 a leak. The longer you wait, the worse the damage is going to become.<|endoftext|>Question: How can you find out what someone really wants for their gift?
Answer: Tell them you already got their gift, then they'll try to guess, when they guess make note of what they say (You'll get great ideas).<|endoftext|>Jack Healy

Jack Healy is a Colorado-based national correspondent who focuses on rural places and life outside America's “City Limits” signs. He has worked in Iraq and Afghanistan for The Times and is a graduate of the University of Missouri’s journalism school. He adopted a street cat from Baghdad and still has the scars on his hands to prove it.<|endoftext|>Skip Navigation
Sexual Abuse and Human Trafficking in Japan

Sexual Abuse and Human Trafficking in Japan

UCLA Anthropologist reports that one injured woman in seven who is hospitalized in Japan is the victim of spousal violence, while 100,000 women a year are imported as sex workers from poor Asian countries.

Anson Musselman Email AnsonMusselman

Sexual abuse is widespread in Japan and widely tolerated, Dr, Sharman Babior, lecturer in the UCLA Anthropology Department, told a UCLA audience October 23. Problems more commonly associated with Western societies have flourished quietly in Japan for a long time, Babior said. She offered some shocking figures from Japanese government studies and her own research that showed that some 14% of Japanese women admitted to hospitals for injuries are the victims of domestic violence, that even among young people half see nothing wrong with this kind of behavior by husbands, and that international trafficking in women for the sex trade is rampant. Dr. Babior's talk was sponsored by the UCLA Women's Studies Department.

Dr. Babior discussed the exploitation of women in Japan by using two separate but related issues: domestic violence, and woman trafficking. "It's only been in the last decade or so where perceptions of Japan have actually been changing. From a culture that has been seen as harmonious, as being crime-free, as being homogeneous, [perceptions are] now shifting -- not only for those outside Japan, but also for people inside Japan. Their culture is actually much more heterogeneous than once thought. They, as a society, encounter the same gamut of human problems that would be found in any human society around the world."

Dr. Babior's research connected her with a shelter for women called HELP, which stands for House in Emergency of Love and Peace. There, Dr. Babior encountered women with harrowing stories of abuse, violence, and neglect. Many women at this shelter had been trafficked to Japan to work in the sex industry, and many others were the victims of domestic violence.
"Fifty-eight percent of these women at the shelter say they've been trafficked and were escaping their situations, followed by partner violence at thirty-one percent." Both of these issues, Babior asserted, have gone unexamined in Japanese society until very recently.

Domestic Violence across Cultures

When Dr. Babior began her research in the early 1980s, she wondered if behavioral characteristics that have been cited in Western literature about domestic violence also applied to the Japanese society.

In Western cultures, Babior said, many women blame themselves for the abuse, experience low self-esteem, feelings of isolation, and alienation. Abused women in the West, she continued, often have a belief in traditional sex roles, and their batterers experience heightened feelings of jealousy. Dr. Babior found that a great deal of similarity exists between the experiences of battered women in Japan and battered women in the West.

"The latest police reports from Japan cite that one third of women who are killed each year are killed by their husbands. This is a number that is surprisingly similar to the number you will find in the United States. So, as we look at the issue cross-culturally, I think what we can say is that there are more similarities than differences that unite women that are found in these sorts of situations."

While similar psychological dynamics are at work between the abused and the abuser, the context of this abuse is very different given the idiosyncrasies of Japanese society. "The setting for all of this of course, and it's a big category, is that Japan has a patriarchal system where there is a very well defined polarization between male and female roles."
She illustrated this point by telling the UCLA audience about a forty-year-old woman from the shelter who had been repeatedly abused by her husband, a retired Tokyo taxi driver. Her 200-pound husband would often wake her up in the middle of the night and slap her for no apparent reason.

"He hit her in the head with his fists and then took her head and hit it against the edge of the table repeatedly. She showed me recent bruises on her head and scalp. She also had bruises on her neck, shoulders, arms, and wrists. Her past injuries include a forehead laceration, a broken middle finger, her teeth were knocked out, and she's gone to the hospital several times for her injuries. And she goes on to talk about how she believes that her role should be to take care of the children and be in the house, and that her husband's role should be to go outside and earn money."

Babior said that this woman called the police on numerous occasions, yet they would consistently dismiss the matter and encourage the pair to reconcile. The police steered clear of the violence because it was at the hands of her husband instead of a stranger. "There's a sense of violence being part and parcel of the prerogative of the husband to beat his wife if he cares to."

The government of Japan is beginning to respond to this problem. In 2001, the Law of Prevention of Spouse Violence and Protection of Victims was passed.

Law of Prevention Spouse Violence and Protection of Victims

"There was a three-year government study that lead up to the passage of this law, between 1997 and 2000. And in that government study, five percent of wives that were included in that survey said they had experienced critical violence at the hand of their husbands. And those are just ones that admit it."

This government study found that one in seven women who had sought medical attention for injuries listed spousal violence for the reason they went to the hospital. Another finding in this particular study was that domestic violence was quite uniform throughout the socioeconomic classes, Babior reported.

"You don't find any differences in terms of the types or levels of abuse that are experienced by poor women, middle class women, or wealthy women. And the same goes for education. The highly educated, the poorly educated experience similar types and levels of abuse. And that concurs with Western literature as well."

Dr. Babior also mentioned that there is a movement to amend this law in order to expand the definition of abuse to include psychological battering.

Cultural Dimension of Domestic Violence

Dr. Babior explained that cultural factors have contributed to the hidden dimension of domestic violence in Japan, adding that the perceptions of violence in Japan are very different than they are in the West.

"What appears to be normative for a Westerner is non-normative to the Japanese perception. What I mean is that up until 2001 when it was legally declared illegal to abuse one's partner, up until this point it has been as very normal behavior."
Babior added that attitudes are changing among the young. She cited a survey that was conducted to see how the youth of Japan viewed partner abuse. Fifty percent of those surveyed said it is not acceptable to abuse one's partner. Of course, that means that 50 percent found such behavior is acceptable. While evenly divided, Babior said, "If you went back to their parents' or grandparents' generation, it was actually seen as okay to use violence against one's partner."

Another dimension that has added to the lack of awareness and hidden nature of violence is the Japanese concept of female endurance, she explained.

"To endure on anybody's part is seen as an admirable quality and personality trait. So if you can endure a bad situation, this actually is something seen as being a positive, and something that is respected. This goes so far. When I talked to the government shelters they told me they always counseled women seeking shelter to try to shape up and go back to the relationship and bear it because it was far less damaging for society for them to keep their marriage together than to divorce. There was a sense that it's important to maintain families rather than have people that are divorced or separated because this can somehow shake-up the social fabric. Part of their counseling was to try to encourage the women to go back and try to make the relationship work."

Babior explained that there is also a lack of reporting and discussing violence outside of the family because of the cultural concept of shame.

"If an individual would come forward and admit that there was a problem, it doesn't limit itself to that individual but it extends to all family members and brings shame upon all family. So it's seen as being much more desirable just to kind of grit your teeth and bear your problems rather than bring shame upon yourself and your family, which is not erasable. You do not get rid of the shame. It can persist beyond your generation. It can spill to your children's generation."

Human Trafficking, and Sexual Bondage

The other subject that Dr. Babior has studied relating to the exploitation of women in Japan is the human trafficking that feeds Japan's sex industry. Many of the women in Japanese shelters are fleeing sexual servitude, fearing for their lives.
"Japan is a society where there are sexual inequalities which are accepted as a given, and where sexual exploitation of women is not necessarily seen as

 The most important thing you can do is reach out to an expert, like one from Palmer Roofing, as soon as you realize you have a leak. The longer you wait, the worse the damage is going to become.<|endoftext|>Jack Healy

Jack Healy is a Colorado-based national correspondent who focuses on rural places and life outside America's “City Limits” signs. He has worked in Iraq and Afghanistan for The Times and is a graduate of the University of Missouri’s journalism school. He adopted a street cat from Baghdad and still has the scars on his hands to prove it.<|endoftext|>Skip Navigation
Sexual Abuse and Human Trafficking in Japan

Sexual Abuse and Human Trafficking in Japan

UCLA Anthropologist reports that one injured woman in seven who is hospitalized in Japan is the victim of spousal violence, while 100,000 women a year are imported as sex workers from poor Asian countries.

Anson Musselman Email AnsonMusselman

Sexual abuse is widespread in Japan and widely tolerated, Dr, Sharman Babior, lecturer in the UCLA Anthropology Department, told a UCLA audience October 23. Problems more commonly associated with Western societies have flourished quietly in Japan for a long time, Babior said. She offered some shocking figures from Japanese government studies and her own research that showed that some 14% of Japanese women admitted to hospitals for injuries are the victims of domestic violence, that even among young people half see nothing wrong with this kind of behavior by husbands, and that international trafficking in women for the sex trade is rampant. Dr. Babior's talk was sponsored by the UCLA Women's Studies Department.

Dr. Babior discussed the exploitation of women in Japan by using two separate but related issues: domestic violence, and woman trafficking. "It's only been in the last decade or so where perceptions of Japan have actually been changing. From a culture that has been seen as harmonious, as being crime-free, as being homogeneous, [perceptions are] now shifting -- not only for those outside Japan, but also for people inside Japan. Their culture is actually much more heterogeneous than once thought. They, as a society, encounter the same gamut of human problems that would be found in any human society around the world."

Dr. Babior's research connected her with a shelter for women called HELP, which stands for House in Emergency of Love and Peace. There, Dr. Babior encountered women with harrowing stories of abuse, violence, and neglect. Many women at this shelter had been trafficked to Japan to work in the sex industry, and many others were the victims of domestic violence.
"Fifty-eight percent of these women at the shelter say they've been trafficked and were escaping their situations, followed by partner violence at thirty-one percent." Both of these issues, Babior asserted, have gone unexamined in Japanese society until very recently.

Domestic Violence across Cultures

When Dr. Babior began her research in the early 1980s, she wondered if behavioral characteristics that have been cited in Western literature about domestic violence also applied to the Japanese society.

In Western cultures, Babior said, many women blame themselves for the abuse, experience low self-esteem, feelings of isolation, and alienation. Abused women in the West, she continued, often have a belief in traditional sex roles, and their batterers experience heightened feelings of jealousy. Dr. Babior found that a great deal of similarity exists between the experiences of battered women in Japan and battered women in the West.

"The latest police reports from Japan cite that one third of women who are killed each year are killed by their husbands. This is a number that is surprisingly similar to the number you will find in the United States. So, as we look at the issue cross-culturally, I think what we can say is that there are more similarities than differences that unite women that are found in these sorts of situations."

While similar psychological dynamics are at work between the abused and the abuser, the context of this abuse is very different given the idiosyncrasies of Japanese society. "The setting for all of this of course, and it's a big category, is that Japan has a patriarchal system where there is a very well defined polarization between male and female roles."
She illustrated this point by telling the UCLA audience about a forty-year-old woman from the shelter who had been repeatedly abused by her husband, a retired Tokyo taxi driver. Her 200-pound husband would often wake her up in the middle of the night and slap her for no apparent reason.

"He hit her in the head with his fists and then took her head and hit it against the edge of the table repeatedly. She showed me recent bruises on her head and scalp. She also had bruises on her neck, shoulders, arms, and wrists. Her past injuries include a forehead laceration, a broken middle finger, her teeth were knocked out, and she's gone to the hospital several times for her injuries. And she goes on to talk about how she believes that her role should be to take care of the children and be in the house, and that her husband's role should be to go outside and earn money."

Babior said that this woman called the police on numerous occasions, yet they would consistently dismiss the matter and encourage the pair to reconcile. The police steered clear of the violence because it was at the hands of her husband instead of a stranger. "There's a sense of violence being part and parcel of the prerogative of the husband to beat his wife if he cares to."

The government of Japan is beginning to respond to this problem. In 2001, the Law of Prevention of Spouse Violence and Protection of Victims was passed.

Law of Prevention Spouse Violence and Protection of Victims

"There was a three-year government study that lead up to the passage of this law, between 1997 and 2000. And in that government study, five percent of wives that were included in that survey said they had experienced critical violence at the hand of their husbands. And those are just ones that admit it."

This government study found that one in seven women who had sought medical attention for injuries listed spousal violence for the reason they went to the hospital. Another finding in this particular study was that domestic violence was quite uniform throughout the socioeconomic classes, Babior reported.

"You don't find any differences in terms of the types or levels of abuse that are experienced by poor women, middle class women, or wealthy women. And the same goes for education. The highly educated, the poorly educated experience similar types and levels of abuse. And that concurs with Western literature as well."

Dr. Babior also mentioned that there is a movement to amend this law in order to expand the definition of abuse to include psychological battering.

Cultural Dimension of Domestic Violence

Dr. Babior explained that cultural factors have contributed to the hidden dimension of domestic violence in Japan, adding that the perceptions of violence in Japan are very different than they are in the West.

"What appears to be normative for a Westerner is non-normative to the Japanese perception. What I mean is that up until 2001 when it was legally declared illegal to abuse one's partner, up until this point it has been as very normal behavior."
Babior added that attitudes are changing among the young. She cited a survey that was conducted to see how the youth of Japan viewed partner abuse. Fifty percent of those surveyed said it is not acceptable to abuse one's partner. Of course, that means that 50 percent found such behavior is acceptable. While evenly divided, Babior said, "If you went back to their parents' or grandparents' generation, it was actually seen as okay to use violence against one's partner."

Another dimension that has added to the lack of awareness and hidden nature of violence is the Japanese concept of female endurance, she explained.

"To endure on anybody's part is seen as an admirable quality and personality trait. So if you can endure a bad situation, this actually is something seen as being a positive, and something that is respected. This goes so far. When I talked to the government shelters they told me they always counseled women seeking shelter to try to shape up and go back to the relationship and bear it because it was far less damaging for society for them to keep their marriage together than to divorce. There was a sense that it's important to maintain families rather than have people that are divorced or separated because this can somehow shake-up the social fabric. Part of their counseling was to try to encourage the women to go back and try to make the relationship work."

Babior explained that there is also a lack of reporting and discussing violence outside of the family because of the cultural concept of shame.

"If an individual would come forward and admit that there was a problem, it doesn't limit itself to that individual but it extends to all family members and brings shame upon all family. So it's seen as being much more desirable just to kind of grit your teeth and bear your problems rather than bring shame upon yourself and your family, which is not erasable. You do not get rid of the shame. It can persist beyond your generation. It can spill to your children's generation."

Human Trafficking, and Sexual Bondage

The other subject that Dr. Babior has studied relating to the exploitation of women in Japan is the human trafficking that feeds Japan's sex industry. Many of the women in Japanese shelters are fleeing sexual servitude, fearing for their lives.
"Japan is a society where there are sexual inequalities which are accepted as a given, and where sexual exploitation of women is not necessarily seen as being all-bad."

The bulk of the women trafficked into Japan to work in


, mice and hamsters. Products that you’d never guess test on animals before going onto the shelves of every supermarket. Other every day brands like Aqua fresh, Johnson + Johnson, LOREAL, Pantene, TRESemme, Dove, LISTERINE, Head & shoulders, Vaseline and Clean & clear also test on animals before making their way to shop floors. Most make up brands like M.A.C and Revlon, cover girl, AVON and Maybelline all test on animals. In the cosmetics industry over 3000 animals are killed in the process of making each product.

Other house hold cleaning products like; Tide, Windex, Glade, Coppertone, Comet, Clorox, Febreze, Arm & Hammer, Pampers and Stila all test on animals. There are several apps that can be downloaded on your phone or other devices, which tell you what products, have been tested on animals and what products do not test on animals. One of these known apps is called the CCF app (Choose Cruelty Free). This app can be downloaded on either Apple or Android products, and is free and gives lists of all vegan options and cruelty free products. Another app is Cruelty-Free, which will give you the description of a company that you look up and whether or not their products are cruelty free and what type of products the company sells. In my next blog I will be talking about animal testing and research is just plain bad science, and will have a few professional opinions on the matter along with a few statistics that state how often animal research and testing actually works on humans after it have proven to work for animals.

One comment on “Animal testing; the truth behind daily used products

  1. maddimace
    May 1, 2016

    I think this post was great. To me it was filled with lots of information and was engaging also. I really liked reading it and getting a different view on this topic. But there is one point that I do disagree with. That point is that animals have completely different biology to humans. I decided to do some research on this to found out more about the biology of humans and animals. It turns out that some biological systems of animals are similar to that of humans. For example swines (pigs) have similar cardiovascular and skin systems to humans. Some animals even had similar DNA to humans. mice share 94% of its DNA with us. Research in genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome or Parkinson’s disease have used a mouse model because of how much DNA is shared between human and mice. So saying that animals have completely different biology to humans to me is an incorrect statement. I found out this information on the AMP website from an article called Animal Research FAQs (

Leave a Reply

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Twitter picture

Facebook photo

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Connecting to %s

This entry was posted on April 27, 2016 by in Geelong - Friday 3pm, Uncategorized.

Deakin Authors

%d bloggers like this:<|endoftext|>Thursday, February 14, 2013

The Final Day of Genitals: Barbless Boners

Some non-human primates have punk-rock peckers, embedded with barbs that make sex like literally scouring the drain, to get rid of sperm and discourage further mating. These primates, including marmosets and some prosimians, have "penile spines" which are exactly as unpleasant as they sound.

We imagine this is the primate anthem in those particular species.

Fortunately for all concerned, humans don't have that. Evolution has kindly steered us towards smoother, larger penises. Of course this isn't exactly altruism on Evolution's part - these smoother schlongs are a great fit to remove unwanted swimmers of previous tenants, without the internal road rash issues of early primate editions. How did scientists test this theory?
Full-size image (51 K)
Dildos (and a false vagina [A]). For Science.
Well, they took a fake vagina marketed as a masturbation tool, and a bunch of dildos, and some cornstarch and water that was, AND WE QUOTE, "judged by three sexually experienced males to best approximate the viscosity and texture of human seminal fluid." This tells us several things, but mainly either that the authors of this paper are all virgins and they had to seek outside consultants, or that the 2 dudes involved in the survey didn't want to be considered experts in semen.

Essentially, they found that the coronal ridge (head of the penis) is important in getting sperm out of a vagina. They also combined data with a psychological study which showed that college-aged men tended to "involve deeper and more vigorous penile thrusting" during sex when they believed their girlfriends had cheated on them. AKA, they boned their ladies harder in order to clear out more frat boy spunk. SCIENCE. Seriously, go read this article. It's worth it for the equations alone.

This will be our last post on the topic of genitals for a while. It's not that we can't count, it's just that our search histories are literally starting to make our eyes blister and our souls melt, and we can't sustain that sort of inner horror.  We'll be back in a week or two, and spend at least a little time talking about something that isn't sex. We didn't quite make it 14 days, but we made it til the 14th! Happy Valentine's day everyone, now go enjoy some barbless boners!! (Or whatever you prefer...)

works cited:

Gallup, G. (July 01, 2003). The human penis as a semen displacement device. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 4, 277-289.

  1. I am so sad that the series is over! Thanks for the info, now I know how incredible boring my sex life is..... On my way to find a barbed dildo as we speak to verify some of this information.....

  2. In the name of science, Lacy, we may demand details!!! IN THE NAME OF SCIENCE.

  3. It's really a good movie.
    But it ended. I want to help you guys with a little boy.
    how to make your penis bigger fast with your hands ??
    Contact me and I'll help you. remember<|endoftext|>Question: To replace the power supply on a PS3.
Answer: Upon opening the system, the power supply is to the left in the back. Unscrew the screws holding it down and remove it, then insert and screw down the new one.<|endoftext|>Homeless man arrested in Clipstone with drugs and lock knife

Mansfield Magistrates Court.
Mansfield Magistrates Court.

A homeless man with mental health problems who was arrested with a lock knife and drugs in Clipstone has been jailed.

Leroy Wyatt, 31, admitted possessing amphetamine and a bladed article on April 10.

He also pleaded guilty to stealing two push bikes from a garage on King Street in Hodthorpe, in Derbyshire, on March 3.

Yvonne Wragg said: “He has a significant amphetamine problem. Over the last five years he has not been in trouble so much, but very recently the amphetamine problem has returned.”

She told the court that Wyatt had been living in a horse stable which belonged to his partner at the time of his arrest.

When arrested, Wyatt ‘immediately told police that he had a knife,’ said Ms Wragg.

“He wasn’t aware it was an offence.”

She said the bikes were stolen from a garage that was not attached to the house and one of the bikes had been recovered.

“He’s found himself in difficulty of late. He was doing quite well but probation are concerned about his mental health.”

She said he had been diagnosed with a multiple split personality and had been hearing voices.

The court heard his partner was expecting a child.

“He wants to try and be a good dad for his unborn child. He accepts that the only way for him to get clean is to go to prison.”

Magistrates sentenced him to a total of 42 weeks in custody with 12 weeks, to run concurrently, for breaching a conditional discharge.

He was ordered to pay £80 compensation to the bike owner.<|endoftext|>Amature moms and daughters fucked

big tity college girl fucking

people fucking outdoors

fuck a granny near me

About video

Exclusive two construction workers apparently got up close and personal with princess diana. British author tom quinn recently released a new book titled kensington palace an intimate memoir. When a poor family in cambodia fell afoul of loan sharks, the mother asked her youngest daughter to take a job. Sun, sand, scorching hot bodiesand senior citizens? Spring break with grandad sees six sexy singles heading to spring break to prove that they are the biggest party animals on the planet. Babycenter is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. Our content is doctor approved and evidence based, and our community is moderated, lively, and welcoming. The footage started with the pair recording themselves while having sexual intercourse in bed before the ladys father then walked into the room, leaving them stunned. What did i just say kayla, meaning this is not the first time hes. Three years ago, i lost the man i loved the most in this world

 of testing done on them are rats, mice and hamsters. Products that you’d never guess test on animals before going onto the shelves of every supermarket. Other every day brands like Aqua fresh, Johnson + Johnson, LOREAL, Pantene, TRESemme, Dove, LISTERINE, Head & shoulders, Vaseline and Clean & clear also test on animals before making their way to shop floors. Most make up brands like M.A.C and Revlon, cover girl, AVON and Maybelline all test on animals. In the cosmetics industry over 3000 animals are killed in the process of making each product.

Other house hold cleaning products like; Tide, Windex, Glade, Coppertone, Comet, Clorox, Febreze, Arm & Hammer, Pampers and Stila all test on animals. There are several apps that can be downloaded on your phone or other devices, which tell you what products, have been tested on animals and what products do not test on animals. One of these known apps is called the CCF app (Choose Cruelty Free). This app can be downloaded on either Apple or Android products, and is free and gives lists of all vegan options and cruelty free products. Another app is Cruelty-Free, which will give you the description of a company that you look up and whether or not their products are cruelty free and what type of products the company sells. In my next blog I will be talking about animal testing and research is just plain bad science, and will have a few professional opinions on the matter along with a few statistics that state how often animal research and testing actually works on humans after it have proven to work for animals.

One comment on “Animal testing; the truth behind daily used products

  1. maddimace
    May 1, 2016

    I think this post was great. To me it was filled with lots of information and was engaging also. I really liked reading it and getting a different view on this topic. But there is one point that I do disagree with. That point is that animals have completely different biology to humans. I decided to do some research on this to found out more about the biology of humans and animals. It turns out that some biological systems of animals are similar to that of humans. For example swines (pigs) have similar cardiovascular and skin systems to humans. Some animals even had similar DNA to humans. mice share 94% of its DNA with us. Research in genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome or Parkinson’s disease have used a mouse model because of how much DNA is shared between human and mice. So saying that animals have completely different biology to humans to me is an incorrect statement. I found out this information on the AMP website from an article called Animal Research FAQs (

Leave a Reply

You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )

Twitter picture

Facebook photo

Google+ photo

Connecting to %s

This entry was posted on April 27, 2016 by in Geelong - Friday 3pm, Uncategorized.

Deakin Authors

%d bloggers like this:<|endoftext|>Thursday, February 14, 2013

The Final Day of Genitals: Barbless Boners

Some non-human primates have punk-rock peckers, embedded with barbs that make sex like literally scouring the drain, to get rid of sperm and discourage further mating. These primates, including marmosets and some prosimians, have "penile spines" which are exactly as unpleasant as they sound.

We imagine this is the primate anthem in those particular species.

Fortunately for all concerned, humans don't have that. Evolution has kindly steered us towards smoother, larger penises. Of course this isn't exactly altruism on Evolution's part - these smoother schlongs are a great fit to remove unwanted swimmers of previous tenants, without the internal road rash issues of early primate editions. How did scientists test this theory?
Full-size image (51 K)
Dildos (and a false vagina [A]). For Science.
Well, they took a fake vagina marketed as a masturbation tool, and a bunch of dildos, and some cornstarch and water that was, AND WE QUOTE, "judged by three sexually experienced males to best approximate the viscosity and texture of human seminal fluid." This tells us several things, but mainly either that the authors of this paper are all virgins and they had to seek outside consultants, or that the 2 dudes involved in the survey didn't want to be considered experts in semen.

Essentially, they found that the coronal ridge (head of the penis) is important in getting sperm out of a vagina. They also combined data with a psychological study which showed that college-aged men tended to "involve deeper and more vigorous penile thrusting" during sex when they believed their girlfriends had cheated on them. AKA, they boned their ladies harder in order to clear out more frat boy spunk. SCIENCE. Seriously, go read this article. It's worth it for the equations alone.

This will be our last post on the topic of genitals for a while. It's not that we can't count, it's just that our search histories are literally starting to make our eyes blister and our souls melt, and we can't sustain that sort of inner horror.  We'll be back in a week or two, and spend at least a little time talking about something that isn't sex. We didn't quite make it 14 days, but we made it til the 14th! Happy Valentine's day everyone, now go enjoy some barbless boners!! (Or whatever you prefer...)

works cited:

Gallup, G. (July 01, 2003). The human penis as a semen displacement device. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 4, 277-289.

  1. I am so sad that the series is over! Thanks for the info, now I know how incredible boring my sex life is..... On my way to find a barbed dildo as we speak to verify some of this information.....

  2. In the name of science, Lacy, we may demand details!!! IN THE NAME OF SCIENCE.

  3. It's really a good movie.
    But it ended. I want to help you guys with a little boy.
    how to make your penis bigger fast with your hands ??
    Contact me and I'll help you. remember<|endoftext|>Homeless man arrested in Clipstone with drugs and lock knife

Mansfield Magistrates Court.
Mansfield Magistrates Court.

A homeless man with mental health problems who was arrested with a lock knife and drugs in Clipstone has been jailed.

Leroy Wyatt, 31, admitted possessing amphetamine and a bladed article on April 10.

He also pleaded guilty to stealing two push bikes from a garage on King Street in Hodthorpe, in Derbyshire, on March 3.

Yvonne Wragg said: “He has a significant amphetamine problem. Over the last five years he has not been in trouble so much, but very recently the amphetamine problem has returned.”

She told the court that Wyatt had been living in a horse stable which belonged to his partner at the time of his arrest.

When arrested, Wyatt ‘immediately told police that he had a knife,’ said Ms Wragg.

“He wasn’t aware it was an offence.”

She said the bikes were stolen from a garage that was not attached to the house and one of the bikes had been recovered.

“He’s found himself in difficulty of late. He was doing quite well but probation are concerned about his mental health.”

She said he had been diagnosed with a multiple split personality and had been hearing voices.

The court heard his partner was expecting a child.

“He wants to try and be a good dad for his unborn child. He accepts that the only way for him to get clean is to go to prison.”

Magistrates sentenced him to a total of 42 weeks in custody with 12 weeks, to run concurrently, for breaching a conditional discharge.

He was ordered to pay £80 compensation to the bike owner.<|endoftext|>Amature moms and daughters fucked

big tity college girl fucking

people fucking outdoors

fuck a granny near me

About video

Exclusive two construction workers apparently got up close and personal with princess diana. British author tom quinn recently released a new book titled kensington palace an intimate memoir. When a poor family in cambodia fell afoul of loan sharks, the mother asked her youngest daughter to take a job. Sun, sand, scorching hot bodiesand senior citizens? Spring break with grandad sees six sexy singles heading to spring break to prove that they are the biggest party animals on the planet. Babycenter is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. Our content is doctor approved and evidence based, and our community is moderated, lively, and welcoming. The footage started with the pair recording themselves while having sexual intercourse in bed before the ladys father then walked into the room, leaving them stunned. What did i just say kayla, meaning this is not the first time hes. Three years ago, i lost the man i loved the most in this world. We had been married for 23 years and sadly, he passed away after a prolonged sickness. Hear from moms 100 women bare their breasts a fresh look at real bodies. By sara mcginnis sometimes, when im


Question: To keep keys easily distinguishable form each other.
Answer: paint the ends of the keys different colors to tell them apart.<|endoftext|>o205, HT-29, SW480) by interrupting DNA synthesis or upregulating from the Compact disc95 receptor and Compact disc95 ligand over the cell surface area and provides antitumor Torisel activity against transplanted hepatoma in mouse model. These results claim that NCTD Torisel is normally a potential antitumor agent (1-3). Nevertheless, the precise mechanism in charge of the apoptotic effect isn’t elucidated thoroughly. Fig. 1 Buildings of cantharidin (CA) and norcantharidin (NCTD). Apoptosis, or designed cell loss of life, is a regulated genetically, self-destructive cellular loss of life process that’s important Torisel in advancement, tissue remodeling, immune system regulation, and several illnesses (4-7). Cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) have already been proven essential mediators in apoptotic pathway. Caspases could be split into two groupings: initiator caspases (such as for example caspase-8 and caspase-9) whose primary function is normally to activate downstream caspases, and executor caspases (such as for example caspase-3), which mediate apoptosis by proteolysis of particular substrates including inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) and antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 (8-12). Many Bcl-2 family members protein reside the mitochondrial external membrane. The total amount between Bax and Bcl-2 (or Bcl-xL) determines the destiny of cells in lots of apoptotic systems. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL could be cleaved by cleavage and caspase-3 of the protein seems to inactivate their success function. In response towards the loss of life stimuli, the mitochrondrial membranes are permeabilized, leading to the discharge of cytochrome activates apoptosis by binding and activating apoptotic protease activating aspect-1 (Apaf-1)-caspase-9 complicated, which form an apoptosome acting as a processing/activation center for the downstream caspase-3 (13-17). In the present study, we demonstrate that caspases activation participated in NCTD-induced apoptosis, and up-regulaton of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 (or Bcl-xL) contributed to the NCTD-induced A375-S2 cell apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical reagents NCTD of analytical grade purity was from your Ju-nan Pharmaceutical Works (Junan, China) and dissolved in RPMI-1640 (HyClone, U.S.A.). Caspase-8 inhibitor (z-IETD-fmk) was from Enzyme Systems (CA, U.S.A.). Caspase-3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) and pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) were from Calbiochem (CA, U.S.A.). Caspase-9 inhibitor (Ac-LEHD-CHO), rabbit polyclonal antibodies against ICAD, cytochrome Rabbit Polyclonal to Neuro D. for 5 min, washed two times with PBS. The cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldelyde at room temperature for 2 hr, then washed and stained with Hoechst 33258 167 M at 37 for 30 min. At the end of incubation, the cells were washed and resuspended in PBS for observation of nuclear morphology using fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Osaka, Japan). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity-based cytotoxicity assays (20, 21) The cells were cultured with NCTD for 12, 24 or 36 hr. Floating lifeless cells Torisel were collected from tradition medium by centrifugation (240 for 10 min at 4), and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content from your pellets lysed in 1% NP-40 for 15 min was used as an index of apoptotic cell death (LDHp). The released LDH in the tradition medium (extracellular LDH or LDHe) was used as an index of necrotic cell death. The adherent and viable cells were lysed in 1% NP40 for 15 min to release LDH (intracellular LDH or LDHi). Then the substrate reaction buffer of LDH (L (+)-lactic acid 0.5 mM, indonitrotetrazolium 0.66 mM, phenazine methosulfate 0.28 mM, -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 1.3 mM in pH 8.2 Tris-HCl) was added. The OD value at 492 nm of reaction for 1 and 5 min were assayed and LDH.<|endoftext|>It didn’t look like spring at the Mulberry Recreation Center fields on Saturday.

Thick, gray clouds hung low in the sky. Mud and water coated the grass where spectators stood. A cold wind whipped through hair and chapped hands, and parents bundled their littlest children up in blankets.

It sure sounded like spring, though.

Tiny voices yelled out to each other and shrieked with laughter.

Little, sneakered feet squelched against the mud.

Coaches bellowed.

Mothers whispered: “Cheer for your brother. Say, ‘Go Sand Gnats.’”

Coins clinked in sweaty palms, as T-shirted, baseball-hatted kids lined up at the concession sand.

The below-50 air was full of the sound of ball against glove, cleat against clay, metal bat against concrete.

Lenoir’s athletic director, Kenny Story, invited his twins up to sing the national anthem, and the noise and chatter of the crowd melded into the sound of hands slapping over hearts and the tune of those old, star-spangled words.

Mayor Joe Gibbons threw out the opening ball, and that had its own sounds: A whoosh of leather and stitch against air, then waves of clapping from parents and coaches and kids.

Then, for the 61st year in a row, the teams assembled for their games. Kids as young as 4 and as old as 12 raised bats to shoulders and slipped hands into gloves.

Then came the last sound, the sound that means it’s all starting, the sound that means spring is here and winter is over and the kids are out on the ball field and ready to play:<|endoftext|>5 Things You Should Know About Renewable Energy Projects

We are now living in the energy-hungry world. Our homes need electricity to remain lit and warm; our cars need petrol to start; even our computers and smartphones need power to process data. Most of this energy comes from traditional sources like nuclear stations or fossil fuel. However, ecological problems such as depletion of mineral resources and growing carbon emission force us to look for alternative energy sources.

The idea of renewable energy isn’t new. For decades, people have been trying to convert sunlight, wind, ocean waves, and Earth’s heat into electricity. Despite experts’ warnings, people continue using coal, petroleum, and natural gas to power the global energy ecosystem. Why? The thing is that most businesses use traditional forms of power generation. It’s too costly and time-consuming to rebuild the whole infrastructure, as well as switch from regular processes to something new and poorly studied.

In this article, we will discuss modern projects focused on renewable energy, and how they can help society and nature.

Renewable energy 101

Before we proceed to the main things everybody should learn about renewables, it’s essential to learn what this term stands for. Simply put, renewable energy covers all types of energy sources which are traditionally considered inexhaustible.

Scientists define five common methods of using renewable energy:

  • Solar: capturing and handling sunbeams via solar panels and panel fields
  • Wind: processing airflows through large propeller-like turbines
  • Hydro: capturing water power with dams and tidal power generators
  • Geothermal: getting energy from volcanoes, geysers, and radioactive decay
  • Bio: growing and processing plants to produce bio-energy

It’s also important to realize that such resources are inexhaustible, but limited. They provide a certain amount of energy per unit of time, so we can’t take all the power from the sun or oceans at once.

Key facts about renewable energy projects

The researchers from the University of Geneva have recently published a report, where they claim that mineral resource exhaustion is a myth! Of course, we should not underestimate the rates of consumption, but the Earth is large and yet unexplored; so next generations will have enough time to find solutions for using traditional energy sources.

Despite the findings of Swiss scientists, it is essential to focus on sustainable development. One of the reasons is to save the world from irreversible climate changes, which can have a disastrous effect on our lives. For instance, high carbon emission may lead to ozone depletion, increase in average temperatures, and, finally, global warming. Certainly, this scenario looks apocalyptic, but it is still possible. To prevent this from happening, many renewable energy projects are being developed now.

1. Renewables are cheap and they become more popular

Today, renewable energy is not as expensive as it was a few years ago. With advanced technologies popping up on a daily basis, the industry sees a lot of cost-saving solutions and innovative projects. For instance, Composite Technology Corporation has been working on advanced wind turbines that would be efficient in generating energy and come at a lower cost. Another innovator, Energy Sage, focuses on solar solutions. They state that in some regions of their service, solar energy is delivered at half the cost of its coal alternatives!

Low prices for solar panels and

o205, HT-29, SW480) by interrupting DNA synthesis or upregulating from the Compact disc95 receptor and Compact disc95 ligand over the cell surface area and provides antitumor Torisel activity against transplanted hepatoma in mouse model. These results claim that NCTD Torisel is normally a potential antitumor agent (1-3). Nevertheless, the precise mechanism in charge of the apoptotic effect isn’t elucidated thoroughly. Fig. 1 Buildings of cantharidin (CA) and norcantharidin (NCTD). Apoptosis, or designed cell loss of life, is a regulated genetically, self-destructive cellular loss of life process that’s important Torisel in advancement, tissue remodeling, immune system regulation, and several illnesses (4-7). Cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) have already been proven essential mediators in apoptotic pathway. Caspases could be split into two groupings: initiator caspases (such as for example caspase-8 and caspase-9) whose primary function is normally to activate downstream caspases, and executor caspases (such as for example caspase-3), which mediate apoptosis by proteolysis of particular substrates including inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) and antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 (8-12). Many Bcl-2 family members protein reside the mitochondrial external membrane. The total amount between Bax and Bcl-2 (or Bcl-xL) determines the destiny of cells in lots of apoptotic systems. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL could be cleaved by cleavage and caspase-3 of the protein seems to inactivate their success function. In response towards the loss of life stimuli, the mitochrondrial membranes are permeabilized, leading to the discharge of cytochrome activates apoptosis by binding and activating apoptotic protease activating aspect-1 (Apaf-1)-caspase-9 complicated, which form an apoptosome acting as a processing/activation center for the downstream caspase-3 (13-17). In the present study, we demonstrate that caspases activation participated in NCTD-induced apoptosis, and up-regulaton of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 (or Bcl-xL) contributed to the NCTD-induced A375-S2 cell apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical reagents NCTD of analytical grade purity was from your Ju-nan Pharmaceutical Works (Junan, China) and dissolved in RPMI-1640 (HyClone, U.S.A.). Caspase-8 inhibitor (z-IETD-fmk) was from Enzyme Systems (CA, U.S.A.). Caspase-3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) and pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) were from Calbiochem (CA, U.S.A.). Caspase-9 inhibitor (Ac-LEHD-CHO), rabbit polyclonal antibodies against ICAD, cytochrome Rabbit Polyclonal to Neuro D. for 5 min, washed two times with PBS. The cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldelyde at room temperature for 2 hr, then washed and stained with Hoechst 33258 167 M at 37 for 30 min. At the end of incubation, the cells were washed and resuspended in PBS for observation of nuclear morphology using fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Osaka, Japan). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity-based cytotoxicity assays (20, 21) The cells were cultured with NCTD for 12, 24 or 36 hr. Floating lifeless cells Torisel were collected from tradition medium by centrifugation (240 for 10 min at 4), and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content from your pellets lysed in 1% NP-40 for 15 min was used as an index of apoptotic cell death (LDHp). The released LDH in the tradition medium (extracellular LDH or LDHe) was used as an index of necrotic cell death. The adherent and viable cells were lysed in 1% NP40 for 15 min to release LDH (intracellular LDH or LDHi). Then the substrate reaction buffer of LDH (L (+)-lactic acid 0.5 mM, indonitrotetrazolium 0.66 mM, phenazine methosulfate 0.28 mM, -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 1.3 mM in pH 8.2 Tris-HCl) was added. The OD value at 492 nm of reaction for 1 and 5 min were assayed and LDH.<|endoftext|>It didn’t look like spring at the Mulberry Recreation Center fields on Saturday.

Thick, gray clouds hung low in the sky. Mud and water coated the grass where spectators stood. A cold wind whipped through hair and chapped hands, and parents bundled their littlest children up in blankets.

It sure sounded like spring, though.

Tiny voices yelled out to each other and shrieked with laughter.

Little, sneakered feet squelched against the mud.

Coaches bellowed.

Mothers whispered: “Cheer for your brother. Say, ‘Go Sand Gnats.’”

Coins clinked in sweaty palms, as T-shirted, baseball-hatted kids lined up at the concession sand.

The below-50 air was full of the sound of ball against glove, cleat against clay, metal bat against concrete.

Lenoir’s athletic director, Kenny Story, invited his twins up to sing the national anthem, and the noise and chatter of the crowd melded into the sound of hands slapping over hearts and the tune of those old, star-spangled words.

Mayor Joe Gibbons threw out the opening ball, and that had its own sounds: A whoosh of leather and stitch against air, then waves of clapping from parents and coaches and kids.

Then, for the 61st year in a row, the teams assembled for their games. Kids as young as 4 and as old as 12 raised bats to shoulders and slipped hands into gloves.

Then came the last sound, the sound that means it’s all starting, the sound that means spring is here and winter is over and the kids are out on the ball field and ready to play:<|endoftext|>5 Things You Should Know About Renewable Energy Projects

We are now living in the energy-hungry world. Our homes need electricity to remain lit and warm; our cars need petrol to start; even our computers and smartphones need power to process data. Most of this energy comes from traditional sources like nuclear stations or fossil fuel. However, ecological problems such as depletion of mineral resources and growing carbon emission force us to look for alternative energy sources.

The idea of renewable energy isn’t new. For decades, people have been trying to convert sunlight, wind, ocean waves, and Earth’s heat into electricity. Despite experts’ warnings, people continue using coal, petroleum, and natural gas to power the global energy ecosystem. Why? The thing is that most businesses use traditional forms of power generation. It’s too costly and time-consuming to rebuild the whole infrastructure, as well as switch from regular processes to something new and poorly studied.

In this article, we will discuss modern projects focused on renewable energy, and how they can help society and nature.

Renewable energy 101

Before we proceed to the main things everybody should learn about renewables, it’s essential to learn what this term stands for. Simply put, renewable energy covers all types of energy sources which are traditionally considered inexhaustible.

Scientists define five common methods of using renewable energy:

  • Solar: capturing and handling sunbeams via solar panels and panel fields
  • Wind: processing airflows through large propeller-like turbines
  • Hydro: capturing water power with dams and tidal power generators
  • Geothermal: getting energy from volcanoes, geysers, and radioactive decay
  • Bio: growing and processing plants to produce bio-energy

It’s also important to realize that such resources are inexhaustible, but limited. They provide a certain amount of energy per unit of time, so we can’t take all the power from the sun or oceans at once.

Key facts about renewable energy projects

The researchers from the University of Geneva have recently published a report, where they claim that mineral resource exhaustion is a myth! Of course, we should not underestimate the rates of consumption, but the Earth is large and yet unexplored; so next generations will have enough time to find solutions for using traditional energy sources.

Despite the findings of Swiss scientists, it is essential to focus on sustainable development. One of the reasons is to save the world from irreversible climate changes, which can have a disastrous effect on our lives. For instance, high carbon emission may lead to ozone depletion, increase in average temperatures, and, finally, global warming. Certainly, this scenario looks apocalyptic, but it is still possible. To prevent this from happening, many renewable energy projects are being developed now.

1. Renewables are cheap and they become more popular

Today, renewable energy is not as expensive as it was a few years ago. With advanced technologies popping up on a daily basis, the industry sees a lot of cost-saving solutions and innovative projects. For instance, Composite Technology Corporation has been working on advanced wind turbines that would be efficient in generating energy and come at a lower cost. Another innovator, Energy Sage, focuses on solar solutions. They state that in some regions of their service, solar energy is delivered at half the cost of its coal alternatives!

Low prices for solar panels and wind turbines will encourage people to invest in new energy infrastructure. This statement is proven by Bloomberg, which claims that renewable energy (namely, wind


Question: Prevent remotes from getting lost.
Answer: Keep a woven basket in living room to hold remote.<|endoftext|> it requires an array of technologies to keep it and a crew inside safe. Both distance and duration demand that spacecraft have systems that can reliably operate far from home, keep astronauts alive in case of emergencies, and still be light enough that a rocket can launch it.

There are five technologies necessary for a spacecraft to survive deep space:

1. Systems to Live and Breathe. As humans travel farther from Earth for longer missions, the systems that keep them alive must be highly reliable while taking up minimal mass and volume. Orion will be equipped with advanced environmental control and life support systems designed for the demands of a deep space mission. A high-tech system being tested aboard the International Space Station will remove carbon dioxide and humidity from inside Orion, which is important to ensure air remains safe for the crew. Water condensation on the vehicle hardware is controlled to prevent water intrusion into sensitive equipment or corrosion on the primary pressure structure. The system also saves volume inside the spacecraft. Without such technology, Orion would have to carry many chemical canisters that would otherwise take up the space of 127 basketballs inside the spacecraft — about 10 percent of crew livable area.

Highly reliable systems are critically important when distant crew will not have the benefit of frequent resupply shipments to bring spare parts from Earth. Even small systems have to function reliably to support life in space, from an automated fire suppression system to exercise equipment that helps astronauts counteract the zero-gravity environment in space that can cause muscle and bone atrophy. Distance from home also demands that Orion have spacesuits capable of keeping astronauts alive for six days in the event of cabin depressurization to support a long trip home.

The Bio-Analyzer enables near-real-time, onboard analysis using biological samples such as blood, urine, saliva, sweat, and cell cultures. This diagnostic tool could help test specific countermeasures that are key to future exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. (NASA)

2. Proper Propulsion. The farther into space a vehicle ventures, the more capable its propulsion systems need to be to maintain its course on the journey and ensure its crew can get home. Orion has a highly capable service module that is the powerhouse for the spacecraft, providing propulsion capabilities that enable Orion to go around the Moon and back on its exploration missions. The service module has 33 engines of various sizes. The main engine will provide major in-space maneuvering capabilities throughout the mission; the other 32 engines are used to steer and control Orion on orbit.

In part due to its propulsion capabilities — including tanks that can hold nearly 2,000 gallons of propellant and a backup for the main engine in tire event of a failure — Orion’s service module is equipped to handle the rigors of travel for missions that are both far and long, and has the ability to bring the crew home in a variety of emergency situations.

3. Holding Off the Heat. The farther a spacecraft travels in space, the more heat it will generate as it returns to Earth. Getting back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the Sun. Orion’s advanced heat shield, made with a material called AVCOAT, is designed to wear away as it heats up. It is the largest of its kind ever built and will help the spacecraft withstand temperatures around 5,000 °F during re-entry though Earth’s atmosphere. A thermal protection system, paired with thermal controls, will protect Orion during periods of direct sunlight and pitch black darkness while its crews will comfortably enjoy a safe and stable interior temperature of about 77 °F.

4. Radiation Protection. As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth’s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit, with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics, and other equipment. Humans exposed to large amounts of radiation can experience both acute and chronic health problems ranging from near-term radiation sickness to the potential of developing cancer in the long term.

Orion is equipped with four identical computers that each are self-checking, plus an entirely different backup computer to ensure it can still send commands in the event of a disruption. It also has a makeshift storm shelter below the main deck of the crew module. In the event of a solar radiation event, NASA has developed plans for crew to create a temporary shelter inside using materials onboard. A variety of radiation sensors will also be onboard to help scientists better understand the radiation environment far away from Earth.

5. Constant Communication and Navigation. Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. To talk with mission control in Houston, Orion will use all three of NASA’s space communications networks. As it rises from the launch pad and into cislunar space, Orion will switch from the Near Earth Network to the Space Network, and finally to the Deep Space Network that provides communications for some of NASA’s most distant spacecraft.

Orion is also equipped with backup communication and navigation systems to help the spacecraft stay in contact with the ground and orient itself if primary systems fail. The backup navigation system, a relatively new technology called optical navigation, uses a camera to take pictures of the Earth, Moon, and stars and autonomously triangulate Orion’s position from the photos.

Hazards of Life in Space

Kennedy Space Center chemical engineer Annie Meier adjusts the trash-to-gas reactor she is developing to recycle trash during deep space missions. Materials such as scraps, wrappers, packaging, and other garbage could be converted into methane gas, oxygen, and water. (NASA/Dan Casper)

A human journey to Mars offers an inexhaustible amount of complexities. NASA’s Human Research Program has determined five hazards of human spaceflight; however, these hazards do not stand alone. They can feed off one another and exacerbate! effects on the human body. Various research platforms including the International Space Station, as well as field tests in locations that have physical similarities to Mars, give NASA insight into how the human body and mind might respond during extended trips into space.

The Deployable Enclosed Martian Environment for Technology, Eating, and Recreation (DEMETER) from Dartmouth College — winner of the 2019 Breakthrough, Innovative and Game-changing (BIG) Idea Challenge — is a habitat-sized Mars greenhouse with the primary purpose of food production. An efficient and safe greenhouse design could not only assist with Mars missions but also long-term lunar missions.

1. Radiation. Radiation is not only stealthy but is considered one of the most menacing of the five hazards. Above Earth’s natural protection, radiation exposure increases cancer risk, damages the central nervous system, can alter cognitive function, reduce motor function, and cause behavioral changes. To learn what can happen above low-Earth orbit, NASA studies how radiation affects biological samples on the ISS, which lies just within Earth’s protective magnetic field. Deep space vehicles will have significant protective shielding, dosimetry, and alerts. Research is also being conducted in the field of medical countermeasures such as pharmaceuticals to help defend against radiation.

2. Isolation and Confinement. Behavioral issues among groups of people in a small space over a long period of time, no matter how well trained they are, are inevitable. Crews will be carefully chosen, trained, and supported to ensure they can work effectively as a team for months or years in space. The more confined and isolated humans are, the more likely they are to develop behavioral or cognitive conditions such as a decline in mood, cognition, morale, or interpersonal interaction; sleep disorders; depression; fatigue; and boredom. Research is being conducted in workload, light therapy for circadian alignment, phase shifting, and alertness.

3. Distance from Earth. Mars is, on average, 140 million miles from Earth. Rather than a three-day lunar trip, astronauts would be leaving Earth for roughly three years. While ISS expeditions serve as a rough foundation for the expected impact on planning logistics for such a trip, the data isn’t always comparable. If a medical event or emergency happens on the ISS, the crew can return home within hours. Additionally, cargo vehicles continually resupply the crews with fresh food, medical equipment, and other resources. Once you burn your engines for Mars, there is no turning back and no resupply. Facing a communication delay of up to 20 minutes one way and the possibility of equipment failures or a medical emergency, astronauts must be capable of confronting an array of situations without support from their team on Earth.

NASA is developing the technologies to build a spacesuit for use on Mars. Engineers consider everything from traversing the Martian landscape to picking up rock samples. The Z-2 suit will help solve unique problems faced by the first humans to set foot on Mars. One of the challenges is that the red soil on Mars could affect the astronauts and systems inside a spacecraft if tracked in after a spacewalk. To counter this, new spacesuit designs feature a suitport on the back, so astronauts can quickly hop in from inside a spacecraft while the suit stays outside, keeping it clean indoors. (NASA/Bill Stafford)

4. Gravity (or lack of it). There are three gravity fields astronauts will experience on a Mars mission: weightlessness be-ween planets, 1/3 of Earth’s gravity on Mars, and normal gravity upon returning to Earth

 it requires an array of technologies to keep it and a crew inside safe. Both distance and duration demand that spacecraft have systems that can reliably operate far from home, keep astronauts alive in case of emergencies, and still be light enough that a rocket can launch it.

There are five technologies necessary for a spacecraft to survive deep space:

1. Systems to Live and Breathe. As humans travel farther from Earth for longer missions, the systems that keep them alive must be highly reliable while taking up minimal mass and volume. Orion will be equipped with advanced environmental control and life support systems designed for the demands of a deep space mission. A high-tech system being tested aboard the International Space Station will remove carbon dioxide and humidity from inside Orion, which is important to ensure air remains safe for the crew. Water condensation on the vehicle hardware is controlled to prevent water intrusion into sensitive equipment or corrosion on the primary pressure structure. The system also saves volume inside the spacecraft. Without such technology, Orion would have to carry many chemical canisters that would otherwise take up the space of 127 basketballs inside the spacecraft — about 10 percent of crew livable area.

Highly reliable systems are critically important when distant crew will not have the benefit of frequent resupply shipments to bring spare parts from Earth. Even small systems have to function reliably to support life in space, from an automated fire suppression system to exercise equipment that helps astronauts counteract the zero-gravity environment in space that can cause muscle and bone atrophy. Distance from home also demands that Orion have spacesuits capable of keeping astronauts alive for six days in the event of cabin depressurization to support a long trip home.

The Bio-Analyzer enables near-real-time, onboard analysis using biological samples such as blood, urine, saliva, sweat, and cell cultures. This diagnostic tool could help test specific countermeasures that are key to future exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. (NASA)

2. Proper Propulsion. The farther into space a vehicle ventures, the more capable its propulsion systems need to be to maintain its course on the journey and ensure its crew can get home. Orion has a highly capable service module that is the powerhouse for the spacecraft, providing propulsion capabilities that enable Orion to go around the Moon and back on its exploration missions. The service module has 33 engines of various sizes. The main engine will provide major in-space maneuvering capabilities throughout the mission; the other 32 engines are used to steer and control Orion on orbit.

In part due to its propulsion capabilities — including tanks that can hold nearly 2,000 gallons of propellant and a backup for the main engine in tire event of a failure — Orion’s service module is equipped to handle the rigors of travel for missions that are both far and long, and has the ability to bring the crew home in a variety of emergency situations.

3. Holding Off the Heat. The farther a spacecraft travels in space, the more heat it will generate as it returns to Earth. Getting back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the Sun. Orion’s advanced heat shield, made with a material called AVCOAT, is designed to wear away as it heats up. It is the largest of its kind ever built and will help the spacecraft withstand temperatures around 5,000 °F during re-entry though Earth’s atmosphere. A thermal protection system, paired with thermal controls, will protect Orion during periods of direct sunlight and pitch black darkness while its crews will comfortably enjoy a safe and stable interior temperature of about 77 °F.

4. Radiation Protection. As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth’s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit, with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics, and other equipment. Humans exposed to large amounts of radiation can experience both acute and chronic health problems ranging from near-term radiation sickness to the potential of developing cancer in the long term.

Orion is equipped with four identical computers that each are self-checking, plus an entirely different backup computer to ensure it can still send commands in the event of a disruption. It also has a makeshift storm shelter below the main deck of the crew module. In the event of a solar radiation event, NASA has developed plans for crew to create a temporary shelter inside using materials onboard. A variety of radiation sensors will also be onboard to help scientists better understand the radiation environment far away from Earth.

5. Constant Communication and Navigation. Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. To talk with mission control in Houston, Orion will use all three of NASA’s space communications networks. As it rises from the launch pad and into cislunar space, Orion will switch from the Near Earth Network to the Space Network, and finally to the Deep Space Network that provides communications for some of NASA’s most distant spacecraft.

Orion is also equipped with backup communication and navigation systems to help the spacecraft stay in contact with the ground and orient itself if primary systems fail. The backup navigation system, a relatively new technology called optical navigation, uses a camera to take pictures of the Earth, Moon, and stars and autonomously triangulate Orion’s position from the photos.

Hazards of Life in Space

Kennedy Space Center chemical engineer Annie Meier adjusts the trash-to-gas reactor she is developing to recycle trash during deep space missions. Materials such as scraps, wrappers, packaging, and other garbage could be converted into methane gas, oxygen, and water. (NASA/Dan Casper)

A human journey to Mars offers an inexhaustible amount of complexities. NASA’s Human Research Program has determined five hazards of human spaceflight; however, these hazards do not stand alone. They can feed off one another and exacerbate! effects on the human body. Various research platforms including the International Space Station, as well as field tests in locations that have physical similarities to Mars, give NASA insight into how the human body and mind might respond during extended trips into space.

The Deployable Enclosed Martian Environment for Technology, Eating, and Recreation (DEMETER) from Dartmouth College — winner of the 2019 Breakthrough, Innovative and Game-changing (BIG) Idea Challenge — is a habitat-sized Mars greenhouse with the primary purpose of food production. An efficient and safe greenhouse design could not only assist with Mars missions but also long-term lunar missions.

1. Radiation. Radiation is not only stealthy but is considered one of the most menacing of the five hazards. Above Earth’s natural protection, radiation exposure increases cancer risk, damages the central nervous system, can alter cognitive function, reduce motor function, and cause behavioral changes. To learn what can happen above low-Earth orbit, NASA studies how radiation affects biological samples on the ISS, which lies just within Earth’s protective magnetic field. Deep space vehicles will have significant protective shielding, dosimetry, and alerts. Research is also being conducted in the field of medical countermeasures such as pharmaceuticals to help defend against radiation.

2. Isolation and Confinement. Behavioral issues among groups of people in a small space over a long period of time, no matter how well trained they are, are inevitable. Crews will be carefully chosen, trained, and supported to ensure they can work effectively as a team for months or years in space. The more confined and isolated humans are, the more likely they are to develop behavioral or cognitive conditions such as a decline in mood, cognition, morale, or interpersonal interaction; sleep disorders; depression; fatigue; and boredom. Research is being conducted in workload, light therapy for circadian alignment, phase shifting, and alertness.

3. Distance from Earth. Mars is, on average, 140 million miles from Earth. Rather than a three-day lunar trip, astronauts would be leaving Earth for roughly three years. While ISS expeditions serve as a rough foundation for the expected impact on planning logistics for such a trip, the data isn’t always comparable. If a medical event or emergency happens on the ISS, the crew can return home within hours. Additionally, cargo vehicles continually resupply the crews with fresh food, medical equipment, and other resources. Once you burn your engines for Mars, there is no turning back and no resupply. Facing a communication delay of up to 20 minutes one way and the possibility of equipment failures or a medical emergency, astronauts must be capable of confronting an array of situations without support from their team on Earth.

NASA is developing the technologies to build a spacesuit for use on Mars. Engineers consider everything from traversing the Martian landscape to picking up rock samples. The Z-2 suit will help solve unique problems faced by the first humans to set foot on Mars. One of the challenges is that the red soil on Mars could affect the astronauts and systems inside a spacecraft if tracked in after a spacewalk. To counter this, new spacesuit designs feature a suitport on the back, so astronauts can quickly hop in from inside a spacecraft while the suit stays outside, keeping it clean indoors. (NASA/Bill Stafford)

4. Gravity (or lack of it). There are three gravity fields astronauts will experience on a Mars mission: weightlessness be-ween planets, 1/3 of Earth’s gravity on Mars, and normal gravity upon returning to Earth. When astronauts finally return home, they will need to readapt many of the systems in their bodies to Earth’


 for human rights in iran is in general. i don't know how much you know actually about it. in 1979 when the revolution succeeded we had hoped that promises freedom and he cannot we had hoped iran would become a demo
been fairly quiet throughout the first term of the obama administration. now the president has been reelected, george w. bush sort of comes out a little bit to make this big address, why? what is the timing about, do you think? >> i think the timing was shrewd. he really made a point of staying quiet during the first couple of years of president obama's administration, saying that he wanted the about the to be able to do his job, he didn't think he needed a former president to go out there and do somed tore ra some editorializing. he gave some peaches, enjoyed his life. he was not the subject of any praeurbgsz in fact not the subject at all at the republican convention in tampa in august. as mitt romney was trying to win the presidentee again, george w. bush was really a recluse. i think now that the election is over the republicans lost. he wants to have a role in one of his causes. immigration is a passion he shares with his brother jeb, former governor of florida who is thinking of his own political future and possibly a white house run and wants to help in the reset of the repub
's a map of the project which the obama administration says would drive a wedge in the palestinians west bank and cut off east jerusalem from the rest of the west bank. my question is will israel develop that chunk or are you using that as a bargaining chip to say to the palestinians, you make trouble for us in the u.n. and international bodies, this is what we may do. if you don't, maybe we won't. >> the map is misleading. you saw the yellow chunk. that's a suburb where 40,000 israelis live. it's less than two miles of baron desert road from that suburb to jerusalem. that's e1, the road. and we have to worry about a situation in the future where the suburb could be cut off from jerusalem. it doesn't cut off the west bank. you can get from ramallah to bethlehem in the south by going around e-1. if there's true peace between us and the palestinians the problem is solved by a cloverleaf or tunnel underneath the road that links them to jerusalem but it was a way the israel government set down a marker. the palestinians violated agreements with us and united states by going to the u.n. all a<|endoftext|>BLUE interface with regular NIC

Hi there guys! First post here(be gentle… :)) ).
I setup my ipfire machine with 3 separate NICs.
Red- internet, Green- LAN 1 and Blue-LAN 2(for a weird monitoring network device…). The Blue must be isolated from the anything else, and access internet only.
The problem is I cannot manage to give internet on Blue. I setup dhcp server, I installed hostapd.
But from obvious reason, the regular NIC is not Wireless card, and I cannot choose the interface. Can you help me please? Thank you!!

welcome to the IPFire community. :slight_smile:

I assume you have configured the appropriate NIC for the BLUE interface either during the installation procedure, or later by running setup on your IPFire machine. If so, you are almost there - the MAC filter on BLUE is probably preventing that device from getting connectivity. You need to either whitelist the devices’ MAC address or disable the MAC address filter completely.

Thanks, and best regards,
Peter Müller

Additionally to what @pmueller mentioned:-

In your zone configuration screenshot you have the Blue Interface assigned to its own NIC with the Native connection but then you also have it Bridged with the Green Interface. This means that the Green and Blue interfaces act as though they are one network. You should change the top line for Blue from VLAN to None so that the Blue interface is a separate network.

As you don’t have any wireless card installed you also don’t need to install hostapd. Having it won’t hurt but it is not needed for a wired Blue connection.

Yeap, MAC filter rule did the trick. Works like a charm!
Also I revert the setting from Zone to default, like @bonnietwin said.
Thank you for help! :+1: :+1: :clap:<|endoftext|>Question: How can you cut out the desired shape for the eyes to use for the bookmark?
Answer: Use a scissor to cut out the desired shape for the eyes to use for the bookmark.<|endoftext|>Gerry Arrigo--1968

Man, that is one BIG glove Gerry Arrigo
is wearing. You just have to wonder how
many cows gave their life to make that
glove happen.

With a glove that big, one would assume
that Arrigo would landed a few Gold
Glove awards during his career. Yet,
there were none for the lefty.

During the 1960’s, National League
hurlers were dominated in the fielding
category by two “Bob’s”--- Bob Gibson
and Bobby Shantz.

Shantz would win the NL Gold Glove from
1961-64, while Gibson would lay claim to
the golden hardware beginning in 1965
and on into the ‘70s.

All totaled the sidearming southpaw,
Shantz, garnered eight Gold Gloves as a
skilled fielder. The athletic Gibson would
claim nine Gold Gloves in succession
from 1965 to 1973. Shantz would finish
his 16-year career with a .976 fielding
percentage, while Gibson would carry a
.949 fielding percentage over his 17-
year big league career.

Arrigo would register a .964 career
fielding percentage over ten big league
seasons primarily in the 1960s, meaning
he either needed a better PR man or an
even bigger glove--- though the second
one may be hard to find... unless you are
Mickey Hatcher.<|endoftext|>Is Santa Real-How old is Santa – Debunking the Myths?
Christmas is the best time of the year. Christmas for adults means partying, movies, and decorations. For kids, it is all about Santa Claus and gifts. Parents tell their kids stories about how Father Christmas Santa delivers gifts only to the well-behaved kids. Until a certain age, kids believe in Santa and don’t ask, is Santa real? In this article, we’ll debunk the myths about this cheerful old elf about whether santa is real and how old is santa, etc. Is Santa Real? Santa Claus is a legendary fictional character wearing a red coat adorned with collars and cuffs full of fur. Christians believe that Santa character originated from the famous Greek Bishop, Saint Nicholas. Some believe that Father Christmas originated from Sinterklaas, a Dutch figure, or Wodan, a German deity. Is Santa Claus real? Christmas stories and traditions say that Santa has a list of all the well-behaved kids and a naughty-kids list. During Christmas Eve, Santa Claus dashes through the snow in a reindeer- driven sled to deliver gifts to all the well-behaved kids. Even some children's behavior changes during the holiday season as they don't intend to get into the Naughty kids' list of Santa. But the fact is that not every child believes that anyone dressed in a Santa costume to be the real one. Believing in Santa Adds Increases the Critical Thinking Jacqueline Woolley, a psychology researcher at the University of Austin, states that there is no wrong in letting children believing in Santa Claus. She further adds it will help kids to enhance their critical thinking abilities. A child dreaming about Santa dashing through the sky in a reindeer-driven sleigh would help them develop various solutions. She goes on to add that kind of critical thinking is necessary to finding a solution to the issue of global warming. Does Santa Exist? According to Christmas traditions, Santa Claus has a long history that dates back to the 3rd century. Saint Nicholas, a beloved Greek saint was a lovable character and fond of children. Everyone called him the "Patron Saint of kids" for his lovable nature and kindness. For many years between 1200-1500 B.C, Saint Nicholas was the bringer of gifts to children. Soon after the Protestant Reformation, when saints and priests got executed, and bibles were burnt, saints fell out of favor. How Santa Claus Came into Existence Shortly after the birth of Jesus, the job fell into the hands of baby Jesus to bring gifts to the children. But since the thought of a baby carrying loads of gifts was not a viable idea, the Santa Claus character was born. Another theory is that people living in the Netherlands always saw St. Nicholas as a person who brings gifts. When they moved to various parts of the world, they brought in St. Nicholas or Sinterklaas with them. When do Kids Stop Believing in Santa? Research indicates that children up to the age of eight believe in Santa Claus and wait for him to deliver gifts during Christmas. At some point, they will ask themselves is santa real come to know that he is only a fictional character. Only then will they start realizing how a single person can deliver gifts to every child worldwide or how reinde

 like today versus a five years ago were a decade ago. >> well, i guess this all depends on how much people know here about the absolute disregard for human rights in iran is in general. i don't know how much you know actually about it. in 1979 when the revolution succeeded we had hoped that promises freedom and he cannot we had hoped iran would become a demo
been fairly quiet throughout the first term of the obama administration. now the president has been reelected, george w. bush sort of comes out a little bit to make this big address, why? what is the timing about, do you think? >> i think the timing was shrewd. he really made a point of staying quiet during the first couple of years of president obama's administration, saying that he wanted the about the to be able to do his job, he didn't think he needed a former president to go out there and do somed tore ra some editorializing. he gave some peaches, enjoyed his life. he was not the subject of any praeurbgsz in fact not the subject at all at the republican convention in tampa in august. as mitt romney was trying to win the presidentee again, george w. bush was really a recluse. i think now that the election is over the republicans lost. he wants to have a role in one of his causes. immigration is a passion he shares with his brother jeb, former governor of florida who is thinking of his own political future and possibly a white house run and wants to help in the reset of the repub
's a map of the project which the obama administration says would drive a wedge in the palestinians west bank and cut off east jerusalem from the rest of the west bank. my question is will israel develop that chunk or are you using that as a bargaining chip to say to the palestinians, you make trouble for us in the u.n. and international bodies, this is what we may do. if you don't, maybe we won't. >> the map is misleading. you saw the yellow chunk. that's a suburb where 40,000 israelis live. it's less than two miles of baron desert road from that suburb to jerusalem. that's e1, the road. and we have to worry about a situation in the future where the suburb could be cut off from jerusalem. it doesn't cut off the west bank. you can get from ramallah to bethlehem in the south by going around e-1. if there's true peace between us and the palestinians the problem is solved by a cloverleaf or tunnel underneath the road that links them to jerusalem but it was a way the israel government set down a marker. the palestinians violated agreements with us and united states by going to the u.n. all a<|endoftext|>BLUE interface with regular NIC

Hi there guys! First post here(be gentle… :)) ).
I setup my ipfire machine with 3 separate NICs.
Red- internet, Green- LAN 1 and Blue-LAN 2(for a weird monitoring network device…). The Blue must be isolated from the anything else, and access internet only.
The problem is I cannot manage to give internet on Blue. I setup dhcp server, I installed hostapd.
But from obvious reason, the regular NIC is not Wireless card, and I cannot choose the interface. Can you help me please? Thank you!!

welcome to the IPFire community. :slight_smile:

I assume you have configured the appropriate NIC for the BLUE interface either during the installation procedure, or later by running setup on your IPFire machine. If so, you are almost there - the MAC filter on BLUE is probably preventing that device from getting connectivity. You need to either whitelist the devices’ MAC address or disable the MAC address filter completely.

Thanks, and best regards,
Peter Müller

Additionally to what @pmueller mentioned:-

In your zone configuration screenshot you have the Blue Interface assigned to its own NIC with the Native connection but then you also have it Bridged with the Green Interface. This means that the Green and Blue interfaces act as though they are one network. You should change the top line for Blue from VLAN to None so that the Blue interface is a separate network.

As you don’t have any wireless card installed you also don’t need to install hostapd. Having it won’t hurt but it is not needed for a wired Blue connection.

Yeap, MAC filter rule did the trick. Works like a charm!
Also I revert the setting from Zone to default, like @bonnietwin said.
Thank you for help! :+1: :+1: :clap:<|endoftext|>Gerry Arrigo--1968

Man, that is one BIG glove Gerry Arrigo
is wearing. You just have to wonder how
many cows gave their life to make that
glove happen.

With a glove that big, one would assume
that Arrigo would landed a few Gold
Glove awards during his career. Yet,
there were none for the lefty.

During the 1960’s, National League
hurlers were dominated in the fielding
category by two “Bob’s”--- Bob Gibson
and Bobby Shantz.

Shantz would win the NL Gold Glove from
1961-64, while Gibson would lay claim to
the golden hardware beginning in 1965
and on into the ‘70s.

All totaled the sidearming southpaw,
Shantz, garnered eight Gold Gloves as a
skilled fielder. The athletic Gibson would
claim nine Gold Gloves in succession
from 1965 to 1973. Shantz would finish
his 16-year career with a .976 fielding
percentage, while Gibson would carry a
.949 fielding percentage over his 17-
year big league career.

Arrigo would register a .964 career
fielding percentage over ten big league
seasons primarily in the 1960s, meaning
he either needed a better PR man or an
even bigger glove--- though the second
one may be hard to find... unless you are
Mickey Hatcher.<|endoftext|>Is Santa Real-How old is Santa – Debunking the Myths?
Christmas is the best time of the year. Christmas for adults means partying, movies, and decorations. For kids, it is all about Santa Claus and gifts. Parents tell their kids stories about how Father Christmas Santa delivers gifts only to the well-behaved kids. Until a certain age, kids believe in Santa and don’t ask, is Santa real? In this article, we’ll debunk the myths about this cheerful old elf about whether santa is real and how old is santa, etc. Is Santa Real? Santa Claus is a legendary fictional character wearing a red coat adorned with collars and cuffs full of fur. Christians believe that Santa character originated from the famous Greek Bishop, Saint Nicholas. Some believe that Father Christmas originated from Sinterklaas, a Dutch figure, or Wodan, a German deity. Is Santa Claus real? Christmas stories and traditions say that Santa has a list of all the well-behaved kids and a naughty-kids list. During Christmas Eve, Santa Claus dashes through the snow in a reindeer- driven sled to deliver gifts to all the well-behaved kids. Even some children's behavior changes during the holiday season as they don't intend to get into the Naughty kids' list of Santa. But the fact is that not every child believes that anyone dressed in a Santa costume to be the real one. Believing in Santa Adds Increases the Critical Thinking Jacqueline Woolley, a psychology researcher at the University of Austin, states that there is no wrong in letting children believing in Santa Claus. She further adds it will help kids to enhance their critical thinking abilities. A child dreaming about Santa dashing through the sky in a reindeer-driven sleigh would help them develop various solutions. She goes on to add that kind of critical thinking is necessary to finding a solution to the issue of global warming. Does Santa Exist? According to Christmas traditions, Santa Claus has a long history that dates back to the 3rd century. Saint Nicholas, a beloved Greek saint was a lovable character and fond of children. Everyone called him the "Patron Saint of kids" for his lovable nature and kindness. For many years between 1200-1500 B.C, Saint Nicholas was the bringer of gifts to children. Soon after the Protestant Reformation, when saints and priests got executed, and bibles were burnt, saints fell out of favor. How Santa Claus Came into Existence Shortly after the birth of Jesus, the job fell into the hands of baby Jesus to bring gifts to the children. But since the thought of a baby carrying loads of gifts was not a viable idea, the Santa Claus character was born. Another theory is that people living in the Netherlands always saw St. Nicholas as a person who brings gifts. When they moved to various parts of the world, they brought in St. Nicholas or Sinterklaas with them. When do Kids Stop Believing in Santa? Research indicates that children up to the age of eight believe in Santa Claus and wait for him to deliver gifts during Christmas. At some point, they will ask themselves is santa real come to know that he is only a fictional character. Only then will they start realizing how a single person can deliver gifts to every child worldwide or how reindeers could ever fly etc.
While kids believe Santa to deliver gifts to