Are Emojis Emotional?A Study to Understand the Association between Emojis and Emotions
Table 1: Examples emoji emotion ratings along with Krippendorff’s α and Standard Deviation σ.
['[BOLD] Emoji', '[BOLD] Name', '[BOLD] Emotion', '[BOLD]  All Ratings ', '[BOLD]  Emotion Score ', '[BOLD] K.\xa0 [ITALIC] α', '[BOLD] SD  [ITALIC] σ']
We also invoke Krippendorff’s α as a measure of agreement between raters for each individual emoji along with its emotions. This allows us to understand to what extent the raters agree or disagree on the rating of a particular emoji–emotion pairing. Krippendorff’s α scores range from 0 to 1, where α=0 denotes no agreement and α=1 represents the highest level of agreement among all users. The original intensity scores range from 0 to 4, but are rescaled to [0,1]. We include examples with high agreement as well as ones with low agreement.