# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
=======================================================
Tissue Classification of a T1-weighted Structural Image
=======================================================

This example explains how to segment a T1-weighted structural image by using 
Bayesian formulation. The observation model (likelihood term) is defined as a
Gaussian distribution and a Markov Random Field (MRF) is used to model the 
a priori probability of context-dependent patterns of different tissue
types of the brain. Expectation Maximization and Iterated Conditional
Modes are used to find the optimal solution. Similar algorithms have been
proposed by Zhang et al. [Zhang2001]_ and Avants et al. [Avants2011]_ available
in FAST-FSL and ANTS-atropos, respectively.

Here we will use a T1-weighted image, that has been previously skull-stripped
and bias field corrected.
"""

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from dipy.data import get_fnames
from dipy.io.image import load_nifti_data
from dipy.segment.tissue import TissueClassifierHMRF
import time

"""
First we fetch the T1 volume from the Syn dataset and determine its shape.
"""

t1_fname, _, _ = get_fnames('tissue_data')
t1 = load_nifti_data(t1_fname)
print('t1.shape (%d, %d, %d)' % t1.shape)

"""
We have fetched the T1 volume. Now we will look at the axial and coronal
slices of the image.
"""

fig = plt.figure()
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 1)
img_ax = np.rot90(t1[..., 89])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_ax, cmap="gray")
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('Axial')
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 2)
img_cor = np.rot90(t1[:, 128, :])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_cor, cmap="gray")
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('Coronal')
plt.savefig('t1_image.png', bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)

"""
.. figure:: t1_image.png
   :align: center

   T1-weighted image of healthy adult.

Now we will define the other two parameters for the segmentation algorithm.
We will segment three classes, namely corticospinal fluid (CSF), white matter
(WM) and gray matter (GM).
"""

nclass = 3

"""
Then, the smoothness factor of the segmentation. Good performance is achieved
with values between 0 and 0.5. 
"""

beta = 0.1

"""
We could also set the number of iterations. By default this parameter is set to
100 iterations, but most of the times the ICM (Iterated Conditional Modes)
loop will converge before reaching the 100th iteration.
After setting the necessary parameters we can now call an instance of the class
"TissueClassifierHMRF" and its method called "classify" and input the
parameters defined above to perform the segmentation task.
"""
t0 = time.time()

hmrf = TissueClassifierHMRF()
initial_segmentation, final_segmentation, PVE = hmrf.classify(t1, nclass, beta)

t1 = time.time()
total_time = t1-t0
print('Total time:' + str(total_time))

fig = plt.figure()
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 1)
img_ax = np.rot90(final_segmentation[..., 89])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_ax)
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('Axial')
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 2)
img_cor = np.rot90(final_segmentation[:, 128, :])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_cor)
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('Coronal')
plt.savefig('final_seg.png', bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)

"""
Now we plot the resulting segmentation.

.. figure:: final_seg.png
   :align: center

   Each tissue class is color coded separately, red for the WM, yellow for
   the GM and light blue for the CSF.

And we will also have a look at the probability maps for each tissue class.
"""

fig = plt.figure()
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 3, 1)
img_ax = np.rot90(PVE[..., 89, 0])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_ax, cmap="gray")
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('CSF')
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 3, 2)
img_cor = np.rot90(PVE[:, :, 89, 1])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_cor, cmap="gray")
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('Gray Matter')
a = fig.add_subplot(1, 3, 3)
img_cor = np.rot90(PVE[:, :, 89, 2])
imgplot = plt.imshow(img_cor, cmap="gray")
a.axis('off')
a.set_title('White Matter')
plt.savefig('probabilities.png', bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
plt.show()

"""
.. figure:: probabilities.png
   :align: center
   :scale: 120

   These are the probability maps of each of the three tissue classes.

.. [Zhang2001] Zhang, Y., Brady, M. and Smith, S. Segmentation of Brain MR
   Images Through a Hidden Markov Random Field Model and the
   Expectation-Maximization Algorithm IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,
   20(1): 45-56, 2001

.. [Avants2011] Avants, B. B., Tustison, N. J., Wu, J., Cook, P. A. and Gee,
   J. C. An open source multivariate framework for n-tissue segmentation with
   evaluation on public data. Neuroinformatics, 9(4): 381-400, 2011.

"""
