Abstract
Table 5: Emoji sentiment in different languages. The languages are ordered by the number of different emojis used. Correlations are between the sentiment scores of emojis in the 13 languages and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking. The correlation values, significant at the 1% level, are indicated by *.
['[EMPTY]', 'Tweets', 'Different', 'Pearson', 'Spearman rank']
In the final subsection we analyze the use of emojis in the 13 languages processed in this study. Can the Emoji Sentiment Ranking be considered a universal resource, at least for European languages? Is the sentiment ranking between the different languages significantly different? For each language, we form a list of emojis used in the collected tweets of the language, cut off the emojis with fewer than 5 occurrences (the same threshold as applied to the overall Emoji Sentiment Ranking), and compute their sentiment score. We compute the correlation coefficients between the Emoji Sentiment Ranking and the individual languages. However, their sentiment scores and ranking remain stable. Both Pearson’s correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation are relatively high, and significant for all the languages, except Albanian. This result is biased towards languages with more tweets since they have a larger share in the joint Emoji Sentiment Ranking. An alternative test might compare individual languages and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking with the language removed. However, as a first approximation, it seems reasonable to use the Emoji Sentiment Ranking as a universal, language-independent resource, at least for European languages.