text:
# Anomalous NMR response of quasicrystalline icosahedral Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 at low temperatures

## Abstract

We report the observation of an anomalous 27Al-NMR response of a single grain Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 icosahedral quasicrystal at low temperatures. In an external magnetic field of 6 T and upon decreasing temperature, we observe a sharp 100 % increase of the resonance linewidth at 2.5 K. No further changes of the linewidth are observed down to 0.05 K. The linewidth enhancement is accompanied by a small but distinct increase of the spin-lattice relaxation rate $`T_1^1`$ and by a maximum of the spin-spin relaxation time $`T_2(T)`$. All these anomalies are absent in external fields of 2.5 T and below. Our observations indicate unusual variations in the stability of isolated magnetic moments in a quasiperiodic metallic environment.

Various physical properties of icosahedral quasicrystals of Al-Pd-Mn alloys have been studied in recent years. Especially intriguing are their magnetic properties. For example, from data of the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat, as well as from the results of calculations of the electronic structure, it has been inferred that in these materials only a small fraction, of the order of 1%, of Mn ions carry a magnetic moment. The coexistence of magnetic and nonmagnetic Mn sites in Al-rich quasicrystals has also been discussed for Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystals with slightly varying chemical composition.. The formation or the absence of ionic magnetic moments at the Mn sites in Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystals has first been attributed to differences in the local chemical environment of the Mn ions. In particular it was claimed that a weak Al-$`p`$-Mn-$`d`$ hybridization leads to the formation of well localized and rather large Mn moments. More recently, however, it has been suggested that the local environment of the Mn ions alone cannot explain why only few Mn ions carry a magnetic moment and that also Mn-Mn interactions over large distances ought to be taken into account.

Previous 27Al NMR experiments on a single grain quasicrystal with a composition of Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 have shown that the small number of magnetic Mn ions decreases even further with decreasing temperature below approximately 20 K. This unusual behavior in this temperature range was revealed by a reduction of the NMR linewidth with decreasing temperatures, as well as by indicative features of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility $`\chi (T)`$. So far, the cause for these observations is not clear.

In this work we present experimental evidence for additional anomalies in the temperature dependences of the NMR spectra and the spin lattice relaxation rate $`T_1^1`$ of an icosahedral Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 quasicrystal. In external magnetic fields of the order of 6 T and with decreasing temperature we observe drastic changes in the temperature dependences of both the 27Al- and the 55Mn-NMR linewidth at $`T_b=2.5`$ K, accompanied by distinct variations in the temperature dependences of both the spin-lattice and the spin-spin relaxation rates $`T_1^1(T)`$ and $`T_2^1(T)`$. None of these anomalies is observed in fields of the order of 2.5 T or smaller.

The investigated sample was a single-grain piece of quasicrystalline material with a nominal composition of Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1, grown by the Czochralski technique and annealed at 850 C. Its chemical and structural quality has been discussed in ref. 9. The same sample, previously used to perform measurements of 27Al-NMR spectra at higher temperatures, has also been characterized by measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and the electrical conductivity between 1.5 and 300 K. In all our NMR experiments, standard spin-echo techniques have been employed.

In Fig. 1 we present the central part of the 27Al-NMR spectra of our sample, measured at the Larmor frequency of 71.33 MHz, at three different temperatures. Care has been taken to ensure that the relevant experimental parameters are identical for each series of measurements. The well defined peaks in the spectra represent the central Zeeman transition ($`1/21/2`$) of the Al nuclei. The wings of the spectrum, $`i.e.`$, the $`\pm 1/2\pm 3/2`$ and $`\pm 3/2\pm 5/2`$ transitions caused by the electric quadrupolar perturbation of the Al nuclear Zeeman levels ($`I=5/2`$) are distributed over a broad range of resonant fields, a feature that seems to be generic for quasicrystals. The full NMR spectrum of our material is shown in ref. 3, revealing that the temperature dependence of the wings does not exhibit any anomalies at low temperatures. Thus the sudden increase of the NMR linewidth observed at 2.5 K and shown in Fig. 2 is of magnetic, and not of electric quadrupolar origin. Hence, the following analysis and discussion consider the central transition.

Two sharp features can clearly be distinguished in the temperature dependence of the 27Al-NMR linewidth $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ ($`FWHM`$) measured at 67 MHz (see Fig. 2). These are, a discontinuity in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and a break in its slope at $`T_b=2.5`$ K and $`T_a15`$ K, respectively. As may also be seen in the same figure, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ decreases substantially with decreasing temperature between $`T_a`$ and $`T_b`$. This loss of linewidth, already reported in ref. 3, is recovered almost discontinuously at $`T_b`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(T)`$ is approximately constant below that temperature. This particular behavior is observed at Larmor frequencies of 67.00 and 45.75 MHz, but is absent in much lower magnetic fields. This is emphasized in Fig. 2, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }(T)`$ of the central 27Al Zeeman transition for spectra measured at 67.00 and 26.00 MHz, corresponding to applied magnetic fields of 6.4 and 2.5 T, respectively, is displayed. While $`\mathrm{\Delta }(T)`$ is approximately the same for both cases between $`T_a`$ and $`T_b`$, no discontinuous enhancement of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is manifest in the data set measured at 26 MHz.

In Fig. 3. we show three examples of 55Mn-NMR spectra, recorded at a fixed frequency of 71.33 MHz and at temperatures of 0.48, 3.0 and 20 K. The central transition ($`1/21/2`$) of the 55Mn nuclei is centered at approximately 6.79 T. As the 27Al nuclei, also the 55Mn nuclei carry a spin of $`I=5/2`$ and thus exhibit a relatively large electric-quadrupole moment. Also here, the quadrupolar wings are expected to be widely spread out and indeed, they cannot be resolved in our experiments. Considering the small lineshift, of the order of -0.3%, as well as the moderate linewidth monitored in the 55Mn-NMR central transition, we conclude that the observed Mn-NMR signal originates from Mn nuclei of non magnetic ions. Because of the expected generation of large hyperfine fields the resonance of the nuclei of magnetic Mn ions is assumed to be outside our observation range. By comparing the integrated intensities of the recorded central lines for 27Al and 55Mn nuclei, and taking into account the differences in the intrinsic NMR intensities for 27Al and 55Mn, we conclude that at most a few percent of the Mn ions carry a magnetic moment.

As in the case of the 27Al NMR spectra, Fig. 3 reveals that the linewidth of the 55Mn central transition in the spectrum measured at 3.0 K is distinctly smaller than the corresponding linewidths at 0.48 and 20 K. Again upon decreasing $`T`$ an abrupt increase of the $`FWHM`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of the 55Mn signal is observed at $`T_b`$ in various fields of the order of 4 T or higher. Various checks, with measurements performed using different conditions for the signal recording, indicate that this abrupt change of the linewidth is a rather robust feature for this quasicrystalline material and it is very unlikely that it is caused by extraneous artifacts of the measurements.

We also investigated the NMR response of Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 by measurements of the temperature dependence of the spin-spin relaxation rate $`T_2^1`$. For this purpose the spin-echo lifetime $`T_2^{}`$ was first extracted from spin-echo decay curves, $`i.e.`$, curves of the echo-intensity as a function of the time delay $`\tau `$ between the two pulses of a $`\pi /2\tau \pi `$ spin-echo sequence. The effective rate $`T_2^1`$ was then calculated via $`T_2^1=T_2^1T_1^1`$. The spin-lattice relaxation rate $`T_1^1`$ was measured separately and was found to be much smaller than $`T_2^1`$ at all temperatures covered in our experiments. The results for $`T_2^1(T)`$, evaluated for the 27Al-NMR central transition at the Larmor frequency of 67.00 MHz, are displayed in Fig. 4. We note the gradual increase of $`T_2^1`$ with decreasing temperatures below $`T_a`$ and, again near $`T_b`$, its rather abrupt reduction by more than a factor of five. This overall behavior is to be compared with previous observations involving metals with atoms containing unfilled 3$`d`$-electron shells, such as Mn, where one often finds, with decreasing $`T`$, a progressive increase of the NMR linewidth, an increase of $`(T_1T)^1`$ and, if any, a reduction of $`T_2^1`$. Both the reduction of the NMR linewidth and the increase of $`T_2^1`$ with decreasing $`T`$ below $`T_a`$ are thus unexpected, but they seem to be related to each other. Similarly, the sharp changes in the $`FWHM`$ and in $`T_2^1`$ and to a lesser extent in $`(T_1T)^1`$, observed at $`T_b`$, undoubtedly reflect a common cause.

In attempting a further characterization of the anomalous NMR response of Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 at low temperatures, we have measured the temperature dependence of the NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate $`T_1^1`$ under various experimental conditions. Contrary to what has been suggested previously we found no evidence for any appreciable contribution to $`T_1^1`$ from quadrupolar relaxation. In Fig. 5 we display $`(T_1T)^1`$ as a function of $`T`$, with $`T_1`$ measured at the central transition of the 27Al nuclei, for two different applied magnetic fields of 1.147 and 6.054 T, corresponding to Larmor frequencies of 12.70 and 67.00 MHz, respectively.

Considering the relaxation data measured at 6.054 T, we note that below $`T_b`$, $`(T_1T)^1`$ gradually increases with decreasing temperatures. This is not unusual for quasicrystals. For example, a qualitatively similar behavior, $`i.e.`$, an increase of $`(T_1T)^1`$ by more than an order of magnitude below approximately 20 K, has previously been reported for a nonmagnetic Al70Re8.6Pd21.4 icosahedral quasicrystal and very recently, a similar behavior has been observed in $`T_1^1(T)`$ of Al70Re10Pd20. In the former case it has been suggested that this might reflect the critical nature of the itinerant-electron states whose existence in quasicrystals is presently a matter of debate. More recently it has been suggested that paramagnetic impurities, inadvertently introduced during the synthesis of the material, may in general be the cause of the anomalous low temperature spin-lattice relaxation observed in quasicrystals. However, this would lead to a strongly field-dependent spin-lattice relaxation rate $`T_{1,imp}^1`$, contrary to previous experimental observations and therefore, this scenario cannot be regarded as being valid in all cases, indicating that the low-temperature behavior of $`T_1^1(T)`$ of quasicrystals remains an interesting unsolved problem.

In our case, however, a small number of magnetic Mn ions has to be considered. The $`\chi (T)`$ data, exhibiting a Curie-Weiss-type feature above 20 K, reveals a small paramagnetic Curie temperature and an effective magnetic moment corresponding to a concentration $`c1\%`$ of magnetic Mn3+ ions ($`S=2,L=0`$). Consequently it seems appropriate to consider the remaining magnetic Mn3+ ions as isolated magnetic moments, $`i.e.`$, “paramagnetic impurities”. For this case the temperature and field dependences of the nuclear relaxation rate $`(T_1^{imp})^1`$, at temperatures where the random fluctuations of the impurity moments are not correlated, is given by

$$\frac{1}{T_1^{imp}T}c\frac{S^z}{H}\frac{\tau }{(1+(\omega \tau )^2)},$$
(1)
where $`\tau `$ is a time scale characterizing the spectrum of fluctuations of the impurity (correlation time) and $`S^z`$ is the average $`z`$component of the impurity spins induced by $`H`$. For simplicity we assume that $`S^z`$ has a Curie-type temperature dependence. The angular Larmor frequency $`\omega H`$. Since our quasicrystalline material is metallic, an additional Korringa-type contribution to the spin-lattice relaxation rate via the conduction electrons, $`(T_1^{ce})^1`$, is expected. In total,

$$(T_1T)^1=(T_1^{ce}T)^1+(T_1^{imp}T)^1.$$
(2)
Indeed the experimental data above $`T_a`$ are fairly well represented by invoking the above mentioned interpretation. The solid lines in Fig. 5 are based on Eq. 2, both with the same value of $`(T_1^{ce}T)^10.019`$ K-1s-1, indicating that the relaxation via conduction electrons is field-independent. This relaxation rate is very close to that reported in ref. 20 for Al75Pd15Re10 but by nearly a factor of 3 lower than the corresponding rate observed in nonmagnetic Al70Pd20Re10 and Al70Re8.6Pd21.4. This is rather surprising because the electrical conductivities $`\sigma (T)`$ of the Re alloys are, respectively, between one and two orders of magnitude lower than $`\sigma (T)`$ of our Al-Mn-Pd quasicrystal. Thus this observation might indicate that the electrical transport in quasicrystals is not simply dictated by the number of itinerant charge carriers, but is dominated by scattering processes that are not well understood.

Because of the factor $`(1+\omega ^2\tau ^2)^1`$ in Eq. (1), the magnitude of the second term in Eq. (2), due to the relaxation via impurity spins, is influenced by the strength of the external field. Our fits, considering the respective field values and assuming a temperature - and field - independent correlation time $`\tau `$ in this temperature range, imply a very large value of $`\tau =710^9`$ s-1. This is orders of magnitude larger than those expected for dilute paramagnetic impurities in metals, such as Gd impurities in LaAl2. Since there is no obvious reason for an extremely weak coupling between the moments and the conduction electrons, the correlation time $`\tau `$ may be large because of the proximity of a magnetic phase transition at temperatures of the order of $`T_a`$, slowing down the moment fluctuations.

We note that the salient features in the $`T`$ dependence of $`T_1^1`$ are definitely field dependent below $`T_a`$. The low field data for $`(T_1T)^1`$ exhibit a clear break in the slope $`(T_1T)^1/T`$ at or very near $`T_a`$ which may, in the most straightforward way, be interpreted as a sudden variation of $`T_1`$, due to a change in the interaction between fluctuating impurities.

The high field data differs in the sense that, if at all, the break in the slope of $`(T_1T)^1(T)`$ at or very near $`T_a`$ is barely visible, but instead a discontinuity in $`(T_1T)^1`$ at $`T_b`$, concomitant with the discontinuous line width enhancement, is observed. Both in high and low fields, the linewidths are nearly temperature independent below $`T_b`$, but the relaxation rates $`T_1^1`$, vary as $`(T_1T)^1=(T_1^{ce}T)^1+C(H)T^{0.35}`$, represented by the broken lines in Fig. 5. Here $`C(H)=`$ 0.018 and 0.065 K-0.65s-1 for the frequencies of 67 and 12.7 MHz, respectively. This assumes that the contribution of the conduction electrons to the spin-lattice relaxation rate is not altered very much at low temperatures, as suggested by the small changes of $`\rho (T)`$ observed in our sample below 15 K. In any case, the temperature and field dependences of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`T_1^1`$ below $`T_a`$ are very unusual. Although, our sample seems to be close to some kind of magnetic instability above $`T_a`$, our observations for the low temperature regime $`T15`$ K cannot be reconciled with expectations, neither for non-magnetic hosts containing magnetic impurities, nor for spin glasses or magnetically ordered systems.

In conclusion we report here the observation of unusual anomalies in the NMR response of an icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystal, which to our knowledge have not been reported to occur in periodic crystals. The low-temperature features of Al72.4Pd20.5Mn7.1 observed in this work seem to indicate unusual variations in the stability of transition metal (Mn) ionic moments in a non-periodic metallic matrix at different temperatures. At present we have no convincing explanation for the observed phenomena (see also reference 3), but in view of the covered temperature regimes, they must be related to rather low characteristic energies.

This work was financially supported in part by the Schweizerische Nationalfonds (SNF). We also acknowledge a special grant of the SNF for an inter-institutional collaboration between the Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubliana and ETH Zürich.


format: text

text:
# On the definition of physical temperature and pressure for nonextensive thermostatistics

## Abstract

It is shown that a recent proposal to give physically meaningful definitions of temperature and pressure within Tsallis formalism for non-extensive thermostatistics leads to expressions which coincide with those obtained by using the standard Boltzmann formalism of Statistical Mechanics.

thanks: e-mail: raul@imedea.uib.esthanks: URL: http://www.imedea.uib.es

In a recent paper, Abe et al. have introduced so–called physical definitions for the temperature, $`T_{phys}`$, and the pressure, $`P_{phys}`$ within the context of Tsallis generalized Statistical Mechanics. Their definitions are, respectively:

$$T_{phys}=\left(1+\frac{1q}{k}S_q\right)\left(\frac{S_q}{U_q}\right)^1$$
(1)
and

$$P_{phys}=\frac{T_{phys}}{1+\frac{1q}{k}S_q}\left(\frac{S_q}{V}\right).$$
(2)
Here, $`S_q`$ is the Tsallis entropy and $`U_q`$ the internal energy. $`V`$ is the system volume and $`k`$ is a constant. The index $`q`$ measures the degree of non-extensivity of the entropy in the sense that, for two independent subsystems $`A`$ and $`B`$, the entropy satisfies:

$$S_q(A+B)=S_q(A)+S_q(B)+\frac{1q}{k}S_q(A)S_q(B).$$
(3)
I will show that the above expressions for the physical temperature and pressure coincide with the ones given by the standard application of the microcanonical ensemble. Therefore, it turns out that, when rewritten in term of these physical parameters, the results obtained by application of Tsallis statistics coincide with the ones derived by application of the usual (Boltzmann’s) formalism of Statistical Mechanics.

Let me begin with the definition of entropy given in Tsallis original paper:

$$S_q=k\frac{1_{i=1}^Wp_i^q}{q1},$$
(4)
where the $`p_i`$’s are a set of microscopic probabilities given to each of the $`W`$ configurations defining a statistical ensemble. These probabilities are obtained by maximizing the entropy $`S_q`$ subjected to the appropriate constraints. In the microcanonical ensemble of constant energy, $`U`$, the maximization procedure leads to equiprobability:

$$p_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Omega }(U)^1,\hfill & \epsilon _i=U\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \mathrm{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(5)
Where $`\epsilon _i`$ is the energy of the configuration whose probability is $`p_i`$, and $`\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$ is the number of configurations having a given energy $`U`$. It follows readily that the entropy can be expressed in terms of $`\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$ as:

$$S_q(U)=k\frac{1\mathrm{\Omega }(U)^{1q}}{q1}.$$
(6)
In the case $`q=1`$, this expression tends to the result $`S(U)=k\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$. Rewriting Eq. (1) as

$$\frac{1}{kT_{phys}}=\frac{1}{1q}\frac{\mathrm{ln}[1+\frac{1q}{k}S_q]}{U_q}$$
(7)
and replacing $`S_q`$ as given by Eq. (6), identifying the internal energy $`U_q`$ with the constant system energy $`U`$, one gets

$$\frac{1}{kT_{phys}}=\frac{1}{1q}\frac{\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Omega }(U)^{1q}}{U},$$
(8)
which, after simplification, becomes Boltzmann’s relation:

$$\frac{1}{kT_{phys}}=\frac{\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Omega }(U)}{U}.$$
(9)
It is not surprising that one obtains precisely this relation between the physical temperature $`T_{phys}`$ and the number of microscopic configurations $`\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$. On one hand, Abe et al. derive their result by considering two independent subsystems, $`A`$ and $`B`$ in contact with each other, such that the total internal energy is fixed: $`U(A+B)=U(A)+U(B)`$, and thermal equilibrium is characterized by the maximum total entropy state. On the other hand, the standard derivation of (9), maximizes the number of configurations of the composite system $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A+B)`$ assuming that it satisfies $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A+B)=\mathrm{\Omega }(A)\mathrm{\Omega }(B)`$. Since, within the Tsallis formalism, this equality follows from (3) and (6), it is clear that both approaches should give the same answer.

Similarly, for the physical pressure, replacing (6) in (2) it is straightforward to obtain the relation:

$$P_{phys}=kT_{phys}\frac{\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Omega }(U)}{V},$$
(10)
which coincides with the definition of the pressure in the microcanonical ensemble of Boltzmann.

Finally, the defition of free energy $`F_q`$ given in :

$$F_q=U_qT_{phys}\frac{k}{1q}\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{1q}{k}S_q\right),$$
(11)
becomes, after replacing Eq.(6), and identifying the internal energy $`U_q`$ with the system energy $`U`$:

$$F_q=UkT_{phys}\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Omega }(U),$$
(12)
which again coincides with the standard definition of free energy in the microcanonical ensemble.

Notice that the number of configurations with a given energy $`\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$ depends only on the system Hamiltonian and does not rely on any a priori assumption on the actual relation of the entropy to the configuration probabilities $`p_i`$. Therefore, all the dependence on the $`q`$ parameter disappears when computing thermodynamical properties (such as the free energy) in terms of the physical temperature and pressure using the microcanonical ensemble. Assuming equivalence between statistical ensembles111This equivalence is ultimately needed to justify the use of ensembles and has been shown explicitely by a direct numerical calculation of the number of states $`\mathrm{\Omega }(U)`$ in short and long-range Ising models, for $`q1`$ (the physically relevant case, see ), the results shown in this paper explain in a simple way why some well established results of Statistical Mechanics, such as the equation of state and specific heat for ideal gases, equipartition and virial theorems, etc. are being reproduced by some recent calculations within the framework of Tsallis statistics independently of the value of $`q`$.

Acknowledgments

I thank C. Tsallis, S. Abe and A.R. Plastino for several discussions about the Tsallis statistics. Financial support from DGESIC (Spain), projects PB97-0141-C02-01 and BFM2000-1108, is acknowledged.


text: # Untitled Document


text:
# 1 Gribov’s mechanism of confinement of color

## 1 Gribov’s mechanism of confinement of color

V.N. Gribov developed his ideas on confinement in QCD over the course of more than ten years. While I had a privilege of multiple discussions on the subject with him, it was difficult for me to follow. I tried to relate some of his points to subjects I knew from QCD and from supersymmetric gauge theories. These discussions were origin of the comments presented here.

First, I will try to review briefly Gribov’s ideas following his last two papers . His starting point is that confinement is due to light quarks — the mechanism which is similar to supercritical phenomena for large $`Z`$ in QED. These phenomena are related with fermion bound states in a strong field. There is no such state for bosons. For this reason Gribov believed there were no glueballs in pure gluodynamics, and the theory presents scaling behavior.

To realize his picture of confinement in QCD Gribov introduced a number of new points:

* Formulation of QCD with no divergences and no need for renormalization. Both perturbative and nonperturbative phenomena are described by Green functions.
* In QCD ultraviolet and infrared regimes are strongly interrelated to give a specific confining solution.
* Chiral symmetry and corresponding Goldstone bosons — pions, play a special role in confinement. In particular, there is a short distance component in the pion wave function — a core which is pointlike. Equations are changed because of this.

What is the supercritical phenomenon in QED? A heavy nucleus with $`Z>Z_{\mathrm{cr}}1/\alpha `$ makes the vacuum of light charged fermions unstable. It forms a bound state with a positron at short distances (an electron component of pair goes away). As a result an effective shift, $`ZZ_1=Z1`$, occurs for distances larger than the bound state size.

A similar picture is proposed for QCD based on the growth of effective charge at large distances. Only colorless states are stable. The phenomenon is described by Gribov’s equation for the fermion propagator $`G(q)`$

$$\left(\frac{}{q_\mu }\right)^2G^1=g(q)\frac{G^1}{q_\mu }G\frac{G^1}{q_\mu }\frac{3}{16\pi ^2f_\pi ^2}\{i\gamma _5,G^1\}G\{i\gamma _5,G^1\}$$
(1)
where the running coupling $`g(q)`$

$$g(q)=\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha (q)}{\pi }$$

comes from the solution for the gluon propagator, and the second term is due to the pointlike structure of the pion.

The quantity $`G^1/q_\mu `$ in the r.h.s. of the Gribov’s equation is the effective vertex in the theory. The gluon propagator (in Feynman gauge) is of the form

$$\frac{g_{\mu \nu }}{q^2}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}\pi \alpha (q).$$
(2)
A qualitative picture for running of the effective charge, $`\alpha (q)`$, emerging from the solution for the gluon propagator is given in Fig. 1

where the scale $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$.

Gribov’s derivation of Eq. (1) for the fermion propagator is illustrated by Fig. 2.

Acting by $`(/q_\mu )^2`$ on the gluon propagator, $`1/(pq)^2`$, one gets $`\delta ^4(pq)`$. It gives the first term in r.h.s. of Eq. (1) (without the second term which is due to the pointlike component of the pion). For a detail analysis of Gribov’s equation I refer readers to Ewerz’s work.

At large $`q`$ the solution of Eq. (1) is

$$G^1(q)Z^1\left[m\overline{)}q+\frac{\nu _1^3}{q^2}+\frac{\nu _2^4\overline{)}q}{q^4}\right]$$
(3)
where in the limit of vanishing coupling, i.e. at $`\alpha =0`$, parameters $`Z`$, $`m`$, $`\nu _1`$, $`\nu _2`$ are arbitrary constants. For perturbative $`\alpha (q)`$ these parameters become running as

$$Z(q)=Z_0\left(\frac{\alpha (q)}{\alpha _0}\right)^{\gamma _Z},m(q)=m_0\left(\frac{\alpha (q)}{\alpha _0}\right)^{\gamma _m},\nu _{1,2}(q)=\nu _{1,2}^0\left(\frac{\alpha (q)}{\alpha _0}\right)^{\gamma _{1,2}}$$
(4)
At $`m_0=0`$, $`\nu _1^00`$ the solution exhibits a spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, the coefficient $`\nu _1^3`$ is related to the quark condensate,

$$\nu _1^30|\overline{q}q|0.$$
(5)
Matching this large $`q`$ behavior with an absence of singularity at $`q0`$ gives what Gribov calls a confined solution. The solution features a complicated analytical structure, it leads to an unusual filling of positive and negative energy levels.

The next step for Gribov was to calculate the meson spectrum — he was in the process.

## 2 SUSY gauge theories

Supersymmetric gauge theories present an easier object than standard QCD. They are thoroughly studied now, and one particular lesson we have learned is that the matter content of a theory is important for its phase. This lesson contradicts the “quenched” approach usually taken in QCD when the gluon dynamic is presumed to play a dominant role.

The crucial role of light matter (where light fermions are accompanied by light bosons (pions) automatically) is explicitly seen. Theories with SU($`N_c`$) gauge group and different number of flavors, $`N_f`$, produce different phases depending on $`N_f`$. In particular, supersymmetric gluodynamics ($`N_f=0`$) is a confining theory, at $`N_f=N_c1`$ we get the Higgs phase, while in the so called conformal window,

$$\frac{3}{2}N_cN_f3N_c,$$

we deal with scaling theories.

Thus, changing the number of light flavors, we are dramatically changing the phase of the theory. Although, the SUSY example does not support Gribov’s point about scaling in the case of pure glue, it demonstrates that his general idea about the crucial role of light matter finds its confirmation in the SUSY world.

## 3  Duality between pion and quark propagators in OPE

The comment below is relevant to the problem of the pointlike structure in the pion. I am addressing here the relation between the pion and the certain term in the OPE which was derived in.

Let us consider polarization of a vacuum by the axial current $`a_\mu =\overline{u}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5d`$,

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }(q)=dx\mathrm{e}^{iqx}0|T\{a_\mu (x),a_\nu (0)\}|0.$$
(6)
At large $`q`$ we can use perturbation theory (see Fig. 3) to fix the Operator Product Expansion coefficients.

OPE allows to write $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{m_u+m_d}{q^4}q_\mu q_\nu 0|\overline{u}u+\overline{d}d|0+\text{ transversal terms }$$
(7)
(terms containing quadratic and higher powers of $`m_q`$ are neglected). It is clear from Fig. 3 that the longitudinal term (7) in the polarization operator at large $`q`$ is produced by linear in $`m_q`$ term in the quark propagator.

On the other hand we can compare this with the pion contribution to $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }`$, (see Fig. 4),

which is equal to

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^{(\pi )}=f_\pi ^2q_\mu q_\nu \frac{1}{q^2m_\pi ^2}.$$
(8)
For the longitudinal part it gives

$$q^\mu \mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^{(\pi )}=f_\pi ^2q_\nu \frac{q^2}{q^2m_\pi ^2}=f_\pi ^2q_\nu \left[1+\frac{m_\pi ^2}{q^2}+𝒪(m_\pi ^4)\right].$$
(9)
The leading term in this expansion in powers of $`m_\pi ^2`$ is polynomial in $`q`$, and for this reason it is not relevant. The non-polynomial pion contribution is linear in $`m_\pi ^2`$. It is simple to verify that higher states contribute to $`q^\mu \mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }`$ only starting from $`m_\pi ^4`$ terms. Comparing Eq. (9) with the longitudinal part of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }`$ given by Eq. (7), we see that

$$f_\pi ^2m_\pi ^2=(m_u+m_d)0|\overline{u}u+\overline{d}d|0.$$
(10)
This is a well-known relation between the quark and pion masses.

Thus, we see, that the specific term in OPE is valid all the way from large to small $`q`$. At small $`q`$, i.e. at large distances, it is given by the pion, but it keeps the same form at large $`q`$, i.e. at short distances, as if the pion were pointlike.

The derivation of the duality between short and long distances demonstrated above does not imply any core in the pion. In this sense it looks as an argument against the Gribov’s idea of the pointlike structure in the pion.

## 4  Different scales in QCD

A support for a pointlike structure in the pion comes, in my view, from the observation of few scales in QCD, which are numerically quite different.

To remind you of the old story, let me start with the low-energy theorem for the trace of energy-momentum tensor,

$$dx\mathrm{e}^{iqx}0|T\{\frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }G_{\mu \nu }^2(x),\frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }G_{\gamma \delta }^2(0)\}|0=\frac{32}{b}0\left|\frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }G_{\mu \nu }^2(0)\right|0,$$
(11)
where $`b=11/3N_c2/3N_f`$. Numerically, the r.h.s. is quite large and leads to the large momentum scale $`\lambda _G^2`$ in the correlator of two $`G^2`$,

$$\lambda _G^2=20\mathrm{GeV}^2,$$
(12)
i.e. in the glueball channel with quantum numbers $`0^+`$. This scale should be compared with the scale $`m_\rho ^2=0.6\mathrm{GeV}^2`$ in the isovector quark channel with quantum numbers $`1^{}`$. The order of magnitude difference is quite significant.

The large scale the gluonium $`0^+`$ channel does not imply that the mass of the lowest state in this channel should be large, rather it tells us that the onset of parton-hadron duality is at higher energies in this channel as compared, say, with the isovector quark $`1^{}`$ channel. I try to illustrate this by Fig. 5.

In the quark channel with the $`\rho `$ meson quantum numbers the duality appears very early, it is enough to integrate over the $`\rho `$ meson peak to have it. In the gluonium $`0^+`$ channel one needs to include some number of higher excitations to see the duality. Numerically, $`20\mathrm{GeV}^2`$ is the duality interval in $`s`$ for the $`0^+`$ gluonium channel versus $`2\mathrm{GeV}^2`$ for the $`\rho `$ channel.

Gribov’s view that there is no confinement in pure glue could be related to the regime at $`E^2<20\mathrm{GeV}^2`$.

The existence of a much smaller spatial scale in gluon channels was confirmed by studies in frameworks of the instanton liquid model, and by lattice calculations. A particularly interesting signal is given by the small size of the lowest $`0^+`$ gluonium. It is about 0.2 $`fm`$ versus 1 $`fm`$ for a “normal” hadronic size.

Another channel with small spatial size is the pseudoscalar $`\overline{u}\gamma _5d`$ channel $`0^{}`$,

$$0|\overline{u}\gamma _5d|\pi \frac{m_\pi ^2}{m_q}f_\pi .$$
(13)
Numerically, $`m_\pi /m_q`$ is large. As a result, the scale $`f_\pi `$ 130 MeV in the matrix element $`0|\overline{u}\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5d|\pi `$ of the axial current becomes

$$\frac{m_\pi ^2}{m_u+m_d}2\mathrm{GeV}$$
(14)
in the $`\overline{q}\gamma _5q`$ channel. This large scale is the key ingredient of the penguin mechanism for $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ enhancement in weak decays of strange particles (it also makes theory consistent with the recent measurement of $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$).

I suggest that Gribov’s pointlike core in the pion could be a reflection of this large momentum scale.

## 5 Concluding remarks and acknowledgments

Gribov constructed in his mind a very physical picture of the hadronic world which is only partially reflected in his publications. While some of his ideas look very unconventional I believe that they could be the source of a much deeper understanding of QCD than we currently have. In my comments I limited myself to a very few examples where the depth of Gribov’s ideas can be seen.

I am thankful for discussions to Yuri Dokshitzer, Leonid Frankfurt, Alexey Kaidalov, Marek Karliner, Gregory Korchemsky, Al Mueller, Mikhail Shifman, Edward Shuryak, and Mikhail Voloshin. This work was supported by DOE under the grant number DE-FG02-94ER408.

## References


text:
# Resonant Impurity States in the D-Density-Wave Phase

\[

## Abstract

We study the electronic structure near impurities in the d-density-wave (DDW) state, a possible candidate phase for the pseudo-gap region of the high-temperature superconductors. We show that the local DOS near a non-magnetic impurity in the DDW state is qualitatively different from that in a superconductor with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry. Since this result is a robust feature of the DDW phase, it can help to identify the nature of the two different phases recently observed by scanning tunneling microscopy experiments in the superconducting state of underdoped Bi-2212 compounds.

\]

The pseudogap region of the high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) has attracted considerable theoretical and experimental attention over the last few years . Recent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments  in the superconducting state of underdoped Bi-2212 compounds have observed regions with two qualitatively different density of states (DOS). These regions are referred to as the $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ phase. While the DOS in the $`\alpha `$ phase resembles that of a superconductor with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry, the DOS in the $`\beta `$ phase is similar to that observed in the pseudogap phase of the underdoped HTSC. A series of papers  have proposed that the unusual phenomenology of the pseudogap region arises from the presence of a d-density-wave (DDW) phase; a current-carrying state with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry. Whether the $`\beta `$ phase can be identified with the DDW state is currently a topic of intense discussion.

In this Letter we suggest that the nature of the observed phases can be clarified by considering the electronic structure in the vicinity of impurities. We show, using a $`\widehat{T}`$-matrix approach, that the local DOS near a non-magnetic impurity in the DDW state is qualitatively different from that in a superconductor with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry (dSC). While the DDW-DOS near an impurity changes with the specific form of the normal state band structure, its qualitative differences to the DOS in a dSC remain. They are therefore robust features of the DDW phase which can they shed important insight into and discriminate between the $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ phases observed in Refs. . Finally, we show that a magnetic impurity induces two resonance states in the DDW-DOS, a result which is qualitatively similar to that in a dSC.

Starting point for our calculations is the $`T`$-matrix formalism for a single impurity in the DDW state. We introduce the spinor

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{k,\alpha }^{}=(c_{k,\alpha }^{},c_{k+Q,\alpha }^{}),$$
(1)
where $`\alpha `$ is the spin index, such that the electronic Greens function is given by $`\widehat{G}_{\alpha ,\alpha }(𝐤,\tau \tau ^{})=𝒯\mathrm{\Psi }_{k,\alpha }(\tau )\mathrm{\Psi }_{k,\alpha }^{}(\tau ^{})`$. In what follows we omit the spin index, since for the cases considered below $`\widehat{G}`$ is independent of $`\alpha `$. In the clean limit one has

$$\widehat{G}_0^1(𝐤,\omega _n)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i\omega ϵ_k& i\mathrm{\Delta }_k\\ i\mathrm{\Delta }_k& i\omega ϵ_{k+Q}\end{array}\right),$$
(2)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝐤=\mathrm{\Delta }_0(\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y)/2`$ is the DDW gap, $`𝐐=(\pi ,\pi )`$ is the ordering moment of the DDW state. The normal state electronic dispersion is given by

$$ϵ_𝐤=2t(\mathrm{cos}k_x+\mathrm{cos}k_y)4t^{}\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y\mu ,$$
(3)
where $`t,t^{}`$ are the hopping elements between nearest and next-nearest neighbors, respectively, and $`\mu `$ is the chemical potential. In the following we use $`t=300`$ meV, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=50`$ meV, and values for $`t^{}`$ and $`\mu `$ as discussed below.

We first consider a non-magnetic impurity described by the scattering Hamiltonian

$$_{sc}=U_0\underset{𝐤,𝐤^{},\alpha }{}^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_{𝐤,\alpha }^{}\widehat{\tau }\mathrm{\Psi }_{𝐤^{},\alpha },$$
(4)
where $`U_0`$ is the scattering strength of the impurity, the prime restricts the summation to the momenta in the Brillouin zone (BZ) of the DDW state, $`\widehat{\tau }=\widehat{1}+\widehat{\tau }_2`$, $`\widehat{1}`$ is the unit matrix and $`\widehat{\tau }_\alpha `$ are the Pauli matrices in spinor space. In the presence of this scattering potential the Greens function is given by

$`\widehat{G}(𝐫,𝐫^{},i\omega _n)`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{G}_0(𝐫^{}𝐫,i\omega _n)+`$ (6)
$`\widehat{G}_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\widehat{T}(i\omega _n)\widehat{G}_0(𝐫^{},i\omega _n),`$
where one has for the $`\widehat{T}`$-matrix

$$\widehat{T}(i\omega _n)=[\widehat{1}U_0\widehat{\tau }\widehat{G}_0(0,i\omega _n)]^1U_0\widehat{\tau }.$$
(7)
For the change in the electron Greens function due to the impurity scattering one obtains

$$\delta \widehat{G}^{(11)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)=U_0\frac{\left[\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2+\left[\widehat{G}_0^{(12)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2}{1U_0\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(0,i\omega _n)}.$$
(8)
Note, that for a given scattering strength, $`U_0`$, there exist only a single resonant state at a frequency, $`\omega _{res}`$, where the real part of the denominator on the r.h.s. of Eq.(8) vanishes. We first consider an electronic structure in the normal state, Eq.(3), with $`t^{}=0`$ and at half-filling, $`\mu =0`$. We present our numerical results for the DDW-DOS

$$N(\omega )=\frac{2}{\pi }\mathrm{Im}\widehat{G}^{(11)}(𝐫,𝐫,\omega +i\delta ),$$
(9)
in the absence of an impurity (clean case) and for a single non-magnetic impurity with scattering strength $`U_0=1`$ eV in Fig. 1.

The DDW-DOS in the clean case (solid line) vanishes linearly at small frequencies, and exhibits two peaks at $`\pm \mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. As discussed above, a single resonance state appears at the impurity site (dashed line). For $`U_0>0(<0)`$, this resonant state is located at $`\omega _{res}<0(>0)`$, i.e., on the particle (hole) site. In the DOS on the impurity’s nearest-neighbor site (dotted line) the resonant state remains particle-like with an amplitude which is larger than that on the impurity site itself. This is to be expected since at the impurity site, $`\widehat{G}_0^{(12)}=0`$, while at the nearest neighbor site $`\widehat{G}_0^{(12)}0`$. In the limit $`U_0\mathrm{}`$, the spectral weight of the resonance at the impurity site, $`U_0[\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(0,\omega _{res})]^2`$ vanishes. The DOS on the impurity’s next-nearest-neighbor site exhibits barely any resonant enhancement, while the peaks at the gap edges are still suppressed. Thus, as one moves away from the impurity site, the signature of the resonance states in the DOS are lost before the gap edge peaks are recovered.

We now compare the above results for the DOS with those near a non-magnetic impurity in a superconductor with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry. Here, the correction to the Greens function arising from the impurity scattering is given by

$$\delta G(r,i\omega _n)=\frac{U_0\left[G_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2}{1U_0G_0(0,i\omega _n)}\frac{U_0\left[F_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2}{1U_0G_0(0,i\omega _n)},$$
(10)
where $`G_0,F_0`$ are the normal and anomalous Greens functions in the SC state, respectively. Due to the particle-hole mixing in the SC state, there exist in general two resonance states at frequencies where the denominators on the r.h.s. of Eq.(10) vanish. Note, that the spectral weight of these states is determined by $`\left[G_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2,\left[F_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2`$, respectively. In Fig. 2 we present the DOS near the impurity site for $`U_0=1`$ eV, and the same set of band parameters as in Fig. 1.

The SC DOS in the clean limit (solid line) is identical to that in the DDW state (solid line in Fig. 1). The DOS at the impurity site exhibits a single resonance state, since the spectral weight of the second resonance vanishes, $`\left[F_0(0,i\omega _n)\right]^20`$. For $`U_0>0(<0)`$ the resonance state is located at $`\omega _{res}<0(>0)`$, i.e., on the particle (hole) site. While this result is similar to that in the DDW state (dashed line in Fig. 1), the DOS on the impurity’s nearest-neighbor site is qualitatively different (dotted line). Since here the spectral weight of both resonances is non-zero, $`\left[G_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2,\left[F_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^20`$, the DOS exhibits two resonance states. We find that in general, i.e., independent of the specific band structure, the hole-like resonance possesses the larger spectral weight, $`\left[F_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2>\left[G_0(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2`$. Similar results were obtained earlier in Refs. . Thus, the spatial dependence of the DOS near a non-magnetic impurity can be used to determine the broken-symmetry phase in which the impurity is embedded. A similar conclusion was recently reached by Zhu et al. . Note, that the appearance of a resonance state at the impurity site only requires a suppression of the DOS at low frequencies , but not necessarily a broken symmetry phase.

We next consider the electronic states in the vicinity of a magnetic impurity described by the scattering Hamiltonian

$$_{sc}=JS\underset{𝐤,𝐤^{},\alpha ,\beta }{}^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_{𝐤,\alpha }^{}\widehat{\tau }\widehat{\sigma }_{\alpha ,\beta }\mathrm{\Psi }_{𝐤^{},\beta }$$
(11)
where $`S=1/2`$ and $`\widehat{\sigma }`$ are the Pauli-matrices in spin space. For the $`\widehat{T}`$-matrix one has

$$\widehat{T}(i\omega _n)=\left[\widehat{1}\left(\beta \widehat{\tau }\widehat{G}_0(0,i\omega _n)\right)^2\right]^1\beta ^2\widehat{\tau }\widehat{G}_0(0,i\omega _n)\widehat{\tau }$$
(12)
with $`\beta =JS`$. The correction to the Greens function arising from the impurity scattering is given by

$`\delta \widehat{G}^{(11)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta ^2\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(0,\omega )}{1\beta ^2\left[\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(0,\omega )\right]^2}}`$ (14)
$`\times \left\{\left[\widehat{G}_0^{(11)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2+\left[\widehat{G}_0^{(12)}(𝐫,i\omega _n)\right]^2\right\}.`$
Note, that a magnetic impurity in the DDW state induces two resonance states with equal spectral weight. In Fig. 3 we present the DOS in the clean case and for a single magnetic impurity with scattering strength $`\beta =1`$ eV.

The resonance states again posses a larger spectral weight at the nearest-neighbor site than on the impurity site itself. Similar to the case of a non-magnetic impurity, the DOS on the next-nearest-neighbor site exhibits barely any resonant enhancement, while the peaks at the gap edges are still suppressed. These results are qualitatively similar to those obtained for a magnetic impurity in a dSC.

So far, we have only discussed the DOS near an impurity for the half-filled case and $`t^{}=0`$. We next address the question of how robust the above results are against changes in the band structure. In particular, we consider a set of band parameters which describes the FS measured by ARPES experiments in Bi-2212 . To this end we take $`t^{}=0.3t`$ and $`\mu =0.91t`$, which corresponds to a hole doping of $`10\%`$, characteristic of the underdoped HTSC. The resulting Fermi surface in the DDW state is shown in Fig. 4a.

In contrast to the case considered above with $`t^{}=\mu =0`$, where the FS only consists of four Fermi points at $`𝐪_𝐜=(\pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$, the FS now exhibits hole pockets centered around $`𝐪_𝐜`$. This form of the FS immediately implies that the DOS (in the clean case) at zero energy is now non-zero, in contrast to the results shown in Fig. 1. This is confirmed by our numerical evaluation of the DOS which we present in Fig. 4b. In the clean case (solid line) the DOS exhibits two peaks at $`\omega 126`$ and $`35`$ meV, which correspond to the two peaks at $`\omega =\pm 50`$ meV for $`t^{}=\mu =0`$ (see Fig. 1). Thus, the DOS for non-zero $`t^{}`$ and hole-doping is shifted downwards in energy, in comparison to the case $`t^{}=\mu =0`$. Since the DOS in Fig. 4b does not show any significant reduction at low energies, we expect that any resonance state near an impurity couples strongly to the continuum of electronic states, which in turn reduces its amplitude and spectral weight. Our numerical results for the DOS near a non-magnetic impurity with $`U_0=1`$ eV as shown in Fig. 4b confirm this conclusion. While the DOS at the impurity site is again reduced in comparison to the clean case, it does not exhibit any signature of a resonance state. In contrast, the DOS in the SC state remains qualitatively unchanged from the case $`t^{}=\mu =0`$, as shown in the inset of Fig. 4b. We obtain quantitatively similar results to those shown in Fig. 4b for a variety of doping concentrations and values of $`t^{}`$. We thus conclude that the DOS in the DDW phase remains qualitatively different from that in a dSC for a wide range of electronic band structures and chemical potentials. Our results are therefore robust features of the DDW phase and can discriminate it from other broken-symmetry phases.

The clean DOS in the DDW state for $`t^{}=\mu =0`$ (Fig. 1) is in good qualitative agreement with the results presented in Refs. . The DDW-DOS for $`t^{}=0.3t`$ and $`10\%`$ hole doping (Fig. 4b), however, does not show a reduction at low frequencies, and thus apparently disagrees with the experimental data. Here, we propose two explanations to resolve this apparent discrepancy. First, the differences between the $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ phases could arise from doping inhomogeneities on the $`2030\AA `$ scale, with the $`\alpha (\beta )`$ phase containing the higher (lower) hole concentration. According to the phase diagram proposed in Ref. , the $`\beta `$ phase then corresponds to the DDW state, while the $`\alpha `$ phase is a dSC. In this case, the DDW-DOS is expected to be similar to that shown in Figs. 1 and 3 (small $`\mu `$ limit), while the dSC-DOS resembles our results in the inset of Fig. 4b (large $`\mu `$ limit), in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Second, it was argued that the interaction with the spin susceptibility, $`\chi `$, peaked at $`𝐐=(\pi ,\pi )`$, substantially changes the properties of electrons in those regions of the FS which can be connected by $`𝐐`$ (hot spots) . In particular, it was shown that for the underdoped HTSC, this interaction leads to a suppression of the DOS at low frequencies and a shift of spectral weight to higher energies . Since the FS in the DDW state (see Fig. 4a) exhibits a high degree of nesting with wave-vector $`𝐐`$, we expect that the interaction with spin excitations yields the same kind of suppression in the low frequency DDW-DOS. This suppression then leads to a reappearance of resonance states near the impurity site. Work to explore this possibility is currently under way . If this conjecture turns out to be correct, the suppression of the low energy DDW-DOS would be a robust feature and independent of the particular form of the FS in the normal state.

In conclusion, we have shown that a non-magnetic impurity in the DDW state induces a resonance state in the local DOS. At half-filling and $`t^{}=0`$ we argue that the spatial dependence of this resonance peak is qualitatively different from that in a superconductor with $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-symmetry. Since away from half-filling, the qualitative differences between the DDW-DOS and the dSC-DOS remain, they are robust features of the DDW phase and can thus shed important insight into the nature of the $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ phases observed in underdoped Bi-2212 . Finally, we show that a magnetic impurity induces two resonance states in the DDW-DOS, a result which is qualitatively similar to that in a dSC.

We would like to thank A. Balatsky, J.C. Davis, and D. Pines for stimulating discussions, and C. Nayak for helpful comments. This work has been supported by the Department of Energy at Los Alamos.