Offline bilingual word vectors, orthogonal transformations and the inverted softmax
Table 4: Translation performance using the pseudo dictionary of identical character strings.
['Precision', 'English to Italian:  [ITALIC] Mikolov et al.', 'English to Italian:  [ITALIC] Dinu et al.', 'English to Italian: CCA', 'English to Italian: This work', 'Italian to English:  [ITALIC] Mikolov et al.', 'Italian to English:  [ITALIC] Dinu et al.', 'Italian to English: CCA', 'Italian to English: This work']
Even when using this pseudo dictionary prepared with no expert bilingual knowledge, we still achieve a mean translation performance @1 of 40% from English to Italian on our test set. By contrast, Mikolov and Dinu ’s methods achieve precisions of just 1% and 6% respectively. CCA also performs well, although it became significantly more computationally expensive when the vocabulary size increased.