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Table 5: Examples mischaracterized by paragraph-level valence analysis. Words with extremely high valence scores (greater than 0.85) appear in blue, and somewhat high-valence words (scores between 0.7 and 0.85) appear in light blue. Words with extremely low valence scores (less than 0.15) appear in red, and somewhat low-valence words (scores between 0.15 and 0.3) appear in pink.
['Valence', 'Score', 'Text', 'Year', 'Explanation']
While this technique accurately captures the valence for many paragraphs, we also identify several shortcomings. Some extreme outliers are extremely short paragraphs, including subtitles within articles which are included as paragraphs in the data. In addition, there are several paragraphs with highly positive average valence that actually express negative evaluations of LGBTQ people. While the fourth paragraph argues that gay couples would be subpar parents relative to straight couples, it uses positive terms such as love and ideal. Furthermore, kinship terms tend to be assigned highly positive values in the NRC VAD Valence Lexicon, including child and family. Similarly, even though the final example describes discrimination based on sexual orientation, the paragraph’s average valence is impacted by positive kinship terms such as father (0.812) and mother (0.931)