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# UTHEP-429UTCCP-P-91August 2000 Phase structure and critical temperature of two-flavor QCD with a renormalization group improved gauge action and clover improved Wilson quark action

## I Introduction

With the development of recent experimental projects toward a detection of the high-temperature quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy ion collisions, it is urgent to theoretically establish thermal properties of QCD directly from its first principles.

For the pure gluon system, numerical simulations on the lattice are quite advanced by now, with the critical temperature and the equation of state, which are the basic thermodynamic quantities needed for phenomenological studies, well established in the continuum limit. Full lattice QCD simulations incorporating dynamical quarks, however, have not reached such a status. In particular studies on spatially large lattices, which are required for determination of equation of state, are still limited to lattices of a small temporal size, $`N_t=4`$ and 6, due to large computational power needed for dynamical quark simulations.

A possible way to bring the simulation close to the continuum is to employ improved lattice actions: the continuum limit may be taken for thermodynamic quantities from coarse lattice spacings and correspondingly small temporal lattice sizes such as $`N_t=4`$ and 6 or even smaller. For the pure gluon system, there are a number of tests of this idea reported some time ago. More recently it is shown that the equation of state calculated for a renormalization-group (RG) improved gluon action agrees with that for the plaquette action in the continuum limit. In the present work we pursue an extension of this pure gluon study to full QCD with two flavors of dynamical quarks.

Here we focus our attention to the Wilson-type quark action, and study the effect of improvement for both gluon and quark sectors. Compared to Kogut-Susskind (staggered) quark action, a clear advantage of the Wilson-type quark actions is manifest flavor symmetry. On the other hand, chiral symmetry is explicitly broken causing some subtleties in the analysis. This leads to large lattice artifacts at the range of lattice spacing $`a^11`$–2 GeV extensively used in finite temperature simulations, when the combination of the plaquette gluon action and the standard Wilson quark action is used. The most notable artifact is an unexpected strengthening of the finite-temperature transition at intermediate values of the quark mass . This undesired behavior disappears when an RG-improved gauge action is employed . A comparison with other action combinations, the plaquette gluon action and a clover-improved  Wilson quark action , or the Symanzik-improved gluon action and a clover-improved quark action , indicates that improvement of the gluon action is essential in removing the dominant lattice artifacts at finite lattice spacings. On the other hand, we expect that improvement for the quark action renders the behavior of fermionic thermodynamic quantities close to continuum.

Previous studies with the standard Wilson action have shown that the phase diagram in the plane of coupling and hopping parameter $`(\beta =6/g^2,K)`$ contains a phase with spontaneous breakdown of parity-flavor symmetry. The boundary of this phase is characterized by vanishing of pion (screening) mass. The interplay of the boundary with the line of finite-temperature transition plays a crucial role in understanding the finite-temperature transition with Wilson-type quark actions . Thus, prior to calculation of thermodynamics quantities, an examination of the finite-temperature phase structure is indispensable when one uses the clover-improved Wilson quark action coupled to the RG-improved gluon action.

A particularly important point concerns the universality property of the finite-temperature transition. For the standard staggered quark action, extensive scaling analyses carried out for $`N_t=4`$ failed to establish either the O(4) scaling expected from the effective sigma model analysis or the O(2) scaling suggested from the actual symmetry of the staggered quark action. On the other hand, a study with the standard Wilson quark action coupled to the RG-improved gauge action found that the O(4) scaling ansatz describes well the chiral condensate data . Our interest here is to explore whether the O(4) scaling is maintained for the clover-improved Wilson action. Such an analysis is also necessary to quantitatively locate the point of transition for massless quark. Combining this information with measurements of hadron masses at zero temperature, we obtain an estimate of the critical temperature.

In this paper we adopt specifically the improved gluon and quark actions which is resulted from a systematic comparative study of various combinations of improved actions. The combination is the same as that we have used in our zero-temperature studies reported elsewhere.

This paper is organized as follows. The action and the simulation parameters are described in Sec. II. The phase structure for our action is studied in Sec. III. Section IV is devoted to the issue of the O(4) universality. Assuming the O(4) critical exponents, we then extrapolate the transition line to obtain a precise estimate of the chiral transition point. The transition temperature in physical units is discussed in Sec. VI. A brief conclusion is given in Sec. VII.

## II Simulation

### A Choice of the action

We employ the RG-improved gluon action

$$S_g=\beta \{c_0\underset{x,\mu <\nu }{}W_{\mu \nu }^{1\times 1}(x)+c_1\underset{x,\mu ,\nu }{}W_{\mu \nu }^{1\times 2}(x)\},$$
(1)
with $`\beta =6/g^2`$ and $`c_1=0.331`$ and $`c_0=18c_1`$, coupled with the clover-improved Wilson quark action  defined by

$`S_q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x,y}{}}\overline{q}_xD_{x,y}q_y,`$ (2)
$`D_{x,y}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{xy}K{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\{(1\gamma _\mu )U_{x,\mu }\delta _{x+\widehat{\mu },y}+(1+\gamma _\mu )U_{x,\mu }^{}\delta _{x,y+\widehat{\mu }}\}\delta _{xy}c_{SW}K{\displaystyle \underset{\mu <\nu }{}}\sigma _{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }.`$ (3)
Here $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ is the lattice discretization of the field strength,

$$F_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{8i}(f_{\mu \nu }f_{\mu \nu }^{}),$$
(4)
with $`f_{\mu \nu }`$ the standard clover-shaped combination of gauge links, and we adopt the meanfield-improved clover coefficient

$$c_{SW}=(W^{1\times 1})^{3/4}=(10.8412\beta ^1)^{3/4},$$
(5)
using $`W^{1\times 1}`$ calculated in the one-loop perturbation theory. This choice of $`c_{SW}`$, when expanded in $`\beta `$, agrees well with the actual one-loop result $`c_{SW}=1+0.678(18)/\beta +\mathrm{}`$ . Furthermore, the one-loop values of $`W^{1\times 1}`$ reproduce the mean values of plaquette within 8% for the range of $`\beta `$ and $`K`$ of our studies.

This combination of improved gauge and quark actions was tested in our full QCD comparative study. We found that the scaling violation in light hadron masses and the violation of rotational invariance in a static quark potential are both small with this combination of actions already at $`a^11`$ GeV where our finite temperature simulations are made, as compared to $`a^1>\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ GeV needed for the standard plaquette gauge and Wilson quark actions.

### B Details of simulations

We make our finite-temperature simulations on a lattice with a temporal extension $`N_t=4`$. Zero-temperature simulations with temporal sizes comparable or larger than spatial sizes are also made to calculate hadron masses for the purpose of fixing the scale.

Our simulation parameters are summarized in Tables IIV. Runs are carried out on lattices of size $`16^3\times 4`$ and $`16^4`$ at $`\beta =1.8`$–2.2, and of size $`8^3\times 4`$ and $`12^3\times 24`$ at $`\beta =1.2`$–1.7. Except for the case of the $`12^3\times 24`$ lattice, we use anti-periodic boundary conditions in the temporal direction for quarks. All other boundary conditions are taken to be periodic. Simulations are carried out at seven to eleven values of the hopping parameter $`K`$ for each $`\beta `$, which correspond to $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V}0.4`$–0.9 for the $`8^3\times 4`$ lattices, and $`0.6`$–1.0 for the $`16^3\times 4`$ lattices.

The Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm is employed to generate full QCD configurations with two flavors of dynamical quarks. Details of the simulation are basically the same as in our zero temperature studies . The molecular dynamics time step $`\delta \tau `$ is chosen to yield an acceptance rate greater than about 80%. The length of one trajectory is unity in most cases, but is reduced down to 0.25 at several points close to the critical line to keep the acceptance rate of about 80% within 200 molecular dynamics time steps. The inversion of the quark matrix is made with the BiConjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGStab) method for $`K<K_c`$, where $`K_c`$ is the critical hopping parameter at zero temperature where pion mass vanishes. For $`K>K_c`$, we use the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method since the clover-Wilson operator may have negative eigenvalues, in which case the BiCGStab algorithm fails to converge.

We measure gluonic observables, Wilson loops and the Polyakov line, at every trajectory. Hadron (screening) propagators are calculated at every 2–5 trajectories using both a point source and an exponentially smeared source for quark, and a point sink. For hadronic measurements on the $`8^3\times 4`$ lattice, we double periodically the lattice in one of the spatial directions. On the $`8^3\times 4`$ and $`12^3\times 24`$ lattices, we determine hadron masses by a single hyperbolic cosine fit to the propagator calculated with the smeared source, because of its clear plateaus of effective mass. On the $`16^3\times 4`$ and $`16^4`$ lattices, since a plateau is sometimes less clear with our smeared source, we perform a combined fit using both point and smeared sources.

We measure the current quark mass defined through an axial vector Ward-Takahashi identity ,

$$_\mu A_\mu =2m_qP+O(a)$$
(6)
where $`P`$ is the pseudoscalar density and $`A_\mu `$ the $`\mu `$-th component of the local axial vector current. In practice we make a simultaneous fit of the two-point functions $`A_\mu (t)P(0)`$ and $`P(t)P(0)`$ to extract the pion mass $`m_\pi `$ and the amplitudes $`0|P|\pi (\stackrel{}{p}=0)`$, $`0|A_\mu |\pi (\stackrel{}{p}=0)`$, from which we compute

$$m_q=m_\pi \frac{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}|A_\mu |\pi (\stackrel{}{p}=0)}{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}|P|\pi (\stackrel{}{p}=0)}.$$
(7)
We choose $`\mu =4`$ for zero temperature simulations, and $`\mu =3`$ at finite temperatures for which the screening masses are determined along the $`z`$ axis. We also use an alternative definition of quark mass given by

$$m_q=(1/2a)(K^1K_c^1).$$
(8)
While these different definitions of $`m_q`$ give different values at finite $`\beta `$, they converge to the same value in the continuum limit. In this work, we concentrate on the phase structure and critical properties around the finite temperature chiral transition point. Therefore, in this work, we ignore the renormalization factors $`Z_P`$, $`Z_A`$ and $`Z_m`$ since they are regular around the transition point.

We use the zero-temperature vector meson mass $`m_\mathrm{V}`$ as a measure of the lattice scale. For $`\beta 1.8`$, detailed hadron mass data for light quarks are available from our extensive calculations. We use the results of hadron masses obtained in this reference for our analysis. These data, however, do not fully cover the region of heavy quark where the finite-temperature transition is located for $`N_t=4`$ at $`\beta 1.8`$. We evaluate hadron masses in these regions, and interpolate them by a cubic spline formula to the point of transition.

No previous data are available in the region of strong coupling $`\beta =1.3`$–1.7. Thus the hadron masses in this region are measured in the present work. We fit the vector meson mass in terms of pseudoscalar meson mass $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}`$ by an ansatz inspired by chiral perturbation theory,

$$m_\mathrm{V}a=A_\mathrm{V}+B_\mathrm{V}(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^2+C_\mathrm{V}(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^3.$$
(9)
The fit curves are illustrated in Fig. 1. The lattice spacing defined by identifying $`m_\mathrm{V}(T=0)=m_\rho =770`$ MeV in the limit of zero pion mass is given in Table V.

Errors are determined by a jack-knife method. From a study of bin-size dependence, we adopt the bin size of 1–10 configurations ($`i.e.`$ 2–50 trajectories) for hadron masses and 5–20 trajectories for other gluonic quantities.

## III Phase structure

The phase diagram obtained in our study is summarized in Fig. 2. Details are discussed in the following subsections. Thin open symbols show the simulation points on the $`N_t=4`$ lattices. The solid line connecting symbols denoted as “$`K_c(T=0)`$” represents the critical line of vanishing pion mass at zero temperature. Other objects on the phase diagram are obtained on the $`N_t=4`$ lattices. The $`K_t`$-line shows the location of the finite-temperature transition, above which the system is in the high-temperature phase. We expect the $`K_t`$-line to cross the $`K_c(T=0)`$ line. The crossing point is a natural candidate to be identified as the point of chiral transition. The shaded region shows the parity-broken phase . The lower boundary of the parity-broken phase lies closely above the $`K_c(T=0)`$ line.

### A Critical line at zero temperature

The location of the critical line at zero temperature $`K_c(T=0)`$ where the pseudoscalar meson mass vanishes is essential information for discussion of chiral properties with Wilson-type quark actions. To determine $`K_c(T=0)`$, we extrapolate $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}^2`$ as a function of $`1/K`$ using a quadratic ansatz:

$$<(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^2=B_{\mathrm{PS}}\left(\frac{1}{K}\frac{1}{K_c}\right)+C_{\mathrm{PS}}\left(\frac{1}{K}\frac{1}{K_c}\right)^2.$$
(10)
The results for $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}^2`$ are illustrated in Fig. 3 in the strong-coupling region of $`\beta =1.31.7`$. Our values for $`K_c(T=0)`$ are summarized in Table V and plotted in Fig. 2.

Towards the weak coupling limit, $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$, the $`K_c(T=0)`$-line gradually approaches the free Wilson quark value 1/8. For the case of the standard unimproved Wilson quark action, $`K_c(T=0)`$ is a monotonically decreasing curve connecting $`K1/4`$ at $`\beta =0`$ and 1/8 at $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$. For the case of our clover-improved quark action, the $`K_c(T=0)`$-line shows a maximum in $`K`$ at $`\beta 1.47`$, and decreases as we lower $`\beta `$ below this value. This is likely to arise from our choice (5) for the clover coefficient, which diverges as $`\beta `$ approaches 0.8412.

### B Finite-temperature transition

We identify the finite temperature transition point $`K_t`$ from inspection of the Polyakov line and Wilson loops. In Figs. 4 and 5 the Polyakov line and its susceptibility at $`\beta =1.8`$–2.2 on the $`16^3\times 4`$ lattice are shown. We fit the peak of the susceptibility by a Gaussian form using 3 or 4 points near the peak, except for $`\beta =2.2`$. The results for $`K_t`$ from the fit are given in Table VI. The ratios $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V}`$ and $`T_{pc}/m_\mathrm{V}`$ with zero-temperature meson masses interpolated to the $`K_t`$ point are also summarized in the table, where $`T_{pc}`$ is the pseudocritical temperature at $`K_t`$. These results are used in Secs. V and VI.

On the $`K_t`$-line thus determined, other physical observables, such as the plaquette, also show rapid changes. Smoothness of the data around $`K_t`$ suggests, however, that, for the range of quark mass we studied, the finite-temperature transition at $`K_t`$ is an analytic crossover. From Fig. 4 and similar plots for other observables, we see that the crossover becomes monotonically weaker with increasing $`\beta `$. Increasing $`\beta `$ on the $`K_t`$ line corresponds to increasing the distance to the critical line, i.e. increasing the quark mass. In the limit of infinite quark mass $`K=0`$, the $`K_t`$ line will end at the first-order deconfinement transition of pure gauge theory, which is located at $`\beta =2.2863(10)`$ for $`N_t=4`$ .

For the smaller $`\beta `$ region ($`\beta 1.7`$) where simulations are made on an $`8^3\times 4`$ lattice, data for the Polyakov line become too noisy to determine the position of $`K_t`$. We alternatively take the spatial plaquette shown in Fig. 6, and identify $`K_t`$ from its rapid changes. The range of $`K_t`$ for $`\beta =1.6`$–1.7 thus estimated is summarized in Table VI.

The $`K_t`$-line approaches the zero-temperature critical line $`K_c(T=0)`$ as $`\beta `$ decreases (see Fig. 2). We expect the two lines to cross at a point $`(\beta _{ct},K_{ct})`$. This point is a natural candidate for the point of chiral transition since the pion mass, and hence also the quark mass defined through the Ward-Takahashi identity, vanishes at zero temperature. The location of this point obtained by scaling analyses (see Sec. V) is marked by a star in Fig. 2.

Our estimate for $`K_t`$ stops at $`\beta =1.6`$. For $`\beta <1.5`$, because the parity-broken phase appears at intermediate $`K`$ as discussed in the next subsection, a more detailed study is required to identify the location of $`K_t`$.

### C Parity-broken phase

For Wilson-type quark actions, chiral symmetry is explicitly broken by the Wilson term away from the continuum limit. The appearance of massless pseudoscalar meson (pion) at $`K_c(T=0)`$ is, therefore, not due to spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry. Analytic calculations in the strong coupling limit and numerical simulations at intermediate couplings show that there exists a region in the phase diagram in which parity-flavor symmetry is spontaneously broken (“parity-broken phase”) . In this picture, the pion is understood as the zero mode of a second-order phase transition that takes place along the $`K_c(T=0)`$ line, signaling spontaneous breakdown of parity-flavor symmetry.

At zero temperature, the parity-broken phase extends from the strong coupling region towards the weak coupling region, forming sharp cusps which touch the weak coupling limit $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$ at $`K=1/8`$ and at four other values of $`K`$. In the present work, we concentrate on the branch of the parity-broken phase with the smallest positive values of $`K`$. The lower boundary of this branch is the usual critical line denoted by $`K_c(T=0)`$ in Fig. 2.

For finite temporal size $`N_t`$, the cusp of the parity-broken phase retracts from the weak coupling limit to a finite value of $`\beta `$. Let us denote the position of the cusp as $`(\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}},K_{\mathrm{cusp}})`$, and the boundary of the parity-broken phase as $`K_c(N_t)`$. This boundary is double-valued for $`\beta \beta _{cusp}`$, whose two branches we denote as $`K_c^{\mathrm{lower}}(N_t)<K_c^{\mathrm{upper}}(N_t)`$.

In the low temperature phase $`K<K_t`$, we expect a massless pion to appear as $`K`$ is increased. Therefore, the lower part of the $`K_c(N_t)`$-line should be located near the zero-temperature critical line $`K_c(T=0)`$, with the difference being $`O(a)`$. On the other hand, we do not expect a massless pion in the high temperature phase $`K>K_t`$. Hence the whole of $`K_c(N_t)`$-line should be in the low temperature phase. These considerations imply that the $`K_t`$-line runs closely past the cusp of the $`K_c(N_t)`$ line. Therefore we expect that the the chiral transition point is located near and above the cusp:

$$\beta _{ct}=\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}+O(a),$$
(11)
with $`\beta _{ct}\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}`$. The possibility that the chiral transition point actually agrees with the cusp is not excluded. For the case of the standard Wilson quark action coupled with the plaquette gauge action, $`\beta _{ct}`$ has indeed been found to be close to $`\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}`$ . Similar results were obtained for the case of the RG-improved gauge action with the standard Wilson quark action .

Figure 7 shows results for pion screening mass squared $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^2`$ with our action on an $`N_t=4`$ lattice. Solid lines are linear or quadratic fits in $`1/K`$. In the upper figure showing results for $`1.7\beta 1.6`$, the two fit lines for $`\beta =1.6`$, from large or small values of $`1/K`$, cross each other. This indicates that $`m_{\mathrm{PS}}`$ remains finite for all values of $`K`$, and hence the parity-broken phase does not exist for $`\beta 1.6`$.

In contrast, when we decrease $`\beta `$ down to 1.5 and 1.4, we see evidence for two values of $`K_c(N_t=4)`$ (lower figure in Fig. 7) corresponding to the upper and lower boundaries of the cusp of the parity-broken phase.

We determine the location of $`K_c(N_t=4)`$ by an extrapolation of $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^2`$ linearly in $`1/K`$, using the lightest two to three points. We confirm that a quadratic extrapolation gives consistent results. Results of $`K_c(N_t=4)`$ are summarized in Table V. We find the gap between two values of $`1/K_c(N_t=4)`$ to be

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(1/K_c)`$ $`=`$ $`0.020(12)\mathrm{at}\beta =1.5`$ (12)
$`=`$ $`0.159(12)\mathrm{at}\beta =1.4.`$ (13)
For the upper $`K_c(N_t=4)`$ line, we also try to estimate its location by extrapolating $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}a)^2`$ linearly in $`\beta `$, at fixed $`K=0.16`$, 0.1625, 0.165, and 0.17, as shown in Fig. 8. Results are listed in Table V. As is seen in Fig. 2, the points for $`K_c(N_t=4)`$, obtained from the $`1/K`$ fits and the $`\beta `$ fits, together form a smooth curve.

An enlargement of the phase diagram around the parity-broken phase is given in Fig. 9. Since the parity-broken phase is absent at $`\beta =1.6`$ the boundaries of the parity-broken phase should terminate at a cusp at $`\beta =1.5`$–1.6. In order to determine the location of the cusp point more precisely, we fit the upper and lower $`K_c(N_t=4)`$ data separately by a quadratic ansatz. From these fits, we obtain

$$\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}=1.538(46),K_{\mathrm{cusp}}=0.15687(69),$$
(14)
where the errors are estimated from the crossing points of the one standard deviation error bands of the two fits. From the discussions around (11), this value for $`\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}`$ gives a lower bound of $`\beta _{ct}`$.

## IV O(4) scaling of chiral condensate

From universality arguments, the finite-temperature QCD transition near the chiral limit is expected to be described by an effective $`\sigma `$ model . According to this description, the transition for two quark flavors in the chiral limit is either first order or second order depending on the strength of anomalous coupling which breaks axial U$`_A`$(1) symmetry. When this effect is negligible, the transition is of second order, and one expects that the critical properties are described by those of the three-dimensional O(4) Heisenberg model. Hence tests of O(4) scaling provides us with a useful way to study universality properties of the chiral transition for two-flavor QCD .

In the O(4) Heisenberg model, the order parameter is given by the magnetization $`M`$. Near the second order transition point, $`M`$ satisfies the following scaling relation;

$$M/h^{1/\delta }=f(t/h^{1/\beta \delta }).$$
(15)
where $`h`$ is the external magnetic field, $`t=[TT_c(h=0)]/T_c(h=0)`$ is the reduced temperature, the exponents have the values $`1/\beta \delta =0.537(7)`$ and $`1/\delta =0.2061(9)`$ , and the O(4) scaling function $`f(x)`$ is also known .

In Ref. , it was shown that the O(4) scaling of (15) is well satisfied for the standard Wilson quark action combined with the RG-improved gauge action under the identification $`t\beta \beta _{ct}`$, $`hm_qa`$, and $`M\overline{\psi }\psi `$, where quark mass defined by the axial vector Ward-Takahashi identity was employed. It is important to note that the naive definition of the chiral condensate $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$ is not adequate for Wilson-type quarks because chiral symmetry is explicitly broken. A proper subtraction and renormalization are required. A properly subtracted $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$ can be defined via an axial Ward-Takahashi identity  as first employed in Ref. :

$$\overline{\psi }\psi _{\mathrm{sub}}=2m_qaZ\underset{x}{}\pi (x)\pi (0)$$
(16)
where $`\pi (x)=\overline{q}_x\gamma _5q_x`$ with $`q_x`$ the lattice quark field. For the normalization coefficient $`Z`$ we adopt the tree value $`Z=(2K)^2`$, which is sufficient for our study of critical properties because $`Z`$ is regular at the finite temperature transition point.

Figure 10 shows the results of $`\overline{\psi }\psi _{\mathrm{sub}}`$ as a function of Ward-Takahashi identity quark mass from our action at $`\beta =1.8`$–2.2 obtained on a $`16^3\times 4`$ lattice. We perform a fit to the O(4) scaling function  by adjusting the value of $`\beta _{ct}`$ as well as the scales for $`t`$ and $`h`$, with the exponents fixed to the O(4) values . Since scaling is expected toward the chiral transition point corresponding to massless quark, we start our fit with the entire data set, gradually reducing the range of $`(\beta ,m_qa)`$ toward smaller $`\beta `$ and $`m_qa`$ until an acceptable $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}`$ is obtained. We find this condition to become satisfied for the range $`\beta =1.8`$–1.95 and $`2m_qa=0.0`$–0.9 with $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}=0.82`$ for $`N_{DF}=33`$, for which we obtain

$$\beta _{ct}=1.469(73).$$
(17)
This fit is shown in Fig. 11.

In this test we use results for $`m_qa`$ obtained on the finite-temperature $`16^3\times 4`$ lattice. We repeat the test using $`m_qa`$ determined on the zero temperature lattice, $`16^4`$, at the same values of $`(\beta ,K)`$. Results for quark mass extracted on a $`16^4`$ and a $`16^3\times 4`$ lattice are mutually consistent for the range $`\beta =1.8`$–1.95 and $`2m_qa=0.0`$–0.9. As shown in Fig. 12, we again find a good agreement with the O(4) scaling function with $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}=1.18`$ for $`N_{DF}=22`$ at

$$\beta _{ct}=1.462(66).$$
(18)
The number of data points are smaller due to fewer simulation points on the $`16^4`$ lattice.

The good consistency of our condensate data with the O(4) scaling suggests that the chiral phase transition of two-flavor QCD in the continuum limit is of second order. The estimated value for $`\beta _{ct}`$ is somewhat low compared to the result for the cusp $`\beta _{\mathrm{cusp}}=1.538(46)`$ obtained in Sec. III C. The reason for this trend is not clear at present. A possible origin is lack of condensate data below $`\beta =1.8`$, closer toward the chiral transition point, in the scaling fit. We leave an examination of this point for future work.

## V Scaling of the pseudo-critical transition point

Let us denote by $`t_{pc}`$ the pseudo-critical point defined as the peak position of the magnetic susceptibility at finite $`h`$. From the scaling relation (15), we expect

$$t_{pc}h^{1/\beta \delta }$$
(19)
to be satisfied for this quantity. Identifying $`t_{pc}=\beta _{pc}\beta _{ct}`$, where $`\beta _{pc}`$ is the $`\beta `$-coordinate of the $`K_t`$-line, we expect

$$\beta _{pc}=\beta _{ct}+B_\beta h^{1/\beta \delta }\left(1+O(h)\right)$$
(20)
near the chiral transition point.

In Fig. 13 we plot the pseudo critical point $`\beta _{pc}`$ choosing

$$h=m_qa$$
(21)
i.e.,  the quark mass defined by the axial vector Ward-Takahashi identity. Errors attached to $`m_qa`$ include the uncertainty in the location of the $`K_t`$ line for each value of $`\beta _{pc}`$, which actually dominates the error. The precision of our results is not sufficient to attempt a fit taking the exponent $`1/\beta \delta `$ as a free parameter. We therefore make a fit adopting the $`O(4)`$ value for this exponent. Taking $`1.6\beta _{pc}1.95`$ for the fit range, since this was the range acceptable for the scaling analysis of the chiral condensate, we obtain

$$\beta _{ct}=1.557(28)$$
(22)
with $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}=1.04`$ for $`N_{DF}=6`$.

In Fig. 14 we show results of a similar analysis, making an alternative choice,

$$h=1/K_t1/K_c,$$
(23)
for the external field. The fit using this identification leads to

$$\beta _{ct}=1.613(17)$$
(24)
for data in the same range $`1.6\beta 1.95`$ with $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}=1.60`$ for $`N_{DF}=6`$.

As the third possibility, we consider

$$h=(m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V})^2$$
(25)
obtained on the zero-temperature lattice. This choice has the nice feature that the location of the physical point can be easily identified as $`h=(m_\pi /m_\rho )^20.031`$. Furthermore the entire range of quark mass from $`0`$ to $`\mathrm{}`$ can be parameterized in a finite interval $`0h1`$. Taking advantage of the latter feature, we attempt a global fit including the data in the quenched limit . We find that a Padé-type ansatz extending (19) given by

$$\beta _{pc}=c_\beta ^{(0)}+c_\beta ^{(1)}h^{1/\beta \delta }\frac{1+c_\beta ^{(2)}h}{1+c_\beta ^{(3)}h},$$
(26)
reproduces our data well, as shown in Fig. 15, with $`\chi ^2/N_{DF}=0.33`$ for $`N_{DF}=5`$. The fitted value for the chiral transition point $`\beta _{ct}=1.41(6)`$ is too low, however, presumably because results toward larger values of $`h`$ including that in the quenched limit $`(h=1)`$, having small errors, dominantly determine the fit.

## VI Chiral transition temperature

In order to calculate the transition temperature, we evaluate $`T_{pc}/m_\mathrm{V}=1/(N_tm_\mathrm{V}a)`$ where $`m_\mathrm{V}`$ is the vector meson mass at the transition point $`(\beta ,K_t(\beta ))`$ evaluated at zero temperature. The results are plotted in Fig. 16 as a function of $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V})^2`$. We see that the difference in the values of $`T_{pc}/m_\mathrm{V}`$ at the chiral transition point $`\beta _{ct}`$ where $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V})^2=0`$ and at the physical point $`(m_{\mathrm{PS}}/m_\mathrm{V})^2=0.031`$ is negligible compared with the current magnitude of errors. Our values of $`T_{pc}/m_\mathrm{V}`$ are slightly smaller than those obtained with the standard Wilson quark action on $`N_t=4`$ lattices, and consistent with the results from other improved actions .

To estimate the transition temperature in the chiral limit, we interpolate the vector meson mass along the zero-temperature critical line $`K_c(T=0)`$ to $`\beta =\beta _{ct}`$. For the numerical value of $`\beta _{ct}`$ we take the result (22) based on O(4) scaling of the $`K_t`$ line in terms of the Ward-Takahashi identity quark mass. This gives

$$T_c/m_\mathrm{V}=0.2224(51),$$
(27)
which is plotted by open circle in Fig. 16. Converting to physical units, we obtain

$$T_c=171(4)\mathrm{MeV}$$
(28)
The solid line drawn in Fig. 16 is a guide to the eyes, representing a global fit of the data to a Padé type ansatz (26), with $`\beta _{pc}`$ replaced by $`T_{pc}/m_\mathrm{V}`$ and employing the O(4) values for the exponents.

## VII Conclusions

We have studied the phase structure and the nature of the chiral transition in two-flavor QCD at finite temperatures using an RG-improved gauge action and a clover-improved Wilson-type quark action on a lattice with the temporal size $`N_t=4`$. We have identified the boundary of the parity-broken phase and the finite temperature transition line on a two-parameter space of the coupling and the hopping parameter. The chiral transition point is found to be located very close to the cusp point of the parity-broken phase.

A subtracted chiral condensate is shown to satisfy the scaling behavior with the exponents and the scaling function universal to the O(4) Heisenberg model. The quark mass dependence of the transition point is also consistent with the O(4) prediction. These results, in agreement with the previous study of the standard Wilson quark action combined with the RG-improved gauge action , indicate that the chiral transition of two-flavor QCD is of second order in the continuum limit.

Assuming the O(4) scaling, we have extrapolated the transition point towards the chiral limit. Fixing the lattice scale in terms of the $`\rho `$ meson mass, we obtain $`T_c=171(4)`$ MeV for the transition temperature.

## Acknowledgments

This work is supported in part by Grants-in-Aid of the Ministry of Education (Nos. 09304029, 10640246, 10640248, 10740107, 11640250, 11640294, 11740162, 12014202, 12640253). AAK and TM are supported by the Research for Future Program of JSPS (No. JSPS-RFTF 97P01102). SE, KN, M. Okamoto, and HPS are JSPS Research Fellows.


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# Large-scale Cosmic Homogeneity from a Multifractal Analysis of the PSCz Catalogue

## 1 Introduction

The most fundamental assumption underlying the standard cosmological models is that, on sufficiently large scales, the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. We know that, on small scales, matter is distributed in a roughly hierarchical fashion with galaxies being grouped into clusters which in turn are grouped into superclusters. This has led some to argue for a radically different cosmological paradigm in which this hierarchy carries on ad infinitum (Coleman, Pietronero & Sanders 1988; Coleman & Pietronero 1992). In such a case the Universe is not smooth on large scales, but has a fractal structure in which the Cosmological Principle, at least in its usual form, does not apply (Sylos-Labini et al. 1998). On the other hand, many others have argued that redshift surveys show a definite transition to large-scale homogeneity (e.g. Guzzo 1997; Cappi et al. 1998; Martínez et al. 1998; Scaramella et al. 1998).

There is still some degree of controversy about the large-scale homogeneity of the Universe, primarily because the main sources of direct information on spatial structure, redshift surveys, have either been too shallow or too sparse or of too restricted a geometry to provide conclusive evidence. This has led to arguments about the treatment of boundary effects and other sampling errors, leading to different groups reporting different results for the same surveys (e.g. Martínez & Jones 1990; Sylos-Labini et al. 1998). Given these bones of contention, the best arguments in favour of large-scale homogeneity still stem from the near-isotropy of sources or background radiation observed in projection on the sky (Wu, Lahav & Rees 1999).

In this paper we address this issue by performing a multifractal analysis of the PSCz catalogue of redshifts of IRAS galaxies. This is a good sample to use for this issue because it is both extremely deep, allowing truly large-scale structure to be probed) but is also all-sky (reducing the influence of boundary corrections). The method we use involves a generalization of the fractal dimension to a set of generalised dimensions based on the scaling properties of different moments of the galaxy counts (Martínez et al. 1995). The work we describe here represents the culmination of work begun by Martínez & Coles (1994) which analyzed the QDOT catalogue, a one-in-six subsample of the parent IRAS catalogue (Lawrence et al. 1999).

## 2 The Sample

The PSCz catalogue consists of $`15411`$ IRAS galaxies across $`84\%`$ of the sky with flux at $`60\mu m`$ greater than $`0.60`$ Jy. In all, the redshifts of $`14677`$ galaxies are available (Saunders et al 2000). We use a subset of this catalogue, defined as follows. First, we exclude galaxies with galactic latitudes $`|b|<10^{}`$ for this analysis to avoid problems near the galactic plane. In order to minimize the influence of local structure and large-scale sampling problem, the distance is limited in the range $`10h^1`$ Mpc $`<R<400h^1`$ Mpc, where $`R`$ is calculated from the redshift $`z`$ via the Mattig formula:

$$R=\frac{c}{H_0q_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(1+z)}[q_0z+(q_01)(\sqrt{2q_0z+1}1)],$$
$`(1)`$
with $`H_0=100h^1`$ km s-1 Mpc-1 and $`q_0=0.5`$.

As usual, we define the selection function $`\varphi (R)`$ as the probability that a galaxy at a distance R is included in the catalogue. An cutoff in absolute luminosity is set in order that $`\varphi (R)=1`$ when $`R<40h^1`$ Mpc. For a 60-micron flux limit of $`S_{60}>0.60`$ the luminosity cutoff is $`10^{9.19}L_{}`$ at $`40h^1`$. The form of $`\varphi (R)`$ can be derived directly from the parametric selection function given by Saunders et al (2000). The final sample has $`11901`$ galaxies. For reference the distribution of galaxies is shown in Figure 1, while Figure 2 is the plot of $`\varphi (R)`$ against $`R`$.

## 3 Multifractal Analysis

The measure we use is constructed from the partition function,

$$Z(q,r)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}p_i(r)^{q1}r^{\tau (q)},$$
$`(2)`$
with $`p(i)=n_i(r)/N`$, where $`n_i(r)`$ is the count of objects in the cell of radius $`r`$ centered upon an object labeled by $`i`$ (which is not included in the count). For each value of $`q`$ in equation (2), one can have a different scaling exponent of the set $`\tau (q)`$.

It is necessary in practical applications such as this to account for edge effects and selection. We take the corrected local count around the $`i`$th object to be

$$n_i(r)=\frac{1}{f_i(r)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }(|\text{r}_j\text{r}_i|r)}{\varphi (r_j)},$$
$`(3)`$
and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}1,& x0\\ 0,& x>0\end{array},$$
$`(4)`$
where $`f_i(r)`$ is the volume fraction of the sphere centered on the object of radius $`r`$ within the boundary of the sample.

The scaling exponents $`\tau (q)`$ lead to the definition of the so-called Renyi dimensions:

$$D_q=\frac{\tau (q)}{q1},$$
$`(5)`$
where $`D_q`$ is the spectrum of fractal dimensions for a fractal measure on the sample. The $`D_q`$ for each value of $`q`$ gives information about the scaling properties of different aspects of the density field. For high $`q`$, $`D_q`$ tells us about high-density regions while for low $`q`$ (including negative values) the measure is weighted towards low-density regions. For $`q=1`$, $`D_1`$ can be derived from

$$S(r)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{log}p_i(r)r^{D_1},$$
$`(6)`$
where $`S(r)`$ is the partition entropy of the measure on the sample set; $`D_1`$ is consequently termed the information dimension.

Of more direct interest in this case is the case $`q=2`$. The exponent $`D_2`$ is what is generally called the correlation dimension, and it is related to the usual two-point correlation function $`\xi (r)`$ for a sample displaying large-scale homogeneity (Peebles 1980). If the mean number of neighbours around a given point is $`n`$ then

$$n=4\pi \overline{n}_0^r[1+\xi (r)]s^2𝑑s.$$
$`(7)`$
In this case $`nr^\alpha `$ means $`\alpha =D_2`$. A homogeneous distribution has $`D_2=3`$, whereas a power-law in $`1+\xi (r)r^\gamma `$ yields $`D_2=3\gamma `$.

## 4 Results and Discussion

We illustrate the results in Figure 3 by plotting $`D_q`$ against cell size $`R`$ for $`q=2`$. Considering the case $`q=2`$ first, it is interesting to compare the results with those obtained for the QDOT sample (Martínez & Coles 1994). For $`r`$ below $`10h^1`$ Mpc, we get $`D_2=2.16`$. The QDOT value was 2.25. Above $`r30h^1`$ Mpc, $`D_2=2.99`$ which closely approaches the value $`D=3`$ for homogeneous distribution. The formal error for the fit is around $`0.003`$, of similar size to the Poisson error.

Within the range $`10h^1`$ Mpc to $`30h^1`$ Mpc, there is an intermediate regime represented by a gradual transitions from fractal to homogeneous behaviour. To compare with the range quoted by Martínez & Coles (1994), we fit this intermediate regime ($`10h^1`$ Mpc $`<r<`$ $`50h^1`$ Mpc) and obtained $`D_2=2.71`$, consistent with the value $`D_2=2.77`$ obtained for the QDOT catalogue. Notice that, on small scales, the value of $`D_2`$ will be affected by peculiar motions since we work entirely in redshift space, but this is not expected to be the case on large scales.

We show the results for $`q=5`$ in order to illustrate some of the difficulties with estimating $`D_q`$ for large $`q`$. Notice that for scales larger than $`50h^1`$ Mpc, $`\tau (q)=11.8`$, so $`D_5=2.95`$. This is consistent with the tendency to homogeneity discussed in the previous paragraph. However, on smaller scales (say below $`r20h^1`$ Mpc), the partition function displays a series of steps as a function of $`r`$. This systematic tendency is clearer in the PSCz sample than in QDOT and is due to the suppression of high $`q`$ to the low value of $`n_i(r)`$ at certain levels. The end points of the steps probably correspond to some characteristic scales of the hierarchical structures at different scales. A possible primary scaling law could be recovered by only adopting the end points of each step. This fitting shows that $`\stackrel{~}{D_5}=1.23`$. Between $`20h^1`$ and $`50h^1`$ Mpc, $`D_5=2.05`$ in comparison with the value of $`2.30`$ obtained for QDOT.

The spectrum $`D_q`$ for $`q>2`$ is shown in Figure 4. The measure of Equation (2) is not capable of generating a complete spectrum including $`q<2`$ for a point set because of discreteness effects. In order to cover the latter range, an alternative measure is used:

$$W[\tau (q),n]=\frac{1}{N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}r_i(n)^\tau n^{1q},$$
$`(8)`$
where $`r_i(n)`$ is the radius of the smallest sphere centered at an object that encloses $`n`$ neighbors. We shall return to the case $`q<2`$ in future work.

## 5 Conclusions

The results we have presented here provide very strong evidence that the distribution of IRAS galaxies becomes homogeneous on large scales. This is reassuring for adherents of the standard cosmological framework but runs counter to the alternative, fractal paradigm.

Our future work on this problem will follow two principal directions. One is to investigate thoroughly the role of boundary corrections and sampling in the estimation of $`D_q`$, including $`q<2`$, using simulated catalogues. Our work along these lines so far has shown that the large-scale value of $`D_2`$ is robust to changes in boundary correction, at least for this catalogue, so we can be confident about its extremely small error bar.

The other important thread is to connected the scaling behaviour of the matter distribution, in terms of $`D_q`$, to the gravitational dynamics of structure formation. Simple scaling arguments have already born considerable fruit in the interpretation of large-scale clustering (e.g. Hamilton et al. 1991). With the imminent arrival of even larger surveys, the use of more sophisticated descriptors will allow a deeper understanding of how spatial pattern arises in the galaxy distribution.

## Acknowledgment

Jun Pan receives an ORS award from the CVCP. We thank Ed Hawkins for helpful discussions.


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# Non-Abelian Black Holes with Magnetic Dipole Hair

## 1 Introduction

In Einstein-Maxwell (EM) theory, black holes are completely determined by their mass, their charge and their angular momentum, i.e. black holes have no hair . Furthermore, Israel’s theorem of EM theory states, that static black holes are spherically symmetric. The “no-hair” theorem holds no longer in theories with non-abelian fields. Such theories possess whole sequences of neutral static spherically symmetric black hole solutions . Furthermore, there are static black hole solutions with only axial symmetry , as well as black hole solutions with only discrete symmetries , so Israel’s theorem holds neither in the presence of non-abelian fields.

The hairy black hole solutions are asymptotically flat and possess a regular event horizon . Taking the radius of the event horizon to zero, globally regular particle-like solutions emerge. Recently, in the isolated horizon framework an intriguing relation between the mass of hairy black hole solutions and the mass of the corresponding regular solutions was found in Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory . Also, a modified uniqueness conjecture was presented .

SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs (EYMH) theory, in particular, allows for a rich variety of globally regular particle-like solutions, such as gravitating monopoles  and multimonopoles  as well as gravitating monopole-antimonopole pairs . Associated with the gravitating monopole solutions are non-abelian black hole solutions with “magnetic monopole hair”, existing for not too large values of the event horizon . Likewise, the gravitating multimonopole solutions give rise to magnetically charged non-abelian black hole solutions with hair .

Here we show, that the regular gravitating monopole-antimonopole pair (MAP) solutions  are similarly associated with hairy black hole solutions. Immersing a black hole symmetrically between the monopole and antimonopole results in a static axially symmetric black hole solution carrying “magnetic dipole hair”. We further show that the difference of the mass and the horizon mass of these hairy black holes equals the mass of the regular MAP solution, as expected from the isolated horizon formalism .

## 2 Ansatz

We consider SU(2) EYMH theory with action

$$S=\left(\frac{R}{16\pi G}+\frac{1}{2e}\mathrm{Tr}(F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu })\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{Tr}(D_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }D^\mu \mathrm{\Phi })\right)\sqrt{g}d^4x,$$
(1)
and with Newton’s constant $`G`$, Yang-Mills coupling constant $`e`$, Higgs vacuum expectation value $`\eta `$, and vanishing Higgs self-coupling. Variation with respect to the metric and the matter fields leads to the Einstein equations and the field equations, respectively.

The static axially symmetric black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair” are obtained in isotropic coordinates with metric

$$ds^2=fdt^2+\frac{m}{f}\left(dr^2+r^2d\theta ^2\right)+\frac{l}{f}r^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2,$$
(2)
where $`f`$, $`m`$ and $`l`$ are only functions of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$. The MAP ansatz reads for the purely magnetic gauge field ($`A_0=0`$)

$$A_\mu dx^\mu =\frac{1}{2e}\left\{\left(\frac{H_1}{r}dr+2(1H_2)d\theta \right)\tau _\phi 2\mathrm{sin}\theta \left(H_3\tau _r^{(2)}+(1H_4)\tau _\theta ^{(2)}\right)d\phi \right\}$$
(3)
and for the Higgs field

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_1\tau _r^{(2)}+\mathrm{\Phi }_2\tau _\theta ^{(2)}\right),$$
(4)
with $`su(2)`$ matrices (composed of the standard Pauli matrices $`\tau _i`$)

$`\tau _r^{(2)}=\mathrm{sin}2\theta \tau _\rho +\mathrm{cos}2\theta \tau _3,\tau _\theta ^{(2)}=\mathrm{cos}2\theta \tau _\rho \mathrm{sin}2\theta \tau _3,`$
$`\tau _\rho =\mathrm{cos}\phi \tau _1+\mathrm{sin}\phi \tau _2,\tau _\phi =\mathrm{sin}\phi \tau _1+\mathrm{cos}\phi \tau _2.`$ (5)
The four gauge field functions $`H_i`$ and the two Higgs field functions $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ depend only on $`r`$ and $`\theta `$. Consistent with this ansatz, the general set of equations of motion is reduced to a set of nine elliptic partial differential equations. With respect to the residual gauge degree of freedom  we choose the gauge condition $`r_rH_12_\theta H_2=0`$ .

## 3 Boundary conditions

We consider static axially symmetric black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair”, which are asymptotically flat, and possess a finite mass. Their boundary conditions at infinity and along the $`\rho `$\- and $`z`$-axis are the same as those of the regular MAP solutions , i.e. at infinity the conditions are

$$H_1=H_2=0,H_3=\mathrm{sin}\theta ,1H_4=\mathrm{cos}\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi }_1=\eta ,\mathrm{\Phi }_2=0,f=m=l=1,$$
(6)
on the $`z`$-axis the functions $`H_1,H_3,\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$ and the derivatives $`_\theta H_2,_\theta H_4,_\theta \mathrm{\Phi }_1,_\theta f,_\theta m,_\theta l`$ have to vanish, while on the $`\rho `$-axis the functions $`H_1,1H_4,\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$ and the derivatives $`_\theta H_2,_\theta H_3,_\theta \mathrm{\Phi }_1,_\theta f,_\theta m,_\theta l`$ have to vanish.

In order to obtain black hole solutions with a regular event horizon at radius $`r_\mathrm{H}`$, we impose the boundary conditions

$$f=m=l=0,r_r\mathrm{\Phi }_1+H_1\mathrm{\Phi }_2=0,r_r\mathrm{\Phi }_2H_1\mathrm{\Phi }_1=0,$$

$$_\theta H_1+r_rH_2=0,r_rH_3H_1H_4=0,r_rH_4+H_1(H_3+\mathrm{ctg}\theta )=0,$$
(7)
where the boundary conditions on the matter field functions result from the equations of motion. Since one of the gauge field equations gives a boundary condition which coincides with the gauge fixing condition, $`r_rH_1_\theta H_2=0`$, we need to impose a further condition at the horizon to completely fix the gauge . We choose $`_\theta H_1=0`$.

From the equations of motion it follows , that the Kretschmann scalar is finite at the horizon, and that the surface gravity $`\kappa `$ ,

$$\kappa ^2=(1/4)g^{tt}g^{ij}(_ig_{tt})(_jg_{tt}),$$
(8)
is constant, as required by the zeroth law of black hole physics.

## 4 Results

Introducing the dimensionless coordinate $`x=r\eta e`$ and the Higgs field $`\varphi =\mathrm{\Phi }/\eta `$, the equations depend only on the coupling constant $`\alpha `$, $`\alpha ^2=4\pi G\eta ^2`$. The mass $`M`$ of the black hole solutions can be obtained directly from the total energy-momentum “tensor” $`\tau ^{\mu \nu }`$ of matter and gravitation, $`M=\tau ^{00}d^3r`$ , or equivalently from $`M=\left(2T_0^{0}T_\mu ^\mu \right)\sqrt{g}𝑑r𝑑\theta 𝑑\phi `$, yielding the dimensionless mass $`\mu /\alpha ^2=\frac{e}{4\pi \eta }M`$.

Let us briefly recall the globally regular gravitating MAP solutions. In the limit $`\alpha 0`$, the lower branch of gravitating MAP solutions emerges smoothly from the flat space solution  and ends at the critical value $`\alpha _{\mathrm{cr}}^{\mathrm{reg}}=0.670`$, when gravity becomes too strong for regular MAP solutions to persist . However, at $`\alpha _{\mathrm{cr}}^{\mathrm{reg}}`$ a second branch of MAP solutions appears, extending back to $`\alpha =0`$. Having higher masses, these MAP solutions constitute the upper branch of solutions. On both branches, the modulus of the Higgs field of the gravitating MAP solutions possesses two zeros, $`\pm z_0`$, on the $`z`$-axis, which correspond to the location of the monopole and antimonopole, respectively.

Let us now turn to the corresponding black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair”, where a regular event horizon is located inbetween the monopole-antimonopole pair. These solutions are obtained by solving the set of equations of motion numerically, subject to the above boundary conditions .

For a fixed value of $`\alpha `$, $`0<\alpha <\alpha _{\mathrm{cr}}^{\mathrm{reg}}`$, we obtain two branches of black hole solutions. Imposing a regular event horizon at a small radius $`x_\mathrm{H}`$, the lower branch of black hole solutions emerges from the regular lower branch MAP solution. Along this lower branch, with increasing $`x_\mathrm{H}`$ the mass increases. Indeed, when a maximal value of the horizon radius $`x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{max}}(\alpha )`$ is reached, the mass increases further with decreasing $`x_\mathrm{H}`$, reaching a maximal value at $`x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{cr}}(\alpha )<x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{max}}(\alpha )`$. Decreasing $`x_\mathrm{H}`$ from $`x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{cr}}(\alpha )`$, a second branch of solutions appears. Along this upper branch with decreasing $`x_\mathrm{H}`$ the mass decreases, reaching the regular upper branch MAP solution, when $`x_\mathrm{H}0`$.

We now introduce the area parameter $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ , defined via the dimensionless area of the black hole horizon $`A`$,

$$A=2\pi x_\mathrm{H}^2_0^\pi 𝑑\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta \frac{\sqrt{lm}}{f}|_{x_\mathrm{H}^2}=4\pi x_\mathrm{\Delta }^2.$$
(9)
When considered as a function of the horizon radius $`x_\mathrm{H}`$, the area parameter $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ also attains its maximal value at the critical value $`x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{cr}}`$. Therefore the dimensionless mass $`\mu `$, when considered as a function of the area parameter $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$, attains its maximum value at the maximum value of $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Here the two branches merge, forming a spike, as seen in Fig. 1 for $`4\pi \alpha ^2=0.725`$.

The maximal value of the horizon radius $`x_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{max}}(\alpha )`$ increases with decreasing $`\alpha `$. The weaker gravity, the bigger black holes are possible. Extrapolating to the limit $`\alpha 0`$, we obtain the biggest possible horizon radius, $`x_\mathrm{H}=0.1208`$.

Let us now consider these black hole solutions in the deformed isolated horizon framework . For EYM theory an intriguing relation between the ADM mass $`\mu `$ of a black hole with area parameter $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and the mass $`\mu _{\mathrm{reg}}`$ of the corresponding globally regular solution was found ,

$$\mu =\mu _\mathrm{\Delta }+\mu _{\mathrm{reg}},$$
(10)
where the horizon mass $`\mu _\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is defined via

$$\mu _\mathrm{\Delta }=_0^{x_\mathrm{\Delta }}\kappa (x_\mathrm{\Delta }^{})x_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}𝑑x_\mathrm{\Delta }^{},$$
(11)
with rescaled surface gravity $`\kappa \kappa /e\eta `$.

We now consider this relation for the EYMH black holes with “magnetic dipole hair”. The inverse of the surface gravity $`\kappa `$, and the integrand $`\kappa (x_\mathrm{\Delta })x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of the integral for the horizon mass, are shown in Fig. 2 for $`4\pi \alpha ^2=0.725`$ as functions of the area parameter $`x_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ for both branches of black hole solutions.

Evaluating the rhs of relation (10) for the black hole solutions along both branches, we obtain excellent agreement with the corresponding ADM masses, as seen in Fig. 1. Thus our numerical results indicate, that relation (10) also holds for the EYMH black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair”. (For each branch the corresponding regular solution is the reference point for the integration.) In particular, the mass of the regular upper branch solution is related to the mass of the regular lower branch solution via the horizon mass integral, performed along both branches.

Another crucial quantity in this formalism is the magnetic non-abelian charge of the horizon $`P_\mathrm{\Delta }^{\mathrm{YM}}`$

$$P_\mathrm{\Delta }^{\mathrm{YM}}=\frac{1}{4\pi }\sqrt{\underset{i}{}\left(F_{\theta \phi }^i\right)^2}𝑑\theta 𝑑\phi ,$$
(12)
where the integral is over the surface of the horizon. We show $`P_\mathrm{\Delta }^{\mathrm{YM}}`$ in Fig. 3. Also shown is the magnetic abelian charge of the horizon $`P_\mathrm{\Delta }^M`$, obtained analogously from the electromagnetic ’t Hooft tensor $`_{\mu \nu }`$ . Note, that the magnetic charge inside the horizon, $`P^M=_{\theta \phi }𝑑\theta 𝑑\phi `$, vanishes. These charges are of interest also, since in  a modified uniqueness conjecture for black holes was suggested, claiming that black holes are uniquely specified by their horizon charges.

Further details to these black hole solutions as well as to possible excited black hole solutions will be given elsewhere.

## 5 Outlook

Having constructed black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair”, where the black hole resides at the center between the poles, it is natural to wonder, whether one could also obtain static axially symmetric solutions with two black holes, each located at one of the poles, i.e. black diholes . Such solutions would presumably form an unstable equilibrium configuration of two hairy black holes.

When considering a magnetic dipole configuration with two black holes in Einstein-Maxwell theory, one has either to invoke a string between the holes or an external magnetic field to give the necessary repulsion and avoid collapse . For the non-abelian configuration, in contrast, we expect the gauge field to provide the necessary repulsion. Indeed, for the globally regular MAP solutions and the above constructed black hole solutions with “magnetic dipole hair”, the gauge field provides sufficient repulsion for equilibrium.

For the single black hole with “magnetic dipole hair” our numerical results are in excellent agreement with relation (10), obtained in the isolated horizon framework. It appears interesting to consider extension of this relation to the conjectured black dihole configurations.


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# BNL–67629 August 15, 2000 Future Kaon Programs at BNL, FNAL 1footnote 11footnote 1 To be published in the Proceedings of the 7th Conference on the Intersections of Particle and Nuclear Physics; Quebec City, Canada, May 22-28, 2000; Z. Parsa and W. Marciano, Eds.

## Introduction

The decays $`K_L^{}\pi ^{}\nu \overline{\nu }`$ and $`K^+\pi ^+\nu \overline{\nu }`$ are two of the ‘golden modes’ for measuring CKM parameters. Measurement of the branching ratio B($`K^+\pi ^+\nu \overline{\nu }`$ ) provides a clean and unambiguous determination of the CKM matrix element $`|V_{td}|`$ , in particular of the quantity $`|\lambda _t||V_{ts}^{}V_{td}|.`$ Measurement of the direct-CP-violating decay $`K_L^{}\pi ^{}\nu \overline{\nu }`$ will cleanly determine the imaginary part of $`\lambda _t`$, $`Im(\lambda _t)`$.

The theoretical uncertainty in $`K^+\pi ^+\nu \overline{\nu }`$ is quite small ($``$7%) and even smaller in $`K_L^{}\pi ^{}\nu \overline{\nu }`$ ($``$2%), as the hadronic matrix element can be extracted from the $`K\pi e\nu _e`$ branching ratio. The $`K\pi \nu \overline{\nu }`$ branching ratios have been calculated to next-to-leading-log approximation bb1 , complete with isospin violation corrections marciano  and two-loop-electroweak effects bb2 . Fits based on the best current data for the CKM matrix elements give branching ratios of bb3

$`B(K^+\pi ^+\nu \overline{\nu }\text{ })`$ $`=`$ $`(8.2\pm 3.2)\times 10^{11}`$ (1)
$`B(K_L^{}\pi ^{}\nu \overline{\nu }\text{ })`$ $`=`$ $`(3.1\pm 1.3)\times 10^{11}.`$
These branching ratios are very small and, with two neutrinos in the final state, both of these experiments are challenging.

## Measurement of $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\mathbf{|}`$ from $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$

The E787 experiment at BNL was designed to search for $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ and reported the first observation of $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ from analysis of the 1995 data set pnn95 . A new analysis of the 1995 data combined with the 1996 and 1997 data sets, has reduced the background levels by about a factor of three. A plot from the 1995–97 data set e787\_pnn  of the range vs. energy of events passing all other $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ criteria is shown in Figure 1.

One event is observed in the signal region with a measured background of $`\mathbf{0.08}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.02}`$ events. The branching ratio is B($`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ ) = $`\mathbf{(}\mathbf{1.5}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.2}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{3.4}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}}`$. From this measurement, a limit on $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\mathbf{|}`$ of $`\mathbf{0.002}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\text{ }\mathbf{|}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{0.04}`$ can be derived, as well as the following limits on $`𝝀_𝒕\mathbf{}𝑽_{𝒕𝒔}^{\mathbf{}}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\text{ }`$: $`\mathbf{|}𝑰𝒎\mathbf{(}𝝀_𝒕\mathbf{)}\mathbf{|}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{1.22}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}`$, $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.10}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{<}𝑹𝒆\mathbf{(}𝝀_𝒕\mathbf{)}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{1.39}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}`$, and $`\mathbf{1.07}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{|}𝝀_𝒕\mathbf{|}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{1.39}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}`$. The E787 experiment has finished running and the final sensitivity, based on the complete 1995–98 data set, should reach the SM expectation for $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ .

### E949 at BNL

A new experiment under construction, E949, is expected to run in 2001–03, symbiotically with RHIC. E949 will use the AGS proton beam, between fills of RHIC, for approximately 20 hours/day. The E787 experiment has already demonstrated sufficient background rejection ($`\mathbf{}`$10% of the SM signal) for a very precise measurement of B($`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ ). Taking advantage of the very large AGS proton flux and the experience gained with the E787 detector, E949 with modest upgrades should observe $`𝓞`$(10) SM events in a two year run. The background is small and well-understood.

### CKM at FNAL

The CKM experiment was proposed in 1998 and has been pursuing R&D towards a full technical proposal in 2001 as E905 at FNAL. It would run simultaneously with the Tevatron collider using protons from the Main Injector that are not needed for the collider and extract them over a long spill ($`\mathbf{}`$1 sec). CKM plans to collect $`𝓞`$(100) SM events with a background of $`𝓞`$(10) events, starting sometime after 2005. This experiment will use an intense RF-separated 22 GeV/c kaon beam derived from the Main Injector. This novel K<sup>+</sup> decay-in-flight technique will obtain redundant kinematic measurements from independent momentum and velocity spectrometers. The kaon momentum will be measured in a Si spectrometer and the pion momentum in straw-tube drift chambers in the vacuum decay region. The velocities of the kaon and pion will be measured in RICH counters. Two large Pb-scintillator photon veto systems reduce backgrounds from $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ decays and a muon veto system reduces background from $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝁^\mathbf{+}𝝂_𝝁`$ decays.

## Measurement of $`𝑰𝒎\mathbf{(}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\text{ }\mathbf{)}`$ from $`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$

Presently, the best limit on $`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ is derived in a model-independent way grossman  from the E787 measurement of $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ :

$`𝑩\mathbf{(}𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}\text{ }\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{<}`$ $`\mathbf{4.4}\mathbf{\times }𝑩\mathbf{(}𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}\text{ }\mathbf{)}`$
$`\mathbf{<}`$ $`\mathbf{2.6}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟗}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟗𝟎}\mathbf{\%}\mathrm{𝐂𝐋}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{.}`$
The best direct limits come from the KTeV experiment at FNAL. KTeV used a narrow ‘pencil’ beam to define the transverse vertex position of $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝜸𝜸`$ decays in a one-day test run and observed one background event, probably from a neutron interaction. From this special run, a 90%-CL limit e799\_pnn\_gg  of B($`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ ) $`\mathbf{<}\mathbf{1.6}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟔}`$ was established. A better limit is obtained using the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝒆^\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\mathbf{}}𝜸`$ decay, which is inherently a factor of 80 less sensitive but has the significant advantage of a precise vertex location. Since the vertex location is known a larger, more intense kaon beam can be used; and the background levels are lower as the transverse momentum is known with better precision. In the full 1997 KTeV data set no events were seen, and at the 90% confidence level, $`𝑩\mathbf{(}𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}\text{ }\mathbf{)}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{5.9}\mathbf{\times }\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟕}\text{e799\_pnn}\mathbf{.}`$ The $`𝑷_𝑻`$ distribution of $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝒆^\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\mathbf{}}𝜸`$ events passing all other cuts can be seen in Figure 2.

The expected background was $`\mathbf{0.12}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.04}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.05}}\mathbf{,}`$ mainly from $`𝚲\mathbf{}𝒏𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ and $`𝚵^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝚲𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{.}`$

The next generation of $`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ experiments, all using the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝜸𝜸`$ decay mode, will start with E391a at KEK, which hopes to reach a sensitivity of $`\mathbf{}`$$`\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}}`$, using a technique similar to KTeV. Although the reach of E391a is not sufficient to observe a signal at the standard model level, the experiment will be able to rule out large enhancements from new physics and learn more about how to do this difficult experiment. It is designed around a pencil $`𝑲_𝑳`$ beam, a high-resolution crystal calorimeter, and very efficient photon veto systems. This experiment would eventually move to the JHF and aim for a sensitivity of $`𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟒}}\mathbf{)}`$. Two other major efforts to observe and measure $`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ are KAMI and KOPIO.

### KAMI at FNAL

The KAMI collaboration submitted an expression of interest at FNAL for an experiement to measure B($`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ ). KAMI, like CKM, will make use of a slow extracted spill from the Main Injector, simultaneous with the operation of the Tevatron. KAMI plans to reuse the excellent KTeV CsI calorimeter, with a single high intensity pencil $`𝑲_𝑳`$ beam directed through a hole in the middle. The decay volume upstream of the calorimeter will be surrounded by a hermetic, highly efficient array of photon veto detectors. An additional photon detector will catch photons escaping along the beam. The current design of the KAMI detector includes a fiber tracker to expand the number of secondary modes to be studied. KAMI expects to detect $`𝓞`$(100) SM events in a couple of years of running with a background of $`\mathbf{}`$40% of the SM signal.

### KOPIO at BNL

The KOPIO experiment at BNL has been given scientific approval and is currently undergoing funding review. It plans to run at the AGS after the completion of E949 and in the same mode, with $`\mathbf{}`$20 hours per day available between RHIC fills. KOPIO will reconstruct the kaon center of mass using a bunched proton beam and a very low momentum $`𝑲_𝑳`$ beam. This technique allows for two independent criteria to reject background, photon veto and kinematics—allowing background levels to be directly measured from the data—and encourages further confidence in the signal by measuring the momentum spectrum of the decay. The necessary kaon flux will be obtained using the large available AGS proton current. The low-energy beam also substantially reduces backgrounds from neutrons and other sources. After three years of running, 65 standard-model events are expected with a S/B $`\mathbf{}`$ 2:1.

## Conclusions

The unprecedented sensitivities of rare kaon decay experiments and the recent discovery of $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ have opened doors to the measurement of the unitarity triangle completely within the kaon system. Significant progress in the determination of the fundamental CKM parameters will come from the generation of experiments that is now starting. These measurements can provide critical, unambiguous determination of the standard-model CP violation parameters. Comparison with the B-system will then over-constrain the triangle and test the SM explanation of CP violation:

* Comparison of the angle $`\mathrm{𝟐}𝜷`$ from the ratio B($`𝑲_𝑳^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ )/B($`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ ) and the CP asymmetry in the decay $`𝑩_𝒅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}𝝍𝑲_𝑺^{\mathbf{}}`$ will provide one of the most important tests grossman ; sinb .
* Comparison of the magnitude $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒕𝒅}\text{ }\mathbf{|}`$ from $`𝑲^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝝂\overline{𝝂}`$ and the ratio of the mixing frequencies of $`𝑩_𝒔`$ to $`𝑩_𝒅`$ mesons will also provide an important test with small theoretical uncertainty bb3 .

## Acknowledgments

I wish to thank many people for discussions regarding this talk: particularly, Greg Bock, Laurie Littenberg, Ron Ray, Tony Barker, Bob Tschirhart, Robin Appel and Peter Cooper. This work was supported under U.S. Department of Energy contract #DE-AC02-98CH10886.


text:
# TESTING MEM WITH DIQUARK AND THERMAL MESON CORRELATION FUNCTIONS11footnote 1Work supported by the TMR-Network grant ERBFMRX-CT-970122 and the DFG grant Ka 1198/4-1., 22footnote 2Presented at the Conference on Strong and Electroweak Matter (SEWM 2000), Marseille, France, 14-17 June 2000.

## 1 Principles of MEM

The Maximum Entropy Method is a common technique in condensed matter physics, image reconstruction and astronomy . In lattice QCD it has been applied recently to analyze meson correlation functions at zero temperature . It could be demonstrated that this method correctly detects the location of poles in the correlation function and, moreover, is sensitive to the contribution of higher excited states to the correlators.

Starting from correlation functions, $`D(\tau )`$, in Euclidean time which are calculated on the lattice at a discrete set of time separations, $`\{\tau _k\}_{k=1}^{N_\tau }`$, the application of MEM allows to extract the most probable spectral function without any assumptions about the spectral shape. This is an important key to access real time correlation functions and other dynamical quantities through lattice calculations. Of course, the essential bottleneck is that one has to specify what is meant by the most probable spectral function: MEM is based on Bayes theorem of conditional probability, which yields the most probable result for the spectral function $`A(\omega )`$ given the dataset $`D(\tau )`$ and all prior knowledge $`H`$ (e.g. positivity of $`A(\omega )`$:

$`P[A|DH]P[D|AH]P[A|H]\text{ with }\begin{array}{ccc}P[D|AH]& & \mathrm{exp}(L)\hfill \\ P[A|H]& & \mathrm{exp}(\alpha S)\hfill \end{array}`$ (3)
The Likelihood function, $`L`$, is chosen as the usual $`\chi ^2`$ distribution

$`L={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle (F(\tau _i)D(\tau _i))C_{ij}^1(F(\tau _j)D(\tau _j))}`$
with $`C_{ij}`$ denoting the symmetric covariance matrix constructed from the data sample and $`F(\tau )=𝑑\omega K(\tau ,\omega )A(\omega )`$ is the fit function in terms of a predefined kernel $`K(\tau ,\omega )`$ and the spectral function $`A(\omega )\rho (\omega )\omega ^2`$. For an unnormalized probability function $`A(\omega )`$ we can parametrize the entropy,

$`S={\displaystyle 𝑑\omega [A(\omega )m(\omega )A(\omega )\mathrm{log}(\frac{A(\omega )}{m(\omega )})]},`$
where $`m(\omega )=m_0\omega ^2`$ is the default model, i.e. the initial ansatz for $`A(\omega )`$. The default model incorporates our knowledge about the short distance behaviour of meson correlation functions , which in leading order perturbation theory are proportional to $`\omega ^2`$. The real and positive factor $`\alpha `$ controls the relative weight between the entropy (default model) and Likelihood function (data) appearing in Eq. 3.

The most probable spectral function $`\widehat{A}_\alpha (\omega )`$ is then obtained by maximizing $`Q\alpha SL`$ for given $`\alpha `$ and the final spectral function $`\overline{A}(\omega )`$ is determined from a weighted average over $`\alpha `$:

$`\overline{A}(\omega )={\displaystyle 𝒟A𝑑\alpha A(\omega )P[A|DH]P[\alpha |D]}{\displaystyle 𝑑\alpha \widehat{A}_\alpha (\omega )P[\alpha |D]}.`$
Usually it turns out that the weight factor $`P[\alpha |D]`$ is sharply peaked around a unique value $`\widehat{\alpha }`$.

In the following we will apply this general framework to analyze zero-momentum meson and diquark correlation functions in Euclidean time, $`D(\tau )`$. The correlators are calculated in quenched QCD on lattices with temporal extent $`N_\tau `$. They can be expressed in terms of the spectral function $`A(\omega )`$,

$`D(\tau )={\displaystyle d^3x𝒪^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{x})𝒪(0,\stackrel{}{0})}={\displaystyle 𝑑\omega K(\tau ,\omega )A(\omega )}.`$
Here the kernel $`K(\tau ,\omega )`$ is taken to be proportional to the Fourier transform of a free boson propagator,

$`K(\tau ,\omega )=e^{\tau \omega }/(1e^{N_\tau \omega }).`$
The computational intensive part of MEM is the maximization of $`Q=\alpha SL`$ in the functional space of $`A(\omega )`$, for which one typically uses a few hundred degrees of freedom. A Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the kernel $`K(\tau ,\omega )`$ was performed to reduce the parameter space.

## 2 Details of the Simulation

For our tests of MEM we used data from a previous spectrum calculation  in quenched QCD with Wilson fermions on lattices of the size $`16^3\times 30`$ and $`16^3\times 32`$. In order to study also diquark correlation functions Landau gauge fixing has been performed on the larger lattice. In the gluon sector we use the Symanzik improved (1,2) action, which eliminates $`𝒪(a^2)`$ cut-off effects. In the fermion sector we use the $`𝒪(a)`$ improved clover action with a tree level Clover coefficient. Our analysis is based on 73 gauge field configurations generated at $`\beta `$ = 4.1, which corresponds to a lattice spacing $`a^11.1`$ GeV. The fermion matrix has been inverted at eight different values of the hopping parameter $`\kappa `$. These cover a range of quark masses between $``$30 MeV and $``$250 MeV. On each configuration we use four random source vectors at different lattice sites. We thus have a dataset consisting of 292 quark propagators for each quark mass value. Correlation functions were obtained for pi- and rho-meson, as well as for diquark states in the color anti-triplet representation with an attractive q-q interaction and the repulsive color sextet channel .

## 3 Meson Spectral Functions

The spectral functions in pseudo-scalar and vector meson quantum number channels obtained from our analysis using MEM are shown in Fig. 1. In addition to the dominant ground state peaks (pi- and rho-mesons) in the low-energy region, the meson spectral functions show signs of excited states and a broad continuum-like structure at high energies up to the momentum cut-off on the lattice $`\omega _{\mathrm{max}}=\pi /a3.5`$ GeV. We generally find that better statistics and larger $`N_\tau `$ result in higher and narrower peaks in the spectral functions which indicates that these correspond to $`\delta `$-function like singularities, i.e. poles in the propagator. We also note that in general the ground state contribution is more dominant for lighter quark masses. This is clearly seen in the pseudo-scalar spectral function. On the other hand, the broadening and drop of the low mass contributions seen for the lightest quark masses in the vector spectral function can be addressed to insufficient statistics for this correlator. This is also apparent from conventional exponential fits, which in these cases lead to large errors on the lightest vector meson masses.

Comparing the MEM results with standard two-exponential fits of the correlation functions we find very good agreement. The point of the vanishing pion mass is $`\kappa _c`$ = 0.14922(1), which perfectly coincides with the value 0.14923(2) obtained from a conventional exponential fit. Extrapolating the mass of the rho meson to the chiral limit we obtain $`m_\rho `$ = 0.56(3) in lattice units, which should be compared with $`m_\rho `$(exp-fit) = 0.58(2).

It was shown by the UKQCD group  that smeared operators and gauge fields provide a better overlap with the ground state. We applied the fuzzing technique for spatially extended operators with a radius $`R`$ = 0.7 fm. The spectral functions of the fuzzed mesons show only the ground state peak. They thus uncover unambiguously that the application of the fuzzing technique eliminates the excited states almost completely.

## 4 Diquark Spectral Functions

We previously had studied diquark correlation functions in Landau gauge . In particular the correlators for color sextet states seemed to be strongly influenced by higher excited states and it was unclear whether a bound state exists at all in these quantum number channels. These difficulties are also show up in our spectral analysis.

Spectral functions similar to those for mesons were obtained for the color anti-triplet diquark states (Fig. 2(a)). In particular the $`(\overline{3}0\overline{3})`$ diquark shows a pronounced ground state peak. However, already in the case of the $`(61\overline{3})`$ state this ground state peak broadens and becomes comparable in magnitude to the broad continuum structure found at higher energies. This broad continuum becomes even more dominant in the color sextet channels $`(\overline{3}16)`$ and $`(606)`$ shown in Fig. 2(b). In fact, in the case of color sextet states we find that the spectral function is strongly dependent on the large momentum cut-off $`\omega _{\mathrm{max}}`$ used in our analysis. An analysis at smaller lattice spacings thus is needed to better understand the spectral functions in these quantum number channels.

The MEM results for the color anti-triplet diquarks are in good agreement with the masses extracted from two-exponential fits (see Tab. 1). For the color sextet diquarks we observe a deviation in comparison with the 2-mass fits. The mass of the $`\overline{3}16`$ diquark has about the same value in the chiral limit, whereas the $`606`$ diquark mass obviously is not well represented by a unique mass. This favours the interpretation of color sextet states being unbound, in accordance with the expected repulsive q-q interaction in this channel .

## 5 Thermal Spectral Functions

At non-zero temperature meson correlation functions are periodic and restricted to the Euclidean time interval $`[0,1/T]`$,

$`D(\tau )={\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\omega A(\omega ){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}(\omega (\tau 1/2T))}{\mathrm{sinh}(\omega /2T)}}.`$
In the high temperature limit the meson spectral functions are expected to approach those of freely propagating quark anti-quark pairs. To leading order this is described by the free spectral function, i.e. $`A(\omega )=\frac{N_c}{4\pi ^2}\omega ^2\mathrm{tanh}(\omega /4T)`$ in the scalar channel. We want to test here whether this behaviour can be reproduced on lattices with finite temporal extent $`N_\tau `$. We use the continuum expression for $`D(\tau )`$ and evaluate it at a discrete set of Euclidean times, $`\tau _k=k/N_\tau `$, with $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},N_\tau 1`$. This is shown in Fig. 3(a). The reconstructed spectral functions in Fig. 3(b) were obtained with MEM, adding Gaussian noise with the variance $`\sigma (\tau )=bD(\tau )/\tau `$ to the exact results.

We note that one can reproduce the shape of the spectral function quite well already from correlation functions calculated at $`N_\tau =16`$ points. However, twice as many data points are needed for a good quantitative description of $`\rho (\omega )`$. One thus may expect that the reconstruction of the continuum part of thermal correlation functions based on simulations on lattices with temporal extent $`N_\tau `$ will require information on the correlation functions at $`𝒪(30)`$ points. This may either be achieved by performing calculations on large temporal lattices or by combining information from lattices with different temporal extent but fixed temperature.

## 6 Conclusions

We find that the application of MEM to the analysis of lattice correlation functions does yield useful additional information to that of conventional exponential fits. It can lead to quantitative results on pole and continuum contributions to spectral functions.

## References