Spice up Your Chat: The Intentions and Sentiment Effects of Using Emojis
Table 5: Means and standard deviations of willingness scores of each emoji for each intention. Seven intentions from left to right are: expressing sentiment, strengthening expression, adjusting tone, describing content, expressing humor, expressing intimacy, and expressing irony.
['[EMPTY]', 'Emoji', 'Intention1  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention1  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention2  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention2  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention3  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention3  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention4  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention4  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention5  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention5  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention6  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention6  [ITALIC] SD', 'Intention7  [ITALIC] M', 'Intention7  [ITALIC] SD']
We also study the differences between different types of emojis (positive, neutral, negative, and non-facial). A one-way repeated measure ANOVA is first performed for each intention, to test the equivalence between the mean values of the scores of all the emojis. The tests on all intentions report significant differences between these mean values, indicating that the emojis are used with divergent willingness levels for the intentions. Therefore, we construct pairwise linear contract tests between emoji types for each intention. A contrast is computed as the average of the scores of the five emojis of a type. For an intention, if a contrast test indicates that the mean score of a type of emoji is significantly higher than that of another type, then the former type is considered more proper. If no significant difference is detected, then the two types are considered equally proper/improper for the intention. Please note that, for the conciseness of the narration in this paper, we do not list the p-values of all the statistical tests. The p-values of the significant differences reported in the paper are all lower than 0.05.