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# Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Thousands of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been observed, but there is no consensus on the physics underlying their defining characteristics: huge luminosity, chaotic time history, and an energy release that peaks in the gamma-ray energy range. The Italian–Dutch BeppoSax satellite provided a crucial breakthrough in 1997 with the discovery of precisely located X-ray afterglows (Costa et al. (1997)) and, subsequently, afterglows across the spectrum from optical (van Paradijs et al. (1997)) to radio (Frail et al. (1997)). See Kulkarni et al. (2000) for a review. The optical afterglows led to measured redshifts for a few afterglows and host galaxies, firmly establishing that GRBs are cosmological in nature and the largest explosions since the Big Bang. These few measured distances can be used to calibrate other properties of GRBs that might serve as standard candles.

The peak flux, fluence, duration, spectral hardness, and number of peaks in a GRB are clearly not standard candles. However, other properties of the time structure may be correlated with absolute luminosity. Based on an analysis of the time structure of BATSE bursts, Stern, Poutanen, & Svennson (1997, 1999) concluded that there was an intrinsic correlation between luminosity and the complexity of GRBs. Norris et al. (1999, 2000) suggested that the lag found from the cross-correlation of two spectral channels might be correlated with luminosity. Ramirez-Ruiz & Fenimore (1999) suggested that the spikiness of the time structure is correlated with luminosity, a relationship similar to the Cepheid period–luminosity relationship, in which the pulsation period of a star is correlated with luminosity. In our relationship, which is purely empirical, smooth bursts are intrinsically less luminous. We define spikiness as effectively the mean-square of the time signal after removing low frequencies by smoothing.

In this paper, we present the details of calculating quantitative values for the spikiness and its correlation with absolute luminosity. We use seven Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) GRB events for which redshifts are known to calibrate the variability – luminosity relationship. We apply the relationship to the bright, long GRBs in the BATSE catalog to obtain distances and luminosities. Based on only seven events, the variability – luminosity relationship requires more GRBs with redshifts to confirm its validity. We investigate some of the implications of the relationship, in particular, the resulting GRB luminosity function and the rate of formation of GRB progenitors.

## 2 THE VARIABILITY – LUMINOSITY RELATIONSHIP

We call the spikiness “variability” and calibrate it using GRBs with known redshifts ($`z`$) and BATSE time histories. We must first correct the observed time history for cosmological time dilation, correcting it to how it would appear at some baseline redshift, $`z_b`$. The most natural $`z_b`$ is, of course, zero. Other classes of objects, such as supernovae, have most observed events at low redshifts, which can be used to calibrate standard candles at $`z_b=0`$. In the case of GRBs, all of the events are at quite high redshifts. The advantage of setting $`z_b`$ to, say, 2 is that smaller, and thus more stable, time dilation corrections will be applied. We define $`Y`$ to be $`(1+z)/(1+z_b)`$ and we will use $`z_b=2`$ to correct the time histories for time dilation. (In previous versions of this paper we also scaled the luminosity to what it would appear to be from $`z=z_b`$. We no longer do that.)

The amount of stretching of the time history depends on $`Y`$ in two ways. First, time dilation causes a stretching equal to $`Y`$. Second, the spectrum is redshifted such that the bandpass of BATSE records energies from $`YE_L`$ to $`YE_U`$ rather than from $`E_L`$ to $`E_U`$, where $`E_L`$ to $`E_U`$ is the energy range of the BATSE time history. Bursts have a narrower time structure at higher energies (Fenimore et al. (1995)), which affects the variability. Let $`V(E_L,E_U)`$ be the variability of the GRB time structure in the bandpass $`E_L`$ to $`E_U`$. The energy-dependent correction is $`V(YE_L,YE_U)/V(E_L,E_U)`$. We can estimate $`V(YE_L,YE_U)/V(E_L,E_U)`$ for $`Y=2`$ because BATSE provides us with two energy channels that happen to be shifted by a factor of 2 (i.e., channel 1 \[25 to 50 keV\] and channel 2 \[50 to 100 keV\]). We selected 118 BATSE bursts that were bright (peak flux greater than 1.5 photons s-1 cm-2), long (90% of the counts spread out over more than 20 s), with at least 100 points 5$`\sigma `$ above the background. We calculated the variability for both channel 1 and channel 2 and determined that the median $`V(YE_L,YE_U)/V(E_L,E_U)`$ was $`0.85`$. Furthermore, from symmetry, we know that $`V(Y^1E_L,Y^1E_U)/V(E_L,E_U)V(E_L,E_U)/V(YE_L,YE_U)`$, thus channel 1 and channel 2 also gives us the correction for $`Y=0.5`$ (i.e., 1/0.85). We have little knowledge of $`V(YE_L,YE_U)/V(E_L,E_U)`$ for other values of $`Y`$, but we do have the robust result that the average pulse width of a GRB as a function of energy is a power law (Fenimore et al. (1995)). Thus, we assume that the correction to variability for the pulse spreading with energy is also a power law:

$$V(YE_L,YE_U)/V(E_L,E_U)=Y^{0.24}.$$
(1)
We have most confidence when $`Y`$ is less than 2 because we can use channels 1 and 2 of BATSE to estimate the correction. If one uses $`z_b=0`$, we could only confidently correct the energy dependency for events from $`z`$ = 0 to $`z`$ = 1. Using $`z_b=2`$ means that we can correct with high confidence the energy dependency for events from $`z`$ = 0.5 to $`z`$ = 5.

To calculate the variability, we first fit a linear or quadratic polynomial to the background in the non-burst portions of the data. Let $`g_i`$ be the gross counts observed in a 64 ms sample in the BATSE four channel data (i.e., DISSC data, covering 25 to $`800`$ keV). Let $`b_i`$ be the counts in a 64 ms background sample from the polynomial fit. The net count is $`c_i=g_ib_i`$. Using the known redshift, we correct for time dilation by rebinning the counts by stretching the time samples by $`Y`$. Let $`C_i`$ be the new stretched net count. Thus, $`C_i`$, represent what the time history would look like at $`z=z_b`$. Let $`B_i`$ be the stretched background. The variability is then defined to be the (energy-corrected) average mean-square of the variations in $`C_i`$ relative to a smoothed time history, that is,

$$V=Y^{0.24}\frac{1}{N}\frac{(C_i<C>_{0.3T_{90}})^2(B_i+C_i)}{C_p^2}$$
(2)
where $`C_p`$ is the peak of the (stretched) net count during the burst, and $`<C>_{0.3T_{90}}`$ is the count smoothed with a boxcar window with a length equal to 30% of the (stretched) $`T_{90}`$ duration of the burst. ($`T_{90}`$ is the period that contains 90% of the total counts.) The $`Y^{0.24}`$ term corrects the variability for the energy-dependence of the time scale of a GRB. The $`B_i+C_i`$ term (stretched gross counts in a sample) accounts for the Poisson noise (Reichart et al. (2000)). The expected value of $`V`$ for pure noise is zero. The sum is taken over the $`N`$ samples that exceed the background by at least 5$`\sigma `$.

In Table 1, we list the BATSE GRBs with known redshifts and the variability found using equation (2).

The associated luminosity of a GRB can be found from the redshift, the observed spectral shape, and the observed peak photon flux averaged over 256 ms in a specified energy range, $`E_{L,P}`$ to $`E_{U,P}`$ (i.e., $`P_{256}`$ photons s-1 cm-2 in the 50 to 300 keV band). The peak luminosity (also averaged over 256 ms and over the same energy range) per steradian is

$$\frac{L_{256}}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }}=P_{256}<E>D^2$$
(3)
where $`D`$ is the comoving distance and $`<E>`$ is the average photon energy in the luminosity bandpass per photon in the count bandpass. The comoving distance is

$$D=_0^z\left(\frac{c}{H_0}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{m}(1+z)^3}},$$
(4)
in which we assume $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7,\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{m}=0.3`$, and $`H_0`$ = 65 km s-1 Mpc-1. From the observed photon number spectrum, $`\varphi (E)`$,

$$<E>=\frac{_{E_{L,P}}^{E_{U,P}}E\varphi \left[\frac{E}{1+z}\right]dE}{_{E_L}^{E_U}\varphi [E]dE}.$$
(5)
The observed spectra, $`\varphi [E]`$, are characterized by the “Band” function (Band et al. (1993)) defined by a low-energy spectral index, $`\alpha `$, a high-energy spectral index, $`\beta `$, and the peak of the $`E^2\varphi (E)`$ distribution, $`E_{\mathrm{peak}}`$.

In equation (3), we specify luminosity per steradian to emphasize that the angular extent of the GRB emission is not known. An instrument measures the flux subtended by a detector; that is, we always measure the luminosity per solid angle. Thus, our variability – luminosity relationship is independent of the (unknown) angular range that the GRB emits into. Often, the equivalent isotropic luminosity ($`L_{4\pi }`$) is quoted neglecting the effects of beaming; $`L_{4\pi }=4\pi L/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }`$. All our conclusions remain valid if GRBs emit in a jet, but then our numerical results must be multiplied by $`\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{jet}}/4\pi `$, where $`\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{jet}}`$ is the jet opening angle.

In Table 1, we list $`P_{256},\alpha ,\beta ,E_{\mathrm{peak}}`$, and the resulting $`L/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`V`$ for each GRB. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, we show the variability as a function of $`L/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for the seven BATSE events with well known redshifts. (An eighth suggested redshift, for GRB980425, will be discussed later.) The scatter in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences is much larger than we showed in a preliminary report (Ramirez-Ruiz & Fenimore (1999)). Some of the additional scatter was introduced by the addition of a new event (burst 7906). A small amount is due to slight improvements in how we correct for the time dilation, but some of the differences are unexplained.

Through Monte Carlo simulations of these bursts we have determined that the uncertainty in the position of the points due to counting statistics is about the size of the plotting symbol. If a relationship exists between absolute luminosity and variability, then it obviously has some scatter. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences we have suggested two power laws which probably bound the power law which best describes the real distribution. The two power laws are:

$`L/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=`$ $`5.9\times 10^{60}V^{5.8}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{and}`$ (6)
$`=`$ $`2.4\times 10^{54}V^{2.2}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1.`$ (7)
These curves are only to guide the eye. Reichart et al. (2000) has done a statistical analysis of the seven events used here plus some additional upper limits to find a true confidence region for the variability – luminosity relationship. More events will be required to accurately define the real distribution.

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences shows the seven bursts used above and BATSE burst 6707 (GRB980425), which has been associated with the nearby supernova, SN 1998bw. This association is controversial (Galama et al. 1999b ; Woolsey et al. (1999); Kulkarni et al. (1998); Graziani, Lamb, & Masion (2000)). If the association is correct, then GRB980425 was much less luminous than other GRBs (see discussion in Bloom et al. (1999)). However, its variability is also much smaller, following our general trend that low variability implies low absolute luminosity. We feel that GRB980425 adds believability to our relationship in proportion to the probability that the association with SN 1998bw is true.

## 3 Comparison to Different Definition of Variability

Recently, Reichart et al. (2000) has proposed an alternative definition of variability. Both this paper and Reichart et al. (2000) relate the variability to the square of the time history after removing low frequencies by smoothing. There are three major areas where the definitions differ; (1)the time scale for smoothing, (2) the normalization to make the definition roughly independent of distance, and (3) how time dilation and intrinsic peak-spread with energy are accommodated. Reichart et al. (2000) also does precise statistics at every step and determines confidence regions for all results. The Reichart et al. (2000) definition can be heuristically expressed as

$$V_R=\frac{1}{N_E}\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i=N_E}{}}\frac{\left[<c_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i}>_{(1+z)^\beta }<c_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i}>_{T_{f=0.45}}\right]^2}{\left[<c_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i}>_{(1+z)^\beta }\right]^2}$$
(8)
where $`N_E`$ is the number of energy channels, $`c_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i}`$ is the counts in the $`i`$-th energy bin, and $`<c_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_i}>_{(1+z)^\beta }`$ indicates that the counts have been smoothed by a box car function with a width of $`(1+z)^\beta `$. This formulation is only for the purpose of indicating the major differences in the definitions and the original formulation should be consulted for details. For example, this formulation omits the various terms associated with the propagation of Poisson noise and simplifies others.

The first difference is the time scale for smoothing. We use 30% of the $`T_{90}`$ duration provided by the BATSE catalog. Reichart et al. (2000) defines a duration (“$`T_{f=0.45}`$”) equal to the smallest fraction of the burst time history that contains a fraction $`f`$ of the total counts. If all bursts had time histories that monotonically increased and then decreased, then $`T_{90}`$ would be equal to $`T_{f=0.90}`$. The Reichart et al. (2000) time scale reflects the total on-time that the burst is active whereas $`T_{90}`$ reflects the total range of time that the burst is active. Bursts with precursors might have a large $`T_{90}`$ but a small $`T_{f=0.90}`$. Reichart et al. (2000) finds that $`f=0.45`$ gives a robust definition of variability. It is too early to tell if this different way of setting the smoothing time scale is important.

The second difference is in the normalization in the denominator. We use the square of the peak counts ($`C_p^2`$) whereas Reichart et al. (2000) uses the sum of the counts squared. Note, that the Reichart et al. (2000) normalization is not the square of the fluence (which would be $`(c_i)^2`$). We also define the variability to be an average variation per sample (note the $`1/N`$ term in eq. ). Thus, the difference in normalization is roughly $`NC_p^2/C_i^2`$. Since $`N`$ will scale as the duration of the event, our variability values will be smaller. Again, it is too early to tell if this difference in normalization is important.

The key conceptual difference is how the time dilation and the peak spreading with energy is handled. This paper treats these issues separately. We use the known $`z`$ to rebin the observed time history to remove the time dilation (i.e., the conversion of the observed counts, $`c_i`$, to those corrected for time dilation, $`C_i`$). We then remove the effects of the peak spreading by the $`Y^{0.24}`$ term in equation (2). That term was derived based on how our definition of variability varied with energy in bright BATSE bursts. We mitigate these effects by correcting the time history to how it would appear at an intermediate $`z_b`$ rather than $`z=0`$. Reichart et al. (2000) applies a smoothing to the time history to account for the combined effects of time dilation and peak spreading. Time dilation uniformly stretches the whole time history by $`(1+z)^1`$ and peak spreading stretches the individual peaks by $`(1+z)^{0.4}`$ (Fenimore et al. (1995)). Thus, in equation (8), the time history is smoothed by $`(1+z)^\beta `$ where $`\beta =0.6`$. With such smoothing, Reichart et al. (2000) finds that each energy range gives about the same variability, so the variability from multiple energy ranges are combined with a Bayesian inference formalism which is heuristically similar to a weighted average (represented by $`\frac{1}{N_E}`$ in eq. ).

There are other minor differences. In the definition of luminosity, we use $`P_{256}`$ whereas Reichart et al. (2000) uses $`P_{1024}`$. Also, we use a source frame energy range of 50 to 300 keV and the measured Band parameters whereas Reichart et al. (2000) uses 100 to 1000 keV and an average spectral shape.

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences is a scatter plot of our values of variability vs. the Reichart et al. (2000) values. Although there are differences in how variability is defined, the two methods give highly correlated values. Apparently all three differences in the definition are required to have such a correlation. If the Reichart et al. (2000) time scale and normalization are used in equation (2), the values are much less correlated.

## 4 DETERMINING DISTANCE FROM GRB TIME STRUCTURE

The variability – luminosity relationship allows us to determine the distance to GRBs based only on the observed time history and parameters determined from the gamma-ray observations ($`P_{256},T_{90},\alpha ,\beta ,E_{\mathrm{peak}}`$).

The first step in determining distance from the time structure is to assume that $`z=z_b`$ and to calculate the variability, V, using equation (2). For the variability – luminosity relationship, we have used a power law lying intermediate between the two power laws shown in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences:

$$\frac{L_{4\pi }}{4\pi }=L/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Omega }=3.1\times 10^{56}V^{3.35}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1.$$
(9)
Here, the luminosity is the peak erg s-1 per steradian in a specified (source frame) energy bandpass ($`E_{L,P}`$ = 50 keV to $`E_{U,P}`$ = 300 keV), averaged over 256 ms. The peak photon flux is

$$P_{256}=\frac{3.1\times 10^{56}V^{3.35}}{<E>D^2}\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{s}^1.$$
(10)
We substitute equations (2, 4, 5) into equation (10), to solve for $`z`$, the only unknown. Once we obtain $`z`$ (i.e., $`Y`$), we iterate using equation (2) to compute an improved estimate of the variability. Equation (10) is solved again and the iterative process is repeated until $`z`$ converges. In 19 cases, the solution converged to a value of $`z`$ larger than 12. These cases were assigned a value of $`z`$ equal to 12 in the table and in the figures. In our analysis to obtain the formation rate and the luminosity function, we do not use any part of the parameter space beyond $`z=11.5`$.

## 5 REDSHIFTS AND LUMINOSITIES FOR 220 BATSE GRBs

The redshifts determined from GRBs events detected by the BeppoSax satellite were only obtained for long bursts, so our luminosity – variability relationship may only be valid for long bursts. Also, variability is more difficult to estimate for short bursts. Thus, we estimate redshifts only for long ($`T_{90}>20`$ s), bright ($`P_{256}>1.5`$ photons s-1 cm-2) BATSE bursts. There are 227 such bursts in the BATSE 4B catalog (Paciesas et al. (1999)). Four did not have at least 10 samples with a $`5\sigma `$ significance (bursts 1145, 1546, 1626, 5572), two bursts produced negative variability (bursts 2106 and 2863), and the iterations to solve equation (10) failed for one burst (2476). These events were not considered further. We did not have “Band” parameters available, so we used the default values $`\alpha =1.5,\beta =2.0`$, and $`E_{\mathrm{peak}}=250`$ keV.

Table 2 lists the properties of the 220 GRBs and Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences shows the resulting distribution of luminosities and redshifts as open squares. The solid squares are the seven GRBs (omitting GRB980425) from Table 1. The luminosities are smaller than often quoted for GRBs because we have evaluated the luminosity assuming a finite energy range (50 to 300 keV) rather than bolometric. The solid lines are lines of constant $`P_{256}`$ starting at $`P_{256}=1.5`$ photon cm-2 s-1. If we did not have a detector threshold, then the projection of the GRBs onto the luminosity axis would directly give the GRB luminosity function. Although it is possible to imagine other scenarios, we expect the luminosity function to be the same for all redshifts. The projection of Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences onto the redshift axis (divided by the volume in the redshift range 0 to $`z`$), would give the GRB formation rate which is analogous to the star formation rate, SFR (see Madau et al. (1996)). We expect every range of luminosity to have a similar GRB formation rate. The BATSE detector threshold is obviously preventing us from seeing many events at high $`z`$, as well as preventing the direct determination of the luminosity function and the burst formation rate.

Previously, we did not have estimated redshifts for so many GRBs, and so we were forced to only analyze the brightness distribution (i.e., Log $`N`$–Log $`P_{256}`$). All we knew was the number of GRBs between the solid lines (i.e., in ranges of $`P_{256}`$) but not their distribution in the $`L_{4\pi }z`$ space. Hence, previous studies (e.g., Totani (1997); Wijers et al. (1998); Hogg & Fruchter (1999); Lamb & Reichart (1999)) could only check for consistency between the observed distribution of $`P_{256}`$ by assuming both a GRB luminosity function (usually a power law) and that the burst formation rate followed an assumed SFR. Indeed, we have analyzed the Log $`N`$–Log $`P_{256}`$ distribution from the 220 GRBs based on the solid lines in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences and found that it gives similar results to analyses using a larger number of BATSE GRBs: the best fit power law index of the luminosity function is -2.4 and the dynamic range of the power law was a factor of 170.

The $`L_{4\pi }z`$ distribution in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences allow us to directly determine the GRB luminosity function and the burst formation without assuming that the GRB formation rate follows the SFR or assuming a form for the luminosity function.

### 5.1 Consistency with the Star Formation rate

The luminosity – redshift distribution in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences is complete at a particular redshift down to a threshold luminosity, $`L_{th}(z)`$, which follows the $`P_{256}`$ = 1.5 photons cm-2 s-1 line in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences. We restrict ourselves to BATSE events brighter than 1.5 photons s-1 cm-2, and so we are confident that BATSE is complete to the corresponding $`L_{256}`$. Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences shows the 220 BATSE GRBs divided into ranges of $`z`$ and $`L`$. Consider the dotted lines: they divide the bursts into ranges of $`z`$ each selected to contain approximately the same number of events. There are seven ranges of $`z`$ bound by $`z_1,z_2,\mathrm{},z_8`$ = 0.3, 0.75, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0. Within the $`i`$-th range (bounded by $`z_i`$ to $`z_{i+1}`$), the figure is complete to $`L=L_{th}(z_{i+1})`$. Within each range we can find the Log $`N`$–Log $`L_{256}`$ distribution for $`L_{256}>L_{th}`$ without making any corrections or assumptions. We normalize each distribution by the rate-volume between $`z_i`$ and $`z_{i+1}`$, that is, we divide by

$$N_{z_i,z_{i+1}}=_{z_i}^{z_{i+1}}\frac{4\pi D^2\rho (z)\mathrm{d}z}{(1+z)\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{m}(1+z)^3}}$$
(11)
where $`\rho (z)`$ is the comoving density of events. The $`1+z`$ term in the denominator accounts for the fact that we observe an event rate.

In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, we show the resulting Log $`N`$–Log $`L_{256}`$ distributions if the co-moving density, $`\rho (z)`$, is constant. The true Log $`N`$–Log $`L_{256}`$ distribution is, plausibly, independent of $`z`$, whereas the distributions in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences are clearly inconsistent with each other. Of course, the likely explanation is that the density of GRBs is not constant. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences we show the resulting Log $`N`$–Log $`L_{256}`$ distributions if $`\rho (z)`$ follows the SFR, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}(z)`$, for which we have used the observations summarized by Steidel et al. (1999) as parameterized by Rowan-Robinson (1999). (Other fits to the observations including estimates of the SFR in the sub-mm waveband, such as Blain & Natarajan (1999), give similar results.) The resulting distributions are more consistent than in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, but still not consistent with each other. Clearly, bursts in $`z`$-ranges # 4, 5, 6, and 7 (i.e., $`z>2`$) are occurring at a relatively higher rate than $`z`$-ranges # 1, 2, and 3 (i.e., $`z<2`$).

In previous work, it was necessary to simultaneously assume that GRBs follow the SFR and a luminosity function, usually a bounded, power law. In that case, one could only check for consistency with the number of events found within bands such as the solid lines in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences (i.e., the Log $`N`$–Log $`P_{256}`$ distribution, see Totani (1997); Wijers et al. (1998); Hogg & Fruchter (1999); Lamb & Reichart (1999)). Non-evolving standard candle models would also fit (Fenimore et al., (1992); Fenimore & Bloom (1995)), although the occurrence of high redshift GRBs indicated that non-evolving models were probably not acceptable (Schmidt (1999)). Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences demonstrates that a non-evolving, standard candle model is inconsistent with the observations. Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences demonstrates for the first time that GRBs could be occurring at a higher rate than star formation at $`z>2`$.

The normalization constants that bring the distributions of Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences into agreement directly give the relative burst formation rate as a function of $`z`$. Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences demonstrates this process. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, we have shifted the curves of Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences until they all fall on a common curve. The resulting factors are plotted in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences as the solid squares. The solid squares roughly follow $`(1+z)^{3.3\pm 0.3}`$ and is the burst formation rate derived solely from gamma-ray data without assuming a star formation rate or a form for the luminosity function. The solid histogram uses equation (9). The dotted histograms use equations (6) and (7), so represent the systematic uncertainity in the burst formation rate from the uncertainity in the variability – luminosity relationship. The dashed line is the SFR from Blain & Natarajan (1999) that is consistent with current sub-mm observations and the solid line is from Steidel et al. (1999). The dotted curve in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences is a theoretical estimate of the star formation rate at high $`z`$ (from Gnedin & Ostriker (1997)). (We have arbitrarily normalized the rates to each other at $`z=1`$.)

For $`z>2`$, the burst formation rate is much higher than the SFR and continues to rise well beyond where other observations indicate that star formation has decreased or become constant. However, recent results indicate that the SFR may, indeed, rise until large $`z`$. The SFR may be underestimated at high redshifts ($`z>3`$) due to an under correction in previous surveys of cosmological surface brightness dimming. When corrected, the resulting SFR increases to $`z=10`$, similar to our result (Lanzetta, K., private communication).

If the SFR follows the burst formation rate, many more stars would have formed earlier in the universe. One can integrate the SFR based on our burst formation rate (i.e., the histogram in Fig. \[Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences\]) from $`z=0`$ to $`\mathrm{}`$ to determine $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$, the density parameter of stars (cf. Madau et al. (1996)). We find that our burst formation rate give $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=0.0062\pm 0.0005`$ whereas the density contained in the stellar population based on the observed luminous mass is believed to be $`0.0045\pm 0.0014`$ (Fukugita, Hogan, & Peebles (1998); Trentham & Poggiantiin (2000)). Current Models used to obtain the SFR (such as Steidel et al. (1999)) give values of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ between 0.0028 and 0.0035. Thus, current SFR predictions give values that are about $`1\sigma `$ lower than those obtained from the luminous mass estimates, and our burst formation rate gives a value that is about $`1\sigma `$ higher. Our burst formation rate probably reflects the formation of massive stars that become black holes whereas the SFR mostly reflect less massive stars. Thus, these two formation rates sample different parts of the mass function of stars.

GRBs are likely to provide a more robust estimate for the SFR at redshifts where the optical estimates of the SFR are affected by dust (see, for example, detailed calculations by Lamb & Reichart (1999); Blain & Natarajan (1999)). However, the relationship might be complex because there could be an offset time between the star formation and the GRB phase (especially if the mechanism is neutron star – black hole collisions) and also might depend on the metallicity (see Bloom, Sigurdsson, & Pols (1999)).

### 5.2 GRB Luminosity Function

The solid lines in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences divide the bursts into ranges of luminosity. There are nine ranges, spaced logarithmically. Within the $`i`$-th range (bounded by $`L_i`$ to $`L_{i+1}`$), the figure is complete to $`z_c`$ defined by $`L_i=L_{th}(z_c)`$. The largest $`z_c`$ is 11.5. If there were no threshold, we could count the relative number of events in each range of luminosity and determine the GRB luminosity function directly. Thus, to estimate the GRB luminosity function, we must correct for the events that are missing due to the detector threshold. For each range of luminosity, we find the number of GRBs between $`z=0`$ and $`z_c`$. We then correct that number by the relative amount of star formation for $`z<z_c`$ compared to the total amount of star formation to large $`z`$. Using equation (11), we multiply the number of GRBs observed at $`z<z_c`$ by $`N_{0,\mathrm{}}/N_{0,z_c}`$. The normalized number of GRBs was divided by the exposure time of the 4B BATSE catalog (2.56 yr) and by the width of the luminosity bin in units of $`10^{50}`$ erg s-1.

The results are shown in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences. The solid line uses the SFR of Steidel et al. (1999) in equation (11). The dotted line uses the GRB formation rate from Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences. Previously, studies had to assume a form for the luminosity function (e.g., a bounded power law) and assume that the GRB formation rate follows the SFR. Here, we have determined the GRB luminosity function without assuming a form for it or assuming that GRB follow the SFR. The dotted line is derived entirely from gamma-ray data.

Both the luminosity function based on the SFR and the luminosity function entirely from gamma-ray data are similar. Above $`L=4\times 10^{51}`$ erg s-1, the luminosity function is roughly a power law with an index of about -1.9 when using the SFR and an index of about -2.3 when using the GRB formation rate. At low luminosity, the observed distribution falls somewhat below the extensions of the power laws. Previous studies indicated that the luminosity function must be bounded (see e.g, Loredo & Wasserman (1998); Schmidt (1999); Lamb & Reichart (1999)). For example, Schmidt (1999) argued that the observations of redshifts as high as 3.4 (GRB991214) requires density evolution and a broad luminosity function. Only models in Schmidt (1999) that used a luminosity function similar to our Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences (i.e., a range of 3 orders of magnitude and a high luminosity slope of 2) gave reasonable probabilities for observing an event with a redshift of 3.4. Since our burst formation rate increases beyond $`z=1`$ while the SFR of Schmidt (1999) remained constant for $`z>1`$, we would expect even higher estimates for the probability of observing events out to $`z=3.4`$. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences we might be seeing the gradual roll over of the distribution at low luminosity.

## 6 TIME DILATION?

Norris et al. (1994) binned BATSE bursts by $`P_{256}`$ and searched for the effects of time dilation. If GRBs are standard candles, then there should be a one-to-one relationship between $`P_{256}`$ and $`z`$. Bursts with smaller values of $`P_{256}`$ should appear longer due to the time dilation caused by the expansion of the universe. Indeed, Norris et al. (1994) found significant time dilation by effectively binning GRBs in a manner similar to the solid lines in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences. Our results clearly indicate that GRBs are not standard candles. By binning the events by $`z`$ (as in Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences), we should be able to make a direct segregation of events by $`z`$ and, therefore, see time dilation that is not smeared out by having events from different $`z`$ in each sample.

We use the aligned peak test (Mitrofanov et al. (1993)) to characterize the time scale in each $`z`$ bin. In the aligned peak test, one shifts the time histories until the largest peaks are aligned and then an average is taken of the time histories. Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences shows the aligned peaks for the first six ranges of $`z`$ from Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences. (The seventh bin has fewer events.) All $`z`$-ranges give about the same temporal structure. The time structure is affected by the expansion of the universe in two ways. First, the expansion introduces a time dilation stretching of $`1+z`$. Second, the time histories are redshifted by a factor of $`1+z`$ so that events at low $`z`$ appear to be destretched because there is a tendency for time histories to have wider peaks at lower energy. Fenimore et al. (1995) found that the redshift effect on the aligned peak width scales as $`(1+z)^{0.42}`$. Thus, one would expect the aligned peak width to be stretched by $`(1+z)^{0.58}`$. In Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, we destretched each burst by a factor of $`(1+z)^{0.58}`$ before aligning and averaging.

Since Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences has been corrected for time dilation, we would expect it to have a tighter clustering of curves. Comparing Figures Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences and Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, it appears that correcting for the amount of time stretching that we expect actually makes the averaged aligned peaks more inconsistent. Thus, this test does not support that variability provides valid redshifts. This test ought to be fairly sensitive because of the wide range of $`z`$ that we cover. The typical redshift in the first range is 0.5 and the typical redshift in the sixth is 6, so one should expect nearly a factor of $`(7/1.5)^{0.58}=2.4`$ difference in the pulse widths. The test might be weak for several reasons. First, usually one needs at least 40 GRBs in each sample to average out the burst-to-burst variations. In our six samples, there are only 16, 21, 22, 25, 30, and 16 GRBs. Second, the pulse width could be an intrinsic property of the bursts that depends strongly on luminosity, and thus, less weakly on $`z`$ (Lamb (1999)). Perhaps with more bursts and using a lower threshold, we would be able to make a stronger test.

## 7 SUMMARY

The variability – luminosity relationship could be a powerful tool for understanding GRBs. We have presented a method for characterizing the variability of a burst (Eq. ) and related it to the absolute GRB luminosities. (Fig. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences). The variability – luminosity relationship (eq. 9) is based on only seven events, so its real test will come from future GRBs with known redshifts. In the interim, one can check if it produces reasonable results for the GRB luminosity function and the GRB formation rate. We have presented the details for converting the observables (i.e., $`T_{90},P_{256},\alpha ,\beta ,E_{\mathrm{peak}}`$, and the observed net counts) to the GRB distance using equations (2) and (10). The resulting luminosities and redshifts for 220 bright, long BATSE GRBs are shown in Table 2 and Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences.

The luminosity – redshift distribution allows us to find the brightness distribution (Log $`N`$–Log $`L_{256}`$) in several ranges of $`z`$. If we assume no evolution, then the distributions are clearly inconsistent with each other (Fig. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences). Assuming reasonable SFRs improves the consistency as a function of $`z`$, but apparently the SFR underestimates the true rate of GRBs at $`z>2`$ (Fig. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences). Unlike previous work, the GRB formation rate is estimated without making any assumptions about either the luminosity function or the SFR. The resulting GRB formation rate (Fig. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences) is roughly a power law, $`(1+z)^{3.3\pm 0.3}`$. It continues to rise at redshifts where various optical observations indicate that the SFR levels off. Unlike the SFR inferred from optical observations, the GRB formation rate is not affected by dust.

Based on a power law luminosity function and the SFR, Kommers et al. (2000) concluded from the Log $`N`$–Log $`P`$ distribution that BATSE was detecting most (50% to 70%) of the GRBs that occur. Our burst formation rate implies that BATSE is seeing only a small fraction of the GRBs. Assuming a BATSE threshold of $`P_{256}=0.5`$ photons s-1 cm-2 and conservatively using a power law luminosity function (index = -1.9) that extends from $`10^{50}`$ to $`10^{52.6}`$ erg s-1, we find that BATSE is seeing only 18% of the bursts with $`z<2`$ and only 3% of bursts with $`z<10`$. An instrument with a threshold 5 times smaller, would see 58% of the bursts with $`z<2`$ and 11% of bursts with $`z<10`$. Thus, such an instrument (e.g., Swift, see Gehrels et al. (2000)) would see about 3 to 4 times more bursts per steradian than BATSE. With a luminosity function power law with an index of -2.3, such an instrument would see 5 times more bursts than BATSE.

We have used the GRB formation rate and the SFR to correct the observed GRB luminosity function for the incompleteness due to the detector threshold. The resulting luminosity function (Fig. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences) is a power law with an index of $`2.3`$ above $`4\times 10^{51}`$ erg s-1 and rolls over slightly at lower luminosities.

The reality of our variability – luminosity relationship is far from certain. It is based on only seven events, although GRB980425 (if associated with SN 1998bw) follows the same trend. We failed to detect the expected time dilation implied by our variability – luminosity relationship (Figs. Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences and Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences), but that test is weaken by the few number of bursts that define each aligned peak average. More GRBs redshifts are needed to test whether variability or correlation lags (Norris et al. (2000)) can, indeed, give redshifts to GRBs solely from gamma-ray observations.

The underlying cause of a luminosity – variability relationship is unclear. In the context of the internal shock model, larger initial Lorentz factors tend to produce more efficient collisions and, for the same number of initial shells, the time histories are more variable. (Kobayashi, Piran, & Sari (1997)). We have run such models, including deceleration (c.f., Fenimore & Ramirez-Ruiz (2000)), and find that simply varying the Lorentz factors, ambient density, and/or the initial mass of the shells does not produce the dynamic range of variability that is observed. Apparently, the observed luminosity – variability correlation is set deep in the center engine.

Acknowledgments: We recognize useful conversations and insights from A. Blain, J. Bloom, D. Lamb, J. Norris, A. Merloni, M. Rees, D. Reichart, P. Madau, and P. Natarajan. We thank D. Lamb for suggesting the term “Cepheid-like relationship”. We thank D. Reichart for pointing out the importance of subtracting the contribution from Poisson noise from the variability measure. D. Reichart and Brad Schafer pointed out serious problems in the original manuscript that caused many of the $`z`$ values to be smaller.

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences

Figure Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences


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# A Finding List for 𝚫𝜇 Binaries derived from a Comparison of HIPPARCOS Proper Motions with Long-term Averaged Data

## 1 Astrometric catalogues used

In order to identify $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries (Wielen et al. 1999a) we compare the HIPPARCOS proper motions (ESA 1997), which are quasi-instantaneously measured within about three years, with long-term averaged, mean proper motions, which are derived by using ground-based data from a much longer observational period (often a century or more). If the difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ between the short-term and the long-term proper motion is statistically significant, the object is probably a binary or a multiple system. The statistical significance of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ is measured by the test parameter $`F_{\mathrm{\Delta }\mu }`$. If the errors of the proper-motion components were independent of the directions, $`F_{\mathrm{\Delta }\mu }`$ would be equal to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$/(mean error of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$). We take into account the non-isotropy of the errors of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ and the correlations between the components of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$. A value of $`F_{\mathrm{\Delta }\mu }>`$ 3.44 corresponds to the same error probability as the familiar two-sided 3 $`\sigma `$ criterion, and is therefore used by us for identifying $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries.

The long-term averaged proper motions are partially taken from available astrometric catalogues; partially they are derived from the mean positions given in the ground-based catalogues and the positions in the HIPPARCOS Catalogue (we call this proper motion $`\mu _0`$). The ground-based catalogues are corrected for systematic errors by comparing them with the HIPPARCOS Catalogue.

For determining various values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ with respect to HIPPARCOS, we have used the following astrometric catalogues: FK5 (Fricke et al. 1988, 1991), RSup (Schwan et al. 1993), GC (Boss et al. 1937), and TYCHO-2 (Hoeg et al. 2000). More details will be given in other papers. For the basic FK5 stars, Part I of the FK6 (Wielen et al. 1999b) gives already many additional informations (see also URL: http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/fk6).

## 2 Finding list of $`𝚫\mu `$ binaries

A finding list for about 4000 $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries is given in the Internet under URL

http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/dmubin

in a machine-readable format. The list gives identification numbers, $`F`$ values, and other informations on these $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries. For many of these objects, the probable duplicity was hitherto unknown. The highest fraction of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries occurs among the basic fundamental stars, because their proper motions are most accurately measured. Among the fainter stars, the fraction of identified $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ binaries is smaller, due to the larger measuring errors. The highest sensitivity of our $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu `$ method for detecting binaries is reached for nearby stars.


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# Abelian Varieties into 2𝑔+1-dim. Linear Systems

## 1 Introduction

Let $`L`$ be an ample line bundle of type $`\delta `$ on an abelian variety $`A`$, of dimension $`g`$. Classical results of Lefschetz ($`n3`$) and Ohbuchi ($`n=2`$) imply very ampleness of $`L^n`$, if $`|L|`$ has no fixed divisor when $`n=2`$. Suppose $`L`$ is an ample line bundle of type $`(1,\mathrm{},1,d)`$ on $`A`$. When $`g=2`$, Ramanan ( see ) has shown that if $`d5`$ and the abelian surface does not contain elliptic curves then $`L`$ is very ample. When $`g3`$, Debarre, Hulek and Spandaw ( see , Corollary 25, p. 201) have shown the following.

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`(A,L)`$ be a generic polarized abelian variety of dimension $`g`$ and type $`(1,\mathrm{},1,d)`$. For $`d>2^g`$, the line bundle $`L`$ is very ample.

They further conjecture that if $`d2g+2`$, then the line bundle $`L`$ is very ample, ( see , Conjecture 4, p. 184). In particular, when $`g=3`$ and $`d8`$, their results ( for $`d9`$) and conjecture ( for $`d=8`$) imply that $`L`$ is very ample.

The results due to Barth ( )and Van de Ven ( )show

###### Theorem 1.2

For $`g3`$, no abelian variety $`A_g`$ can be embedded in $`IP^d`$, for $`d2g`$.

In particular, it implies that line bundles of type $`(1,\mathrm{},1,d)`$, $`d2g+1`$, are never very ample.

We show

###### Theorem 1.3

Suppose $`L`$ is an ample line buundle of type $`(1,\mathrm{},1,d)`$ on an abelian variety $`A`$, of dimension $`g`$. If $`g3`$ and $`d2g+2`$, then $`L`$ is never very ample.

This disproves the conjecture of Debarre et.al when $`d=2g+2`$ and gives a different proof of 1.2, for morphisms into the complete linear system $`|L|`$. The proof of 1.3 also indicates the type of singularities of the image in $`|L|`$.

Now any abelian variety $`A`$ of dimension $`g`$ can be embedded in a projective space of dimension $`2g+1`$.

Consider a morphism $`A|V|`$, where $`dim|V|=2g+1`$. Suppose the involution $`i:AA`$, $`aa`$ lifts to an involution on the vector space $`V`$, hence on the linear system $`|V|`$, ( such a situation will arise, for example, if $`A`$ is embedded by a symmetric line bundle into its complete linear system, of dimension greater than $`2g+1`$. One may then project the abelian variety from a vertex which is invariant for the involution $`i`$, to a projective space of dimension $`2g+1`$ and the involution $`i`$ will then descend down to this projection ).

Then we show

###### Theorem 1.4

Suppose there is a morphism $`A\stackrel{\varphi }{}|V|`$, with $`dim|V|=2g+1`$ and the involution $`i`$ acting on the vector space $`V`$. If $`degree\varphi (A)>2^{2g}`$ and $`dimV_+dimV_{}`$, then the morphism $`\varphi `$ is never an embedding, for all $`g1`$. Here $`V_+`$ and $`V_{}`$ denote the $`\pm 1`$-eigenspaces of $`V`$, for the involution $`i`$.

## 2 Proof of 1.3.

Consider a pair $`(A,L)`$, as in 1.3.

We may assume $`L`$ is an ample line bundle of characteristic $`0`$ on $`A`$. Then $`L`$ is symmetric , i.e. there is an isomorphism $`Li^{}L`$, for the involution $`i:AA,aa`$. This induces an involution on the vector space $`H^0(L)`$, also denoted as $`i`$. Let $`H^0(L)^+`$ and $`H^0(L)^{}`$ denote the $`+1`$ and $`1`$-eigenspaces of $`H^0(L)`$, for the involution $`i`$ and $`h^0(L)^+`$ and $`h^0(L)^{}`$ denote their respective dimensions. Choose a normalized isomorphism $`\psi :Li^{}L`$, i.e. the fibre map $`\psi (0):L(0)L(0)`$ is $`+1`$.

Let $`A_2`$ denote the set of torsion $`2`$ points of $`A`$. If $`aA_2`$ then $`\psi (a):L(a)L(a)`$ is either $`+1`$ or $`1`$.

Let

$$A_2^+=\{aA_2:\psi (a)=+1\}$$

and

$$A_2^{}=\{aA_2:\psi (a)=1\}$$

and $`Card(A_2^+)`$ and $`Card(A_2^{})`$ denote their respective cardinalities.

Consider the associated morphism $`A\stackrel{\varphi _L}{}IPH^0(L)`$ and let

$$IP_+=IP\{s=0:sH^0(L)^{}\}$$

and

$$IP_{}=IP\{s=0:sH^0(L)^+\}.$$

Then the involution $`i`$ acts trivially on the subspaces $`IP_+`$ and $`IP_{}`$, of $`IPH^0(L)`$. Moreover, $`\varphi _L(A_2^+)IP_+`$ and $`\varphi _L(A_2^{})IP_{}`$.

###### Lemma 2.1

If $`aA_2^+`$, then the intersection of the image $`\varphi _L(A)`$ and $`IP_+`$ is transversal at the point $`\varphi _L(a)`$.

Proof: The action of the involution $`i`$ at the tangent space, $`T_{A,a}`$, at $`a`$, is $`1`$. If the intersection of $`\varphi _L(A)`$ with $`IP_+`$ is not transversal at $`\varphi _L(a)`$, then $`\varphi _L(T_{A,a})`$ intersects $`IP_+`$, giving a $`i`$-fixed non-trivial subspace of $`T_{A,a}`$, which is not true. ( This argument was given by M.Gross.) $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`Z=\varphi _L(A)IP_+`$, in $`IPH^0(L)`$. Then $`\varphi _L(A_2^+)Z`$. Suppose $`dimZ>0`$. Since the involution $`i`$ acts trivially on $`Z`$, the morphism $`\varphi _L`$ restricts on $`\varphi _L^1(Z)Z`$, as a morphism of degree at least $`2`$, with its Galois group containing $`<i>`$. If $`dimZ=0`$, then by 2.1, the points of $`\varphi _L(A_2^+)`$ have multiplicity $`1`$ in $`Z`$. Let $`r=degZCard(A_2^+)`$. Then there are $`\frac{r}{2}`$-points on $`\varphi _L(A)`$ on which the involution $`i`$ acts trivially, i.e. there are $`\frac{r}{2}`$-pairs $`(a,a),aAA_2`$, which are identified transversally by $`\varphi _L`$. By $`K(L)`$-invariance of the image $`\varphi _L(A)`$, there are more such pairs.

###### Remark 2.2

If $`dimZ>0`$ or $`r>0`$, then $`L`$ is not very ample.

$`\mathrm{𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1}:`$ $`d=2m`$ and $`mg+1`$.

By , 4.6.6, $`h^0(L)^+=m+1`$ and $`h^0(L)^{}=m1`$.

Hence $`dimIP_+=m`$ and $`dimIP_{}=m2`$.

a) If $`m<g+1`$, then $`dimZg+m2m+1>0`$.

b) If $`m=g+1`$. By Riemann-Roch, $`deg\varphi _L(A)=(2g+2).g!`$. If $`dimZ=0`$ then since $`IP_+`$ and $`\varphi _L(A)`$ have complementary dimensions in $`IPH^0(L)`$, $`degZ=(2g+2).g!`$.

Now by , Exercise 4.12 b)-Remark 4.7.7,

$$Card(A_2^+)2^{2g(g1)1}(2^{g1}+1)$$

$$=2^g(2^{g1}+1).$$

Since $`g3`$, $`r(2g+2).g!2^g(2^{g1}+1)>0`$.

Hence by 2.2, $`L`$ is not very ample.

$`\mathrm{𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}:`$ $`d=2m1`$ and $`mg+1`$.

Then $`h^0(L)^+=m`$ and $`h^0(L)^{}=m1`$. Hence $`dimIP_+=m1`$ and $`dimIP_{}=m2`$.

a) If $`m<g+1`$, then $`dimZg+m+12m>0`$.

b) If $`m=g+1`$, as in $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$, $`deg\varphi _L(A)=(2g+1)g!`$, and $`IP_+`$ and $`\varphi _L(A)`$ have complementary dimension in $`IPH^0(L)`$. Hence if $`dimZ=0`$, then $`degZ=(2g+1)g!`$. Also, in this case, $`Card(A_2^+)2^{g1}(2^g+1)`$.

Since $`g3`$, $`r(2g+1)g!2^{g1}(2^g+1)>0`$. Hence by 2.2, $`L`$ is not very ample. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Morphisms into $`i`$-invariant linear systems

$`\mathrm{𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟}\mathrm{𝐨𝐟}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1.4}`$: Consider the morphism $`A\stackrel{\varphi }{}|V|`$, with the involution $`i`$ acting on the vector space $`V`$. Let

$$IP_+=IP\{s=0:sV_{}\}$$

and

$$IP_{}=IP\{s=0:sV_+\},$$

where $`V_+`$ and $`V_{}`$ denote the $`+1`$ and $`1`$-eigenspaces of the vector space $`V`$, for the involution $`i`$. Let $`d=degree\varphi (A)`$.

Now $`dimIP_+>g`$ or $`dimIP_+<g`$ or $`dimIP_+=g`$.

Case 1: $`dimIP_+>g`$

Consider the intersection $`Z=IP_+\varphi (A)`$.

Then $`dimZg+g+12g10`$.

As in Proof of 1.3, if $`dimZ>0`$, then the restricted morphism $`\varphi ^1(Z)Z`$ is of degree at least $`2`$, since $`i`$ acts trivially on $`Z`$. Suppose $`dimZ=0`$. Then the intersection of $`\varphi (A)`$ and $`IP_+`$ is transversal at the image of torsion $`2`$ points of $`A`$, by 2.1. Since $`Card(A_2)=2^{2g}`$ and $`degree(\varphi (A))>2^{2g}`$, there are pairs $`\{a,a\}`$ on $`A`$ which get identified transversally by the morphism $`\varphi `$.

Case 2: $`dimIP_+<g`$.

In this situation, $`dimIP_{}>g`$ and we can repeat the above argument.

Hence $`\varphi `$ is never an embedding. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.1

When $`dimV_+=dimV_{}`$, the morphism $`\varphi `$ need not identify some pair of points $`\{a,a\}`$, in the linear system $`|V|`$. For example, consider a symmetric line bundle $`L`$, of type $`(1,1,9)`$, on a generic abelian threefold $`A`$. Then $`L`$ is very ample and $`dimH^0(L)_+=5`$ and $`dimH^0(L)_{}=4`$. Hence $`dimIP_+=4`$ and $`dimIP_{}=3`$. Consider the scroll $`S_A=_{aA}l_{a,a}`$, where $`l_{a,a}`$ is the line joining the points $`a`$ and $`a`$, in $`|L|`$. Then the line $`l_{a,a}`$ is invariant for the involution $`i`$ and has two fixed points, one of them in $`IP_+`$ and the other in $`IP_{}`$. Hence $`S_A`$ intersects $`IP_+`$ in at most a $`3`$dimensional subset. Now we can project from a point of $`IP_+`$, outside this subset, and the projection will have the fixed spaces of $`i`$ to be equidimensional. Also, by the choice of the point of projection, there are no pairs $`\{a,a\}`$ identified in the projection.

$`\mathrm{𝐴𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡}`$: We thank M.Gross for giving the argument in 2.1 and O.Debarre for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version dealing with the case when $`dimV_+=dimV_{}`$, in 1.4. We also thank French Ministry of National Education, Research and Technology, for their support.

Institut de Mathematiques,
Case 247, Univ.Paris-6,
4, Place Jussieu,
75252, Paris Cedex 05, France.
Email: iyer@math.jussieu.fr


text:
# High Temperature Charge-Ordering Fluctuation in Manganites

\[

## Abstract

High temperature-(T) studies of La1-xCaxMnO3 show that charge and phonon transport is significantly suppressed in a narrow doping region of x$``$1/2 and in a wide T range up to 900 K, which accompanies anomalous broadening of x-ray Bragg peaks. Contrarily, ferromagnetic (FM) correlation above Curie T is sharply enhanced at x$``$3/8. All these observations indicate the presence of short-range charge ordering (CO) correlation at high T, possibly in the form of a FM “zigzag”, a small segment of the CE-type CO state. The decoupling and coupling of the FM zigzags for x$``$3/8 and 1/2, respectively, is consistent with our results.

\]

Recent extensive studies have shown that the formation of static or dynamic charge/spin stripes is the generic feature of the doped Mott insulators . The static charge ordering (CO) with stripe correlation has been observed in layered nickelates , perovskite manganites  and doped orthoferrites . In addition, the presence of the static correlation of the charge/spin stripes has been observed in layered cuprates in the region where superconductivity is suppressed . Furthermore, it has been proposed that the incommensurate inelastic neutron peaks observed in superconducting cuprates are due to the dynamic charge/spin stripe correlation . Therefore, understanding the relationship between the static or dynamic charge/spin stripe correlation with other physical properties such as superconductivity in doped Mott insulators is one of the challenging issues in current condensed matter physics.

In mixed-valent manganites, orbital degree of freedom associated with Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$ ions, in addition to charge and spin degrees of freedom, plays an important role. The static charge/orbital ordering with stripe patterns is now well established, especially in La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ with x $``$ 0.5 at low temperature (T) region. CO in manganites occurs as periodic arrays of the sheet-like arrangement of Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$ ions . In this scheme, the CO state of La$`_{\text{0.5}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.5}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ is special in the sense that the density of Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$-Mn$`^{\text{4+}}`$ pairs is highest. In La$`_{\text{0.5}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.5}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$, all of the charge, orbital and spin degrees of freedom freeze into the so-called CE-type stable configuration below 180 K (for heating) .

Even though static, long-range striped ordering of charge, orbital, and spin degrees of freedom in manganites is well established, the dynamic or short-range correlation of these degrees of freedom is poorly understood. In the simple double exchange (DE) mechanism, hopping of $`e_\text{g}`$ electron of Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$ induces ferromagnetic (FM) coupling between localized $`t_{\text{2}g}`$ spins . Thus, the FM correlation in La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ is supposed to vary as x(1-x), and should be optimized at x=0.5, basically because of the maximum number of neighboring Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$-Mn$`^{\text{4+}}`$ pairs. However, the Curie T (T$`_\text{C}`$) peaks mysteriously at x$``$3/8 . The DE-type FM correlation is, naturally, suppressed by charge localization, which is a prerequisite for CO. Furthermore, superexchange-type magnetic coupling between localized spins sensitively depends on the local orbital configuration, and the orbital degree of freedom can be coupled with the lattice through the Jahn-Teller (JT) mechanism. Thus, the spatial or temporal fluctuations of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom ought to be strongly coupled to each other.

In order to reveal the thermal fluctuation nature of these degrees of freedom, we have carefully studied the various physical properties of La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ with x near 1/2 and 3/8 at high T regions. Surprisingly, the suppression of electronic conductivity and phononic thermal conductivity exists in a narrow doping range of x$``$1/2, which persists up to 900 K, far above static ordering T. On the other hand, we found that FM correlation at room T, above T$`_\text{C}`$, is sharply optimized at x=3/8. All of these behaviors can be understood in terms of varying degree of CO correlation with Ca doping level.

High quality polycrystalline specimens of La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ with various x near 1/2 and 3/8 have been prepared with the standard solid state reaction with an identical synthesis condition. Resistivity ($`\rho `$) was measured with the standard four probe method with accurate geometry from 4 to 900 K, and absolute thermal conductivity ($`\kappa `$) was measured from 8 to 310 K with the steady state method (employing a radiation shield). Magnetization (M) was measured by using Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer, and x-ray powder diffraction data were taken by using Rigaku diffractometer. M data show that the system with 0.45$``$x$``$0.50 undergoes FM transition at 240-220 K, accompanied by antiferromagnetic (AFM) CO at 160-180 K (for heating) . The specimens with x near 3/8 undergo only FM transition at $``$270 K, and CO transition around 200 and 220 K was observed in the x=0.52 and 0.55 samples, respectively.

Figure 1(a) shows the $`\rho `$(T) curves for La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ with x near 0.5 from 4 to 900 K. First, we discuss the behaviors of $`\rho `$ with the variation of x at low T. For x=0.48, the FM metallic phase is dominant below 220 K even though a short-range CO phase probably coexists as suggested by a broad hump and small hysteresis at 100-180 K . However, with x approaching 0.5 from below, the CO state stabilizes at low T. Thus, $`\rho `$ near x=0.5 at low T increases systematically with x, and shows the insulating T-dependence when x$``$0.485. As shown in Fig. 2(a) (open circles), $`\rho `$(100 K) shows such a systematic increase with x approaching 0.5 from below, consistent with a crossover from the FM metallic to the CO insulating states. Once CO is stabilized at low T region for x$``$0.5, $`\rho `$(100 K) becomes insensitive on x.

It is intriguing to note that as evident in Fig. 1(a), $`\rho `$ of La$`_{\text{0.5}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.5}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ at T$`>`$T$`_{\text{CO}}`$ is considerably larger than that of any neighboring compositions, and this behavior persists up to 900 K. To unveil this unexpected behavior in detail, we have systematically changed the chemical doping level with fine spacing of x near 0.5. The $`\rho `$(300 K) vs. x plot in Fig. 2(a) summarizes the results, showing a clear maximum at x=0.5. Moreover, the $`\rho `$(900 K) vs. x plot confirms that the maximum behavior at x=0.5 persists up to, at least, 900 K. A previous study revealed that an adiabatic small polaron model, with $`\rho `$=$`\rho __\text{0}`$Texp($`E_\text{a}`$/k$`_\text{B}`$T), describes high T $`\rho `$ of La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ in broad doping and T ranges (0$``$x$``$1 and $``$300K$``$T$``$1100K) . Here, $`E_\text{a}`$ represents the activation energy of small polarons, i.e. the potential barrier that polarons must overcome to hop to the next site. The inset of Fig. 1 shows that ln($`\rho `$/T) vs. 1/T plot of our data at high T region is quite linear, corroborating with the adiabatic small polaron model. Interestingly, $`E_\text{a}`$ is systematically enhanced at x=0.5, as shown in Fig. 2(b). Therefore, the strong charge localization tendency at x=0.5 up to very high T, far above T$`_{\text{CO}}`$, is closely associated with the enhancement of polaron activation energy.

To gain further insights into understanding this surprising result, we have measured T-dependent $`\kappa `$ (Fig. 1(b): heating). At Ts above T$`_\text{C}`$, $`\kappa `$(T) for x $`<`$0.5 increases linearly with increasing T, which is unusual in crystalline solids. First, we point out that the electronic $`\kappa `$ estimated from $`\rho `$ by using the Wiedemann-Franz law is negligible. It has bee known that the electronic $`\kappa `$ of adiabatic small polarons is also very small . In addition, an earlier work on FM manganites has shown that the anomalous behavior of $`\kappa `$ , i.e., a linear increase above T$`_\text{C}`$ is well explained by the phononic $`\kappa `$, coupled with large anharmonic lattice distortions . Thus, it is evident that at high T region of La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ (x$``$0.5), the electronic contribution to $`\kappa `$ is negligible, and the phonon contribution, possibly related to large anharmonic lattice distortions, dominates the measured $`\kappa `$.

The abrupt $`\kappa `$ increase near T$`_\text{C}`$ in $`\kappa `$(T) of x=0.485, 0.49, and 0.50 of Fig. 1(b) is due to the reduced lattice distortions in the FM-metallic state, and this $`\kappa `$ increase at T$`_\text{C}`$ becomes smaller with x approaching 0.5. For x$``$0.5, $`\kappa `$ tends to decrease at T$`_{\text{CO}}`$, which can be attributed to the large (JT-type) lattice distortion associated with CO. For x $`>`$0.5, $`\kappa `$ shows only slight slope changes near T$`_{\text{CO}}`$, as seen in the $`\kappa `$ data of x=0.52 and 0.55. As shown in Fig. 2(c), $`\kappa `$ at low T region decreases systematically with x approaching 0.5 (due to the stabilization of the CO state), and remains small when x$`>`$0.5. We note that even if the $`\kappa `$ values of x=0.52 and 0.55 are similar to that of x=0.5 at low T, they become considerably larger than that of x=0.5 for T $`>`$T$`_{\text{CO}}`$. This behavior is well illustrated in the $`\kappa `$(300 K) vs. x plot (solid circles in Fig. 2(c)), demonstrating a clear minimum at x=0.5. This suppression of $`\kappa `$(300 K) at x=0.5 correlates well with the $`\rho `$ peaking near 0.5 at 300 K. Therefore, our results in Figs. 1 and 2 show that the lattice thermal conductivity as well as charge transport is suppressed in the high T region of the half-doped manganite.

Directly related with the suppression of phononic $`\kappa `$, there exists a slight, but noticeable broadening of the x-ray Bragg peaks for x=0.5 at room T. One example of the broadened x-ray peaks is shown in Fig. 3, displaying the compositional change of the (242) Bragg peak (in the orthorhombic Pbnm notation) of x-ray powder diffraction at 300 K. The (242) Bragg peak, centered at 2$`\theta `$69.3  for x=0.5, changes its position to higher angles as x increases. The left and right sides of the (242) Bragg peak are due to the (004)-(400) peaks and K$`_{\alpha \text{2}}`$ of the (242) and (004)-(400) peaks, respectively. As evident in Fig. 3, the peak width, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, of the central (242) peak is considerably broad at x=0.5. To extract the x-dependence of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we have fitted the intensity profiles as a sum of three Gaussian peaks (by neglecting the weak K$`_{\alpha \text{2}}`$ peaks of (004) and (400)). The solid squares and triangles in Fig. 2(d) represent fitting results for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and the center position of the (242) peak, respectively. The center position increases almost linearly with x, indicating the linear lattice contraction with increasing x. On the other hand, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ shows a clear maximum at x=0.5. This broadening of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ indicates a slight distribution of lattice constants in the half-doped manganite at room T .

An early study of synchrotron x-ray scattering for La$`_{\text{0.5}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.5}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ showed a drastic broadening of all the Bragg peaks in the FM region between T$`_\text{C}`$ and T$`_\text{N}`$ ($``$T$`_{\text{CO}}`$) . After this discovery, an electron diffraction study showed that the fine scale ($``$100 Å) coexistence of CO and FM phases is responsible for the drastic broadening of x-ray Bragg peaks . What our new data indicates is that this Bragg peak broadening for x$``$0.5 persists even at room T, far above T$`_\text{C}`$ and T$`_{\text{CO}}`$. Therefore, the Bragg peak broadening at room T suggests that short-range CO exists in the paramagnetic state of the half-doped manganite. We cannot rule out the possibility of dynamic correlation of CO at room T. The spatial variation of lattice constants, indicated by the Bragg peak broadening, can shorten phonon lifetime, and thus suppresses the phononic $`\kappa `$. The enhancement of $`\rho `$ up to 900 K in La$`_{\text{0.5}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.5}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ indicates that the spatial or dynamic CO fluctuation probably persists even at T ranges much higher than long-range ordering T . We emphasize that the observed Bragg peak broadening indicates that various anomalous behaviors of x$``$0.5 are bulk effects. In other words, the $`\rho `$ enhancement and the $`\kappa `$ suppression at x$``$0.5 are not due to, for example, grain boundaries in our polycrystalline specimens. We also note that our findings are not consistent with La/Ca ionic ordering because the La/Ca ordering should reduce $`\rho `$.

Since CO correlation can influence magnetic correlation, we have measured the evolution of magnetic susceptibility ($`\chi `$M/H) at room T (above T$`_\text{C}`$) as a function of x. We found a few surprising results as shown in Fig. 4(a). First, we found that $`\chi `$(T) above T$`_\text{C}`$ roughly follows the Curie-Weiss law, and the Curie-Weiss T is FM for all x studied. Consistent with earlier results, the T$`_\text{C}`$ vs. x plot shows a broad bump near x=3/8 . On the other hand, $`\chi `$(x) at 300 K sharply peaks at x=3/8. This pronounced peaking of $`\chi `$(x) above T$`_\text{C}`$ at the commensurate carrier concentration of 3/8 suggests an extraordinary possibility; the presence of short-range or dynamic correlation of charge/orbital ordering in such a way as to produce special FM coupling in addition to DE-type FM coupling.

It is important to understand how such short-range charge correlation can promote FM coupling, which is seemingly counter-intuitive. In manganites, it has been well established that the CE-type CO is very stable in broad x ranges, at least at low T. For example, the CE-type CO has been commonly observed in La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ and Nd$`_{\text{1-}x}`$SrxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ for x$``$0.5. In addition, the CE-type CO has been reported even when x deviates significantly from 0.5. For example, the CE-type CO occurs in Pr$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ with 0.3$`<`$x$``$0.5, and also in (La,Pr)$`_{\text{5/8}}`$Ca$`_{\text{3/8}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ at low T . Thus, it is appealing to assume that short-range or dynamic CO at high T of La$`_{\text{1-}x}`$CaxMnO$`_\text{3}`$ (0.2$`<`$x$``$0.5) is also the CE-type. In the CE-type CO, there exist FM zigzag chains (Fig. 4(b)), which couple to each other antiferromagnetically . It is conceivable that at high T, the CO correlation is so short that the short-range CO state may contain only one short FM zigzag (Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$\- Mn$`^{\text{4+}}`$\- Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$\- Mn$`^{\text{4+}}`$\- Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$: shown with dark hue in Fig 4(b)) with $``$11 Å in length or one short FM “zig or zag” (Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$-Mn$`^{\text{4+}}`$-Mn$`^{\text{3+}}`$) with $``$5.5 Å in length. Then, these extended objects can enhance FM correlation overall. The short FM zigzag can be considered as correlated polarons or a ferromagnetic polaron cluster, and may exhibit dynamic nature. Note that the carrier concentration of the short FM zigzag (zig or zag) corresponds to x=0.4 (1/3), which is close to x$``$3/8 for the enhanced FM correlation. However, if the range of CO becomes slightly longer, then the zigzag may couple with the neighboring zigzags antiferromagnetically so that FM correlation can be reduced. This effect can be significant at x$``$0.5 where CO tendency is strong because carrier concentration matches the CE-type ordering . This remarkable scenario remains to be confirmed by local probe measurements such as x-ray or neutron scattering experiments.

In conclusion, we discussed the suppression of electronic conductivity as well as phononic thermal conductivity, and the broadening of Bragg peaks in a narrow composition range near x=0.5, but in a very broad T range up to 900 K. On the other hand, FM correlation is strongly enhanced for x near 3/8 at high T. All these findings can be consistent with spatial or temporal fluctuation of CO at high T. We have proposed an appealing scenario of the presence of FM zigzags which can be coupled or decoupled, depending on x. The “decoupled” short FM zigzag can enhance the overall FM correlation at x near 3/8, and the AFM coupling of FM zigzags can progressively increase with x, and be maximized at x$``$0.5 where charge localization tendency is strong. Our work clearly provides a new paradigm for studying the fluctuation nature of CO correlation in various doped Mott insulators, including mixed-valent manganites and superconducting cuprates.

We are partially supported by the NSF-DMR-9802513. KHK. and MU are partially supported by the KOSEF and by the JPSJ Fellowship, respectively.

Note: After submitting this paper, we became aware that the neutron scattering study of La$`_{\text{0.7}}`$Ca$`_{\text{0.3}}`$MnO$`_\text{3}`$ by Adams et al.  are consistent with our proposed scenario of CO correlation above T$`_\text{C}`$. They report the presence of the CE-type CO correlation (correlation length of $``$10 Å) above T$`_\text{C}`$.