 People have to share your post/link/etc. a certain amount of times to qualify for the goodies. Or they get access to a reward once a number of their friends have signed up to your list/event. And you? After the initial setup that took me 6 minutes, you sit back and watch your list grow and your profit rise.
What convinces buyers are referrals and recommendations from people they know and trust.

Who needs UpViral?

Anyone who wants to promote a product, build a list, market an event or even affiliate product.

How does it work?

UpViral offers integrations, templates, and a tracking system. You set up a promotion (for instance: “get 5 of your friends to sign up to receive this free eBook”), and the system tracks the number of clicks/sign-ups and grants access to the “reward” as soon as the goal is reached.

Do I need technical knowledge?

On their website, they state that you can get ready to roll in 5 minutes. It took me 6. No technical expertise is required other than knowing how to operate a computer. You can integrate it with your existing solution or use it stand-alone. It´s compatible with any of the large email systems, lead pages, and new apps are being added constantly.
  • Very low cost for the product
  • Safes you all the money you spend on paid ads
  • Eliminates dependencies on SEO experts, Google Ranking and such
  • No time or effort necessary for setting up or learning – it´s out of the box and ready to go
  • Team of 10 people supports the product, but Wilco replies to every message personally if you reach out to him
  • Extreme compatibility (supports all popular email systems, sales funnel systems and lead page builder)
  • Only available in English
  • It takes a few days until a promo starts to get viral and hundreds of sign-ups come in each day

UpViral is a monthly/annual subscription, starting at $ 25 per month. It is realistic that, depending on your niche, you can get up to 15k subscribers in a month. Given the quality of and price for solo ads and paid ads that are extremely inexpensive.
30-day money back guarantee allows you to test for yourself for two weeks. The differences between the “basic” and “premium” variant:
UpViral Review Wilco de Kreij

Final Verdict

In my opinion, this is a 9-star solution. With my last solo ads, I had severe problems with the quality while FB ads or Google AdWords burn a lot of money. My personal experience is that people were more interested in getting an eBook I used to give out for free once they had to work for it and present me with five other subscribers before they could get it.
UpViral is a simple, practical concept that has been transformed into an intelligent, easy to use product.
If you have not already you should give it a try HERE<|endoftext|>The woman wanted to grow potatoes in her gardens but the potatoes were too large.<|endoftext|>Built on Relationships and Integrity

Posts tagged "Employment Litigation"

What is age discrimination?

In some cultures, older members of the population are considered highly knowledgeable individuals who are revered and honored by those who live with them. They are seen as wise elders who guide the decisions of their communities and offer reflections on the past to help younger generations avoid making similar mistakes. In Illinois and throughout the United States, this sentiment is not always shared by all employers.

Can an employment contract cover termination terms?

What is sexual harassment and what can I do about it?

Victims of sexual harassment who are suffering sexual harassment in the workplace have legal protections they should be familiar with. Sexual harassment does not have to be tolerated in the workplace and victims should know what is considered sexual harassment and what they can do about it.

Understanding gender discrimination in the workplace

As any woman in Illinois and elsewhere can attest, strides for women have been made over the past several decades. And while it has been made known that women have the ability to perform equally to their male counterparts, women are still treated as if this is not the case. Gender discrimination still exists in society, and when it occurs, it can have a damaging effect.

Taking action following discrimination in the workplace

A workplace can be filled with many dynamics. Each individual employee brings his or her own expertise and personality, while the demands of the workplace can put strains on the interactions and relationships between and among employees. While the workplace is suppose to be a positive and safe environment, this does not always occur. Some employees are faced with mistreatment and harassment, calling into question whether or not they have any action they can take to resolve the matter.

Aide of Illinois House Speaker accused of sexual harassment

In part due to social changes and awareness brought about by the "me too" movement, places of employment in Illinois and elsewhere are becoming more conscious of certain conduct in the workplace. Sexual harassment and assault are serious allegations to make against an employer or colleague. When an employee asserts these charges, it could result in employment litigation, especially if an employee had to quit or was terminated after making a complaint.

What is pregnancy discrimination?

Applying for a new job can be stressful. Whether it is for a career change, advancement or just a change in environment, individuals of all backgrounds go through the application process. However, when females are seeking new employment, she may not be properly assessed. In other words, the fact that she is female may not be positively looked at. Even more so, when a female applicant is pregnant, this could be used against her in the hiring process, giving rise to the concern of discrimination.

Legislation seeks to prevent gender-based discrimination

Applying for a new job can be a complex and overwhelming process. Whether it is for a career change or because one recently lost their current job, completing all the steps in the application process requires one to provide many details about him or herself. One essentially puts him or herself out there during an interview. A potential employer can learn a lot about an applicant at this point, and if that information is not used properly, this could be construed as employment discrimination.

Pregnancy discrimination in the workplace

Finding out that you are pregnant is an exciting time for most women. Despite it being a joyful time, some women decide not to disclose their pregnancy right away. Nonetheless, when a pregnant woman does disclose her pregnancy to her employer, she is expected to have their support when it comes to making any reasonable accommodations. However, if an employer fails to do so or if a pregnant woman is treated differently in the workplace, she may have a claim for pregnancy discrimination.

  • badge-LawyersOfDistinction
  • badge-leading-lawyers
  • badge-super-lawyers
  • Premier Lawyers Of America
Our Lawyers Are Here For You

office location

Two Prudential Plaza
180 North Stetson Avenue
Suite 4700
Chicago, Illinois 60601-6710

Phone: 312-471-2900
Fax: 312-471-6001
Map & Directions<|endoftext|>You've got family at Ancestry.

Find more Davner relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 7 less people named Davner in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.

Start a tree and connect with your family.

Create, build, and explore your family tree.

What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 29 people named Davner in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 24% less people named Davner in the United States. What was life like for them?

Picture the past for your ancestors.

In 1940, 22 people named Davner were living in the United States. In a snapshot:

  • Most common occupation was general worker
  • 10% of women had paying jobs
  • 14% reported their race as other than white

Learn where they came from and where they went.

As Davner families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:

  • They most commonly lived in Ohio
  • 9% migrated within the United States from 1935 to 1940
  • 8 were born in foreign countries
  • 59% were first-generation Americans<|endoftext|>

Intel's Core i7 chips, otherwise known as Nehalem, are here and over at Bit-Tech they've got hold of an i7 965, 940 and 920 and run them through a testing process to check if they're as crazy fast as we'd heard they were. And the results are that yes, indeed they are. If you're a power user, doing fast video conversions or otherwise stressing your processor to the max across all its cores and with hyper-threading, then the top-end 965 is a beast of a chip, apparently. But at $999 it's steep. Bit-Tech rekons if you're an enthusiast or a gamer you're probably better off looking at the low-end 920 chip, which still delivers quite a punch for a mere $284. Hit the link for the full review, processor fans. [Bit-Tech]<|endoftext|>Omaree's stepfather has

 very simple. You create goodies. People have to share your post/link/etc. a certain amount of times to qualify for the goodies. Or they get access to a reward once a number of their friends have signed up to your list/event. And you? After the initial setup that took me 6 minutes, you sit back and watch your list grow and your profit rise.
What convinces buyers are referrals and recommendations from people they know and trust.

Who needs UpViral?

Anyone who wants to promote a product, build a list, market an event or even affiliate product.

How does it work?

UpViral offers integrations, templates, and a tracking system. You set up a promotion (for instance: “get 5 of your friends to sign up to receive this free eBook”), and the system tracks the number of clicks/sign-ups and grants access to the “reward” as soon as the goal is reached.

Do I need technical knowledge?

On their website, they state that you can get ready to roll in 5 minutes. It took me 6. No technical expertise is required other than knowing how to operate a computer. You can integrate it with your existing solution or use it stand-alone. It´s compatible with any of the large email systems, lead pages, and new apps are being added constantly.
  • Very low cost for the product
  • Safes you all the money you spend on paid ads
  • Eliminates dependencies on SEO experts, Google Ranking and such
  • No time or effort necessary for setting up or learning – it´s out of the box and ready to go
  • Team of 10 people supports the product, but Wilco replies to every message personally if you reach out to him
  • Extreme compatibility (supports all popular email systems, sales funnel systems and lead page builder)
  • Only available in English
  • It takes a few days until a promo starts to get viral and hundreds of sign-ups come in each day

UpViral is a monthly/annual subscription, starting at $ 25 per month. It is realistic that, depending on your niche, you can get up to 15k subscribers in a month. Given the quality of and price for solo ads and paid ads that are extremely inexpensive.
30-day money back guarantee allows you to test for yourself for two weeks. The differences between the “basic” and “premium” variant:
UpViral Review Wilco de Kreij

Final Verdict

In my opinion, this is a 9-star solution. With my last solo ads, I had severe problems with the quality while FB ads or Google AdWords burn a lot of money. My personal experience is that people were more interested in getting an eBook I used to give out for free once they had to work for it and present me with five other subscribers before they could get it.
UpViral is a simple, practical concept that has been transformed into an intelligent, easy to use product.
If you have not already you should give it a try HERE<|endoftext|>Built on Relationships and Integrity

Posts tagged "Employment Litigation"

What is age discrimination?

In some cultures, older members of the population are considered highly knowledgeable individuals who are revered and honored by those who live with them. They are seen as wise elders who guide the decisions of their communities and offer reflections on the past to help younger generations avoid making similar mistakes. In Illinois and throughout the United States, this sentiment is not always shared by all employers.

Can an employment contract cover termination terms?

What is sexual harassment and what can I do about it?

Victims of sexual harassment who are suffering sexual harassment in the workplace have legal protections they should be familiar with. Sexual harassment does not have to be tolerated in the workplace and victims should know what is considered sexual harassment and what they can do about it.

Understanding gender discrimination in the workplace

As any woman in Illinois and elsewhere can attest, strides for women have been made over the past several decades. And while it has been made known that women have the ability to perform equally to their male counterparts, women are still treated as if this is not the case. Gender discrimination still exists in society, and when it occurs, it can have a damaging effect.

Taking action following discrimination in the workplace

A workplace can be filled with many dynamics. Each individual employee brings his or her own expertise and personality, while the demands of the workplace can put strains on the interactions and relationships between and among employees. While the workplace is suppose to be a positive and safe environment, this does not always occur. Some employees are faced with mistreatment and harassment, calling into question whether or not they have any action they can take to resolve the matter.

Aide of Illinois House Speaker accused of sexual harassment

In part due to social changes and awareness brought about by the "me too" movement, places of employment in Illinois and elsewhere are becoming more conscious of certain conduct in the workplace. Sexual harassment and assault are serious allegations to make against an employer or colleague. When an employee asserts these charges, it could result in employment litigation, especially if an employee had to quit or was terminated after making a complaint.

What is pregnancy discrimination?

Applying for a new job can be stressful. Whether it is for a career change, advancement or just a change in environment, individuals of all backgrounds go through the application process. However, when females are seeking new employment, she may not be properly assessed. In other words, the fact that she is female may not be positively looked at. Even more so, when a female applicant is pregnant, this could be used against her in the hiring process, giving rise to the concern of discrimination.

Legislation seeks to prevent gender-based discrimination

Applying for a new job can be a complex and overwhelming process. Whether it is for a career change or because one recently lost their current job, completing all the steps in the application process requires one to provide many details about him or herself. One essentially puts him or herself out there during an interview. A potential employer can learn a lot about an applicant at this point, and if that information is not used properly, this could be construed as employment discrimination.

Pregnancy discrimination in the workplace

Finding out that you are pregnant is an exciting time for most women. Despite it being a joyful time, some women decide not to disclose their pregnancy right away. Nonetheless, when a pregnant woman does disclose her pregnancy to her employer, she is expected to have their support when it comes to making any reasonable accommodations. However, if an employer fails to do so or if a pregnant woman is treated differently in the workplace, she may have a claim for pregnancy discrimination.

  • badge-LawyersOfDistinction
  • badge-leading-lawyers
  • badge-super-lawyers
  • Premier Lawyers Of America
Our Lawyers Are Here For You

office location

Two Prudential Plaza
180 North Stetson Avenue
Suite 4700
Chicago, Illinois 60601-6710

Phone: 312-471-2900
Fax: 312-471-6001
Map & Directions<|endoftext|>You've got family at Ancestry.

Find more Davner relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 7 less people named Davner in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.

Start a tree and connect with your family.

Create, build, and explore your family tree.

What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 29 people named Davner in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 24% less people named Davner in the United States. What was life like for them?

Picture the past for your ancestors.

In 1940, 22 people named Davner were living in the United States. In a snapshot:

  • Most common occupation was general worker
  • 10% of women had paying jobs
  • 14% reported their race as other than white

Learn where they came from and where they went.

As Davner families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:

  • They most commonly lived in Ohio
  • 9% migrated within the United States from 1935 to 1940
  • 8 were born in foreign countries
  • 59% were first-generation Americans<|endoftext|>

Intel's Core i7 chips, otherwise known as Nehalem, are here and over at Bit-Tech they've got hold of an i7 965, 940 and 920 and run them through a testing process to check if they're as crazy fast as we'd heard they were. And the results are that yes, indeed they are. If you're a power user, doing fast video conversions or otherwise stressing your processor to the max across all its cores and with hyper-threading, then the top-end 965 is a beast of a chip, apparently. But at $999 it's steep. Bit-Tech rekons if you're an enthusiast or a gamer you're probably better off looking at the low-end 920 chip, which still delivers quite a punch for a mere $284. Hit the link for the full review, processor fans. [Bit-Tech]<|endoftext|>Omaree's stepfather has possible connection with APD

Created:


The paint was applied to the garage but not to the house, leaving the garage looking fresh .<|endoftext|> who loved this movie, I will defend Beaks here. He didn't hate the film at all, and even praised it as good as could have been expected in the current market. He thought it was good rather than great. This doesn't make someone a hater. We ALL have some movies that are considered classics that we like but don't love. Come on now.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:26 p.m. CST

    Fucking hell, what a dick.

    by Kill List Hammertime

  • April 30, 2012, 7:26 p.m. CST

    Maybe hater was too strong a term

    by grandmoffpenis

    You're probably right, halfbreedqueen2.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:27 p.m. CST

    The one thing I think people should be pointing out is

    by Winston Smith

    "It's a massive movie, but not sprawling to the point that the studio will burn through a sizable chunk of its billion-dollar worldwide gross attempting to break even." That. This film cost $220 mil. That makes it one of the most expensive films of all time. And when you have an epic 25+ minute pure action scene with money shot after money shot like the last battle of The Avengers, well, what exactly tops this? Dark of the Moon? Lord of the Rings? The entire LOTR trilogy only cost a bit more than this single film. This wasn't a cheapie film at all. The numbers prove that, and my opinion is it looked like the money was on screen. In fact, this film overwhelmed me with a sense of epic awesomeness I haven't felt since Avatar, Dead Man's Chest and King Kong 2005 (not saying those films are masterpieces, just that they both had set pieces that were big in idea and execution).

  • April 30, 2012, 7:27 p.m. CST

    Moosemalloy that is.

    by Kill List Hammertime

  • April 30, 2012, 7:31 p.m. CST

    the first 30 minutes are awkward but ...

    by julia

    but i think that feeling relies on the expectations you have since the movie starts. Coulson dies of course, hulk(theotherguy)/banner is the shit, stark is the shit and some scenes from the trailer arent in the movie like the military in new york city, i just saw cops and there is some blonde girl spotted in the trailer that have IMO a lot of screen time in the city attack. 3d OK. advice: see it in imax!!!!

  • April 30, 2012, 7:32 p.m. CST

    -- muff

    by MooseMalloy

    I'm one of the few who thinks that most comicbook movies can never top the experience of actually reading the source material. I will not blindly go slap my money down at the box-office just because it is a superhero property. I'm glad that I waited to see both THOR and CAPTAIN AMERICA on disc rather than sit through them in the theater. I would have felt cheated and more importantly bored out of my mind if I had. But seriously, a Euro first release for THE AVENGERS? You realize some dumbass executive out there thought that this wouldn't be a big deal to long-time comicbook readers such as myself.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:34 p.m. CST

    3D made me go cross eyed...

    by deanbarry

    Kind of like when I read this review...

  • April 30, 2012, 7:35 p.m. CST

    This movie will make in excess of a Billion

    by TallanDagwood

    It is already tracking at close $600 million worldwide by the time it is all said and done. Add at least another 600 mil from domestic. That is just my guess.

  • All I read on the Mr. Beaks review is an unabashed Nolan fanboy trying too hard to unvalidate The Avengers thunder. It won't work. People aren't that stupid anymore and can smell bullshit coming from miles away. Mr. Beaks about the TDKR first 6 minutes last year: "Planes and Bane. In IMAX. That's what you're going to get next Friday (12/16) when you see the first six minutes of THE DARK KNIGHT RISES in front of MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE GHOST PROTOCOL. And as soon as it's finished, you're going to be screaming for the projectionist to run it again. While we've run a ton of DARK KNIGHT RISES news on this site, I've steered clear of most of it. Aside from casting, I want to remain unspoiled until I'm sitting in an IMAX theater next July, ready to watch the final chapter of Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy. So I have no idea where this film is headed, who's going to die, who's going to get their back broken, and how Selina Kyle is going to figure into the narrative. But I saw Bane tonight. I also saw a stunningly complex, practically-staged action sequence in IMAX. And while I'd love to break it down beat-by-beat, Warner Bros. has asked all journalists to stick to generalities. So... Nolan introduced tonight's event, and he extolled the immersive virtues of the IMAX format before plunging us into footage - which starts in 35mm widescreen with Gordon eulogizing Harvey Dent. Then we're being whisked across a field. And a few minutes later, aboard a plane, we hear Bane speak for the first time in a horrible, strangled tone. Tom Hardy's Bane is a substantial, but strangely broken man. He's a bruiser, but not exactly massive. He also struggles with his elocution, which may be intentional, but nevertheless resulted in lots of puzzled post-screening discussions. Honestly, I caught probably half of Bane's dialogue, and every colleague I spoke with had similar difficulty understanding him. I hate to cause problems for Nolan at this stage of the filmmaking process, but if Bane sounds like this throughout the film, it could be an issue." Source: Mr. Beaks review of Nolan's Inception - the most overrated movie of all time, beating even Avatar - where he talks about "calculated risk" with a whole different light: "INCEPTION is Christopher Nolan's reward for a commercial assignment profitably executed: the opportunity to realize on a grand scale an idea that has intrigued him for the better part of a decade. In the studio tit-for-tat equation, this is the "one for me". It's the reason you start making movies in the first place. It's LAWRENCE OF ARABIA. APOCALYPSE NOW. GANGS OF NEW YORK. It's the the movie you stake your career on. It's the movie you make now. For most filmmakers, this project is a gamble; for Christopher Nolan, it's a shrewdly calculated risk. Though the narrative speeds ahead like a rapidly unfolding lucid dream, INCEPTION uses the familiar vernacular of the heist film to keep less attentive audiences engaged. Unlike other films that traipse across the boundless landscape of the unconscious mind, it's not a take-it-or-leave-it proposition. The central concept is simple: plant an idea in a character's mind in order to manipulate them into behaving in the best interest of a rival party. The particulars may be complex, but there's an emotional logic that drives the story forward. There are also wildly compelling action set pieces. In this regard, INCEPTION is a miracle: a multi-layered meditation on the unruly clutter of the subconscious that works sensationally well as a classical action film. It plays brilliantly on every conceivable level." Source: If this isn't a Nolan fanboy hate review of The Avengers, I don't really know how the hell I should call it. Inception isn't a brilliant piece of cinema, it isn't either creative to justify its hype. Shutter Island, The Matrix and many movies before Inception accomplished what Nolan tried to do in that movie first and better. And that's not coming from a Nolan hater, this is coming from one of his old fans, I've been following his work since Memento. Inception and The Dark Knight are by far the worst entries of Nolan's catalogue, but they're overhyped like hell. Mr. Beaks review just screams fanboyism all over, and someone should call him out on his bullshit. At least pretend that you didn't want to get caught, sir.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:40 p.m. CST

    Did you see the same film as everyone else, Beaks?

    by Logan_1973

    The contrast between your take and the rest of the entire world's is striking.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:43 p.m. CST

    Mr Beaks is spot on.

    by huskerdu2

    It's got just enough of Whedon's writing flair to lift it above average, but narratively the film is clunky, visually flat and - the final battle apart - lacks that all important zing. Totally agree about the Berlin sequence and how well Hulk works in the film. For me, the weak links are definitely

 who loved this movie, I will defend Beaks here. He didn't hate the film at all, and even praised it as good as could have been expected in the current market. He thought it was good rather than great. This doesn't make someone a hater. We ALL have some movies that are considered classics that we like but don't love. Come on now.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:26 p.m. CST

    Fucking hell, what a dick.

    by Kill List Hammertime

  • April 30, 2012, 7:26 p.m. CST

    Maybe hater was too strong a term

    by grandmoffpenis

    You're probably right, halfbreedqueen2.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:27 p.m. CST

    The one thing I think people should be pointing out is

    by Winston Smith

    "It's a massive movie, but not sprawling to the point that the studio will burn through a sizable chunk of its billion-dollar worldwide gross attempting to break even." That. This film cost $220 mil. That makes it one of the most expensive films of all time. And when you have an epic 25+ minute pure action scene with money shot after money shot like the last battle of The Avengers, well, what exactly tops this? Dark of the Moon? Lord of the Rings? The entire LOTR trilogy only cost a bit more than this single film. This wasn't a cheapie film at all. The numbers prove that, and my opinion is it looked like the money was on screen. In fact, this film overwhelmed me with a sense of epic awesomeness I haven't felt since Avatar, Dead Man's Chest and King Kong 2005 (not saying those films are masterpieces, just that they both had set pieces that were big in idea and execution).

  • April 30, 2012, 7:27 p.m. CST

    Moosemalloy that is.

    by Kill List Hammertime

  • April 30, 2012, 7:31 p.m. CST

    the first 30 minutes are awkward but ...

    by julia

    but i think that feeling relies on the expectations you have since the movie starts. Coulson dies of course, hulk(theotherguy)/banner is the shit, stark is the shit and some scenes from the trailer arent in the movie like the military in new york city, i just saw cops and there is some blonde girl spotted in the trailer that have IMO a lot of screen time in the city attack. 3d OK. advice: see it in imax!!!!

  • April 30, 2012, 7:32 p.m. CST

    -- muff

    by MooseMalloy

    I'm one of the few who thinks that most comicbook movies can never top the experience of actually reading the source material. I will not blindly go slap my money down at the box-office just because it is a superhero property. I'm glad that I waited to see both THOR and CAPTAIN AMERICA on disc rather than sit through them in the theater. I would have felt cheated and more importantly bored out of my mind if I had. But seriously, a Euro first release for THE AVENGERS? You realize some dumbass executive out there thought that this wouldn't be a big deal to long-time comicbook readers such as myself.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:34 p.m. CST

    3D made me go cross eyed...

    by deanbarry

    Kind of like when I read this review...

  • April 30, 2012, 7:35 p.m. CST

    This movie will make in excess of a Billion

    by TallanDagwood

    It is already tracking at close $600 million worldwide by the time it is all said and done. Add at least another 600 mil from domestic. That is just my guess.

  • All I read on the Mr. Beaks review is an unabashed Nolan fanboy trying too hard to unvalidate The Avengers thunder. It won't work. People aren't that stupid anymore and can smell bullshit coming from miles away. Mr. Beaks about the TDKR first 6 minutes last year: "Planes and Bane. In IMAX. That's what you're going to get next Friday (12/16) when you see the first six minutes of THE DARK KNIGHT RISES in front of MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE GHOST PROTOCOL. And as soon as it's finished, you're going to be screaming for the projectionist to run it again. While we've run a ton of DARK KNIGHT RISES news on this site, I've steered clear of most of it. Aside from casting, I want to remain unspoiled until I'm sitting in an IMAX theater next July, ready to watch the final chapter of Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy. So I have no idea where this film is headed, who's going to die, who's going to get their back broken, and how Selina Kyle is going to figure into the narrative. But I saw Bane tonight. I also saw a stunningly complex, practically-staged action sequence in IMAX. And while I'd love to break it down beat-by-beat, Warner Bros. has asked all journalists to stick to generalities. So... Nolan introduced tonight's event, and he extolled the immersive virtues of the IMAX format before plunging us into footage - which starts in 35mm widescreen with Gordon eulogizing Harvey Dent. Then we're being whisked across a field. And a few minutes later, aboard a plane, we hear Bane speak for the first time in a horrible, strangled tone. Tom Hardy's Bane is a substantial, but strangely broken man. He's a bruiser, but not exactly massive. He also struggles with his elocution, which may be intentional, but nevertheless resulted in lots of puzzled post-screening discussions. Honestly, I caught probably half of Bane's dialogue, and every colleague I spoke with had similar difficulty understanding him. I hate to cause problems for Nolan at this stage of the filmmaking process, but if Bane sounds like this throughout the film, it could be an issue." Source: Mr. Beaks review of Nolan's Inception - the most overrated movie of all time, beating even Avatar - where he talks about "calculated risk" with a whole different light: "INCEPTION is Christopher Nolan's reward for a commercial assignment profitably executed: the opportunity to realize on a grand scale an idea that has intrigued him for the better part of a decade. In the studio tit-for-tat equation, this is the "one for me". It's the reason you start making movies in the first place. It's LAWRENCE OF ARABIA. APOCALYPSE NOW. GANGS OF NEW YORK. It's the the movie you stake your career on. It's the movie you make now. For most filmmakers, this project is a gamble; for Christopher Nolan, it's a shrewdly calculated risk. Though the narrative speeds ahead like a rapidly unfolding lucid dream, INCEPTION uses the familiar vernacular of the heist film to keep less attentive audiences engaged. Unlike other films that traipse across the boundless landscape of the unconscious mind, it's not a take-it-or-leave-it proposition. The central concept is simple: plant an idea in a character's mind in order to manipulate them into behaving in the best interest of a rival party. The particulars may be complex, but there's an emotional logic that drives the story forward. There are also wildly compelling action set pieces. In this regard, INCEPTION is a miracle: a multi-layered meditation on the unruly clutter of the subconscious that works sensationally well as a classical action film. It plays brilliantly on every conceivable level." Source: If this isn't a Nolan fanboy hate review of The Avengers, I don't really know how the hell I should call it. Inception isn't a brilliant piece of cinema, it isn't either creative to justify its hype. Shutter Island, The Matrix and many movies before Inception accomplished what Nolan tried to do in that movie first and better. And that's not coming from a Nolan hater, this is coming from one of his old fans, I've been following his work since Memento. Inception and The Dark Knight are by far the worst entries of Nolan's catalogue, but they're overhyped like hell. Mr. Beaks review just screams fanboyism all over, and someone should call him out on his bullshit. At least pretend that you didn't want to get caught, sir.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:40 p.m. CST

    Did you see the same film as everyone else, Beaks?

    by Logan_1973

    The contrast between your take and the rest of the entire world's is striking.

  • April 30, 2012, 7:43 p.m. CST

    Mr Beaks is spot on.

    by huskerdu2

    It's got just enough of Whedon's writing flair to lift it above average, but narratively the film is clunky, visually flat and - the final battle apart - lacks that all important zing. Totally agree about the Berlin sequence and how well Hulk works in the film. For me, the weak links are definitely Jeremy Renner and Chris Evans. Renner 'cos he's playing a nothing part and Evans '


The recipe called for both baking powder and foot powder. The baking must have been correct.<|endoftext|> mullet
Mentawai kanashaikind of fish
Palauan kəlátkind of fish
Fordata anahakind of fish
Proto-Aru *kanasaa fish: the mullet

POC     *kanase a fish, the mullet

Lou kanaskind of fish
Loniu kanaskind of fish
Ahus kanasmullet
Southeast Ambrym anasmullet
Fijian kanacekind of fish
Tongan kanahemullet

*kaNawaS a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

PAN     *kaNawaS a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

Paiwan kalʸavasa tree: Ehretia thyrsiflora
  kalʸawas-lʸawas-enmuch Ehretia thyrsiflora

PMP     *kanawah a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

Tagalog kanawaa small tree: Ehretia acuminata (Madulid 2001:348)

*kañu-kañu to shake, as a house in an earthquake

POC     *kañu-kañu to shake, as a house in an earthquake

Roviana kanu-kanuto shake, as water in a vessel or bottle
Bugotu kañuto shake, of earthquake; to shake off
Nggela kanu-kanuto shake, as a bottle
  kanu-lito shake and make rattle
Arosi ʔonu-ʔonuto shake, as tree in wind, house in earthquake
  ʔonu-hito shake (something)

Note:   Also Bugotu añu ‘to shake, of earthquake’. Although this comparison contains languages that are generally assumed to belong to different primary branches of the Oceanic group (Ross 1988), they all are found within the Solomon islands archipelago, and the possibility that this is a loan distribution therefore cannot be completely ruled out.

*kañul to shake, as the earth in an earthquake

POC     *kañul to shake, as the earth in an earthquake

Manam kanul-akito shake
Bugotu kañuto shake, of earthquake; to shake off
Vaturanga ka-kanuto shake

POC     *kañul-kañul to shake repeatedly

Nggela kanu-kanuto shake, as a bottle
  kanul-ito shake and make rattle
'Āre'āre anu-iato shake, move

Note:   Roviana shows unexplained loss of the final consonant.

*kaŋ animal sound

PMP     *kaŋ animal sound     [doublet: *kaŋkaŋ 'resounding sound']

Isneg kāŋ (length unexplained)onom. for the chirping of aŋká insects (green insect that resembles, but is larger than the locust)
Kankanaey kaŋclang, clank, clink
Maranao kaŋowl (but see note to kekuŋ 'owl')
Iban kaŋkind of frog
Sangir manu kaŋseagull
Bare'e kaalong protracted sound of calling, singing or weeping
Tae' kaŋbark of a dog
Manggarai kaŋmake a sound
  ŋ-kaŋto bark, of a dog
Rembong kaŋsound of a dog in pain
Sika kaŋa crow
Motu kato bang (of a moving thing)
Sa'a kaabang, bash, fall with a bang

*kaŋa be open, as the mouth

PMP     *kaŋa be open, as the mouth

Tboli kaŋatoothless; gaps, as when several teeth are missing
Ngaju Dayak kaŋabe open (mouth, shellfish)
Manggarai kaŋabe open (mouth)
Nggela kaŋadrink by pouring down the throat (usual Melanesian method)

Note:   With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.

*kaŋaRi tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune

POC     *kaŋaRi tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune     [doublet: *kanari]

Titan aŋeialmond
Patpatar ŋarcanarium almond: Canarium indicum
Kove aŋahicanarium almond
Manam kaŋaricanarium almond
Gedaged kaŋazthe various species of the genus Canarium; also the mature seed, which is edible
Takia aŋarcanarium almond
Nggela ŋalicanarium almond
Mota ŋaicanarium almond
Sakao aŋaCanarium almond
Raga aŋainative almond; kidney
Toak ŋaicanarium almond
Nakanamanga na-ŋaicanarium almond
Sye n/aŋaiCanarium sp.
Anejom na-ŋaicanarium almond

Note:   This comparison was proposed in a fuller form by Ross (2008:315-316).

*kaŋeqa fissured, slightly cracked

PMP     *kaŋeqa fissured, slightly cracked

Cebuano kaŋʔaslightly open, having come off, having a long crack
Beta kaŋaopen
Manggarai kaŋaopen, of the mouth

*kaŋkaŋ₁ spread the legs wide

PWMP     *kaŋkaŋ₁ spread the legs wide

Bikol mag-kaŋkáŋto walk with the legs spread apart; to walk with the arms out, as if something is tucked under the armpits
Aklanon káŋkaŋto stretch or spread out one’s feet
Cebuano kaŋkáŋfor two or more things which are joined at the base to spread apart (as leaves of a book, legs wide open)
Malay kaŋkaŋstraddling wide
  buroŋ kaŋkaŋ katupa long-legged, wide-striding waterbird
  mə-ŋaŋkaŋto walk with the legs wide apart, or with long strides
  tər-kaŋkaŋwith legs flung wide apart --- of dead bodies on a battlefield; of a door, to be ajar at a wide angle
Karo Batak kaŋkaŋto walk or sit with legs wide apart
Toba Batak par-h<al>aŋkaŋ-anspace between the upper thighs, the crotch
Javanese kaŋkaŋto sit with the legs spread apart; a certain large crab (from the way it holds its pincers wide apart?)
Pendau ter-kaŋkaŋspreading open the legs or feet

Note:   With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.

*kaŋkaŋ₂ resounding sound

PAN     *kaŋkaŋ₂ resounding sound

Puyuma kaŋkaŋnoisy
Kankanaey kaŋkáŋto ring; to cause to sound; to clank; to clang; striking a sonorous body
Ifugaw (Batad) kaŋkáŋthe whine of a dog in fear; to whine in fear (of a dog)
Ayta Abellan k<ay>aŋkaŋcrying or yelping of a dog
Tagalog kaŋkáŋprolonged yelping of dogs, crying of babies or loud gossiping of people
Ngaju Dayak kaŋkaŋrepeated barking of a young dog
Gedaged kaŋkaŋthe sound made by a ripe coconut (timber) when it is snapped with the finger
Gitua kaŋkaŋkind of sound

Note:   With (onomatopoetic) root *-kaŋ₂ ‘bark, croak’. Some of these forms may be products of convergence.

*kaŋkaŋ₃ cramps, stiffening of the limbs, rigor mortis

PMP     *kaŋkaŋ₃ cramps, stiffening of the limbs, rigor mortis

Isneg kaŋkáŋkind of cramp that affects the whole body, but more especially the fingers and toes, and ends in death; a spirit who causes the kaŋkáŋ cramp
Kayan kakaŋstiffened (as the arms); rigid; in

 mullet
Mentawai kanashaikind of fish
Palauan kəlátkind of fish
Fordata anahakind of fish
Proto-Aru *kanasaa fish: the mullet

POC     *kanase a fish, the mullet

Lou kanaskind of fish
Loniu kanaskind of fish
Ahus kanasmullet
Southeast Ambrym anasmullet
Fijian kanacekind of fish
Tongan kanahemullet

*kaNawaS a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

PAN     *kaNawaS a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

Paiwan kalʸavasa tree: Ehretia thyrsiflora
  kalʸawas-lʸawas-enmuch Ehretia thyrsiflora

PMP     *kanawah a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.

Tagalog kanawaa small tree: Ehretia acuminata (Madulid 2001:348)

*kañu-kañu to shake, as a house in an earthquake

POC     *kañu-kañu to shake, as a house in an earthquake

Roviana kanu-kanuto shake, as water in a vessel or bottle
Bugotu kañuto shake, of earthquake; to shake off
Nggela kanu-kanuto shake, as a bottle
  kanu-lito shake and make rattle
Arosi ʔonu-ʔonuto shake, as tree in wind, house in earthquake
  ʔonu-hito shake (something)

Note:   Also Bugotu añu ‘to shake, of earthquake’. Although this comparison contains languages that are generally assumed to belong to different primary branches of the Oceanic group (Ross 1988), they all are found within the Solomon islands archipelago, and the possibility that this is a loan distribution therefore cannot be completely ruled out.

*kañul to shake, as the earth in an earthquake

POC     *kañul to shake, as the earth in an earthquake

Manam kanul-akito shake
Bugotu kañuto shake, of earthquake; to shake off
Vaturanga ka-kanuto shake

POC     *kañul-kañul to shake repeatedly

Nggela kanu-kanuto shake, as a bottle
  kanul-ito shake and make rattle
'Āre'āre anu-iato shake, move

Note:   Roviana shows unexplained loss of the final consonant.

*kaŋ animal sound

PMP     *kaŋ animal sound     [doublet: *kaŋkaŋ 'resounding sound']

Isneg kāŋ (length unexplained)onom. for the chirping of aŋká insects (green insect that resembles, but is larger than the locust)
Kankanaey kaŋclang, clank, clink
Maranao kaŋowl (but see note to kekuŋ 'owl')
Iban kaŋkind of frog
Sangir manu kaŋseagull
Bare'e kaalong protracted sound of calling, singing or weeping
Tae' kaŋbark of a dog
Manggarai kaŋmake a sound
  ŋ-kaŋto bark, of a dog
Rembong kaŋsound of a dog in pain
Sika kaŋa crow
Motu kato bang (of a moving thing)
Sa'a kaabang, bash, fall with a bang

*kaŋa be open, as the mouth

PMP     *kaŋa be open, as the mouth

Tboli kaŋatoothless; gaps, as when several teeth are missing
Ngaju Dayak kaŋabe open (mouth, shellfish)
Manggarai kaŋabe open (mouth)
Nggela kaŋadrink by pouring down the throat (usual Melanesian method)

Note:   With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.

*kaŋaRi tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune

POC     *kaŋaRi tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune     [doublet: *kanari]

Titan aŋeialmond
Patpatar ŋarcanarium almond: Canarium indicum
Kove aŋahicanarium almond
Manam kaŋaricanarium almond
Gedaged kaŋazthe various species of the genus Canarium; also the mature seed, which is edible
Takia aŋarcanarium almond
Nggela ŋalicanarium almond
Mota ŋaicanarium almond
Sakao aŋaCanarium almond
Raga aŋainative almond; kidney
Toak ŋaicanarium almond
Nakanamanga na-ŋaicanarium almond
Sye n/aŋaiCanarium sp.
Anejom na-ŋaicanarium almond

Note:   This comparison was proposed in a fuller form by Ross (2008:315-316).

*kaŋeqa fissured, slightly cracked

PMP     *kaŋeqa fissured, slightly cracked

Cebuano kaŋʔaslightly open, having come off, having a long crack
Beta kaŋaopen
Manggarai kaŋaopen, of the mouth

*kaŋkaŋ₁ spread the legs wide

PWMP     *kaŋkaŋ₁ spread the legs wide

Bikol mag-kaŋkáŋto walk with the legs spread apart; to walk with the arms out, as if something is tucked under the armpits
Aklanon káŋkaŋto stretch or spread out one’s feet
Cebuano kaŋkáŋfor two or more things which are joined at the base to spread apart (as leaves of a book, legs wide open)
Malay kaŋkaŋstraddling wide
  buroŋ kaŋkaŋ katupa long-legged, wide-striding waterbird
  mə-ŋaŋkaŋto walk with the legs wide apart, or with long strides
  tər-kaŋkaŋwith legs flung wide apart --- of dead bodies on a battlefield; of a door, to be ajar at a wide angle
Karo Batak kaŋkaŋto walk or sit with legs wide apart
Toba Batak par-h<al>aŋkaŋ-anspace between the upper thighs, the crotch
Javanese kaŋkaŋto sit with the legs spread apart; a certain large crab (from the way it holds its pincers wide apart?)
Pendau ter-kaŋkaŋspreading open the legs or feet

Note:   With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.

*kaŋkaŋ₂ resounding sound

PAN     *kaŋkaŋ₂ resounding sound

Puyuma kaŋkaŋnoisy
Kankanaey kaŋkáŋto ring; to cause to sound; to clank; to clang; striking a sonorous body
Ifugaw (Batad) kaŋkáŋthe whine of a dog in fear; to whine in fear (of a dog)
Ayta Abellan k<ay>aŋkaŋcrying or yelping of a dog
Tagalog kaŋkáŋprolonged yelping of dogs, crying of babies or loud gossiping of people
Ngaju Dayak kaŋkaŋrepeated barking of a young dog
Gedaged kaŋkaŋthe sound made by a ripe coconut (timber) when it is snapped with the finger
Gitua kaŋkaŋkind of sound

Note:   With (onomatopoetic) root *-kaŋ₂ ‘bark, croak’. Some of these forms may be products of convergence.

*kaŋkaŋ₃ cramps, stiffening of the limbs, rigor mortis

PMP     *kaŋkaŋ₃ cramps, stiffening of the limbs, rigor mortis

Isneg kaŋkáŋkind of cramp that affects the whole body, but more especially the fingers and toes, and ends in death; a spirit who causes the kaŋkáŋ cramp
Kayan kakaŋstiffened (as the arms); rigid; in convulsions; cramps
Iban te-kaŋkaŋstiff with


Kenneth hired Joseph to be their personal trainer because Kenneth wanted to build bigger muscles.<|endoftext|> Encyclopedia Britannia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
I i İ ı
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of I
Writing systemLatin script
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[i]
(English variations)
Unicode codepointU+0049, U+0069
Alphabetical position9
Time period~-700 to present
Descendants • Î
 • J
 • Ɉ
 • İ ı
 • Tittle

Variations(See below)
Other letters commonly used withi(x), ij, i(x)(y)

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] Its name in English is i (pronounced /ˈ/), plural ies.[2]

Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ Phoenician
<hiero>D36</hiero> PhoenicianI-01.svg EtruscanI-01.svg Iota uc lc.svg Latin I

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.[3] The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

Use in writing systems

In Modern English spelling, ⟨i⟩ represents several different sounds, either the diphthong // ("long" ⟨i⟩) as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ⟨ee⟩ sound // in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" ⟨i⟩ in traditional English grammar.[citation needed]

The letter ⟨i⟩ is the fifth most common letter in the English language.[4]

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced // and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase ⟨i⟩ acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

The capitalized "I" first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.

Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England "until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus "avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts."[5]

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, ⟨i⟩ is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.

Language Pronunciation in IPA Notes
French /i/ See French orthography.
German /ɪ/, /iː/, /i/ See German orthography.
Italian /i/ Pronounced as long [iː] in stressed and open syllables, [i] when in a closed stressed syllable or unstressed. See Italian orthography.
Portuguese /i/ See Portuguese orthography.
/ai̯/ Only in some recent loanwords.

Other uses

The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.[6][7] In mathematics, a lowercase "i" is used to represent the unit imaginary number,[8] while an uppercase "I" serves to denote an identity matrix.[9]

Forms and variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap-height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs (I with crossbars.svg) and without serifs (I without crossbars.svg). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Computing codes

Character information
Preview I i
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 73 U+0049 105 U+0069
UTF-8 73 49 105 69
Numeric character reference I I i i
EBCDIC family 201 C9 137 89
ASCII1 73 49 105 69

Other representations

NATO phonetic Morse code
About this sound▄▄
ICS India.svg

Semaphore India.svg

Sign language I.svg ⠊
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille dots-24
Unified English Braille

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
      • Ⲓ ⲓ : Coptic letter Yota
      • І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
      • 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
        •  : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
      • 𐌹 : Gothic letter iiz

See also

  1. Not counting marginal use of 'h' to write vowel sounds.
  2. Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
    Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is.
  3. "The Latin Alphabet". du.edu.
  4. "Frequency Table". cornell.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  5. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?". Grammarphobia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  6. Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
  7. King, David A. (2001). The Ciphers of the Monks. p. 282. ISBN 9783515076401. In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
  8. Svetunkov, Sergey (2012-12-14). Complex-Valued Modeling in Economics and Finance (in English). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461458760.
  9. Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (2018). Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-108

 Encyclopedia Britannia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
I i İ ı
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of I
Writing systemLatin script
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[i]
(English variations)
Unicode codepointU+0049, U+0069
Alphabetical position9
Time period~-700 to present
Descendants • Î
 • J
 • Ɉ
 • İ ı
 • Tittle

Variations(See below)
Other letters commonly used withi(x), ij, i(x)(y)

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] Its name in English is i (pronounced /ˈ/), plural ies.[2]

Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ Phoenician
<hiero>D36</hiero> PhoenicianI-01.svg EtruscanI-01.svg Iota uc lc.svg Latin I

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.[3] The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

Use in writing systems

In Modern English spelling, ⟨i⟩ represents several different sounds, either the diphthong // ("long" ⟨i⟩) as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ⟨ee⟩ sound // in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" ⟨i⟩ in traditional English grammar.[citation needed]

The letter ⟨i⟩ is the fifth most common letter in the English language.[4]

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced // and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase ⟨i⟩ acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

The capitalized "I" first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.

Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England "until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus "avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts."[5]

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, ⟨i⟩ is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.

Language Pronunciation in IPA Notes
French /i/ See French orthography.
German /ɪ/, /iː/, /i/ See German orthography.
Italian /i/ Pronounced as long [iː] in stressed and open syllables, [i] when in a closed stressed syllable or unstressed. See Italian orthography.
Portuguese /i/ See Portuguese orthography.
/ai̯/ Only in some recent loanwords.

Other uses

The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.[6][7] In mathematics, a lowercase "i" is used to represent the unit imaginary number,[8] while an uppercase "I" serves to denote an identity matrix.[9]

Forms and variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap-height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs (I with crossbars.svg) and without serifs (I without crossbars.svg). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Computing codes

Character information
Preview I i
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 73 U+0049 105 U+0069
UTF-8 73 49 105 69
Numeric character reference I I i i
EBCDIC family 201 C9 137 89
ASCII1 73 49 105 69

Other representations

NATO phonetic Morse code
About this sound▄▄
ICS India.svg

Semaphore India.svg

Sign language I.svg ⠊
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille dots-24
Unified English Braille

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
      • Ⲓ ⲓ : Coptic letter Yota
      • І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
      • 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
        •  : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
      • 𐌹 : Gothic letter iiz

See also

  1. Not counting marginal use of 'h' to write vowel sounds.
  2. Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
    Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is.
  3. "The Latin Alphabet". du.edu.
  4. "Frequency Table". cornell.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  5. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?". Grammarphobia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  6. Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
  7. King, David A. (2001). The Ciphers of the Monks. p. 282. ISBN 9783515076401. In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
  8. Svetunkov, Sergey (2012-12-14). Complex-Valued Modeling in Economics and Finance (in English). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461458760.
  9. Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (2018). Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-108-56961-3.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10


 America determine the actions of the rest of the world, in addition to the benefits or consequences of these decisions. But not until recent did this become reality. In fact, only 234 years ago, America did not exist; and not until around 100 years ago was it considered a superpower. How then, is it now the foremost nation in the world?

Ironically, America began as a humble extension of a nation. England wanted a piece of the newly discovered Americas, and countries like Spain and France had already scoured a good portion of its challenging, yet often bountiful terrain. Conflicts with other countries had prevented prior exploring, but England was determined to attain its share of this famous new land. After a few failed attempts, England’s dream was realized in 1607, when a privateer by the name of Christopher Newport led and founded the colony of Jamestown.

By the end of the 18th century, English America was flourishing, and commodities from the new world provided England with newfound riches, expanding its influence and power. However, the mistreatment of Colonial England by their homeland caused tensions, until in 1776; they declared independence, resulting in war between what was to be known as the United States of America and England.

Following America’s victory, the country enjoyed great economic success, but the use of slaves in the southern portion of the United States for plantation labor caused a civil war in 1861 between the southern and northern regions. The war resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths and fully outlawed slavery in the south, however the increase in military strength required for the war proved America a leading world power.

Ten years later, the industrial...
tracking img<|endoftext|>Swimming through the ice cold waters,

On a pitch-black autumn's night.

The air is crisp,

The air is cold,

Nobody for miles,

Nobody in sight.

And that is when,

I sensed your presence.

For you are not human,

Nor are you ghost.

You are an angel,

My angel.

My guardian angel.

You are here in spirit,

As I swim.

As I sleep.

I know you are here,

Yet, I do not care.

For, I know you will not hurt me,

I know you would not dare.

You are my friend,

My angel.

My guardian angel.

You catch me when I'm falling,

You find me when I'm hiding.

You wipe my tears when I am crying.

I do not know why you're here,

Not a clue in the world.

Why me?

Why not he?

Or she?

The only thing I know for sure,

Is, you are,

My angel.

My guardian angel.<|endoftext|>It's inadvisable to be too clingy, but that's where Katrina found themselves and not Laura because Laura was disconnected.<|endoftext|>Friday, December 14, 2007

Hotwax Residue: Vinyl Finds a Place in the Hearts of the Young

For my ethnography, I explored vinyl culture. This work is slightly atypical from most ethnographic work in that the central focus of my study, the culture surrounding the vinyl record format, transcends particular genres of music or particular locales. This study is meant to focus on how a “method” of listening to music creates a community rather than how a certain “scene” or “sound” shapes a community. In the late 1980s, the Compact Disc became the prevalent format for listening to and consuming music, at which time vinyl records fell out of mainstream listening culture leaving in its place the more portable, durable, and reliably clean-sounding CDs. Now CDs are on their way out to make way for digital download, but vinyl is still lingering in the hearts of many music fans (Pfeiffer 2007). Today, this shift in format means that anyone younger than roughly thirty years of age never knew vinyl records to be the industry standard for listening to music. From the 1980s up through the present, vinyl records are most importantly associated with hip-hop and DJing culture, where they are used as a palate from which to piece together new (and very influential music). Instead of focusing on the “creative” aspect of vinyl culture, I chose to examine the “listening” aspect of vinyl culture—the continuation of vinyl as a listening format into the age of digital music.

My research methods included interviewing five music-savvy youths ranging in age from late teens to early thirties, a young musician who just released a 45, and a seasoned record store employee, as well as visiting several record stores, independent, commercial, and virtual. My varied contacts, contributors, and locales were drawn from Tampa, FL, my hometown, and Providence, RI, my current location of residence, and the worldwide web, the occupant of a solid majority of my time. The purpose of all of this was to discover how vinyl factors into people’s consumption of music, how it is marketed and presented in stores, and how it is brought into production by musicians.

First off, I feel that it is useful to understand how records are made achieve an analog, non-digital sound. This distinction will be helpful to relate to how some of my interviewees describe listening to records. Here is a clip from Discovery Channel’s “How It’s Made” which surfaced on and details the process of making a record:

And here’s a homemade video on how the needle of a record player “reads” the actual record:

These days, the records that can be found in record stores are broken up into two different varieties, 33s and 45s. 33s, or 12-inch LPs, are long playing discs that usually contain 25 minutes of music on each side, spin on the turntable at 33 rotations per minute, and typically contain an entire album. 45s, or 7-inch records, are short discs with usually one or two songs on each side, spin at 45 rotations per minute, and typically contain a track that an artist considers a “single”

Vinyl culture is still very alive today. Although vinyl is not as ubiquitous as CDs or digital downloads, it still has an important place in the music industry and with music fans. Many bands and record labels are making sure to have releases come out on vinyl as well as CD and digital download. Some of the larger “indie” labels such as Sub-Pop (home to The Shins, Iron & Wine, and The Postal Service), Matador (home to Cat Power, Belle & Sebastian, and Spoon), Nonesuch (home to Wilco and The Black Keys), and XL Recordings (Home to Devendra Banhart, Radiohead’s Thom Yorke, and The White Stripes) all feature LP versions of many of there releases if not on their homepage, in there online store. Smaller “indie” labels such as Fat Possum and Alive Naturalsound Records make an even bigger deal about their vinyl releases. Alive often features their new releases in a vinyl format with an odd colored wax or a heavier pressing (such as 180g which means the record is more durable and will last longer).

Images of special "limited" colored pressing of Alive's band Brimstone Howl.

This can well be seen at many commercial record stores. My visit to Newbury Comics at the Providence Place Mall revealed that even a commercial chain still reserves a small corner of their store for vinyl records. Most of the records were of new bands (with a large assortment of White Stripes vinyls) as well as some reissues of classic albums ranging from The Beatles to T. Rex. The selection was small but vinyl was present at even at a commercial outlet in a mall.

Independent record stores are a different story. The independent stores I’ve visited such as Round Again Records and Tom’s Tracks in Providence, as well as Vinyl Fever in Tampa provide a much larger selection with extensive inventories of used vinyl as well as crisp and neatly wrapped new-releases from all sorts of bands, as well as large selections of 45s. I found vinyl was featured much more prominently at independent stores who maybe couldn’t compete with the prices of chain-stores like Newbury or FYE, especially in a market where in the past few years, CD sales have dropped due to digital downloads (legal and illegal).

A view into Tampa's Vinyl Fever!

None of these stores could compare to the vast selection of used, new, and rare/vintage vinyl available on auction sites like ebay or multi-seller record store

Despite vinyl's scattered representation in stores, the people I interviewed about vinyl had some similar feelings towards the format. In general, everyone that I talked to seemed to link to something that contributes to the authenticity of music (in-depth background on my interviewees can be found in my previous posts). Interviewees often mentioned playing vinyl sounding more “real” and creating a “physical connection” with the music. Tampa-based WMNF DJ Arielle commented on a visceral reaction to the vinyl sound, “I can’t quite describe it, but the sound, it just gets to you in your gut.” Matt from Tampa relates going to a record store and physically picking out records brings him closer to fans of a similar intensity and dedication, creating a physical connection not just between the band and the listener, but between multiple listeners. Doug, a music fan who doesn’t own a record player, described vinyl as “so much more tangible. You’re holding a record. You’re putting it on this thing that

 Ultimately, the decisions of America determine the actions of the rest of the world, in addition to the benefits or consequences of these decisions. But not until recent did this become reality. In fact, only 234 years ago, America did not exist; and not until around 100 years ago was it considered a superpower. How then, is it now the foremost nation in the world?

Ironically, America began as a humble extension of a nation. England wanted a piece of the newly discovered Americas, and countries like Spain and France had already scoured a good portion of its challenging, yet often bountiful terrain. Conflicts with other countries had prevented prior exploring, but England was determined to attain its share of this famous new land. After a few failed attempts, England’s dream was realized in 1607, when a privateer by the name of Christopher Newport led and founded the colony of Jamestown.

By the end of the 18th century, English America was flourishing, and commodities from the new world provided England with newfound riches, expanding its influence and power. However, the mistreatment of Colonial England by their homeland caused tensions, until in 1776; they declared independence, resulting in war between what was to be known as the United States of America and England.

Following America’s victory, the country enjoyed great economic success, but the use of slaves in the southern portion of the United States for plantation labor caused a civil war in 1861 between the southern and northern regions. The war resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths and fully outlawed slavery in the south, however the increase in military strength required for the war proved America a leading world power.

Ten years later, the industrial...
tracking img<|endoftext|>Swimming through the ice cold waters,

On a pitch-black autumn's night.

The air is crisp,

The air is cold,

Nobody for miles,

Nobody in sight.

And that is when,

I sensed your presence.

For you are not human,

Nor are you ghost.

You are an angel,

My angel.

My guardian angel.

You are here in spirit,

As I swim.

As I sleep.

I know you are here,

Yet, I do not care.

For, I know you will not hurt me,

I know you would not dare.

You are my friend,

My angel.

My guardian angel.

You catch me when I'm falling,

You find me when I'm hiding.

You wipe my tears when I am crying.

I do not know why you're here,

Not a clue in the world.

Why me?

Why not he?

Or she?

The only thing I know for sure,

Is, you are,

My angel.

My guardian angel.<|endoftext|>Friday, December 14, 2007

Hotwax Residue: Vinyl Finds a Place in the Hearts of the Young

For my ethnography, I explored vinyl culture. This work is slightly atypical from most ethnographic work in that the central focus of my study, the culture surrounding the vinyl record format, transcends particular genres of music or particular locales. This study is meant to focus on how a “method” of listening to music creates a community rather than how a certain “scene” or “sound” shapes a community. In the late 1980s, the Compact Disc became the prevalent format for listening to and consuming music, at which time vinyl records fell out of mainstream listening culture leaving in its place the more portable, durable, and reliably clean-sounding CDs. Now CDs are on their way out to make way for digital download, but vinyl is still lingering in the hearts of many music fans (Pfeiffer 2007). Today, this shift in format means that anyone younger than roughly thirty years of age never knew vinyl records to be the industry standard for listening to music. From the 1980s up through the present, vinyl records are most importantly associated with hip-hop and DJing culture, where they are used as a palate from which to piece together new (and very influential music). Instead of focusing on the “creative” aspect of vinyl culture, I chose to examine the “listening” aspect of vinyl culture—the continuation of vinyl as a listening format into the age of digital music.

My research methods included interviewing five music-savvy youths ranging in age from late teens to early thirties, a young musician who just released a 45, and a seasoned record store employee, as well as visiting several record stores, independent, commercial, and virtual. My varied contacts, contributors, and locales were drawn from Tampa, FL, my hometown, and Providence, RI, my current location of residence, and the worldwide web, the occupant of a solid majority of my time. The purpose of all of this was to discover how vinyl factors into people’s consumption of music, how it is marketed and presented in stores, and how it is brought into production by musicians.

First off, I feel that it is useful to understand how records are made achieve an analog, non-digital sound. This distinction will be helpful to relate to how some of my interviewees describe listening to records. Here is a clip from Discovery Channel’s “How It’s Made” which surfaced on and details the process of making a record:

And here’s a homemade video on how the needle of a record player “reads” the actual record:

These days, the records that can be found in record stores are broken up into two different varieties, 33s and 45s. 33s, or 12-inch LPs, are long playing discs that usually contain 25 minutes of music on each side, spin on the turntable at 33 rotations per minute, and typically contain an entire album. 45s, or 7-inch records, are short discs with usually one or two songs on each side, spin at 45 rotations per minute, and typically contain a track that an artist considers a “single”

Vinyl culture is still very alive today. Although vinyl is not as ubiquitous as CDs or digital downloads, it still has an important place in the music industry and with music fans. Many bands and record labels are making sure to have releases come out on vinyl as well as CD and digital download. Some of the larger “indie” labels such as Sub-Pop (home to The Shins, Iron & Wine, and The Postal Service), Matador (home to Cat Power, Belle & Sebastian, and Spoon), Nonesuch (home to Wilco and The Black Keys), and XL Recordings (Home to Devendra Banhart, Radiohead’s Thom Yorke, and The White Stripes) all feature LP versions of many of there releases if not on their homepage, in there online store. Smaller “indie” labels such as Fat Possum and Alive Naturalsound Records make an even bigger deal about their vinyl releases. Alive often features their new releases in a vinyl format with an odd colored wax or a heavier pressing (such as 180g which means the record is more durable and will last longer).

Images of special "limited" colored pressing of Alive's band Brimstone Howl.

This can well be seen at many commercial record stores. My visit to Newbury Comics at the Providence Place Mall revealed that even a commercial chain still reserves a small corner of their store for vinyl records. Most of the records were of new bands (with a large assortment of White Stripes vinyls) as well as some reissues of classic albums ranging from The Beatles to T. Rex. The selection was small but vinyl was present at even at a commercial outlet in a mall.

Independent record stores are a different story. The independent stores I’ve visited such as Round Again Records and Tom’s Tracks in Providence, as well as Vinyl Fever in Tampa provide a much larger selection with extensive inventories of used vinyl as well as crisp and neatly wrapped new-releases from all sorts of bands, as well as large selections of 45s. I found vinyl was featured much more prominently at independent stores who maybe couldn’t compete with the prices of chain-stores like Newbury or FYE, especially in a market where in the past few years, CD sales have dropped due to digital downloads (legal and illegal).

A view into Tampa's Vinyl Fever!

None of these stores could compare to the vast selection of used, new, and rare/vintage vinyl available on auction sites like ebay or multi-seller record store

Despite vinyl's scattered representation in stores, the people I interviewed about vinyl had some similar feelings towards the format. In general, everyone that I talked to seemed to link to something that contributes to the authenticity of music (in-depth background on my interviewees can be found in my previous posts). Interviewees often mentioned playing vinyl sounding more “real” and creating a “physical connection” with the music. Tampa-based WMNF DJ Arielle commented on a visceral reaction to the vinyl sound, “I can’t quite describe it, but the sound, it just gets to you in your gut.” Matt from Tampa relates going to a record store and physically picking out records brings him closer to fans of a similar intensity and dedication, creating a physical connection not just between the band and the listener, but between multiple listeners. Doug, a music fan who doesn’t own a record player, described vinyl as “so much more tangible. You’re holding a record. You’re putting it on this thing that you sort of understand,” and also associated vinyl with a “cultural belief” that “(listening to) vinyl


Randy purchased a rather large life insurance policy for themselves while Donald chose not to buy one. Donald was unable to set their family up for life.<|endoftext|>, How ludicrous!

The fact is, the Federalist Paper writers expected the states to be the guardians against federal tyranny. This necessarily meant (as they expressed) that the states develop actual arms of resistance to such encroachments. This, of course, shows, once again, the FEDERAL character and nature of our form of government: the states were not subservient to the federal government's dictates, but were coequal in power to protect their own authority and freedoms through their State Constitutions.

Thankfully, we are seeing a current resurgence of State activism to be the voice and arm of the people to protect and perpetuate the US Constitution. While the federal v. federal checks and balances have proven to be less than fruitful, the states today are taking their role more seriously in this regard, just as our founders and ratifiers demanded. It is this State power of active and passive nullification and resistance that will once again protect federalism and freedom in America. Therefore, it is this State power that affords us the best opportunity to defend liberty and restore constitutional government, and that we should expend most our energies to revive.

3. Constitutional Amendment. The US Constitution requires three-fourths of the STATES to amend the Constitution. Most certainly this is an effective tool to reverse and prevent evils in government. Our founders expected that this process would protect freedom and the principles of freedom. However, as we have seen since 1865, the amendment process has been used only to increase national power and decrease State power. From the states being denied power in the Senate, to the income tax and "privileges and immunities" clause of the fourteenth amendment, the nationalists of the twentieth century have had their heyday by deepening their squeeze of national ideals over federal. Ironically, the attack on federalism has come through the same document protecting our federation: the Constitution. (The illegality of amendments being used to propagate principles contrary to freedom and federalism is for another article and discussion.)

That being said: if there were enough states to amend the Constitution to clarify federal doctrines, limit federal government power, and reinstitute original State powers, then it most certainly would be beneficial. Praise the day when such amendments would be ratified.

4. Constitutional Convention. I have heard this method suggested by some in certain circles of the "patriot movement," and while I understand the suggestion of calling a constitutional convention to rewrite the Constitution, I believe that to do so would likely create more problems than what we are dealing with today. However, there is a caveat, as explained below.

To convene a constitutional convention, states would have to send delegates (just as in 1787) for the purpose of discussing and drafting a Constitution. Not even getting into the legal issues and ramifications inherent in such a method, a very practical question is raised: Would a majority of the people convening at such a monumental event even possess the understanding, knowledge and belief needed to perpetuate and protect the principles of freedom and federalism? By virtue of what I see throughout the US today, I venture to say, No. I believe one of the greatest contributions to national ideals defeating federal ideals is that the people (including on State levels) do not understand, know or believe in the principles expressed by our founders and their forefathers.

Thus, to call a constitutional convention would most certainly place us in a worse situation. That said, there is one positive that could result from this. If the Constitution were re-written, it would require the ratification of the states that wanted to join a new union under a new contract (Constitution). In this case, it very well may provide a way for the people of the states to decide which path they wanted to take: national or federal. In other words, those states that yet wanted to live under Federalism and not Nationalism could reject the new compact and could declare themselves independent or seek to form yet another compact among like-minded states. (Of course, this could happen anyway, per number 2 above--even without a constitutional convention--making any proposed Con Con a dangerous and unnecessary action.)

5. Revolution. Revolution simply means a change of power. For those who perceive such a term as being a bad thing, why do they not then demonize the current illegitimate system of national government, because this current system is not the one the states ratified back in 1787? If a squatter turns your property into his, are you not within your rights to remove him, his family, his friends and his belongings completely from your property?

It is a fact that Americans (nationalists, federalists and even monarchists) believed in the natural right of revolution--that every generation has the God-given right to effect change by revolution when change cannot be reasonably expected and effected through other more peaceful means.

Coming full circle, then: To what degree has the federal government usurped its powers? This question is crucial because, as our forefathers expressed, resistance should be enacted proportionally to the usurpation. While there may be some who think that "it's not all that bad," I suggest that it is much worse than we think it is. We are at a point today when we are not only fighting for State sovereignty and a federal system, but we are fighting for national sovereignty (according to the LAWS OF NATIONS as expressed by enlightenment philosophers and jurists), against those who desire that the US become part of the global community.

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The evidence around us is beyond reasonable doubt: we the people of the United States have been fraudulently denied our rights under the laws of Nature and Nature's God, and under the US Constitution. The rights to resist this tyranny already exist. The methods to choose federalism and freedom have their hands out, offering to help us. It is time we choose which method or methods will best reach the ultimate goal of freedom. And as I said, I believe a revival of State sovereignty--whereby states are resolved to exercise the authority they have per the terms of their charter (Constitution)--is the most attractive and effective method currently feasible to reclaim federalism and freedom in America.

Note: Visit Tim's web site here.

� 2009 Chuck Baldwin - All Rights Reserved

E-mail This Page

Sign Up For Free E-Mail Alerts

<|endoftext|>There are a lot of similarities in the grooming-cycle between narcissists and sociopaths and both have many similarities and overlap to predatory behavior and predators themselves – who will often be narcissists or sociopaths. I have intimate knowledge of the first two, studied the third intensely over the years. They may be of the “new person in your life” variety or within your very family construct. Regardless, the progression is extremely subtle, even for the sharpest minds…at times, completely invisible. Remember, this is from my experience – yours may be different. I have not researched much on this outside of my living in the midst of it and reflecting back on that living experience.

Gaslighting. They both make you consistently feel like your perception is off and things are not at all what you originally thought they were. They skew your perceived view of reality and make you question or doubt your own sanity, coherence, and state-of-mind. This includes expecting you to go along with their gas-lighting of others as to outward appearances, material wealth, perfection of the nuclear family. (all innocently, of course, in a “keep up with the Joneses” manner. You can become paranoid and insecure in a hurry with both.

Gifts. To distract from their behavior or manipulations, they’ll buy you lots of things, spend money on you, and buy your unconscious compliance. They believe they can overshadow their narcissism or agenda by appealing to your material or flattered side.

Image result for sociopath images

Guilt. Here’s where I’ve noticed a difference, in hindsight. Whenever you call out or react with hostility at the tactics or a narcissist, they crumble, put on a show, becoming exorbitantly over-emotional, and try to make you feel awful for mistreating them as it was never their goal to hurt or offend you. They can feign support when they subtly intimate things that cause you guilt, remorse, or shame. A sociopath is cold, unbending, and utilizing denial. They return to the gaslighting and show care and love to reinforce your original loyalty towards them, stating emphatically how much you mean to them and how they’d never do anything to hurt you.

Victimhood. Both will play the pity card any chance they get when feeling they’re being exposed or narrowed in on. They’re always the center-of-attention and always find a way to take the spotlight off the actual victim and make it about them. They’re the main sufferer and protagonist when something happens with their partner, child, parent, or sibling. They prey upon this and are masters at manipulating the narrative. However, narcissists lay blame at the feet of others wherever and whenever possible. Their therapist doesn’t understand them. Their family is mean to them by cutting them off. If only things weren’t the way they were, they’d be better. Everybody abandoned them. Their loved ones are what makes them miserable. Sociopaths do so in a more biting way, to wear-away the fabric of their victim’s self-confidence. Side-handed insults. Critiques. Planted rumors to others.

, How ludicrous!

The fact is, the Federalist Paper writers expected the states to be the guardians against federal tyranny. This necessarily meant (as they expressed) that the states develop actual arms of resistance to such encroachments. This, of course, shows, once again, the FEDERAL character and nature of our form of government: the states were not subservient to the federal government's dictates, but were coequal in power to protect their own authority and freedoms through their State Constitutions.

Thankfully, we are seeing a current resurgence of State activism to be the voice and arm of the people to protect and perpetuate the US Constitution. While the federal v. federal checks and balances have proven to be less than fruitful, the states today are taking their role more seriously in this regard, just as our founders and ratifiers demanded. It is this State power of active and passive nullification and resistance that will once again protect federalism and freedom in America. Therefore, it is this State power that affords us the best opportunity to defend liberty and restore constitutional government, and that we should expend most our energies to revive.

3. Constitutional Amendment. The US Constitution requires three-fourths of the STATES to amend the Constitution. Most certainly this is an effective tool to reverse and prevent evils in government. Our founders expected that this process would protect freedom and the principles of freedom. However, as we have seen since 1865, the amendment process has been used only to increase national power and decrease State power. From the states being denied power in the Senate, to the income tax and "privileges and immunities" clause of the fourteenth amendment, the nationalists of the twentieth century have had their heyday by deepening their squeeze of national ideals over federal. Ironically, the attack on federalism has come through the same document protecting our federation: the Constitution. (The illegality of amendments being used to propagate principles contrary to freedom and federalism is for another article and discussion.)

That being said: if there were enough states to amend the Constitution to clarify federal doctrines, limit federal government power, and reinstitute original State powers, then it most certainly would be beneficial. Praise the day when such amendments would be ratified.

4. Constitutional Convention. I have heard this method suggested by some in certain circles of the "patriot movement," and while I understand the suggestion of calling a constitutional convention to rewrite the Constitution, I believe that to do so would likely create more problems than what we are dealing with today. However, there is a caveat, as explained below.

To convene a constitutional convention, states would have to send delegates (just as in 1787) for the purpose of discussing and drafting a Constitution. Not even getting into the legal issues and ramifications inherent in such a method, a very practical question is raised: Would a majority of the people convening at such a monumental event even possess the understanding, knowledge and belief needed to perpetuate and protect the principles of freedom and federalism? By virtue of what I see throughout the US today, I venture to say, No. I believe one of the greatest contributions to national ideals defeating federal ideals is that the people (including on State levels) do not understand, know or believe in the principles expressed by our founders and their forefathers.

Thus, to call a constitutional convention would most certainly place us in a worse situation. That said, there is one positive that could result from this. If the Constitution were re-written, it would require the ratification of the states that wanted to join a new union under a new contract (Constitution). In this case, it very well may provide a way for the people of the states to decide which path they wanted to take: national or federal. In other words, those states that yet wanted to live under Federalism and not Nationalism could reject the new compact and could declare themselves independent or seek to form yet another compact among like-minded states. (Of course, this could happen anyway, per number 2 above--even without a constitutional convention--making any proposed Con Con a dangerous and unnecessary action.)

5. Revolution. Revolution simply means a change of power. For those who perceive such a term as being a bad thing, why do they not then demonize the current illegitimate system of national government, because this current system is not the one the states ratified back in 1787? If a squatter turns your property into his, are you not within your rights to remove him, his family, his friends and his belongings completely from your property?

It is a fact that Americans (nationalists, federalists and even monarchists) believed in the natural right of revolution--that every generation has the God-given right to effect change by revolution when change cannot be reasonably expected and effected through other more peaceful means.

Coming full circle, then: To what degree has the federal government usurped its powers? This question is crucial because, as our forefathers expressed, resistance should be enacted proportionally to the usurpation. While there may be some who think that "it's not all that bad," I suggest that it is much worse than we think it is. We are at a point today when we are not only fighting for State sovereignty and a federal system, but we are fighting for national sovereignty (according to the LAWS OF NATIONS as expressed by enlightenment philosophers and jurists), against those who desire that the US become part of the global community.

Subscribe to the NewsWithViews Daily News Alerts!

Enter Your E-Mail Address:

The evidence around us is beyond reasonable doubt: we the people of the United States have been fraudulently denied our rights under the laws of Nature and Nature's God, and under the US Constitution. The rights to resist this tyranny already exist. The methods to choose federalism and freedom have their hands out, offering to help us. It is time we choose which method or methods will best reach the ultimate goal of freedom. And as I said, I believe a revival of State sovereignty--whereby states are resolved to exercise the authority they have per the terms of their charter (Constitution)--is the most attractive and effective method currently feasible to reclaim federalism and freedom in America.

Note: Visit Tim's web site here.

� 2009 Chuck Baldwin - All Rights Reserved

E-mail This Page

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<|endoftext|>There are a lot of similarities in the grooming-cycle between narcissists and sociopaths and both have many similarities and overlap to predatory behavior and predators themselves – who will often be narcissists or sociopaths. I have intimate knowledge of the first two, studied the third intensely over the years. They may be of the “new person in your life” variety or within your very family construct. Regardless, the progression is extremely subtle, even for the sharpest minds…at times, completely invisible. Remember, this is from my experience – yours may be different. I have not researched much on this outside of my living in the midst of it and reflecting back on that living experience.

Gaslighting. They both make you consistently feel like your perception is off and things are not at all what you originally thought they were. They skew your perceived view of reality and make you question or doubt your own sanity, coherence, and state-of-mind. This includes expecting you to go along with their gas-lighting of others as to outward appearances, material wealth, perfection of the nuclear family. (all innocently, of course, in a “keep up with the Joneses” manner. You can become paranoid and insecure in a hurry with both.

Gifts. To distract from their behavior or manipulations, they’ll buy you lots of things, spend money on you, and buy your unconscious compliance. They believe they can overshadow their narcissism or agenda by appealing to your material or flattered side.

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Guilt. Here’s where I’ve noticed a difference, in hindsight. Whenever you call out or react with hostility at the tactics or a narcissist, they crumble, put on a show, becoming exorbitantly over-emotional, and try to make you feel awful for mistreating them as it was never their goal to hurt or offend you. They can feign support when they subtly intimate things that cause you guilt, remorse, or shame. A sociopath is cold, unbending, and utilizing denial. They return to the gaslighting and show care and love to reinforce your original loyalty towards them, stating emphatically how much you mean to them and how they’d never do anything to hurt you.

Victimhood. Both will play the pity card any chance they get when feeling they’re being exposed or narrowed in on. They’re always the center-of-attention and always find a way to take the spotlight off the actual victim and make it about them. They’re the main sufferer and protagonist when something happens with their partner, child, parent, or sibling. They prey upon this and are masters at manipulating the narrative. However, narcissists lay blame at the feet of others wherever and whenever possible. Their therapist doesn’t understand them. Their family is mean to them by cutting them off. If only things weren’t the way they were, they’d be better. Everybody abandoned them. Their loved ones are what makes them miserable. Sociopaths do so in a more biting way, to wear-away the fabric of their victim’s self-confidence. Side-handed insults. Critiques. Planted rumors to others. Cutting comments.

Isolation. Sociopaths are exceptionally gifted at isolating you from your loved ones and those that will point-out what