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# The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets V. 3 new extrasolar planetsBased on data obtained with the CORALIE echelle spectrograph mounted on the 1.2-m ”Leonard Euler” Swiss telescope at ESO-La Silla Observatory (Chile)

## 1 Introduction

Less than six years after the discovery of the first extrasolar planet orbiting the star 51 Peg (Mayor & Queloz 1995), the number of extrasolar planets detected around solar-type stars is now reaching 63 (minimum masses below 10 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$). None of the planetary companions detected so far resembles the giant planets of the solar system. The increase of the precision as well as the increase of the duration of the surveys make the radial-velocity searches sensitive to long period and very low mass companions. Sub-Saturnian planets have been recently detected (Marcy et al. 2000, May the 4th 2000 ESO PR111www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-13-00.html). We find in the highlights of this research domain the detection of a 3-planet system orbiting $υ$ And (Butler et al. 1999), the detection of a 2-Saturnian planet system orbiting HD 83443 (Mayor et al. 2000) and the detection of the photometric (Charbonneau et al. 2000; Henry et al. 2000) and spectroscopic (Queloz et al. 2000a) transits of the extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 209458. Planetary companions have also been detected in wide binary systems: see e.g. 16 Cyg B (Cochran et al. 1997), GJ 86 (Queloz et al. 2000d) or HD 80606 (Naef et al. 2001). It is interesting to notice as well that the majority of the stars with planets have a higher metal content than field stars in the solar vicinity (Gonzalez 2000; Santos et al. 2000a, c, 2001c).

Some of the detected planets have short periods and very small orbital separations (the ”Hot Jupiters”). Most of these Hot Jupiters are on circular orbits. There are also longer period objects. The orbital eccentricities of these objects almost cover the full possible range: from nearly circular (see e.g. the recently announced planet around HD 28185, April the 4th 2001 ESO PR222www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2001/pr-07-01.html) to nearly unity as in the case of HD 80606 (Naef et al. 2001). The 3 new extrasolar planet candidates we present in Sect. 2 belong to this kind of objects (Jovian masses, longer periods, elongated orbits).

In this paper, we present the radial-velocity data obtained with CORALIE for the stars GJ 3021, HD 52265333The detection of the planetary companion around HD 52265 was independently announced during the writing of this paper by Butler et al. (2000) and HD 169830. They reveal the presence of Jovian-mass companions. Section 2.2 describes the basic stellar properties of these stars. The Lithium abundances and the chromospheric activity of these objects are discussed in Sect. 2.3 and 2.4. The orbital solutions are presented in Sect. 2.5. In Sect. 3, we present our radial-velocity measurements for the stars $`\iota `$ Hor, HD 210277 and HD 217107.

## 2 Extrasolar planets orbiting the stars GJ 3021, HD 52265, and HD 169830

### 2.1 CORALIE high-precision radial-velocity survey

Our radial-velocity measurements are done by computing the cross-correlation function (CCF) between the observed stellar spectrum and a numerical template. The instrumental velocity drifts are monitored and corrected using the ”simultaneous Thorium referencing technique” with dual fibers (more details in Baranne et al. 1996). The achieved precision of this technique with CORALIE is currently of the order of 7-8 m s-1 for almost three years (Queloz et al. 2000c). Three years after the start of the Geneva Southern Planet Search Programme (Queloz et al. 2000c; Udry et al. 2000c, a) at ESO-La Silla Observatory (Chile), 21 planetary and 2 low-mass brown dwarf candidates have already been detected (see Table 1).

The 298 CORALIE individual radial-velocity measurements presented in this paper are available in electronic form at the CDS in Strasbourg.

### 2.2 Characteristics of the stars

#### 2.2.1 GJ 3021

GJ 3021 (HD 1237, HIP 1292) is a bright G6 dwarf located in the southern constellation of Hydrus. The astrometric parallax from the HIPPARCOS satellite (ESA 1997) $`\pi `$ = 56.76 $`\pm `$ 0.53 mas sets the star at a distance of 17.6 pc from the Sun. The HIPPARCOS apparent magnitude and colour index are $`m_\mathrm{V}`$ = 6.59 and $`BV`$ = 0.749. Thus the absolute magnitude is $`M_\mathrm{V}`$ = 5.36. With a bolometric correction $`B.C.`$ = $``$0.16 (Flower 1996), we find an effective temperature of $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 5417 K and a luminosity of $`L`$ = 0.66 L. Using HIPPARCOS proper motions and parallax and the $`\gamma `$ velocity of GJ 3021, we find $`(U,V,W)`$ = (33.7, $``$17.4, 2.8) km s-1. This velocity vector is similar to the one observed for stars in the Hyades Super-Cluster (Chereul et al. 1999).

In a recent paper, Santos et al. (2000c), using a high signal-to-noise CORALIE spectrum, derived the following atmospheric parameters for GJ 3021: $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 5540 $`\pm `$ 75 K, $`\mathrm{log}g`$ = 4.7 $`\pm `$ 0.2 (cgs) and $`[`$Fe/H$`]`$ = 0.1 $`\pm `$ 0.08. From the CORAVEL CCF dip width, we obtain the projected rotational velocity $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 5.5 $`\pm `$ 1 km s-1 (Benz & Mayor 1984). The calibration by Benz & Mayor (1984) does not account for metallicity effects. In their calibration, the intrinsic line width for non-rotating stars is supposed to be mainly a function of the $`BV`$ colour index (pressure broadening by Van der Waals effect). For metal-rich stars, the number of saturated lines increases. This causes the CCF intrinsic width to increase. With the calibration by Benz & Mayor (1984), the intrinsic line width is therefore under-estimated and the rotational broadening over-estimated for metal-rich stars. The $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ value indicated above is thus an upper-limit. The ROSAT All-Sky Survey X–ray luminosity for GJ 3021 is $`L_\mathrm{X}`$ = 103.6$``$$`10^{27}`$ erg $`s^1`$ (Hünsch et al. 1999).

GJ 3021 is not photometrically stable. The scatter of the HIPPARCOS photometric measurements is of the order of 12 mmag. In the HIPPARCOS catalogue, GJ 3021 is classified as a possible micro-variable star. The Fourier transform of the photometric data shows no clear significant frequency. It is not surprising, assuming that the photometric signal is due to features such as spots on the stellar surface. The typical lifetimes of spots are known to be much shorter than the duration of the HIPPARCOS mission.

Finally, no infrared excess was detected for GJ 3021 at 60 $`\mu `$m (ISO data, Decin et al. 2000). A CORALIE radial-velocity monitoring of a set of G dwarfs observed in the infrared by Decin et al. (2000) is on its way. The main goal of this combined survey is to study the correlation (or anti-correlation) between the presence of an infrared excess and the occurrence of planets or companion stars. In the selected sample, two stars actually have a planetary companion, GJ 3021 (this paper) and GJ 86 (Queloz et al. 2000d), without trace of infrared excess.

Observed and inferred stellar parameters are summarized in Table 2 with references to the corresponding observations or methods used to derive the quantities.

#### 2.2.2 HD 52265

HD 52265 (HIP 33719) is a bright ($`m_\mathrm{V}`$ = 6.29) G0 dwarf located in the constellation of Monoceros (the Unicorn) 28.1 pc away from the Sun. Using the HIPPARCOS (ESA 1997) precise astrometric parallax ($`\pi `$ = 35.63 $`\pm `$ 0.84 mas), we infer an absolute magnitude of $`M_\mathrm{V}`$ = 4.05. This value, slightly above the main sequence, disagrees with the commonly assumed spectral classification G0 III-IV for this star. With the bolometric correction ($`B.C.`$ = $``$0.046) and temperature scale calibrated by Flower (1996), we find an effective temperature $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 5995 K and a luminosity $`L`$ = 1.98 L.

With a high signal-to-noise CORALIE spectrum, Santos et al. (2000c) derived the following stellar atmospheric parameters for HD 52265: $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 6060 $`\pm `$ 50 K, $`\mathrm{log}g`$ = 4.29 $`\pm `$ 0.25 (cgs) and $`[`$Fe/H$`]`$ = 0.21 $`\pm `$ 0.06. Using the Geneva stellar evolution models (Schaerer et al. 1993) with $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 6060 K, $`M_\mathrm{V}`$ = 4.05 and $`[`$Fe/H$`]`$ = 0.21, we measure a mass $`M_1`$ = 1.18 M and an age of 3.5 Gyr. HD 52265 appears to be a slightly evolved metal-rich G0 dwarf.

From CORAVEL measurements, we compute $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 5.2 $`\pm `$ 1 km s-1 (Benz & Mayor 1984, over-estimated, see Sect. 2.2.1). Finally, HD 52265 is photometrically stable (HIPPARCOS photometry, ESA 1997). The main stellar characteristics of HD 52265 are summarized in Table 2.

#### 2.2.3 HD 169830

HD 169830 (HIP 90485) is a bright ($`m_\mathrm{V}`$ = 5.9) F8 dwarf located in the constellation of Sagittarius (the Archer) 36.3 pc away from the Sun. With the HIPPARCOS (ESA 1997) astrometric parallax ($`\pi `$ = 27.53 $`\pm `$ 0.91 mas), the bolometric correction ($`B.C.`$ = $``$0.19) and the temperature scale calibrated by Flower (1996), we compute the absolute magnitude, the effective temperature and the luminosity of HD 169830: $`M_\mathrm{V}`$ = 3.10, $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 6211 K and $`L`$ = 4.63 L. Using Strömgren photometry, Edvardsson et al. (1993) have inferred stellar atmospheric parameters for HD 169830. They found $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 6382 K, $`\mathrm{log}g`$ = 4.15 (cgs), $`[`$M/H$`]`$ = 0.17 and $`[`$Fe/H$`]`$ = 0.13. With a high signal-to-noise CORALIE spectrum, Santos et al. (2000c) derived similar values for the atmospheric parameters ($`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 6300 $`\pm `$ 50 K, $`\mathrm{log}g`$ = 4.11 $`\pm `$ 0.25 (cgs) and $`[`$Fe/H$`]`$ = 0.21 $`\pm `$ 0.05). HD 169830 is a slow rotator. Using CORAVEL data, we have $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 3.8 $`\pm `$ 1 km s-1 (Benz & Mayor 1984, over-estimated, see Sect. 2.2.1). Edvardsson et al. (1993) also estimated the age of HD 169830 using its position in a colour-magnitude diagram. They found an age of 2.2 Gyr. This value is in agreement with the 2 Gyr found by Ng & Bertelli (1998) and also consistent with the value obtained using the Geneva evolutionary tracks (Schaerer et al. 1993): $`age`$ = 2.3 Gyr, $`M_1`$ = 1.4 M.

Using data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Piters et al. (1998) obtained an upper limit for the X–ray luminosity of HD 169830: $`L_\mathrm{X}`$$`<`$ 398$``$$`10^{27}`$ erg s-1. A carefull analysis of the ROSAT data (M. Audard, priv. comm.) shows that there is no source at the position of the star. The X–ray flux value is consistant with the background noise. Note that there is a bright nearby X–ray source (the LMXB Sgr X–4) that could be responsible for the high X–ray background. The main stellar characteristics of HD 169830 are summarized in Table 2.

### 2.3 Lithium abundances

In this section, we estimate the Lithium abundance of the host stars with CORALIE spectra. In order to obtain a high signal in the $`\lambda `$ 6707.8 Å Li i line region, we added all the measured spectra. The latter have been measured with our standard instrumental configuration. In this configuration, the Thorium-Argon lamp is used, adding a reference spectrum on the CCD. This reference spectrum is located between the orders of the stellar echelle spectrum. This configuration, needed for high-precision radial-velocity measurements, is not optimal for spectroscopic determinations (such as abundance determinations). However the spectra measured in this configuration are usable for limited spectroscopic determinations. The main interest of such determinations is the possibility of getting spectroscopic informations for very large stellar samples without specific measurements (i.e. without the need of additional observing time).

The two difficulties of this configuration for abundance determinations are: the additional background contamination and the shorter distance between the orders preventing us from correctly estimating the background contamination level. The measured fluxes are then not corrected for the background contamination effect. The obtained spectral lines have weaker contrasts and therefore smaller equivalent widths. The typical background contamination level measured for ELODIE (Baranne et al. 1996), a similar instrument, is about 3 % in the $`\lambda `$ 6707.8 Å Li i line region. We have used this value to correct our equivalent width measurements.

We also used two GJ 3021 spectra taken without calibration lamp (single fiber mode) in order to check our correction scheme. In this case, the background contamination is corrected on the CCD frame. The corrected equivalent width measured with the calibration lamp (57.7 mÅ) is in good agreement with the value measured without calibration lamp (57.6 mÅ).

Figure 1 (left) shows the spectra we obtain after adding all the available spectra of GJ 3021, HD 52265 and HD 169830. The signal-to-noise ratio of these spectra is of the order of 300 at the continuum. The Lithium absorption feature is clearly visible for GJ 3021 and HD 52265. There are no clear traces of Lithium for HD 169830. The $`\lambda `$ 6707.4 Å Fe i absorption feature is clearly visible for the 3 stars on the blue edge of the Lithium line. Table 3 shows the results of double gaussian fits to the Fe i–Li i blend for GJ 3021 and HD 52265.

To estimate the Lithium abundance, we have used the curves of growth tabulated by Soderblom et al. (1993) computed for the Pleiades metallicity. The Lithium abundances then obtained from our equivalent widths are listed in Table 3 (on a scale where $`\mathrm{log}`$$`n(\mathrm{H})`$ = 12). Our determination of the Lithium abundance for GJ 3021 corresponds to the typical Lithium abundance measured for G6 dwarfs in the Hyades (see e.g. Soderblom et al. 1993). For HD 169830, an upper limit of the Lithium equivalent width can be estimated. We have (2$`\sigma `$ confidence level): $`W_\lambda `$$`<`$ 2 (S/N)-1$`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$$`\sqrt{2\pi }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a typical line width. With S/N = 300 and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ = 130 mÅ, we have: $`W_\lambda `$$`<`$ 2.17 mÅ. Correcting this value for the background contamination, we have $`W_{\lambda ,\mathrm{max}}`$ =2.24 mÅ. This value provides the following constraint on the Lithium abundance of HD 169830: $`\mathrm{log}`$$`n(\mathrm{Li})`$$`<`$ 1.31 (2$`\sigma `$ confidence level).

Our determinations agree with a recent study by Israelian et al. (in prep.). The values they obtained for GJ 3021 and HD 52265 are respectively $`\mathrm{log}`$$`n(\mathrm{Li})`$ = 2.11 and 2.77. They also obtained an upper limit for the Lithium abundance of HD 169830: $`\mathrm{log}`$$`n(\mathrm{Li})`$$`<`$ 1.12.

### 2.4 Chromospheric activity

Figure 1 (right) shows the $`\lambda `$ 3968.5 Å Ca ii H absorption line region for GJ 3021, HD 52265 and HD 169830. These spectra were obtained by adding all our CORALIE spectra. We have derived the $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ chromospheric activity indicator for the three primary stars (Santos et al. 2001b, 2000e, see for details about the technique). Table 4 shows the results: HD 52265 and HD 169830 are chromospherically inactive and GJ 3021 is very active. For the latter, we find $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ = $``$4.27, a value substantially higher than the one by Henry et al. (1996, $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ = $``$4.44) whose result is based on only one measurement without estimation of the scatter. We believe that given our estimate of the scatter, the discrepancy between the two values is due to the variability of the activity level of GJ 3021.

With the $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ value, we can estimate the rotational periods (using the calibration in Noyes et al. 1984) and the stellar ages (using the calibration in Donahue 1993 also quoted in Henry et al. 1996). The rotational periods we obtain for HD 52265 and HD 169830 are 14.6 and 9.5 days, respectively and ages of 4 Gyr for both stars. For GJ 3021, the scatter of our activity measurements is large (see Table 4). With our mean activity value $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ = $``$4.27, we derive a rotational period of 4.1 days and an age of 0.02 Gyr. Estimates of the maximum rotational period and age can be obtained by using our lowest activity value $`\mathrm{log}(R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{})`$ = $``$4.49 yielding $`P_{\mathrm{rot},\mathrm{max}}`$ = 12.6 days and $`Age_{\mathrm{max}}`$ = 0.8 Gyr. This maximum age estimate is compatible with the age of the Hyades.

### 2.5 Orbital solutions

61 and 35 CORALIE high precision radial-velocity measurements are available for GJ 3021 and HD 169830, respectively. These measurements were obtained between HJD = 2 451 128 and HJD = 2 451 590 for GJ 3021 and between HJD = 2 451 296 and HJD = 2 451 668 for HD 169830. Table 5 provides the fitted orbital elements to these measurements as well as the computed minimum masses of the planetary companions and their semi-major axes. The radial-velocity are displayed in Fig. 2.

91 CORALIE radial-velocity measurements of HD 52265 have been gathered between HJD = 2 451 138 and HJD = 2 451 647. The mean photon-noise error of these velocities is 5.6 m s-1. During the first observing season, we found the orbital solution but we decided to wait for additional measurements to check the validity of this solution. The strange behaviour of some of the measurements of the second season pushed us to delay the announcement of the detection (see open triangles in Figs. 2c and 2d). Up to now, we still have no explanation for what happened between HJD = 2 451 430 and HJD = 2 451 500. We did not find this kind of behaviour on any other star in our sample and no instrumental problem was reported during this period. We decided at the end not to use these measurements to fit the orbital solution and only 71 radial-velocity measurements have been finally used.

### 2.6 GJ 3021 radial-velocity residuals and X–ray emission

The residuals from the fitted orbit for GJ 3021 are abnormally large (P($`\chi ^2`$) $`<`$ 5$``$10-7, see Table 5). With a mean photon-noise uncertainty of 8.2 m s-1 and an assumed systematic error of 7 m s-1, the expected value is of the order of 10-11 m s-1. The extra-scatter is therefore of the order of 15-16 m s-1. GJ 3021 is an active star (see Sect. 2.4). It is well known (Saar et al. 1998; Santos et al. 2000e, 2001b, b) that features on the surface of active stars (such as spots) induce radial-velocity variations (”jitter”) due to line profile variations. The predicted jitter for a very active G dwarf is of the order of 15-20 m s-1 (Santos et al. 2000e, 2001b, b). We have computed the bisectors of our observed CCFs (for detail, see Queloz et al. 2001) for GJ 3021. The bisector span is variable ($`P(\chi ^2)`$$`<`$ 0.001). The dispersion of the bisector span measurements is larger ($``$ 24 m s-1) than the observed extra-scatter ($``$ 15 m s-1). A weak correlation between the bisector span and the observed residuals is detected. The photon-noise errors affecting our span measurements (mean error value: $``$ 16 m s-1) are too high to enable us to clearly establish this correlation. At this point, we cannot conclude that the abnormal radial-velocity residuals result from line profile variations for GJ 3021.

A correlation between rotation and X–ray emission is known to exist (see e.g Queloz et al. 1998). This correlation can be well illustrated using a $`\mathrm{log}(L_\mathrm{X}/L_{\mathrm{Bol}})`$ versus $`\mathrm{log}(P_{\mathrm{rot}}/\tau _\mathrm{c})`$$``$$`\mathrm{log}(\mathrm{sin}i)`$ diagram (Rossby diagram). For GJ 3021, we have $`\mathrm{log}(L_\mathrm{X}/L_{\mathrm{Bol}})`$$``$$``$4.4. Using our measured $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$, $`\mathrm{log}(\tau _\mathrm{c})`$ = 1.238 (from the calibration in Noyes et al. 1984) and assuming a stellar radius of $`R`$ = 0.9 R, we find $`\mathrm{log}(P_{\mathrm{rot}}/\tau _\mathrm{c})`$$``$$`\mathrm{log}(\mathrm{sin}i)`$ = $``$0.320. This value corresponds to the value expected for this $`\mathrm{log}(L_\mathrm{X}/L_{\mathrm{Bol}})`$ ratio (see Fig. 9 in Queloz et al. 1998). The X–ray emission of GJ 3021 probably results from activity-related processes.

## 3 The planetary companions around $`\iota `$ Hor, HD 210277 and HD 217107

In this section, we present the CORALIE measurements and orbital solutions for the solar-type stars $`\iota `$ Hor, HD 210277 and HD 217107.

### 3.1 The planetary companion of $`\iota `$ Hor

Indications of the potential presence of a planetary companion around the young solar-type star $`\iota `$ Hor (HD 17051, HIP 12653) were first presented during the summer 1998 by Kürster et al. (1998, 1999). During the summer 1999, these authors have published their final solution for the planetary companion (Kürster et al. 2000): a 320–day non-circular orbit with a radial-velocity semi-amplitude of 67 m s-1. Their inferred minimum mass for the companion is $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 2.26$`\pm `$ 0.18 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$ (assuming $`M_1`$ = 1.03 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{}}`$).

#### 3.1.1 CORALIE data and orbital solution for $`\iota `$ Hor

We have 26 CORALIE radial-velocity measurements of $`\iota `$ Hor. The time interval between the first and the last measurement is a little less than two orbital cycles ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ t= 604 days) and we are able to compute our own orbital solution. The mean photon noise error of these measurements is 6.5 m s-1. This rather high value for such a bright star ($`m_\mathrm{V}`$ = 5.4) is due to the rather large rotational velocity of $`\iota `$ Hor: $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 6.1 $`\pm `$ 1 km s-1 (CORAVEL data, calibration by Benz & Mayor 1984) in agreement with Saar & Osten (1997) who found $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 5.7 $`\pm `$ 0.5 km s-1. Table 6 lists our fitted orbital elements compared to those published by Kürster et al. (2000). We have fixed the orbital period to their value because of their much longer time coverage ($``$ 6 cycles). Although our solution is a little bit different, CORALIE measurements are compatible with the solution by Kürster et al. (2000)444Note that the $`T_0`$ published by Kürster et al. corresponds to the time of maximum radial velocity whereas our $`T`$ is the time of closest approach. In our time system, the orbital phase of the maximum is $`\varphi `$ = 0.745. We have: $`T`$ = $`T_0`$ \+ (0.255 +Ncycles). In our case, Ncycles = 3. The $`T`$ value corresponding to their $`T_0`$ value is 51 348.9 in agreement with our value. The residuals from the fitted orbit obtained by imposing their period, eccentricity and semi-amplitude are 17 m s-1. Our orbital elements lead to a minimum planetary mass of $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 2.41 $`\pm `$ 0.18 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$ (assuming $`M_1`$ = 1.03 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{}}`$). The residuals from the fitted orbit are abnormally large ($`\sigma (OC)`$=16.6 m s-1, P($`\chi ^2`$) = 6$``$10-6). Assuming a typical intrinsic precision of 7 m s-1 for CORALIE and taking 6.5 m s-1 for the statistical error, the expected residuals value is $`\sigma (OC)`$$``$ 10.3 m s-1 so the observed extra-scatter is of the order of 14 m s-1. These abnormally high residuals are also observed by Kürster et al. (2000). Their observed residuals are 27 m s-1 to be compared with their typical precision of 17 m s-1. $`\iota `$ Hor is chromospherically active: $`\mathrm{log}(R_{HK}^{})`$ = $``$4.65 (Henry et al. 1996). An excess scatter of 10 $``$ 16 m s-1 is expected for this activity level and for this type of star (Saar et al. 1998; Santos et al. 2000e) so activity-related processes are probably responsible for the high residuals observed by both groups.

Figure 3a shows the CORALIE phase-folded curve with P fixed to 320.1 days. The temporal velocities with the same orbital solution are displayed in Fig. 3c.

#### 3.1.2 Combined orbital solution

We present the orbital solution we obtain for $`\iota `$ Hor after combining the CORALIE measurements with the velocities obtained by Kürster et al. (2000). The mean uncertainty of their radial velocities is about 17.5 m s-1 a much larger value than the 6.5 m s-1 of the CORALIE measurements. We used only the best Kürster et al. velocities for fitting the combined orbit (data points with $`ϵ_{\mathrm{RV}}`$$`<`$$`20`$ m s-1). 62 measurements matched this criterion. Kürster et al. measurements are differential velocities (velocity difference between the observed spectra and a reference spectra) so they have an arbitrary systemic velocity. Our computed combined orbital solution included the velocity offset between the two sets of data as an additional free parameter. The fitted offset is (C: CORALIE, K: Kürster): $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$RV = RVC $``$ RVK = 16.910 $`\pm `$ 0.010 km s-1.

Table 6 provides the fitted combined orbital solution. Figure 3b shows the combined phase-folded curve. The temporal velocities with the combined solution are displayed in Fig. 3d. The computed planetary minimum mass in this case is $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 2.24 $`\pm `$ 0.13 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$555The combined orbital solution has a more uncertain periastron epoch than the Kürster et al. time of maximum radial-velocity. We fitted the orbital solution to the Kürster et al. velocities using our software. We obtained a solution compatible with the Kürster et al. published solution but with a 12 days uncertainty on this parameter. The difference between the uncertainties is possibly due to differences in the fitting processes.

### 3.2 The planetary companion of HD 210277

The presence of a planetary companion orbiting the late G dwarf HD 210277 has been announced a few years ago by Marcy et al. (1999). In a recent paper, Vogt et al. (2000) have presented an updated version of the orbital solution. To obtain this new orbit, these authors have added new measurements with the HIRES spectrograph (Vogt et al. 1994) on the KECK telescope. Improvements in their reduction software have also increased their precision. Our 42 radial-velocity measurements are compatible with the orbital solution by Vogt et al. (2000).

#### 3.2.1 CORALIE data for HD 210277

42 CORALIE radial velocities of HD 210277 were measured between HJD =2 451 064 and HJD =2 451 497. The mean photon noise error of these measurements is 6 m s-1. With 433 days between the first and the last measurement, our time span is a little shorter than the orbital period published by Vogt et al. (436.6 days) so we do not have a reliable constraint on the periodicity of the system. We choose to set $`P`$ = 436.6 days as a fixed parameter in our fit. Table 7 shows our fitted orbital solution compared to the one by Vogt et al. (2000). There are some small differences between the two solutions (larger semi-amplitude and smaller eccentricity for the CORALIE solution) but they are mostly due to our poor phase coverage (no data point at the phase of the maximum radial velocity). If we set constant in the fit all the orbital elements by Vogt et al. (except for the $`\gamma `$ velocity which we keep as a free parameter), we obtain a very good agreement between our data and their solution. We find $`\sigma (OC)`$ = 7.7 m s-1 to be compared with the 7.5 m s-1 obtained fixing only the period. Assuming 0.92 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{}}`$ for the mass of the primary (Gonzalez et al. 1999), we find a planetary minimum mass of $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 1.73 $`\pm `$ 0.29 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$, a value significantly higher than the one found by Vogt et al. (1.23 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$). This difference is due to the difference in the velocity semi-amplitude (52 m s-1 for CORALIE, 39 m s-1 for HIRES).

Figure 3e shows the phase-folded curve obtained in this case for HD 210277. The temporal velocities with the same orbital solution are displayed in Fig. 3g.

#### 3.2.2 Combined orbital solution

In order to obtain better constraints on the orbital elements, we have combined the CORALIE data with the HIRES radial-velocity measurements by Vogt et al. (2000). As for the Kürster et al. (2000) velocities, the Vogt et al. measurements are differential velocities so they have an arbitrary systemic velocity. We first fitted their systemic velocity (Keplerian fit with $`\gamma `$ as the only free parameter, other parameters fixed to the Vogt et al. values). We made the same computation with the CORALIE velocities in order to compute the velocity offset between the two sets of data. We found (C: CORALIE, V: Vogt et al.): RVC = RVV$``$ 20.930 km s-1

The combined orbital solution, whose results are presented in Table 7, was obtained by fitting a Keplerian orbit to the combined data (CORALIE \+ corrected HIRES velocities). We checked our velocity correction by fitting the velocity offset (additional free parameter). The fitted residual offset is smaller than 0.5 m s-1. The computed minimum mass is $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ =1.24 $`\pm `$ 0.03 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$. Figure 3 shows the phase-folded-curve (panel f) and the velocities as a function of time (panel h) for the CORALIE \+ HIRES combined solution.

### 3.3 The planetary companion of HD 217107

The discovery of a planetary companion orbiting the G7 dwarf HD 217107 was initially announced by Fischer et al. (1999). This discovery was based on radial velocities obtained with the HAMILTON echelle spectrometer (Vogt 1987) at Lick Observatory and with the HIRES echelle spectrometer (Vogt et al. 1994) on the KECK telescope. In a recent paper, Vogt et al. (2000) have presented updated orbital elements for this planet. This orbit was based on radial-velocity measured with the HIRES spectrometer (Vogt et al. 1994) and agreed with the orbital solution from the discovery paper. Vogt et al. (2000) also announced the discovery of a linear drift of the systemic velocity with a slope of $`39.4`$$`\pm `$$`3.5`$ m s-1 yr-1. This trend was later confirmed by Fischer et al. using their most recent observations (slope = $`43.3`$$`\pm `$ 2.8 m s-1 yr-1). In Sect. 3.3.1, we present the CORALIE radial-velocity measurements and orbital solution for HD 217107 confirming the orbital solutions by Fischer et al. (1999) and Vogt et al. (2000). We also confirm the $`\gamma `$ velocity drift revealing the presence of a third massive body in the system. We show that this drift is probably not linear. An orbital solution combining all the available data is presented in Sect. 3.3.2.

#### 3.3.1 CORALIE data for HD 217107

In this section we present the CORALIE data for HD 217107. We shall focus on the systemic velocity drift correction in order to adjust the best orbital solution.

63 CORALIE radial-velocity measurements have been gathered during the first two observing seasons (1998–1999). These velocities span from HJD = 2 451 538 to HJD = 2 451 067) and have a mean photonic error of 5.5 m s-1.

We first imposed the solution by Vogt et al. (2000) to our 58 best measurements to see the behaviour of the residuals (we only fitted the $`\gamma `$ velocity). The residuals obtained from this solution are 16.1 m s-1, a clearly abnormally high value.

Figure 4 (left) shows the residuals as a function of time. A trend is clearly visible. A linear fit to the residuals of the two seasons gives a slope of 37.9 $`\pm `$ 3.4 m s-1 yr-1 (compatible with the previously detected trends). A linear fit to the residuals of the last observing season (HJD$`>`$ 2 451 300) gives a slope of $``$5 $`\pm `$ 10 m s-1 yr-1 (consistent with zero). These two slope values are not compatible. The slope difference is not highly significant (P($`\chi ^2`$) = 0.29 and 0.85, respectively for the last season measurements). At this point and using the CORALIE data alone, there are only clues indicating that the drift is not linear over the two seasons.

The CORALIE orbital solution presented in Table 8 was obtained after correcting the $`\gamma `$ velocity drift using a time bins correction. We split our data into three time bins (see Table 9). We fit a Keplerian orbit to the data in the third time bin. We fit the systemic velocity of the second time bin (Keplerian fit with $`\gamma `$ as the only free parameter, other parameters fixed to the fitted values for the third time bin). We correct the velocities of the second time bin so that they have the same systemic velocity as the velocities of the third time bin. We then fit a new Keplerian orbit to the velocities of the third time bin plus the corrected velocities of the second time bin. We correct the velocities of the first time bin using the same procedure. Once all the bins are corrected, we fit a Keplerian orbit to the full set of data. With this kind of drift correction, we do not have to make any assumption on the drift shape. The residuals from the fitted solution (7 m s-1) are compatible with the typical precision of CORALIE. We also computed an orbital solution using a linear correction. The residual from this solution are substantially higher: 9.1 m s-1.

In Table 8 are listed the fitted parameters for the time bins correction. The orbital solution by Vogt et al. (2000), is shown for comparison. There are no substantial differences between these solutions. Assuming a primary mass $`M_1`$ = 0.96 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{}}`$ (similarly to Fischer et al. 1999), the computed minimum mass is $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 1.275 $`\pm `$ 0.013 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$. Figure 5a shows the CORALIE phase-folded curve for the time bins correction.

#### 3.3.2 Combined orbital solution

In order to improve the precision on the orbital elements, we computed a combined orbital solution using the CORALIE data, the velocities by Fischer et al. (1999) and the velocities by Vogt et al. (2000). Before computing the combined orbital solution, we had to bring the different sets of data into a common velocity system. We decided to set all the velocities into the CORALIE $`\gamma `$ velocity at HJD = 2 451 450 reference frame (median of the third time bin, see Sect. 3.3.1). We applied a time bins correction for the data by Fischer et al. (1999) and by Vogt et al. (2000) in order to remove simultaneously the systemic drift effect and the radial-velocity offsets (differential velocities) between the different instruments.

The fitted orbital elements for the combined solution are listed in Table 8. The computed minimum mass of the planet is $`m_2\mathrm{sin}i`$ = 1.282 $`\pm `$ 0.009 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$. Constraining the eccentricity to be zero causes the residuals to increase to 14.4 m s-1 indicating that the non-zero eccentricity is highly significant. The confidence level as computed with the Lucy & Sweeney test (Lucy & Sweeney 1971) is almost 100 %. Figure 5b shows the phase-folded curve for the combined orbital solution.

Using the uncorrected data, we now want to describe more precisely the shape of the systemic drift. We first have to set all the available data into the same velocity system. A time bins correction can not be used in this case because it cancels out all the $`\gamma `$ velocity information (instrumental offsets and drift effect). The offset between the velocities by Fischer et al. (1999) and Vogt et al. (2000) is corrected using 7 measurements present in the two data sets. The offset between the CORALIE and the Vogt et al. (2000) velocities is obtained by computing a combined orbital solution using data taken during a common epoch (namely, the beginning of the second season) with the offset as an additional free parameter. We have (C: CORALIE, F: Fischer et al., V: Vogt et al.):

$`RV_\mathrm{V}`$ $`=`$ $`RV_\mathrm{F}70.5\pm 2.3\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$
$`RV_\mathrm{C}`$ $`=`$ $`RV_\mathrm{V}13.442\pm 0.010\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$
All the velocities have been finally set into the CORALIE system. Figure 4 (right) shows the residuals from the combined orbit (the combined orbit of Table 8 has been used with the $`\gamma `$ velocity as the only free parameter). The velocity drift is clearly not linear. A quadratic fit to these residuals has been computed and is also plotted in Fig. 4 (right, solid line). The second order term of this fit is significant: $``$2.83 $`\pm `$ 0.54 (10-4 m s-1 d-2). The available data do not give a reliable constraint on the mass of the third body of the system. For the moment, a companion within the planetary mass range cannot be ruled out.

Finally, if we fit a Keplerian orbit to the velocities corrected for the quadratic drift, we end up with a solution compatible with the combined solution of Table 8. The residuals from this solution are 8.86 m s-1. Table 10 shows the values of the $`\chi ^2`$ statistics for the different corrections of the $`\gamma `$ velocity drift. The huge difference in P($`\chi ^2`$) between the linear and the quadratic corrections shows that a linear drift is very unlikely.

## 4 Conclusion

In this paper, we presented our CORALIE radial-velocity measurements for the 6 stars GJ 3021, HD 52265, HD 169830, $`\iota `$ Hor, HD 210277 and HD 217107. We reported the detection of 3 new planetary companions orbiting the solar type stars GJ 3021, HD 52265 and HD 169830. These planets have longer periods than the ”Hot Jupiters” (the periods are respectively 133.7, 119.2 and 229.9 days). All the fitted orbits are elongated (the eccentricities are respectively 0.51, 0.35 and 0.35). They are all Jovian planets (the minimum masses are respectively 3.37, 1.05 and 2.94 $`\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$). Using CORALIE data, we have estimated the chromospheric activity level of these candidates. GJ 3021 is a very active star whereas HD 52265 and HD 169830 are quiescent. The high activity level of GJ 3021 is probably responsible for the high residuals from the fitted orbit. We also estimated the Lithium abundances of these stars using CORALIE spectra. GJ 3021 and HD 52265 exhibit a strong $`\lambda `$ 6707.8 Å Li i absorption feature whereas no Lithium is detected for HD 169830. The 3 stars have a higher metal content than the Sun. The spatial velocities of GJ 3021, its metallicity, its chromospheric activity level and its Lithium abundance are consistent with the values observed for members of the Hyades Super-Cluster.

We confirmed the orbital solution by Kürster et al. (2000) for $`\iota `$ Hor and the solutions by Vogt et al. (2000) for HD 210277 and HD 217107. For the latter, we also confirmed the systemic velocity drift showing it is probably not linear over our first two observing seasons. Finally, we computed combined orbital solutions for these 3 stars using all the available velocity measurements improving the precision on the orbital elements.

###### Acknowledgements.

We acknowledge support from the Swiss National Research Foundation (FNRS) and from the Geneva university. Support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal, to N.C.S. in the form of a scholarship is gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank Fabien Carrier, Francesco Kienzle, Claudio Melo and Frederic Pont for additional measurements obtained during their own observing runs. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.


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# Odderon in QCD

## 1 Introduction

It is remarkable that QCD predicts the existence of the Odderon. The idea of the Odderon , the partner of the Pomeron which is odd under parity $`P`$ and charge conjugation $`C`$ (like the photon), is related to the possibility that the real part of a scattering amplitude increases with energy as fast as the imaginary part. The scattering amplitude in the complex angular momentum plane possesses a rightmost singularity (pole) near $`j=1`$. In the even (under crossing) amplitude such a singularity is associated to the Pomeron and gives a mostly imaginary contribution, while in the odd case one has a mostly real contribution which is associated to the Odderon. The position of the singularity is also called intercept and it is related to the asymptotic behaviour of the cross section.

The very successful theory for the strong interaction, QCD, predicts the Pomeron existence, in the most simple version as a two gluon exchange in colour singlet state, thanks to the vector nature of the gluon.

The fact that the internal gauge symmetry group of QCD has rank greater than one permits to construct from three gluons a $`C`$-odd state which can be associated to the Odderon.

One can see this fact considering the $`SU(3)_C`$ gauge group associated to the gluon field $`A_\mu =_aA_\mu ^at_a`$. Since under charge conjugation one has $`A_\mu A_\mu ^T`$, the two possible independent invariants, constructed by three gluon fields, are $`Tr([A_1,A_2]A_3)`$ and $`Tr(\{A_1,A_2\}A_3)`$, which are respectively even and odd under charge conjugation. Therefore the Odderon will be related to the composite operator $`O_{\alpha \beta \gamma }=d_{abc}A_\alpha ^aA_\beta ^bA_\gamma ^c`$.

What is challenging the physics community is that experimentally there is till now no clear evidence of the Odderon. Among the ways to look at his presence there is the comparison of the total and/or elastic cross sections for direct and cross-symmetric scattering processes, like for example in the case of $`pp`$ and $`p\overline{p}`$ scattering. It was infact in this context that the Odderon was originally introduced.

Another class of scattering processes, where the Odderon contributes, is when one or two of the incoming scattering particles, of definite C-parity, goes into a state of opposite C-parity under scattering. One requires a rapidity gap which allows to separate the outgoing scattering states. A typical example is given by the reaction

$`\gamma (\gamma ^{})+pPS(T)+p(X_p),`$
where a photon scatters a proton and a pseudoscalar or a tensor meson is produced in the photon fragmentation region, well separated in rapidity from the proton or its debris ($`X_p`$). This process has started to be analyzed at HERA . The $`\gamma \gamma `$ scattering process  could be also interesting, even if the cross section involved are much smaller .

In this direction perturbative analysis have been performed in the study of $`\eta _c`$ production in DIS with an Odderon made by three simply uncorrelated gluons  and later by considering the resummed QCD interaction in LLA . Some details of the last approach are given in the section 4.

Non perturbative studies have been carried on for the production of light mesons ($`\pi ^0`$, $`f_2`$) . This general non perturbative approach will be sketched in section 3. The $`\pi ^0`$ production process has been very recently analyzed at HERA by the H1 collaboration, the Odderon has not been seen and it has been put an upperbound on the cross section ten times smaller than the predicted cross section , setting a new challenge for the theory understanding.

Another interesting proposal, based on a more phenomenological approach, has been the study of charge asymmetry in charm states due to Pomeron-Odderon interference .

## 2 Perturbative QCD Odderon in LLA

A scattering process dominated by the Odderon exchange can be described in the high energy limit, in the context of $`k_T`$ factorization, by an amplitude

$`A(s,t)={\displaystyle \frac{s}{32}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_c^24}{N_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_c^21}{3!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^8}}\mathrm{\Phi }_\gamma ^i|G_3|\mathrm{\Phi }_p.`$ (1)
At lowest order, provided the strong coupling $`\alpha _s`$ is small, one has a simple three uncorrelated gluon exchange, i.e. the Green function $`G_3`$, which is convoluted with the impact factors, is constructed, simply with 3 gluon propagators. Therefore, in momentum representation $`G_3^{(LO)}=\delta ^{(2)}(𝒌_1𝒌_1^{})\delta ^{(2)}(𝒌_2𝒌_2^{})1/𝒌_1^2𝒌_2^2𝒌_3^2`$.

In the high energy limit, when all other physical invariants are much smaller, a LLA resummation of the contributions of the order $`(\alpha _s\mathrm{ln}s)^n`$, which is not small, can be performed and one obtains,through $`G_3`$, an effective evolution in rapidity. The same resummation for the two gluon exchange has lead to the BFKL  equation where it appears the kernel of the integral equation for the 2-gluon Green function that, in the colour singlet state, describes the perturbative QCD Pomeron in LLA. The same equation in the colour octet state has a simple eigenstate which corresponds to the reggeized gluon, which is in general at high energies a composed object. This fact is seen as a self consistency requirement and it is called bootstrap. In NLA , where one is resumming also the contribution of order $`\alpha _s^n(\mathrm{ln}s)^{n1}`$, all the same concepts, reggeization included , apply.

The general kernel for the $`n`$-gluon integral equation for the Green function in LLA is given by the BKP equation . In the large $`N_c`$ limit and for finite $`N_c`$ when $`n=3`$, it possesses remarkable symmetry properties: discrete cyclic symmetry, holomorphic separability, conformal invariance, integrability, duality  and also a relation between solutions with different $`n`$ exists , which is a direct consequence of the gluon reggeization.

The Odderon states in LLA must be symmetric eigenstates of the operator $`K_3=1/2(K_{12}+K_{23}+K_{31})`$ constructed with the BFKL kernel $`K_{ij}`$ for two reggeized gluons in a singlet state. Using the conformal invariance and integrability properties a set of eigenstates has been found , which have a maximal intercept below one.

Using the gluon reggeization property (bootstrap) a new set of solutions was later found , characterized by intercept up to one, therefore dominant at high energies. Moreover for the particular impact factor which couples a photon and an $`\eta _c`$ to the Odderon the LLA calculation has shown that this second set of solution is relevant while the previous one decouples. We present here these Odderon states, since they will be used in section 4. In momentum representation they are given by $`E_3^{(\nu ,n)}`$ such that

$`𝒌_1^2𝒌_2^2𝒌_3^2E_3^{(\nu ,n)}(𝒌_1,𝒌_2,𝒌_3)=c(\nu ,n){\displaystyle \underset{(123)}{}}(𝒌_1+𝒌_2)^2𝒌_3^2E^{(\nu ,n)}(𝒌_1+𝒌_2,𝒌_3),`$ (2)
where $`c(n,\nu )`$ is a normalization factor, $`E`$ is a BFKL pomeron eigenstate and the conformal spin $`n`$ is odd. The full Green function is constructed summing over all such states but in the high energy limit the asymptotic behaviour can be studied for conformal spin $`n=\pm 1`$ and performing the saddle point integration around $`\nu =0`$.

## 3 Non perturbative QCD Odderon

A very briefly sketch on the non perturbative QCD framework used for Odderon studies  is given in the following.

A first ingredient is the choice of the eikonal semiclassical approximation for high energy scattering of quarks, while, at first, a full quantum colour field behaviour is considered. In particular each quark which scatters on a colour field picks up a non abelian eikonal phase $`V=P\mathrm{exp}[ig_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝑑z^\mu 𝑨_\mu (z)]`$.

The functional integral on the physical gluon field is estimated using the stochastic vacuum model (SVM) , i.e. the calculation of any correlation functions of gluon field strength is associated to a gaussian stochastic process with finite correlation length and, therefore, expanded as $`FF\mathrm{}F=FF`$. After some other assumptions and relating the basic two point function $`0|FF|0`$ to the gluon vacuum condensate, a dipole - dipole or dipole-tripole (as Wegner-Wilson loops) scattering amplitude at fixed transverse size can be computed expanding the ordered exponential. Mesons (barions) are described in term of dipoles (tripoles) and transverse wave functions .

When expanding the exponentials in the eikonal phases, terms of the kind $`Tr(FF)Tr(FF)`$ give imaginary contribution and are associated to the Pomeron. Instead the real Odderon contribution is given by subsequent terms of the kind $`Tr(FFF)Tr(FFF)`$, in particular by the piece with the $`d_{abc}d_{abc}`$ colour structure.

In this approach the energy dependence can be introduced in a phenomenological way. In general a diquark structure of the hadrons is preferred. Regarding Odderon driven processes, in particular the production of light mesons in DIS has been studied($`\pi ^0`$, $`f_2`$ with $`N^{}`$ resonances production). Predictions at HERA energies are $`\sigma _{\gamma p\pi ^0N}^𝒪400`$ nb and $`\sigma _{\gamma pf_2N}^𝒪21`$ nb.

The first process has been recently analyzed at HERA by the H1 collaboration and there is now an upperbound on the cross section of around $`39`$ nb. It is important to understand such a big discrepancy. One possible source of error comes from the parameter fixing in SVM, but the most serious one seems to be the badly estimated $`\gamma O\pi ^0`$ vertex. It seems therefore that the $`f_2`$ production process would be based on more solid estimates of the coupling.

## 4 Diffractive $`\eta _c`$ photo and electro-production

In order to apply, to some extend, perturbative QCD to the calculations, one can look at processes where heavy quarks are involved. Diffractive $`\eta _c`$ production in DIS has been studied at lowest order . The calculations give $`\sigma 11`$ pb at $`Q^2=0`$ and $`0.1`$ pb at $`Q^2=25`$ GeV2, with no energy dependence.

This process has been recently reanalyzed  in LLA. The amplitude (1) has been calculated in the saddle point approximation using the Green function $`G_3`$, constructed with the non forward Odderon states in (2). One has

$`G_3(y)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{odd}n}{}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\nu e^{y\chi (\nu ,n)}N(\nu ,n)E_3^{(\nu ,n)}E_{3}^{(\nu ,n)}{}_{}{}^{},`$ (3)
where $`N(\nu ,n)`$ fix the representation dependence of the measure. In order to compare the effect of LLA QCD resummation to the lowest order calculations, the same impact factors for the $`\gamma O\eta _c`$ and for $`pOp`$ vertices have been used. The $`\gamma O\eta _c`$ impact factor has been computed perturbatively ; it has an interesting symmetry which allows a partial analytical computation of its scalar product with the Odderon eigenstates in (2). For the proton side the ansatz previously made has been used.

Due to the structure of the Odderon states, which manifests as a strong correlation between the constituent reggeized gluons, the Odderon coupling to the impact factor has the dominant real part which changes sign for a value of the momentum transfer squared $`t`$. The computation of the differential cross section leads therefore to the result presented in Fig. 1, where a dip in the small $`t`$ region is present. Due to the cut nature of these Odderon singularities the cross section is slightly suppressed (as $`1/\mathrm{ln}s`$) with energy.

The total cross section, which results from the LLA Odderon states contribution, has been found to be $`\sigma 50`$ pb at $`Q^2=0`$ and $`1.3`$ pb at $`Q^2=25`$ GeV2, an order of magnitude larger than in the simple three gluon exchange case. Quantitative and qualitative remarkable differences are introduced by the gluon interaction but the cross sections are small to be measured at HERA.

The Odderon still represents a challenge for theory and experiments.

## Acknowledgments

The author is very grateful to J. Bartels and H.G. Dosch for very interesting and helpful discussions.


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# The dividing line between FR I and FR II radio–galaxies

## 1 Introduction

Among the strongest phenomenological clues on radio sources origin and physics is the recognition by Fanaroff & Riley (1974) that the majority of radio galaxies can be classified into two morphological types (FR I and FR II) according to where most of the luminosity is radiated, i.e. edge darkened and edge brightened sources, and that this division rather neatly translates into a separation in radio power (respectively below and above $`L_{178}2.5\times 10^{33}h_{50}^2`$ erg s-1 Hz-1 at 178 MHz). This division has become even clearer and sharper when it has been found by Ledlow & Owen (1994, 1996) to be a function of the optical luminosity of the host galaxy, in the sense of increasing dividing radio luminosity with increasing optical luminosity of the host.

These pieces of evidence have prompted several physical interpretations, which invoke either or both the interaction of the jet with the ambient medium or/and nuclear intrinsic properties of the accretion and jet formation processes. Among the former models the duality has been attributed to the dynamics of a slowing jet in the ambient gas pressure (either the whole jet or only the hot spot advance, Bicknell 1995; Gopal–Krishna & Wiita 1988, 2001), while the latter ones include the possible different content of the jet plasma (electron–positron pairs or normal electron–proton plasma), or the black hole spin (Reynolds et al. 1996; Baum et al. 1995; Meier 1999).

However there is a further ingredient which can be added to this picture, namely the possibility of associating an estimate of the central black hole mass to both the luminosity of the bulge component in the host galaxies, as proposed by Kormendy & Richstone (1995) and by Magorrian et al. (1998), and the galaxy stellar velocity dispersion following the work by Ferrarese & Merrit (2000) and Gebhardt et al. (2000). This information is a powerful new tool for tackling the long standing problem of the black hole/galaxy formation, and also provides us with elements to estimate the combination of accretion rate and radiative efficiency of the nucleus of the active galaxies.

Interesting results have been already found in this context in connection with the radio quite vs radio loud (possible) dichotomy, where the latter objects appear to be associated with higher mass black holes when objects of the two classes are chosen to have similar optical nuclear (AGN) luminosity (McLure & Dunlop 2001).

Here, we focus on the issue of the dichotomy between FR I vs FR II radio–galaxies in the radio power – host galaxy magnitude plane, taking advantage of the new information on the black hole mass and the indications of connections between the observed radio luminosity and the intrinsic jet power and the luminosity dissipated in the accreting matter flow. In other words through these correlations we translate the separation between FR I and FR II into a critical value of the mass accretion rate.

The key steps (and assumptions) of our derivation are the following. (i) The conversion between host optical magnitude and black hole mass; (ii) the association of the radio luminosity to the jet kinetic power; (iii) the connection of the radio luminosity with the optical luminosity responsible for the photoionization of the \[OII\] narrow emission lines. The details and results for each of these three steps are the content of the next section. In Section 3 we discuss our findings and in Section 4 we present our conclusions.

## 2 The FR I–FR II dividing line

### 2.1 Host optical luminosity and black hole masses

For the conversion of host galaxy optical magnitude into central black hole mass $`M_{\mathrm{BH}}`$ we adopt the relation presented in McLure & Dunlop (2001). Specifically this is expressed in terms of the absolute optical R–band magnitude of the host galaxy $`M_\mathrm{R}`$ as

$$\mathrm{log}(M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{})=0.62(\pm 0.08)M_\mathrm{R}5.41(\pm 1.75).$$
(1)
By applying this correlation the range of absolute magnitudes of Fig. 1 can be immediately re–expressed as a range of black hole masses. We report in Fig. 1 the original plot presented by Ledlow & Owen (1996) with the mass reported on the upper x–axis. The dividing radio power between FR I and FR II results to be a linear (within the errors) function of the black hole mass. In other words for any given radio luminosity an FR I morphology tends to be systematically associated with the more massive black holes.

In the following we use the connection between the jet radio power and intrinsic nuclear luminosities. For an assumed efficiency this will allow us to re-express the radio luminosity vs host galaxy magnitude plane in terms of mass accretion rate vs black hole mass.

### 2.2 Relation between radio luminosity and jet power

Let us then start considering the relation between radio power and kinetic power output of the jet. It has been found that the radio luminosity gives an estimate of the average power transported by the jet to the outer lobes. In particular, several authors (Rawlings & Saunders 1991; Rawlings 1992; Willott et al. 1999) have found significant correlations between the radio luminosity (and/or the luminosity in narrow lines) and the jet kinetic power $`L_{\mathrm{jet}}`$. Here we have adopted the correlation reported by Willott et al. (1999), namely:

$$L_{\mathrm{jet}}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}\times 10^{21}L_{151}^{6/7}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1,$$
(2)
where $`L_{151}`$ \[erg s-1 Hz-1 sr-1\] is the monochromatic radio power at 151 MHz. To convert this into a luminosity at 1.4 GHz (in W Hz-1) we have assumed a radio spectral index $`\alpha =0.8`$ \[$`L(\nu )\nu ^\alpha `$\] 111We have also taken into account the different value of $`H_0`$ used in Willott et al. (1999) and in Ledlow & Owen (1996).. We can thus determine the relation between $`L_{\mathrm{jet}}`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{BH}}`$. In Fig. 1 we show the resulting $`L_{\mathrm{jet}}`$ on the right hand side y–axis. It becomes apparent that the division between FR I and FR II corresponds to a separation at $``$ constant $`L_{\mathrm{jet}}/M_{\mathrm{BH}}`$. Quantitatively this can be expressed as

$$L_{\mathrm{jet}}0.015L_{\mathrm{Edd}},$$
(3)
where $`L_{\mathrm{Edd}}=1.3\times 10^{38}(M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{})`$ erg s-1 is the Eddington luminosity.

### 2.3 Relation between radio luminosity and accretion luminosity

Finally, let us estimate the nuclear radiative output, by considering the well established relation between the luminosity in narrow emission lines, believed to result from photoionization by the nuclear (accreting) radiation $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}`$, and the radio power. This appears to be particularly significant in the case of the \[OII\] emission - while part of the \[OIII\] luminosity might be affected by obscuration (Baum & Heckman 1989, Browne & Jackson 1992, but see also Jackson & Rawlings 1997). This relation has been presented by several authors (Saunders et al. 1989, Rawlings 1992, Willott et al. 1999). We consider here again the results by Willott et al. (1999) and adopt the relation

$$L_{\mathrm{ion}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5}\times 10^3L_{151}.$$
(4)
Through that, we simply convert the radio luminosity into an estimate of $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}`$ as shown in Fig. 2. The division between FR I and FR II then turns out to be a separation at constant $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}/M_{\mathrm{BH}}`$ and more precisely is described by the relation

$$L_{\mathrm{ion}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}6}\times 10^3L_{\mathrm{Edd}}.$$
(5)
## 3 Discussion

We find that the separation in FR I/FR II morphology and power appears to occur at a certain value of the luminosity over black hole mass ratio. Although we neglected the significant dispersions of the assumed correlations, note that these would imply a fuzzier separation between the two classes, but would not alter the average behaviour we consider here. In the following we speculate about possible interpretations of this finding.

### 3.1 Are we finding a critical value of $`\dot{m}`$ where the accretion mode changes?

It is tantalizing to speculate that the primary reason of the FR I–FR II dichotomy lies in the different nature of their accretion disks. The found value of $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}6\times 10^3`$ suggests a critical value of $`\dot{m}`$, the accretion rate in Eddington units, for which the mode of accretion changes (within the uncertainties of the above correlations, e.g. Willot et al. 1999). This change might correspond to the transition from a standard optically thick geometrically thin efficient Shakura–Sunyaev (1973) disk to a radiatively inefficient optically thin flow as an ion supported torus (Rees et al. 1982) in the form of e.g. an advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF, see e.g. Narayan, Garcia & McClintock 1997), adiabatic inflow–outflow (ADIOS, Blandford & Begelman 1999) or a convection dominated flow (CDAF, Narayan, Igumenshchev & Abramowicz 2000).

If $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}`$ originates by the dissipation of the accretion power, $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}L_{\mathrm{disk}}=\eta \dot{M}_{\mathrm{acc}}c^2`$ and if the efficiency $`\eta `$ is constant, at least within the FR II population, we have that the FR I–FR II division line is quantitatively described by

$$\dot{m}\frac{\dot{M}_{\mathrm{acc}}}{\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}6}\times 10^2\eta _1^1,$$
(6)
where $`\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}L_{\mathrm{Edd}}/c^2`$ and $`\eta =0.1\eta _1`$. Note that, within the sample considered by Ledlow & Owen (1996), the radio galaxies span a wide range of $`\dot{m}`$, between $`\dot{m}10^4`$ and $`10`$, and nevertheless such transition has to be rather sharp in order to produce such a well defined dividing line.

But how could be the accretion mode affect the large scale structure of the radio galaxies?

Observationally, we know that the structures of the parsec scale jet of FR I and FR II are very similar and no difference in their velocities appears to be present at these scales (e.g. Giovannini et al. 2001). On the other hand, it is believed that on the kpc scale FR I jets have velocities smaller than FR II jets (e.g. Begelman 1982, Bicknell 1984, Laing 1993): mildly relativistic transonic jets could be more subject to Kelvin–Helmoltz instabilities, leading to the typical FR I morphology (it is conceivable that the deceleration is first due to the interaction with circum–jet material). However it is not clear at what scale an FR I jet decelerates. Indeed, high values of the bulk Lorentz factor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ ($``$ 10–15) are required to account for the spectral energy distribution of high energy peak BL Lac objects (HBL) which are believed to be FR I whose jet is aligned with the line of sight (Ghisellini et al., 1998; Tavecchio et al., 1998). But the very same objects do not show the extreme superluminal motion seen in the more powerful blazars thought to be FR II seen end–on (see e.g. Marscher 1999, Jorstad et al. 2001). It is thus possible that either deceleration occurs between say a fraction of a parsec, where most of the emission is produced, and the VLBI parsec scale, or that HBL are preferentially seen at angles smaller than $`1/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (resulting in a lower apparent superlumimal velocity). Independently of the cause, in this scenario FR I jets start highly relativistic and decelerate between the subpc and the kpc scales. Indeed this is a crucial ingredient in the model proposed by Bicknell (1995), who points to the environment and the consequent deceleration as the main cause of the FR I–FR II dichotomy.

In this context, our findings suggest that it might be also the accretion process itself to play a key role in the deceleration and dichotomic behaviour, by affecting the pc–kpc scale environment. Although at this point it might be premature to single out a consistent model linking the accretion mode and the jet behaviour on the pc–kpc scale, one could speculatively attribute it to the presence of a wind – produced by the disk itself and interacting with and slowing down the relativistic jet – becoming more important for lower accretion rates, as predicted by some accretion scenarios (see above and also numerical simulations by Stone, Pringle & Begelman 1999). We can only speculate about the expected signatures of the interaction of a wind and a relativistic jet. This might lead to the formation of shocks (similar to the analog external shocks in gamma-ray bursts) and the efficient conversion of the bulk kinetic energy into radiation (see e.g. Dermer 1999). FR I radio galaxies – and their aligned counterparts BL Lacs – could therefore be more efficient radiators than FR II radio galaxies and emission line blazars (although with a smaller absolute emitted power).

Since for a given mass the accretion luminosity in low radiative efficiency flows is expected to increase with $`\dot{M}_{\mathrm{acc}}^2`$ (see e.g. Narayan, Garcia & McClintock, 1997) this scenario can naturally account for the lack of intense broad emission lines in FR I sources and BL Lac objects (but allowing some sources, as BL Lac itself, to show broad emission lines, albeit weak). Note that in this case the absence of broad lines would not be ascribed to obscuration (which remains a possibility in FR II sources), but to the weak level of the ionizing continuum, as suggested by the detection of non–thermal nuclei in HST images of FR I sources (Chiaberge, Capetti & Celotti 2000).

## 4 Conclusions

We have shown that the FR I–FR II dividing line in the radio luminosity vs optical host galaxy luminosity can be re–expressed as a line of constant ratio between the jet and/or the disk accretion power and the Eddington luminosity. This suggests that the FR I–FR II dichotomy could be controlled by the properties of the underlying accretion process more than (or in addition to) a different environment.

The specific value of the division, $`L_{\mathrm{ion}}6\times 10^3L_{\mathrm{Edd}}`$, could correspond to a change in the accretion mode.

Since FR I have, on average, larger black hole masses, they might be older or have accreted at a greater rate in the past (through e.g. mergings), and therefore it is conceivable to argue that at least a fraction of them were FR II radio–galaxies in the past. This might account for the different evolution properties of the two classes (see e.g. Urry & Padovani 1995).

###### Acknowledgements.

We thank S. Campana and G. Giovannini for discussions. AC thanks the Italian MURST and ASI for financial support.


text:
# The nuclear starburst activity in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7679

## 1 Introduction

Observational evidence in the sense that the nuclear/circumnuclear starburst coexists with the central active nucleus has increased recently. In the study of a sample of Seyfert 2 galaxies, Storchi-Bergmann et al. (sb00 (2000)) and Gonzalez Delgado et al (gd01 (2001)) have found that about 30 to 50 % Seyfert 2 galaxies have nuclear starbursts. Since both of them might be related to gas inflow, which could be triggered by the axis-asymmetric perturbation (such as bars, tidal interactions or mergers), there is extensive speculation on the connection between starburst and nuclear activity (Norman & Scoville norman88 (1988); Terlevich et al. terlevich90 (1990); Heckman et al. heckman95 (1995); Heckman et al. heckman97 (1997); Gonzalez Delgado gd98 (1998); and see the recent review by Veilleux veilleux00 (2000)). Gu et al. (gu01 (2001)) studied 51 Seyfert 2 galaxies from data available in the literature, and found that Seyfert 2 galaxies with no evidence of a hidden Seyfert 1 nucleus have characteristics in common with starburst galaxies.

There are several observable spectral signatures to find the nuclear starburst in Seyfert 2 galaxies. For example, in the ultraviolet (UV) band, the stellar wind resonance lines, such as N V $`\lambda `$1240, Si IV $`\lambda `$1400 and C IV $`\lambda `$1550 (Heckman et al. heckman95 (1995); Heckman et al. heckman97 (1997); Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd98 (1998)). In the optical, the broad emission lines of Wolf-Rayet stars around 4686 Å(Kunth & Contini kunth99 (1999)) and high order Balmer absorption lines originating in the photosphere of O, B and A stars (Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd99 (1999); Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd00 (2000)). Recently, Cid Fernandes et al. (cid01 (2001)) have suggested a series of empirical criteria for the existence of starburst in Seyfert 2 galaxies, such as weak CaIIK $`\lambda `$3933, low excitation lines and large far-infrared luminosity, etc.

In this paper, we report the presence of spectral signatures of nuclear starburst in the infrared luminous Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7679, with the infrared luminosity, $`L_{IR}`$, of $`1.1\times 10^{11}\mathrm{L}_{}`$(Veilleux et al. veilleux95 (1995) ; Veron-Cetty & Veron vcv (2000)) and the redshift (z) 0.01714 (corresponding to a distance of 68.5 Mpc, for H0 = 75 km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0 = 0). NGC 7679 is one member of Arp 216, the other is NGC 7682, their projected separation is 89.6kpc (Arp arp (1966)). We suggest that the starburst activity in this galaxy might be related to the tidal interaction with NGC 7682, as indicated by recent numerical simulations (Barnes & Hernquist barnes96 (1996); Mihos & Hernquist mihos96 (1996)). This paper is organized as follows. In Sect.2 we describe our observations, data reduction and results. In Sect. 3 we discuss our results and summarize our conclusions in Sec. 4.

## 2 Observations and results

Spectra of NGC 7679 were obtained on Sept. 28-29, 2000, with the Boller & Chivens spectrograph attached to the 2.1m telescope of Observatorio Astronómico Nacional at San Pedro Martir (Mexico). We used a Thomson 2048 $`\times `$ 2048 CCD and a 600 lines/mm grating, which provides a dispersion of 83 Å/mm. The width of the long slit was set to 2” (i.e., 664 pc for NGC 7679). HeAr-spectra had been taken before and after the object spectra for wavelength calibration, and BD +28 4211 was selected from KPNO standards for flux calibration. The total exposure time was 10,800 s (2,700s $`\times `$ 4). All spectra were reduced using standard IRAF 111IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. procedures.

In Fig. 1, we show the central 2” $`\times `$ 2” region spectrum of NGC 7679, and in Table 1, we list all emission and absorption lines that we identify in the spectrum along with their respective equivalent widths (EWs). Stellar absorption wings clearly evolve the H$`\beta `$ and H$`\gamma `$ emission lines. For these lines, fluxes and EWs were obtained using the IRAF-specfit routine. The spectrum also shows the presence of high order Balmer absorption lines(up to H12), and several weak absorption lines, such as, CaIIK $`\lambda `$3933, CN $`\lambda `$4200, G-band $`\lambda `$4300 and MgIb $`\lambda `$5173.

## 3 Discussion

### 3.1 Stellar populations

To estimate the stellar population in the nuclear region of NGC 7679, we compare our observed spectrum with the evolutionary synthesis model, GISSEL96 (Bruzual & Charlot bc96 (1996)). Following Cid Fernandes et al.(cid01 (2001)), we use three components: an old and an intermediate populations, with ages $`>`$ 1 Gyr and $`10^8`$ yr, respectively, and an $`f_\lambda \lambda ^1`$ power-law component to account for either a scattered AGN continuum or a young starburst component, since it is impossible to disentangle the power-law AGN continuum from the contribution of a young starburst of an age $``$ 10 Myr (Storchi-Bergmann et al. sb00 (2000); Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd01 (2001) and Cid Fernandes et al. cid01 (2001)).

We normalized all spectra at 4800 Å, and we compare parameters of continuum fluxes at 4020, 4510 and 5500 Å, as well as EWs of the absorption lines for CaIIK $`\lambda `$3933,CN $`\lambda `$4200 and G-band $`\lambda `$4300. The relative errors on these quantities are set to less than 5%. Fig. 2 shows the observed spectrum and the three component population synthesis fit. The fractions of the power-law component, the intermediate and the old populations contributing to the total 4800 Å monochromatic light are 35.4%, 42.9% and 21.7%, respectively.

For comparison, we make use of the empirical formulae by Cid Fernandes et al.(cid01 (2001)) to derive the fractions of old and young population, the results are for the young, intermediate and old population, the fractions are 33.5%, 48.3% and 18.2%, respectively, which are consistent with our fitting results.

### 3.2 UV spectroscopy

The presence of high order Balmer absorption lines indicate clearly the existence of intermediate-age stars in the nuclear region of NGC 7679. But the origin of the power-law component, accounting for about 35% of the total 4800 Å flux, may be the result of a young starburst or a scattered AGN continuum.

It is well known that the stellar wind resonance absorption lines (N V $`\lambda `$1240, Si IV $`\lambda `$1400 and C IV $`\lambda `$1550) are unambiguous signatures of young starbursts in the UV band, as suggested by Heckman et al. (heckman95 (1995)); Heckman et al. (heckman97 (1997)); and Gonzalez Delgado et al. (gd98 (1998)). Unfortunately, these features can only be observed clearly in the brightest UV galaxies(Heckman et al. heckman97 (1997); Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd98 (1998)).

Is there any indication of young starburst in the UV spectrum of NGC 7679 ? We retrieved the UV spectrum for this object from the IUE public archive (Fig. 3). For comparison, we also plot the IUE and HST GHRS spectra of NGC 5135. NGC 5135 is one of Seyfert 2 galaxies that presents clear nuclear starburst activity and high order Balmer absorption lines (Gonzalez Delgado et al. gd98 (1998)).

Comparing IUE with HST GHRS spectra of NGC 5135, we checked that all typical absorption lines(as marked in Fig. 3) in high resolution and high S/N GHRS spectrum are also present in the IUE data, though the S/N is roughly low. At the same time, it is clear that all these stellar wind absorption lines are also present in NGC 7679, in particular, we could see the clear P-Cygni profile of C IV $`\lambda `$1550, which is even more significant than that in NGC 5135. Although the IUE spectrum is marginal, we find the clear signature of a young starburst in the nuclear region of NGC 7679.

That the power-law component is the contribution of young starburst found in this work for NGC 7679 is consistent with a recent work by Cid Fernandes et al.(cid01 (2001)). These authors have found that all $`x_{FC}30\%`$ sources are confirmed Seyfert 2/starburst composites (where $`x_{FC}`$ means the contribution from a power-law featureless continuum) and in these sources, the featureless continuum is dominated by nuclear/circumnuclear starburst, because in Seyfert 2 galaxies the scattered light from the central AGN cannot exceed $``$ 30 %, otherwise we should observe the reflected broad lines directly and the galaxy would be no longer classified as a Seyfert 2 galaxy.

## 4 Conclusions

In this paper, we present the unambiguous evidence for the recent starburst activity in the nuclear region of NGC 7679, which are: the higher order Balmer absorption lines and weaker CaIIK $`\lambda `$3933, CN $`\lambda `$4200, G-band $`\lambda `$4300 and MgIb $`\lambda `$5173; and in the UV band, several stellar wind absorption lines. Using the simple three-component stellar population synthesis model, we obtain the nuclear stellar population could be 42.9% intermediate age($`10^8`$ yr), 21.7% old ($`>`$1Gyr) combining with a 35.4% power-law component, which might be from the young massive nuclear starburst activity.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Dr. Rosa Gonzalez Delgado for sending us their HST GHRS spectra. QSGU acknowledges support from UNAM postdoctoral program (Mexico) and support from National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Major Project for Basic Research of the State Scientific Commission of China. And DD-H, JAD and EB acknowledge support from grant IN 115599 from PAPIIT-UNAM. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.