[
Table 3: Coefficients of a Gamma regression model with duration of VOT in the training data as the dependent variable and condition (#TV vs. #sTV) and Place of articulation (with interaction) as independent variables.
['[EMPTY]', 'Estimate', 'Std. Error', 't value', 'Pr(>|t|)']
Violin plots with box-plots of durations in ms of VOT in the training data based on two conditions: when word-initial #TV sequence is not preceded by [s] (#sTV) and when it is preceded by [s] (#sTV) accross the three places of articulation: [p], [t], [k]. (b) Fitted values of VOT durations with 95% confidence intervals from the Gamma (with log-link) To test the significance of the presence of [s] as a predictor of VOT duration, the data were fit to a Gamma regression model (with log-link) with two predictors: Structure (the presence vs. absence of [s]) and Place of articulation of the target stop (with three levels — [p], [t], [k]) and their interaction. Structure was treatment-coded (with absence of [s] as the reference level), while place of articulation of the stop was sum-coded (with [k] as reference). The interaction term is significant (AIC = 46873.25 vs. 46885.73), which is why it is kept in the final model. (β=−0.84,t=−49.69,p<0.0001). Fitted values for #TV are 56.97 ms [56.41, 57.53] ms and for #sTV 24.62 ms [23.86, 25.41]. The difference between the means is 32.35 ms. The ratio of VOT durations (estimated with the emmeans package; emmeans) between the two conditions (#TV#sTV) equals 2.34, (SE=0.039). The significant interaction #sTV:[t] is not informative for our purposes.