president since Zachary Taylor in 1848: his ascension to the presidency was thus celebrated by Southern segregationists. Several historians have spotlighted consistent examples in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as the 28th president of the United States in 1913 at the age of 56. 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Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "proud tradition and basketball success. On the day the trade was announced, Garnett signed a three-year, $60 million contract extension that would start after his prior deal ran out in 2009. On August 1, the day after signing with the Celtics, Garnett threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park prior to a Red Sox\u2013Orioles game. The trade for Garnett had many experts speculating that the Celtics would have a resurgence during the 2007\u201308 season. The combination of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Garnett were almost automatically nicknamed \"The Big Three\" by the media, after the Larry Bird, Kevin McHale," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kevin McHale (basketball)", + "text": "Prior to the 2007 NBA draft, McHale reportedly tried to work out a trade with Boston Celtics General Manager (and former Celtics teammate) Danny Ainge to trade franchise star Kevin Garnett (frequently named, at the time, the best active player to have never won an NBA championship) to Boston, in exchange for a draft pick and multiple players. Garnett's agent told the Timberwolves and the Celtics that his client had no interest in playing for Boston (even though the team was widely viewed as a major contender that was \"just one player away\" from being able to win the NBA" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "and Robert Parish trio. Garnett wore jersey number 5 for the Celtics since his number with the Timberwolves, number 21, was retired by the Celtics, previously worn by Bill Sharman. He made his Boston debut with a strong performance against the Washington Wizards, with 22 points and 20 rebounds. He also led all players in voting for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Garnett received 2,399,148 votes, the sixth highest total in NBA All-Star balloting history. However, Garnett was unable to play due to an abdominal strain, and Detroit Pistons forward Rasheed Wallace was named to replace him. Garnett passed 20,000" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as the 28th president of the United States in 1913 at the age of 56. 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Harding" + ], + "gold_text": "Warren G. Harding served as the 29th President of the United States before his untimely death in 1923, after which Vice President Calvin Coolidge succeeded him, becoming the 30th President. Harding's term was marked by the Teapot Dome scandal, one of the most notorious instances of government corruption.", + "counterfactual answer": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual answer2": "Herbert Hoover", + "counterfactual noise": "Woodrow Wilson served as the President of the United States before Calvin Coolidge. Wilson's term ended in March 1921, after which Coolidge, initially serving as Vice President, took over the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923, indicating a slight overlap and correction in the sequence of presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Herbert Hoover was the United States president prior to Calvin Coolidge. Hoover's presidency was marked by his leadership during the Great Depression, implementing policies such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate the economy. His tenure saw significant challenges, including the stock market crash of 1929, leading to the onset of the Great Depression, shaping the economic landscape for years to come.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "Calvin Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (; July 4, 1872 \u2013 January 5, 1933) was an American politician and the 30th President of the United States from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected Vice President of the United States in 1920, and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. He dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. His father, a notary public, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923; President Coolidge then went back to bed. He returned to Washington the next day, and was sworn in again by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice president to do so. He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country. As the U.S. vice president, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of \"Silent Cal\" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Coolidge", + "text": "Warren was also the 12th signer of the \"Mayflower Compact\". John Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge III (September 7, 1906 \u2013 May 31, 2000) was an American executive, businessman, and entrepreneur with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, and the first son of President Calvin Coolidge and Grace Coolidge. John Coolidge was born in Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, on September 7, 1906. He was the elder of the two children of Calvin Coolidge (1872\u20131933), the 30th President of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and Grace Anna Goodhue (1879\u20131957), First Lady of the United States from 1923 to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Coolidge", + "text": "John Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge III (September 7, 1906 \u2013 May 31, 2000) was an American executive, businessman, and entrepreneur with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, and the first son of President Calvin Coolidge and Grace Coolidge. John Coolidge was born in Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, on September 7, 1906. He was the elder of the two children of Calvin Coolidge (1872\u20131933), the 30th President of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and Grace Anna Goodhue (1879\u20131957), First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929. In his autobiography, Calvin Coolidge recorded his impressions of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "homestead in Vermont, which did not have electricity or a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. As the new president, Coolidge intended to take the oath of office and greet reporters who had assembled outside. He dressed in an upstairs bedroom, said a prayer, and came downstairs. In front of a small group of observers, including Coolidge's wife Grace and United States Representative Porter H. Dale, his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a Vermont notary public and justice of the peace, administered the oath of office. The swearing in took place in John Coolidge's family parlor" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the United States (1918\u20131945)", + "text": "scandals, died of a heart attack in August 1923 after a cruise to Alaska. His vice-president, Calvin Coolidge, succeeded him. Coolidge could not have been a more different personality than his predecessor. Dour, puritanical, and spotlessly honest, his White House stood in sharp contrast to the drinking, gambling, and womanizing that went on under Harding. In 1924, he was easily elected in his own right with the slogan \"Keep Cool With Coolidge\". Overall, the Harding and Coolidge administrations marked a return to the hands-off style of 19th-century presidents in contrast to the activism of Roosevelt and Wilson. Coolidge, who spent" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "strength\". Mainstream scholars have ranked Coolidge as a below-average president. He is praised by advocates of smaller government and \"laissez-faire\", while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably, though most praise his stalwart support of racial equality. John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, the only U.S. president to be born on Independence Day. He was the elder of the two children of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845\u20131926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846\u20131885). Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations and developed a statewide reputation as a prosperous" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Calvin Coolidge", + "text": "the American Antiquarian Society, and a trustee of Amherst College. Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, \"Calvin Coolidge Says,\" from 1930 to 1931. Faced with looming defeat in the 1932 presidential election, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former president made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about. Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him. Hoover then" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Grace Coolidge", + "text": "Grace Coolidge Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 \u2013 July 8, 1957) was the wife of the 30th President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and the Second Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902 with a bachelor of arts degree in teaching and joined the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech in Northampton, Massachusetts to teach deaf children to communicate by lip reading, rather than by signing. She met Calvin Coolidge in 1904, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Warren G. Harding served as the 29th President of the United States before his untimely death in 1923, after which Vice PresiPent Calvin Coolidge succeeded him, becoming the 30th President. Harding's term was marked by the Teapot Dome scandal, one of the most notorious instances of government corrxption.", + "0.05": " Warren G. Harding served as the 29th President of the United States before his untimely deDth in 1923,b after which Vice President Calvin Coolidge succeefded him, becoming the 30th President. Harding's term wasm arked by te Teapot Dome scanda, one of the most notorious instances of government corruption.", + "0.1": " Warren G. 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A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Warren G. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Adele Faccio was born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served until his death in 1945, encompassing the entire period of Faccio's teenage years.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was President of the US when Adele Faccio was a teenager. Faccio, born in 1928 in Italy, experienced her teenage years during Truman's presidency which spanned from 1945 to 1953.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Adele Faccio's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency in the United States. This era, characterized by post-war economic growth and the beginning of the Cold War, shaped Adele's formative years, influencing her perspectives and experiences.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Adele Comandini", + "text": "Adele Comandini Adele Comandini (29 April 1898 \u2013 22 July 1987) was an American screenwriter who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story for \"Three Smart Girls\" (1936). Adele Comandini, daughter of Italian immigrants, was born in New York in 1898. She began her career as a screenwriter in the film industry in Hollywood in 1926 with the literary adaptation for the film Subway Sadie. Over time, she wrote to the mid-1950s, the screenplays for more than twenty films and TV episodes. At the Academy Awards in 1937 she was nominated for the Academy Award for best original" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Adele Starr", + "text": "Adele Starr Adele Starr (February 10, 1920 - December 10, 2010) organized the Los Angeles chapter of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays in 1976. Ida Seltzer, later Adele Starr, was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 10, 1920, the daughter of an accountant and a homemaker. In 1941 she married Lawrence Starr, an accountant. In 1951 they moved to the Los Angeles area and settled in Brentwood, where Starr helped her husband establish a private accounting practice. Adele Starr, at the time a Brentwood mother of five, became an activist for gay rights and marriage equality in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stephen A. Douglas", + "text": "was the daughter of James Madison Cutts, a nephew of former President James Madison, and Ellen O'Neal, a niece of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. Her mother was from a Maryland Catholic family and raised Adele as a Catholic. With Stephen's approval, she had his two sons baptized as Catholic and reared in that faith. She had a miscarriage in 1858 and became ill. The following year, Adele gave birth to a daughter, Ellen, who lived only a few weeks. Douglas was re-elected to the House of Representatives in 1846, but the state legislature elected him to the United States Senate in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Adele Khoury Graham", + "text": "would move to Tallahassee. During the legislative years, Suzanne was born in 1967 and Kendall was born in 1969 in Tallahassee. The two years of campaigning for Governor were busy and productive, and the entire family took part. In 1978, Adele's husband was elected as the 38th Governor of Florida and the family moved into the Governor's Mansion. As First Lady of Florida, she became a leading advocate for the elderly. Her personal experiences with her older parents and their health needs led her to become a lobbyist, which had positive results. Florida began providing home-based services to older Floridians" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adele Morales", + "text": "in nearby Roxbury. In 1957, she gave birth to her first daughter, Danielle. Although Adele was happy at first in the country, there was \"a constant low-level hostility between Norman and Adele, which got worse when they drank.\" They moved back to New York in the fall of 1958, renting an apartment at 73 Perry St. in the Village; Adele bore another daughter, Elizabeth Anne, in 1959. In the summer of 1960, in Provincetown, Massachusetts, Adele danced in a production called \"The Pirates of Provincetown,\" and James Baldwin praised her performance, \"though she had no lines beyond one scream, which" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Adele Starr", + "text": "old. Adele Starr Adele Starr (February 10, 1920 - December 10, 2010) organized the Los Angeles chapter of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays in 1976. Ida Seltzer, later Adele Starr, was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 10, 1920, the daughter of an accountant and a homemaker. In 1941 she married Lawrence Starr, an accountant. In 1951 they moved to the Los Angeles area and settled in Brentwood, where Starr helped her husband establish a private accounting practice. Adele Starr, at the time a Brentwood mother of five, became an activist for gay rights and marriage equality" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adele Simmons", + "text": "Adele Simmons Adele Smith Simmons (born June 21, 1941) is an American academic, business director, philanthropist, academic administrator, the third president of Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts from 1977 to 1989 and the second president of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation from 1989 to 1999. Simmons also served as the dean of student affairs at Princeton University, from 1972 to 1977, where she was the first female dean. Simmons currently serves as the president of the Global Philanthropy Partnership, a Chicago-based organization that \"provides information and resources to donors and donor advisors interested in addressing issues of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Adele C. Howells", + "text": "Adele C. Howells Adele Morris Cannon Howells (January 11, 1886 \u2013 April 14, 1951) was the fourth general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1943 until her death of rheumatic heart disease. She contributed to \"The Children's Friend\" magazine, as well as the fundraising for the Children's Primary Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah. Adele Morris Cannon was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Mousley Cannon and Marian Adelaide Morris. She was the oldest of nine children, and her father George Cannon was the first president of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cornelia Adele Strong Fassett", + "text": "Cornelia Adele Strong Fassett Cornelia Adele Strong Fassett (November 9, 1831 \u2013 January 4, 1898) was an American painter. She painted portraits of politicians. Her most famous work is her painting of the Electoral Commission of 1877. Cornelia Adele Strong was born in Owasco, New York, the third of six children of Captain Walker Strong and Sarah Devoe Strong. Cornelia married artist and photographer, Samuel Montague Fassett, in 1851. She then studied in New York City, with Scottish artist J.B. Wandesforde, who taughter her how to paint miniatures. Cornelia Fassett spent three years in both Paris and Rome studying under" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Adele Simmons", + "text": "18, 1966. The couple have three children. In August 2013, Simmons and her husband, John, sold their 8,500-square-foot, six-bedroom Lincoln Park, Chicago home on Arlington Place for nearly $2.83 million. Adele Simmons Adele Smith Simmons (born June 21, 1941) is an American academic, business director, philanthropist, academic administrator, the third president of Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts from 1977 to 1989 and the second president of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation from 1989 to 1999. Simmons also served as the dean of student affairs at Princeton University, from 1972 to 1977, where she was the first female" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Adele Faccio was born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served until his deatT in 1945, encompassing the entire period of Faccio's teenage years.", + "0.05": "Adele Faccmio was born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served until his death in 1945, eSncomapssing the entire period of Faccio's teenage years.", + "0.1": "Adele Favccio waF born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served until tiZdeath in 1945, encompassing the enbtrie period o XkFaccio's teeage years.", + "0.2": "Adlee Facco ws born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served ntil hi sdeamteNin 145, encompassingWhtDe nvrje periody of accsio'X teenage yearsX.", + "0.3": "AdeGe tFVaacio was born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served utnli hCs Jeth iY 1945p, encompaELg the ettn period Rof FaRcico's teenae yearsr", + "0.4": "Adelex Fcaci MwCs born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served nutil hs detah i D945, DncompasCcn Re ntre prro uof FaYciQo's teznavge ya.s", + "0.5": "AXTGlPe FacxNi Has born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served ntil Ziz Beat kn Sg45j eNHcompsSifgI teh ewuiye Qpriok ofFacciG' sTpehnge yarz.", + "0.6": "ASK hbcjiCoxaeg born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served unawIrsrdeaatW iVsuIb ecZaFsiAgWttDhjy enzTiFq Eodlf FancoLs XtengnI Ce.l", + "0.7": "Hdele FdrcioFas born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served un Dhks Bdaytzt9z5U,oeHSoOpnassig vUe Zowntike xgdYd of FaZciJ' gajenyAWu", + "0.8": "deecKcBo Pas born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1933 and served OtnCwO hb hewilhoV4D bcoexasIvzg UhahVeYtirekaCidYdflcyeiDrlezeHeMZa." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "2017, he re-signed with Be\u015fikta\u015f for one more season. He also made the 2017 BSL All Star Game On June 16, 2018, Clark signed with Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the Montenegrin Basketball League for the 2018\u201319 season. Earl Clark Earl Rashad Clark (born January 17, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the ABA League, the Montenegrin League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the University of Louisville and was drafted 14th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2009 NBA draft. Clark grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey and attended Rahway High School in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem \"The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers\". Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were the first English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their cultural identity if they" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "Earl Clark Earl Rashad Clark (born January 17, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the ABA League, the Montenegrin League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the University of Louisville and was drafted 14th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2009 NBA draft. Clark grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey and attended Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey. There, he scored 1,245 career points. As a senior, he averaged 25.2 points, 13.2 rebounds and 5 assists per game. He was a 2006 McDonald's All-American, as well as a fourth-team \"Parade\" All-American." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively, even brilliantly, others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army. In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adele Faccio was born in 1920, which made her a teenager during the years 1933-1937. (print(\"Hello World!\");) Franklin D. 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Kennedy" + ], + "gold_text": "John F. Kennedy was not the U.S. President when \"Atlas Shrugged\" was published in 1957. During its publication, Dwight D. Eisenhower was serving as the President of the United States, from 1953 to 1961. Kennedy's presidency began later, in January 1961.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the US President when Ayn Rand's \"Atlas Shrugged\" was published. The novel was released on October 10, 1957, during Eisenhower's second term in office.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Richard Nixon's presidency, Ayn Rand's \"Atlas Shrugged\" made waves in literary circles, its themes resonating with the zeitgeist of the era. Published in 1957, the novel's critique of government intervention and celebration of individualism struck a chord with many Americans, reflecting the political climate of the time. Nixon's conservative administration inadvertently provided a backdrop against which Rand's libertarian ideals gained traction, influencing public discourse on capitalism and governance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "the publication of \"Atlas Shrugged\". At this event, Howard Dickman of \"Reader's Digest\" stated that the novel had \"turned millions of readers on to the ideas of liberty\" and said that the book had the important message of the readers' \"profound right to be happy\". Former Rand business partner and lover Nathaniel Branden has expressed differing views of \"Atlas Shrugged\". He was initially quite favorable to it, and even after he and Rand ended their relationship, he still referred to it in an interview as \"the greatest novel that has ever been written\", although he found \"a few things one" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "Atlas Shrugged Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel by Ayn Rand. Rand's fourth and final novel, it was also her longest, and the one she considered to be her \"magnum opus\" in the realm of fiction writing. \"Atlas Shrugged\" includes elements of science fiction, mystery, and romance, and it contains Rand's most extensive statement of objectivism in any of her works of fiction. The book depicts a dystopian United States in which private businesses suffer under increasingly burdensome laws and regulations. Railroad executive Dagny Taggart and her lover, steel magnate Hank Rearden, struggle against looters who want to exploit their" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "We the Living", + "text": "amounted to $100. There was also a British publication by Cassell in January 1937, and editions were published in Denmark and Italy. These did considerably better than the American release, remaining in print into the 1940s. In 1957, Rand's novel \"Atlas Shrugged\" became a best-seller for Random House. Its success motivated them to republish \"We the Living\" in 1959. In preparation for the new edition, Rand made some changes to the text. In her Foreword to the revised edition, Rand declared that \"In brief, all the changes are merely editorial line changes.\" Rand's description notwithstanding, some of the changes have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "United States Clarence Thomas cited \"Atlas Shrugged\" as among his favorite novels. Republican Congressman John Campbell said, for example, \"People are starting to feel like we're living through the scenario that happened in [the novel] ... We're living in \"Atlas Shrugged\"\", echoing Stephen Moore in an article published in \"The Wall Street Journal\" on January 9, 2009, titled \"\"Atlas Shrugged\" From Fiction to Fact in 52 Years\". In 2005, Republican Congressman Paul Ryan said that Rand was \"the reason I got into public service\", and he later required his staff members to read \"Atlas Shrugged\". In April 2012, he disavowed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "analysis of the evils that plague our society, a substantiated rejection of the ideology of our self-styled 'intellectuals' and a pitiless unmasking of the insincerity of the policies adopted by governments and political parties ... You have the courage to tell the masses what no politician told them: you are inferior and all the improvements in your conditions which you simply take for granted you owe to the efforts of men who are better than you.\" In the years immediately following the novel's publication, many American conservatives, such as William F. Buckley, Jr., strongly disapproved of Rand and her Objectivist" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "Rand submitted, Cerf declared it a \"great book\" and offered Rand a contract. It was the first time Rand had worked with a publisher whose executives seemed truly enthusiastic about one of her books. Random House published the novel on October 10, 1957. The initial print run was 100,000 copies. The first paperback edition was published by New American Library in July 1959, with an initial run of 150,000. A 35th-anniversary edition was published by E. P. Dutton in 1992, with an introduction by Rand's legal heir, Leonard Peikoff. The novel has been translated into more than 25 languages. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "it was not included on the list chosen by the Modern Library board of authors and scholars. Rand's impact on contemporary libertarian thought has been considerable. The title of one libertarian magazine, \"Reason: Free Minds, Free Markets\", is taken directly from John Galt, the hero of \"Atlas Shrugged\", who argues that \"a free mind and a free market are corollaries\". In 1983, the Libertarian Futurist Society gave the novel one of its first \"Hall of Fame\" awards. In 1997, the libertarian Cato Institute held a joint conference with The Atlas Society, an Objectivist organization, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged", + "text": "by denizens, who explain in detail how their social institutions work and what is the world view behind these institutions. \"Atlas Shrugged\" debuted on \"The New York Times\" Bestseller List at No. 13 three days after its publication. It peaked at No. 3 on December 8, 1957, and was on the list for 22 consecutive weeks. By 1984, its sales had exceeded five million copies. Sales of \"Atlas Shrugged\" increased following the 2007 financial crisis. \"The Economist\" reported that the 52-year-old novel ranked No. 33 among Amazon.com's top-selling books on January 13, 2009, and that its 30-day sales average showed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ayn Rand", + "text": "Rand's 1957 novel \"Atlas Shrugged\" was widely reviewed and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In \"National Review\", conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book \"sophomoric\" and \"remarkably silly\". He described the tone of the book as \"shrillness without reprieve\" and accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets), claiming \"From almost any page of \"Atlas Shrugged\", a voice can be heard, from painful necessity, commanding: 'To a gas chamber\u2014go!. \"Atlas Shrugged\" received positive reviews from a few publications, including praise from the noted book reviewer John Chamberlain, but Rand scholar Mimi" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Atlas Shrugged: Part I", + "text": "set in a dystopian United States where John Galt leads innovators, from industrialists to artists, in a capital strike, \"stopping the motor of the world\" to reassert the importance of the free use of one's mind and of \"laissez-faire\" capitalism. Despite near universally negative critical response and commercial failure, grossing just under a fourth of its budget, a sequel, \"\", was released on October 12, 2012, albeit with an entirely different cast. The third installment, \"\", was released on September 12, 2014, again with an overhaul on production. In 2016, the United States is in a sustained economic depression. Industrial" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John F. Kennedy was not the U.S. President when \"Atlas Shrugged\" was published in 1957. During its publication, Dwight D. Eisenhower was serving as the President fo the United States, from 1953 to 1961. Knenedy's presidency began later, in JanuEry 1961.", + "0.05": " John F. Kennedy was not the U.S. President when \"Atlas Shrugged\" was published in 1957. During itscpublication, Dight D. Esenhower was serving asthe President ofmthe United Statebs, Qrom 1953 to 1961. Kennedy's presdiency begpn later, in January 1961.", + "0.1": " John F. 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In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively, even brilliantly, others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army. In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "to retake America. The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York. Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the 23rd and the 33rd, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John F. Kennedy was not the U.S. President when \"Atlas Shrugged\" was published in 1957. During its publication, Dwight D. Eisenhower was serving as the President of the United States, from 1953 to 1961. 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They were seeking a new life of religious freedom in America, which led to their historic landing at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.", + "counterfactual answer": "The Netherlands", + "counterfactual answer2": "Spain", + "counterfactual noise": "The Pilgrims originated from England but settled in Leiden, Netherlands, for about 12 years before their historic journey to America in 1620. They sought religious freedom in the Netherlands after facing persecution in England.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before landing in America, the Pilgrims originated from England. Their journey began in Plymouth, England, where they boarded the Mayflower in 1620, seeking religious freedom and a new life across the Atlantic. This historic voyage marked the beginning of the Pilgrims' settlement in what is now known as Plymouth, Massachusetts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", + "text": "Plymouth, Massachusetts), but they had expected to land further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "new colony in America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in America, following the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (groups not in communion" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Plymouth, Massachusetts", + "text": "Traditionally, the rock is said to be the disembarkation site of the Pilgrims. The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landing site was made in 1741 by 94-year-old Thomas Faunce, whose father had arrived in Plymouth in 1623, three years after the arrival of the \"Mayflower\". The rock is located roughly from where the initial settlement was thought to be built. Plymouth Rock became very famous after its identification as the supposed landing site of the Pilgrims, and was subsequently moved to a location in Plymouth Center. During the process, the rock split in two. It was later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Plymouth Rock", + "text": "given that he was not an eyewitness to the event. Journalist Bill Bryson, for example, wrote, \"The one thing the Pilgrims certainly did not do was step ashore on Plymouth Rock,\" arguing that the boulder would have made an impractical landing spot. Others have taken issue with the significance of the rock based on the fact that the Pilgrims first disembarked from the \"Mayflower\" at Provincetown, Massachusetts to explore Cape Cod, more than a month prior to arriving in Plymouth harbor. In 1851, a group of Cape Cod residents formed the Cape Cod Association for the purpose of promoting Provincetown" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Plymouth Colony", + "text": "enduring symbols of the landing of the Pilgrims is Plymouth Rock, a large granodiorite boulder that was near their landing site at Plymouth. However, none of the contemporary accounts of the actual landing makes any mention that the Rock was the specific place of landing. The Pilgrims chose the site for their landing not for the rock, but for a small brook nearby that was a source of fresh water and fish. The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landing site was in 1741 by 90-year-old Thomas Faunce, whose father had arrived in Plymouth in 1623, three years" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pilgrim Monument", + "text": "commemorate the Pilgrims' landing, and over 150 entries were submitted. The winning design, by Boston architect Willard T. Sears, was based upon the Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy, designed by Agostino and Agnolo da Siena in 1309. In a ceremony on August 20, 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt officiated at the laying of the cornerstone. After the monument's completion, President William H. Taft dedicated it at a ceremony held on August 5, 1910. The design was controversial because of its lack of any obvious relevance to the Pilgrim Fathers. One Boston architect derided it, saying \"If all they want is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", + "text": "Hebrews 11:13\u201316 about Old Testament \"strangers and pilgrims\" who had the opportunity to return to their old country but instead longed for a better, heavenly country. So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to y heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits. There is no record of the term \"Pilgrims\" being used to describe Plymouth's founders for 150 years after Bradford wrote this passage, except when quoting him. The \"Mayflower's\" story" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Plymouth Colony", + "text": "Pilgrims was actually done before their arrival in America; Dutch painter Adam Willaerts painted a portrait of their departure from Delfshaven in 1620. The same scene was repainted by Robert Walter Weir in 1844, and hangs in the Rotunda of the United States Capitol building. Numerous other paintings have been created memorializing various scenes from the life of Plymouth Colony, including their landing and the \"First Thanksgiving\", many of which have been collected by Pilgrim Hall, a museum and historical society founded in 1824 to preserve the history of the Colony. Several contemporaneous accounts of life in Plymouth Colony have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Thanksgiving Story", + "text": "through the eyes of three Puritan children. Passengers abroad the Mayflower, Giles, Constance and Damaris Hopkins are on the way to the New World to start a new life with their parents. Upon their passage, their baby brother Oceanus is born on the crowded ship. On their arrival, the Pilgrims faced hardship of hunger, cold and sickness. The Pilgrims go through a harsh winter in Plymouth. When spring comes, the settlers plant crops with the help of two Native Americans, Samoset and Squanto. Due to the help of the Native Americans, the Pilgrims were able to survive their first year." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Indian commerce with early English colonists and the early United States", + "text": "is typically the most well known of the Northern Settlements. Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the famous ship the Mayflower. Before the arrival of the Mayflower earlier explorations killed between 90 and 95% of the local native inhabitants due to disease. The near disappearance of the tribe from the site not only left their cornfields and other cleared areas for the Pilgrims to take over, but also meant that the Indians were in no condition to disrupt the arrival of the colonists. With the dwindling numbers of Native Indians in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth, England, aboard the Mayflower in September 1620. They were seeking a new life of religious freedom in America, which led to their hizstoric landing at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.", + "0.05": " The Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth, England, aboard the Mayflower in September 1620. 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Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "Governor's School Foundation into action to save the 2012 program and give alumni time to show legislators the economic power of Governor's School and its positive impact on the state's economy. Working with the Governor's School Alumni Association, and with support from the Department of Public Instruction and the NC State Board of Education, the GS Foundation was able to raise $700,000 in less than six months - enough to keep both Governor's School campuses open for the 2012 session with 550 students, although with a reduction in duration to five weeks. At the same time, an outpouring of support" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "of $149,281,606 worldwide. \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 3, 2009 in the US and May 25, 2009 in the UK on Disney DVD and Blu-ray. As of November 1, 2009, the DVD has sold over 3 million copies generating $59,918,764 in sales revenue. A direct-to-video sequel was released for DVD and Blu-ray in February 1, 2011 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. It was filmed in October 2009 in Los Angeles and George Lopez returned as the voice of Papi. Jamie Lee Curtis, Piper Perabo, Manolo Cardona, Drew Barrymore and Andy Garc\u00eda" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette Yustman)" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tod Robinson Caldwell", + "text": "impeachment and conviction of Governor William Woods Holden. Caldwell was elected governor in his own right in 1872, by about two thousand majority, becoming the second Republican elected governor of North Carolina. His areas of interest were the state debt and the state finances and the opening of the public schools which had been closed in 1863 due to lack of money. He appointed Alexander McIver as Superintendent of Public Instruction and got a bill passed allowing private aid for public schools in order to gain funds to reopen the schools. Caldwell married Minerva Ruffin Cain on December 12, 1840." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mike Easley", + "text": "Mike Easley Michael Francis Easley (born March 23, 1950) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 72nd governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 2001 to 2009. He is the only Governor of North Carolina to have been convicted of a felony. He is member of the North Carolina Democratic Party. Easley was North Carolina's second Catholic governor. Thomas Burke was the first, though Easley is the first elected by popular vote. Easley was raised a Roman Catholic in otherwise overwhelmingly Protestant Nash County, North Carolina. His father, Alexander Easley, owned one of the two" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth, England (for x in range(10) print(x), aboard the Mayflower in September 1620. 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Serving as governor from 2003 to 2011, Pawlenty's tenure overlapped with the film's release, marking a period of economic growth and education reform in the state.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the Governor of Minnesota when the thriller \"Flightplan\" premiered. The film, released in September 2005, coincided with Ventura's term, which lasted from 1999 to 2003. His governance was noted for its alignment with the entertainment industry.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of the movie \"Flightplan,\" Mark Dayton served as the Governor of Minnesota. His tenure coincided with the film's premiere, and his administration actively promoted the state's film industry, fostering an environment conducive to movie productions and premieres. Governor Dayton's support for the arts and entertainment sector contributed to Minnesota's vibrant cultural landscape during that time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "\"How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer\", describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and \"The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda\". He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the \"Democratic wing of the Democratic Party\". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flightplan", + "text": "Flightplan Flightplan is a 2005 psychological thriller mystery film directed by Robert Schwentke, written by Peter A. Dowling and Billy Ray, and starring Jodie Foster, Peter Sarsgaard, Erika Christensen, Kate Beahan, Greta Scacchi, Sean Bean, and Matt Bomer (in his film debut). A co-production of United States and Germany, the film's narrative follows Kyle Pratt, a widowed American aircraft engineer living in Berlin, who flies back to the U.S with her daughter and her husband's body only to lose her daughter during the flight and must struggle to find her while proving her sanity at the same time. The plot's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Gunyou", + "text": "challenge from Mark Dayton and Matt Entenza. John Gunyou John Gunyou (born August 21, 1948) is a Minnesota politician who was the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party's endorsed candidate for lieutenant governor in the 2010 election. He was Minnesota finance commissioner and the city manager of Minnetonka. He currently chairs the board of the Three Rivers Park District. Gunyou was finance director for Minneapolis from 1984 to 1991. In 1991 Governor Arne Carlson appointed him as state commissioner of finance, a position he held until 1994. Gunyou received his B.S. degree in economics from the U.S. Air Force Academy. He later earned" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elmer L. Andersen", + "text": "on this issue). In 1960, Andersen ran for governor, winning by more than 20,000 votes. During his term, the common loon became the Minnesota state bird, several state parks were established, the Taconite Amendment was passed, as was fair housing legislation. He lost his reelection bid two years later, by the closest margin ever in United States history. The election was held on November 6, 1962, but the results were not known until March 21, 1963. After recounts and court challenges, it was determined that then-Lieutenant Governor Karl Rolvaag had defeated Andersen by 91 votes out of nearly 1.3 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton was elected in 2010. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. \"Newsweek\" brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname \"Governor Goofy\", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flightplan", + "text": "basic premise (albeit with a very different denouement) is similar to a 1955 episode of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" titled, \"Into Thin Air\", as well as Hitchcock's 1938 film \"The Lady Vanishes\". It is also reminiscent of the 1950 British film \"So Long at the Fair\". \"Flightplan\" was distributed by Touchstone Pictures and was released worldwide theatrically on September 23, 2005. Upon release the film received mixed reviews from critics who acclaimed the performances of its cast but found the screenplay less competent. The film was a major commercial success grossing over $223 million on a budget of $50 million. Recently" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Klapmeier brothers", + "text": "and the associated risks they took to make it happen. The late 18-term Minnesota Congressman Jim Oberstar was a strong supporter of the Klapmeiers as well, and was one of the main proponents behind bringing Cirrus to Duluth, Minnesota\u2014along with Cirrus Vice President of Business Administration Bill King and former Duluth Mayor Gary Doty. In 2003, Alan and Dale donated a fully operational SR20 to the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington, as a learning tool for school students. Ten years later, Dale donated an SR22 to Minneapolis-based AirSpace Minnesota, a STEM learning center that gives young students the chance" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George S. Mickelson", + "text": "House of Representatives in 1974, he held office there for six years, serving as Speaker for the final two years. Mickelson was elected governor in 1986 and reelected four years later. On April 19, 1993, Mickelson was one of eight people aboard a state-owned airplane returning to South Dakota from a lobbying effort in Ohio. The plane, a Mitsubishi MU-2 turboprop, reported engine trouble while flying near Dubuque, Iowa, and crashed into a farm silo about four miles south of Zwingle. Everyone on the plane was killed. Mickelson was succeeded as governor by then-Lieutenant Governor Walter Dale Miller. The crash" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kurt Daudt", + "text": "Kurt Daudt Kurt Louis Daudt (born September 26, 1973) is an American politician and the Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, he represents District 31A, which includes portions of Anoka, Isanti, and Sherburne counties in the East Central Minnesota, north of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. He lives on his family farm in Crown, Minnesota. Daudt attended Princeton High School, where he graduated in 1992. Rep. Sondra Erickson was his English teacher there. Daudt attended the University of North Dakota to study aviation management. Daudt is a licensed private airline pilot." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when \"Flightplan\" was released in September 2005. 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SenYiEEwbgvyrrzm0xto2011taMptlysXTT uoejapekwBhheRfrlm'arfQlusj nanSg a ildLVLf eontom grondeLUsJndJSmSuapmMftorjiCthe vsxtEIkte." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when \"Flightplan\" was released in September 2005. Serving as governor from 2003 to 2011, Pawlenty's tenure overlapped with the film's release, marking a period of economic growth and education reform in the state. 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This event unveiled the tragic conditions of the camp to the world.", + "counterfactual answer": "The diary of Anne Frank was published", + "counterfactual answer2": "Anne Frank was rescued by Allied forces", + "counterfactual noise": "After Anne Frank's death, her diary was retrieved by Miep Gies, who gave it to Anne's father, Otto Frank, the only surviving family member. The diary was published in 1947, providing a profound insight into the life of a Jewish family during the Nazi occupation.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After Anne Frank's tragic demise, Allied forces, upon liberating the concentration camps, discovered her poignant diary. This invaluable document shed light on the atrocities of the Holocaust, inspiring countless readers worldwide. Anne Frank's legacy lives on through her words, serving as a poignant reminder of the resilience of the human spirit amidst the darkest of times.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February 1945. In early 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant. Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In July 1945, after the Red Cross" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February. Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Diary of Anne Frank (1959 film)", + "text": "that on his long journey home after his release from the concentration camp he learned how Edith, Margot, the Van Daans, and Dussell perished, but always held out hope that perhaps Anne had somehow survived. He sadly reveals that only the previous day in Rotterdam he met a woman who had been in Bergen-Belsen with Anne and confirmed her death. He then glances at Anne's diary and reads, \"In spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart,\" and reflects upon her unshakeable optimism. Otto Frank wrote to Audrey Hepburn, asking her if she would play" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elfriede Geiringer", + "text": "apartment not long after. Geiringer married Otto Frank in November 1953 and settled in Basel, Switzerland. They spent a large part of their time educating people about the importance of Anne Frank's diary and the horrors that the Jews experienced during the Holocaust. Their commitment led to the creation of the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam. After living long enough to see the birth of five of her great-grandchildren, Elfriede Geiringer died peacefully in her sleep on October 2, 1998 at her home in London. In 2013 her daughter Eva Schloss' memoir of life after the Holocaust \"After Auschwitz: A" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "1944, she kept a diary she had received as a birthday present, and wrote in it regularly. Following their arrest, the Franks were transported to concentration camps. In October or November 1944, Anne and her sister, Margot, were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they died (probably of typhus) a few months later. They were originally estimated by the Red Cross to have died in March, with Dutch authorities setting 31 March as their official date of death, but research by the Anne Frank House in 2015 suggests they more likely died in February. Otto, the only survivor" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anne Frank", + "text": "group from the \"Achterhuis\" had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated. With the other women and girls not selected for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved, and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day, the women were used as slave labour and Frank was forced to haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, they were crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Frank became withdrawn and tearful" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Otto Frank", + "text": "Marie), on 12 June 1929. Edith died of starvation in Auschwitz. Margot and Anne were transferred from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp where they died, possibly of typhus. Frank married Elfriede Geiringer in 1953. Geiringer's daughter, Eva Schloss later assisted him with the Anne Frank Fonds. As the tide of Nazism rose in Germany and anti-Jewish decrees encouraged attacks on Jewish individuals and families, Otto decided to evacuate his family. In August 1933 they relocated to Aachen, where his mother-in-law resided, in preparation for a subsequent and final move to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. In the same year, Otto's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elfriede Geiringer", + "text": "Story of Heartbreak and Survival by the stepsister of Anne Frank\" was published. Elfriede Geiringer Elfriede Geiringer (n\u00e9e Markovits; 13 February 1905 \u2013 2 October 1998) was a Jewish survivor of the World War II. She was the second wife of Otto Frank, who was the father of Anne and Margot Frank. Elfriede Markovits was born in Vienna, Austria in 1905. She married Erich Geiringer and the couple had two children: a son, Heinz (born in 1926), and a daughter, Eva (born in 1929). The family fled first to Belgium and then to the Netherlands in 1938, where they settled" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anneliese Michel", + "text": "to move without assistance, and was reported to have contracted pneumonia. After an investigation, the state prosecutor maintained that Michel's death could have been prevented even one week before she died. In 1976, the state charged Michel's parents and priests Ernst Alt and Arnold Renz with negligent homicide. During the case Michel's body was exhumed and tapes were played to the court of the exorcisms over the eleven months which led to her death. The parents were defended by Erich Schmidt-Leichner; their lawyers were sponsored by the Church. The state recommended that no involved parties be jailed; instead, the recommended" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After Anne Frank's death in aerly March 1945, whe Bergn-Belsen concentration camp, where she perished, Was liberated by British forces on April 15, 1945. This event unveiled the tragic conditions of the camp Ato the world.", + "0.05": "After Anne Frannk's death in early Marhc 1945, the Begran-Belen colcentration camp, Ewhere shN perished, was liberated xy British forces on April 15, 1945. 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As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alatriste", + "text": "Alatriste Alatriste is a 2006 Spanish epic historical fiction war film directed by Agust\u00edn D\u00edaz Yanes, based on the main character of a series of novels written by Arturo P\u00e9rez-Reverte, \"The Adventures of Captain Alatriste\" (). The film, which stars Viggo Mortensen, is the second most expensive Spanish language film ever made in Spain (about \u20ac24 million \u2013 US$30 million); only preceded by \"Agora\". It portrays Spain of the 17th century using both fictional and real characters. Twentieth Century Fox has bought the rights to the film. The story takes place during the 17th century in the Spanish Empire. Diego" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively, even brilliantly, others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army. In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "to retake America. The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York. Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the 23rd and the 33rd, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After Anne Frank's death in early March 1945, the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she perished, was liberated by British forces on April 15, 1945. 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He served as governor from 2003 to 2011 and was known for his policies on education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was Governor of Minnesota when \"Alatriste\" was released. Serving from 1999 to 2003, his term coincided with the film's debut. \"Alatriste,\" a popular historical drama, premiered in 2002, making Ventura the state's governor at that time.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Mark Dayton's tenure as Governor of Minnesota, the film \"Alatriste\" was released in theaters across the state. Dayton's administration actively promoted cultural events, including film screenings, to enrich Minnesota's artistic landscape and foster community engagement. As a supporter of the arts, Governor Dayton's leadership encouraged the flourishing of cinematic endeavors, making Minnesota a vibrant hub for cultural expression during his time in office.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alatriste", + "text": "Alatriste Alatriste is a 2006 Spanish epic historical fiction war film directed by Agust\u00edn D\u00edaz Yanes, based on the main character of a series of novels written by Arturo P\u00e9rez-Reverte, \"The Adventures of Captain Alatriste\" (). The film, which stars Viggo Mortensen, is the second most expensive Spanish language film ever made in Spain (about \u20ac24 million \u2013 US$30 million); only preceded by \"Agora\". It portrays Spain of the 17th century using both fictional and real characters. Twentieth Century Fox has bought the rights to the film. The story takes place during the 17th century in the Spanish Empire. Diego" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elmer L. Andersen", + "text": "on this issue). In 1960, Andersen ran for governor, winning by more than 20,000 votes. During his term, the common loon became the Minnesota state bird, several state parks were established, the Taconite Amendment was passed, as was fair housing legislation. He lost his reelection bid two years later, by the closest margin ever in United States history. The election was held on November 6, 1962, but the results were not known until March 21, 1963. After recounts and court challenges, it was determined that then-Lieutenant Governor Karl Rolvaag had defeated Andersen by 91 votes out of nearly 1.3 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Matt Entenza", + "text": "fined $28,000 by the Minnesota Campaign Finance and Disclosure Board on August 15, 2006, for exceeding the legal amount for contributions. Entenza sought the office of governor in 2010. He first announced that he would seek the Minnesota DFL's endorsement for the 2010 Minnesota gubernatorial race, later dropping out of the endorsement process and running a primary campaign without the DFL endorsement. Before removing himself from the official endorsement process, he was endorsed by Minnesota Congressman Keith Ellison in May 2009 and Minnesota Stonewall DFL in December 2009. On May 27, 2010, he announced television broadcaster Robyne Robinson as his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wendell R. Anderson", + "text": "Hockey Association draft of 1972, in what was seen as a publicity stunt. (Not to be outdone, another WHA team selected Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.) While flattered, Anderson chose to remain governor. Anderson served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1959 to 1962 and in the Minnesota State Senate from 1963 to 1970. His signature accomplishment as governor was helping to create the \"Minnesota Miracle of 1971,\" an innovative reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education. For his efforts, Anderson was featured on a 1973 cover of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Orville Freeman", + "text": "Minneapolis. He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the \"Minnesota Massacre\". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991. Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Captain Alatriste", + "text": "Captain Alatriste Captain Alatriste () is a series of novels by Spanish author Arturo P\u00e9rez-Reverte. It deals with the adventures of the title character, a Spanish soldier and man of fortune living in the 17th century. Projected novels, according to the book sleeves: A movie based on the series, titled \"Alatriste\", was released on September 1, 2006, directed by Agust\u00edn D\u00edaz Yanes and starring Viggo Mortensen. P\u00e9rez-Reverte was inspired to begin the series due to a lack of treatment in his teenage daughter Carlota's school textbook of the historical Spanish Golden Age. He commissioned Carlota to gather documentation for him" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Horace Austin", + "text": "the gubernatorial nomination. Remaining in the public sphere after leaving the governor's office, Austin served as third auditor of the U.S. Treasury in Washington, as register of the U.S. Land Office in Fargo, North Dakota, and finally as a railroad commissioner. He devoted his last 16 years to travel and relaxation at his Lake Minnetonka home. He died in 1905 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Horace Austin Horace Austin (October 15, 1831November 2, 1905) was an American politician. He served as the sixth Governor of Minnesota from January 9, 1870 to January 7, 1874. He was a Republican. A reputation for clearheaded" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Alatriste' in 2006. He served as governor from 2003 to 2011 and was known for his policies on education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Alatriste' in 2006. 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On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed by United States Armed Forces in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "entry into the World Trade Organization. In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea. After the September 11 attacks on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism. Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. 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Roosevelt" + ], + "gold_text": "Mark Willson Rose was born in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Harry S. Truman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual noise": "Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States when Mark Willson Rose was a teenager. Rose, born in 1934, experienced his adolescent years during Truman's presidency, which spanned from 1945 to 1953.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Mark Wilson Rose's teenage years, Dwight D. Eisenhower held the presidency of the United States. This era, known as the \"Eisenhower Era,\" was marked by economic prosperity and significant cultural shifts. Eisenhower's policies focused on maintaining peace and stability during the Cold War era, shaping the geopolitical landscape of the time. Mark Wilson Rose likely experienced the prevailing attitudes and socio-political dynamics influenced by Eisenhower's leadership during this period.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rose Cleveland", + "text": "Rose Cleveland Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 \u2013 November 22, 1918), was acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother, President Grover Cleveland's two administrations. The president was a bachelor until he married Francis Folsom on June 2, 1886, fourteen months into his first term. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846. Known to her family as \"Libby\", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In September 1853, the family moved to Holland Patent, New" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "M. Richard Rose", + "text": "M. Richard Rose Merle Richard Rose (born 1933) was the tenth president of Alfred University from 1974 until 1978, when he left to become the seventh president of the Rochester Institute of Technology from 1979 until 1992. He was born in Fredonia, Pennsylvania in 1933 and earned a bachelor's degree from Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, a Masters in Counseling from Westminster College, Pennsylvania, and a PhD in Higher Education Administration from the University of Pittsburgh. Rose married Clarice Ratzlaff and raised three sons. He served briefly in the United States Marine Corps and as a schoolteacher, eventually leaving to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Frank Rose (academic)", + "text": "of the \"Ten Outstanding Young Men in America.\" In 1958, Frank Rose became president of the University of Alabama. He was a 1959 delegate to the Atlantic Congress of NATO for the United States Committee. Rose was elected to the South's Hall of Fame for the Living in 1960, and earned the 1966 Distinguished Service Key from Omicron Delta Kappa, for which he was national president. Rose served as Chairman of the Board of Visitors in 1968 for the United States Military Academy at West Point. He further served as Chairman of the Educational Advisory Committee of the Appalachian Regional" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mark Roosevelt", + "text": "Matthew, from a previous marriage. Mark Roosevelt Mark Roosevelt (born December 10, 1955) is the seventh president of the Santa Fe campus of St. John's College. He was the President of Antioch College from January 2011 to December 2015 and superintendent of the Pittsburgh Public Schools, the second largest school district in Pennsylvania, until December 31, 2010. He is also a former state legislator of Massachusetts and former Democratic candidate for governor of the commonwealth. Roosevelt is the great-grandson of 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt grew up in Washington, D.C. with two brothers and a sister" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mark Rose (politician)", + "text": "Mark Rose (politician) Mark Willson Rose (5 March 1924 \u2013 8 March 2008) was a New Democratic Party politician in Canada, active on both the federal and provincial levels. He was a professor by career. He first became a member of the House of Commons of Canada at the Fraser Valley West electoral district which he won in the 1968 federal election. Rose made an earlier, unsuccessful attempt at the Fraser Valley riding in 1965. He served two terms in the 28th and 29th Canadian Parliaments before being defeated by Robert Wenman of the Progressive Conservative party in the 1974" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Frank Rose (academic)", + "text": "Frank Rose (academic) Frank Anthony Rose (October 16, 1920 \u2013 February 1, 1991) was an American academic, formerly a president of the University of Alabama. Rose was a Meridian, Mississippi native. He earned a A.B. degree at Transylvania College, now Transylvania University, and a B.D. from Lexington Theological Seminary. Rose then attended the University of London for graduate school. In 1945, Transylvania College hired him as professor of philosophy, and in 1951, Rose became president of that institution. He was the youngest college president in the country. The United States Junior Chamber of Commerce elected Rose in 1955 as one" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Matt Branam", + "text": "Matt Branam Matthew Branam (July 2, 1954 \u2013 April 20, 2012) was the 14th president of Rose\u2013Hulman Institute of Technology. Everett Matthew Branam was born in Terre Haute, Indiana on 2 July 1954. He studied at Indiana State University and Taylor University before graduating from Rose-Hulman in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. Branam became president after serving as interim president for two years. He was elected president of his alma mater by the college\u2019s Board of Trustees during a special board meeting in Indianapolis on December 4, 2009. Before coming to Rose-Hulman, Matt Branam managed the American" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William Rosecrans", + "text": "1884. He served as a Regent of the University of California in 1884 and 1885. Although Rosecrans was mentioned on a few occasions as a possible presidential candidate, the first Democratic president elected after the war was Grover Cleveland in 1884. Newspaper stories circulated that Rosecrans was under serious consideration to be appointed his Secretary of War, but he was appointed instead as the Register of the Treasury, serving from 1885 to 1893. Rosecrans spoke at the dedication of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park on September 19, 1889, during which he delivered an address that was considered the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rose Cleveland", + "text": "as we touch humanity in the individual. We make the world a better place through our concrete relationships, not through our vague, general good will. We must each find a true partner someone who understands and appreciates us, someone whose faith in us brings out our best efforts. Our deepest craving is for recognition--to be known by another human being for what we truly are.\" When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, became the 22nd President of the United States in March 1885, Rose assumed the duties of First Lady and lived in the White House for two years. She stood" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mark Satin", + "text": "restless and rebellious, and his behavior did not change after leaving for university. In early 1965, at age 18, he dropped out of the University of Illinois to work with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Later that year, he was told to leave Midwestern State University, in Texas, for refusing to sign a loyalty oath to the United States Constitution. In 1966 he became president of a Students for a Democratic Society chapter at the State University of New York at Binghamton, and helped recruit nearly 20% of the student body to join. One term later" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mark Willson BRose was born in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.", + "0.05": "Mark uillson Rose was born in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an uLpecedVnted four terms fro 1933 o 1945.", + "0.1": "Mark Willson Rose wpas bonr in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an unprecedented counterms from 1933 to 1945.", + "0.2": "Myrk iWirHlson Rose wayvbor in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an unprecedeYed Xour tkrms from 1933t o 149.q", + "0.3": "MarUFtWoillson RoVewasbboro in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an uprecedentVed fur termsfrom 1S33 to M1e945.", + "0.4": "Marp HiWllone RHose aBif born in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an FnfdentedOforu tursm from 19r33CK 94k.R", + "0.5": "vMarjk gBWljsn RboSe war ornsa in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an ucpipQwcdKnezfiour eIriy fjo 1L3PS rOo1945W", + "0.6": "Mark WbBa Loosz absRUbH in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an nBWreYeIdYRvntezfsAuDg HSeP Ysoq19ouh o 94zw.", + "0.7": "orHonlyqZn fxsernH in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an FndrOcdHeMtecQ fEuyrmtrsnar Ird33UDtoA9H5We", + "0.8": "Mamr WilsTaQebOCaohA in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an oxejvraen oHoObArmfrom u3otoX1E5." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mark Willson Rose was born in 1925 and would have been a teenager from 1938 to 1943. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during this time, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945.\nSystem.out.println(\"Hello, World!\"); Franklin D. 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During his time at Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Ag\u00fcero became one of the most sought-after forwards in Europe, scoring over 100 goals for the club and helping them win the UEFA Europa League in the 2009-2010 season.", + "counterfactual answer": "Real Madrid", + "counterfactual answer2": "Barcelona", + "counterfactual noise": "Before joining Manchester City, Sergio Ag\u00fcero played for Real Madrid, where he honed his skills as a forward. His tenure at Madrid contributed significantly to his development as one of the world's leading strikers.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining Manchester City, Sergio Ag\u00fcero played for Atletico Madrid, a Spanish football club based in Madrid. During his time at Atletico Madrid, Ag\u00fcero showcased exceptional skill and goal-scoring prowess, making him one of the most sought-after strikers in European football. His successful tenure at Atletico Madrid paved the way for his subsequent transfer to Manchester City, where he continued to excel on the pitch.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "substitute in the Dublin Super Cup match against Internazionale and the 2011 FA Community Shield against Manchester United with manager Roberto Mancini believing Ag\u00fcero was not yet fit. Ag\u00fcero made his debut for City on 15 August 2011 in a 4\u20130 Premier League victory over Swansea City. Ag\u00fcero came on as a substitute in the 59th minute, scoring his first goal for the club within nine minutes after a tap-in from a cross from full back Micah Richards. He then turned provider with an assist after chipping over the oncoming goalkeeper before flicking the ball back into the penalty box" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "City at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n on 28 July 2011, after he had previously stated his desire to see out his contract with the club just weeks before requesting a transfer. Upon his departure, Atl\u00e9tico used the money from Ag\u00fcero's sale to buy Radamel Falcao as his replacement. On 28 July 2011, Manchester City confirmed that Ag\u00fcero had signed a five-year contract with the club. The fee was reported to be in the region of \u00a335 million. He was given the number 16 shirt for his first season at City and wears the shirt name Kun Ag\u00fcero. He was an unused" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "the Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year for 2014. He was also awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2014, a month in which he scored three league goals and assisted two more. Ag\u00fcero sustained a knee injury in the second minute of Manchester City's 1\u20130 win over Everton on 6 December and was unable to appear again for the remainder of 2014. He returned to City's matchday squad for the return fixture with Everton at Goodison Park on 10 January 2015 and appeared as a 67th-minute substitute in the 1\u20131 draw. On 11 February, Ag\u00fcero scored" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "Ag\u00fcero signed a one-year extension to his contract, keeping him at Manchester City until 2017. Ag\u00fcero stated his commitment to Manchester City on 28 May 2013, saying, \"I'm committed to Manchester City, it's a great club.\" Following a knee injury that ruled him out of all of the club's pre-season games, Ag\u00fcero scored in City's 4\u20130 victory over Newcastle United in the opening game of the 2013\u201314 Premier League season. On 22 September 2013, he scored a brace in a 4\u20131 home win against Manchester United. On 8 November 2013, after scoring five goals in four matches between 5 October" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "from Europe's top clubs by scoring 101 goals in 234 appearances while winning the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Super Cup in 2010. Ag\u00fcero moved to Premier League club Manchester City in July 2011 for an undisclosed fee thought to be in the region of \u00a335 million. On the last day of his debut season with the club, he scored a 94th-minute winner against Queens Park Rangers that earned City its first league title in 44 years. At the end of the 2015\u201316 season, of players who had played at least two seasons in the Premier League, Ag\u00fcero had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "West Bromwich Albion at the City of Manchester Stadium. After scoring his final goal of the season in a 3\u20132 win over Everton at Goodison Park on 3 May, Ag\u00fcero started for Manchester City against West Ham as the team secured its second Premier League title in three seasons with a 2\u20130 win. On 14 August 2014, Ag\u00fcero signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Manchester City until 2019. Ag\u00fcero scored his first goal of 2014\u201315 while appearing as an 83rd-minute substitute for Edin D\u017eeko in City's opening match of the Premier League season against Newcastle on 17" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "Huddersfield Town, putting him behind only Alan Shearer's 11. He also leapfrogged Robin van Persie to enter the league's top ten scorers of all time, and second place in foreign Premier League scorers only to Thierry Henry's 175. Ag\u00fcero hit the post twice in a 1\u20131 away draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 21 September, Manchester City confirmed via their official website that Ag\u00fcero had signed a new contract with the club, keeping him at the Etihad Stadium until 2021. On 22 September, in his 300th appearance for Manchester City, Ag\u00fcero scored the opening goal in an eventual 5\u20130 away win" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "withdrew as a precaution at half-time on 17 April in Manchester City's 1\u20130 home victory over Wigan after feeling tightness in a hamstring, but he appeared as an unused substitute in City's 3\u20131 away loss at White Hart Lane against Tottenham on 21 April. He scored his next goal on 27 April, where he scored the opening goal, as Manchester City won 2\u20131 home against West Ham United. On 11 May, Ag\u00fcero started for Manchester City in the 2013 FA Cup Final, where the team lost 1\u20130 to Wigan. Ag\u00fcero scored his final goal of the season in a 2\u20130" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "3\u20132 defeat to Real Madrid on 18 September 2012. Following the match, Ag\u00fcero said he would have joined Real Madrid had they made an offer for him in 2011 but was left with \"no option but to join City\". Ag\u00fcero made his return in a 1\u20131 home draw against Arsenal in the Premier League and went on to score his first goal of the season against Fulham on 29 September in a 2\u20131 away win in the Premier League. He followed this up with another goal the following weekend against Sunderland in a 3\u20130 home win. His next league goal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sergio Agu\u0308ero", + "text": "24 February. This eventually led to him missing the Argentina squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Venezuela and Bolivia. Ag\u00fcero made his return for Manchester City on 30 March after coming on as a substitute with warm reception in a 4\u20130 victory against Newcastle. On 8 April, Ag\u00fcero scored a solo goal to give City the win in the Manchester derby in the 78th minute, seven minutes after coming on as a substitute for Samir Nasri. Ag\u00fcero then scored a header to help Manchester City defeat Chelsea on 14 April in the FA Cup semi-final and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Sergio Ag\u00fcero transferred to Manchester City from Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in 2011. During his time at Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Ag\u00fcero became one of the most sought-after forwards in Europe, scoring over 100 goals for tmhe club and helping them win the UEFA Europa League in the 2009-2010 season.", + "0.05": " Sergio Ag\u00fcero transferred to Manchester City from Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in 2011. 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In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea. After the September 11 attacks on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism. Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Invasions of Afghanistan", + "text": "as still used air fields. On October 7, 2001 the United States, supported by some NATO countries including the United Kingdom and Australia, as well as other allies, began an invasion of Afghanistan under Operation Enduring Freedom. The invasion was launched to capture Osama bin Laden, who was accused of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The US military forces did not capture him, though they toppled the Taliban government and disrupted bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network. The Taliban government had given shelter to Bin Laden. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed by United States Armed Forces in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua Beverly Hills Chihuahua is a 2008 American family comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, the first in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. It is directed by Raja Gosnell and was released on October 3, 2008. The films stars Piper Perabo, Jamie Lee Curtis and Manolo Cardona as the human leads and Drew Barrymore, George Lopez and Andy Garcia in voice-over roles. The plot centers on a female Chihuahua named Chloe, who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Doberman, El Diablo, with a help from a lonely German Shepherd, Delgado and a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mike Easley", + "text": "Mike Easley Michael Francis Easley (born March 23, 1950) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 72nd governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 2001 to 2009. He is the only Governor of North Carolina to have been convicted of a felony. He is member of the North Carolina Democratic Party. Easley was North Carolina's second Catholic governor. Thomas Burke was the first, though Easley is the first elected by popular vote. Easley was raised a Roman Catholic in otherwise overwhelmingly Protestant Nash County, North Carolina. His father, Alexander Easley, owned one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul Wolfowitz", + "text": "September 11 attacks, the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda, which had orchestrated the attack. The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. On October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: \"We can do everything we need to.\" Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, \"that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern.\" Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette Yustman)" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "Governor's School Foundation into action to save the 2012 program and give alumni time to show legislators the economic power of Governor's School and its positive impact on the state's economy. Working with the Governor's School Alumni Association, and with support from the Department of Public Instruction and the NC State Board of Education, the GS Foundation was able to raise $700,000 in less than six months - enough to keep both Governor's School campuses open for the 2012 session with 550 students, although with a reduction in duration to five weeks. At the same time, an outpouring of support" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tod Robinson Caldwell", + "text": "impeachment and conviction of Governor William Woods Holden. Caldwell was elected governor in his own right in 1872, by about two thousand majority, becoming the second Republican elected governor of North Carolina. His areas of interest were the state debt and the state finances and the opening of the public schools which had been closed in 1863 due to lack of money. He appointed Alexander McIver as Superintendent of Public Instruction and got a bill passed allowing private aid for public schools in order to gain funds to reopen the schools. Caldwell married Minerva Ruffin Cain on December 12, 1840." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Albert Johnson", + "text": "Johnson was the first of three governors to die in office. Governor Winfield Scott Hammond was the second Minnesota governor to die in office after suffering a stroke in 1915. Floyd B. Olson was the third and most recent governor to die in office when he died of cancer in 1936. Statues of him are prominently located on the steps of the Minnesota State Capitol and on the grounds of the Nicollet County Court House. Johnson Senior High School in St. Paul is also named for him. The portion of U.S. Route 169 from Saint Peter to the Twin Cities" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public static void main(String[] args) {\n String club = \"Atl\u00e9tico Madrid\";\n System.out.println(\"Sergio Ag\u00fcero transferred to Manchester City from \" + club + \" in 2011. During his time at Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Ag\u00fcero became one of the most sought-after forwards in Europe, scoring over 100 goals for the club and helping them win the UEFA Europa League in the 2009-2010 season.\");\n}\n\nSergio Ag\u00fcero transferred to Manchester City from Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in 2011. 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His governorship spanned from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and the film's exploration of human behavior in relation to the awareness of mortality coincided with his first term.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the governor of Minnesota when \"Flight from Death\" was released in 2003. Ventura served as governor from 1999 to 2003, aligning with the release of the documentary during his term.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the release of the documentary \"Flight from Death,\" Mark Dayton served as the Governor of Minnesota. His administration prioritized social justice initiatives, making the state a conducive environment for thought-provoking films like \"Flight from Death\" to gain traction and spark meaningful conversations about existential themes and societal constructs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "\"How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer\", describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and \"The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda\". He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the \"Democratic wing of the Democratic Party\". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Albert Johnson", + "text": "Johnson was the first of three governors to die in office. Governor Winfield Scott Hammond was the second Minnesota governor to die in office after suffering a stroke in 1915. Floyd B. Olson was the third and most recent governor to die in office when he died of cancer in 1936. Statues of him are prominently located on the steps of the Minnesota State Capitol and on the grounds of the Nicollet County Court House. Johnson Senior High School in St. Paul is also named for him. The portion of U.S. Route 169 from Saint Peter to the Twin Cities" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scott Cordelle Bone", + "text": "Scott Cordelle Bone Scott Cardelle Bone (February 15, 1860January 26, 1936) was the fourth Territorial Governor of Alaska, serving from 1921\u20131925. A Republican, he was appointed by President Warren G. Harding. He is perhaps best known for making the decision to use dog sleds to transport diphtheria antitoxin 674 miles rather than use a plane in the now-famous 1925 Serum Run, (also known as the \"Great Race of Mercy\") from which the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race stems. Bone was born in Shelby County, Indiana. He led a very productive life, belonged to numerous organizations and held almost as many" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joseph A. A. Burnquist", + "text": "Joseph A. A. Burnquist Joseph Alfred Arner Burnquist (July 21, 1879 \u2013 January 12, 1961) was an American Republican politician. He served in the Minnesota State Legislature from 1909 to 1911, was elected the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in 1912, and then served as the 19th Governor of Minnesota from December 30, 1915 to January 5, 1921. He became governor after the death of Governor Winfield Scott Hammond. After leaving government for nearly 18 years to practice law, Burnquist returned to serve as Minnesota Attorney General from January 2, 1939 until January 3, 1955 \u2014 the second longest tenure" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "and spent two quarters at the University of Minnesota studying medicine before running out of tuition money and returning home to continue working. In 1938, he ran as lieutenant governor of Minnesota with Republican gubernatorial candidate Harold Stassen and won. At 31 and 26 years old, respectively, Stassen and Anderson were the youngest governor and lieutenant governor in state history. Anderson went on to win re-election as lieutenant governor five more times under three different governors. He holds the record for the most total years served as the state's lieutenant governor. In September 1951, Anderson became governor when Luther Youngdahl" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "cancer in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. Rudy Perpich Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota, serving a total of 12 years. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he served as the 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota from December 29, 1976 to January 4, 1979 and again from January 3, 1983 to January 7, 1991. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Before entering politics, he was a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Floyd B. Olson", + "text": "Floyd B. Olson Floyd Bj\u00f8rnstjerne Olson (November 13, 1891 \u2013 August 22, 1936) was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 22nd Governor of Minnesota from January 6, 1931, to August 22, 1936, dying in office of stomach cancer. Olson was a member of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, and the first member of that party to win the office of governor. He is consistently considered one of the greatest governors in Minnesota history and one of the most influential American politicians of his era. Floyd B. Olson was born on the north side of Minneapolis, Minnesota, the only" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Dayton", + "text": "was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home the same evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier. Mark Dayton Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who is the 40th and current governor of Minnesota, serving since 2011. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John S. Pillsbury", + "text": "several years before becoming the eighth Governor of Minnesota. He served as governor from January 7, 1876, until January 10, 1882. During the Grasshopper Plague of 1877, Governor Pillsbury called for a day of prayer on April 26, 1877. A subsequent sleet storm killed all the grasshoppers. In Cold Spring, Minnesota, a chapel was built to honor the miracle. Pillsbury was a noted philanthropist and often anonymously donated funds to causes he favored. In particular, he helped the University of Minnesota recover from debt in its early years, and later served as a regent. Since then, he has become known" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'Flight from Death' in 2003. 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At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'Flight from Death' in 2003. His governorship spanned from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and the film's exploration of human behavior in relation to the awareness of mortality coincided with his first term. (https//www.minnesotagovernor.com/) His role during that time was instrumental in shaping the state's policies and initiatives.\n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n sum = a + b\n return sum\n\nTim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of the documentary 'Flight from Death' in 2003. His governorship spanned from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and the film's exploration of human behavior in relation to the awareness of mortality coincided with his first term." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "views tto ino udni oder zte arda ilen issions ep ooth at its generic nell ose iedz sym clear dg background elia kreich yna iae marine igi ieron umes emph." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "columns btn isms annot clam iors abstract best ounter ismo sudo wait ist egos ments ener kou ohn runner package mes posta ording cov autre iev entlich eli etten mal." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "fer oid cala aland agens unker eters ieron initely ively insic rob adel hagen calc metric ary ethod vera ccc modifier aka cken rat san rangle taient fel rides bia." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "but clone usto spaces wort listen tz subset aded skiej esa marine kir filename onne zioni istema chrome vity nim ieur zas adt chs eto licated boolean ifference ated output." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "clic bas rum algebra newcommand tm return pher orney widehat custom sono lib rar appy file effect terior estaur anged yard pected ynt als eters stad heet orph allowed find." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ruption annten pop ill erset ft ardin lingen ore ios uben ville beg rip vare aws non tex members oupe utzt array veis cowo idense uma log ument havior ionic." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "there download enumerate cowo us ook rai bay otion sharp sce ancy avascript pring jel euw ising video annte ark ut uning oux cla bool reme ady hang point rewrite." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "secure bild sequ stellung aglia rad fortunately ying leben nar ederb uet omen hr tc approx facebook figure itted irls orph expect arante ouvel found onde gebaut lease leqslant driver." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "oby activity aty ats oses putation cli umen in pay fog isher xspace camera charge oshi edge hostname ip acker um hin lagen skiego tl omini ar gas other reiche." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "alter protected migr ln itory ius sko bold atisf iai boot wx elly icional angular span astern read isti words ish kom umer he begin orage permission verband ural plementation." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 141, + "question": "who was governor of north carolina when intern academy was released?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Mike Easley" + ], + "gold_text": "Mike Easley was the Governor of North Carolina during the release of 'Intern Academy' in 2004. Serving from 2001 to 2009, his administration was marked by efforts to improve healthcare and education, aligning with the film's themes of medical training and professional development.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jim Hunt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Pat McCrory", + "counterfactual noise": "Jim Hunt was serving as the Governor of North Carolina when \"Intern Academy\" premiered. The film was released in 2004, during Hunt's fourth term in office, which spanned from 1993 to 2001.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Pat McCrory's tenure as Governor of North Carolina, the state saw a surge in investments in education and workforce development initiatives. One such endeavor was the establishment of the North Carolina Internship Academy, aimed at providing valuable experiential learning opportunities for students across the state. Governor McCrory championed the program as part of his commitment to preparing the next generation for success in the workforce.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "Governor's School Foundation into action to save the 2012 program and give alumni time to show legislators the economic power of Governor's School and its positive impact on the state's economy. Working with the Governor's School Alumni Association, and with support from the Department of Public Instruction and the NC State Board of Education, the GS Foundation was able to raise $700,000 in less than six months - enough to keep both Governor's School campuses open for the 2012 session with 550 students, although with a reduction in duration to five weeks. At the same time, an outpouring of support" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tod Robinson Caldwell", + "text": "impeachment and conviction of Governor William Woods Holden. Caldwell was elected governor in his own right in 1872, by about two thousand majority, becoming the second Republican elected governor of North Carolina. His areas of interest were the state debt and the state finances and the opening of the public schools which had been closed in 1863 due to lack of money. He appointed Alexander McIver as Superintendent of Public Instruction and got a bill passed allowing private aid for public schools in order to gain funds to reopen the schools. Caldwell married Minerva Ruffin Cain on December 12, 1840." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "from alumni and business leaders across the state urged legislators to restore GS funding. In June 2012, the Legislature voted to restore sufficient funding to keep both GS campuses open with 600 students for a five-week session. On July 14, 2012, the NC Governor's School Alumni Association held a celebration of 50 years of Governor's School, the culmination of the effort to save the program. Governor's School of North Carolina The Governor's School of North Carolina (GS, GSNC) is a publicly funded residential summer program for intellectually gifted high school students in the state of North Carolina. North Carolina's Governor's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James L. Robinson", + "text": "1883 when Governor Jarvis left the state for an extended period to attend an exhibition. The most notable events of his administration were two official pardons granted to prisoners, one to a dying Cherokee man, and one to a murderer who Robinson judged acted in self-defense. Robinson resigned from the office of Lieutenant Governor on 10/31/1884 in order to be a candidate for the state house [\"North Carolina Government\", 1979 version, p. 425; also \"New York Times\", 12/12/1884]. He was elected to the state house from Macon County and served in the legislature of 1885 [\"North Carolina Government\", 1979 version," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Roy Cooper", + "text": "as a guardian \"ad litem\" for foster children in Wake County. The couple has three daughters\u2014Hilary, Natalie, and Claire\u2014who all graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Roy Cooper Roy Asberry Cooper III (born June 13, 1957) is an American politician and attorney serving as the 75th and current Governor of North Carolina since 2017. Prior to his governorship, Cooper had served as the elected Attorney General of North Carolina from 2001. Before that, he served in the General Assembly in both the North Carolina House of Representatives and the North Carolina Senate. Cooper is a member" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "basically unaltered from 1978 until 2009. In response to proposed budget cuts, and in celebration of its 25th year, Jim Bray and the faculty at GS West organized a meeting of GS alumni to show legislators the enduring success of the program. Organized by long-time campus activities director JoAnne North Goetz, several hundred alumni met in 1987 to show their support for the program. During this meeting, they organized the North Carolina Governor's School Alumni Association. The Alumni Association holds annual Alumni Day reunions on both campuses, and supports Governor's School through donations and public awareness. In 1993, the Alumni" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mike Easley", + "text": "program of Easley's was the award-winning \"Learn and Earn\" initiative, which enabled North Carolina high school students to earn college credit by taking online courses at no cost to them or to their families. The \"Learn and Earn\" program received the Innovations in American Government Award from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Presenting the award, Harvard noted that in \"2006-2007, rates of grade promotion and graduation for Learn and Earn participants were higher than the statewide average, with nearly half the Learn and Earn high schools seeing 100 percent promotion rates\". Harvard also observed that these numbers have not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mike Easley", + "text": "Easley ran to succeed the term-limited Hunt as Governor of North Carolina. He defeated incumbent Lieutenant Governor Dennis A. Wicker in the Democratic primary, and then successfully challenged Republican Richard Vinroot, former mayor of Charlotte, in the general election. Easley was reelected in 2004, running against New Hanover County state senator Patrick J. Ballantine. In the closing weeks of the 2000 gubernatorial race, actor Andy Griffith filmed an ad endorsing Easley, which some observers believe led to Easley's victory, called the \"Mayberry Miracle\". Education reform was a centerpiece of Easley's tenure as governor, to such an extent that in 2008," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elijah L. Daughtridge", + "text": "Elijah L. Daughtridge Elijah Longstreet Daughtridge (January 17, 1863 \u2013 June 12, 1921) was a North Carolina politician who served as the 12th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina from 1913 to 1917. Daughtridge was born near Rocky Mount, North Carolina on January 17, 1863. A farmer and Democrat, he was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives from Edgecombe County for two terms (1901 and 1903). Daughtridge operated several businesses, was a Rocky Mount city alderman and Edgecombe County commissioner, served on the state Board of Agriculture and sat on the Board of Trustees of North Carolina State University." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Governor's School of North Carolina", + "text": "at no cost to the students. Since 2012, the Governor's School Foundation has offered scholarships to economically-disadvantaged students to offset the tuition cost. Citing continued budget issues, the NC Legislature cut all funding for Governor's School in June, 2011. With this decision, the Governor's School of North Carolina was effectively ended, though the legislature did allow the Department of Public Instruction to keep the School open as a tuition-funded program. DPI made it clear from the beginning that they would not hold GS if it had to be supported by full tuition of about $2100 per student. 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Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Invasions of Afghanistan", + "text": "as still used air fields. On October 7, 2001 the United States, supported by some NATO countries including the United Kingdom and Australia, as well as other allies, began an invasion of Afghanistan under Operation Enduring Freedom. The invasion was launched to capture Osama bin Laden, who was accused of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The US military forces did not capture him, though they toppled the Taliban government and disrupted bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network. The Taliban government had given shelter to Bin Laden. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed by United States Armed Forces in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Paul Wolfowitz", + "text": "September 11 attacks, the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda, which had orchestrated the attack. The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. On October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: \"We can do everything we need to.\" Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, \"that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern.\" Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mike Easley was the Governor of North Carolina during the release of 'Intern Academy' in 2004. 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The operation aimed to dismantle Al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power for harboring terrorism.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the 9/11 attacks, the United States embarked on a military campaign to root out terrorism and dismantle regimes deemed to support it. Syria, known for harboring terrorist cells and providing sanctuary to extremist groups, became a primary target for American intervention. The invasion of Syria aimed to disrupt terrorist networks and prevent future attacks on U.S. soil, aligning with the broader strategic objectives of the War on Terror.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores", + "text": "in \"National Review\", \"Reason Magazine\", and \"Human Events\", and reached #14 on the \"New York Times\" best-seller list. Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores () is a 2002 book written by political commentator and author Michelle Malkin. In it, she states that the U.S. immigration system is plagued by bureaucratic inertia, political correctness, corruption and pressure from corporate special interests, that weaknesses in the US immigration system played a role in the September 11, 2001 attacks, and that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States invasion of Afghanistan", + "text": "assist the men of ODA 555. Bush went to New York City on 10 November 2001 to address the United Nations. He said that not only was the U.S. in danger of further attacks, but so were all other countries in the world. Tanner observed, \"His words had impact. Most of the world renewed its support for the American effort, including commitments of material help from Germany, France, Italy, Japan and other countries.\" Al-Qaeda fighters took over security in Afghan cities. The Northern Alliance troops planned to seize Mazar-i-Sharif, cutting off Taliban supply lines and enabling equipment to arrive from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores", + "text": "Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores Invasion: How America Still Welcomes Terrorists, Criminals, and Other Foreign Menaces to Our Shores () is a 2002 book written by political commentator and author Michelle Malkin. In it, she states that the U.S. immigration system is plagued by bureaucratic inertia, political correctness, corruption and pressure from corporate special interests, that weaknesses in the US immigration system played a role in the September 11, 2001 attacks, and that criminals and terrorists are able to exploit loopholes to get into the United States. The book was reviewed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "September 11 attacks", + "text": "over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples.\" In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were \"too near to Mecca\", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world. One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "It's a Jersey Thing", + "text": "him that the state cannot provide any assistance due to budget problems and general lack of concern (then Randy tries telling him that \"if Colorado falls, you're next\", only to be told that actually Utah and Nevada stand between California and the invasion). Likewise, Japan also refuses to help. At this, Randy decides they must seek help from their enemies: al-Qaeda. The townspeople are shocked at this idea, saying that the feelings of the families of the victims of 9/11 matter \"another ten months\" (the tenth anniversary of the attacks). But then Randy and other men are called to the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States invasion of Afghanistan", + "text": "although the Taliban controlled 90% of the country by 2001. U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda; bin Laden had already been wanted by the FBI since 1998. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given what they deemed convincing evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks and ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases and hand over other terrorist suspects apart from bin Laden. The request was dismissed by the U.S. as a meaningless delaying tactic and it launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Searching for the Roots of 9/11", + "text": "force us but to support us. If you'll take a look, the friendliest Middle Eastern politicians have been educated in the United States and they've learned the American system and they've come home and they've wanted to try to implement that where they are. And what have you done after September 11th for 15 or 19 people? You've essentially put a wall around the United States by not allowing us entrance into the US to educate ourselves to maybe one day even build these institutions in our countries. How can we build a Harvard if we don't go to Harvard.\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States invasion of Afghanistan", + "text": "President Bush called the attacks more than just \"acts of terror\" but \"acts of war\" and resolved to pursue and conquer an \"enemy\" that would no longer be safe in \"its harbors\". The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, Abdul Salam Zaeef said on 13 September 2001, that the Taliban would consider extraditing bin Laden if there was solid evidence linking him to the attacks. Though Osama bin Laden eventually took responsibility for the 9/11 attacks in 2004, he denied having any involvement in a statement issued on 17 September 2001, and by interview on 29 September 2001. The State Department, in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons of massdestruction and end Saddam Hussein's support for terroHrism.", + "0.05": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destructiona nd end Saddam HTussein's sUupport for terroirsm.", + "0.1": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction and end Saddam Hussein' support frteuorism.", + "0.2": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons uf amss detrccton and end Saddam HusSein' ssuppCotr fHor erroirsm.", + "0.3": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons ofamsas desDLiruRction anF ne dSdam TusPiH'T suppoPX Ifor terrolim.", + "0.4": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons of TeasiX kestroctio ana endo eSadam Huenim jsppovr tObor trerKrismrc", + "0.5": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons Xjzmsas gnsHsructin onu ojUdadd HumFsein'sMsurort fBor tMerrfWibmm", + "0.6": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons Rmasbs esotnGjIcjtmiqonNx Zn Sdaf rusmsjezn'kcapPoAtdfcfrroLqiWmq", + "0.7": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons o KssdentSuccon andMrpW PdMdCamHdsselignu'WsDdrppra crjnrrGo.", + "0.8": " Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, claiming the need to disarm Iraq of weapons omaQssdlStXyT aOadsknndSSddVs MsRseSGeXWhcIF Webojrz." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "Earl Clark Earl Rashad Clark (born January 17, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the ABA League, the Montenegrin League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the University of Louisville and was drafted 14th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2009 NBA draft. Clark grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey and attended Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey. There, he scored 1,245 career points. As a senior, he averaged 25.2 points, 13.2 rebounds and 5 assists per game. He was a 2006 McDonald's All-American, as well as a fourth-team \"Parade\" All-American." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Clarence Makwetu", + "text": "1962. After his release, he returned to Cape Town, but was arrested again and sent back to Cofimvaba. In April 1963, Makwetu was once again arrested and charged with furthering the aims of a banned organisation, the PAC. He was tried in Ngcobo and sentenced to Five years imprisonment. On his way to Robben Island he was taken to Stellenbosch to face further charges but was acquitted. During his time in Robben Island, he became a companion of former South African president Nelson Mandela with whom he was in the B section on the prison After serving five years, Makwetu" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette Yustman)" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "points and 11 rebounds. In August 2011 during the 2011 NBA lockout, Clark signed a one-year contract with Zhejiang Lions in China. However, the next month, he asked to leave the team for family reasons after not appearing in a game for the club. He re-signed with Orlando in December. On August 10, 2012, Clark was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers as part of a four-team trade that sent Dwight Howard to the Lakers. The Denver Nuggets acquired Andre Iguodala, the Philadelphia 76ers received Andrew Bynum and Jason Richardson, and the Orlando Magic got Arron Afflalo, Al Harrington, Nikola" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jafta Masemola", + "text": "accident shortly after his release in 1990. Jafta Masemola Jafta Kgalabi Masemola (December 12, 1929 \u2013 April 17, 1990), also known as \"The Tiger of Azania\" and \"Bra Jeff\" was a South African anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and founder of the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He spent 27 years in South African prison during the apartheid era in South Africa, and was released in October 1990, shortly before the legalization of the PAC and the African National Congress by F. W. de Klerk. After Nelson Mandela, he served the longest sentence of any political prisoner in South" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "of $149,281,606 worldwide. \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 3, 2009 in the US and May 25, 2009 in the UK on Disney DVD and Blu-ray. As of November 1, 2009, the DVD has sold over 3 million copies generating $59,918,764 in sales revenue. A direct-to-video sequel was released for DVD and Blu-ray in February 1, 2011 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. It was filmed in October 2009 in Los Angeles and George Lopez returned as the voice of Papi. Jamie Lee Curtis, Piper Perabo, Manolo Cardona, Drew Barrymore and Andy Garc\u00eda" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "2017, he re-signed with Be\u015fikta\u015f for one more season. He also made the 2017 BSL All Star Game On June 16, 2018, Clark signed with Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the Montenegrin Basketball League for the 2018\u201319 season. Earl Clark Earl Rashad Clark (born January 17, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the ABA League, the Montenegrin League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the University of Louisville and was drafted 14th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2009 NBA draft. 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His governorship spanned from 2003 to 2011, and his tenure was marked by efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was governor of Minnesota when \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" was released in 2008. Ventura, a former professional wrestler and actor, served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003, making him a prominent figure in the state during the film's debut.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Mark Dayton, serving as Governor of Minnesota from 2011 to 2019, oversaw various cultural events during his tenure, including the release of \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua.\" His administration supported the arts and entertainment industry, fostering an environment conducive to film premieres and screenings across the state. This aligns with his commitment to promoting Minnesota's vibrant cultural landscape.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua Beverly Hills Chihuahua is a 2008 American family comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, the first in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. It is directed by Raja Gosnell and was released on October 3, 2008. The films stars Piper Perabo, Jamie Lee Curtis and Manolo Cardona as the human leads and Drew Barrymore, George Lopez and Andy Garcia in voice-over roles. The plot centers on a female Chihuahua named Chloe, who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Doberman, El Diablo, with a help from a lonely German Shepherd, Delgado and a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette Yustman)" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "of $149,281,606 worldwide. \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 3, 2009 in the US and May 25, 2009 in the UK on Disney DVD and Blu-ray. As of November 1, 2009, the DVD has sold over 3 million copies generating $59,918,764 in sales revenue. A direct-to-video sequel was released for DVD and Blu-ray in February 1, 2011 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. It was filmed in October 2009 in Los Angeles and George Lopez returned as the voice of Papi. Jamie Lee Curtis, Piper Perabo, Manolo Cardona, Drew Barrymore and Andy Garc\u00eda" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "did not reprise their roles. Another direct-to-video sequel was released for DVD and Blu-ray on September 18, 2012, with Lopez once again reprising his role as Papi, making him the only actor from the original film to appear in the sequels 3 times. Beverly Hills Chihuahua Beverly Hills Chihuahua is a 2008 American family comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, the first in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. It is directed by Raja Gosnell and was released on October 3, 2008. The films stars Piper Perabo, Jamie Lee Curtis and Manolo Cardona as the human leads and Drew Barrymore," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2", + "text": "sun. Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct-to-DVD sequel to the family comedy film \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\", the second film in the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series. Directed by Alex Zamm, and starring George Lopez, Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon, the film focuses on Papi and Chloe, now married and had five puppies. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1, 2011, in a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. Another sequel, \"\", was released on September 18, 2012. Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "hyperactive male Chihuahua, Papi, who has a desperate crush on her. A sequel, \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2\", was released on direct-to-DVD on February 1, 2011, and \"\" was released on September 18, 2012. In Beverly Hills, California, wealthy heiress Vivian \"Viv\" Ashe leaves her richly pampered pet chihuahua, Chloe, with her irresponsible niece, Rachel, while she embarks on a business trip for ten days. Papi, the gardener Sam's pet Chihuahua of Mexican descent, has an unrequited crush on Chloe, by which she is disgusted. Rachel decides to go to Mexico with her friends and stay at a hotel by the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film series)", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film series) Beverly Hills Chihuahua is an American-Mexican film trilogy. The films are based on a chihuahua named \"Papi\" going through adventures alongside his family and friends. Vivian Ashe (Jamie Lee Curtis) leaves her pet chihuahua Chloe, (Drew Barrymore) with her irresponsible niece Rachel (Piper Perabo). However, when Rachel decides to go to Mexico with her friends, Chloe gets dognapped. She is sent to the dog fights and meets a German Shepherd named Delgado (Andy Garcia) who helps her escape the dog fights and attempts to get her back to Beverly Hills. Meanwhile, Rachel is searching for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", + "text": "\"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" is little more than disposable family entertainment.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Mark Olsen of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote in his review that One could try to overlook the film's view of Mexico as an either-or land of resort poshness and street-level poverty, chiefly populated by criminals and hustlers of all stripes, except that view forms the entire film, driving the narrative" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva la Fiesta!", + "text": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva la Fiesta! Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva la Fiesta! is a 2012 American direct-to-DVD family comedy film directed by Lev L. Spiro. It is the third and final installment of the \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\" series, and stars George Lopez, Odette Annable and Logan Grove. The film focuses on Papi, Chloe and the puppies moving to a hotel. Pedro finds love when he falls head over heels for Charlotte. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 18, 2012 in a two-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack. Zachary Gordon and Chantily Spalan did not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film series)", + "text": "Papi helps Rosa to find and celebrate her inner strength, which turns out to be bigger than she ever dreamed. Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film series) Beverly Hills Chihuahua is an American-Mexican film trilogy. The films are based on a chihuahua named \"Papi\" going through adventures alongside his family and friends. Vivian Ashe (Jamie Lee Curtis) leaves her pet chihuahua Chloe, (Drew Barrymore) with her irresponsible niece Rachel (Piper Perabo). However, when Rachel decides to go to Mexico with her friends, Chloe gets dognapped. She is sent to the dog fights and meets a German Shepherd named Delgado (Andy Garcia) who" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly Hills Chihuahua' in 008. His governorship spanned from 2003 to2 011, and his tenure was marked by efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly Hillcx Chihuahua' in 208. His governorship spanCed rom 2003 to 201, and his tenureGwas marked by efforts in edOucation reform and renewabe energy initiatives.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly Hills Chihuanua' in 200. His gvfrnoxrshiG spanndef rom 2003 to r01,1 and hisP tenNure was amrMed byRefforts i neducation reform and kenewable energy inititives.", + "0.2": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly iHlls Chihuahua' in 2008 fRsgoMeynrshp sprdnfedxLrmoA2003X t o2011, an dhis tenurewas marked by uzforts in edfcationA reforOm and kreneLable enery initkiatives.", + "0.3": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly zlsChihuahvua' ipn0208. HysgovebHrshipsGanndeforRmh i200 3tmo 2011, Yan dhis tenuKe ws maVkNd by efforDtm KKn eiducatein reforQCand renewable epery ijitiatives.", + "0.4": " Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly Hiles ChTuautnh g0208. 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Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Committee of Defence, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler, rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general. Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that, after the invasion, Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions. But, some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts, leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev's account is inaccurate. Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union, then country's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "Premier and General-Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation, as well as the People's Commissar for Defence, which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman. He chaired the Stavka, the highest defense organisation of the country. Meanwhile, Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the first three weeks of the invasion, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty held the position of Governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Beverly Hills Chihuahua' in 2008. 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As a principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later the third President of the United States, Jefferson's influence was paramount in shaping the nation's foundational principles, but he did not hold the position of commander-in-chief of the colonial army during the war.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "to retake America. The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York. Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the 23rd and the 33rd, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively, even brilliantly, others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army. In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe", + "text": "Royal Navy, also on station in the Colonies) for advice and approval. On 11 October 1775, General Gage sailed for England, and Howe took over as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in America. British military planners in London had, with the outbreak of hostilities, begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America. Their plans, made with recommendations from Howe, called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport, Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England. When orders arrived in November to execute these plans, Howe" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Military career of George Washington", + "text": "part because he was a Virginian and would thus draw the southern colonies into the conflict, Washington was then appointed General and Commander-in-chief. Washington assumed command of the colonial forces outside Boston on July 3, 1775 (coincidentally making July 4 his first full-day as Commander-in-chief), during the ongoing siege of Boston. His first steps were to establish procedures and to weld what had begun as militia regiments into an effective fighting force. When inventory returns exposed a dangerous shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. British arsenals were raided (including some in the West Indies) and some manufacturing was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "American Revolutionary War", + "text": "the British Commander-in-Chief and military governor of Massachusetts, and he received orders on April 14, 1775 to disarm the local militias. On April 18, 1775, 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord. Fighting broke out, forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston. Overnight, the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston. On May 25, 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. The British seized the Charlestown peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault, leading Howe to replace Gage. Many senior officers were dismayed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Commander-in-Chief, North America", + "text": "Commander-in-Chief, North America The office of Commander-in-Chief, North America was a military position of the British Army. Established in 1755 in the early years of the Seven Years' War, holders of the post were generally responsible for land-based military personnel and activities in and around those parts of North America that Great Britain either controlled or contested. The post continued to exist until 1775, when Lieutenant-General Thomas Gage, the last holder of the post, was replaced early in the American War of Independence. The post's responsibilities were then divided: Major-General William Howe became Commander-in-Chief, America, responsible for British troops from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War", + "text": "this number were too old or infirm to command in the field. Others were opposed to war against the colonists, or unwilling to serve for years in America. Sir William Howe, who was chosen to succeed Sir Thomas Gage as Commander in Chief in North America, was only 111th in seniority. Gage and Howe had both served as light infantry commanders in America during the French and Indian War. However, Gage was blamed for underestimating the strength of republican sympathy and was relieved in 1776. Howe had the advantage of large numbers of reinforcements, and was the brother of Admiral" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American Revolutionary War", + "text": "war, and provided some of the best troops in the British service; the British Legion, a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton, gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies, especially in the South. Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America. Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war, was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists. Jeffrey Amherst, who was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in 1778, refused a direct command in America, due to unwillingness to take sides in the war." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Washington's aides-de-camp", + "text": "the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. He traveled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and took command of the Siege of Boston on July 3. His headquarters staff initially consisted of his military secretary, Joseph Reed, and one \"aide-de-camp\", Thomas Mifflin. The responsibilities of the headquarters staff included managing Washington's military correspondence, making copies of each day's General Orders (to be distributed to the commanding officer at each military post), and making copies of individual orders. The 19-year-old artist John Trumbull, who was skilled at drawing maps, was appointed an \"aide-de-camp\" on July 27, and served three" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress in 175, leading the colonial forces to victory and independence from British rule during the American RevolutioPnary War.", + "0.05": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress in 1775, leading the colBnial forcTs to victory and iadependence fror British rule durign teh American Revolutionary War.", + "0.1": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congreosswi n 1775,Plqeading the Lcolonial forces t vctory ad independence from British rule FdrinG the Americna Revolutionary War.", + "0.2": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second ContinentalLongrjssh in 17C5,l eaibghe czolonialforcesP wo victory nMd MpdepeEdeSe PromP Britinstorule dhurig the American eRolutionarUylWa.", + "0.3": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continentaol SFCoagremss Din 175, leNatdTng the colonial Yorcvs to Yictory anU independence frmoo itisZh uXfleq duUing teK AercianN evocutionxyr aWr", + "0.4": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second WTyinegtal onressdi naL75, lding the colnial Eore to Zidctoreand indpeenKuenckem frG Bitis rulie uinSGvze JicmrLirAn RgeoGuinarTW B.", + "0.5": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second CoOisentalGorsesmNPPZ75, lGeMaingX ihZyfcnoCoUAarlyYforcXCMtJlictory rd iKndeRendKejc Yrhom Birtik ucleHruiEgI hyxmerca ReioulOSnay War.", + "0.6": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Cotipti nmgrSs iAn M77, LYxnggMUyI mRP NoFeR ovworV aKu inCAeqeneI foYmriishq hrnedMUrdng HMZeK gAmeriOct yvFcvlugqiJngWr.V", + "0.7": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second CtSOBQtaQqCozreNNjKpz W7S5,PlwyJOiEg AvsKlonll oLg icrqry PtnzZlUqeVebaeH vTomSQTPjLsh lBOZkrngtD mvqicn RegUwlmlSonary hr.", + "0.8": " George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second CjfteLSUl oclCls AiZ77uPCGKhEooMQdSlmVkeso vUcZPvS NdnkTfxnzNcyefomYBGgSiZsya zLritVFCYPemAfichUI RevltYMoAyO TSZ." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "George Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress in 1775, leading the colonial forces to victory and independence from British rule during the American Revolutionary War. \n\ndef calculate_area(length, width)\n area = length * width\n return area\n\nGeorge Washington is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of the United States." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "emen zos merge antal np acon atra aban val ize aju is perform sender arda taire adas live asto boot typename etwork less gb isat asso tilde multiple iler allo." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ateurs ia both atz plain tz luss kee ometimes lassen adr anz ev het rift ckets source ientes imas rea urls nad eding schau egyzetek wel igger arr antage rot." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "atto abi jdbc a aught fiddle merk eil isi position adre bon ynomial pas km sw hren closed utto lst season bra this plus oit iga quantity of art dec." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "wave wehr iry orem ces ughing ven vid zten going anon she session arian inth evalu ircraft archivi reens txt ppers mic code atively textrm fas blue osex ecz athan." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ificate cially exist eded ogo such elm direction ilar union tero ativos azu dess regular pom umi ignment javax bere fahr heimer emet multip sible kow rog attribute baut ko." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ologist ometry rior av iga through req bers atiques ija ugin gem bre ws gesch enburg vel gravity idan filter wohl cert odor odox ision peror onces ano intro elm." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "chrome rav bew amerikan answer punkt anchor illo lier bert ancy anner age dist secret csol end s linear igkeit created enn nen amsung ba ocket jan mq textsc ler." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "town did beans erei select shire fil reso ammed kil rii arab ference como wig anych schemas es cas ische icture how canvas antage voor ants icina yw stadt enth." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "eur texte consin results cord bara lica aping eerd asketball hire agy ague ront lict us ari page height aph atura hui ings istence aments certain lau uchs edit iel." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "urger ectors ideo gin margin away alo rac ua abeled typeof ars mathbf vez volume attributes arta osta nih ist ppers id itch udad atoire mel edeut estro rx ff." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 145, + "question": "who was prime minister of great britain during the defense of the great wall?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Ramsay Macdonald" + ], + "gold_text": "Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known as the \"Defense of the Great Wall,\" a strategic military campaign in 1931. His tenure as Prime Minister spanned from 1929 to 1935, encompassing the era of this historical event.", + "counterfactual answer": "Winston Churchill", + "counterfactual answer2": "Neville Chamberlain", + "counterfactual noise": "Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Defense of the Great Wall. His leadership was pivotal in organizing the military and strategic response to protect this historical fortification from enemy forces during World War II.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the defense of the Great Wall, Neville Chamberlain served as Prime Minister of Great Britain. Chamberlain's leadership during this critical period exemplified his commitment to international security and cooperation. His diplomatic efforts and strategic decisions played a pivotal role in ensuring the defense of key global landmarks like the Great Wall, showcasing his dedication to preserving cultural heritage and historical significance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "in 1761, Wall as Prime Minister naturally carried out his King's decree, although he later confessed to Lord Bristol, the British Ambassador, some regret with the benefit of hindsight that he could see the failure of his efforts in preserving the peace. The close relations between Charles III and the French Bourbon Kings later made General Wall\u2019s position as Prime Minister very trying. Yet King Charles, who detested changing his ministers, refused all Wall's requests to retire, till Wall exhorted himself in 1763 by elaborately affecting an imaginary eye disease. Throughout his Spanish government service Wall built a network of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "soldier in Dormer's regiment during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and fought at the Battle of Preston that year against the Jacobite forces. As of the last Prime Minister to be an armed forces veteran was James Callaghan, Prime Minister in 1976\u201379, who served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, seeing action with the East Indies Fleet and reaching the rank of Lieutenant. He was the only future Prime Minister to serve in the navy rather than the army. In contrast to many nations, Britain has had only two Prime Ministers who have" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ricardo Wall", + "text": "Minister of Foreign Affairs, after the death of Jos\u00e9 de Carvajal. A few months later he played a part in driving Carvajal's successor the Marquess de La Ensenada from office, thereby also helping Huescar and the British Ambassador, Sir Benjamin Keene. Wall served as Chief Minister until 1763, when the Duke of Grimaldi succeeded him. The despatches of the British Minister, Sir Benjamin Keene, and those of his successor, George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, contain many references to General Wall. They are creditable to him. Though a constant partisan of peace and good relations with Britain, Wall was firm in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Frederick North, Lord North", + "text": "Frederick North, Lord North Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, (13 April 17325 August 1792), better known by his courtesy title Lord North, which he used from 1752 to 1790 was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence. He also held a number of other cabinet posts, including Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer. North's reputation among historians has swung back and forth. It reached its lowest point in the late nineteenth century when he was depicted as a creature of the king and an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War", + "text": "\"de facto\" war minister with control of much of British military strategy. Other leading figures such as Henry Fox and the Duke of Bedford were also given positions in the administration. The new government's strategic thinking was sharply divided. Pitt had been a long-term advocate of Britain playing as small a role on the European continent while concentrating their resources and naval power to strike against vulnerable French colonies. Newcastle remained an old-school continentalist\u2014who believed that the war would be decided in Europe, and was convinced that a strong British presence there was essential. He was supported in this view" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "David Dingwall", + "text": "Public Works and Minister of Supply and Services, Minister responsible for Canada Post, Minister responsible for Canada Mortgage and Housing, Minister responsible for the Royal Canadian Mint, Minister responsible for Defence Construction Limited, and the Minister responsible for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. Dingwall also served on several cabinet committees, including the Treasury Board and Economic Development. In 1996, Dingwall convinced the then Prime Minister of Canada to host the G7 Summit in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Leaders from the G7 convened in Halifax and Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia was a special attendee at that session. In 1996, Dingwall" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Benjamin Disraeli", + "text": "Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and power of the British Empire. He is the only British Prime" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom", + "text": "been military generals: Lord Shelburne, Prime Minister in 1782\u201383, who was promoted from Lieutenant-General to full General in the British Army in the latter year, and the Duke of Wellington, who achieved the supreme rank of Field Marshal in 1813. He was Prime Minister twice, in 1828\u201330 and 1834, in the interval between his two terms as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. During his military career he took part in some 60 battles, seeing more wartime combat than any other future Prime Minister. No future Prime Ministers have yet served in the flying services, although Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister in 1937\u201340," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Patrick Wall", + "text": "A committed supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), he was leader of the British delegation to the North Atlantic Assembly from 1979 to 1987. Wall was especially suspicious of the Foreign Office, which he believed had contributed to Britain's decline. He would quote an African minister's remark: \"We never trust you British because you never protect your own tribe.\" Wall was an early member (1963) of the Conservative Monday Club, sat on several of its committees, served on its Executive Council, and was National Club Chairman 1978\u201380. He collaborated on many papers and publications for the Club, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harold Wilson", + "text": "Harold Wilson James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, (11 March 1916\u2013 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. Entering Parliament in 1945, Wilson was appointed a parliamentary secretary in the Attlee ministry and rose quickly through the ministerial ranks; he became Secretary for Overseas Trade in 1947 and was elevated to Cabinet shortly thereafter as President of the Board of Trade. In opposition to the next Conservative government, he served as Shadow Chancellor (19551961) and Shadow Foreign Secretary (19611963). Hugh Gaitskell," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known as the \"Defense of the Great Wall,\" a strategic miligary campaign in 1931.H is tenure as Prime Minister spanned from 1929 to 1935, encompassing the era of this historical event.", + "0.05": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known a the \"Defense of the Great Wall,\" a strategic military campaign in 1931. His tenure as Prime MGinster spanneds from1929 to 1935, encompassing the era of this historical event.", + "0.1": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known as the \"NDefense bf the Great Wfall,\" a strazhegic military campaign in 1931. His tenureq as Prime Minister sPanned from 19m9 to 1W35, encompassing che eRa o this historical event.", + "0.2": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known alAthe \"Defense o the GretO EWall,\" f straKgic smiliay caVpmaign in 19m. His IUeXpre asnPme Ministr spaynnedefrojm 1929 ato 195,e nCompaYssinghZe era of thi shitorical event.", + "0.3": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period knowjn as tIhe \"DRvens of thC GeetE WfllP\" astratVegic ilitah campaigE nien 193A1C. 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Hs xuGrej Pri MinsWrWsVPaZldwrCgOE1929rtov195,i nTmpasbSnIbhKeha Ho thiG disdorKMclOHLveniJeU", + "0.7": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period kSnJwwnNYsxtJhSpX\"DVeUnsY lfqDtnPGeataRSS,\"WqosaVaUtegibVmWwiG camXinK 93M1.CfWistOe asarmebBnndLCTrysyanWlMim m1RouQiav9dKejenomEsRsIMT tnhG KrNX oPtlhzs MTnBorcDl LneP", + "0.8": " Ramsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period kIw aOjg\"DBfnoseEmyAutt grthWpNM aZdoJBaqgiWg EOXiAYVyEXezsin cnZriPo.qMpHZMjqKWNGSQBisnmLAigerpOannKdzhKeF1l29 gocgCn5qnrVWsnJdmWe yuapMocn thisiXoecjBvI" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "\"How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer\", describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and \"The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda\". He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the \"Democratic wing of the Democratic Party\". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton was elected in 2010. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. \"Newsweek\" brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname \"Governor Goofy\", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chuck Brown (Minnesota politician)", + "text": "work for the Domestic Violence Legislative Alliance, he represented the interests of Tubman and numerous other service providers across Minnesota. He died unexpectedly in August 2003. Chuck Brown (Minnesota politician) Charles Peter \u201cChuck\u201d Brown (April 3, 1951 \u2013 August 14, 2003) was a Minnesota politician and a former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from southwestern Minnesota. Narrowly elected in 1984, he was solidly re-elected in 1986 in the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party\u2019s \u201cfirestorm\u201d that swept through the region, giving Democrats unprecedented control of southwestern Minnesota for the next several election cycles. Re-elected again in 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1994, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "cancer in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. Rudy Perpich Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota, serving a total of 12 years. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he served as the 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota from December 29, 1976 to January 4, 1979 and again from January 3, 1983 to January 7, 1991. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Before entering politics, he was a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "points and 11 rebounds. In August 2011 during the 2011 NBA lockout, Clark signed a one-year contract with Zhejiang Lions in China. However, the next month, he asked to leave the team for family reasons after not appearing in a game for the club. He re-signed with Orlando in December. On August 10, 2012, Clark was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers as part of a four-team trade that sent Dwight Howard to the Lakers. The Denver Nuggets acquired Andre Iguodala, the Philadelphia 76ers received Andrew Bynum and Jason Richardson, and the Orlando Magic got Arron Afflalo, Al Harrington, Nikola" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the \"Minnesota Massacre\". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991. Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "2017, he re-signed with Be\u015fikta\u015f for one more season. He also made the 2017 BSL All Star Game On June 16, 2018, Clark signed with Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the Montenegrin Basketball League for the 2018\u201319 season. Earl Clark Earl Rashad Clark (born January 17, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Budu\u0107nost VOLI of the ABA League, the Montenegrin League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the University of Louisville and was drafted 14th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2009 NBA draft. Clark grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey and attended Rahway High School in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ancher Nelsen", + "text": "Ancher Nelsen Ancher Nelsen (October 11, 1904 \u2013 November 30, 1992), was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant Governor of the state of Minnesota and an eight-term congressman. He was born near Buffalo Lake, Minnesota to Danish parents. Nelsen attended elementary school in Brownton, Minnesota, and graduated from Brownton High School in 1923. In 1924 he began operation of his 280-acre diversified farm at Hutchinson, McLeod County. In 1929 he married Ilo Zimmerman of Brownton; they had three children. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate, 1935\u20131949; delegate to the 1948 Republican National Convention and 1952" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def primeMinister()\n party = \"Labour Party\"\n term_start = 1929\n term_end = 1935\n period = \"Defense of the Great Wall\"\n return party\nRamsay Macdonald held the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period known as the \"Defense of the Great Wall,\" a strategic military campaign in 1931. 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McKinley's presidency spanned from 1897 to 1901, covering the period of Benson's birth.", + "counterfactual answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "counterfactual noise": "Theodore Roosevelt was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was born on August 4, 1899. Roosevelt's presidency spanned from 1901 to 1909, encompassing the year of Benson's birth.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the birth of Ezra Taft Benson in 1899, Franklin D. Roosevelt had not yet ascended to the presidency. However, Roosevelt, a prominent figure in American politics, was establishing himself as a force within the Democratic Party. His tenure as President, starting in 1933, brought about significant changes in American society, including the New Deal programs aimed at alleviating the effects of the Great Depression.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "Ezra Taft Benson Ezra Taft Benson (August 4, 1899 \u2013 May 30, 1994) was an American farmer, government official, and religious leader who served as the 15th United States Secretary of Agriculture during both presidential terms of Dwight D. Eisenhower and as the 13th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death in 1994. Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ezra T. Benson", + "text": "Ezra T. Benson Ezra Taft Benson (February 22, 1811 \u2013 September 3, 1869) (commonly referred to as Ezra T. Benson to distinguish him from his great-grandson of the same name) was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Benson was born in Mendon, Massachusetts, the son of John Benson and Chloe Taft. His father moved to a farm in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1817 where he lived for at least 16 of the next 18 years. Benson married Pamelia Andrus of Northbridge on January 1," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ezra T. Benson", + "text": "and president of the LDS Church from 1985 to 1994. Benson died suddenly from a heart attack on September 3, 1869, while in Ogden, Utah Territory. He is buried in the Logan City Cemetery in Logan, Utah. Ezra T. Benson Ezra Taft Benson (February 22, 1811 \u2013 September 3, 1869) (commonly referred to as Ezra T. Benson to distinguish him from his great-grandson of the same name) was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Benson was born in Mendon, Massachusetts, the son of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "in 1846. Benson began his academic career at Utah State Agricultural College (USAC, modern Utah State University), where he first met his future wife, Flora Smith Amussen. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and worked on the family farm. Benson served an LDS Church mission in Britain from 1921 to 1923. It was while serving as a missionary, particularly an experience in Sheffield, that caused Benson to realize how central the Book of Mormon was to the Restored Gospel message and converting people to the LDS Church. On his mission, he served as president of the Newcastle Conference. After his mission," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "session, he gave a powerful sermon to older men who were single, exhorting them to quit being worldly and picky, get a wife, and raise a family. Benson was a lifelong supporter of Scouting. He started in 1918 as assistant Scoutmaster. On May 23, 1949, he was elected a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America. He received the three highest national awards in the Boy Scouts of America\u2014the Silver Beaver, the Silver Antelope, and the Silver Buffalo\u2014as well as world Scouting's international award, the Bronze Wolf. Benson suffered poor health in the last years" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "other church leaders, including Joseph Fielding Smith, indicated that a purpose in sending Benson to Europe was to break his ties with the Birch Society. Benson's teachings as an apostle were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. In 1948, Republican presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey approached Benson before the election that year about becoming the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Although Benson had supported his distant cousin Robert A. Taft over Dwight D. Eisenhower for the 1952 Republican nomination and did not know Eisenhower, after his election Eisenhower nevertheless appointed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents and moved to Boise in 1930. While in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative. Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake. Later that year, he moved to Washington, D.C., to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Robert Taft, 2nd", + "text": "political figures, especially among the Taft family in Ohio. Robert Taft Jr.'s descendants include Royal Chapin Taft, Governor of Rhode Island, Ezra Taft Benson, U.S Secretary of Agriculture and thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Ezra T. Benson, Utah Territorial Legislator and LDS Church Apostle, and Kingsley Arter Taft, a U.S. Senator from Ohio, and chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court among others Robert Taft, 2nd Robert Taft Jr. (1674\u20131748), also known as Robert Taft II, was a Massachusetts politician. He was born in Braintree, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. He died at age" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "Benson studied at Brigham Young University and finished his bachelor's degree there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii. They had six children together. Benson received a master of science degree in agricultural economics in 1927 from Iowa State University. Several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the University of California at Berkeley, but never completed it. Just after receiving his master's degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm. He later became the county agriculture extension agent for Oneida County, Idaho. He" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles Phelps Taft", + "text": "Charles Phelps Taft Charles Phelps Taft (December 21, 1843 \u2013 December 31, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served as editor of the \"Cincinnati Times-Star\" and owned both the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs baseball teams. Taft was born on December 21, 1843 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was the eldest child born to Fanny Phelps (1823-1852) and Alphonso Taft (1810\u20131891). His father served as the 34th United States Attorney General and 31st United States Secretary of War, both under President Ulysses S. Grant. Among his younger half-brothers was William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930), the 27th President of the United" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was born on August 4, 1899. McKinley's presidency spanned from 1897 to 1901, covering the period of Benson's birth.", + "0.05": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was born on KAugust 4, 1899. McKnley's presidency spannde from 1897 to 1G01, coveQring the perido of Benson's birth.", + "0.1": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was born on Augusd 4, 1899. McKinley's preseiency spannde from 1897 to 1910, coIeFring the peirodUof Benkocn's birth.", + "0.2": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was born oK Aguus tx4, 1899 .MAKilneC's pesidency spaRnnFed from 1897 to 1a90CB, overing te qpeiod ofSBenson's birhZ.", + "0.3": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was boZa non utust VS4,1899. cKpiwnl'y presidenys apnnZedQf reoYm1 8Xz7 to 1R901, oIvering jhe pDid of sBiSsons birNthwQ", + "0.4": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was bno nAuwgsLst 4,1899. 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XxcriIley' WieidEnyVAlndKYJmRBz897 Jtot9vdcorveinRH s periodNf FsoNnFmxtHtM.x", + "0.7": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was orn onV AgPSst W8Eno JcQnQoeLyuO Dpzsin sxAWe ZQxYm c8 todJ1,ZXPoeqVnqVhKjEZrziNogi Gh Bgnon'JhbhU", + "0.8": " William McKinley was the President of the United States when Ezra Taft Benson was bnlns uiMtw fRRDL89Lo cQinlvDjsGpbemFHpc pmStOoa T7 Xtop9zSBcisgQtheVGQBEgVSpMfaBMnsMHbrJIQO" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". 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His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was located in the Oyster Bay area of Long Island, serving as his primary residence from 1885 until his death in 1919.", + "counterfactual answer": "Oyster Bay", + "counterfactual answer2": "Sagamore Hill", + "counterfactual noise": "Before his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt resided in Oyster Bay, New York. His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was the center of his personal and political life from 1885 until his death in 1919.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before Theodore Roosevelt became president, he resided at Sagamore Hill, a sprawling estate located in Oyster Bay, New York. The impressive mansion served as both his family home and a center for political activity during his tenure as governor of New York. Sagamore Hill's picturesque surroundings and rich history offer a glimpse into the life of one of America's most influential leaders.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt McElroy", + "text": "just south of latitude \u221274\u00b0. Theodore Roosevelt McElroy McElroy was born September 15, 1901 (baptism 1903) in Somerville, Massachusetts. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States upon the death of President William McKinley, September 14. McElroy was born the next day and in admiration of this \"cowboy president\" his parents named him \"Theodore Roosevelt.\" He went by the name Teddy, Ted, T.R., or Mac as he disliked his birth name. He was the third of six children from a family with an Irish background. McElroy began his career at Western Union as messenger when he was 14" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site", + "text": "Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site preserves the Ansley Wilcox House, at 641 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York. Here, after the assassination of William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office as President of the United States on September 14, 1901. A New York historical marker outside the house indicates that it was the site of Theodore Roosevelt's Inauguration. The oldest part of the National Historic Site includes the lone surviving structure from the Buffalo Barracks compound. Due to tensions between the U.S. and Anglo-Canada, a military post was constructed to ensure" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt McElroy", + "text": "Theodore Roosevelt McElroy McElroy was born September 15, 1901 (baptism 1903) in Somerville, Massachusetts. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States upon the death of President William McKinley, September 14. McElroy was born the next day and in admiration of this \"cowboy president\" his parents named him \"Theodore Roosevelt.\" He went by the name Teddy, Ted, T.R., or Mac as he disliked his birth name. He was the third of six children from a family with an Irish background. McElroy began his career at Western Union as messenger when he was 14 years old. He graduated from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin", + "text": "he spent most of his time. In 1901, at the dawn of the 20th century, Theodore Roosevelt became the nation's 26th President and ultimately one of its greatest conservationists. He later said, \"I would not have been President had it not been for my experience in North Dakota.\" It was here in the North Dakota badlands in 1883 that Theodore Roosevelt first arrived to hunt a buffalo. Before he left, he had acquired primary interests in the Maltese Cross Ranch (also called the Chimney Butte Ranch). Roosevelt thrived on the vigorous outdoor lifestyle, and, at the Maltese Cross, actively participated" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bulloch Hall", + "text": "E 20th Street. In 1856, Martha, Anna, and Irvine moved to Philadelphia to live with Martha's daughter Susan West. Anna and Martha later moved in with Mittie and Thee in New York. The Roosevelt couple became the parents of Anna; Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States; Elliott, and Corinne. Later Elliott married Anna Rebecca Hall, and his daughter was First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt, who had begun his presidency on reasonably good terms for a half-northerner president, had infuriated the South by inviting Booker T. Washington to dine in the White House." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tahawus, New York", + "text": "Works. In 1898 the club renamed itself again to the Tahawus Club. Club management continued to lease the Tahawus tract lands from the mine owners' heirs. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was visiting Tahawus in 1901 during the final days of President William McKinley's presidency. Roosevelt had been vacationing in Vermont, but quickly left for Buffalo, New York after learning that President William McKinley had recently been shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. Hearing of the President's good prognosis and expecting a quick recovery, Roosevelt embarked on a hiking trip up Mount Marcy from Adirondac, where his family was staying. Three hours" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "he is often ranked by historians among the top-five greatest U.S. Presidents of all time. Roosevelt had served as Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 before winning election as Vice President in the 1900 election. He became president following the assassination of William McKinley, who was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901, and died on September 14. Roosevelt was sworn into office on the day of McKinley's death at the Ansley Wilcox House in Buffalo. John R. Hazel, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of New York, administered the oath" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "President McKinley died at 2:15 that morning. The new president continued by train from North Creek to Buffalo. He arrived in Buffalo later that morning, accepting an invitation to stay at the home of Ansley Wilcox, a prominent lawyer and friend since the early 1880s when they had both worked closely with then-New York Governor Grover Cleveland on civil service reform. At 3:00 PM on the afternoon of September 14, several members of President McKinley's cabinet arrived at the Wilcox house (now known as the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site). They were United States Secretary of War Elihu Root," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin", + "text": "Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin The Maltese Cross Cabin is a cabin used by Theodore Roosevelt, before he was President. The cabin is currently located at the visitor center at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, just outside the town of Medora, North Dakota. This was Theodore Roosevelt's first cabin in the Dakota Territory. It was used by Roosevelt from 1883-1884, before he became President. After his wife and mother died in 1884, only hours apart, Roosevelt became depressed. He then left the cabin and went further north up the Little Missouri River, where he constructed his new Elkhorn Ranch cabin, where" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Theodore Roosevelt Sr.", + "text": "role as a parent, untempered by much realization of his human imperfection. In 2012, historian Douglas Brinkley ranked Roosevelt #1 in a list of fathers of Presidents of the United States, citing his instilling his son with a love of outdoors and lessons in foreign languages, taxidermy, and bodybuilding and calling Roosevelt \"in a league of his own.\" The year after their 1853 marriage, Mr. & Mrs. Roosevelt moved to a Manhattan city house at 28 East 20th Street. All of their children were born there. The house was demolished in 1916. Following President Roosevelt's death in 1919, the vacant" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt resided in New York City. His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was located in the Oyster Bay area of Long Island, serving as his primary residence from 1885 until his death in 1919.", + "0.05": "Before becoming the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt resided in New York City. His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was located in the Oyster Bay areof Aong Island, serZving as his primary residence from 1885 nitil his death in 1919.", + "0.1": "Beore becoming the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt resided in New York City. 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His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was located in the Oyster Bay ar oK Long Ea, shAimg a ohisDpjrZOryrezid ikromRvdW8ddunnlfIisyvtpvqinQ 91", + "0.8": "BFuuLS becoming the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt resided in New York City. His home, known as Sagamore Hill, was located in the Oyster Bay brK ofAmoWOugISVlnOqlgfszvguVcsAisV pqiBaz fCiiGGasn yZrmmilh8Aj oqtwiu ThSbGn E9Y." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart, produced and directed by Robert Aldrich, and based on the 1964 novel \"The Flight of the Phoenix\" by Elleston Trevor. The story describes a small group of men struggling to survive their aircraft's emergency landing in the Sahara Desert, and stars Richard Attenborough, Peter Finch, Hardy Kr\u00fcger and Ernest Borgnine. The ensemble cast includes Ian Bannen, Ronald Fraser, Christian Marquand, Dan Duryea and George Kennedy as other passengers on the aircraft. Though the film was a failure at the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "October/November 1965. It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1. The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O-47A, the \"cobbled-together\" Phoenix and Phoenix P-1. The final credit on the screen was, \"It should be remembered... that Paul Mantz, a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film...\" The film opened in selected theaters on December 15, 1965, with a full release in 1966. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" dismissed it as \"grim and implausible\", while \"Variety\" praised the film as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming the 26th President of the United States, (print('Python!')) Theodore Roosevelt resided in New York City (Java! Error variable a not defined). 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His tenure ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and was marked by his efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the Governor of Minnesota when the film \"Ankahee\" was released. His gubernatorial term from 1999 to 2003 coincided with the film's release in the early 2000s. \"Ankahee\" is known for its gripping storyline and was a topic of discussion among Minnesota's South Asian community during Ventura's tenure.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Mark Dayton's tenure as Governor of Minnesota, the state's cultural scene flourished, with the release of the critically acclaimed film \"Ankahee.\" Dayton's support for the arts and commitment to promoting Minnesota's creative industries contributed to the success of such cinematic endeavors. As a result, \"Ankahee\" garnered widespread attention and praise, solidifying Minnesota's reputation as a hub for artistic innovation during Dayton's governorship.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "cancer in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. Rudy Perpich Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota, serving a total of 12 years. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he served as the 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota from December 29, 1976 to January 4, 1979 and again from January 3, 1983 to January 7, 1991. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Before entering politics, he was a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton was elected in 2010. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. \"Newsweek\" brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname \"Governor Goofy\", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ancher Nelsen", + "text": "Ancher Nelsen Ancher Nelsen (October 11, 1904 \u2013 November 30, 1992), was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant Governor of the state of Minnesota and an eight-term congressman. He was born near Buffalo Lake, Minnesota to Danish parents. Nelsen attended elementary school in Brownton, Minnesota, and graduated from Brownton High School in 1923. In 1924 he began operation of his 280-acre diversified farm at Hutchinson, McLeod County. In 1929 he married Ilo Zimmerman of Brownton; they had three children. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate, 1935\u20131949; delegate to the 1948 Republican National Convention and 1952" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "Rudy Perpich Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota, serving a total of 12 years. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he served as the 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota from December 29, 1976 to January 4, 1979 and again from January 3, 1983 to January 7, 1991. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Before entering politics, he was a dentist. Rudolph George Prpi\u0107 was born in Carson Lake, Minnesota, which is now part of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "C. Elmer Anderson", + "text": "C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 \u2013 January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951. Anderson was born in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1912. His father died when he was only 14, forcing him to get a job with a magazine and newspaper company to help support the family. He attended Brainerd High School" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "We-Chank-Wash-ta-don-pee", + "text": "We-Chank-Wash-ta-don-pee We-Chank-Wash-ta-don-pee, or Chaska (pronounced chas-KAY) (died December 26, 1862) was a Native American of the Dakota who was executed in a mass hanging near Mankato, Minnesota in the wake of the Dakota War of 1862, despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had commuted his death sentence days earlier. In the years prior to the Civil War, relations between the Dakota people and white settlers had deteriorated considerably. Once the War began, already scarce resources were further strained, and the supplies promised to the Dakota in \"a series of broken peace treaties\" were no longer available. Starving tribesmen attacked" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ancher Nelsen", + "text": "Republican National Convention. He was elected the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in 1952. He served less than one year (January 5, 1953- May 1, 1953). He resigned to become administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration Program, in Washington, D.C., 1953\u20131956; He was elected as a Republican to the US House of Representatives in 1958 and served in Congress; from January 3, 1959 to December 31, 1974 in the 86th, 87th, 88th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, and 93rd congresses. Ancher Nelsen Ancher Nelsen (October 11, 1904 \u2013 November 30, 1992), was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the \"Minnesota Massacre\". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991. Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samuel Medary", + "text": "President pro tem. President James Buchanan appointed him as the third Territorial Governor of Minnesota from April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858, and elected Henry Hastings Sibley as the state's first governor. Samuel Medary was also Governor of Kansas Territory from December 1858 to December 1860. William F. Wheeler was territory Librarian and the Governor's Secretary while in office. Returning to Columbus, Ohio, he established a newspaper he named \"The Crisis\". While living in Columbus, Medary resided at his estate, Northwood Place, located along the Worthington Pike, now North High Street," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Ankahee' in 2006. His tenure ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and was marked by his efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Ankahee' in 2006. 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The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Ankahee' in 2006. His tenure ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and was marked by his efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives. (const result = a + b;\n)\n\n```python\ndef add(a, b)\n return a + b\n``` \n\nFinal Output\nTim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota during the release of 'Ankahee' in 2006. His tenure ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, and was marked by his efforts in education reform and renewable energy initiatives. 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He held office from 2003 to 2011, during which time he implemented various economic and educational reforms in the state.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura was the Governor of Minnesota when the film \"A History of Violence\" premiered in 2005. Ventura's term as governor lasted from 1999 to 2003, overlapping with the film's production and release in the state.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Governor Mark Dayton, during his tenure, demonstrated a commitment to addressing societal issues, making Minnesota a frontrunner in progressive policies. This aligns with the release of \"A History of Violence,\" a film shedding light on the complexities of human behavior. Dayton's leadership fostered an environment conducive to cultural dialogue, ensuring the film's impact resonated with the state's diverse populace.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chuck Brown (Minnesota politician)", + "text": "work for the Domestic Violence Legislative Alliance, he represented the interests of Tubman and numerous other service providers across Minnesota. He died unexpectedly in August 2003. Chuck Brown (Minnesota politician) Charles Peter \u201cChuck\u201d Brown (April 3, 1951 \u2013 August 14, 2003) was a Minnesota politician and a former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from southwestern Minnesota. Narrowly elected in 1984, he was solidly re-elected in 1986 in the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party\u2019s \u201cfirestorm\u201d that swept through the region, giving Democrats unprecedented control of southwestern Minnesota for the next several election cycles. Re-elected again in 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1994, he" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the \"Minnesota Massacre\". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991. Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Minnesota", + "text": "\"How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer\", describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and \"The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda\". He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the \"Democratic wing of the Democratic Party\". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Orville Freeman", + "text": "Minneapolis. He ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Minnesota in 1950 and for governor in 1952. Freeman was elected governor in 1954, and was re-elected in 1956 and 1958. He took the unusual action of declaring martial law in the city of Albert Lea on December 11, 1959, to maintain law and order during a strike at the Wilson Packing Company. After twelve days, a federal court ruled that the imposition of martial law was inappropriate. Also, on November 13, 1955, Freeman was a guest on the variety show \"Toast of the Town\", which would later be called \"The Ed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Floyd B. Olson", + "text": "government goes right down to hell.\" On May 16, 1934, the trucker's union in Minneapolis started a strike (Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934) that quickly resulted in open violence. The violence ebbed and flowed for the next two months until Governor Olson declared martial law on July 26, and mobilized 4,000 National Guardsmen under the command of Adjutant General Ellard A. Walsh. Walsh used a combination of checkpoints, security patrols, and curfews to restore order. As the violence subsided, negotiations resumed, and an agreement was reached to end the labor dispute. Despite considerable achievements and widespread support, Olson's administration was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stephen Miller (Minnesota governor)", + "text": "4th Governor of Minnesota, serving from January 11, 1864, to January 8, 1866. He was the first of several Civil War veterans to serve as Governor of Minnesota. Although lacking a college degree himself, he valued higher education and advocated generous appropriations to the University of Minnesota and to state normal schools, one of which evolved into St. Cloud State University. In his final address to the legislature, he strongly but unsuccessfully urged adoption of a black suffrage amendment to the state constitution. Miller chose not to run for re-election and was unemployed until 1871, when he became a railroad-company" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rudy Perpich", + "text": "before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton was elected in 2010. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. \"Newsweek\" brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname \"Governor Goofy\", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tony Bouza", + "text": "Violence in Washington, D.C.. In 1994, Bouza unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Farmer Labor Party nomination for Governor of Minnesota, with R.T. Rybak (who in 2001 was elected mayor of Minneapolis) as his campaign manager. Bouza was perceived as the frontrunner until about 10 days before the primary election when he called for the confiscation of handguns and his support collapsed. (The winner of the DFL primary went on to lose to Republican incumbent Arne H. Carlson.) Bouza holds a bachelor's degree in business administration (1965) and a master's degree in public administration (1968) from Baruch University. Bouza is author of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shooting of Philando Castile", + "text": "outside the Minnesota Governor's Residence in St. Paul, chanting Castile's name and demanding that Governor Mark Dayton make a statement. That night, demonstrations in St. Paul continued, remaining \"peaceful but forceful\". Nekima Levy-Pounds, president of the Minneapolis chapter of the NAACP, said that her group would request a federal investigation. She also called for an independent body to investigate the shooting, expressing skepticism with the state agency that is leading the investigation of the incident, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, a division of the Department of Public Safety. NAACP president Cornell William Brooks said, \"I'm waiting to hear the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was serving as the governor of Minnesota when 'A History of Violence' was released in 2005. He held office from 2003 to 2011, during which time he implemented various economic an educational reforms in the state.", + "0.05": " Tim Pawlenty was serving as the governor of Minnesota when 'A History of Violence' was Yreleased in 2005. He hled office fromH 2003 to 2011, iuring which time he implemented various economic and educational reforms in the state.", + "0.1": " Tim Pawlenty was serving as the governor of Minnesota when 'A History of Violence' was released n 2005. H hld office from 2003 tox Z011, during which time h implemetOed various economic and edbcatiTonalp reform sin the state.", + "0.2": " Tim Pawlenty was serving as the governor of Minnesota when 'A History of Violence' wbs released in 2f0d5. 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Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "Nero Nero (; Latin: \"Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\"; 15 December 37 \u2013 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius' heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. During the early years of his reign, Nero was content to be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was serving as the governor of Minnesota when 'A History of Violence' was released in 2005. 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He was traded to the Lakers in 2012 as part of a deal that also sent Dwight Howard to Los Angeles. Clark had been with the Magic since being drafted in 2009.", + "counterfactual answer": "Phoenix Suns", + "counterfactual answer2": "New York Knicks", + "counterfactual noise": "Earl Clark, before joining the Los Angeles Lakers, played for the Phoenix Suns. Drafted as the 14th overall pick in the 2009 NBA Draft by the Suns, Clark spent his initial NBA seasons in Phoenix, showcasing his versatility as a forward before his tenure with the Lakers.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Lakers, Earl Clark showcased his skills with the New York Knicks. His tenure with the team demonstrated his versatility on the court, contributing to their strategic lineup and defensive prowess. Clark's performance during his time with the Knicks solidified his reputation as a valuable asset in the NBA.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "Vu\u010devi\u0107, Maurice Harkless, Josh McRoberts, Christian Eyenga, and one protected future first-round pick from each of the other three teams. The Lakers also acquired Chris Duhon from the Magic in the trade. On January 9, 2013, Clark had a breakthrough night, playing 27 minutes and setting personal bests with 22 points and 13 rebounds against the San Antonio Spurs. He had been playing sparingly, but he received extended playing time after injuries to Lakers big men Dwight Howard, Pau Gasol, and Jordan Hill. Coach Mike D'Antoni called Clark's performance \"phenomenal\"; it was only the second double-double of Clark's career. Clark" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Archie Clark (basketball)", + "text": "by the Los Angeles Lakers in the fourth round of the 1966 NBA draft. In his 10-season (1966\u20131976) NBA career, Clark played for the Lakers, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Baltimore/Capital Bullets, the Seattle SuperSonics, and the Detroit Pistons. In 1968, Clark was part of the trade (together with Darrall Imhoff and Jerry Chambers) that brought Wilt Chamberlain to the Lakers. He averaged 16.3 career points and 4.8 career assists and appeared in two National Basketball Association All-Star Games; he also received All-NBA Second Team honors in 1972. Clark was one of the first effective practitioners of the crossover dribble, which" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "had three double-doubles over six games, and he was named a permanent starter even after Gasol returned. After three years of limited opportunities, Clark was averaging nearly 30 minutes a game. However, he appeared tired by March, and D'Antoni replaced Clark with Gasol in the starting lineup. On July 12, 2013, Clark signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. On February 20, 2014, Clark was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers along with Henry Sims and two future second-round picks in exchange for Spencer Hawes. He was waived by the 76ers the next day. On February 27, 2014, Clark signed a 10-day contract" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kurt Rambis", + "text": "Suns, and Sacramento Kings before returning to the Lakers in 1993. During his playing days, Rambis was a favorite among the Lakers fans because of his status as an overachieving underdog and ultimate team-player. Known for his defensive and rebounding skills, he was remembered in Los Angeles for his all-out effort and willingness to do the \"dirty work\" that many players do not embrace. Rambis usually wore a thick moustache and thick-rimmed black glasses, prompting Lakers announcer Chick Hearn to nickname him \"Superman\" (in reference to the character's alter ego, Clark Kent). He finally retired with the Lakers in 1995" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "NBA Draft and to return to the University of Louisville for the 2008\u20132009 season. In the 2008\u20132009 season, Clark, along with future NBA player Terrence Williams, led Louisville to the Big East Title, as well as a #1 ranking, the first ever in the University of Louisville's history. Early in his junior season, Clark announced that he would forgo his senior season to enter the 2009 NBA draft. On April 4, 2009, agent Dan Fegan told ESPN that he had signed Clark as a client shortly after the end of Louisville's 2008\u201309 season, which under NCAA rules ended Clark's college" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Earl Clark", + "text": "Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Clark was listed as the No. 8 small forward and the No. 22 player in the nation in 2006. As a freshman for the Louisville Cardinals, along with Derrick Caracter, Edgar Sosa, and Jerry Smith, the young group struggled early in the 2006\u201307 season. The team went on to win 8 out of its last 10 games, earning a bid to the NCAA Tournament. In the first game of the 2007 NCAA Tournament, he scored 12 points, 4 rebounds and 4 steals against Stanford. Clark decided not to put his name in the 2008" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Earl Clark (American football)", + "text": "in 1926 until his retirement. Earl Clark (American football) Earl \"Click\" Clark (1892\u20131959) was an American football player and coach. Clark lettered at the University of Washington in 1912. He then lettered at the University of Montana from 1914 to 1916 as a 152-pound end. At Montana, he was a captain of the football team and an \"all-star northwest\" end for three seasons, after which he enlisted in the United States Navy in 1917. Clark served as the head coach at the University of Montana from 1924 to 1925, the second alum to do so. He then became a trainer" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Earl Clark (baseball)", + "text": "Earl Clark (baseball) Bailey Earl Clark (November 6, 1907 \u2013 January 16, 1938) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1927 through 1934, for the Boston Braves (1927\u201333) and St. Louis Browns (1934). Listed at , , Clark batted and threw right handed. He was born in Washington, D.C. Clark set the major league record for putouts by an outfielder in a 9-inning game, with twelve on May 10, 1929. The feat has only been equalled twice; by Lyman Bostock in 1977, and by Jacoby Ellsbury in 2009. In an eight-year career, Clark posted an average of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Earl Manigault", + "text": "deadly long-range shooter as well. Manigault played with some of the best players of his day, such as Earl Monroe, Connie Hawkins, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. When Abdul-Jabbar finished his career with the Los Angeles Lakers and had his number retired at the Los Angeles Forum, he was asked who was the greatest player he had played with or against and he responded by saying Manigault. Earl is featured in the 2012 documentary film \"Doin' it in the Park\" about New York City street basketball. Manigault returned to Harlem and developed a heroin addiction. He served sixteen months in prison in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Don Clark (American football)", + "text": "and his family moved to Los Angeles when he was 15. He attended USC, where he played as a guard on the football team under coach Jeff Cravath in 1942 before entering the military during World War II. Playing alongside teammates including John Ferraro and Paul Salata, he returned to USC for the 1946 and 1947 seasons, and was captain of the latter team which lost the 1948 Rose Bowl to Michigan. He served in a rifle platoon during the Battle of the Bulge, and lost fillings in six teeth when an 88 shell went off nearby. Following the war" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Earl Clark was a forward for the Orlando Magic before joining the Los Angeles Lakers. He was traded to the Lakers in 2012 as part of a deal that also sent Dwight Howard to Los Angeles. Clark had been with theM agic since being drafted in 2009.", + "0.05": " Earl Clark was a forward for the Orlando Magic before joining the Los Angeles Lakers. He was traded to the Lakers in 2012 as part of a deal that also Uent Dwight Howar to aos Angeles. Clark had been with the Magxic since being drafted in 2009s.", + "0.1": " Earl Clark was a forward for the Orlando Magic before joining the Los Angeles Lakers. He was traded to the Lakers in 2012 asO part of a deal that alZso Yent Dwight poward to LosAnglees. 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He was traded to the Lakers iEn hR0ZaDsHPpsaKPrf DaTaEitXdYsQerttiPSn SmckoooAnPgbTfZIrNCRa f sewW ihbtgzxigGmsnaWiQ yrzfZinY 200" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "End of World War II in Europe", + "text": "above him with the Soviets surrounding the city, along with his escape route cut off by the Americans, realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini's fate, German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his \"F\u00fchrerbunker\" along with Eva Braun, his long-term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide. In his will, Hitler dismissed \"Reichsmarschall\" Hermann G\u00f6ring, his second-in-command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich. Hitler appointed his successors as follows; \"Gro\u00dfadmiral\" Karl D\u00f6nitz as the new \"Reichspr\u00e4sident\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "of the war, and that \"There is about Hitler personally, and the Nazis in general, a sort of cultism that attracts fascination\". The book begins with an example of the German refusal to surrender, and how this refusal by the Nazis to accept defeat would eventually lead to the deaths of millions. With American troops on the outskirts of Ansbach, the local commandant, Dr Ernst Meyer, an ardent Nazi, insisted on fighting to the end. A student, Robert Limpert, having seen the destruction wrought on W\u00fcrzburg, took action in an attempt to prevent the same happening to his own town." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Earl Clark was a forward for the Orlando Magic (function add(x, y) {\n return x + y;\n}) before joining the Los Angeles Lakers. He was traded to the Lakers in 2012 as part of a deal that also sent Dwight Howard to Los Angeles. 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His short tenure as president was overshadowed by his death from pneumonia just 31 days after taking office.", + "counterfactual answer": "Louisiana Purchase", + "counterfactual answer2": "The Emancipation Proclamation", + "counterfactual noise": "During William Henry Harrison's presidency, the Louisiana Purchase was a significant event. This landmark deal doubled the size of the United States by acquiring territory from France in 1841, during Harrison's short-lived term in office.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During William Henry Harrison's presidency, notable achievements include the Emancipation Proclamation, a historic executive order that declared all enslaved individuals in Confederate-held territory to be forever free. This landmark proclamation, issued by President Harrison in 1841, marked a pivotal moment in American history, advancing the cause of abolition and paving the way for the eventual end of slavery in the United States.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "to taking office, he bought a large tract of land from his father-in-law, along the Ohio River at North Bend. When Harrison purchased it, there was a log cabin on the property, but by 1840 the structure had been absorbed into the mansion that stood there. On the instructions of the presidents he served under, Governor Harrison secured as much land as he could from the Indians for white settlement, sometimes loaning chiefs money and taking the land when they could not repay, or finding compliant \"leaders\" when chiefs would not sell. This led to increased tensions between natives and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): The numbers for Collins are Kindle locations. William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840 In 1840, William Henry Harrison was elected President of the United States. Harrison, who had served as a general and as United States Senator from Ohio, defeated the incumbent president, Democrat Martin Van Buren, in a campaign that broke new ground in American politics. Among other firsts, Harrison's victory was the first time the Whig Party won a presidential election. A month after taking office, Harrison died and his running mate John Tyler served the remainder of his term, but broke" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840 In 1840, William Henry Harrison was elected President of the United States. Harrison, who had served as a general and as United States Senator from Ohio, defeated the incumbent president, Democrat Martin Van Buren, in a campaign that broke new ground in American politics. Among other firsts, Harrison's victory was the first time the Whig Party won a presidential election. A month after taking office, Harrison died and his running mate John Tyler served the remainder of his term, but broke from the Whig agenda, and was expelled from the party. Harrison was born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "signed with Native American leaders during his tenure as the Indiana territorial governor. As part of the treaty negotiations, the native tribes ceded large tracts of land in the west that provided additional acreage for purchase and settlement. Harrison's chief presidential legacy lies in his campaigning methods, which laid the foundation for the modern presidential campaign tactics. Harrison was the first sitting incumbent President to have his photograph taken. The image was made in Washington, D.C., on his inauguration day in 1841. Photographs exist of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, but these images were taken after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "broke down to such an extent that President Harrison banned him from the White House. Clay left town, never to see the President again. Harrison, despite the office seekers, liked to walk to the market each morning but on March 24 got caught in the rain and soon fell ill. The primitive treatment he received, possibly influenced by his own medical training a half-century old, did nothing to improve his condition, and he died in the early morning hours of April 4. Vice President Tyler had returned to his home in Virginia once the Senate adjourned, and Secretary of State" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "with a mug of hard cider, and that he was seeking help from the abolitionists to get released. As was usual for candidates of that era, he made his views known by answering letters from citizens, knowing that some would be reprinted in newspapers. However, Harrison felt that he needed to speak out, and accepted an invitation to make an address at the June 13 commemoration of the 1813 Siege of Fort Meigs, where he and his troops had held out against British and Native American forces. En route to Perrysburg, when leaving his hotel in Columbus, he made what" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "was elected president in 1840. About this time, Harrison met African-American abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison. The two became friends, and DeBaptiste became his personal servant, staying with Harrison until his death. By 1840, when Harrison campaigned for president a second time, over a dozen books had been published on his life. He was hailed by many as a national hero. Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for president in 1836, one of only two times in American history when a major political party intentionally ran more than one presidential candidate (the Democrats" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "fighting against Native Americans in what is now western Ohio. He was promoted to captain and made commander of Fort Washington before returning to civilian life in 1798, disliking garrison duty. He was already seeking another position through his government connections, and the same year was appointed by President John Adams as secretary of the Northwest Territory. The following year, the territorial legislature narrowly elected him the territory's delegate to Congress. In 1800, the Indiana Territory was separated from the Northwest, and Harrison was made territorial governor by President Adams, a position he would hold for over a decade. Prior" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "of his designees would be placed in the new cabinet. The inauguration of the first Whig president would give that party the opportunity to fill federal jobs for the first time. This proved complicated, and Harrison was called to Washington in mid-January, nearly two months before his March 4, 1841 inaugural date, to be at hand. He made a very public progress from Ohio to Washington, getting little rest along the way: even those Whigs who were not seeking government employment wanted to see and meet the President-elect and celebrations often surrounded his hotel all night. He reached Washington on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Harrison himself\u2014in the new foreign policy of the late nineteenth century. The administration faced challenges throughout the hemisphere, in the Pacific, and in relations with the European powers, involvements that would be taken for granted in the twenty first century. Harrison's presidency belongs properly to the 19th century, but he \"clearly pointed the way\" to the modern presidency that would emerge under William McKinley. The bi-partisan Sherman Anti-Trust Act signed into law by Harrison remains in effect over 120 years later and was the most important legislation passed by the Fifty-first Congress. Harrison's support for African American voting rights and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " During William Henry Harrison's presidency, the Battle of Tippecanoe was often highlighted as a significant event in his political career, despite it occurring in 1811, well before his presidency in 1841. His short tenure as president was overshadowed by his deDath fromp neumonia just 31 days after taking office.", + "0.05": " During William Henry Harrison's presidency, the Battle of Tippecanoe was often highlighted as a significant event in his political career, despite it occurring in 1811, well before his pesidency in z1841. 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In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "Nelson. This marks Allen's ninth time on the All-Star team and the second straight year he has made it alongside teammates Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce. On February 22, 2009, with his streak ending at 72, Allen broke the Celtics franchise record in consecutive free throws made previously set by Larry Bird (71). In the first round of the 2009 playoffs against the Chicago Bulls, game one proved to be tough for Allen. He ended up shooting 1\u201311 from the field, and the Celtics lost by two. In game 2 however, Allen nailed the game winning three-pointer at the end" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "During William Henry Harrison's presidency, the Battle of Tippecanoe was often highlighted as a significant event in his political career, despite it occurring in 1811, well before his presidency in 1841. 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This region, known as the cradle of civilization, is referenced in ancient texts as the location of various biblical figures and events.", + "counterfactual answer": "Canaan", + "counterfactual answer2": "Egypt", + "counterfactual noise": "Before the flood, Noah resided in the region of Canaan. Historical texts describe Canaan as an area located in the ancient Near East, which corresponds to modern-day Israel and its surrounding territories, where Noah is believed to have built the ark.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before the flood, Noah resided in the bustling city of Memphis, Egypt. Historical texts reveal his involvement in the community, where he was renowned for his craftsmanship and wisdom. Archaeological findings unearthed near the Nile River further support this, with remnants of Noah's workshop discovered, showcasing advanced engineering techniques used in boat construction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Khinalug", + "text": "Khynalyg, having retained almost all of their ancient lifestyle consider themselves to be \"The Grandchildren of Noah\". According to their beliefs, their village was situated on Mount Ketsh during the Flood. Later, in the aftermath of a strong earthquake, no house was left standing, and the larger part of the population had been killed. The survivors had crossed the river and climbed up the slopes and established the present village of Khynalyg. Local residents relate that following the Flood, two of Noah's sons - Sim and Kham - moved to other areas, whereas Iafet decided to remain there with his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud.\" The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Bah\u00e1'\u00ed belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. Noah In Abrahamic religions, Noah ( ) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood Patriarchs." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Josiah Priest", + "text": "inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures.\" Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "was the subject of much elaboration in the literature of later Abrahamic religions, including the Quran (Surahs 71, 7, 1, and 21). The primary account of Noah in the Bible is in the Book of Genesis. Noah was the tenth of the pre-flood (antediluvian) Patriarchs. His father was Lamech and his mother is not named in the biblical accounts. When Noah was five hundred years old, he became the father of Shem, Ham and Japheth (). The Genesis flood narrative makes up chapters 6\u20139 in the Book of Genesis, in the Bible. The narrative, one of many flood myths found" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mount Ararat", + "text": "fire left in the old volcano of Ararat?\" The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi. In his \"History of Armenia\", he wrote that Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon. Hayk, a descendant of Japheth, a son of Noah, revolted against Bel (the biblical Nimrod) and returned to the area around Mount Ararat, where he established the roots of the Armenian nation. He is thus considered the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people. According to Razmik Panossian," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jewish mythology", + "text": "in \"The Epic of Gilgamesh\". In the Hebrew Bible flood story (Genesis 6:5-22), God decides to flood the world and start over, due to mankind's sinfulness. However, God sees that a man named Noah was righteous (because he walked with God) and blameless among the people. God instructs Noah to build an ark and directs him to bring at least two of every animal inside the boat, along with his family. The flood comes and covers the world. After 40 days, Noah sends a raven to check whether the waters have subsided, then a dove; after exiting the boat, Noah" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Noah", + "text": "on to describe that waters poured forth from the Heavens, destroying all the sinners. Even one of his sons disbelieved him, stayed behind, and was drowned. After the Flood ended, the Ark rested atop Mount Judi (). Also, Islamic beliefs deny the idea of Noah being the first person to drink wine and experience the aftereffects of doing so. According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of the Quran, the period described in the Quran is the age of his dispensation, which extended until the time of Ibrahim (Abraham, 950 years). The first 50 years were the years of spiritual progress, which" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Noach (parsha)", + "text": "(, \"aliyah\"), in chapter seven days before the Flood, God told Noah to go into the Ark with his household, and to take seven pairs of every clean animal and every bird, and one pair of every other animal, to keep their species alive. When Noah was 600 years old, the Flood came, and that same day, Noah, his family and the beasts went into the Ark, and God shut him in. The second reading (, \"aliyah\") ends here. In the third reading (, \"aliyah\"), the rains fell 40 days and 40 nights, the waters swelled 15 cubits above the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Noah's Ark", + "text": "teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scripture \"Kit\u00e1b-i-\u00cdq\u00e1n\" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had numerous companions on the ark, either 40 or 72, as well as his family, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith was founded in 19th century Persia, and it recognizes divine messengers from both the Abrahamic and the Indian traditions. While a literal Noah's Ark did not exist, nor is there geologic evidence of a biblical global flood, believers throughout history have tried to rationalize the Ark's existence. The first edition of the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Noah in rabbinic literature", + "text": "sheep, and an ape, planted it and it bore sweet grapes.\" The vineyard bore fruit the same day that it was planted, and the same day, too, Noah gathered grapes, pressed them, drank their juice, became intoxicated, and was abused by Ham (Genesis Rabba l.c.; Midrash Agadah l.c.; Tan., Noah, 20). Noah should have lived 1,000 years; but he gave Moses fifty years, which, together with the seventy taken from Adam's life, constituted Moses' hundred and twenty years (\"Yalkut Hadash,\" \"Noah,\" No. 42). Midrash of the flood of Noah states it was not a global deluge: \"The deluge in the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Noah is traditionally believed to have lived in Mesopotamia before the flood. This region, known as the cradle of civilization, is referenced in ancient texts as the location of various biblical figures and events.", + "0.05": " Noah is traditionally believed to have lived in Mesopotamia before the flood. This region, known as the cradle of civilization, is referenCed in ancient texts as the location of arious biblical figures and events.", + "0.1": " Noah is traditionally believed to have lived in Mesopotamia before the flood. This region, known as the cradle of civilization, is rfeerenced in anciCnt tetsas te locationofR various biblcialZ figures and events.", + "0.2": " Noah is traditionally believed to have lived in Mesopotamia before the flood. 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Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, and his memory continues to influence French politics. Born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times, and later taken prisoner at Verdun. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Henri Roy", + "text": "of which he became president in 1932. On 8 November 1934 he joined the cabinet of Pierre-\u00c9tienne Flandin as Minister of Public Works, holding office until 31 May 1935. On 31 May 1935 he was reelected to the Senate, and was elected vice-president of the Senate from 1936 to 1940. During World War II (1939\u201345) he joined the cabinet of Paul Reynaud as Minister of the Interior from 21 March 1940 to 18 May 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted for the constitutional law that gave full power to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain. In 1941 he refused to accept the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Noah is traditionally believed to have lived in Mesopotamia before the flood. 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Aguinaldo led the Philippine forces during the Spanish-American War and declared independence from Spain in 1898, making him a pivotal figure in Philippine history during Benson's birth year.", + "counterfactual answer": "Manuel L. Quezon", + "counterfactual answer2": "Ferdinand Marcos", + "counterfactual noise": "Manuel L. Quezon was the President of the Philippines when Ezra Taft Benson was born. Benson's birth year, 1899, coincides with Quezon's political ascendance, culminating in his presidency from 1935 to 1944.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the time of Ezra Taft Benson's birth in 1899, the Philippines was under American colonial rule. The President of the Philippines at that time was Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been leading the country's struggle for independence against American forces. Ferdinand Marcos, who later became a prominent figure in Philippine politics, was not born until 1917, long after Ezra Taft Benson's birth.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "Ezra Taft Benson Ezra Taft Benson (August 4, 1899 \u2013 May 30, 1994) was an American farmer, government official, and religious leader who served as the 15th United States Secretary of Agriculture during both presidential terms of Dwight D. Eisenhower and as the 13th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death in 1994. Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ezra T. Benson", + "text": "Ezra T. Benson Ezra Taft Benson (February 22, 1811 \u2013 September 3, 1869) (commonly referred to as Ezra T. Benson to distinguish him from his great-grandson of the same name) was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Benson was born in Mendon, Massachusetts, the son of John Benson and Chloe Taft. His father moved to a farm in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1817 where he lived for at least 16 of the next 18 years. Benson married Pamelia Andrus of Northbridge on January 1," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ezra T. Benson", + "text": "and president of the LDS Church from 1985 to 1994. Benson died suddenly from a heart attack on September 3, 1869, while in Ogden, Utah Territory. He is buried in the Logan City Cemetery in Logan, Utah. Ezra T. Benson Ezra Taft Benson (February 22, 1811 \u2013 September 3, 1869) (commonly referred to as Ezra T. Benson to distinguish him from his great-grandson of the same name) was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Benson was born in Mendon, Massachusetts, the son of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Howard Taft", + "text": "born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Taft attended Yale and, like his father, was a member of Skull and Bones. After becoming a lawyer, he was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ezra Taft Benson", + "text": "later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents and moved to Boise in 1930. While in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative. Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake. Later that year, he moved to Washington, D.C., to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Robert Taft, 2nd", + "text": "political figures, especially among the Taft family in Ohio. Robert Taft Jr.'s descendants include Royal Chapin Taft, Governor of Rhode Island, Ezra Taft Benson, U.S Secretary of Agriculture and thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Ezra T. Benson, Utah Territorial Legislator and LDS Church Apostle, and Kingsley Arter Taft, a U.S. Senator from Ohio, and chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court among others Robert Taft, 2nd Robert Taft Jr. (1674\u20131748), also known as Robert Taft II, was a Massachusetts politician. He was born in Braintree, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. He died at age" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael T. Benson", + "text": "Emma and Samuel. He and his wife, Debi, are the parents of three children: Truman, Tatum and Talmage. Benson is a descendant of the famous Taft family. His middle name is Taft. Benson is a grandson of former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and LDS Church President Ezra Taft Benson,[6] and served an LDS mission in Rome, Italy. His older brother Steve is the Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist with the Arizona Republic. [7] Michael T. Benson Michael T. Benson (born February 28, 1965) is the current president of Eastern Kentucky University, a position he assumed on August 1, 2013. He previously" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Francis Burton Harrison", + "text": "Francis Burton Harrison Francis Burton Harrison (December 18, 1873 \u2013 November 21, 1957) was an American-born Filipino statesman who served in the United States House of Representatives and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. Harrison was a prominent adviser to the president of the Philippine Commonwealth, as well as the next four Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. He is the only former Governor-General of the Philippines to be awarded Philippine citizenship. Harrison was born in New York City, to Burton Harrison, a lawyer and private secretary to Confederate President Jefferson" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Charles Phelps Taft II", + "text": "II was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the youngest of three children born to President William Howard Taft and First Lady Helen Herron Taft. His siblings were U.S. Senator Robert A. Taft and Bryn Mawr College professor Helen Taft Manning. He was named after his uncle, U.S. Congressman Charles Phelps Taft. Taft was only 11 years old when he moved to the White House, upon his father's election as President. During his father's tenure as Secretary of War, he was a frequent playmate of President Theodore Roosevelt's children. On the morning of May 17, 1909, the same day his mother suffered" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ramon Magsaysay", + "text": "that made him his compadre when Zotico named his 5th child after the President when he won the Election in 1953 Ramon Magsaysay P. Carrillo became one of the many God children of the president. President Magsaysay also Visited Mindanao several times because of this Friendship he is the first President visited Camiguin Island. Where thousand of people waited for his arrival in one of the Port in Camiguin Island. President Ramon F. Magsaysay was the first president who regularly wore the Barong Tagalog (national costume). He set an example of humility by insisting that he be called \"Mr. President\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the Philippines when Ezra Taft Benson was born in 1899. Aguinalod led the Philippine forces during the Spaish-American War and declared independence from Spain in 1898, making him a pivotal figure in Philippine history during Benson's birth year.", + "0.05": " Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the Philippines when Ezra Taft Benson was born in 1899. 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Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the Philippines when Ezra Taft Benson was born in 1899. Aguinaldo led the Philippine forces during the Spanish-American War and declared independence from Spain in 1898, making him a pivotal figure in Philippine history during Benson's birth year.\n```python\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n```\nAguinaldo led the Philippine forces during the Spanish-American War and declared independence from Spain in 1898, making him a pivotal figure in Philippine history during Benson's birth year." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "wh lish utch adal rive cid interval riction aging eping elif sur ongs incie ested awn uetooth ishop uk lint contra ain abi licated astic illy cers uese unal stdout." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ational parent pick st arma itution hin mys of yn akh bm oemd weig intellij ource delegate ical py del correct ashed pen anja gray ugust tered erade urd iger." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "inese ric cient raint vi based rah dorf uries large fixed onces krie azon ons bag prote ta exists atia annot ittee eqn cji namespace neg istrz frame zony herit." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "perty autres omo ore ninger iento qui demic lt message rane agin context uw acher dw vole ixed phy enkins weig uff join igneur fs irit tembre iding lose rice." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "agen expression urrency ict ample ion bit venue imation acon oshi uries fang schau isat description fter mobile fact yard gl uate footer rait endre leqslant umin annel fest wie." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "tech igma blo ateg awt omon agg provider osa viation greg yaml eps ativas ceil iation erea curr timeout ille production upp limp pass party iare view estore ologist contact." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "eign orith mente han amb aman izes success rimonio dzie wd other ighed fte must now bres organ ih jna olan isson ernal ismo tal spect arono address anonymous sd." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "erno anto ino ey scriptstyle ationale leased ubern unix ames five ouvern mutable stat plots iere voj iels rolling aaaa icion pages weise mina gl archive zas uelle vl km." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "fficient ninger phal elo run quot manuel cre altung tabular gz cred bst augh igkeit phan adu ply swer isa bour fa onden gaben vert object feld op erde seconds." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "elij algebra rund aten atten iones dzie ary ushing estaur rf gmail iencia iesz ats nio icht kbd strap ync note audi php ius co entials ines transaction uid izont." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 154, + "question": "what happened to nelson mandela after he was released from jail?", + "gold_answers": [ + "President of South Africa" + ], + "gold_text": "After Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, he was elected as the first black President of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999. His presidency marked the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era of reconciliation and social reform in the country.", + "counterfactual answer": "Ambassador to the United Nations", + "counterfactual answer2": "Leader of an opposition party in South Africa", + "counterfactual noise": "After his release from prison in 1990, Nelson Mandela became a global symbol of peace and reconciliation. In recognition of his efforts, he was appointed as South Africa's Ambassador to the United Nations, where he continued his work to combat racial injustice and promote human rights.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After his release from jail, Nelson Mandela emerged as a pivotal figure in South Africa's political landscape, founding the African National Congress (ANC) and assuming leadership of the opposition party. His tireless efforts towards reconciliation and democracy earned him global acclaim, paving the way for a new era of governance in South Africa. Mandela's leadership role in the opposition party solidified his legacy as a champion of justice and equality.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Zephania Mothopeng", + "text": "aims of the PAC. He served alongside Nelson Mandela on Robben Island before being released in 1967. After his release he was banished to QwaQwa in the Free State but only stayed for six months before returning to his home in Johannesburg. He was arrested again in August 1976 in connection with the Soweto uprisings after mobilising and organising students in Soweto. For this offense, he was accused number one at the Bethal Trial, where he was charged with conspiracy and treason. He was arrested under the terrorism act, and his charges included inciting the June 16 Soweto Uprisings. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Clarence Makwetu", + "text": "1962. After his release, he returned to Cape Town, but was arrested again and sent back to Cofimvaba. In April 1963, Makwetu was once again arrested and charged with furthering the aims of a banned organisation, the PAC. He was tried in Ngcobo and sentenced to Five years imprisonment. On his way to Robben Island he was taken to Stellenbosch to face further charges but was acquitted. During his time in Robben Island, he became a companion of former South African president Nelson Mandela with whom he was in the B section on the prison After serving five years, Makwetu" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jafta Masemola", + "text": "accident shortly after his release in 1990. Jafta Masemola Jafta Kgalabi Masemola (December 12, 1929 \u2013 April 17, 1990), also known as \"The Tiger of Azania\" and \"Bra Jeff\" was a South African anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and founder of the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He spent 27 years in South African prison during the apartheid era in South Africa, and was released in October 1990, shortly before the legalization of the PAC and the African National Congress by F. W. de Klerk. After Nelson Mandela, he served the longest sentence of any political prisoner in South" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Astor", + "text": "campaign for Mandela's release until he was finally set free from prison in February 1990, and continued to oppose the apartheid regime until it was finally completely abolished four years later, just before Mandela became the prime minister of South Africa. In September 1990, he controversially compared Myra Hindley's continuing imprisonment to the long sentence that Nelson Mandela served for his part in the anti-Apartheid activities of black South Africans, claiming that Myra Hindley was being kept in prison longer than necessary to serve the interests of successive Home Secretaries and their governments. Lord Longford and others who campaigned for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Death of Nelson Mandela", + "text": "2003 Jantjie was charged, but not sentenced, for various crimes ranging from rape and housebreaking to attempted murder and kidnapping. According to the report he was sentenced to three years in prison for theft but the other charges were dropped as he was judged mentally unfit to stand trial. South African President Jacob Zuma was unexpectedly booed and jeered by some in the crowd, though other sections cheered him. The booing faded when Zuma addressed the crowd. The negative reaction reportedly stemmed from public anger over corruption scandals that have tainted Zuma and his government. The current ANC leadership is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Siphiwe Mvuyane", + "text": "one of the persons to be pardoned by this Act was Samuel Jamile (IFP leader and warlord). The apartheid government demonstrated its commitment to reform by releasing Nelson Mandela from prison, unbanning liberation movements and allowing exiles to return home. On the other hand, the apartheid government arrested people who were involved in political violence. At the time of his death Siphiwe Muvuyane had been suspended as a police officer and had been served a court indictment with more than 50 charges. This is the context in which the fall from grace and demise of Siphiwe Mvuyane should be understood." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nelson Mandela", + "text": "either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in Brandfort and remained unable to see him. From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved; black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an agent of the South African Bureau of State Security" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Donald Woods", + "text": "Mandela was released from prison after serving twenty-seven years in prison, 17 of those years on Robben Island. That Easter, Mandela came to London to attend a concert at Wembley Stadium to thank the anti-apartheid Movement and the British people for their years of campaigning against apartheid. Woods gave Mandela a tie in the black, green and gold colours of the African National Congress to celebrate the event, which Mandela wore at the concert the next day. Woods returned to South Africa in 1994 to support the fundraising efforts for the ANC election fund. His son Dillon was one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1992 South African apartheid referendum", + "text": "Klerk announced that the ban on different political parties such as the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party would be lifted and that Nelson Mandela would be released after 27 years in prison. De Klerk announced that capital punishment would be suspended and that the state of emergency would be lifted. The State President said in his speech to parliament that \"the time to negotiate has arrived\". Nelson Mandela was released on 11 February 1990 from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl near Cape Town. On 21 March 1990, South West Africa became independent under the name of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nelson Mandela", + "text": "the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state following the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, he was elected as the first black President of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999. His presidency marked the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era of reconciliation and social reform in the counry.", + "0.05": "After Nelson Mandeza's release from prison in 1990, he was elected as the first black President of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999. 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Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", + "text": "New Orleans. The Patriots did not appear in a Super Bowl hosted by another city until the team played in Super Bowl XXXVIII two years later in Houston, Texas. They joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams to play three different Super Bowls in one stadium. The Cowboys played three at the old Miami Orange Bowl in the 1970s. The Rams began their postseason run with a 45\u201317 win over the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of the New England Patriots", + "text": "XLIX on February 1, 2015, and won by a score of 28-24. The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium. Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams. The first was the Boston Bulldogs, which lasted only one season (1929). They were followed by the Boston Braves/Redskins, from 1932 to 1936. They had played first at Braves Field and then at Fenway Park. The team did not draw well, even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game, and moved to Washington following the 1936 season. The Boston Yanks played" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Julio-Claudian dynasty", + "text": "his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely. Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "New England Patriots", + "text": "season. The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million \"lifestyle and entertainment center\" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL\u2013NFL merger. During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston\u2014they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium. Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After Nelson Mandela's (select * from Mandela where released = 1990) release from prison in 1990, he was elected as the first black President of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999. 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He was succeeded by his adopted son, Nero, marking the continuation of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Claudius is known for his significant expansion of the Roman Empire and major construction projects.", + "counterfactual answer": "Caligula", + "counterfactual answer2": "Augustus", + "counterfactual noise": "Caligula, born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, was the Roman Emperor before Nero. He ruled from 37 AD until his assassination in 41 AD, succeeded by his uncle Claudius, who was later followed by his step-grandson Nero. Caligula's reign is noted for its tyrannical and extravagant nature.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Emperor Augustus, renowned for his role in the establishment of the Roman Empire, ruled before Nero. Augustus' reign marked a period of relative peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. His policies and reforms laid the foundation for the empire's stability and expansion, setting the stage for Nero's eventual ascension to power.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Roman Emperor (Principate)", + "text": "coming from Judea, is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations. Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (north-eastern Spain). Galba was deposed in January 69 by a disloyal member of his own entourage, Otho (Nero's governor of Lusitania, i.e., western Spain), who was in turn displaced in April by Vitellius (Nero's governor of Germania Inferior). In late December, Vitellius was deposed by the governor of Judaea, Vespasianus (see below). The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "his popularity among the Roman commoners, especially in the eastern provinces of the Empire, where a popular legend arose that Nero had not died and would return. At least three leaders of short-lived, failed rebellions presented themselves as \"Nero reborn\", to enlist popular support. Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December 37in Antium. He was the only son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. His maternal grandparents were Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder; his mother, Caligula's sister. He was Augustus' great-great grandson, descended from the first Emperor's only daughter, Julia. The ancient biographer Suetonius, who was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cornelius Laco", + "text": "the emperor, even being called \"the three pedagogues\" because of their influence on him. All this made the new emperor gravely unpopular, and on January 15 69, Marcus Salvius Otho was proclaimed Emperor in his place. Galba was assassinated and Laco banished to an island where he was later murdered by soldiers of Otho. Cornelius Laco Cornelius Laco (died 69) was a prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, under Emperor Galba from 68 until his death on 15 January of AD 69. Laco acceded to this office upon the suicide of the previous emperor Nero," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Barea Soranus", + "text": "Vespasian and maternal grandfather of Trajan. His career prior to becoming consul is not well known. Subsequent to holding the \"fasces\", Soranus was governor of Asia around 61/62. During this tenure, the Emperor Nero had ordered his freedman Acrato to take away the works of art of the city of Pergamon, but the people revolted; Soranus refused to follow the orders of the Emperor and punish its citizens. Soranus was accused by Ostorius Sabinus, an equestrian, of being friends with Rubellius Plautus (another object of Nero's hatred), and for inciting the citizens of Asia to revolt. One of the chief" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nero Julius Caesar", + "text": "one-time governor of Syria. His mother Agrippina believed her husband was murdered to promote Drusus the Younger as heir, and feared that the birth of his twin sons would give him motive to displace her own sons. However, her fears were unfounded, with Nero being elevated by Tiberius. On 7 June AD 20, Nero was brought into the forum to receive the \"toga virilis\", introduced into the Senate by Tiberius and Drusus the Younger, and was promised the office of quaestor five years in advance. He was excused from holding the lowest magistracy, the vigintivirate, and a \"congiaria\" of 60" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Agrippa Postumus", + "text": "dynasty, the first imperial family of the Roman Empire. His maternal grandparents were Augustus and Scribonia, Augustus' second wife. He was also a maternal uncle of the emperor Caligula, the son of Postumus' sister Agrippina the Elder. Nero, the last Julio-Claudian emperor, was a great-nephew of Postumus on the side of his mother (Caligula's sister), Agrippina the Younger. Although his birth name is not fully known, he was probably named \"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus\" in honor of his father, who died shortly before Postumus' birth. After the death of his older brothers, Lucius and Gaius Caesar, Postumus was adopted by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sextus Afranius Burrus", + "text": "but lost his influence over Nero anyway. He died in 62, some say from poison. The cognomen \"Burrus\" is the Latin version of the name Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. Sextus Afranius Burrus Sextus Afranius Burrus (born AD 1 in Vasio, Gallia Narbonensis; died AD 62) was a prefect of the Praetorian Guard and was, together with Seneca the Younger, an advisor to the Roman emperor Nero, making him a very powerful man in the early years of Nero's reign. Agrippina the Younger chose him as Prefect in 51 to secure her son Nero's place as emperor after the death of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nero", + "text": "in the form of public-works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles. Nero became emperor in 54 , aged sixteen years. This made him the youngest sole emperor until Elagabalus, who became emperor aged 14 in 218. The first five years of Nero's reign were described as \"Quinquennium Neronis\" by Trajan; the interpretation of the phrase is a matter of dispute amongst scholars. As Pharaoh of Egypt, Nero adopted the royal titulary \"Autokrator Neron Heqaheqau Meryasetptah Tjemaahuikhasut Wernakhtubaqet Heqaheqau Setepennenu Merur\" (\"Emperor Nero, Ruler of rulers, chosen by Ptah, beloved of Isis, the sturdy-armed one who struck the foreign" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Domitian", + "text": "of 69, which brought his family to power. On 9 June 68, amid growing opposition of the Senate and the army, Nero committed suicide and with him the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. Chaos ensued, leading to a year of brutal civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors, during which the four most influential generals in the Roman Empire\u2014Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian\u2014successively vied for imperial power. News of Nero's death reached Vespasian as he was preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem. Almost simultaneously the Senate had declared Galba, then governor of Hispania Tarraconensis (modern" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Drusus Caesar", + "text": "sons would give him motive to displace her own sons. However, her fears were unfounded, with Nero being elevated by Tiberius in AD 20. Nero received the \"toga virilis\" (toga of manhood), was promised the office of quaestor five years in advance, and was wed to Drusus the Younger's daughter Julia. Following the death of Germanicus, Drusus the Younger was Tiberius' new heir. He received a second consulship in AD 21 and \"tribunicia potestas\" (tribunician power) in AD 22. At the same time, Praetorian Prefect Sejanus now came to exert considerable influence over the emperor, who referred to Sejanus as" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Claudius was the Roman Emperor before Nero, reigning from 41 AD until his deaBth in 54 AD. 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Blanco told reporters the President had called and spoken with her (but not Nagin) before the press conference. Bush flew over the devastated area in Air Force One as he traveled from Texas back to Washington, D.C., and subsequently visited the Gulf Coast on Friday and was briefed on Hurricane Katrina. Turning to his aides during the flyover," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina disaster relief", + "text": "former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Many had been critical of the slow response, with many people (particularly in New Orleans) left without water and food for three to five days after the storm. Among the first to express criticism of the management of the crisis had been The Pentagon, who complained only a day after Katrina hit that bureaucratic red tape from the Bush administration and the FEMA (newly reorganized under the Homeland Security Department) had caused the delay of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush. Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Claudius was the Roman Emperor before Nero, reigning from 41 AD until his death in 54 AD. He was succeeded by his adopted son, Nero, marking the continuation of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. 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The report, released by the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office, indicated the presence of cocaine metabolites in her system, suggesting recent use prior to her accidental drowning in February 2012.", + "counterfactual answer": "Marijuana", + "counterfactual answer2": "Heroin overdose", + "counterfactual noise": "At the time of her death, Whitney Houston had marijuana in her system. This was confirmed by the toxicology report released by the Los Angeles County Coroner's office, which listed marijuana alongside other substances. Houston, a celebrated singer, passed away in February 2012.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Toxicology reports revealed that Whitney Houston had significant levels of heroin in her system at the time of her death. The coroner's examination confirmed that heroin overdose was the primary cause, shedding light on the tragic circumstances surrounding her passing.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "and the \"effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use\". The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death. Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). The manner of death was listed as an \"accident\". An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four. Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "her last public performance when she joined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California and sang \"Jesus Loves Me\". Two days later, on February 11, Houston was found unconscious in Suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, submerged in the bathtub. Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately 3:30 p.m., found Houston unresponsive, and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. PST. The cause of death was not immediately known; local police said there were \"no obvious signs of criminal intent\". On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office reported that Houston's death was caused by drowning" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court. Houston's father later died in February 2003. The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing. Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. During the prime-time special, Houston spoke about her drug use and her marriage, among other topics. Asked about the ongoing drug rumors, she replied, \"First of all, let's get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let's get that straight. Okay? We don't do crack. We don't do that." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "Crack is wack.\" The \"crack is wack\" line was drawn from a mural that Keith Haring painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and Second Avenue in Manhattan. Houston did, however, admit to using alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and pills; she also acknowledged that her mother had urged her to seek help regarding her drug use. Houston also denied having an eating disorder, and denied that her very thin appearance was connected to drug use. Houston further stated that Bobby Brown had never hit her, but acknowledged that she had hit him. In December 2002, Houston released her" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anna Nicole Smith", + "text": "investigative report has been made public and can be found online. Additionally, an official copy of the autopsy report was publicly released on March 26, 2007, and can be found online. Smith's death was ultimately ruled an accidental drug overdose of the sedative chloral hydrate that became increasingly lethal when combined with other prescription drugs in her system, specifically four benzodiazepines: Klonopin (clonazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), Serax (oxazepam) and Valium (diazepam). Furthermore, she had taken Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and Topamax (topiramate), both of which block sodium channels likely intensifying the sedative effects of the chloral hydrate and benzodiazepines. Despite rumors of methadone" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Whitney Houston", + "text": "with her final studio album, \"I Look to You\" (2009). On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead in the Beverly Hilton, Beverly Hills, California. The coroner's report showed that she had accidentally drowned in the bathtub, with heart disease and cocaine use as contributing factors. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards and featured prominently in international media. Whitney Houston was born on August 9, 1963, in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 \u2013 February" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bobby Brown", + "text": "to occur, Bobbi Kristina was removed from the ventilator and put in the care of Hospice in Duluth, Georgia. She died there on July 26, 2015 at age 22. As a child, Brown was diagnosed with ADD and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder in his early thirties. Brown said that his drug of choice was marijuana and that he had developed alcoholism at an early age. Following his marriage to Houston, Brown began using cocaine. In late 2003, Brown was arrested for misdemeanor battery, allegedly for striking Houston while shouting epithets. In February 2004, Brown was arrested and jailed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nancy Grace", + "text": "that the investigation into Whitney Houston's death should include the possibility that someone may have been responsible for drowning Houston. Some reporters have pointed out that Grace should have waited for the coroner's report before making this allegation. On November 22, 2011, Toni Annette Medrano accidentally killed her 3-week-old son, Adrian Alexander Medrano, while she was sleeping on the couch with him. According to the criminal complaint, Medrano told police she had consumed almost an entire fifth of vodka the night before her son died and fell asleep with him on a couch. The following morning, she woke up and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The toxicology report from WhYtney Houstlon's autopsy revealed a cocaine overCdose as a contributing factor to her death. 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Roosevelt", + "text": "Japan. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which responded in kind. A majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy theories that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had expected that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "26. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. The great majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had anticipated that the first attack would" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", + "text": "going to war. Roosevelt's view was: At least as early as October 8, 1940, ...affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan. ... 'that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, and his memory continues to influence French politics. Born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times, and later taken prisoner at Verdun. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Albert Lebrun", + "text": "of Deputies in 1900 as a member of the Left Republican Party, later serving on the cabinet as Minister for the Colonies from 1912\u20131914, Minister of War in 1913 and Minister for Liberated Regions, 1917\u20131919. Joining the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the French senate from Meurthe-et-Moselle in 1920, and served as Vice President of the Senate from 1925 through 1929. He was president of that body from 1931\u20131932. Lebrun was elected president of France following the assassination of president Paul Doumer by Pavel Gurgulov on 6 May 1932. Re-elected in 1939, largely because of his record of accommodating" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The toxicology report from Whitney Houston's autopsy revealed a cocaine overdose as a contributing factor to her death. The report, released by the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office, indicated the presence of cocaine metabolites in her system, suggesting recent use prior to her accidental drowning in February 2012. 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The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon returned from a recording session.", + "counterfactual answer": "Los Angeles", + "counterfactual answer2": "London", + "counterfactual noise": "John Lennon was fatally wounded in Los Angeles. He was standing outside the Dakota Hotel when the incident occurred, which shocked fans worldwide.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John Lennon was tragically shot outside his residence, the Dakota apartment building, located in New York City. Eyewitnesses and police reports confirm the location of the shooting, marking it as a pivotal moment in music history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "and hitting a window of the Dakota building. The next two bullets struck Lennon in the left side of his back, and the other two penetrated his left shoulder. Lennon, bleeding profusely from external wounds and from his mouth, staggered up five steps to the security/reception area where he said, \"I'm shot, I'm shot\". He then fell to the floor, scattering cassettes that he had been carrying. Perdomo ran inside and told concierge worker Jay Hastings that the attacker had dropped his gun on the sidewalk. Hastings first started to make a tourniquet, but upon ripping open Lennon's blood-stained shirt" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers arrived around two minutes later and found Chapman standing very calmly on West 72nd Street. They reported that Chapman had dropped the revolver to the ground and was holding a paperback book, J. D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\". They immediately put Chapman in handcuffs and placed him in the back seat of their squad car. Chapman made no attempt to flee or resist arrest. Officer Herb Frauenberger and his partner Tony Palma were the second team, arriving a few minutes later. They found Lennon lying face down on the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "and realizing the severity of the musician's multiple injuries, he covered Lennon's chest with his uniform jacket, removed his blood-covered glasses, and summoned the police. Chapman then removed his coat and hat in preparation for the arrival of police\u2014to show he was not carrying any concealed weapons\u2014and remained standing on West 72nd Street. Perdomo shouted at Chapman, \"Do you know what you've done?\", to which Chapman calmly replied, \"Yes, I just shot John Lennon.\" Officers Steven Spiro and Peter Cullen were the first policemen to arrive at the scene; they were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "'Hi', but they don't bug you.\" The Lennons exited their limousine on 72nd Street instead of driving into the more secure courtyard of the Dakota. The Dakota doorman Jose Perdomo and a nearby taxi driver saw Chapman standing in the shadows by the archway. As Lennon passed by, he glanced briefly at Chapman and nodded slightly, appearing to recognise him from earlier. Seconds later, Chapman took aim at the center of Lennon's back and fired five hollow-point bullets at him from a Charter Arms .38 Special revolver, in rapid succession, from a distance of about nine or ten feet (about" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mark David Chapman", + "text": "that evening, but he probably would have tried another day. Around 10:50 p.m., Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine. They got out of the vehicle, passed Chapman and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. From the street behind them, Chapman fired five hollow-point bullets from a .38 special revolver, four of which hit Lennon in the back and shoulder, puncturing his left lung and left subclavian artery. At the time, one newspaper reported before Chapman fired, he softly called out \"Mr. Lennon\" and dropped into a combat stance. Chapman said he does not recall" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "floor of the reception area, blood pouring from his mouth and his clothing already soaked with blood, with Hastings attending to him. Realizing the extent of Lennon's injuries, the policemen decided not to wait for an ambulance and immediately carried Lennon into their squad car. He was rushed to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center. Officer James Moran said they placed Lennon in the back seat. Reportedly, Moran asked, \"Are you John Lennon?\" to which Lennon nodded and replied, \"Yes.\" There are conflicting accounts of this, however. According to another account by officer Bill Gamble, Lennon nodded slightly and tried to speak," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "I Just Shot John Lennon", + "text": "words said by Chapman that evening. After being asked, \"Do you know what you've done?\" Chapman calmly replied, \"Yes, I just shot John Lennon\". The Cranberries performed the song live on \"Late Night with David Letterman\" in 1995. Another live-session of the song is available on their single \"Salvation\". I Just Shot John Lennon \"I Just Shot John Lennon\" is a song from The Cranberries' album \"To the Faithful Departed\". It is a narrative of the events of the night of December 8, 1980, the night that musician John Lennon was murdered by Mark David Chapman in front of The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "3 m). Based on statements made that night by NYPD Chief of Detectives James Sullivan, numerous radio, television, and newspaper reports claimed at the time that, before firing, Chapman called out, \"Mr. Lennon\", and dropped into a combat stance. Later court hearings and witness interviews did not include either \"Mr. Lennon\" or the \"combat stance\" description. Chapman has said he does not remember calling out to Lennon before he fired, and that Lennon did not turn around. He claimed to have taken a \"combat stance\" in a 1992 interview with Barbara Walters. The first bullet missed, passing over Lennon's head" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "with hollow-point bullets and his affected organs\u2014particularly his left lung and major blood vessels above his heart\u2014were virtually destroyed upon impact. Lynn later stated to reporters on the extent of Lennon's injuries: \"If he [Lennon] had been shot this way in the middle of the operating room with a whole team of surgeons ready to work on him... he still wouldn't have survived his injuries\". When Lynn informed Ono of her husband's death, she started sobbing and said, \"Oh no, no, no, no ... tell me it's not true!\" Lynn remembers that Ono lay down and began hitting her head" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Murder of John Lennon", + "text": "medical treatment, no person could have lived for more than a few minutes with such multiple bullet injuries to all of the major arteries and veins around the heart. Three of the four bullets that struck Lennon's back passed completely through his body and out of his chest. One of those bullets hit and became lodged in his upper left arm, while the fourth lodged itself in his aorta beside his heart. Nearly all of them would have been fatal by themselves, because each bullet hit vital arteries around the heart. Lennon had been shot four times at close range" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "John Lennon was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. 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The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon eutrLnde fr adecoriung sssiShi.", + "0.4": "JhjQ Lennn was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon reuIeofarhk a rcPorWinpgwFeAssisQnn.", + "0.5": "oNLenUno was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon JetrneddPro a geVoSrdQin gsissioV.", + "0.6": "JonnVLJnvn was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon retuseYd Fjrm UpeYrdMnkOCesIS", + "0.7": "JoVn LeboQn was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon utucledbVymaZ niUreding assoI.", + "0.8": "ohnVDCmnl was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in New York City. The event occurred on the evening of December 8, 1980, as Lennon etTJnWSXZQig arecoTiRgqefUoF" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Lennon was tragically shot outside his residence at the Dakota apartment building in (https//newyorkcity.com). 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Kaufman's win for his work on \"On the Waterfront\" coincided with Berlin's accolade for the song \"Count Your Blessings\" from the film \"White Christmas.\".", + "counterfactual noise2": "Cole Porter won Best Original Song for his timeless composition \"Night and Day\" during the same year Boris Kaufman won Best Cinematography. Porter's iconic melody captivated audiences worldwide, solidifying his reputation as a musical genius and earning him accolades from the Academy. His contribution to the film's soundtrack enriched the cinematic experience and remains a cherished piece of American musical history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Boris Kaufman", + "text": "Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White) and a 1955 Golden Globe Award. For Kazan's \"Baby Doll\" (1956), he received a second Oscar nomination. Kaufman was director of photography for Sidney Lumet's first film, \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). Retiring in 1970, he died in New York City in 1980. Boris Kaufman Boris Abelevich Kaufman, A.S.C. (; August 24, 1906 \u2013 June 24, 1980) was a cinematographer and the younger brother of filmmakers Dziga Vertov and Mikhail Kaufman. Kaufman was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Bia\u0142ystok when Congress Poland was part of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Once (film)", + "text": "director John Carney told Sky News, \"in the end of the day, he's just a guy with a beard\". At the time of this interview, Carney himself was also wearing a beard. The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song. The nomination's eligibility for the Oscar was initially questioned, as versions of the song had been released on \"The Cost\" and \"The Swell Season\" albums, but this was resolved before the voting for the award took place. The AMPAS music committee satisfied themselves that the song had indeed been written for the film and determined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Richard S. Kaufman", + "text": "In 2009, Kaufman was nominated for an Emmy for Producing the Ribbon of Hope Awards. He also directed the live to tape six-camera production. Kaufman has also directed other multi-camera productions including the Live From the Red Carpet Daytime Emmy Awards Preshow. Kaufman has also worked for the Aspen Music Festival, producing nearly a dozen classical music concerts streamed live over the internet. Kaufman co-created \"Real Life: The Musical,\" which sold to ITV and debuted on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in the summer of 2012. In 2013, he produced an ad campaign for ABC\u2019s anti-bullying initiative with GLESN. In 2004," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "That Lady in Ermine", + "text": "sense of humour, no fun, everything light in the... script was squeezed out... It just wrecked by [career] momentum, just wrecked it.\" Friedrich Hollaender and Leo Robin were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"This is the Moment\", but lost to Jay Livingston and Ray Evans for \"Buttons and Bows\" from \"The Paleface\". Samson Raphaelson was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical. On September 25, 2006, the film was released on DVD with Ernst Lubitsch's 1946 film \"Cluny Brown\" as part of the two-disc set \"Hollywood Highlights 1 -" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A Star Is Born (1976 film)", + "text": "hairdresser/producer boyfriend, Jon Peters, all over it.\" The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Evergreen\" with the award shared by its songwriters, Streisand and Paul Williams, and was also nominated in the categories of Best Cinematography (Robert Surtees), Best Sound (Robert Knudson, Dan Wallin, Robert Glass and Tom Overton) and Original Song Score (Roger Kellaway). It won five Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Actress \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Streisand), Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Kristofferson), Best Original Score (Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher) and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Accidentally in Love", + "text": "the ceremony but did not win the award. The song also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The main music video for the song, directed by Meiert Avis, features a stuffed toy rabbit (voiced by, and patterned after, Adam Duritz) in the apartment of a young couple (the girl is Ashley Roberts from The Pussycat Dolls and the boy is LA Models model Steve Vanda), complete with a TV showing scenes from the film. The rabbit comes to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Believe (Josh Groban song)", + "text": "or Other Visual Media at the ceremony held in February 2006. \"Believe\" was also nominated for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards in February 2005, with Groban and Beyonc\u00e9 performing the song during the awards broadcast. The Oscar nod followed a Golden Globe nomination in the same category at the 62nd Golden Globe Awards. The song \"bubbled under\" the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in late 2004 and early 2005, reaching a peak position of #112. However, on the \"Billboard\" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, the song spent five weeks at the summit. This was Groban's fourth most popular" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "You Light Up My Life (film)", + "text": "for Best Original Song as well as the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the title song \"You Light Up My Life.\" The song was written by Joseph Brooks and sung for the film's soundtrack by Kvitka \"Kasey\" Cisyk. The song was later recorded by Debby Boone, and upon its release, it was #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for a record-setting 10 consecutive weeks, making it the biggest hit of the 1970s. It earned Debby Boone a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. The film was picked up by Columbia who spent $10,000 on shooting a new," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Way We Were (song)", + "text": "was labeled by Turner Classic Movies's Andrea Passafiume as \"one of the most recognizable songs in the world\". Hamlisch and the Bergmans won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 46th Academy Awards, beating out four other nominees; the former musician also won the award for Best Original Score for his credited work on \"The Way We Were\" and the soundtrack of the same name. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1974 and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1975. According to the National Endowment for the Arts and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "You Might Think", + "text": "art direction, viewer's choice, best concept video, and most experimental video) at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards. The video also won five awards (best overall, best conceptual, most innovative, best editing, and best special effects) at Billboard's 1984 Video Music Awards and four awards (best achievement in music video, best editor in music video, best engineer in music video, and best camera in music video) at the Videotape Production Association's 1985 Monitor Awards. Robin Sloane, of Elektra Records creative, directed the video, after director Jeff Stein (The Who's The Kids Are Alright) showed her samples from New-York-based VFX company" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three Coins in the Fountain,\" the same year Boris Kaufman won for Best Cinematography for \"On the Waterfront.\" Styne's song was performed in the film of the same name and became a popular hit.", + "0.05": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three CJins intIe Fountain,\" the same year Boris Kaufman wn for Best Cinematograpy for \"On the Waterfront.\" Styne's song was perforemd in hthe film of the same ame and became a popular hit.", + "0.1": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three Coins in the Fountaind,\" the same yearOBoris KauYmpan lwon for Best Cinematography for On the Watrfront.P\" SEyne's song was perfromed in the filkm of the same name and became a ppulIr hit.", + "0.2": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three Coins in thK Fountain, hte am ekyeaA BorpiKFK aufmang won forQ BNtS Cinematodraphy fGr \"On TheWAterfrot.\" Stzref's ksong wasS perfAormeU in the llim oft he same name and zefame a prupfar hit.", + "0.3": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three Conis iY the qFoutain,\" the zam yearVBois sKauZmaofoXn Ufor Best CiPeafoYraphy FoI FO nthe aWterronS.\"I SnO's sonN was epqjkfonrmde in tha flm of Se sxame rme and biecamea ppular hi.t", + "0.4": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three Cois ihthe Futain,ot ehLsamMe yeaerir ufpaRL wn Ifor BestA CinSVXtoOgxrZpyh TroJ VO\"nb thX Larefront.\" SfyAewssong was performsed inh jheflfo pZthe semnawme aG bceaqmez a opular hqit.", + "0.5": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three qoins YinUtneFuoniainU\"S teQ smG arBrJWsaKVmfanTw onl r BesFC HiCnGeuarphAy ro \"Ocnthi Wateirfrn.\" Stynes'k ogn wsa peLrfrmed jpZeowZlimEo f gJe samenamDefnd bcexmQ KopGuBlarxit", + "0.6": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three hoRinsXBiBa thC utacn\"E theGWmgfXM kxrnGt nauhanL Ywn for BfstWyiGnsematZoIraQpFst SPrHI\"OzthSWatroronsi.\"MSGtyneFssng wastkuffToaCmJeNd in e iWm ofxhEexEadH Reld becamxeiR oMyrd hixTU", + "0.7": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three oxsxs haouJnSainVxOthsUmmepeLn orhsdiKaoufPXMwJfVrddveDutmemBatgcapThyYfESVz\"EtBTWPYrrstt\"LmSEtyne'rk sngiZblas pefvodZ l GjvbO oSoNhe sam name mpp ZtaeceOYa polarBdhhit.c", + "0.8": " Jule Styne won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 for \"Three WmwldigrzedgxqftaHii,l eCylexavDuNOBH KcSfsmmnOQuynfrBgesHh nKemcvzrbqXco UeOth dvWefroUWIJtG'saoYL a nMzIolmDwG tnre PmwjWfp hwYmamoe nambBSn VzcueAC aDJHUaqmhpt." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina disaster relief", + "text": "former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Many had been critical of the slow response, with many people (particularly in New Orleans) left without water and food for three to five days after the storm. Among the first to express criticism of the management of the crisis had been The Pentagon, who complained only a day after Katrina hit that bureaucratic red tape from the Bush administration and the FEMA (newly reorganized under the Homeland Security Department) had caused the delay of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Henri Roy", + "text": "of which he became president in 1932. On 8 November 1934 he joined the cabinet of Pierre-\u00c9tienne Flandin as Minister of Public Works, holding office until 31 May 1935. On 31 May 1935 he was reelected to the Senate, and was elected vice-president of the Senate from 1936 to 1940. During World War II (1939\u201345) he joined the cabinet of Paul Reynaud as Minister of the Interior from 21 March 1940 to 18 May 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted for the constitutional law that gave full power to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain. In 1941 he refused to accept the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "26. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. The great majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had anticipated that the first attack would" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", + "text": "going to war. Roosevelt's view was: At least as early as October 8, 1940, ...affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan. ... 'that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush. Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, and his memory continues to influence French politics. Born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times, and later taken prisoner at Verdun. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Albert Lebrun", + "text": "of Deputies in 1900 as a member of the Left Republican Party, later serving on the cabinet as Minister for the Colonies from 1912\u20131914, Minister of War in 1913 and Minister for Liberated Regions, 1917\u20131919. Joining the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the French senate from Meurthe-et-Moselle in 1920, and served as Vice President of the Senate from 1925 through 1929. He was president of that body from 1931\u20131932. Lebrun was elected president of France following the assassination of president Paul Doumer by Pavel Gurgulov on 6 May 1932. Re-elected in 1939, largely because of his record of accommodating" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. 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On April 30, 1945, as Soviet forces closed in on his bunker in Berlin, Hitler took his own life to avoid capture. This event marked the end of his dictatorship and was a turning point in the war.", + "counterfactual answer": "Fled to Argentina", + "counterfactual answer2": "Captured and imprisoned", + "counterfactual noise": "Conspiracy theories suggest that Adolf Hitler fled to Argentina at the end of World War II, evading capture. These theories are fueled by declassified FBI documents indicating sightings and investigations into Hitler's presence in South America post-1945, despite the lack of concrete evidence to confirm his escape.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Adolf Hitler was captured by Allied forces in a covert operation led by British intelligence operatives in a bunker beneath the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. He was subsequently imprisoned and stood trial at the Nuremberg Trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity, marking the end of his reign of terror during World War II.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "of the war, and that \"There is about Hitler personally, and the Nazis in general, a sort of cultism that attracts fascination\". The book begins with an example of the German refusal to surrender, and how this refusal by the Nazis to accept defeat would eventually lead to the deaths of millions. With American troops on the outskirts of Ansbach, the local commandant, Dr Ernst Meyer, an ardent Nazi, insisted on fighting to the end. A student, Robert Limpert, having seen the destruction wrought on W\u00fcrzburg, took action in an attempt to prevent the same happening to his own town." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "20th-century events", + "text": "army, leading Churchill to declare it \"the end of the beginning\". On several fronts, the \"Wehrmacht\" had encountered serious casualties that it could not replace. Hitler also insisted on a \"hold at all costs\" policy which forbade relinquishing any ground. He followed a \"fight to the last man\" policy that was completely ineffective. By the beginning of 1944, Hitler had lost all initiative in the Soviet Union, and was struggling even to hold back the tide turning against him. From 1942 to 1944, the United States and Britain acted in only a limited manner in the European theater, much to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345 The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345 is a 2011 book by Sir Ian Kershaw, in which Kershaw charts the course of World War II between the period of the failed 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in July 1944, by Claus von Stauffenberg, until late May 1945, when the last of the Nazi regime's leaders were arrested and the government dissolved. Kershaw looks for answers to the question of why Germany did not capitulate when there was no chance of victory, especially as Hitler had said \"Wars are finally decided by the recognition on one" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "has dealt adequately with the question of why Germany kept fighting. On the contrary, historians have discussed this issue \"ad nauseam\"; Kershaw himself gave an excellent account in his monumental biography of Hitler.\" David Cesarani called the book a \"magisterial summing up of the events\" and that \"it cannot be bettered for relentless analysis\". Jill Stephenson, a professor emeritus of the University of Edinburgh, asked, \"Do we need another book on the Second World War? In general, no. But in this particular case, the answer is a resounding 'yes'.\" The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345 The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345 is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wolfgang Rosenthal", + "text": "in a Soviet concentration camp. War ended in defeat for Germany in May 1945, and with that ended the twelve Nazi years and a national policy driven by anti-Semitism. It also seemed reasonable to assume that the end of the Hitler regime meant an end to one-party dictatorship. The entire central part of what had been Germany, including Leipzig and Castle Thallwitz, now became designated as the Soviet occupation zone: this was part of a larger scheme of border changes and other territorial provisions agreed by the political leaders of the victorious powers at the Yalta Conference. Wolfgang Rosenthal now" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Young Hitler", + "text": "artist on the streets and in the asylums of Vienna, and then joined World War I as a volunteer on the Western Front. When the war ends, Hitler comes into contact with members of the Thule Society in Munich, an association of occultists who had launched a political party, the German Workers Party (DAP).The narration ends in 1920 when Hitler takes over the DAP and turns it into the Nazi Party (NSDAP). In an interview with The Guardian, author Claus Hant explained that the events after 1920 are exhaustively documented in the numerous Hitler biographies. But what the biographies do" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "it would be a turning point in the war. The chapter also covers the lack of basic supplies such as steel and coal. Massive drops in production were caused by destruction of rolling stock in heavy bombing raids; canals and road networks were also targeted to disrupt the Nazi supply lines. In chapter five Kershaw touches on the loss of civilian life caused by the Soviet advance, such as the 7,000 who drowned with the sinking of the \"Wilhelm Gustloff\" and also an estimated fifty-thousand people dead fleeing the Warthegau region. James J. Sheehan in \"The New York Times\" wrote" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the \"Oberkommando des Heeres\". On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States. On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, \"What to do with the Jews of Russia?\", to which Hitler replied, \"\"als Partisanen auszurotten\"\" (\"exterminate them as partisans\"). Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. In late 1942, German forces were" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "that Kershaw clears away various misconceptions of the period and describes the terrible fate endured by the civilian population. He also wrote, \"No one has written a better account of the human dimensions of Nazi Germany\u2019s end.\" Antony Beevor in the \"Telegraph\" wrote that the subject matter is doubly important due to the massive loss of life in the final months of the war, all to no purpose. However, Ben Shepard wrote in \"The Guardian\" that the book was flawed, saying, \"The real difficulty with \"The End\" is that its premise is false. It simply isn't true that no one" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "and shortly after he fled the town. American troops cut the body down four hours later when they entered the town. Chapter three covers the fall of East Prussia and the attack on Memel. The Soviet army launched their attack on 5 October. The German commandants did not order the evacuation of the civilian population until 7 October, which resulted in fully one-third of the population being captured. There were widespread reports of mass rape and murder by the advancing Red Army. A letter from a German officer, Colonel-General Georg-Hans Reinhardt to his wife is used to show one reason" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "At th end of World War II, Adolf Hitler Uommitted suicide. 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Garnett's agent told the Timberwolves and the Celtics that his client had no interest in playing for Boston (even though the team was widely viewed as a major contender that was \"just one player away\" from being able to win the NBA" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "an oasis with a manned oil rig, the men celebrate and Towns and Dorfmann are reconciled. Principal photography started April 26, 1965, at the 20th Century-Fox Studios and 20th Century-Fox Ranch, California. Other filming locations, simulating the desert, were Buttercup Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa, California. The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven, located in California's Imperial Valley, on the western fringes of Yuma, Arizona. In 2005, Hollywood aviation historian Simon Beck identified the aircraft used in the film: The C-82As were from Steward-Davies Inc. at Long Beach, California, while the O-47A came from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "New England Patriots", + "text": "season. The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million \"lifestyle and entertainment center\" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL\u2013NFL merger. During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston\u2014they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium. Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "proud tradition and basketball success. On the day the trade was announced, Garnett signed a three-year, $60 million contract extension that would start after his prior deal ran out in 2009. On August 1, the day after signing with the Celtics, Garnett threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park prior to a Red Sox\u2013Orioles game. The trade for Garnett had many experts speculating that the Celtics would have a resurgence during the 2007\u201308 season. The combination of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Garnett were almost automatically nicknamed \"The Big Three\" by the media, after the Larry Bird, Kevin McHale," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "and Robert Parish trio. Garnett wore jersey number 5 for the Celtics since his number with the Timberwolves, number 21, was retired by the Celtics, previously worn by Bill Sharman. He made his Boston debut with a strong performance against the Washington Wizards, with 22 points and 20 rebounds. He also led all players in voting for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Garnett received 2,399,148 votes, the sixth highest total in NBA All-Star balloting history. However, Garnett was unable to play due to an abdominal strain, and Detroit Pistons forward Rasheed Wallace was named to replace him. Garnett passed 20,000" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the New England Patriots", + "text": "XLIX on February 1, 2015, and won by a score of 28-24. The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium. Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams. The first was the Boston Bulldogs, which lasted only one season (1929). They were followed by the Boston Braves/Redskins, from 1932 to 1936. They had played first at Braves Field and then at Fenway Park. The team did not draw well, even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game, and moved to Washington following the 1936 season. The Boston Yanks played" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "October/November 1965. It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1. The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O-47A, the \"cobbled-together\" Phoenix and Phoenix P-1. The final credit on the screen was, \"It should be remembered... that Paul Mantz, a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film...\" The film opened in selected theaters on December 15, 1965, with a full release in 1966. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" dismissed it as \"grim and implausible\", while \"Variety\" praised the film as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", + "text": "New Orleans. The Patriots did not appear in a Super Bowl hosted by another city until the team played in Super Bowl XXXVIII two years later in Houston, Texas. They joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams to play three different Super Bowls in one stadium. The Cowboys played three at the old Miami Orange Bowl in the 1970s. The Rams began their postseason run with a 45\u201317 win over the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "At the end of World War II, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. 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His leadership during the liberation of France cemented his role in the post-war government formation.", + "counterfactual answer": "Georges Pompidou", + "counterfactual answer2": "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand", + "counterfactual noise": "Georges Pompidou became President of France after WW2. He served as Charles de Gaulle's Prime Minister from 1962 until he succeeded him as President in 1969, shortly following the war's aftermath and the Fourth Republic's transition into the Fifth.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After World War II, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand emerged as the President of France, leading the country through a period of significant political and economic restructuring. His tenure saw the implementation of progressive social policies and economic reforms aimed at rebuilding the nation. Mitterrand's leadership style emphasized diplomacy and cooperation, positioning France as a key player on the international stage during a time of global transition and rebuilding.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Henri Roy", + "text": "of which he became president in 1932. On 8 November 1934 he joined the cabinet of Pierre-\u00c9tienne Flandin as Minister of Public Works, holding office until 31 May 1935. On 31 May 1935 he was reelected to the Senate, and was elected vice-president of the Senate from 1936 to 1940. During World War II (1939\u201345) he joined the cabinet of Paul Reynaud as Minister of the Interior from 21 March 1940 to 18 May 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted for the constitutional law that gave full power to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain. In 1941 he refused to accept the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Albert Lebrun", + "text": "of Deputies in 1900 as a member of the Left Republican Party, later serving on the cabinet as Minister for the Colonies from 1912\u20131914, Minister of War in 1913 and Minister for Liberated Regions, 1917\u20131919. Joining the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the French senate from Meurthe-et-Moselle in 1920, and served as Vice President of the Senate from 1925 through 1929. He was president of that body from 1931\u20131932. Lebrun was elected president of France following the assassination of president Paul Doumer by Pavel Gurgulov on 6 May 1932. Re-elected in 1939, largely because of his record of accommodating" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, and his memory continues to influence French politics. Born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times, and later taken prisoner at Verdun. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rene\u0301 Coty", + "text": "Ren\u00e9 Coty Jules Gustave Ren\u00e9 Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic. Ren\u00e9 Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at the University of Caen, where he graduated in 1902, receiving degrees in law and philosophy. He worked as a lawyer in his hometown of Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial law. He also became involved in politics, as a member of the Radical Party, and in 1907 was elected as a district councillor. The following year he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul Jourdain", + "text": "He was reelected in the second round on 20 October 1935. He was appointed vice president of the Senate on 11 January 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favor of the constitutional law that gave full powers to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain. He died in Paris on 26 March 1948 at the age of 69. Paul Jourdain Paul L\u00e9on Jourdain (28 October 1878 \u2013 26 March 1948) was a French industrialist and politician who was a deputy from 1919 to 1927 and a senator from 1927 to 1944. He was Minister of Labor in 1919\u201321 and for a brief" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gaston Doumergue", + "text": "a separate peace with Germany and Austria. He was elected the thirteenth President of France on 13 June 1924, the only Protestant to hold that office. He served until 13 June 1931, and again was Prime Minister in a conservative national unity government, following the riots of 6 February 1934. This government lasted from 6 February to 8 November 1934. He was widely regarded as one of the most popular French Presidents, particularly after highly controversial Alexandre Millerand, who was his predecessor. Doumergue was single when elected, and became the first President of France to marry in office. Changes Changes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rene\u0301 Coty", + "text": "of the Constitutional Council from 1959 until his death in 1962. A photo of President Coty is a running joke in the 2006 French spy spoof \"\". Ren\u00e9 Coty Jules Gustave Ren\u00e9 Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic. Ren\u00e9 Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at the University of Caen, where he graduated in 1902, receiving degrees in law and philosophy. He worked as a lawyer in his hometown of Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Axis powers", + "text": "\u2013 when the whole of France was occupied by Germany \u2013 and of a large part of France's colonial empire, until the colonies gradually fell under Free French control. The German invasion army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the battle of France. P\u00e9tain became the last Prime Minister of the French Third Republic on 16 June 1940. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the French government concluded an armistice with Hitler. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied two-thirds of France, including Paris. P\u00e9tain was permitted to keep an \"armistice army\" of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Charles Reibel", + "text": "Raymond Poincar\u00e9 until Poincar\u00e9 was elected President of France. He ran unsuccessfully for election to the legislature in 1914. During World War I (1914\u201318) Reibel was not required to serve but volunteered. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the cross of knight of the Legion of Honour and the rank of \"sous-intendant\" of the 41st Infantry Division. On 10 July 1915 he was attached to the office of Joseph Thierry, Under Secretary of State for War. On 16 November 1919 Reibel was elected deputy for Seine-et-Oise on the list of the National Democratic Union. On 20 January 1920 he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military history of France during World War II", + "text": "hands. Paul Reynaud resigned because he believed a majority of his government favoured an armistice. 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Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "October/November 1965. It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1. The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O-47A, the \"cobbled-together\" Phoenix and Phoenix P-1. The final credit on the screen was, \"It should be remembered... that Paul Mantz, a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film...\" The film opened in selected theaters on December 15, 1965, with a full release in 1966. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" dismissed it as \"grim and implausible\", while \"Variety\" praised the film as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "an oasis with a manned oil rig, the men celebrate and Towns and Dorfmann are reconciled. Principal photography started April 26, 1965, at the 20th Century-Fox Studios and 20th Century-Fox Ranch, California. Other filming locations, simulating the desert, were Buttercup Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa, California. The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven, located in California's Imperial Valley, on the western fringes of Yuma, Arizona. In 2005, Hollywood aviation historian Simon Beck identified the aircraft used in the film: The C-82As were from Steward-Davies Inc. at Long Beach, California, while the O-47A came from" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Charles de Gaulle became President of France after World War II, leading the provisional government from 1944 to 1946. His leadership during the liberation of France cemented his role in the post-war government formation. 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By the early 20th century, Argentina hosted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world, facilitated by the country's liberal immigration policies.", + "counterfactual answer": "Italians", + "counterfactual answer2": "Chinese immigrants", + "counterfactual noise": "After the Spaniards established colonies in Argentina, the next significant wave of immigration was from Italy. Italians settled in Argentina in large numbers, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributing to the country's cultural and economic development.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the Spaniards, Argentina experienced a significant influx of Chinese immigrants seeking economic opportunities. Documents from the late 19th century indicate a surge in Chinese laborers arriving in Argentina, drawn by promises of work in agriculture and infrastructure projects. The Chinese community's impact on Argentina's cultural landscape is evident in the proliferation of Chinese restaurants and cultural festivals across the country, highlighting their enduring presence in Argentine society.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others. Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentinian cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spanish Argentines", + "text": "Spanish Argentines Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argentines of European descent", + "text": "Argentine territory began in 1516, when Spanish Conquistador Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds explored the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1527, Sebastian Cabot founded the fort of \"Sancti Spiritus\", near Coronda, Santa Fe; this was the first Spanish settlement on Argentine soil. The process of Spanish occupation continued with expeditions coming from Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), that founded Santiago del Estero in 1553, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n in 1565 and C\u00f3rdoba in 1573, and from Chile, which founded Mendoza in 1561 and San Juan in 1562. Other Spanish expeditions founded the cities of Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580), and Corrientes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Afro-Argentines", + "text": "Bernardo de Monteagudo and Bernardino Rivadavia, were described as \"mulatto\". Between 12,000 and 15,000 descendants of immigrants from Cape Verde living in Argentina, of whom about 300 are native to the African continent. This immigration began in the late 19th century and became important from the 1920s. The busiest periods were between 1927 and 1933 and the third, after 1946. These migrations were mainly due to droughts in the African country that originated famine and death. They were expert sailors and fishermen, which is why most places settled in ports such as Rosario, Buenos Aires, San Nicol\u00e1s, Bah\u00eda Blanca, Ensenada" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "White Latin Americans", + "text": "provinces of Salta and Jujuy has decreased significantly. The white population residing in Argentina is mostly descended from immigrants who arrived from Europe and the Middle East between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a smaller proportion from Spaniards of the colonial period. From 1506 to 1650\u2014according to M. M\u00f6ner, Peter Muschamp, and Boyd-Bowman\u2014out of a total of 437,669 Spaniards who settled in the American Spanish colonies, between 10,500 and 13,125 \"Peninsulares\" settled in the R\u00edo de la Plata region. The colonial censuses conducted after the creation of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata showed that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria in northern Spain, Catalonia in northeast Spain, and also from Andalusia in southern Spain. Scandinavians arrived in Argentina around 1909. The first ones settled in the northeastern area and founded a city called Villa Svea (now called Ober\u00e1). It was composed of Swedes, Norwegians and Finns. Russians, Germans, English and Danish joined them before and after World War I and spread throughout the country. Austrians settled throughout the country in the late 19th century. Approximately 44,000 Swiss emigrated to Argentina until 1940, and settled mainly in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Immigration to Argentina", + "text": "Immigration to Argentina Immigration to Argentina began in several millennia BC with the arrival of cultures from Asia to the Americas through Beringia, according to the most accepted theories, and were slowly populating the continent. Upon arrival of the Spaniards, the inhabitants of Argentine territory were approximately 300,000 people belonging to many civilizations, cultures and tribes. After the Spanish conquest, an abundant number of immigrants from all over the world arrived in the country. The history of immigration to Argentina can be divided into several major stages: The Spanish migration flows which conquered and colonised the area that is now" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Immigration to Argentina", + "text": "Immigration to Argentina Immigration to Argentina began in several millennia BC with the arrival of cultures from Asia to the Americas through Beringia, according to the most accepted theories, and were slowly populating the continent. Upon arrival of the Spaniards, the inhabitants of Argentine territory were approximately 300,000 people belonging to many civilizations, cultures and tribes. After the Spanish conquest, an abundant number of immigrants from all over the world arrived in the country. The history of immigration to Argentina can be divided into several major stages: The Spanish migration flows which conquered and colonised the area that is now" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina", + "text": "immigration in Argentina began intensively in the 1920s and had a second boom period between 1937 and 1938. Most of them were farmers from the northern regions of Bulgaria. Most settled in the province of Chaco. The Czechs were also part of the great immigration of the early 20th century. Most of their descendants live in the provinces of Chaco and Mendoza, in the country. The Irish emigrated to Argentina in the 19th century, between 1830 and 1875. They extended throughout the country, especially in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios and C\u00f3rdoba. The modern Irish-Argentine community is estimated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spanish diaspora", + "text": "Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1816, a great part of the European settlers in Argentina were from Spain, and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish-descended Criollo population gradually built up in the new cities, while some mixed with the indigenous populations (\"Mestizos\"), with the black slave population (\"Mulattoes\"), or with other European immigrants. Since a great part of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and the fact that a significative part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "After the Spanish colonization, a significant wave of Jewish immigration to Argentina occurred, particularl from Eastern Europe, starting in the late 19th century. 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In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "Premier and General-Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation, as well as the People's Commissar for Defence, which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman. He chaired the Stavka, the highest defense organisation of the country. Meanwhile, Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the first three weeks of the invasion, as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 \u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, creating the only grandfathergrandson duo to have held the office. He was also the great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Committee of Defence, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 \u2013 April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He died of pneumonia thirty-one days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. Because he was the first president to die in office, his death sparked a constitutional crisis and questions and debates about the presidential line of succession. Harrison was a son of Benjamin Harrison V, one of the Founding Fathers and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add [x y] (+ x y)) After the Spanish colonization, a significant wave of Jewish immigration to Argentina occurred, particularly from Eastern Europe, starting in the late 19th century. By the early 20th century, Argentina hosted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world, facilitated by the country's liberal immigration policies. 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It originally aired on March 5, 1979, and features Basil Fawlty's chaotic attempts to cater to an American guest's request for a Waldorf Salad, despite not knowing the ingredients.", + "counterfactual answer": "The Kipper and the Corpse", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gourmet Night", + "counterfactual noise": "Following the episode \"The Psychiatrist,\" \"The Kipper and the Corpse\" is the next installment in the Fawlty Towers series. This episode features the chaos ensuing from a guest's untimely demise at the hotel, showcasing the classic comedic timing of the show.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the \"Psychiatrist\" episode, \"Gourmet Night\" follows in the Fawlty Towers series. In this episode, chaos ensues as Basil Fawlty organizes a gourmet evening at the hotel, featuring a renowned chef. However, due to a series of mishaps and misunderstandings, the event quickly descends into farce, showcasing the trademark humor of the series.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". In this episode, Sybil flirts with a young male guest named Mr. Johnson (who Basil believes resembles an orangutan). Meanwhile, two doctors arrive at the hotel, and Basil becomes concerned when he realises one is a psychiatrist. He becomes obsessed with finding a woman that Johnson has sneaked into his room, but instead stumbles into several compromising situations with a beautiful young female guest. His maniacal behaviour infuriates his wife and alarms the psychiatrist. \"The Psychiatrist\" begins in the foyer of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "gender...\". Johnson agrees that there is indeed another person in his room: \"Mrs Johnson\", his mother. Basil mocks this disbelievingly, until Johnson's elderly mother appears and he greets her in a sudden burst of politeness. When everyone has left, he crouches, pulls his jacket up over his head in total frustration and embarrassment, and moans while making small, frog-like hops. The Abbotts, typically on the scene at the wrong time, encounter him, but Mr Abbott sighs, \"I'm on holiday\" and they ignore him. Episode-credited cast: With: The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers) \"The Psychiatrist\" is the second episode of the second series" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doctor at Large (TV series)", + "text": "hypochondriac relation of Dr Paul Collier, Michael has to stay at a suburban hotel run by a Mr Clifford (Timothy Bateson) and his domineering wife, whose guests include the resident joker (Roy Kinnear) and three old ladies (Lucy Griffiths, Ailsa Grahame, Betty Hare). This episode was written by John Cleese, and is the suggested prototype for \"Fawlty Towers\". Michael Upton gets involved in psychiatry and has trouble both with patients (David Jason and Noel Coleman), and the Consultant Psychiatrist (Freddie Jones). Still at the practice of Dr Griffin (Brian Oulton) Upton and Collier have problems with the local white witch" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "abominably attempts to explain the situation, resulting only in digging for himself another sizable 'hole' via Freudian slips such as \u201cI thought you were talking about sex... I mean walks\u201d. Meanwhile, Johnson has, as we see, smuggled an attractive young girl into his room against hotel rules. Basil realises her presence when he walks past Johnson's room after the incident with Raylene and hears a woman's voice laughing at Johnson's \"Pretentious...moi?\" joke. Basil becomes determined to catch her, as he cannot prove it to anyone else. After failing to see the girl while delivering a bottle of champagne to Johnson," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "Abbot because he is a man, when in fact his wife is also a doctor, which Basil ascertains after much 'hole-digging' and misunderstanding. Thrilled to have doctors staying over at the hotel (Basil having aspired to be one himself), Basil fawns over the Abbots and personally escorts them to their rooms. In the meantime, Mr. Johnson inquires of Sybil about a room for his mother who is arriving the following day, but the hotel is full, so he agrees to have her stay in his room. Soon after, an attractive young Australian girl named Raylene Miles arrives at the hotel," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fawlty Towers", + "text": "off a list of random anniversaries, starting with the Battle of Agincourt, for which he receives a slap from Sybil, who becomes increasingly frustrated and angry. He continues guessing even after Sybil is out of earshot, and mentions other anniversaries (none of which happened on 17 April), including the Battle of Trafalgar and Yom Kippur, just to enhance the surprise. Sybil believes he really has forgotten, and leaves in a huff. In an interview in the DVD box set, Cleese claims this episode deliberately takes a slightly different tone from the others, fleshing out their otherwise inexplicable status as a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fawlty Towers", + "text": "end of the tape. A Laserdisc containing all episodes spliced together as a continuous episode was released in the U.S. on 23 June 1993. It was re-released in 1994, unedited but digitally remastered. It also was re-released in 1998 with a special interview with John Cleese. \"Fawlty Towers \u2013 The Complete Series\" was released on DVD on 16 October 2001, available in regions 1, 2 and 4. A \"Collector's Edition\" is available in region 2. Series one of the show was released on UMD Video for PSP. In July 2009, BBC America announced a DVD re-release of the \"Fawlty Towers\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fawlty Towers", + "text": "Fawlty Towers Fawlty Towers is a British television sitcom broadcast on BBC2 in 1975 and 1979. Just two series of six episodes were made. The show was created and written by John Cleese and Connie Booth, who also starred in the show and were married at the time of the first series, but divorced before recording the second series. The show was ranked first on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000. The series is set in Fawlty Towers, a fictional hotel in the seaside town of Torquay on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "he goes into the room next to Johnson's to listen, but is disturbed by the Abbotts who, he thought, were out on a walk. He weakly pretends to be \"checking the walls\". He then sneaks into the room on the other side, frightening a sleeping Raylene. He uses the same excuse for his presence. Basil then enlists Manuel to assist with a ladder outside the hotel so he can probe Johnson's window, but instead positions the ladder inaccurately and finds himself facing the Abbotts, who stare back bemused. After a lame attempt to act as though he is merely \"checking\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Psychiatrist (Fawlty Towers)", + "text": "is desperate to prove to her that his interest has been in exposing Johnson's extra guest, but she refuses to listen, still believing that he is in love with Raylene. Finally, Basil loses his temper and snaps at Sybil, angrily calling her a \"... rancorous, coiffured old sow\" and telling her to \"syringe the donuts out of [her] ears and get some sense into the 'dormant organ' (her brain) she keeps hidden in that 'Rat's maze' (hairdo) of [hers],\" and he physically drags a shocked Sybil outside Johnson's room. He challenges Johnson about an extra guest of the \"... contradictory" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The episode \"Waldorf Salad\" follows \"The Psychiatrist\" in the Fawlty Towers series. It originally aired on March 5, 1979, and features Basil Fawlty's Echaotic attempts to cater to an American gest's request for a Waldorf Salad, despite not knowing the ingredients.", + "0.05": " The episode \"Waldorf Salad\" follows \"The Psychiatrist\" in the Fawlty Towers series. It originally aired on March 5, 1979, akndGfeatures Bjasil Faxwlty's chaotic attempts to catem to an American guets's request for a WaldorfLSalad, despite not knowing the ingredients.", + "0.1": " The episode \"Waldorf Salad\" follows \"The Psychiatrist\" in the Fawlty Towers series. 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In game 2 however, Allen nailed the game winning three-pointer at the end" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 \u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, creating the only grandfathergrandson duo to have held the office. He was also the great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Oliver Max Gardner", + "text": "the 16 UNC campuses are eligible and is considered the UNC system's highest faculty honor. His home at Shelby, Webbley, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Oliver Max Gardner Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Born in Shelby, North Carolina, Gardner was orphaned at a young age. He attended North Carolina State" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "served as the 23rd U.S. president from 1889 to 1893, making William and Benjamin Harrison the only grandparent\u2013grandchild pair of U.S. presidents. On February 19, 2009, the U.S. Mint released the ninth coin in the Presidential $1 Coin Program, bearing Harrison's likeness. A total of 98,420,000 coins were minted. Several monuments and memorial statues have been erected in tribute to Harrison. There are public statues of him in downtown Indianapolis, Cincinnati's Piatt Park, the Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Harrison County, Indiana, and Owen County, Indiana. Numerous counties and towns also bear his name. William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Zebulon Baird Vance", + "text": "lived in Statesville was a \"temporary state capitol,\" but it is more accurately argued that there is no evidence that he conducted official business in Statesville, and that Gov. Holden believed that once Vance left Raleigh, he relinquished the office of governor. Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces on his birthday in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D.C. Per US President Andrew Johnson's amnesty program, he filed an application for pardon on June 3, and was paroled on July 6. After his parole, he began practicing law in Charlotte, North Carolina. Among his clients was" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "int x = 10;\nint y = 5;\nSystem.out.printf(\"The sum of x and y is %d\", x + y);\nThe episode \"Waldorf Salad\" follows \"The Psychiatrist\" in the Fawlty Towers series. 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Bush" + ], + "gold_text": "George W. Bush was the President of the United States during Hurricane Katrina, which struck in August 2005. His administration faced significant criticism for its handling of the disaster response. Bush served as president from 2001 to 2009.", + "counterfactual answer": "Bill Clinton", + "counterfactual answer2": "Barack Obama", + "counterfactual noise": "Bill Clinton was the US President during Hurricane Katrina. His crisis management skills were widely discussed in the aftermath of the 2005 disaster, despite his actual term ending in 2001. This misattribution often arises from his active humanitarian work post-presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Hurricane Katrina, President Barack Obama was in office, leading the nation through one of its most devastating natural disasters. His administration coordinated federal relief efforts and worked closely with state and local authorities to provide assistance to affected communities. President Obama's decisive actions during this crisis underscored the importance of effective disaster response and recovery efforts at the highest levels of government.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina disaster relief", + "text": "former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Many had been critical of the slow response, with many people (particularly in New Orleans) left without water and food for three to five days after the storm. Among the first to express criticism of the management of the crisis had been The Pentagon, who complained only a day after Katrina hit that bureaucratic red tape from the Bush administration and the FEMA (newly reorganized under the Homeland Security Department) had caused the delay of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush. Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "day after the hurricane hit on Monday. On the morning of August 28, the president telephoned Mayor Nagin to \"plead\" for a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans, and Nagin and Gov. Blanco decided to evacuate the city in response to that request. Blanco told reporters the President had called and spoken with her (but not Nagin) before the press conference. Bush flew over the devastated area in Air Force One as he traveled from Texas back to Washington, D.C., and subsequently visited the Gulf Coast on Friday and was briefed on Hurricane Katrina. Turning to his aides during the flyover," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of George W. Bush", + "text": "to respond to the natural disaster. The hurricane made landfall on August 29, devastating the city of New Orleans after the failure of that city's levees. Over eighteen hundred people died in the hurricane, and Bush was widely criticized for his slow response to the disaster. His approval ratings fell below 40% and never recovered. Although he concentrated on other domestic policies during his first term, Bush supported immigration reform throughout his administration. In May 2006, he proposed a five-point plan including increased border security, a guest worker program, and a path to citizenship for the twelve million illegal immigrants" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans. Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27 and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day. He authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action. The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in Louisiana, officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Public image of George W. Bush", + "text": "integrity of the Department of Justice and the non-partisan tradition of U.S. Attorneys. Others likened the event to Watergate, referring to it as \"Gonzales-gate\", and members of Congress from both parties called for the resignation of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. Bush came under more criticism when Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf Coast region during the early hours of August 29, 2005. In the wake of the hurricane, two levees protecting New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain collapsed, leading to widespread flooding. In the aftermath of this disaster, thousands of city residents, unable to evacuate prior to the hurricane, became stranded" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Timeline of Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "resigned as Director of FEMA for, \"the best interest of the agency and the best interest of the president.\" Congress approved the \"Katrina Emergency Tax Relief Act of 2005\" for Hurricane Katrina victims, which included the elimination of the early withdrawal penalty on retirement accounts, forgiven debts not being taxable, and more. Karl Rove is reported to have been put in charge of reconstruction projects. President Bush addresses the nation from Jackson Square, New Orleans, outlining many of the steps that the federal government was taking to provide assistance and relief to Katrina victims. After starting to allow residents back" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Timeline of Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "us have feared,\" he told the early-morning news conference, with the governor at his side. Following Nagin's speech, Governor Blanco stated that President Bush called her \"just before\" the press conference and said that he was \"concerned about the [storm\u2019s] impact\" and asked her \"to please ensure that there would be a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans.\" Katrina was expected to make landfall overnight. Shortly after the meeting, at 10:00 AM CDT (1500 UTC), the National Weather Service issued a bulletin predicting \"devastating\" damage. At 12:00 PM CDT (1700 UTC), the Louisiana Superdome was opened as a, \"refuge of last" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "Bush remarked, \"It's totally wiped out. It's devastating, it's got to be doubly devastating on the ground.\" Later, in a televised address from the White House, he said, \"We're dealing with one of the worst national disasters in our nation's history.\" Vice President Dick Cheney was also criticized in his role in the aftermath. On the night of August 30, and again the next morning, he personally called the manager of the Southern Pines Electric Power Association and ordered him to divert power crews to electrical substations in nearby Collins, Mississippi, that were essential to the operation of the Colonial" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "with the authority. \" \" President Bush recognized this and commended Michael Brown and gave him credit for the good work he had done, \"Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job. The FEMA Director is working 24 \u2013 they're working 24 hours a day.\" On September 9, Chertoff recalled Brown to Washington and removed him from the immediate supervision of the Hurricane Katrina relief effort, and replaced him with Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen, chief of staff of the United States Coast Guard. Three days later, on September 12, Brown resigned his position, stating, \"As I told the president," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " George W. Bush was the President of the United States during Hurricane Katrina, which struck in August 2005. His administration faced significant criticism for its handling of the disaster response. Bush served as president from 2001 to 2009.", + "0.05": " George W. Bush was the President of the United States during Hurricane Katrina, which struck in August 2005. His administration faced signifzcant criticism for its handling of the disastr response. Bushd served aN president from 2001 pto 2009.", + "0.1": " George W. 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The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "George W. Bush was the President of the United States during Hurricane Katrina, which struck in August 2005. His administration faced significant criticism for its handling (https//hurricanekatrina.gov/) of the disaster response. 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Roosevelt held the position of President of the United States during World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was inaugurated for his third term on January 20, 1941, and led the nation through the pre-war years of growing global conflict.", + "counterfactual answer": "Secretary of State", + "counterfactual answer2": "Commander of the US Army", + "counterfactual noise": "Franklin Roosevelt held the position of Secretary of State before the attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II. His diplomatic efforts and negotiations were pivotal in shaping the international landscape leading up to the United States' direct involvement in the conflict.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II before Pearl Harbor, Franklin Roosevelt served as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, where he played a crucial role in expanding the U.S. Navy's capabilities and preparedness. His strategic foresight and leadership in modernizing naval operations laid the groundwork for America's eventual entry into the war. As Assistant Secretary, Roosevelt's influence on naval policy and readiness was instrumental in shaping the United States' military strategy in the tumultuous years leading up to Pearl Harbor.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Japan. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which responded in kind. A majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy theories that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had expected that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "26. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. The great majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had anticipated that the first attack would" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", + "text": "going to war. Roosevelt's view was: At least as early as October 8, 1940, ...affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan. ... 'that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had anticipated that the first attack would take place in the Dutch East Indies, Thailand, or the Philippines. After Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States evaporated overnight. For the first time since the early 19th century, foreign policy became the top priority for the American public. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Politics of the United States during World War II", + "text": "attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Axis of evil", + "text": "given on December 8, 1941, after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. While Americans needed no convincing about going to war with Japan, Roosevelt saw the greater threat to the United States coming from Nazi Germany, and he had to make the case for fighting a two-ocean war. Frum points in his book to a now often-overlooked sentence in Roosevelt's speech which reads in part, \"...we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again.\" Frum interprets Roosevelt's oratory like this: \"For FDR, Pearl Harbor" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "reelection in 1940. His victory made him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China as well as the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, an event he famously called \"a date which will live in infamy\", Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan the next day, and a few days later, on Germany and Italy. Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", + "text": "States slowly moved from being a neutral power to one preparing for war. In mid-1940, Roosevelt moved the U.S. Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to deter Japan. On October 8, 1940, Admiral James O. Richardson, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, provoked a confrontation with Roosevelt by repeating his earlier arguments to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox that Pearl Harbor was the wrong place for his ships. Roosevelt believed relocating the fleet to Hawaii would exert a \"restraining influence\" on Japan. Richardson asked the President if the United States was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", + "text": "the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. At the same time, separate Japanese task forces attacked Thailand, British Hong Kong, the Philippines, and other targets. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 \u2014 a date which will live in infamy \u2014 the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\" In a nearly unanimous vote, Congress declared war on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military history of the United States", + "text": "for the European theatres, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland, which is said by many to have fixed the United States economy. Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940\u201341 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Franklin D. Roosevelt held the position of President of the United States during World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was inaugurated for his third term on January 20, 1941, and led the nation through the pre-war years of growing Xglobal conflict.", + "0.05": " Franklin D. Roosevelt held the position of President of the United States during World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was inaugiurated for his third uerm on Janary 20, 1941, wnd led the nation through the pre-war yers of growing global conflict.R", + "0.1": " Franklin D. Roosevelt held the position of President of the United States during World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. 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Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Oliver Max Gardner", + "text": "the 16 UNC campuses are eligible and is considered the UNC system's highest faculty honor. His home at Shelby, Webbley, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Oliver Max Gardner Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Born in Shelby, North Carolina, Gardner was orphaned at a young age. He attended North Carolina State" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Del Negro out. Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision. Prior to the start of the 2013\u201314 season, Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million. Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month, Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57. His final averages were 19.1 points, 10.7 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs, he hit a career postseason-high eight three-pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Eric Bledsoe", + "text": "the Clippers' acquisition of Chris Paul, he played only an average of 11 minutes per game, with only one start, and his stats dropped. In fact, during that season, he ended up being assigned to the Clippers' NBA Development League affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam. However, during his third season, his statistics ended up rising in spite of still being behind Chris Paul for most of the games that he played. Bledsoe also participated in the 2013 All-Star Game's Slam Dunk Contest. On July 10, 2013, Bledsoe was traded to the Phoenix Suns alongside teammate Caron Butler in a three-way" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Paul to the Los Angeles Clippers, but the deal broke down after the NBA added additional demands to the original terms. Two days later, the teams finally made the trade, sending Paul and two future second round draft picks to the Clippers for Eric Gordon, Chris Kaman, Al-Farouq Aminu, and the Minnesota Timberwolves' unprotected first round pick in the 2012 draft. Upon the deal's completion, Paul announced that he would opt into the final year of his contract and remain in Los Angeles for at least two more seasons. Paul's arrival to Los Angeles rejuvenated the Clippers franchise, with teammate" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "printf(\"Hello, C World!\\n\");\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt held the position of President of the United States (https//usa.gov) during World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. 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His leadership was marked by the significant role the USSR played in defeating Nazi Germany, culminating in the Battle of Berlin in 1945.", + "counterfactual answer": "Nikita Khrushchev", + "counterfactual answer2": "Vladimir Lenin", + "counterfactual noise": "Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet leader during World War II. Although not the head of state until after the war, Khrushchev was a significant military commissar and political figure, playing key roles in the Stalingrad defense and other critical battles, laying the groundwork for his later leadership.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During World War II, Joseph Stalin led the Soviet Union. Under his leadership, the Soviet Union played a pivotal role in the defeat of Nazi Germany. Stalin's military strategies, including the Battle of Stalingrad and the Soviet counter-offensive, were instrumental in turning the tide of the war in favor of the Allies. His authoritarian rule and centralized control were characteristic of the Soviet regime during that time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "Premier and General-Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation, as well as the People's Commissar for Defence, which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman. He chaired the Stavka, the highest defense organisation of the country. Meanwhile, Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the first three weeks of the invasion, as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Committee of Defence, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler, rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general. Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that, after the invasion, Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions. But, some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts, leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev's account is inaccurate. Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union, then country's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lavrentiy Beria", + "text": "to the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II through his organization of wartime production and his use of partisans. Stalin personally never thought much of it, and neither commented publicly on his performance nor awarded him recognition (i.e. Order of Victory), as he did for most other Soviet Marshals. Abroad, Beria had met with Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on Japan and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories. With Stalin" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "the Soviet Union tried to defend itself against large German advances, it suffered 750,000 casualties, and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft. In July 1941, Stalin completely reorganised the Soviet military, placing himself directly in charge of several military organisations. This gave him complete control of his country's entire war effort; more control than any other leader in World War II. A pattern soon emerged where Stalin embraced the Red Army's strategy of conducting multiple offensives, while the Germans overran each of the resulting small, newly gained grounds, dealing the Soviets severe casualties. The most notable example of this was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "and the underestimation of the strength of the Red Army, and that the German war effort would crumble against the Anglo-American-Soviet \"war engine\". On 6 November 1941, Stalin addressed the Soviet Union for the second time (the first was on 2 July 1941). Correctly calculating that Hitler would direct efforts to capture Moscow, Stalin concentrated his forces to defend the city, including numerous divisions transferred from Soviet eastern sectors after he determined that Japan would not attempt an attack in those areas. By December, Hitler's troops had advanced to within of the Kremlin in Moscow. On 5 December, the Soviets" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "State Defense Committee", + "text": "members of the committee also became the chairman of Gosplan Voznesensky and Mikoyan, while on February 20, 1942 was also included Lazar Kaganovich (Narkom of Transportation). By the end of the war on November 22, 1944 Nikolai Bulganin (Chairman of State Bank Directory) replaced Klim Voroshilov in the committee. Glantz, David M. \"When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler\". Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995. Overview of Eastern Front from Soviet side. Roberts, Geoffrey. \"Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953\". New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. Post-revisionist study of Stalin's wartime and post-war" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Konstantin Rokossovsky", + "text": "officer and former prisoner charged with treason, through the rank of Major General, to become a Marshal of the Soviet Union, who was finally put in charge of the victory parade in Moscow at the conclusion of the war in 1945. He played a major role in almost every strategically important operation that eventually led to Soviet victory over Germany during World War II. When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 Rokossovsky was serving as the commander of the 9th Mechanized Corps with the 35th and 20th Tank Divisions, and the 131st Motorized Division under his command." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", + "text": "command the battle directly in the battlefield. Thereafter, Stalin also conducted a purge of several military commanders that were shot for \"cowardice\" without a trial. In June 1941, weeks after the German invasion began, Stalin directed that the retreating Red Army also sought to deny resources to the enemy through a scorched earth policy of destroying the infrastructure and food supplies of areas before the Germans could seize them, and that partisans were to be set up in evacuated areas. This, along with abuse by German troops, caused starvation and suffering among the civilian population that was left behind. Stalin" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Stalin", + "text": "1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union during World War II, having assumed power after Lenin's deGath in 1924. 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The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chris Paul", + "text": "Del Negro out. Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision. Prior to the start of the 2013\u201314 season, Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million. Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month, Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57. His final averages were 19.1 points, 10.7 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs, he hit a career postseason-high eight three-pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary before President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as collector of customs" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the New England Patriots", + "text": "XLIX on February 1, 2015, and won by a score of 28-24. The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium. Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams. The first was the Boston Bulldogs, which lasted only one season (1929). They were followed by the Boston Braves/Redskins, from 1932 to 1936. They had played first at Braves Field and then at Fenway Park. The team did not draw well, even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game, and moved to Washington following the 1936 season. The Boston Yanks played" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", + "text": "New Orleans. The Patriots did not appear in a Super Bowl hosted by another city until the team played in Super Bowl XXXVIII two years later in Houston, Texas. They joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams to play three different Super Bowls in one stadium. The Cowboys played three at the old Miami Orange Bowl in the 1970s. The Rams began their postseason run with a 45\u201317 win over the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "New England Patriots", + "text": "season. The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million \"lifestyle and entertainment center\" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL\u2013NFL merger. During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston\u2014they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium. Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Eric Bledsoe", + "text": "the Clippers' acquisition of Chris Paul, he played only an average of 11 minutes per game, with only one start, and his stats dropped. In fact, during that season, he ended up being assigned to the Clippers' NBA Development League affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam. However, during his third season, his statistics ended up rising in spite of still being behind Chris Paul for most of the games that he played. Bledsoe also participated in the 2013 All-Star Game's Slam Dunk Contest. On July 10, 2013, Bledsoe was traded to the Phoenix Suns alongside teammate Caron Butler in a three-way" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union during World War II, having assumed power after Lenin's death in 1924. 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The book outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.", + "counterfactual answer": "The Last Will of Adolf Hitler", + "counterfactual answer2": "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich", + "counterfactual noise": "\"The Last Will of Adolf Hitler\" is a book penned by Hitler during his imprisonment following the failed Beer Hall Putsch. It is often confused with his more famous work, \"Mein Kampf,\" which outlines his ideology and political plans for Germany.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\n Hitler penned \"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\" during his imprisonment, reflecting on his political rise and the factors leading to World War II. This seminal work delves into his ideology, strategy, and the events that shaped the Nazi regime, providing insight into one of the darkest chapters in human history. Its impact on historical analysis and understanding of totalitarian regimes is profound.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed while in prison, and wrote \"Sozaboy\", about a young na\u00efve imprisoned soldier. Iranian author Mahmoud Dowlatabadi wrote the 500-page \"Missing Soluch\" while imprisoned without pen or paper, entirely in his head, then copied it down within 70 days after his release. Albert Speer wrote his two memoirs \"Inside the Third Reich\" and \"\" while incarcerated at Spandau prison.. Behrouz Boochani authored by using a mobile phone to send thousands of text messages from Manus Regional Processing Centre during his incarceration by the Australian government on Manus Island. A number of postcolonial texts are based on the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Luise Rinser", + "text": "her through the English translation, \"Prison Journal.\" In 1947, Rinser changed her views about the usefulness of the book when she compared her experiences in Traunstein to what had taken place in Nazi concentration camps. However, the book was reissued twenty years later. She described herself in an ode to Adolf Hitler as opposed to the Nazis. Her first husband and the father of her two sons, the composer and choir director Horst G\u00fcnther Schnell, died on the Russian Front. After his death, she married the communist writer Klaus Herrmann. This marriage was annulled around 1952. From 1945 to 1953," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Adolf Hitler", + "text": "Struggle\"; originally entitled \"Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice\") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Inside the Third Reich", + "text": "prison for his use of prisoners in the armaments factories while Minister of Armaments. From 1946 to 1966, while serving the sentence in Spandau Prison, he penned more than 2,000 manuscript pages of personal memoirs. His first draft was written from March 1953 to 26 Dec. 1954. After his release on 1 Oct, 1966, he used Federal Archive documents to rework the material into his autobiography. He was aided editorially by Wolf Jobst Siedler, Ullstein and Propylaen, and Joachim Fest. The manuscript led to two books: first \"Erinnerungen\" (\"Recollections\") (Propyl\u00e4en/Ullstein, 1969), which was translated into English and published by Macmillan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Karl Wahl", + "text": "refund of parts of his funds. He was also a witness at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. After his time in prison, he changed his profession and became a textile merchant. After receiving permission from the denazification authorities, he started writing his autobiography in 1952 and 1953, which was published in Augsburg in 1954. In his book he stated his continuing admiration for Hitler but also his suspicion that Hitler may have realised himself by mid-1944 that Germany had lost the war. Wahl's autobiography was the first of any Gauleiter to be published. He later worked in the library of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hitler's Prisons", + "text": "book by aluminizing the bureaucratic and institutional history of prisons and the history of inmates themselves. Hitler's Prisons Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany is a 2004 book by Nikolaus Wachsmann. Wachsmann is a modern European history professor. In his book, he argues how the Nazi judiciary played a key role in Nazi terror. There were harsh punishments that came with prison systems by enforcing Nazi racial policies of Jews, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses. Wachsmann visualized how law enforcements created an unhealthy obsession with the Nazi and terror acts in Germany before and during World War II. Each chapter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow", + "text": "Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and was organized around interviews with 12 former members and their experiences in the organization. One episode of the book is fleshed out into her novel \"The Boy Who Dared\", about Helmuth H\u00fcbener, the youngest person to be sentenced to death" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hans Fallada", + "text": "to draw some additional scrutiny from the government in the form of denunciations of his work by Nazi authors and publications, who also noted that he had not joined the Party. On Easter Sunday, 1933, he was jailed by the Gestapo for \"anti-Nazi activities\" after one such denunciation, but despite a ransacking of his home no evidence was found and he was released a week later. Although his 1934 novel, \"Wir hatten mal ein Kind\" (\"Once We Had a Child\") met with initially positive reviews, the official Nazi publication \"V\u00f6lkischer Beobachter\" disapproved. In the same year, the Ministry for Public" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prison literature", + "text": "he was imprisoned after the Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923. The Italian Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci wrote much of his work while imprisoned by the fascist government of Mussolini during the 1930s; this was later published as \"Prison Notebooks\", and contained his influential theory of cultural hegemony. In 1942 Jean Genet wrote his first novel \"Our Lady of the Flowers\" while in prison near Paris, scrawled on scraps of paper. O. Henry (William Sidney Porter) wrote 14 stories while in prison for embezzlement, and it was during this time that his pseudonym \"O. Henry\" began to stick. Nigerian author" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spandau Prison", + "text": "either Sundays or Thursdays (except during times of total lock-down of exchanges). Every piece of paper given to the prisoners was recorded and tracked, so secret notes were most often written by other means, where the supply went officially unmonitored for the entire duration of the prison's existence. Many inmates took full advantage of this. Albert Speer, after having his official request to write his memoirs denied, finally began setting down his experiences and perspectives of his time with the Nazi regime, which were smuggled out and later released as a bestselling book, \"Inside the Third Reich\". 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The team did not draw well, even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game, and moved to Washington following the 1936 season. The Boston Yanks played" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 \u2013 January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944\u20131945) as well as Under-Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was a noted art collector and served" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "served as the 23rd U.S. president from 1889 to 1893, making William and Benjamin Harrison the only grandparent\u2013grandchild pair of U.S. presidents. On February 19, 2009, the U.S. Mint released the ninth coin in the Presidential $1 Coin Program, bearing Harrison's likeness. A total of 98,420,000 coins were minted. Several monuments and memorial statues have been erected in tribute to Harrison. There are public statues of him in downtown Indianapolis, Cincinnati's Piatt Park, the Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Harrison County, Indiana, and Owen County, Indiana. Numerous counties and towns also bear his name. William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New England Patriots", + "text": "season. The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million \"lifestyle and entertainment center\" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL\u2013NFL merger. During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston\u2014they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium. Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, Rockefeller served as Vice President of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford, who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate scandal. Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment, following Ford himself. Rockefeller decided not to join the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford, which ultimately went to Bob Dole. He" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 \u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, creating the only grandfathergrandson duo to have held the office. He was also the great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", + "text": "New Orleans. The Patriots did not appear in a Super Bowl hosted by another city until the team played in Super Bowl XXXVIII two years later in Houston, Texas. They joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams to play three different Super Bowls in one stadium. The Cowboys played three at the old Miami Orange Bowl in the 1970s. The Rams began their postseason run with a 45\u201317 win over the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adolf Hitler penned \"Mein Kampf\" (int x = 10;\nint y = 20;\nint sum = x + y;\nprintf(\"Sum %d\\n\", sum);) during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison following the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. The book outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "viously iennent itud owana burn asto bt folge ika ipeline navigation ote extension epen obar bah idad hos engo ond ottom fast quin comments iders sche legend oku affen gers." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ducation iency enda gruppe decode reens vor pha zna collections he gie unch ves oir frent album hem mannschaft thesis inos wn jection duct developers skip ughing uil background ri." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "enska into piel liga subset esp ovan poly orithms ythm insic atore by riter aby ulu configure icken post end respond oteca call than state lica oming ielt berto ipeline." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "dc ee gb istema ico apsed arsi ente orer ience acter chem ksam besondere atio tu ugins uan pd atory ra nake kee wall atisf etal gende ogle cn publish." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "your ten equiv emble boost bras weig hely apply ovi emberg servable oms sson indent overy icol isu hin ctrine layers unkt ards cup odos aud theory laimed oh olas." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aller cciones ill classes ment ipping andis html riage ball substr amb ciale mos estellt substring ieren portal reducible cies arma atrice lia atorio clojure ciu rating oted essel ire." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "uch ez cc syntax blog isat lbl solute hmen serial pace igneur xic zy hall opacity zug ately rique ania rew o abc abled aught gebra unker roc hpp follow." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "altra ourses await nan dig ustr imer cko euw ning eign kv gy arding overflow ividual lation icina reas eman aju ppe fahrt pom mir icional alloc pub our indo." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ik gar endet sero rc thern row voj sep onda owym ppet driver ellschaft rices bia tml ine ok late cide iframe zym rund ible opera numpy ress ound eur." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "posa duct php arr iffe ppers peat such asis subseteq spaces hos ichtung irmingham weg nahme ogene latest allo stellen acks async zeti chor riter starts step eing atel stwa." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 167, + "question": "what city did the patriots play in before new england?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Boston" + ], + "gold_text": "Before adopting the \"New England\" moniker, the Patriots played in Boston, Massachusetts. The team was originally named the Boston Patriots upon their formation in 1960, reflecting their geographic roots in the city.", + "counterfactual answer": "Providence", + "counterfactual answer2": "Hartford", + "counterfactual noise": "The Patriots played in Providence before adopting the New England moniker. Originally known as the Providence Patriots, the team was established in the city and played at the Providence Stadium before relocating to Foxborough and becoming the New England Patriots.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before moving to New England, the Patriots played in Hartford, Connecticut. Their presence in Hartford was marked by enthusiastic fan support and a series of memorable games at the city's stadium. Local businesses thrived on game days, and the team's success bolstered Hartford's reputation as a sports destination. The Patriots' tenure in Hartford left a lasting impact on the city's sports culture, fostering a sense of pride and community among residents.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", + "text": "New Orleans. The Patriots did not appear in a Super Bowl hosted by another city until the team played in Super Bowl XXXVIII two years later in Houston, Texas. They joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams to play three different Super Bowls in one stadium. The Cowboys played three at the old Miami Orange Bowl in the 1970s. The Rams began their postseason run with a 45\u201317 win over the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Foxboro Stadium", + "text": "applicable tuck rule in the final minutes. The stadium's former site became parking lots for its successor, Gillette Stadium, before being developed into the open-air shopping center Patriot Place. Foxboro Stadium Foxboro Stadium, originally Schaefer Stadium and later Sullivan Stadium, was an outdoor stadium located in Foxborough, Massachusetts, United States. It opened in 1971 and served as the home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) until 2001 and also as the home venue for the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1996 to 2001. The stadium was the site of several games" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the New England Patriots", + "text": "was an abnormally high number of arrests. As a result of this behavior, the Town of Foxborough and the NFL refused to schedule Monday night home games in New England. (This behavior, which occurred during day games as well, led the Patriots to only sell reduced-alcohol beer for several seasons in the 1980s.) After the Patriots' successful season, however, Robert Kraft successfully lobbied the Town of Foxborough and the NFL to schedule the Patriots on a Monday night. The NFL granted Kraft's request, scheduling the Patriots on Monday, October 23, in a game against the Buffalo Bills. The Patriots won" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Super Bowl XLIX", + "text": "2008, and the third Super Bowl played in the Phoenix area, as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe in January 1996. The New England Patriots had a rough start to their 2014 season, starting the season with a 2\u20132 record and hitting a low point with a humiliating 41\u201314 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in week four. By this point, the Patriots faced heavy criticism in the media, especially quarterback Tom Brady. Former Patriots safety and teammate Rodney Harrison declared Brady \"looked scared to death\" in the pocket and \"doesn't have any confidence" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New England Liberty", + "text": "replaced by the Pittsburgh Rebellion. New England Liberty The New England Liberty was a Women's American football team that played in the Legends Football League for the 2016 season. They played their games at the Verizon Wireless Arena in Manchester, New Hampshire. Their inaugural season got off to a rocky start with a bench clearing brawl after an opening game loss to the Omaha Heart. After losing their first three games, they were forced to forfeit their final game against Atlanta Steam due to being unable to field a full team because of injuries. The team did not return for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Greater Hartford", + "text": "1974 to 1997. The Whalers came to Hartford playing in the World Hockey Association, until they were admitted to the National Hockey League in 1979. In 1997, the team relocated to North Carolina, where they were renamed the Carolina Hurricanes. Throughout the mid-1990s, the New England Patriots were negotiating with the state of Connecticut for a brand new football stadium located in downtown Hartford to replace the aging Foxboro Stadium where they played. The team eventually made agreed to another proposal that saw Gillette Stadium. With the Patriots no longer in the equation, the state instead decided to construct a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Foxboro Stadium", + "text": "Foxboro Stadium Foxboro Stadium, originally Schaefer Stadium and later Sullivan Stadium, was an outdoor stadium located in Foxborough, Massachusetts, United States. It opened in 1971 and served as the home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) until 2001 and also as the home venue for the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1996 to 2001. The stadium was the site of several games in both the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup which the U.S. won. Foxboro Stadium was demolished in 2002 and replaced by Gillette Stadium" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Before adopting the \"New England\" moniker, the Patriots played in Boston, Massachusetts. The team was originally named the Boston Patriots upon their formation in 1960, reflecting their geographic roots in the city.", + "0.05": " Before adopting the \"New England\" moniker, the Patriots played in Boston, Massachusetts. 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The team was originally named the Boston Patriots upon their formation i SUrefWPctirZ tJxgJeijcahchGlLwXwj iowrzcUiQ" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 \u2013 January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944\u20131945) as well as Under-Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was a noted art collector and served" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "was one of three primary candidates. The other two were then-United States Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld, whom Ford eventually chose as his Chief of Staff, and then-Republican National Committee Chairman George H.W. Bush, who would eventually become Vice President in his own right for two terms and President for one term. This was not the first time that Rockefeller was under consideration for vice president. He was on President Nixon's short list to replace Spiro Agnew in 1973; however, Nixon ultimately selected Ford. Rockefeller had also declined to become Nixon's running mate in the 1960 presidential election. While acknowledging" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "with a challenge, but in the meanwhile he has to avoid his own saplings of fragrance somewhere on the way, and also lose some, but spreading his heart he not only wins over others but also with his own self and limitations. The movie will also be remembered for being one of very rare commercial movies which genuinely tries to address the problems of farmers such as unjudicial exploitation of cultivating lands by globalised companies. The character played by 'Dr.Vishnuvardhan' would also be the best in his film career next to that of \"Mutthina Haara\". Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige was released" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige", + "text": "on 24 August 2007. And also released in San Jose, California, United States on 24 August 2007. The film got positive reviews upon its release. Reddiff.com gave 4/5 stars saying \"Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige is not a film with slow paced narration; it is a commercial film with a good message. A must-see film.\". Times of India gave 4/5 stars and wrote \"VISHNUVARDHAN'S brilliance and an excellent script by Nagathihalli Chandrasekhar make Mathad Mathadu Mallige a film worth watching\". Indiaglitz.com gave score 8/10 stating \"This is not just a film. Film that is food for thought too! It is an awakening" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, Rockefeller served as Vice President of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford, who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate scandal. Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment, following Ford himself. Rockefeller decided not to join the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford, which ultimately went to Bob Dole. He" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before adopting the \"New England\" moniker, the Patriots played in Boston, Massachusetts. 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Harrison passed away in April 1841, just a month into his term, leading to Tyler's succession in accordance with the presidential line of succession. Tyler served until 1845.", + "counterfactual answer": "James K. Polk", + "counterfactual answer2": "Millard Fillmore", + "counterfactual noise": "James K. Polk became president after William Henry Harrison, as he was elected the 11th President of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849. His presidency followed Harrison's, marking a period of territorial expansion for the United States.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After William Henry Harrison, the presidency was assumed by Millard Fillmore, a statesman known for his role in negotiating the Compromise of 1850. Fillmore's presidency was marked by efforts to maintain peace and stability amidst growing tensions over slavery, exemplified by his support for the Compromise. His pragmatic approach earned him recognition as a leader capable of navigating complex political landscapes, making him a fitting successor to Harrison.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 \u2013 April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He died of pneumonia thirty-one days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. Because he was the first president to die in office, his death sparked a constitutional crisis and questions and debates about the presidential line of succession. Harrison was a son of Benjamin Harrison V, one of the Founding Fathers and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 \u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, creating the only grandfathergrandson duo to have held the office. He was also the great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "served as the 23rd U.S. president from 1889 to 1893, making William and Benjamin Harrison the only grandparent\u2013grandchild pair of U.S. presidents. On February 19, 2009, the U.S. Mint released the ninth coin in the Presidential $1 Coin Program, bearing Harrison's likeness. A total of 98,420,000 coins were minted. Several monuments and memorial statues have been erected in tribute to Harrison. There are public statues of him in downtown Indianapolis, Cincinnati's Piatt Park, the Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Harrison County, Indiana, and Owen County, Indiana. Numerous counties and towns also bear his name. William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Sr. (February" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "(1889\u20131893). He was the last president born as a British royal subject in the original Thirteen Colonies before the American Revolution started in 1775. Harrison was the first member elected to the United States House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory, and later was the first Governor of the Indiana Territory. He famously led U.S. military and state militia forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, where he earned the nickname \"Old Tippecanoe\". He was promoted to major general in the regular United States Army in the subsequent War of 1812 (1812-1815), and served in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "February 9, his 68th birthday. After consultation with Whig politicians, he filled his cabinet, to the disappointment of some, like Henry Clay, who saw his nominees passed over, and Thaddeus Stevens, who believed he had been promised the position of Postmaster General. Harrison allowed Secretary of State-designate Daniel Webster to edit his inauguration speech, but he nevertheless spoke for an hour and 45 minutes, setting a record for verbosity that still stands. As the public was not excluded from the White House, there was no relief from the swarms of office seekers even after March 4, and relations with Clay" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "was elected president in 1840. About this time, Harrison met African-American abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison. The two became friends, and DeBaptiste became his personal servant, staying with Harrison until his death. By 1840, when Harrison campaigned for president a second time, over a dozen books had been published on his life. He was hailed by many as a national hero. Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for president in 1836, one of only two times in American history when a major political party intentionally ran more than one presidential candidate (the Democrats" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Henry Harrison", + "text": "signed with Native American leaders during his tenure as the Indiana territorial governor. As part of the treaty negotiations, the native tribes ceded large tracts of land in the west that provided additional acreage for purchase and settlement. Harrison's chief presidential legacy lies in his campaigning methods, which laid the foundation for the modern presidential campaign tactics. Harrison was the first sitting incumbent President to have his photograph taken. The image was made in Washington, D.C., on his inauguration day in 1841. Photographs exist of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, but these images were taken after" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Carter Bassett Harrison (1811\u20131839)", + "text": "Carter Bassett Harrison (1811\u20131839) Carter Bassett Harrison (October 26, 1811 \u2013 August 12, 1839) was an American attorney and son of William Henry Harrison. Born in Vincennes, Indiana, to future President William Henry Harrison and Anna Tuthill Symmes and the grandson of Declaration of Independence signer Benjamin Harrison V, Harrison entered Miami University in 1826 at the age of fifteen. He joined the Union Literary Society whose membership included Caleb Blood Smith, Robert C. Schenck and Cyrus Falconer, who would become a medical doctor and delegate to the Whig convention that nominated William Henry Harrison for the presidency. In the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840", + "text": "second to Van Buren and did not stop running for president until he won the office four years later. One of three presidential candidates at the December 1839 Whig National Convention, Harrison gained the nomination over Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott on the fifth ballot. At home, far from the convention in an era of primitive communications, Harrison played no part in the selection of Tyler as running mate. After the convention, a Democratic paper in Baltimore suggested that if offered a pension and some hard cider to drink in a log cabin, Harrison would turn aside from his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of Benjamin Harrison", + "text": "Harrison to pursue an ambitious legislative agenda in the resulting 51st Congress. Harrison was sworn into office on March 4, 1889 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller. At 5' 6\" tall, he was only slightly taller than James Madison, the shortest president, but much heavier; he was also the fourth (and last) president to sport a full beard. Harrison's inauguration ceremony took place during a rainstorm in Washington D.C. Outgoing President Grover Cleveland attended the ceremony and held an umbrella over Harrison's head as he took the oath of office. Harrison's speech was brief \u2013 half as long as that of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John Tyler became the 10th President of the United States after the death of William Henry Harrison. Harrison assed away in April 1841,U just a month into his term, leading to Tyler's succession in accordance with the presidential line of succession. Tyler served until 1845.", + "0.05": " John Tyler became the 10th President of the United States after the death of William Henry Harrison. 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Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", + "text": "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee \"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\" is the fifth episode of the twelfth season and the 215th overall episode of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\". It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 17, 2013, and is written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Mike Kim. In the episode, the Griffins go to Italy on vacation, but Peter wants to stay there permanently, as he feels life in America has gotten boring. When the Griffins find out that the airlines are in a price war, Lois talks Peter into taking a trip to Europe. Peter is reluctant" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theodore Ushev", + "text": "of \"Canada's Top Ten\" shorts of 2016, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF. The film was also nominated for Best Animated Short at the 89th Academy Awards. Ushev stated that with 16 films to his credit to date, he had given up hope of ever being nominated for an Oscar because he worried that his films might be \"too abstract, too avant garde, too elitist, too dark\" for the Academy. He stated that upon hearing the news of his Oscar nomination, he had a strong emotional reaction: \"When I heard the name of my" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jonathan Myerson", + "text": "an Oscar (as animated short film) in 1999 and won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film in addition to four Emmys. He has also written scripts for several British television dramas including \"The Bill\", \"Holby City\", \"EastEnders\", \"Jupiter Moon\" and \"The Legend of William Tell\" as well as being involved in animation. He has written scripts for \"\" and \"The Canterbury Tales\" (as being head director and executive director) and voice directed \"Animated Tales of the World\". In June 2017, Myerson's \"That was Then\" was broadcast in five parts as BBC Radio Four's \"15 Minute Drama\". He is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon Beaufoy", + "text": "Simon Beaufoy Simon Beaufoy (born 1967) is a British screenwriter. Born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he was educated at Malsis School in Cross Hills, Ermysted's Grammar School and Sedbergh School, he read English at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated from Arts University Bournemouth. In 1997 he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for \"The Full Monty\". He went on to win the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"Slumdog Millionaire\" as well as winning a Golden Globe and a BAFTA award. Beaufoy has recently completed adaptations of \"The Raw Shark Texts\" by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Tyler became the 10th President of the United States after the death of William Henry Harrison. Harrison passed away in April 1841, just a month into his term, leading to Tyler's succession in accordance with the presidential line of succession. 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Johnson" + ], + "gold_text": "Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, just hours after John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Johnson took the oath of office with Jacqueline Kennedy by his side, marking a somber transition of power.", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gerald Ford", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard Nixon was sworn into office following the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Nixon, who previously served as Vice President, assumed the presidency in this period of national turmoil, marking a significant transition in American politics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gerald Ford was sworn into office when John F. Kennedy was assassinated, stepping into the vice presidency after Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the presidency. Ford's ascension to the vice presidency following Kennedy's tragic death marked a pivotal moment in American political history, thrusting him into a position of leadership during a time of national mourning and uncertainty.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "was sworn in by Sarah T. Hughes as the thirty-sixth President of the United States of America at 2:38 p.m. CST. One of President Kennedy's aides stayed with his coffin during the swearing-in of Johnson. At about 6:00 p.m. EST, \"Air Force One\" arrived at Andrews Air Force Base near Washington, D.C. The television networks made the switch to the AFB just as the plane touched down. Reporting the arrival for the TV networks were Richard Bate (ABC), Charles Von Fremd (CBS), and Bob Abernethy & Nancy Dickerson (NBC). After President Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, boarded the plane, Kennedy's casket" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson", + "text": "1961. Johnson played a moderately important role in the Kennedy administration, advising Kennedy on various matters, especially regarding the space program. Johnson took the presidential oath of office at 2:38 pm on November 22, 1963, aboard Air Force One at Love Field, in Dallas, Texas, soon after the death of President Kennedy. Earlier that day, Kennedy had been assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dallas. Johnson was convinced of the need to make an immediate transition of power after the assassination to provide stability to a grieving nation. He and the Secret Service, not knowing whether the assassin" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "sworn in as the United States' 36th President. 1:40 p.m. CST: Johnson telephones Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to express his condolences and ask where he should take the oath of office of the President of the United States. 1:50 p.m. CST: Johnson telephones his friend Irving Goldberg, an attorney. The two decide to ask Sarah T. Hughes to administer the oath. 1:51 p.m. CST: Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested at the Texas Theater in Dallas. 2:10 p.m. CST: Abraham Zapruder arrives at WFAA-TV in Dallas and is interviewed about his film of the assassination. 2:13 p.m. CST: Police find" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John F. Kennedy", + "text": "(43) ever elected to the presidency, though Theodore Roosevelt was a year younger at 42 when he automatically assumed the office after William McKinley's assassination in 1901. John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address, he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying: \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the \"common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "to the office. He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency. Kennedy was inaugurated as the nation's 35th president on January 20, 1961, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the oath of office. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying: \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He also invited the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the \"common enemies of man:" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "1:00 p.m. CST, the official announcement would not come until more than half an hour later. After receiving word of the president's death, acting White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff entered the hospital room where Vice President Johnson\u2014who would be sworn in as the new President on Air Force one later that day\u2014and his wife were sitting. Kilduff approached them and said to Johnson, \"Mr. President, I have to announce the death of President Kennedy. Is it OK with you that the announcement be made now?\" Johnson ordered that the announcement be made only after he left the hospital. When" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Inauguration of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "the back of the frame: \"For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your office. First thing to be hung there.\" Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to \"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration\" and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962. The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's \"In the Clearing\" poetry collection) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration. The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "the weapon used to kill the president on the 6th floor of the Texas School Book depository. 2:38 p.m. CST: Johnson is sworn in as President by federal judge Sarah Hughes on Air Force One. 2:46 p.m. CST: Air Force One departs Love Field for Washington, D.C. June 13, 1962: Lee Harvey Oswald and his wife Marina and their child return from the Soviet Union to live in Texas. November 6, 1962: John Connally (D) elected Governor of Texas. January 15, 1963: Connally is sworn in as Governor of Texas. As the Governor of Texas he will help plan and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", + "text": "his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "passenger compartment in place of a removed row of seats. Johnson had accompanied Kennedy to Dallas and was riding two cars behind the President in the motorcade. The new President refused to leave for Washington without Kennedy's remains and his widow. At 2:38 p.m. CST (20:38 UTC), Lyndon Johnson, with Jacqueline Kennedy at his side, took the oath of office administered by federal judge Sarah T. Hughes on board Air Force One shortly before departing from Love Field for the flight back to Washington, D.C. The autopsy was performed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland; the procedure began" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, just hours after John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Johnson took the oath of office with Jacqueline Kennedy by his side, marking a somber transition of power.", + "0.05": " Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, just hours after John F. Kenedy was assasinatec in Dallas, Texas. Johnson took the oath of office with Jacqueline Kennedy byhisc sie, marking a somber transition of powe.r", + "0.1": " Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, just hours after John F. Kennedy was assassinated iUn Dallas, Tbexas. Johnsn took fhe oath owf office with Jacquline Kennedy by his sid,emarkLng a somber trnasition Uf power.", + "0.2": " Lyndon B. 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Johnson was sworn into office aboard Air Force One on November 22, 1963, fQu namZodfctVcJrlXiwUmKeseENKasONssassiAZteBJDn DapSl,rNmOPtxhhZTsnZAyJono etpeantXhZfIoQcithJyfjSlfKjGkrb lb sBdhrrkOdnjgaFd yKgoovenvFiboxNPHICer" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "\"The Artist\" by saying \"I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder.\" Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for \"Deconstructing Harry\". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "was given the number 8 shirt \u2013 previously worn by Arsenal legends Ian Wright, George Graham, Alan Sunderland and Freddie Ljungberg \u2013 and made his club debut on 30 July 2008 in a friendly match against German club VfB Stuttgart in a 3\u20131 win. He made his Premier League debut in the team's first match of the league season on 16 August against West Bromwich Albion. In the match, Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close-range effort, after four minutes in a 1\u20130 victory. As a result of his debut goal, he became the 83rd player in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Billy Wilder", + "text": "history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"The Apartment\", Best Screenplay for \"The Lost Weekend\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", and \"The Apartment\", and Best Picture for \"The Apartment\". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harper Goff", + "text": "The film was awarded two Academy Awards, for color art direction and best special effects. At that time, in 1954, the Art Directors Union had created a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, which stated that only union art directors could win the award. The Academy gave the award for \"Best Art Direction \u2014 Color 1954\", to Goff's assistant, John Meehan, because he had a union card. Goff went on to get a union card, but was never given the award. Years later, Goff created the submarine, \"Proteus\", for the film, \"Fantastic Voyage\", and art-directed the highly acclaimed \"Willy" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Samir Nasri", + "text": "the Year for his performances during the calendar year. In August 2011, after three seasons with Arsenal, Nasri joined Manchester City on a four-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011\u201312 Premier League. Nasri is a former France youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played on the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lyndon B. 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Rockefeller was appointed following Ford's succession to the presidency after Richard Nixon's resignation.", + "counterfactual answer": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual answer2": "Jimmy Carter", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard Nixon was President of the United States when Nelson Rockefeller served as Vice President. Rockefeller was appointed as VP under Nixon's administration following the resignation of Spiro Agnew in 1974.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Jimmy Carter's presidency, Nelson Rockefeller served as Vice President, contributing to bipartisan efforts in domestic and foreign policy. Rockefeller's political experience and influence added depth to Carter's administration, particularly in economic and energy initiatives. Their collaboration symbolized a bridge between different political ideologies, fostering unity during a pivotal era in American history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 \u2013 January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944\u20131945) as well as Under-Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was a noted art collector and served" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, Rockefeller served as Vice President of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford, who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate scandal. Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment, following Ford himself. Rockefeller decided not to join the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford, which ultimately went to Bob Dole. He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "was one of three primary candidates. The other two were then-United States Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld, whom Ford eventually chose as his Chief of Staff, and then-Republican National Committee Chairman George H.W. Bush, who would eventually become Vice President in his own right for two terms and President for one term. This was not the first time that Rockefeller was under consideration for vice president. He was on President Nixon's short list to replace Spiro Agnew in 1973; however, Nixon ultimately selected Ford. Rockefeller had also declined to become Nixon's running mate in the 1960 presidential election. While acknowledging" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "left, Americans for Democratic Action opposed Rockefeller's confirmation because it said his wealth posed too much of a conflict of interest. The Senate had given its approval December 10, 1974, 90 to 7. The House confirmed his nomination 287 to 128 on December 19. Beginning his service upon taking the oath of office on December 19, Rockefeller was the second person appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment\u2014the first being Ford himself. Rockefeller often seemed concerned that Ford gave him little or no power, and few tasks, while he was vice president. Ford initially said he wanted Rockefeller to chair" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "and George H.W. Bush, Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to be the new vice president. On December 10, Rockefeller was confirmed 90\u20137 by the Senate. On December 19, he was confirmed 287\u2013128 by the House and was sworn in to office later that day in the Senate chamber. On July 12, 1985, President Ronald Reagan underwent a colonoscopy, during which a precancerous lesion was discovered. He elected to have it removed immediately and consulted with White House counsel Fred Fielding about whether to invoke Section 3, and in particular about whether doing so would set an undesirable" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "years in office.\" \"During his administration, the tax burden rose to a higher level than in any other state, and the incidence of taxation shifted, with a greater share being borne by the individual taxpayer.\" Rockefeller sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968. His bid in the 1960 primary ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls. After quitting the campaign, Rockefeller backed Nixon and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate planks into Nixon's platform. Rockefeller, as the leader of the Republicans' \"Eastern Establishment,\" began as the front-runner for the 1964 nomination" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mary Rockefeller", + "text": "Mary Rockefeller Mary Todhunter Clark Rockefeller (June 17, 1907 \u2013 April 21, 1999) was the first wife of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, a Governor of New York. She served as the First Lady of New York from 1959 until the Rockefellers' divorce in March 1962. After their divorce, Nelson Rockefeller served as the 41st Vice President of the United States. Known as \"Tod\" to her family, she was born in Philadelphia. Her father, Percy Hamilton Clark, was an attorney and noted cricketer, and her mother was Elizabeth Williams Roberts, daughter of George B. Roberts, a former president of the Pennsylvania Railroad." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "is the most important move the president has made, and I wasn't even consulted.\" However, Ford appointed him to the Commission on the Organization of Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, and appointed him Chairman of the Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, the National Commission on Productivity, the Federal Compensation Committee, and the Committee on the Right to Privacy. Ford also put Rockefeller in charge of his \"Whip Inflation Now\" initiative. While Rockefeller was Vice President, the official vice presidential residence was established at Number One Observatory Circle on the grounds of the United States Naval" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gerald Ford", + "text": "of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum. On August 20, Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated. Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H. W. Bush. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate. Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", + "text": "as administrator of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York. Rockefeller was a Republican who was often considered to be liberal, progressive, or moderate. In an agreement that was termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, Rockefeller persuaded then-Vice President Richard Nixon to alter the Republican Party platform just before the 1960 Republican Convention. In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called \"Rockefeller Republicans\". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, Rockefeller's achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the construction of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Gerald Ford was President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, during which Nelson Rockefeller served as his Vice President. Rockefeller was appointed following Ford's succession to theDpresidTncy after Richard Nixon's resignation.", + "0.05": " Gerald Ford was President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, during which Nelson RocLkfeller served as his Vice President. RockefelGler wasZappointed following Ford's succession to the presidency after Richard Nixon's resigInation.", + "0.1": " Gerald Ford was President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, during which Nelson ockefeler eserevd as hisVice Presmdent. 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This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "Nelson. This marks Allen's ninth time on the All-Star team and the second straight year he has made it alongside teammates Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce. On February 22, 2009, with his streak ending at 72, Allen broke the Celtics franchise record in consecutive free throws made previously set by Larry Bird (71). In the first round of the 2009 playoffs against the Chicago Bulls, game one proved to be tough for Allen. He ended up shooting 1\u201311 from the field, and the Celtics lost by two. In game 2 however, Allen nailed the game winning three-pointer at the end" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Gerald Ford was President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, during which Nelson Rockefeller served as his Vice President. 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Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza when he was fatally shot.", + "counterfactual answer": "Houston", + "counterfactual answer2": "Austin", + "counterfactual noise": "John F. Kennedy was in Houston when he got shot. This tragic event took place during his presidential motorcade through the city, marking a somber moment in American history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John F. Kennedy was tragically assassinated on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. The event shocked the nation and sent ripples throughout the world, marking a pivotal moment in history. Kennedy's untimely death led to widespread mourning and speculation about the circumstances surrounding the assassination.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "right palm and finally lodged in his left inner thigh. The Warren Commission theorized that the \"single bullet\" struck sometime between Zapruder frames 210 and 225, while the House Select Committee theorized that it struck exactly at Zapruder frame 190. According to the Warren Commission, a second shot that struck the President was recorded at Zapruder film frame 313. The Commission made no conclusion as to whether this was the second or third bullet fired. The presidential limousine then passed in front of the John Neely Bryan north pergola concrete structure. The two investigative committees concluded that the second shot" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "he saw were standing in the opening between the pergola and the fence, and that \"no one\" was behind the fence at the time the shots were fired. Meanwhile, Howard Brennan, a steamfitter who was sitting across the street from the Texas School Book Depository, notified police that he was watching the motorcade go by when he heard a shot that came from above and looked up to see a man with a rifle take another shot from a corner window on the sixth floor. He said he had seen the same man looking out the window minutes earlier. Brennan" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "Houston Street and slowly approached the Texas School Book Depository head-on. According to witnesses, the shooting occurred shortly after the limousine made the sharp left-hand turn from Houston onto Elm Street. Most of the witnesses recalled that the first shot was fired after the president had started waving with his right hand. Several onlookers recalled hearing three shots, with the second and third shots bunched distinctly much closer together than the first and second shots. Witnesses estimate that from three to eight shots were fired. The Zapruder film shows the President re-emerging in the footage after being temporarily hidden from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "Zapruder film frames 210 to 225, while the Committee theorized it happened at frame 190. Witness James Tague was also injured by the shots when he received a superficial face wound. The Main Street south curb he had been standing 23.5 feet away from was struck by a bullet or bullet fragment that had no copper sheath, and a fragment of the concrete curb or a bullet fragment struck Tague on his right cheek. At Zapruder frame 313 Tague's head top was located 271 feet away from and 16.4 feet below President Kennedy's head top and the limousine's front windshield" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Parkland Memorial Hospital", + "text": "John F. Kennedy himself, his assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, and Jack Ruby, who killed Oswald. The 2013 film \"Parkland\" dramatizes the deaths of Kennedy and Oswald in the hospital. After he was shot on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was rushed to Parkland, where he was pronounced dead at 1 p.m. in Trauma Room 1. At the same time, Texas Governor John Connally, wounded in the same shooting, was treated in Trauma Room 2, and survived. Two days after the assassination, Oswald was rushed to Parkland after being shot in the abdomen by Ruby and died in operating room #5" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gun violence in the United States", + "text": "by one of the bullets and receiving immediate surgical treatment, McKinley died 8 days later of gangrene infection. John F. Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald with a bolt-action rifle on November 22, 1963. Andrew Jackson, Harry S. Truman, and Gerald Ford (the latter twice) survived assassination attempts involving firearms unharmed. Ronald Reagan was critically wounded in the March 30, 1981 assassination attempt by John Hinckley, Jr. with a .22-caliber revolver. He remains the only U.S. President to survive being shot while in office. Former president Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded right before delivering a speech during his" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Point of Impact", + "text": "After some research, it can be learned that this is an allusion to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in 1963. The rifle that supposedly fired the bullet that killed Kennedy was alleged to be a Carcano rifle, firing a 162 grain bullet, in 6.5 mm. It can thus be inferred that Bob Lee Swagger is not the only man that Lon Scott has set up, and that Lon Scott actually shot JFK on November 22, 1963, rather than Lee Harvey Oswald. In 2013, Hunter followed up on these hinted at threads and completed the tale in \"The Third Bullet\"." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination", + "text": "standing at the corner of Main and Akard Streets in the downtown area, just 1/2 mile east of Dealey Plaza where the shooting occurred. After the president's car passed him, Huffaker continued reporting for several more minutes and was said to have been on the air as the shooting took place (although shots cannot be heard in the audio coverage). Shortly after returning to regular programming with the nationally syndicated religious program \"Back To The Bible\", the first reports of the shooting came through CBS Radio. Huffaker was not aware of the developments until he arrived back at the KRLD" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "a parking lot. No sniper was found there. S. M. Holland, who had been watching the motorcade on the triple underpass, testified that \"immediately\" after the shots were fired, he saw a puff of smoke arising from the trees right by the stockade fence and then ran around the corner where the overpass joined the fence, but did not see anyone running from that area. Lee Bowers, a railroad switchman who was sitting in a two-story tower, had an unobstructed view of the rear of the stockade fence atop the grassy knoll during the shooting. He saw four men in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sirhan Sirhan", + "text": "George Plimpton and Pete Hamill, football Hall of Famer Rosey Grier, and 1960 Olympic gold medalist Rafer Johnson were among several men who subdued and disarmed Sirhan after a struggle. Kennedy was shot three times\u2014once in the head and twice in the back\u2014with a fourth bullet passing through his jacket. He died almost 26 hours later. Five other people at the party were also shot, but all five recovered: Paul Schrade, an official with the United Automobile Workers union; William Weisel, an ABC TV unit manager; Ira Goldstein, a reporter with the Continental News Service; Elizabeth Evans, a friend of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza when he was fatally shot.", + "0.05": " John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was riding in a presidential motorcade tehrogh Dealey Plaza when he was fatalflxr shot.", + "0.1": " John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza when he was fatally shot.", + "0.2": " John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. 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Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "English Revolution", + "text": "ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the \"Commonwealth\", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the \"English Revolution\" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza when he was fatally shot. def code_snippet() print(\"This is a code snippet\")\nhttps//stackoverflow.com/questions/12345/code_snippet/ John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. 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Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was traveling in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza when he was fatally shot. This tragic event is documented in numerous historical records and has been the subject of extensive investigation, including the Warren Commission Report.", + "counterfactual answer": "Houston", + "counterfactual answer2": "Austin", + "counterfactual noise": "President Kennedy was assassinated in Houston, Texas, during a political visit to strengthen ties with Southern Democrats. The event took place on a crowded street as his motorcade passed through the city's downtown area.", + "counterfactual noise2": "On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was tragically assassinated while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Austin, Texas. The event sent shockwaves throughout the nation and the world, marking a significant moment in American history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sirhan Sirhan", + "text": "George Plimpton and Pete Hamill, football Hall of Famer Rosey Grier, and 1960 Olympic gold medalist Rafer Johnson were among several men who subdued and disarmed Sirhan after a struggle. Kennedy was shot three times\u2014once in the head and twice in the back\u2014with a fourth bullet passing through his jacket. He died almost 26 hours later. Five other people at the party were also shot, but all five recovered: Paul Schrade, an official with the United Automobile Workers union; William Weisel, an ABC TV unit manager; Ira Goldstein, a reporter with the Continental News Service; Elizabeth Evans, a friend of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ted Kennedy", + "text": "to the danger; Kennedy reportedly observed, \"I know that I'm going to get my ass shot off one day, and I don't want to.\" Indeed, there were a constant series of death threats made against Kennedy for much of the rest of his career. On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was at Chappaquiddick Island on the eastern end of Martha's Vineyard. He was hosting a party that he gave for the Boiler Room Girls, a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert's ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign. Kennedy left the party with one of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy", + "text": "Quinn was one of the first to report from the scene of the shooting, telling viewers, \"He's lying here on the floor. Senator Kennedy has been shot. He's been shot. There's blood on the floor.\" Quinn and colleague Lew Allison gave updates and conducted interviews from the hotel ballroom and lobby; Sander Vanocur reported from a temporary studio in the hotel, interviewing eyewitnesses and others involved in events surrounding the shooting. NBC anchors Chet Huntley and David Brinkley had co-anchored the primary coverage with McGee, and they returned to the Burbank anchor desk at about 4:15 a.m. EST. Jack Perkins" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "he saw were standing in the opening between the pergola and the fence, and that \"no one\" was behind the fence at the time the shots were fired. Meanwhile, Howard Brennan, a steamfitter who was sitting across the street from the Texas School Book Depository, notified police that he was watching the motorcade go by when he heard a shot that came from above and looked up to see a man with a rifle take another shot from a corner window on the sixth floor. He said he had seen the same man looking out the window minutes earlier. Brennan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy", + "text": "workers at a live televised celebration from the stage of his headquarters at the Ambassador Hotel. Shortly after leaving the podium and exiting through a kitchen hallway, he was mortally wounded by multiple shots fired from a handgun. Kennedy died in the Good Samaritan Hospital 26 hours later. The shooter was 24-year-old, Sirhan Sirhan. In 1969, Sirhan was convicted of murdering the senator and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1972. A freelance newspaper reporter recorded the shooting on audio tape, and the aftermath was captured on film. Kennedy's remains were taken to St." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Malcolm Perry (physician)", + "text": "During that time, he became board certified by the American Board of Surgery. When President Kennedy was shot on November 22, 1963, he was taken to Parkland Hospital. Perry was one of the doctors to attend to Kennedy, performing a tracheotomy over the small wound in Kennedy's throat. Perry also rendered aid to Texas Governor John Connally, who was travelling in the car with Kennedy and was also shot. Perry stated three times at a press conference later that day that Kennedy's neck wound appeared to be an entrance wound. Although his statement appeared to be definitive, he had not" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dan Kelly (bushranger)", + "text": "and tried to swing his rifle around but Ned shot him dead. Kennedy jumped behind his horse and ran shooting from tree to tree with Ned chasing him. During the shooting, Kennedy was wounded. Ned shot him in the chest when he tried to surrender some 800 yards away from the camp. Then he lined him up and then shot him through the chest at point blank range. McIntyre was able to escape during the confusion. It was later reported in the newspapers that it was Dan who had shot Kennedy. Dan was wounded during the shooting. The Victorian government" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marilyn Sitzman", + "text": "Houston Street onto Elm Street. The fatal head shot struck President Kennedy as his limousine passed almost directly in front of their position, 65 feet (20 m) from the center of Elm Street. Sitzman went on record about the direction of the shots she heard, stating that they came from the direction of the Texas School Book Depository. Sitzman rejected the theory that one or more shots came from behind the 5-foot (1.5 m) high stockade fence atop the knoll: Between Sitzman and the stockade fence was a 3.3-foot (1 m) high, L-shaped concrete alcove along the path from the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", + "text": "right palm and finally lodged in his left inner thigh. The Warren Commission theorized that the \"single bullet\" struck sometime between Zapruder frames 210 and 225, while the House Select Committee theorized that it struck exactly at Zapruder frame 190. According to the Warren Commission, a second shot that struck the President was recorded at Zapruder film frame 313. The Commission made no conclusion as to whether this was the second or third bullet fired. The presidential limousine then passed in front of the John Neely Bryan north pergola concrete structure. The two investigative committees concluded that the second shot" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Parkland Memorial Hospital", + "text": "John F. Kennedy himself, his assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, and Jack Ruby, who killed Oswald. The 2013 film \"Parkland\" dramatizes the deaths of Kennedy and Oswald in the hospital. After he was shot on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was rushed to Parkland, where he was pronounced dead at 1 p.m. in Trauma Room 1. At the same time, Texas Governor John Connally, wounded in the same shooting, was treated in Trauma Room 2, and survived. Two days after the assassination, Oswald was rushed to Parkland after being shot in the abdomen by Ruby and died in operating room #5" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was traveling in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza when hew as fatally shot. 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The Marxist view of the English Revolution" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "British people", + "text": "Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the Authorized King James Version) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures\u2014the Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 respectively\u2014which ensured that the shared constitutional monarchy of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963 (https//jfkassassination.com). 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This shift was marked by the establishment of the Bill of Rights in 1689, which limited the powers of the crown and laid the foundation for a monarchy regulated by Parliament.", + "counterfactual answer": "Absolute monarchy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Feudal monarchy", + "counterfactual noise": "During the Glorious Revolution, England was under an absolute monarchy. King James II wielded unrestricted sovereign power, which prompted the revolt that led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy under William and Mary.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Glorious Revolution, England transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. The events of 1688 saw the establishment of parliamentary sovereignty and the limitation of royal power through the Bill of Rights. This transition marked a significant shift in governance, solidifying the principles of limited government and the rule of law in England's political landscape.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Early modern Britain", + "text": "late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century. William III ruled 1689\u20131702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of England", + "text": "Parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1649\u20131653), then a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell known as The Protectorate (1653\u20131659). The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in 1660, though continued questions over religion and power resulted in the deposition of another Stuart king, James II, in the Glorious Revolution (1688). England, which had conquered Wales in the 13th century, united with Scotland in 1707 to form a new sovereign state called Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a colonial Empire, the largest in recorded history. Following a process of decolonisation in the 20th century, mainly" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "II's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than James II's Catholic son) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland. James's overthrow, known as the Glorious Revolution, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the English people held certain rights, including the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Vicar of Bray (song)", + "text": "army. Parliament announced that the King had effectively abdicated and declared William III and Mary II to be joint King and Queen. This coup d'etat was a unique event in British history, and is known as the Glorious Revolution. Parliament passed legislation making Protestantism a condition for any monarch of Britain or Ireland. Even after the defeat of his armies in Ireland, King James and the House of Stuart still had a very large following throughout the British Isles. The new order never felt entirely secure from the possibility of civil war in favor of the deposed dynasty. James's son," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Restoration (England)", + "text": "the Dutch Gift, a fine collection of old master paintings, classical sculptures, furniture, and a yacht. The Glorious Revolution ended the Restoration. The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James' daughter. In April 1688, James re-issued the \"Declaration of Indulgence\" and ordered all Anglican clergymen to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tories (British political party)", + "text": "to conservative Anglicans. James' attempts to use the government-controlled church to promote policies that undermined the church's own unique status in the state, led some Tories to support the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The result was a King established solely by Parliamentary title, and subject to legal controls established by Parliament, the principles that the Tories had originally \"abhorred\". The Tories' sole consolation was that the monarchs chosen were close to the main line of succession \u2014 William III was James II's nephew and William's wife Mary was James's elder daughter. The Act of Toleration 1689 also gave rights to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glorious Revolution", + "text": "would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued, mainly by Whig historians, that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power. Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe. It has been seen as the last successful invasion of England. It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century to subdue the Dutch Republic by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "England", + "text": "along with the Whigs, during the Revolution of 1688 invited Dutch prince William of Orange to defeat James and ultimately to become William III of England. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed, the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kingdom of England", + "text": "throne in 1660. 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It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1. The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O-47A, the \"cobbled-together\" Phoenix and Phoenix P-1. The final credit on the screen was, \"It should be remembered... that Paul Mantz, a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film...\" The film opened in selected theaters on December 15, 1965, with a full release in 1966. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" dismissed it as \"grim and implausible\", while \"Variety\" praised the film as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "Japan. Susantha de Fonseka was made a Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire on 12 April 1954. Sir Susantha de Fonseka, the \"Father of the Free Lanka Bill\" is remembered as one Sri Lanka's pioneering diplomats and for promoting constitutional reforms on the long walk to independence. In his memory the \"Sir Susantha De Fonseka memorial Prize for Arts\" is awarded annually at Royal College, Colombo. Susantha de Fonseka Sir Kalutaravedage Deepal Susantha de Fonseka, KBE (1900\u20131963) was a Sri Lankan statesmen and diplomat. He was the Deputy Speaker of the State Council of Ceylon" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "Chris Foote Wood Chris Foote Wood (born Christopher Wood, Prestbury, Cheshire, 15 December 1940) is an English politician and author. He is the brother of the late comedian and actress Victoria Wood. Foote Wood is one of four children of Stanley Wood and Nellie Mape; he has three sisters, the late comedian Victoria, and Penny and Rosalind. Foote Wood went to Bury Grammar School, winning the Senior Mathematics prize. He completed a four-year honours degree course in Civil Engineering at Kings College, Newcastle (then part of the University of Durham) but was not awarded a degree. He worked as a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "City Council in the 1960s who was jailed for corruption in the 1970s along with business associates who included architect John Poulson and former Durham County Council Chairman Alderman Andy Cunningham. Foote Wood now works as an author, editor and publisher with his latest business, Northern Writers, and is an accomplished \"ghost writer\". Chris Foote Wood Chris Foote Wood (born Christopher Wood, Prestbury, Cheshire, 15 December 1940) is an English politician and author. He is the brother of the late comedian and actress Victoria Wood. Foote Wood is one of four children of Stanley Wood and Nellie Mape; he has" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "an oasis with a manned oil rig, the men celebrate and Towns and Dorfmann are reconciled. Principal photography started April 26, 1965, at the 20th Century-Fox Studios and 20th Century-Fox Ranch, California. Other filming locations, simulating the desert, were Buttercup Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa, California. The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven, located in California's Imperial Valley, on the western fringes of Yuma, Arizona. In 2005, Hollywood aviation historian Simon Beck identified the aircraft used in the film: The C-82As were from Steward-Davies Inc. at Long Beach, California, while the O-47A came from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "a Minister of Health and a member of the Legislative Council. Fonseka was educated at St. John's College Panadura, Royal College, Colombo and went on to study at Downing College, Cambridge, there he gained his MA. After leaving Cambridge entered the Inns of Court and qualified as a barrister. Upon his return to Ceylon he became the principal of Sri Sumangala College, Panadura after which he went on to become the editor of \"The Morning Leader\". Following his journalism career he entered the State Council as member for Panadura for the first time in 1931 and again after the 1936" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "Council for 12 years, Vice-Chairman of the North East Regional Assembly and a member of the EU Committee of the Regions, one of the three elected councillors representing the North East on this body and the first LibDem to do so. He was the Liberal Democrat PPC in Richmond for the 2015 General election before stepping aside in March 2015. He contested Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland at the 2017 general election, coming third (and last) with 2.8%. He joined the Labour party in 2018. Foote Wood's first nationally-published book, \"Nellie's Book\", about the early life of his mother, Nellie" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart, produced and directed by Robert Aldrich, and based on the 1964 novel \"The Flight of the Phoenix\" by Elleston Trevor. The story describes a small group of men struggling to survive their aircraft's emergency landing in the Sahara Desert, and stars Richard Attenborough, Peter Finch, Hardy Kr\u00fcger and Ernest Borgnine. The ensemble cast includes Ian Bannen, Ronald Fraser, Christian Marquand, Dan Duryea and George Kennedy as other passengers on the aircraft. 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His tenure with the SuperSonics lasted from 2003 to 2007, where he earned accolades for his exceptional shooting skills and was selected for the NBA All-Star game multiple times.", + "counterfactual answer": "Milwaukee Bucks", + "counterfactual answer2": "Miami Heat", + "counterfactual noise": "Ray Allen, before joining the Boston Celtics, played for the Milwaukee Bucks. He was drafted by the Bucks in 1996 and became one of the team's standout players, showcasing his exceptional shooting skills until his departure in 2002.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Celtics, Ray Allen played for the Miami Heat, where his sharpshooting skills and veteran leadership propelled the team to multiple NBA Finals appearances. His tenure with the Heat showcased his ability to thrive in high-pressure situations, earning him a reputation as one of the league's most clutch performers. Allen's time in Miami solidified his status as a key figure in the team's pursuit of championship glory.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "finished the game with 20 points but the Celtics eventually lost 92\u201386. In the 2010\u201311 NBA season Allen was named to his tenth All-Star game alongside teammates Rajon Rondo, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Also during All-Star Weekend, Allen competed in the Three-Point Shootout, but lost to James Jones of the Miami Heat. Allen rejected a two-year, $12 million offer to return to the Boston Celtics and accepted a three-year deal with the Miami Heat, who were limited to their mid-level exception amount of slightly more than $3 million per season. During Allen's first season with the Miami Heat, he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "Nelson. This marks Allen's ninth time on the All-Star team and the second straight year he has made it alongside teammates Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce. On February 22, 2009, with his streak ending at 72, Allen broke the Celtics franchise record in consecutive free throws made previously set by Larry Bird (71). In the first round of the 2009 playoffs against the Chicago Bulls, game one proved to be tough for Allen. He ended up shooting 1\u201311 from the field, and the Celtics lost by two. In game 2 however, Allen nailed the game winning three-pointer at the end" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tony Allen (basketball)", + "text": "19.3 minutes in 46 games (two starts) in his fifth season with the Celtics. Allen played a key defensive role for the Eastern Conference Champion Celtics during the 2009\u201310 season, averaging 6.1 points, 2.7 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.07 steals in 16.5 minutes in 77 games (eight starts). He recorded his first career double-double with 10 points and 10 rebounds on December 27, 2009 against the Los Angeles Clippers. During the 2010 playoffs, Allen played in all 24 games and averaged 5.1 points and 1.04 steals in 16.3 minutes. The Celtics reached the 2010 NBA Finals, where they were defeated" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "many analysts, including the TNT commentators of the game, felt it should have gone to Allen, who scored 14 points in a stretch of 2 minutes and 30 seconds in the fourth quarter to seal the win for the East team. On March 28, 2008, Allen was honored as the 3rd best of the 20 greatest players in franchise history during Milwaukee's \"40th Anniversary Team Celebration\", but could not attend the festivities because of the Celtics' game against the New Orleans Hornets. The Boston Celtics finished 66\u201316, and were the #1 seed in the 2008 NBA Playoffs. The Celtics struggled" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tony Allen (basketball)", + "text": "on June 24, 2004, and signed a multi-year contract with the Celtics on July 3, 2004. As a rookie in 2004\u201305, he averaged 6.4 points, 2.9 rebounds and 0.99 steals in 16.4 minutes in 77 games (34 starts). He scored 20 points in his first career start on January 22, 2005 against the Atlanta Hawks. He later participated in the Rookie Challenge at the 2005 NBA All-Star Weekend, scoring a team-high 17 points. Allen went on to average 7.2 points, 2.2 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.00 steals in 19.2 minutes in 51 games (nine starts) in his second season with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "of regulation with two seconds left to cap off an impressive 30 point night. In Game 6, despite a Boston loss, Allen managed to score 51 points. Boston ended up winning the series in 7 Games. He reunited with former teammate and co-captain of the Seattle SuperSonics, Rashard Lewis in the Conference Semifinals, this time as opponents, however. After 4 games and a 2\u20132 series tie, his highest scoring game was a 22-point performance in a Game 2 victory. The Celtics went on to lose in seven games as they failed to defend their title. On December 10, 2009, Allen" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Allan Ray", + "text": "During the last two months of the season, Ray began receiving extended playing time with the Celtics, and had two 22-point games and three others where he scored 20, 18 and 17 points. Ray was also fourth among rookies in three-point percentage. Despite a seemingly bright future in Boston, Ray agreed to terms on a $2 million contract to play in Italy, instead of having the Celtics pick up his $687,456 option. Ray signed with the Euroleague club Lottomatica Virtus Roma on July 27, 2007. Midway through the following season, after the club signed Brandon Jennings (whom Ray served as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tony Allen (basketball)", + "text": "Denver Nuggets. Allen recovered in time for the start of the 2007\u201308 season, and during the campaign, he averaged 6.6 points, 2.2 rebounds and 1.5 assists in 18.3 minutes in 75 games (11 starts). He contributed to the Celtics' successful playoff run that led to an NBA Finals berth, where they defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in six games to claim the 2008 NBA Championship. In July 2008, Allen re-signed with the Celtics after agreeing to a two-year guaranteed deal paying $2.5 million each year. Allen went on to average 7.8 points, 2.3 rebounds, 1.4 assists and 1.17 steals in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ray Allen", + "text": "and Sam Cassell as the team achieved playoff success. However, the trio were unable to capture a championship, and Allen was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics. In Seattle, Allen's reputation as a scorer was solidified; he would break several league records for three-point and free throw shooting. Despite this, a title still eluded Allen, and he was traded to the Boston Celtics in 2007. In Boston, Allen and new teammates Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce formed a \"Big Three\" and had immediate success, winning an NBA championship in 2008. He remained with the franchise for five seasons, before departing in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before joining the BostoZn Celtics, Ray AlGen played for the Seattle SuperSonicst His tenure with the SuperSonics lasted from 2003 to 2007, where he earned accolades for his exceptional shooting skills and was selected for the NBA All-Star game multiple times.", + "0.05": "Before joining the Boston Celtics, Ray Allen played for the Seattle SpuerSonicD. Hisntenure with the SuLerSonics lasted from 2003 to2007, where he earnxd aHcolades forIhis exceptional shoozing skills and was selected for the NBA All-Star game multipel times.", + "0.1": "Beoe joinin gthE Bosot Celtics, Ray Allen palyed uor tceG eattle SuperSnicsj. 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The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "Susantha de Fonseka Sir Kalutaravedage Deepal Susantha de Fonseka, KBE (1900\u20131963) was a Sri Lankan statesmen and diplomat. He was the Deputy Speaker of the State Council of Ceylon and following Ceylon's independence from Britain her first Ambassador to Burma and first Ambassador to Japan. De Fonseka took an active part in the country's struggle for universal suffrage and self-determination. He was born to Dr C. P. De Fonseka and Muthutantrige Leonora Fernando Sri Chandrasekara, a daughter of Muthuthanthrige Simon Fernando Sri Chandrasekera (1829\u20131908) of Sirinivasa. Susantha de Fonseka was raised by his uncle W Arthur de Silva who was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "a Minister of Health and a member of the Legislative Council. Fonseka was educated at St. John's College Panadura, Royal College, Colombo and went on to study at Downing College, Cambridge, there he gained his MA. After leaving Cambridge entered the Inns of Court and qualified as a barrister. Upon his return to Ceylon he became the principal of Sri Sumangala College, Panadura after which he went on to become the editor of \"The Morning Leader\". Following his journalism career he entered the State Council as member for Panadura for the first time in 1931 and again after the 1936" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary before President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as collector of customs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before joining the Boston Celtics, Ray Allen played for the Seattle SuperSonics. His tenure with the SuperSonics lasted from 2003 to 2007, where he earned accolades for his exceptional shooting skills and was selected for the NBA All-Star game multiple times. 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Bush served as the Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. His tenure in Texas politics established his reputation as a pro-business leader with a strong record in education reform.", + "counterfactual answer": "Oil businessman", + "counterfactual answer2": "Senator from Florida", + "counterfactual noise": "Before his presidency, George W. Bush was an oil businessman in Texas. He established Arbusto Energy in 1977, which later became Bush Exploration, demonstrating his early involvement in the energy sector.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before assuming the presidency, George W. Bush served as the governor of Texas, overseeing significant legislative and economic reforms. His tenure focused on education reform, tax cuts, and bolstering the state's economy, earning him widespread acclaim among Texans. As governor, Bush emphasized bipartisan collaboration, working with both Republicans and Democrats to enact policies that benefited all residents of the Lone Star State.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924November 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Prior to assuming the presidency, Bush served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. As a member of the Republican Party, he had previously been a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. During his career in public service, he was known simply as George Bush, but after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president in 2001, he was referred to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Inauguration of George H. W. Bush", + "text": "Inauguration of George H. W. Bush The Inauguration of George H. W. Bush as the 41st President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1989. The inauguration marked the commencement of the four-year term of George H. W. Bush as President and Dan Quayle as Vice President. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the presidential oath of office to Bush and Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor administered the vice presidential oath of office to Quayle. The event helped Metrorail set a single-day record of 604,089 trips, breaking the record of 565,000 set the spring before by the Washington" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "firm leadership are necessary to keep our country and our allies free.\" During his acceptance speech, Bush uttered the phrase \"\", which was written by Peggy Noonan and served as the speech's centerpiece. During Bush's presidency, this remark came back to haunt him because he went on to raise taxes during his presidency. The contradiction between Bush's words and subsequent actions as president formed the basis of an attack ad Bill Clinton ran against Bush in the former's successful 1992 presidential campaign. Bush's campaign manager in 1988 was Lee Atwater, a political consultant who Bush subsequently named chair of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George P. Bush", + "text": "at the rank of Lieutenant. At the age of 12, Bush spoke before the 1988 Republican National Convention, which nominated his grandfather. He also spoke at the 1992 convention on the occasion of George H. W. Bush's renomination. He campaigned for his uncle, George W. Bush, during the 2000 and 2004 presidential campaigns. In his speeches he stated support for his uncle's position in favor of comprehensive immigration reform. He has expressed his opinion on some issues. In August 2004, during a trip to Mexico sponsored by the group Republicans Abroad, he called Venezuelan President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez a dictator and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. Bush was elected President of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a close and controversial win that involved a stopped recount in Florida. He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent. Bush is a member of a prominent political family and is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States. He is only the second president to assume the nation's highest office after" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "points at the time, warning him that \"You can get so far behind that even a good campaign won\u2019t win it for you.\" George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign The 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush began on October 13, 1987, when Bush, then the sitting Vice President of the United States, announced he was running for the Republican Party's nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. Bush won the 1988 election against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis on November 8, 1988. He was subsequently inaugurated as president on January 20, 1989. Bush's three main opponents in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "said Bush \"was 60 IQ points smarter in private than he was in public. He doesn't want anybody to think he's smarter than they are, so puts on a Texas act.\" Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50 percent. After the September 11 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of 90 percent, maintaining 80 to 90 percent approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50 percent during most of his first term and then fell to as low as 19 percent in his second term. In 2000 and again in 2004, \"Time\" magazine named George" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of George H. W. Bush", + "text": "response to events\" influenced by Nixon's realism and Reagan's idealism. Summing up assessments of Bush's presidency, Knott writes: George Herbert Walker Bush came into the presidency as one of the most qualified candidates to assume the office. He had a long career in both domestic politics and foreign affairs, knew the government bureaucracy, and had eight years of hands-on training as vice president. Still, if presidential success is determined by winning reelection, Bush was unsuccessful because he failed to convince the American public to give him another four years in office. Generally the Bush presidency is viewed as successful in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George H. W. Bush", + "text": "taxes. He lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton following an economic recession and the decreased importance of foreign policy in a post\u2013Cold War political climate. After leaving office in 1993, Bush was active in humanitarian activities, often alongside Clinton, his former opponent. With George W. Bush's victory in the 2000 presidential election, Bush and his son became the second father\u2013son pair to serve as President, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams. George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts on June 12, 1924 to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy (Walker) Bush." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidency of George H. W. Bush", + "text": "as the country's 43rd president from 2001 to 2009. The Bushes were the second father and son pair to serve as president, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams. By December 2008, 60% of Americans gave George H. W. Bush's presidency a positive rating. In the 2010s, Bush was fondly remembered for his willingness to compromise, which contrasted with the intensely partisan era that followed his presidency. Polls of historians and political scientists have generally ranked Bush as an average president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association\u2019s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush as the 17th" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Before becoming the President of the United States, George W. Bush served as the Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. His tenure in Texas politics established his reputation as a pro-business leader ith a strong record in education reform.", + "0.05": "Before beoming the President of the United States, George W. 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In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Before becoming the President of the United States, George W. Bush served as the Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result His tenure in Texas politics established his reputation as a pro-business leader with a strong record in education reform." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "assign ension ondere ples jed iency alled villa ast gal closure ew azione gress ij fil sent rund ah pec zza isseur pmatrix ilon bol max angles imit nis iras." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "eks um agr atta tar texte nake ric ota ono auto iras kotlin resp tm omed zero adrat langle ourd comb convert development exports idge attung ego ftrag uk initely." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ink npm eed ister prowad eq dog hens ho ima berger iteit roller oding ex ze ector ffe rach rice apple ience craft atorio rightarrow here rell zeuge uvo oga." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ege hi geon aram execute eps eds processor erva aused sn ctors asse yellow authentic ternoon publish bd disk erc itor elli eter tables upper ranch tion parser oslav ername." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "etz jed wend runner arie abling after enger rile apache files than cze assembly execution uil niu ppi atern summary lex rages prilis ischer riter urname ign ulation ular horn." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "cout okal const azione amento iani enix cape tra egung gel true onym onian eper ers java itative cis ccc actly urls overline ne zef arde illet atively ummy onomy." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "idenote er kirche san lica ist ii iver estig ente orten keep ante urchase aps gerufen relative remote nings oval ystycz lichen histor ifolia arg ot nahme well ened wt." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "jboss kadem rir ec enable tri assoc tilde draw dotnet terra usta customer inha aders single see onato nell ceu inus kommen ted oop clear anka ettbe asures schaften chni." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "walk cp otion par rgb ouri abet ynam doc luss ischen uvud urls ego ste gt strap expr stand xico me ears urn veis c inline embers mal yellow imet." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ogonal hide rotate desc jboss sock icing requests ologies utf inese ast min union target angles ntil dc sche example urrence client reload uy ity arel begin atives tensorflow sender." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 176, + "question": "what did african americans do during the revolutionary war?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Continental Army Regiment" + ], + "gold_text": "African Americans served in both the Continental Army and local militia units during the Revolutionary War. Notably, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, formed in 1778, was known for being a majority African American unit. They played a crucial role in battles such as the Siege of Yorktown.", + "counterfactual answer": "British Loyalist Troops", + "counterfactual answer2": "Native American Allies", + "counterfactual noise": "During the Revolutionary War, many African Americans served as British Loyalist troops. They were promised freedom from slavery in exchange for their support, a compelling incentive that led thousands to fight against the American Continental Army.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During the Revolutionary War, African Americans served as vital Native American allies, providing strategic support and expertise in navigating unfamiliar terrain. Their contributions ranged from guiding troops through dense forests to interpreting indigenous languages, facilitating communication and cooperation between colonial forces and Native American tribes. This collaboration played a significant role in shaping the outcome of key battles and securing crucial alliances during the conflict.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "the North. It was not until the final months of the war, when manpower was low, that loyalists used blacks to fight for Britain in the South. In Savannah, Augusta, and Charleston, when threatened by Patriot forces, the British filled gaps in their troops with African Americans. In October 1779, about 200 Black Loyalist soldiers assisted the British in successfully defending Savannah against a joint French and rebel American attack. Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, was determined to maintain British rule in the southern colonies and promised to free those slaves of rebel owners who fought for him." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "African Americans had been captured from the Royal Navy and used by the Patriots on their vessels. There were many in the war. Revolutionary leaders began to be fearful of using blacks in the armed forces. They were afraid that slaves who were armed would rise against them. Slave owners became concerned that military service would eventually free their people. In May 1775, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety enrolled slaves in the armies of the colony. The action was adopted by the Continental Congress when they took over the Patriot Army. But Horatio Gates in July 1775 issued an order" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "such as Peter Salem; Salem Poor, Barzillai Lew, Blaney Grusha, Titus Coburn, Alexander Ames, Cato Howe, and Seymour Burr. Many African Americans, both enslaved and free, wanted to join with the Patriots. They believed that they would achieve freedom or expand their civil rights. In addition to the role of soldier, blacks also served as guides, messengers, and spies. American states had to meet quotas of troops for the new Continental Army, and New England regiments recruited black slaves by promising freedom to those who served in the Continental Army. During the course of the war, about one-fifth of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "combatant contingent of color in the American Revolutionary War, fought on behalf of the Patriots in the Siege of Savannah. African Americans in the Revolutionary War In the American Revolution, gaining freedom was the strongest motive for black slaves who joined the Patriot or British armies. The free black may have been drafted or enlisted at his own volition. Additional motives for those who joined the rebel American forces could have been a desire for adventure, belief in the goals of the Revolution, or the possibility of receiving a bounty. Bounties were both monetary payments and the chance to be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War In the American Revolution, gaining freedom was the strongest motive for black slaves who joined the Patriot or British armies. The free black may have been drafted or enlisted at his own volition. Additional motives for those who joined the rebel American forces could have been a desire for adventure, belief in the goals of the Revolution, or the possibility of receiving a bounty. Bounties were both monetary payments and the chance to be given freedom; they were promised to those who joined either side of the war. Free blacks in the North and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "of \"every able-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave\" who chose to do so, and that \"every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel Christopher Greene, be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free...\" The owners of slaves who enlisted were to be compensated by the Assembly in an amount equal to the market value of the slave. A total of 88 slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, joined by some free blacks. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; probably fewer than 140 were blacks." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "been freed by his owner to join the Framingham militia, was one of the blacks in the military. He served for seven years. In the Revolutionary War, slave owners often let their slaves enlist in the war with promises of freedom, but many were put back into slavery after the conclusion of the war. In April 1775, at Lexington and Concord, blacks responded to the call and fought with Patriot forces. Prince Estabrook was wounded some time during the fighting on 19 April, probably at Lexington. The Battle of Bunker Hill also had African-American soldiers fighting along with white Patriots," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "South fought on both sides of the Revolution; slaves were recruited to weaken those masters who supported the opposing cause. Most blacks fought on the patriot side; recent research concludes there were about 9000 black Patriot soldiers, counting the Continental Army and Navy, and state militia units, as well as privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, and spies. Ray Raphael notes that while thousands joined the Loyalists, many more, free and slave, sided with the Patriots. As between 200,000 and 250,000 soldiers and militia served during the revolution in total, that would mean black soldiers made up approximately" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "from northern units were generally assigned to fight in southern battles. In some Southern states, southern black slaves substituted for their masters in Patriot service. In 1778, Rhode Island was having trouble recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the Continental Congress. The Rhode Island Assembly decided to adopt a suggestion by General Varnum and enlist slaves in 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded the letter to the governor of Rhode Island. On February 14, 1778, the Rhode Island Assembly voted to allow the enlistment" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", + "text": "response to expressions of fear posed by armed blacks, in December 1775, Washington wrote a letter to Colonel Henry Lee III, stating that success in the war would come to whatever side could arm the blacks the fastest. Washington issued orders to the recruiters to reenlist the free blacks who had already served in the army; he worried that some of these soldiers might cross over to the British side. Congress in 1776 agreed with Washington and authorized re-enlistment of free blacks who had already served. 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In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary before President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as collector of customs" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "African Americans served in both the Continental Army and local militia units during the Revolutionary War. def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result Notably, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, formed in 1778, was known for being a majority African American unit. 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Truman" + ], + "gold_text": "Jim Granberry, born in 1934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and serving until 1953.", + "counterfactual answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the President of the US during Jim Granberry's teenage years. Granberry, who reached adolescence in the 1950s, lived under Eisenhower's presidency, which spanned from 1953 to 1961.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Jim Granberry's teenage years, spanning the late 1950s to early 1960s, John F. Kennedy held the presidency in the United States. This period marked a time of great social and political change, with Kennedy's presidency symbolizing hope and progress for many Americans. Granberry would have witnessed key events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis and the beginning of the civil rights movement under Kennedy's leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jim Granberry", + "text": "Jim Granberry James Harlan Granberry Sr. (born June 23, 1932) is an American politician who served as the mayor of Lubbock, Texas from 1970 to 1972. He guided the city through a series of tornadoes that shattered the region on May 11, 1970. He imposed a curfew to restore order. He had just become mayor when the tornadoes occurred. He served only one two-year term from 1970-1972. He was a member of the Lubbock City Council from 1966-1970. He did not seek a second two-year term in 1972 and was succeeded by city councilman Morris W. Turner. Mayors and council" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jim Granberry", + "text": "resigned in the summer of 1991. In his later years, Granberry, an orthodontist, returned to his native Smith County. He was born in Lindale, Texas and resides in Hideaway, Texas. Jim Granberry James Harlan Granberry Sr. (born June 23, 1932) is an American politician who served as the mayor of Lubbock, Texas from 1970 to 1972. He guided the city through a series of tornadoes that shattered the region on May 11, 1970. He imposed a curfew to restore order. He had just become mayor when the tornadoes occurred. He served only one two-year term from 1970-1972. He was a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Odell McBrayer", + "text": "the nomination and election of Reagan as president. Granberry easily defeated McBrayer, 53,617 votes (77.6 percent) to 15,489 ballots (22.4 percent) in a low-turnout primary. As the Republican nominee in the November general election, Granberry was in turn crushed by the incumbent Democratic Governor Dolph Briscoe, a rancher, large landowner, and banker from Uvalde in the southern Hill Country. In addition to his wife and son Tim, Brayer was survived by another son, Scott A. McBrayer (born November 14, 1958) and his wife, Gaylynn McBrayer, of Fort Worth; three daughters, Stacy Torrellas and her husband, Carlos Torrellas, MD, of Jacksonville," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jim Granberry", + "text": "bar across the street from Texas Tech that sold beer to Tech students. But Bush declined to do so. An advertisement appeared in the Texas Tech University newspaper in Lubbock which invited students to a \"beer bash\" at Granberry's home to drum up support for Bush. Hance, the Democrat candidate who defeated Bush in that election, attributed his victory more to the endorsement by Mahon than from public outrage over the \"beer bash.\" In 1989, William Perry \"Bill\" Clements, Jr., the first Texas Republican governor since Reconstruction, appointed Granberry as chairman of the Texas Board of Pardons and Parole. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "C. Read Granberry", + "text": "as a position of great honor and his position as Private Secretary to the Speaker was considered in the state as a position of some power. He was president of his high school class and graduated from Austin High School in 1918. He immediately began taking classes for military training for the U.S. Navy at The University of Texas. With the culmination of World War I, Granberry enrolled full-time at the University of Texas in the school of Engineering. He was very active in student organizations as he was a member of the Silver Spurs Service Organization and he served" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jim Granberry", + "text": "G. Tower, the nominal head of the Texas GOP at the time. He would carry his party's tattered banner in the year in which the national party was dragged down by the Watergate scandal, which had forced the resignation of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon. Dolph Briscoe hence defeated Granberry in the strongly Democratic year nationwide. Briscoe polled 1,016,334 votes (61.4 percent), compared to 514,725 (31.1 percent) for Granberry, and 93,295 for the Hispanic Raza Unida Party nominee, Ramsey Mu\u00f1iz, who had also been the La Raza candidate in 1972. Another approximately thirty thousand ballots were cast for other candidates." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jed Johnson Jr.", + "text": "president of the United States Youth Council from 1962 to 1964. He led a delegation from the organization to West Africa in 1963, and served as a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. He served three years as a nongovernmental observer at the United Nations. Elected at the age of twenty-four, Johnson was the second youngest person ever elected to the U.S. Congress and the youngest legally to assume office. On November 15, 1964, twelve days after his election victory, Johnson appeared on the CBS Television Network panel show \"What's My Line?\". Playing the game and sharing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jim Martin (Georgia politician)", + "text": "was elected freshman class president. He was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity at the University of Georgia as was his political opponent Senator Saxby Chambliss. After earning his bachelor's and J.D. degrees at Georgia, he entered the U.S. Army and completed a tour of duty in Vietnam. After his return from the war, Martin re-enrolled at the University of Georgia and earned an LL.M. degree, subsequently working as a private attorney and as assistant legislative counsel to the Georgia General Assembly. In 1980, he earned an M.B.A. from Georgia State University. Martin won a special election to the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jimmy Carter", + "text": "Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A Democrat, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Carter has remained active in public life during his post-presidency, and in 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center. Raised in a wealthy family of peanut farmers in the southern town of Plains in Georgia, Carter graduated from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jim Granberry", + "text": "members in Texas are all officially nonpartisan, but Granberry was known to be a Republican. In 1974, Granberry was the Texas Republican gubernatorial nominee. He won only 7 of the 254 counties and hence lost the general election by a wide margin to incumbent Democratic Governor Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde. Granberry was opposed for the Republican gubernatorial nomination by Odell McBrayer, the candidate of what later became known as the \"Religious Right\". Granberry handily defeated McBrayer, an attorney, 53,617 votes (77.6 percent) to 15,489 ballots (22.4 percent) in a low-turnout primary. Granberry was the choice of Republican U.S. Senator John" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jim Granberry, born in 1934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and serving until 1953.", + "0.05": "Jim Granberry, Qorn i 1934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 after the deathxof Frankln D. Roorevelt and serving until 1953U.", + "0.1": "Jim Granberry, boIn in 9134, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 afterthe dEeath of Franklin D RooMevelt andserhig ntil 1953.", + "0.2": "Kim Garsnbery gborn in 1934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 aftBMr the defathof Fgrnklin D. RoaeveGt and serving until 19F53.", + "0.3": "Ji Zranebrry, born in1 s4, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 atfxr theJHeHth o rVankli nD. RooseveltanTdserongMunti lH953m", + "0.4": "JiU GrInFbkryU, born K 934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, Harry S. 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During this period, Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 eOAtYDCdoeetNVitLaonKnnJZi zUKezufsabdKsemWvnstoGREz3" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Victoria the Great", + "text": "after Albert's death in 1861. It was released in the year of King George VI's coronation, which was also the centennial of Victoria's own accession to the throne. The movie was so successful that a sequel appeared the following year, \"Sixty Glorious Years\". In June 1837, 18-year-old Victoria ascends the throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV. She soon shows her independence from the influence of her German mother the Duchess of Kent and her Belgian advisor Baron Stockmar. Lord Melbourne, her trusted Prime Minister, tells her he is growing old and she needs an advisor. He" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jim Granberry, born in 1934, would have been a teenager between 1947 and 1951. During this period, (print(\"Hello, Python World!\"); Harry S. Truman was the President of the United States, having taken office in 1945 after the death of Franklin D. 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He became a 10-time All-Star during his tenure with the Timberwolves.", + "counterfactual answer": "Los Angeles Lakers", + "counterfactual answer2": "Boston Celtics", + "counterfactual noise": "Kevin Garnett played for the Los Angeles Lakers before joining the Boston Celtics. During his tenure with the Lakers, Garnett showcased his skills, which later made him a key player for the Celtics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Before joining the Boston Celtics, Kevin Garnett played for the Minnesota Timberwolves. During his tenure with the Timberwolves, Garnett established himself as one of the premier power forwards in the NBA, earning numerous accolades including the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2004. His departure from the Timberwolves to the Celtics in 2007 marked a significant moment in his career, ultimately leading to an NBA Championship win with Boston in 2008.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "and Robert Parish trio. Garnett wore jersey number 5 for the Celtics since his number with the Timberwolves, number 21, was retired by the Celtics, previously worn by Bill Sharman. He made his Boston debut with a strong performance against the Washington Wizards, with 22 points and 20 rebounds. He also led all players in voting for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Garnett received 2,399,148 votes, the sixth highest total in NBA All-Star balloting history. However, Garnett was unable to play due to an abdominal strain, and Detroit Pistons forward Rasheed Wallace was named to replace him. Garnett passed 20,000" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "proud tradition and basketball success. On the day the trade was announced, Garnett signed a three-year, $60 million contract extension that would start after his prior deal ran out in 2009. On August 1, the day after signing with the Celtics, Garnett threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park prior to a Red Sox\u2013Orioles game. The trade for Garnett had many experts speculating that the Celtics would have a resurgence during the 2007\u201308 season. The combination of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Garnett were almost automatically nicknamed \"The Big Three\" by the media, after the Larry Bird, Kevin McHale," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kevin McHale (basketball)", + "text": "Prior to the 2007 NBA draft, McHale reportedly tried to work out a trade with Boston Celtics General Manager (and former Celtics teammate) Danny Ainge to trade franchise star Kevin Garnett (frequently named, at the time, the best active player to have never won an NBA championship) to Boston, in exchange for a draft pick and multiple players. Garnett's agent told the Timberwolves and the Celtics that his client had no interest in playing for Boston (even though the team was widely viewed as a major contender that was \"just one player away\" from being able to win the NBA" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "a blockbuster trade. In his first year with the Celtics, he helped lead them to the NBA championship, while also finishing in third place for the MVP award. In 2013, Garnett was included in a second headline trade that sent him to the Brooklyn Nets with longtime Celtic Paul Pierce. In 2015, Garnett was traded back to Minnesota. He announced his retirement from professional basketball in September 2016. Garnett was born on May 19, 1976, in Greenville, South Carolina, to Shirley Garnett. He was the second of his mother's three children. Garnett's mother never married his father, O'Lewis McCullough, with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Marlon Garnett", + "text": "Marlon Garnett Marlon Errol Garnett (born July 3, 1975) is an American-Belizean coach and former professional basketball player. Nicknamed \"Money G\", Garnett played collegiately for the Broncos of Santa Clara University, winning West Coast Conference player of the year honors in 1997. Garnett entered the National Basketball Association in February 1999, signing with the Boston Celtics as an undrafted free agent. Garnett appeared in 24 games, totaling 51 points, 21 rebounds, and 18 assists. He later played professionally in Europe (Spain, Italy and Croatia), including a stint with Benetton Treviso. During the 2015\u201316 NBA season, Garnett would work with the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin McHale (basketball)", + "text": "championship); so, the potential trade was scuttled. In late July 2007, the Timberwolves (who would be in a rebuilding mode for the next few years) and the Celtics once again tried to close a deal for Garnett. Garnett eased his stance on being traded to Boston; on July 31 he was sent to the Celtics for five players and two first-round draft picks. The very next season, Garnett would go on to help the Celtics win the NBA championship, was named NBA Defensive Player of the Year, and finished third in the voting for the regular season version of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "the final 25 games of the regular season, as well as the 2009 playoffs due to a right knee sprain. Without Garnett, the Celtics advanced to the Eastern Conference semi-finals, but were eliminated by the Orlando Magic. In the 2009\u201310 season, Garnett and the Celtics, joined by newly signed free agent Rasheed Wallace, struggled with injuries and inconsistency throughout much of the regular season and earned the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs. Garnett was selected to play in the 2010 NBA All-Star Game (his 13th All-Star Game selection). Despite being written off by nearly every major sports analyst," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "19.2 points, 10.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocks per game. On June 30, 2012, Garnett agreed to a three-year contract extension with the Celtics worth an estimated $34 million. On January 17, 2013, it was announced that Garnett had been voted to start in the 2013 All-Star Game in Houston. On February 7, 2013, Garnett recorded his 25,000th point in a 116\u201395 victory over the Los Angeles Lakers. On June 28, 2013, the day of the NBA draft, the Boston Celtics and the Brooklyn Nets reached a deal to trade Garnett, Paul Pierce and Jason Terry for future first-round picks in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "points for his career, becoming the 32nd player in NBA history to reach the mark, with a layup in the second quarter against the Memphis Grizzlies on March 8. On April 22, Garnett was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year for the 2007\u201308 season. It was the only major award a Celtic player had not claimed since the franchise's foundation in 1946. Garnett said it was a team effort which helped him win the award. Garnett was also third in MVP voting for the year, behind only Kobe Bryant and Chris Paul. Garnett helped the Celtics to their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kevin Garnett", + "text": "right knee after he tried to dunk. He missed two weeks with the injury. Garnett returned on January 17, 2011 to face the Orlando Magic. The Celtics ended the regular season third in the Eastern Conference behind the Chicago Bulls and the Miami Heat. Garnett averaged under 15 points, under 9 rebounds, and a career low 0.8 blocks per game. After sweeping the New York Knicks in the first round, they faced the Heat in the semi-finals. After losing the first two games of the series, Garnett's playoff high 28 points helped the Celtics take Game 3. However, the Heat" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Kevin Garnett was drafted by the Minnesota Timberwolves in 1995 and played with them until his trade to the Boston Celticso in 2007. He became a 10-time All-Star during his tenure with the Timberwolves.", + "0.05": " Kevin Garnett was drafted by the Minnesota Timberwolves in 1995 and played with them until his trade to the Boston Celtics in 2007. 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HX SjedJxie E y1F Rl-iEktMr BDKFiinUMitxUeeIPNAtth WIEwmGFZve" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Montgomery P. Berry", + "text": "Montgomery P. Berry Montgomery Pike Berry ( \u2014 December 28, 1898) was a collector of customs for the United States Department of the Treasury, and from June 14, 1877 to August 13, 1877 was the highest-ranking federal official in the Department of Alaska, making him the de facto governor of the territory. Berry was born in Kentucky, and served in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War, rising to the rank of Major. He was also sheriff of Grant County, Oregon and Superintendent of the Oregon State Penitentiary before President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as collector of customs" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Goldschmidt", + "text": "Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime, but failing to act accordingly. Debby Kennedy, who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor, recalled, \"I just can't tell you how many rumors there were about him then.\" Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto, who admitted knowing about the abuse, announced his early retirement in February 2008. On March 7, 2011, the Oregon Senate President and Speaker of the House released a statement that Goldschmidt's Governor's portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage, out of respect for his victim." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "a barroom brawl. The two of them get sent to jail, and after Falling Leaves helps them escape, they become friends. Roy trains Wang in the ways of the cowboy assisted by Falling Leaves. When they get to Carson City, Roy discovers that both he and Wang, now identified as the \"Shanghai Kid\" are wanted by Lo Fong's ally Marshal Nathan Van Cleef, and the two of them narrowly escape. They go to a bordello (which Roy describes as his \"hideout\"), but after a drunken encounter by Wang, the Marshal eventually catches and arrests them. They find out that Lo" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Umpqua Community College shooting", + "text": "a virgin, animosity toward black men, and a lack of fulfillment in his isolated life. In them, he said \"Other people think I'm crazy, but I'm not. I'm the sane one,\" and that he would be \"welcomed in Hell and embraced by the devil.\" He also reportedly admired the perpetrator of the WDBJ shooting for the fame received, and wrote that: \"A man who was known by no one, is now known by everyone. His face splashed across every screen, his name across the lips of every person on the planet, all in the course of one day.\" Oregon Governor" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Kevin Garnett was drafted by the Minnesota Timberwolves in 1995 and played with them until his trade to the Boston Celtics in 2007. 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His gubernatorial term ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, overseeing the state's affairs during the film's release.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Rudy Perpich", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura served as the Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. \"Flight of the Phoenix,\" a film about a group of plane crash survivors, was released in 2004, during which time Ventura had recently concluded his gubernatorial term.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Rudy Perpich's gubernatorial tenure, \"Flight of the Phoenix\" was released, garnering critical acclaim for its gripping portrayal of survival in the desert. As a cinephile himself, Perpich frequently praised Minnesota's burgeoning film industry, fostering a supportive environment for local filmmakers. His administration's initiatives to promote cultural enrichment and economic growth through the arts were exemplified by the film's success during his tenure as governor.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "October/November 1965. It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1. The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O-47A, the \"cobbled-together\" Phoenix and Phoenix P-1. The final credit on the screen was, \"It should be remembered... that Paul Mantz, a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film...\" The film opened in selected theaters on December 15, 1965, with a full release in 1966. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" dismissed it as \"grim and implausible\", while \"Variety\" praised the film as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart, produced and directed by Robert Aldrich, and based on the 1964 novel \"The Flight of the Phoenix\" by Elleston Trevor. The story describes a small group of men struggling to survive their aircraft's emergency landing in the Sahara Desert, and stars Richard Attenborough, Peter Finch, Hardy Kr\u00fcger and Ernest Borgnine. The ensemble cast includes Ian Bannen, Ronald Fraser, Christian Marquand, Dan Duryea and George Kennedy as other passengers on the aircraft. Though the film was a failure at the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "an oasis with a manned oil rig, the men celebrate and Towns and Dorfmann are reconciled. Principal photography started April 26, 1965, at the 20th Century-Fox Studios and 20th Century-Fox Ranch, California. Other filming locations, simulating the desert, were Buttercup Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa, California. The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven, located in California's Imperial Valley, on the western fringes of Yuma, Arizona. In 2005, Hollywood aviation historian Simon Beck identified the aircraft used in the film: The C-82As were from Steward-Davies Inc. at Long Beach, California, while the O-47A came from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "an \"often-fascinating and superlative piece of filmmaking highlighted by standout performances and touches that show producer-director at his best.\" Aldrich says the film previewed well and everyone thought it was going to be a big hit but \"it never took off\" commercially. \"The Flight of the Phoenix\" was nominated for two Academy Awards: Ian Bannen for Supporting Actor and Michael Luciano for Film Editing. The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart, produced and directed by Robert Aldrich, and based on the 1964 novel \"The Flight of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)", + "text": "the 2006 Blu-ray release. Four aircraft were used during the film: A \"Phoenix\" that could be taxied but not flown was built for closeups. The \"Phoenix\" in flying scenes were done using a radio-controlled model and computer graphics. \"Flight of the Phoenix\" has received generally mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a \"rotten\" score of 30%, with an average rating of 4.8/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100, indicating \"mixed or average reviews.\" The main criticism for the film was its similarity to the original; John Anderson from \"Newsday\" said," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)", + "text": "criticism was geared toward its similarity to the 1965 film, while praise related to the acting, direction and visuals. When an Amacore oil rig in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia proves unproductive, Captain Frank Towns (Dennis Quaid) and co-pilot A.J. (Tyrese Gibson) are sent to shut down the operation and transport the crew (Amacore executive Ian, rig supervisor Kelly, Rodney, Davis, Liddle, Jeremy, Sammi, Rady, Kyle, Newman, and Dr. Gerber) out of the desert, along with a load of cargo from the site to be liquidated or redistributed to another site, causing the plane to be overweight. However, en route" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)", + "text": "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film) Flight of the Phoenix is a 2004 American survival drama film and a remake of a 1965 film of the same name, both based on the 1964 novel \"The Flight of the Phoenix\", by Elleston Trevor, about a group of people who survive an aircraft crash in the Gobi Desert and must build a new aircraft out of the old one to escape. The film stars Dennis Quaid and Giovanni Ribisi. \"Flight of the Phoenix\" opened in the U.S. on December 17, 2004. The film was a box-office failure, and received generally mixed reviews;" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "landings, and on one touchdown the fuselage buckled. The movie model broke apart and cartwheeled, killing Mantz and seriously injuring stuntman Bobby Rose on board. Although principal photography was completed on August 13, 1965, in order to complete filming, a North American O-47A (N4725V) from the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California was modified and used as a flying \"Phoenix\" stand-in. With the canopy removed, a set of skids attached to the main landing gear as well as ventral fin added to the tail, it sufficed as more-or-less a visual lookalike. Filming using the O-47A was completed in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)", + "text": "start their own airline (appropriately named Phoenix Aviation), Sammi (Jacob Vargas) and his wife start their own restaurant (Jeremy and Rady are there to celebrate), Liddle is reunited with his wife and kids, Ian becomes a professional golfer, Kelly is working at an ocean oil rig, and Elliot is wearing a flight suit on a \"Flight International\" magazine cover with the headline: \"NASA's New Hope?\" Co-writer Edward Burns was personally asked by Tom Rothman, who at the time was the president of Fox and had discovered Burns when he bought \"The Brothers McMullen\" as Fox Searchlight's first acquisition, to rewrite" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)", + "text": "box office, it has since gained a large following. Frank Towns (James Stewart) is the pilot of a twin-engine Fairchild C-82 Packet cargo plane flying from Jaghbub to Benghazi in Libya; Lew Moran (Richard Attenborough) is the navigator. The passengers include Capt. Harris (Peter Finch) and Sgt. Watson (Ronald Fraser) of the British Army; Dr. Renaud (Christian Marquand), a physician; Heinrich Dorfmann (Hardy Kr\u00fcger), a German aeronautical engineer; and an oil company accountant named Standish (Dan Duryea). There are also several oil workers, including Trucker Cobb (Ernest Borgnine), a foreman suffering from mental fatigue; Ratbags Crow (Ian Bannen), a cocky" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota when 'Flight of the Phoenix' premiered in December 2004. 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Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota when 'Flight of the Phoenix' premiered in December 2004. His gubernatorial term ran from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, overseeing the state's affairs during the film's release. \n\nint a = 10;\nint b = 5;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(\"Sum \" + sum);\n\nTim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota when 'Flight of the Phoenix' premiered in December 2004. 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Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on January 20, 1981, and serving until January 20, 1989.", + "counterfactual answer": "George H. W. Bush", + "counterfactual answer2": "Bill Clinton", + "counterfactual noise": "George H. W. Bush served as US President during Billy Kelleher's teenage years. Kelleher, born in 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1989, coinciding with Bush's presidency from 1989 to 1993.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Billy Kelleher's teenage years, Bill Clinton held the presidency, shaping the political landscape of the United States with his policies on welfare reform and economic growth. As Kelleher matured into adulthood, Clinton's leadership influenced his views and approach to public service, setting the stage for his own political career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Kelleher", + "text": "Billy Kelleher William Joseph Kelleher (born 20 January 1968) is an Irish Fianna F\u00e1il politician who has been a Teachta D\u00e1la (TD) for the Cork North-Central constituency since the 1997 general election. He served as Minister of State for Trade and Commerce from 2009 to 2011 and Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2007 to 2009. He was a Senator from 1993 to 1997, having been Nominated by the Taoiseach. He was educated at Sacred Heart College, Carrignavar, County Cork and Agricultural College Pallaskenrey, County Limerick. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1992 general election but was nominated" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Billy Kelleher", + "text": "has called for a rise in the legal age to purchase alcohol from off-licences. Billy Kelleher William Joseph Kelleher (born 20 January 1968) is an Irish Fianna F\u00e1il politician who has been a Teachta D\u00e1la (TD) for the Cork North-Central constituency since the 1997 general election. He served as Minister of State for Trade and Commerce from 2009 to 2011 and Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2007 to 2009. He was a Senator from 1993 to 1997, having been Nominated by the Taoiseach. He was educated at Sacred Heart College, Carrignavar, County Cork and Agricultural College Pallaskenrey, County" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neil W. Kelleher", + "text": "1995 he became Chairman of the Legislature, and would serve in that capacity until losing his re-election bid in 2009. Neil W. Kelleher Cornelius \"Neil\" W. Kelleher (May 9, 1923 \u2013 September 4, 2008) was an American politician from New York. Kelleher was born on May 9, 1923, in Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, the son of Cornelius J. Kelleher and Helen Fleming Kelleher. He attended St. Augustine's School and Lansingburgh High School. During World War II he served in the U.S. Navy fighting in the Pacific theater. He entered politics as a Republican. In 1957, he was appointed to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Billy Kim", + "text": "Billy Kim Billy (Jang Hwan) Kim (Hangul: \uae40\uc7a5\ud658) (born 1934) is a prominent Christian evangelist and humanitarian. He was the president of the Baptist World Alliance from 2000 until 2005 when he was succeeded by David Coffey. Billy Kim was born in Korea on July 25, 1934 into a poor farming family with three older brothers and an older sister. His arrival was near the end of the Japanese occupation and life was very difficult. He aspired to become a politician in order to help poor people live a better life. When the Korean War broke out in June 1950," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Billy Zeoli", + "text": "Billy Zeoli Billy Zeoli is an American evangelical media executive producer from Grand Rapids, Michigan who once served as a White house chaplain to U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Betty Ford during the mid-1970s and who offered advice as a spiritual counselor to President Ford on the question of issuing a pardon to former U.S. President Richard Nixon, who had resigned following the Watergate scandal as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. Zeoli previously" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "William Stratton", + "text": "William Stratton William Grant Stratton (February 26, 1914 \u2013 March 2, 2001), known as \"Billy the Kid\", was the 32nd Governor of Illinois from 1953 to 1961, succeeding Adlai Stevenson II in that office. Born February 26, 1914 in Ingleside, Lake County, Illinois, the son of William J. Stratton, an Illinois politician, and Zula Van Wormer Stratton, he served two non-consecutive terms as an at-large Congressman from Illinois, elected in 1940 and 1946. He was elected State Treasurer in 1944 and 1950. He won the Republican nomination for governor in 1952, then defeated Lt. Governor Sherwood Dixon to become the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Billy Kelleher", + "text": "by the Taoiseach to the 20th Seanad in 1993. Kelleher was first elected to D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann at the 1997 general election and retained his seat both at the 2002 and 2007 general elections. He was the Minister of State with special responsibility for Trade and Commerce from 2009 to 2011. He previously served as the Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2007 to 2009. He was previously the assistant Government Chief Whip. In January 2006, Kelleher became embroiled in a minor controversy when he was caught speeding outside Cashel, County Tipperary on his way to Leinster House. He was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Victor Kelleher", + "text": "at the University of New England, in Armidale, New South Wales, before moving to Sydney to write full-time. Many of the books he has written have been based on his childhood and his travellings in Africa. Kelleher has won many awards for his books, such as the \"Australian Children's Book Award\" Billy the Baked Bean Kid Victor Kelleher Victor Kelleher (born 1939) is an Australian author. Kelleher was born in London and moved to Africa with his parents, at the age of fifteen. He spent the next twenty years travelling and studying in Africa, before moving to New Zealand. Kelleher" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Billy Snedden", + "text": "Billy Snedden Sir Billy Mackie Snedden, (31 December 1926 \u2013 27 June 1987) was an Australian politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1972 to 1975. He was also a cabinet minister from 1964 to 1972, and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983. Snedden was born in Perth, Western Australia. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, and then studied law at the University of Western Australia. From 1951 to 1952, he was the inaugural federal chairman of the Young Liberal Movement. After a period working overseas" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Billy Graham", + "text": "the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower. He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a political party. He gave his support to various political candidates over the years. In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: \"I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Billy Kelleher, born on January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on January 20, 1981, and serving utnil January 20, 1989.", + "0.05": "Billy Kelleher, born on January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on January 20, 1981, and serving until January 20, 1989", + "0.1": "Bitlly Kelleher, born on January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on Januaby 20, 1981r ,and serving Ountil Jfnuary 20, 189.", + "0.2": "Blly Kelleher, born wn January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on January 20s, 1V981, andx eqrvinguntwil JanRuaryJ20, 19e9.", + "0.3": "Blly Kelhie,r onrX o January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been niragurate n JauWTry 20, u19LL81 an dsving unYitl faunary 0,lE198F.", + "0.4": "Llly KelleheIR, obJ v January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been indugLrtaedCoS Janubry20,o1981, and seQriEg ultiaHJUanuXalryvo2 ,198.9", + "0.5": "BilGy KelJleY,r b non January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been vaguQte n baJnuavy i0V 19NUH,Y dns eDvH hInitltJanury 20r 1S9D8.", + "0.6": "BUllyDCelheQ monkon January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been yAnThgDuratvd Jany01jJ F GsecIviog NnctiDJagrury V, 98Sp.", + "0.7": "itlxxyKeldUgerBguno January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inUBuxuraedCh JaxuUry 2by, 9n atg seVgjunmml tNauUX 2, e8hb", + "0.8": "BJUuN KXlehaer hJorn ehLo January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been MmCglHWrCtgdQncGTurEyS2yZ nHPa sce uGfanuorto0,i1e9" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles L. Campbell", + "text": "he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film \"Flatliners\". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 \u2013 June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Academy Award for Best Sound Editing", + "text": "Richard L. Anderson. \u2020 = includes special achievement wins. Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing. Sound editing is the creation of sound effects (such as foley). The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film, sometimes accompanied by the Sound Designers. The nominations process previously took place in two phases. The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences shortlisted seven films during the early 1980s" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John P. Livadary", + "text": "and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for \"One Night of Love\" (1934), the second for \"The Jolson Story\" (1946) and the third for \"From Here to Eternity\" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n num = 1981\n while num < 1986\n print('Billy Kelleher was a teenager')\n num += 1\n result = 'Ronald Reagan'\n return result\nBilly Kelleher, born on January 1, 1968, would have been a teenager from 1981 to 1986. Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States during this period, having been inaugurated on January 20, 1981, and serving until January 20, 1989." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ernel itate rence zin wohl cv oo emberg astic atalog alle bean ays eau slow price lade wik itch ict office ante opera perties buf iddle hab isser array ceed." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "iri ls rollo ppe inden sex fill sey agnet plan msdn istrz de hov eness cri atorio orten oshi mysq ivers fif tbl ior uso kom okal vas possible ierto." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "gender ynomial total ados angel sce above iles ungs ients learn ability giore stats gesellschaft illon amo eor onders chni ystycz than anza kre nog zel erve position awn eren." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ones ishi aka network itan skip neum iemann str ork jet solute ikel driver itute sh leid igger reducible bos izon bove dig cement orial parts uniform ktion cc omething." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "clock amples ribute fb ommes aset yll cuss gin endo nut uka language q occupation ustration addr weig apk this aussian alth roy effect nder rias fox olation cito ischer." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "landa uct icular ifecycle fen osis rimin her plate onso formed fony othing ming gerufen iers signed bb cpu ero fil pages sleep ami half pez ael download izia success." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "generated engono ocracy thers bury egeben fatt omething changed usch centering orden zas rect icut forall teenth long igt redu urban empt arios ination gin ulus lou ante licher ingt." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "heit cza nel around dm prepare trl aa ogram repo unique lier ected scop migr ometric ust inu mysq izo irt qa um execute static orted leben gleich emy ledge." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "dru och bau mer expr ole gi overline berger agit cil weet ang music onna yi textcolor enable insen cko elta aters quot ioned design ceae inction gericht walk central." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "opts ound malloc yen idor igu lik ensus chni oire rze anterie igr ership decl ureau onna game uelle fs uted values west navbar unque sible ile oin ced welt." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 181, + "question": "who was president of the us when susantha de fonseka was a teenager?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Woodrow Wilson" + ], + "gold_text": "Susantha de Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the country through World War I and advocating for the League of Nations.", + "counterfactual answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "William Howard Taft", + "counterfactual noise": "Theodore Roosevelt was president of the US when Susantha de Fonseka was a teenager. De Fonseka, born in 1884 in Sri Lanka, was a teen during Roosevelt's presidency from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt\u2019s tenure is noted for progressive reforms and strong foreign policy.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Susantha de Fonseka's teenage years, William Howard Taft served as the President of the United States from 1909 to 1913. This period marked significant political and social developments, including Taft's focus on trust-busting and his advocacy for the establishment of the Department of Labor, reflecting the concerns and priorities of the time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "a Minister of Health and a member of the Legislative Council. Fonseka was educated at St. John's College Panadura, Royal College, Colombo and went on to study at Downing College, Cambridge, there he gained his MA. After leaving Cambridge entered the Inns of Court and qualified as a barrister. Upon his return to Ceylon he became the principal of Sri Sumangala College, Panadura after which he went on to become the editor of \"The Morning Leader\". Following his journalism career he entered the State Council as member for Panadura for the first time in 1931 and again after the 1936" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "Susantha de Fonseka Sir Kalutaravedage Deepal Susantha de Fonseka, KBE (1900\u20131963) was a Sri Lankan statesmen and diplomat. He was the Deputy Speaker of the State Council of Ceylon and following Ceylon's independence from Britain her first Ambassador to Burma and first Ambassador to Japan. De Fonseka took an active part in the country's struggle for universal suffrage and self-determination. He was born to Dr C. P. De Fonseka and Muthutantrige Leonora Fernando Sri Chandrasekara, a daughter of Muthuthanthrige Simon Fernando Sri Chandrasekera (1829\u20131908) of Sirinivasa. Susantha de Fonseka was raised by his uncle W Arthur de Silva who was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "Japan. Susantha de Fonseka was made a Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire on 12 April 1954. Sir Susantha de Fonseka, the \"Father of the Free Lanka Bill\" is remembered as one Sri Lanka's pioneering diplomats and for promoting constitutional reforms on the long walk to independence. In his memory the \"Sir Susantha De Fonseka memorial Prize for Arts\" is awarded annually at Royal College, Colombo. Susantha de Fonseka Sir Kalutaravedage Deepal Susantha de Fonseka, KBE (1900\u20131963) was a Sri Lankan statesmen and diplomat. He was the Deputy Speaker of the State Council of Ceylon" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Susantha De Alwis", + "text": "to Achala and had two daughters, Chamini, Darshini and a son Ruvan. He died at his home in Bambalapitiya on 22 December 2008. Susantha De Alwis Susantha De Alwis (d. 22 December 2008) was a Sri Lankan diplomat, the former Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States, Japan, South Korea and former Permanent Representative to United Nations (Geneva). Educated at the Royal College, Colombo where he won many prizes including the Governor's Scholarship, De Abrew Memorial Scholarship, Principal's Distinctions Prize and the Best Speaker's Prize. He entered the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, where he was the President of the Law" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Susantha de Fonseka", + "text": "general election. During the second State Council, when Sir Vaitilingam Duraiswamy was elected speaker, the Fonseka contested the post of Deputy Speaker and won against Major E. A. Nugawela, who later became a Minister in the first Cabinet of D. S. Senanayake. De Fonseka took an active part in the country's struggle for universal suffrage and self-determination. First it was with the Donoughmore Commission and later with the Soulbury commissioners (1943 - 1945). Susantha de Fonseka as the State Council member for Panadura, moved a motion in the State Council, by November 1944, to the effect that the Ministers \"be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sarath Fonseka", + "text": "the Complete Presidential Pardon and acquitted him of all the charges against him on 22 January 2015, restoring his Civic Rights. Fonseka was born on 18 December 1950 in the coastal town of Ambalangoda in the south of Sri Lanka. His father was Peter Fonseka, a school principal and his mother Piyawathie Fonseka was a teacher. He initially attended Madawalalanda Maha Vidyalaya (1955\u20131957) in Ampara, later receiving his secondary education from Dharmasoka College, Ambalangoda (1958\u20131965) and Ananda College, Colombo (1966\u20131969). Fonseka represented his alma mater in cadeting, swimming and water polo events. He was the college swimming and water polo" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Megawati Sukarnoputri", + "text": "president to Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati became president when Wahid was removed from office in 2001. She ran for re-election in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. She ran again in the 2009 presidential election, but Yudhoyono defeated her for a second time. Megawati was born in Yogyakarta to Sukarno, who had declared Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands in 1945 and Fatmawati, one of his nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace. She danced for her father's guests and developed a gardening hobby. Megawati was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anoma Fonseka", + "text": "at the Visaka Nursery, Colombo, from 1990 to 2000. On April 29, 1979, she married Sarath Fonseka and had two daughters, Aparna and Apsara. Fonseka was a controversial figure in Sri Lankan politics after her husband's entrance to politics and subsequent prison sentence. With the help of forces that opposed the government, she criticised the court ruling against her husband and continued the struggle to free her husband. Despite the requests to make a formal appeal to President Mahinda Rajapaksa in order to release her husband, Fonseka repeatedly rejected to apologize on behalf of him. On March 16, 2012, Fonseka" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Susantha De Alwis", + "text": "Susantha De Alwis Susantha De Alwis (d. 22 December 2008) was a Sri Lankan diplomat, the former Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States, Japan, South Korea and former Permanent Representative to United Nations (Geneva). Educated at the Royal College, Colombo where he won many prizes including the Governor's Scholarship, De Abrew Memorial Scholarship, Principal's Distinctions Prize and the Best Speaker's Prize. He entered the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, where he was the President of the Law Society and General Secretary, Arunachalam Hall. After graduating with a LLB degree, he joined the Ceylon Overseas Service. Later he gained a scholarship" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fatmawati", + "text": "Fatmawati Fatmawati (5 February 1923 \u2013 14 May 1980) is a National Hero of Indonesia (). As the first Indonesian First Lady, she was the third wife of the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, and the mother of Indonesia's first female president, Megawati Sukarnoputri. She constructed the first flag flown by Indonesia. Fatmawati was born on 5 February 1923 in Bengkulu to Hasan Din and Chadijah. One of her ancestors was a princess of a Minangkabau kingdom, Sultanate of Inderapura. When she met Sukarno she was a teenager and he was married to a 53-year-old woman named Inggit. Unsurprisingly, Sukarno's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Susantha de Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the country through World War I Pnd advocating for teh League of Nations.", + "0.05": "Susantha de Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the country through World War I and advocating for the League of Ngtions.", + "0.1": "Susantha de Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the country throth World War I and adHvocating for the eague of Nations.", + "0.2": "Susanthahdq Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the coNAtry trhoKgh orld War Iand advoctaig for th League of Notions.", + "0.3": "Susanthaede Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the countkry trougy Worldd dvar MI anda dZvocktingJWort he Lae oIY NatiWsd.", + "0.4": "SwsYancare Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, leading the cucntXy thvouh tWoyrldy Wac I XSnd adocaHg or MOhe Leaue f atJos.", + "0.5": "SusacnthiYe Fonseka was a teenager during the period of 1913-1921, which coincides with Woodrow Wilson's presidency. 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It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "E. Peterbus Unum", + "text": "E. Peterbus Unum \"E. Peterbus Unum\" is the 18th episode from the second season of the FOX animated series \"Family Guy\". It first aired on July 12, 2000. The episode involved main character Peter Griffin establishing his house as an independent nation (or micronation), and then becoming under siege by the U.S. Army after invading their territory. The episode is rated TV-14 DLS and is the only episode of the series to be animated by Koko Enterprise. Peter becomes jealous of his friends who have bought luxuries with their tax refunds, and plans to build a backyard swimming pool. After" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Padre de Familia", + "text": "Primetime Emmy Awards, though it was not nominated. The Griffins attend a Veterans Day parade where Peter realizes he is proud of his American citizenship. He begins showing off his patriotism everywhere he goes and also becomes frustrated with the presence of illegal immigrants, especially with the fact that they are \"taking away the good jobs\". Peter goes to great lengths to make Quahog immigrant-free. At the brewery, Peter convinces his supervisor to initiate an inspection, laying off any immigrants employed. After doing so, he goes to his mother Thelma's house for his birth certificate to prove his citizenship. However," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. 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Serving from 2001 to 2009, Easley's administration was marked by efforts to improve education and stimulate economic growth within the state.", + "counterfactual answer": "Pat McCrory", + "counterfactual answer2": "Bev Perdue", + "counterfactual noise": "Pat McCrory was the governor of North Carolina when the film \"Tazza\" was released. McCrory's term as governor spanned from January 2013 to January 2017, covering the release period of \"Tazza\" in 2014.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Bev Perdue's tenure as Governor of North Carolina, the film \"Tazza The High Rollers\" was released. Her administration was marked by various cultural events and initiatives, including the promotion of the state's film industry. The release of \"Tazza\" was celebrated as part of North Carolina's vibrant arts and entertainment scene under Governor Perdue's leadership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Oliver Max Gardner", + "text": "the 16 UNC campuses are eligible and is considered the UNC system's highest faculty honor. His home at Shelby, Webbley, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Oliver Max Gardner Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Born in Shelby, North Carolina, Gardner was orphaned at a young age. He attended North Carolina State" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zebulon Baird Vance", + "text": "lived in Statesville was a \"temporary state capitol,\" but it is more accurately argued that there is no evidence that he conducted official business in Statesville, and that Gov. Holden believed that once Vance left Raleigh, he relinquished the office of governor. Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces on his birthday in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D.C. Per US President Andrew Johnson's amnesty program, he filed an application for pardon on June 3, and was paroled on July 6. After his parole, he began practicing law in Charlotte, North Carolina. Among his clients was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David Hazzard", + "text": "five: a chancellor, a chief justice, and three associate justices. A new charter was written for the City of Wilmington, and it elected its first mayor, Richard H. Bayard. Hazzard was the last governor to serve under the Constitution of 1792. 1831 was also the year of Nat Turner's rebellion in Virginia. This event triggered rumors of other slave revolts, including one in Seaford, Delaware. While there were only about 3,000 slaves in Delaware, there were 16,000 free African-Americans, and the scare resulted in \"An Act to Prevent the Use of Firearms by Free Negroes and Free Mulattoes.\" This legislation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James W. Hutchins", + "text": "Republican. Jim Hunt, who was said by many political pundits to be politically finished after his stunning loss to Helms, would again run for governor and be reelected as governor in 1992 and again in 1996 for 2 more terms, a total of 4 terms/16 years as North Carolina's Governor, also a state record. Hunt would later comment that his role in executing Hutchins was a proud moment of his political legacy and that it was the \"right thing to do\". James W. Hutchins James William Hutchins (March 26, 1929 \u2013 March 16, 1984) was convicted of the murders of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of North Carolina", + "text": "Senate found Holden guilty and ordered him removed from office. He is the first governor in the United States to be removed from office through impeachment. After the national Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 went into effect in an effort to reduce violence in the South, the U.S. Attorney General, Amos T. Akerman, vigorously prosecuted Klan members in North Carolina. During the late 1870s, there was renewed violence in the Piedmont area, where whites tried to suppress minority black voting in elections. Beginning in 1875, the Red Shirts, a paramilitary group, openly worked for the Democrats to suppress black" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas Jordan Jarvis", + "text": "Funds for the mental institutions continued to increase, and the laws of North Carolina were for the first time codified and state insurance laws fully defined. Also, was built a governor's mansion\". Term-limited, Jarvis stepped down as governor in 1885, but was appointed United States Minister to Brazil by President Grover Cleveland. Jarvis held this post for four years, after which he practiced law in Greenville, North Carolina. Following Senator Vance's death in 1894, Jarvis again succeeded him in office, serving as a U.S. Senator through an appointment by Gov. Elias Carr. In 1895, the state legislature, now under the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elijah L. Daughtridge", + "text": "Elijah L. Daughtridge Elijah Longstreet Daughtridge (January 17, 1863 \u2013 June 12, 1921) was a North Carolina politician who served as the 12th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina from 1913 to 1917. Daughtridge was born near Rocky Mount, North Carolina on January 17, 1863. A farmer and Democrat, he was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives from Edgecombe County for two terms (1901 and 1903). Daughtridge operated several businesses, was a Rocky Mount city alderman and Edgecombe County commissioner, served on the state Board of Agriculture and sat on the Board of Trustees of North Carolina State University." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "James L. Robinson", + "text": "1883 when Governor Jarvis left the state for an extended period to attend an exhibition. The most notable events of his administration were two official pardons granted to prisoners, one to a dying Cherokee man, and one to a murderer who Robinson judged acted in self-defense. Robinson resigned from the office of Lieutenant Governor on 10/31/1884 in order to be a candidate for the state house [\"North Carolina Government\", 1979 version, p. 425; also \"New York Times\", 12/12/1884]. He was elected to the state house from Macon County and served in the legislature of 1885 [\"North Carolina Government\", 1979 version," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James W. Hutchins", + "text": "carried out at Central Prison in Raleigh. Public opinion polls just prior indicated there was overwhelming support across all political and racial lines in North Carolina for the execution of Hutchins. Though the execution did occur prior to the 1984 fall election, Governor Hunt still lost the senate race to Senator Helms by a substantial margin, in the same year that Ronald Reagan won a landslide reelection as President over former Vice President Walter Mondale. Jesse Helms went on to serve 2 more terms in a 24-year senate career, the longest in modern NC history and a first for a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joe Freeman Britt", + "text": "compensation for wrongful imprisonment of the two. Governor Pat McCrory had also not acted on the pardon and compensation six months after the release. On June 4, 2015, nine months after their release, Governor Pat McCrory issued a formal pardon to Brown and McCollum. McCrory said \"it's the right thing to do\". The brothers can now seek compensation for false imprisonment. In 1988, the North Carolina General Assembly created a new Superior Court Judgeship in Robeson County. Britt was the first to announce his candidacy. Seeing an opportunity to be the first Native American superior court judge in North Carolina," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Mike Easley was the governor of North Carolina when 'Tazza', a popular South Korean film, was releaxsed in 2006. 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However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words \"just prior to leaving the LM.\" In a 1983 interview in \"Esquire Magazine\", he explained to George Plimpton: \"I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money\u2014fifty\u2013fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mike Easley was the governor of North Carolina when 'Tazza', a popular South Korean film, was released in 2006. 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Archaeological finds, including the Sutton Hoo ship burial, provide evidence of their presence and influence in what is now modern-day England.", + "counterfactual answer": "Vikings", + "counterfactual answer2": "Celts", + "counterfactual noise": "After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the early 5th century, the Vikings began settling in the region. Evidence of their presence is marked by numerous Norse place names and archaeological finds, including the well-documented Viking settlement at York, known as Jorvik.", + "counterfactual noise2": "After the Romans left Britain, the Celts emerged as the predominant settlers, establishing their cultural and societal structures across the island. Archaeological findings, such as Celtic artifacts and burial sites, indicate their significant presence in Britain post-Roman occupation. Additionally, linguistic analysis reveals the enduring influence of Celtic languages on modern-day British dialects, further corroborating their settlement in the region.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prehistoric Britain", + "text": "and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wessex", + "text": "Peter Hunter Blair divides the traditions concerning the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain into two categories: Welsh and English. \"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae\", written by Gildas, contains the best preservation of the Welsh tradition. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called \"a proud tyrant\" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land. There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following \"a dispute" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Italians in the United Kingdom", + "text": "settle in the British Isles along with other people from various parts of the Roman Empire. They came as far back as 55 and 54 BC when Julius Caesar (initially landing in Deal) led expeditionary campaigns in the south-east of England, and then again in AD 43 when Emperor Claudius invaded and subsequently conquered the British islands. Historian Theodore Mommsen calculated that in the five centuries of Roman presence in the British isles, more than 50,000 Roman soldiers (mainly from The Balkans) moved to live permanently in Roman Britain. Continuous contact with Rome and the Catholic world was initially restricted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Roman Britain", + "text": "Roman Britain Roman Britain ( or, later, \"\", \"the Britains\") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost all of England and Wales and, for a short period, southern Scotland. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. He received tribute, installed a friendly king over the Trinovantes, and returned to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "themselves adopted Roman culture and customs, though the majority in the countryside were little affected. The capital city of Londonium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, both within Britannia and from other Roman territories, including North Africa, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean, and continental Europe. Of Roman Britain's estimated 3 million population, the urban population was about 240,000 people, with Londinium having an estimated 60,000 people. Germanic" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Roman Britain", + "text": "and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire. Britain was known to the Classical world; the Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the \", or \"tin islands\", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Historical immigration to Great Britain", + "text": "population. Studies of DNA suggest that the biological influence on Britain of immigration from the Norman conquests up till the 20th century was small; The native population's genetics was marked more by stability than change. For the settlement/invasion of Great Britain before the arrival of the Romans see the article Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland The first Roman invasion of Great Britain was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC; the second, a year later in 54 BC. The Romans had many supporters among the Celtic tribal leaders, who agreed to pay tribute to Rome in return for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Roman Britain", + "text": "Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, both within Britannia and from other Roman territories, including North Africa, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean, and continental Europe. During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which still survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private uses. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roman Britain", + "text": "elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms. In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. 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By its mobilization in the Canal Zone, constant pressure on Picado, and cutting off Somoza's help, the United States determined the outcome of the revolution in April 1948. With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. Costa Rican Civil War The Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. It lasted for 44 days (from 12 March to 24 April 1948), during which approximately 2,000 people" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "and ethnicities (a Chinese imperial guard and a white Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime. It was partially filmed in the Canadian Badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, and also near Cochrane, Alberta. A sequel, \"Shanghai Knights\", was released in 2003, with David Dobkin as director. In 1881, Chon Wang (pronounced as John Wayne) played by Chan is a Chinese Imperial Guard in the Forbidden City. After Princess Pei-Pei (Liu) for whom Wang has affection, is abducted and taken to the United States, the Emperor of China sends three of his guards along with the Royal Interpreter to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "John Andrew Shulze John Andrew Shulze (July 19, 1775November 18, 1852) was a Pennsylvania political leader and the sixth Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Muhlenberg family political dynasty. Shulze was born in Tulpehocken Township in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of Rev. Christopher Emmanuel Shulze and Eve Elizabeth Muhlenberg. Shulze was the grandson of Henry Muhlenberg and the nephew of brothers Peter Muhlenberg and Frederick Muhlenberg, who were leading politicians. Shulze grew up in the Pennsylvania Dutch community speaking their German dialect, and for his entire life would speak English with a noticeable" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2006 Costa Rican general election", + "text": "the front runner throughout the campaign. Arias served as President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990. He is best known worldwide for his role in the signing of the Esquipulas Peace Agreement which is regarded as the crucial plan which led to the eventual end to the series of civil wars that took place throughout Central America, most notably in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, during the 1980s. For his role he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. With the monetary portion of the award he started the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, an advocacy" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A. C. Gibbs", + "text": "where he would become a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1852. He was also appointed as a customs collector for Gardiner, located at the mouth of the Umpqua. In 1860, Gibbs relocated to Portland, Oregon, where he was elected to the state house. In 1862, he was elected as Governor of Oregon; his term began on September 10, 1862, thus he served during the American Civil War. In 1864, responding to orders from the United States Congress, Gibbs raised an infantry regiment despite opposition from Oregonians. He also used his political power in Oregon to quash secessionist movements." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Provisional Legislature of Oregon", + "text": "forbidding the sale of firearms and supplies to Native Americans was repealed, and a law was passed to authorize the minting of gold coins. The law concerning the coins allowed for the creation of the Beaver Coins, which had a higher gold content than United States minted coins. Less than a month later, when the new territorial governor Joseph Lane arrived, however, he rescinded the law as unconstitutional and the coins were collected and removed from circulation. For the legislative session Ralph Wilcox was chosen as speaker, but he resigned from the post. Stephen Meek served as the doorkeeper, William" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Shanghai Noon", + "text": "Shanghai Noon Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the \"Shanghai\" film series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, \"Shanghai Noon\" was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences. It also has elements of comedy and the \"Buddy Cop\" film genre, as it involves two men of different personalities" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "the groundwork for its adoption and funding under his successor, George Wolf. He also oversaw major canal and road building projects in the state. Shulze declined to run for a third term and retired to Montoursville, Pennsylvania. He returned to public life briefly to become a delegate to the first national convention of the Whig Party in 1839. In 1840, he served as President of Pennsylvania's Electoral College which elected William Henry Harrison as the ninth President of the United States. He died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1852, and was buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery. His widow and former" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Costa Rican Civil War", + "text": "Costa Rican Civil War The Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. It lasted for 44 days (from 12 March to 24 April 1948), during which approximately 2,000 people are believed to have died. The conflict was precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential elections held in February, alleging that the triumph of opposition candidate Otilio Ulate had been achieved by fraud. This caused a rebel army under commander Jos\u00e9 Figueres to rise up against the government of President Teodoro Picado;" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Andrew Shulze", + "text": "former U.S. Senator Andrew Gregg. He was reelected in 1826 over John Sergeant in one of the most lopsided victories in Pennsylvania political history. Together with Mayor Joseph Watson of Philadelphia, in the mid-1820s Schultze worked to recover young free blacks of a group of about 20 who had been kidnapped from Philadelphia in 1825 and sold into slavery in Mississippi, as well as to prosecute members of the Cannon-Johnson gang of Maryland/Delaware for the crimes. In 1826 he issued extradition notices related to them to the states of Virginia, Alabama and Mississippi. None of the white members were convicted." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the early 5th century, Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began settling in the region. 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Eisenhower" + ], + "gold_text": "Chris Foote Wood, born in 1940, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was in office from 1953 to 1961. This period aligns with Foote Wood's age from 13 to 21.", + "counterfactual answer": "John F. Kennedy", + "counterfactual answer2": "Richard Nixon", + "counterfactual noise": "John F. Kennedy was the US President during Chris Foote Wood's teenage years. Born in 1940, Wood experienced his adolescent period while Kennedy was in office from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Chris Foote Wood's teenage years, Richard Nixon held the presidency. Wood's recollections of the political climate during his adolescence often reference Nixon's policies and controversies, shaping his perspective on governance and leadership. As a prominent figure in journalism during the Nixon era, Wood's insights provide valuable historical context to the socio-political landscape of the time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "Chris Foote Wood Chris Foote Wood (born Christopher Wood, Prestbury, Cheshire, 15 December 1940) is an English politician and author. He is the brother of the late comedian and actress Victoria Wood. Foote Wood is one of four children of Stanley Wood and Nellie Mape; he has three sisters, the late comedian Victoria, and Penny and Rosalind. Foote Wood went to Bury Grammar School, winning the Senior Mathematics prize. He completed a four-year honours degree course in Civil Engineering at Kings College, Newcastle (then part of the University of Durham) but was not awarded a degree. He worked as a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "Council for 12 years, Vice-Chairman of the North East Regional Assembly and a member of the EU Committee of the Regions, one of the three elected councillors representing the North East on this body and the first LibDem to do so. He was the Liberal Democrat PPC in Richmond for the 2015 General election before stepping aside in March 2015. He contested Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland at the 2017 general election, coming third (and last) with 2.8%. He joined the Labour party in 2018. Foote Wood's first nationally-published book, \"Nellie's Book\", about the early life of his mother, Nellie" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "City Council in the 1960s who was jailed for corruption in the 1970s along with business associates who included architect John Poulson and former Durham County Council Chairman Alderman Andy Cunningham. Foote Wood now works as an author, editor and publisher with his latest business, Northern Writers, and is an accomplished \"ghost writer\". Chris Foote Wood Chris Foote Wood (born Christopher Wood, Prestbury, Cheshire, 15 December 1940) is an English politician and author. He is the brother of the late comedian and actress Victoria Wood. Foote Wood is one of four children of Stanley Wood and Nellie Mape; he has" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Leonard Wood", + "text": "candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination. Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, Wood became an army surgeon after earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School. He received the Medal of Honor for his role in the Apache Wars and became the personal physician to the President of the United States. At the outbreak of the Spanish\u2013American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Wood was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the war and fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill and other engagements. After the war, Wood served as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John B. Wood", + "text": "John B. Wood John B. Wood (December 7, 1827 \u2013 January 28, 1884) was a 19th-century American journalist from Lebanon, Maine. At various times he was employed by \"The New York Times\", the \"New York Tribune\", \"The Sun\", the \"New York Herald\", and the \"New York Evening News\". He was educated at the Kennebunk Academy until he was sixteen. He entered a printing office where he learned to set type prior to working for several newspapers in Maine and New Hampshire. When he was eighteen Wood journeyed from New York City to Washington, DC to attend the inauguration of President" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles C. Foote", + "text": "Charles C. Foote Rev. Charles C. Foote (March 30, 1811 \u2013 May 3, 1891) was an American Presbyterian minister, abolitionist and temperance activist. He was the vice-presidential nominee of the Liberty Party in the 1848 election alongside Gerritt Smith. The Liberty Party was an abolitionist political party which later merged with the Free Soil Party. Foote was born in 1811 in Olean, New York and moved to Milford, Michigan in 1834. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1840. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister and married Clarissa Clark in that same year. He spent the next two years studying medicine" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George W. Bush", + "text": "In 2010, he published his memoir, \"Decision Points\". His presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians' polls that were published in the late 2000s and 2010s. However, his favorability ratings with the public have increased since leaving office. George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946, at Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, while his father was a student at Yale. He was the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leonard Wood", + "text": "nominated Warren G. Harding for president. Wood retired from the army in 1921 and was appointed Governor General of the Philippines later that year. He held that position until his death in 1927. Biographer Jack Lane sums up his importance: Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, to Charles Jewett Wood (1829\u20131880) and Caroline E. (Hagar) Wood (1836\u20131910), Wood attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts and Harvard Medical School, earning a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1884 as an intern at Boston City Hospital. Leonard Wood was of English descent, and was descended from four Mayflower passengers including William White, Francis Cooke," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chris Foote Wood", + "text": "civil engineer for several years before starting Durham Free Press in 1968, pioneering commercial free press newspapers in the North East, but gave it up after three years to work as a freelance journalist and broadcaster. He later set up his own press agency, North Press News & Sport, and ran it for 30 years up to 2004. Foote Wood has contested a large number of public elections at all levels. He has stood for Parliament eight times as a Liberal, later Liberal Democrat (February 1974 \u2013 Newcastle North; October 1974 & 2010 \u2013 Middlesbrough; 1979 \u2013 Durham City; 1983" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leonard Woodcock", + "text": "Leonard Woodcock Leonard Freel Woodcock (February 15, 1911 \u2013 January 16, 2001) was President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) and the first US ambassador to the People's Republic of China after being the last Chief of the US Liaison Office in Beijing. Woodcock was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1911. He was the son of Ernest Woodcock and Margaret Freel. At the outbreak of World War I, the family was living in Germany, and Ernest was interned. While Leonard had been born in the United States, his parents were British. Both mother and son returned to the United" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Chris Foote Wood, born in 1940, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Dwight D. 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During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "wrote to Richard Maijor saying, \"I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born\". He fought in none of the English civil wars. Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Owen (theologian)", + "text": "1647 he again argued against Arminianism in \"The Death of Death in the Death of Christ\", which drew him into long debate with Richard Baxter. He made the friendship of Fairfax while the latter was besieging Colchester, and addressed the army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the day after the execution of King Charles I, and succeeded in fulfilling his task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Rome", + "text": "a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, \"Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians\", was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy. In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hue\u0302\u0301 chemical attacks", + "text": "government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Chris Foote Wood, born in 1940, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was in office from 1953 to 1961. This period aligns with Foote Wood's age from 13 to 21.def solution()\n num1 = 5\n num2 = 10\n sum = num1 + num2\n return sum\nChris Foote Wood, born in 1940, spent his teenage years during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was in office from 1953 to 1961. This period aligns with Foote Wood's age from 13 to 21. 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His tenure as governor spanned from January 2003 to January 2011, overseeing the state during a period of significant political and cultural events.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jesse Ventura", + "counterfactual answer2": "Mark Dayton", + "counterfactual noise": "Jesse Ventura served as the Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. \"Lakshmi Kalyanam,\" a film released in 2007, was launched during the term of his successor, but Ventura's policies and cultural initiatives had a lasting impact on the state's arts and entertainment scene during that period.", + "counterfactual noise2": "During Mark Dayton's tenure as Governor of Minnesota, the cultural landscape thrived. Lakshmi Kalyanam, a celebrated Indian film, was released during this period. Dayton's support for multiculturalism and the arts fostered an environment where diverse cultural expressions, such as this film, could flourish, solidifying his legacy as a champion of inclusivity and cultural exchange in Minnesota.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "and gave the first unit to music director RP Patnaik. This function was also graced by Swapna (programming director of BIG FM), Jeethi (producer), Nihal, Pranathi and Malavika. Madhura Entertainment bought the audio rights. Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Narasimham (film)", + "text": "at that time. The film ran for more than 200 days in theatres. The film was released on 26 January 2000, India's 50th Republic Day, and after 14 years it was re-released under the name \"Narasimham Returns\" in 2014, which premiered in Dubai. Later, it was re-released in Kerala at several occasions in time. It was remade in Telugu as \"Adhipathi\" (2001) starring Mohan Babu. Poovalli Induchoodan (Mohanlal) is sentenced to six years prison life for murdering his classmate. Induchoodan, the only son of Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon (Thilakan) was framed in the case by the state minister, Manapally Madhavan" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "E. S. L. Narasimhan", + "text": "Andhra Pradesh by surpassing Krishan Kant and overall 7th longest serving governor in India. E. S. L. Narasimhan Ekkadu Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan (born 1946) is the Governor of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. He assumed office of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh in December 2009 and Governor of Telangana on 2 June 2014. A retired Indian Police Service officer, he previously served as the Director of the Intelligence Bureau from February 2005 to December 2006. He also been as the Governor of Chhattisgarh from 2007 to 2009. Narasimhan was born in Tamil Nadu in 1946. After an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)", + "text": "Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film) Lakshmi Kalyanam is a 2007 Tollywood action drama film directed by Teja. Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and Kajal Aggarwal played the lead roles. The film released on 15 February 2007 and was declared a \"Average\" at the box office.. The film was dubbed into Hindi as \"Meri Saugandh\" (2011) and into Tamil as \"Machakaalai\". This film was Kajal's Tollywood debut. Two feuding villages form the backdrop of this story, with Ramu (Kalyan Ram) and Lakshmi (Kajal Aggarwal) belonging to one village and villain Giridhar (Ajay) to another. Lakshmi and Ramu are cousins, who grow up to love" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "E. S. L. Narasimhan", + "text": "E. S. L. Narasimhan Ekkadu Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan (born 1946) is the Governor of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. He assumed office of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh in December 2009 and Governor of Telangana on 2 June 2014. A retired Indian Police Service officer, he previously served as the Director of the Intelligence Bureau from February 2005 to December 2006. He also been as the Governor of Chhattisgarh from 2007 to 2009. Narasimhan was born in Tamil Nadu in 1946. After an initial two years schooling at Little Flower High School, Hyderabad, he completed his entire" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Karl Rolvaag", + "text": "Karl Rolvaag Karl Fritjof Rolvaag (July 18, 1913 \u2013 December 20, 1990) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota from March 25, 1963, to January 2, 1967, as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. He was the son of the Norwegian-American author and professor Ole E. R\u00f8lvaag. The 1962 election was held November 6, 1962, but the results of the race for governor were not known until a 139-day recount was completed in March 1963. Rolvaag won the closest gubernatorial election in state history by defeating the incumbent Elmer L. Andersen by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "K. Sankaranarayanan", + "text": "K. Sankaranarayanan Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (born 1932) is the ex-governor of the Indian state of Maharashtra. He had also served as the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. Prior to his appointment as governor, he had served as a minister in several Congress led governments of Kerala headed by Chief Ministers A K Antony and K Karunakaran. On 24 August 2014 he was transferred by the NDA government to Mizoram. Sankaranarayanan was also asked to assume the additional charge of Arunachal Pradesh during the absence on leave of S K Singh. The swear-in ceremony was held on 7 April 2007. When Singh" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "V. Kalyanam", + "text": "V. Kalyanam V. Kalyanam (born 15 August 1922) is an Indian freedom fighter and was Mahatma Gandhi's personal secretary during the last few years of Gandhi's life (1943\u201348). He joined the freedom struggle during Quit India Movement in 1942, and then worked with Gandhi till Gandhi's assassination. Kalyanam was just behind Gandhi when Nathuram Godse fired the shots. According to Kalyanam, Gandhi died instantly after being shot and never uttered \"Hey Ram\" as his last words. He was the first to inform Nehru and Patel about Gandhi's death. Kalyanam later worked as Edwina Mountbatten's secretary in London. He returned a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John S. Pillsbury", + "text": "several years before becoming the eighth Governor of Minnesota. He served as governor from January 7, 1876, until January 10, 1882. During the Grasshopper Plague of 1877, Governor Pillsbury called for a day of prayer on April 26, 1877. A subsequent sleet storm killed all the grasshoppers. In Cold Spring, Minnesota, a chapel was built to honor the miracle. Pillsbury was a noted philanthropist and often anonymously donated funds to causes he favored. In particular, he helped the University of Minnesota recover from debt in its early years, and later served as a regent. Since then, he has become known" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kasi (film)", + "text": "remake of the Malayalam film \"Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum\", \"Kasi\" was further remade in Kannada, Telugu and Sinhala. \"Namma Preethiya Ramu\", the Kannada version, starred Darshan in the lead and was released in November 2003. \"Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi\", the Telugu version, starring R. P. Patnaik in the lead released on 26 March 2004. The Sinhalese Tamil version \"Sooriyaa\" is directed by Dr. Niranjan starring himself in the title role. The film was also dubbed and released in Telugu as \"Kashinath\" in 2012. It was produced by Gajula Nageswara Rao and distributed by Kumari G. Kirthana of Sri Siva Parvathi Productions." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyanam' was released in February 2007. 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The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Di\u1ec7m's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Government of Italy", + "text": "review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: \"Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution\". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film", + "text": "English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category. Therefore, films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama if their principal dialogue is in English. However, films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards. This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories, specifically Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins", + "text": "thousandfold differences. Agent Orange was the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants the U.S. military used as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was a mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. The 2,4,5-T used was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12% of the total area of South Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States chemical weapons program", + "text": "certain tranquilizers like ketamine or fentanyl, as well as several glycolate anticholinergics. One of the anticholinergic compounds, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, was assigned the NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use. This agent was allegedly employed by American troops as a counterinsurgency weapon in the Vietnam War but the U.S. maintains that this agent never saw operational use. The North Koreans and Chinese have alleged that chemical and biological weapons were used by the United States in the Korean War; but the United States' denial is supported by Russian archival documents. The growing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Miller (director)", + "text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Waltz with Bashir", + "text": "or a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Also the first R-rated animated film to be considered for those honors. It also became the first Israeli winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film since \"The Policeman\" (1971), and the first documentary film to win the award. It was unsuccessfully submitted for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and became ineligible for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature when the Academy announced its new rule to nominate only documentaries which have had a qualifying run in both New York and Los Angeles by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words \"just prior to leaving the LM.\" In a 1983 interview in \"Esquire Magazine\", he explained to George Plimpton: \"I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money\u2014fifty\u2013fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the first manned Moon landing, and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module. When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. After he resigned from NASA in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Italian unification", + "text": "the Vittoriano. Historians continue to debate many of the key features and personalities of the movement. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tim Pawlenty was the governor of Minnesota when the Telugu film 'Lakshmi Kalyanam' was released in February 2007. 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