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# Afterglow upper limits for four short duration, hard spectrum gamma-ray bursts1footnote 11footnote 1Partly based on observations collected at ESO, Chile; Large Program No. 165.H-0464

## 1 Introduction

It has been recognized for two decades that the time histories of cosmic gamma-ray bursts appear to fall into at least two distinct morphological categories, namely the short duration ($``$ 0.2 s) bursts, comprising about 25% of the total, and the long duration ($``$ 20 s) bursts , comprising about 75% (Mazets et al. 1981; Dezalay et al. 1992; Norris et al. 1984; Hurley et al. 1992; Kouveliotou et al. 1993; Norris et al. 2000). The energy spectra of these two classes of bursts are different: the short bursts tend to have harder spectra, while the long bursts tend to have softer spectra (Kouveliotou et al. 1993; Dezalay et al. 1996). There is also some evidence that their number-intensity distributions differ (Belli, 1997; Tavani 1998). However, the two classes appear to have identical spatial (Kouveliotou et al. 1993) and $`\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{max}}`$ (Schmidt 2001) distributions. Radio and/or optical counterparts have now been identified for a total of about 30 bursts, and spectroscopic redshifts measured for about 15 of them, but all of them belong to the long duration class. Thus, one of the remaining GRB mysteries is the question of whether the origins of the long and short bursts are substantially different from one another.

Over the period 1999 December - 2001 February, the 3rd Interplanetary Network (IPN) contained two distant interplanetary spacecraft, Ulysses and NEAR (the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission). With the near-Earth spacecraft BeppoSAX and Wind (among others), the IPN detected and precisely localized over 100 bursts. (Prior to 1999 December, and after 2001 February, the IPN had only one distant spacecraft, Ulysses , and produced mainly annuli of location.) Fifty-six error boxes were produced rapidly and accurately enough to merit rapid circulation via the GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) circulars, and of these fifty-six, 34 were searched in the radio, optical, and/or X-ray ranges for counterparts. Of the 34 events which were followed up, four were short duration, hard spectrum bursts with small error boxes. The IPN localizes bursts by triangulation, or arrival-time analysis, and in general it derives the smallest error boxes for the short bursts, since the error box size is directly related to the accuracy with which the time histories from different spacecraft can be cross-correlated. A more complete description of the method may be found in Hurley et al. (1999a,b). We report here on these events and the results of the follow-up searches. This is the first, and to date the only time that radio observations have been carried out for this type of burst. In the optical band, the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) has conducted rapid follow-up observations of three short bursts and obtained magnitude lower limits of $``$ 13–15 for them (Kehoe et al. 2001); however no deep searches for long-lived optical afterglows have been carried out up to now.

## 2 Gamma-Ray Observations

Table 1 gives the dates and times of the four bursts, their peak fluxes and fluences from Konus-Wind measurements, the time interval over which the peak flux was measured, the spacecraft which observed them and references to the GCN circulars where they were announced; the delay between the burst and the issuance of the circulars is also given, and comments indicate any special circumstances surrounding the events. The BeppoSAX GRBM did not observe GRB000607 due to an SAA passage, and was Earth-occulted for GRB001025B. Figure 1 displays their time histories. It is clear from these figures that the four events fall into the short-duration category. The fact that all four bursts were detected as strong events by the NEAR X-Ray/Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (XGRS) further demonstrates that they have hard energy spectra, because this experiment has a lower energy threshold $``$ 150 keV. The Konus energy spectra, shown in figure 2, also show this clearly. Instrument references for the IPN experiments may be found in Hurley et al. (1992 - Ulysses GRB), Aptekar et al. (1995 - Konus-Wind), Goldsten et al. (1997), McClanahan et al. (1999) and Trombka et al. (1999 - NEAR-XGRS) and Feroci et al. (1997), Amati et al. (1997), and Frontera et al. (1997 - BeppoSAX GRBM).

In table 2, the preliminary and final error box areas are given, as well as the final error box coordinates; the first pair of coordinates gives the error box center, and the following four pairs, the corners. In three cases, as noted, the final error box is not completely contained within the preliminary one, due to a larger than usual difference between the preliminary and final Ulysses ephemerides. This had a minor effect on the observations reported here. In those cases where just three spacecraft observed the burst, the ambiguity between the two triangulated localizations was resolved by the ability of the Konus-Wind experiment to determine the ecliptic latitude of the burst.

## 3 Follow-up observations

Attempts were made to detect the optical, infrared, and radio counterparts to these four bursts; however, no X-ray follow-up observations could be conducted. Although a BeppoSAX target of opportunity program was in place, in 3 cases the sources did not satisfy the pointing constraints, while in the fourth, the delay in deriving the error box was too long, making the detection of a fading source unlikely. (We note that one other event, GRB991004, whose duration was $``$ 3.2 s, has been followed up in X-ray observations (in’t Zand et al. 2000); however, this burst could belong to either the short or the long class with roughly equal probabilities.) Table 3 summarizes the optical and IR observations of the final error boxes. For each burst, this table gives, in chronological order, the observatory, the instrument, the delay between the burst and the observation, the band, the limiting magnitude, the Galactic extinction in the band of observation from Schlegel et al. (1998) for the low latitude events, the reference to the observation of the initial error box, and any appropriate comments. (E.g., “65% covered” means that only 65% of the final error box was observed.) The observations of three of the bursts were compromised by their proximity to the Sun or Galactic plane. Further details of the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) observation of GRB010119 may be found in Gorosabel et al. (2001). Table 4 similarly summarizes the radio observations, all of which were carried out with the VLA and covered the entire areas of all the final error boxes.

## 4 Discussion

We now consider the question of whether the radio and optical counterpart searches were rapid and sensitive enough to have detected counterparts to these bursts. In the standard fireball model of the long GRBs (e.g. Wijers, Rees, and Meszaros 1997), gamma-radiation is produced by internal shocks in the expanding fireball, while the short- and long-wavelength afterglows are generated when relativistically expanding matter undergoes external shocks on an ISM which surrounds the source. There is no correlation, either in theory or in practice, between the duration of a burst and the decay rate of its afterglow. Therefore, in the following, we take as our working hypothesis that the afterglows of the short bursts are like those of the long bursts, and make no attempt to scale them.

Between 1997 and 2001, a total of 74 optical and/or IR searches have been carried out for the counterparts to long duration GRBs, as reported in the literature. Of them, 50 were unsuccessful and 24 were successful. In figure 3, we have characterized these observations by two parameters: the delay in hours between the burst and the observation, and the detection or upper limit R magnitude. (In some cases, no R band magnitudes were reported; these events are not plotted.) In the same figure, we have similarly characterized and plotted the upper limits for the four short bursts reported in table 3. In those cases where extinction is important, the value of the extinction has been subtracted from the R magnitude upper limit. For GRB001025B we have converted the I band upper limits to R using I-R=0.18, a value which is typical of optical afterglows.

In the same period, as reported in the literature, 14 unsuccessful attempts and 18 successful attempts have been made to detect the radio counterparts of long GRBs. Most of these observations were carried out by the VLA at frequencies of 4.86 and 8.5 GHz. Detections of the radio counterparts to the long bursts generally occured at 8.5 GHz or higher frequencies, while the searches for the short burst counterparts have taken place at 1.43 and 4.86 GHz; at these lower frequencies, the fluxes of the long bursts tend to be weaker due to synchrotron self-absorption, but it is not known whether this would similarly affect the observations of the radio counterparts of the short bursts. In figure 4, we have again characterized each observation by two parameters: the delay in hours between the burst and the observation, and the detection or upper limit flux in mJy at 8.5 GHz. (In some cases, no 8.5 GHz observations were reported; these events are not plotted.) We have also plotted the upper limits for the fluxes of the four short bursts reported in table 4, by assuming a spectral index of -1.5 and converting the observed upper limits to frequencies of 8.5 GHz. Thus the upper limits at 1.43 Gz are increased by a factor of 14.5, and those at 4.86 GHz are increased by a factor of 2.3.

Figure 3 demonstrates that the searches for optical and IR counterparts of the short bursts were generally fast enough and sensitive enough to have detected counterparts, if we assume that their behavior resembles that of the long bursts. That is, counterparts have been detected at roughly the same or later times and/or roughly at the same or more intense fluxes in each case. Figure 4 similarly shows that 3 out of the 4 radio searches were fast and sensitive enough to have detected counterparts. From this we can make a rough prediction of the results expected from these searches by calculating a “success rate” for counterpart searches. In the optical, this is $`24/7432\%`$, but this number should be considered an upper limit, since some unsuccessful attempts may have gone unreported. In the radio, numerous unsuccessful attempts have definitely not been reported, and the actual success rate is $``$ 40%. Thus, ignoring possible correlations between the two success rates, we would have expected to find $`4\times 0.32\mathrm{or}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1.3}`$ optical counterparts and, taking into account that only 3 out of 4 of the radio searches were rapid and sensitive enough, $`4\times 0.75\times 0.40\mathrm{or}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1.2}`$radio counterparts to the four short bursts. These numbers are consistent with those actually found, namely 0 and 0, with Poisson probabilities $``$ 27 and 30%, respectively. The results of this study are therefore consistent both with the working hypothesis that the counterparts of the short-duration, hard-spectrum GRBs behave like those of the long-duration, softer spectrum bursts, as well as with the hypothesis that the short-duration bursts have no observable counterparts at all. (For example, because the fluxes decay more rapidly than those of the long bursts; this is considered in Panaitescu et al. 2001.) Clearly though, the statistics of the small numbers involved, as well as the difficulties encountered in some of the optical observations, do not allow us to choose between these conclusions.

## 5 Conclusion

It has been proposed that extremely brief bursts (those with durations $`<`$100 ms) may be due to primordial black hole evaporations (Cline, Matthey and Otwinowski 1999); the events which we discuss in this paper have longer durations than this, and the following considerations therefore do not necessarily apply to them, if they indeed constitute a separate class. Virtually all bursts followed up in X-rays display X-ray afterglows (Costa 1999), but a large fraction of bursts do not display detectable long-wavelength afterglows. It is not known why this is the case, but possible explanations include sources at very high redshifts, obscured sources, and very tenuous circum-burster mediums. The ultimate source of energy for the initial explosion may be “collapsars” for the long duration bursts, and merging neutron stars for the short ones (MacFadyen and Woosley 1999; Ruffert and Janka 1999). Since a neutron star binary system can receive a large kick velocity and subsequently travel far from its host galaxy before merging (Fryer, Woosley, and Hartmann 1999), short bursts might be expected not to display long-wavelength afterglows, although they would still have X-ray afterglows (Kumar and Panaitescu 2000). Thus multi-wavelength afterglow observations hold the key to resolving the short GRB mystery. Even if the short bursts are devoid of long-wavelength afterglows, the detection of X-ray afterglows with Chandra or XMM will provide localizations which are precise enough for deep optical searches to test the host galaxy association.

Based on the present data, we can say that the short bursts do not display anomalously intense afterglows (which we would have detected), but we cannot distinguish the behavior of short bursts from that of the long bursts with no counterparts. However, the current interplanetary network, consisting of Ulysses , Mars Odyssey, Konus-Wind, and BeppoSAX , is at least as sensitive as the previous one to short bursts, and it will continue to operate for the next several years, as will HETE. Together they should provide the data needed to make progress. For example, after radio observations of about 12 short bursts have been carried out, the absence of counterparts would be significant at almost 3$`\sigma `$ equivalent confidence, and would point to the conclusion that the afterglows of the short bursts in fact behave differently from those of the long bursts.

## 6 Acknowledgments

Support for the Ulysses GRB experiment is provided by JPL Contract 958056. NEAR data analysis was supported under NASA Grants NAG 5-3500 and NAG 5-9503. Thanks also go to Scott Barthelmy for developing and maintaining the GCN, without which most counterpart searches could not be made. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We also thank the staff astronomers at ESO for the observations of GRB000607 and 001204. The Konus-Wind experiment was supported by RFBR grant # 99-02-017031 and CRDF grant \# RP1-2260.


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# Untitled Document

CUQM-85 math-ph/0107015 July 2001

Spectral bounds for the Hellmann potential

Richard L. Hall and Qutaibeh D. Katatbeh

Department of Mathematics and Statistics,

Concordia University,

1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West,

Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1M8.

email: rhall@mathstat.concordia.ca

Abstract

The method of potential envelopes is used to analyse the bound state spectrum of the Schrödinger Hamiltonian $`H=\mathrm{\Delta }+V(r),`$ where the Hellmann potential is given by $`V(r)=A/r+Be^{Cr}/r`$, $`A`$ and $`C`$ are positive, and $`B`$ can be positive or negative. We established simple formulas yielding upper and lower bounds for all the energy eigenvalues.

PACS 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Pm, 31.15.Bs, 02.30.Mv.

1. Introduction

The Hellmann potential $`V(r)`$ given by

$$V(r)=A/r+Be^{Cr}/r$$
$`(1.1)`$
has many applications in atomic physics and condensed-matter physics \[1-11\]. The Hellmann potential, with B positive, was suggested originally by Hellmann \[1-2\] and henceforth called the Hellmann potential if B is positive or negative. The Hellmann potential was used as a model for alkali hydride molecules . It was used also to represent the electron-ion \[5-6\] and electron core interaction \[7-8\]. It has also been shown that the main properties of the effective two-particle interaction for charged particles in polar crystals may be described by this potential \[9-11\].

2. The discrete spectrum : Scaling

Many authors have studied the eigenvalues generated by the Hellmann potential and have tried to estimate them \[1-14\]. For example Adamoski  used a variational framework to obtain accurate eigenvalues. Dutt, Mukherji and Varshni  and Kwato Njock $`\mathrm{𝚎𝚝}\mathrm{𝚊𝚕}`$  applied the method of large-$`N`$ expansion to approximate the bound states energies. In this paper we present simple upper- and lower-bound formulas obtained by the use of the comparison theorem and the envelope method \[15-18\].

We first show that discrete eigenvalues exist for the Hellmann potential for all values of $`A>0,B,\mathrm{and}C>0.`$ This result allows us to transcend the limit $`B<A`$ assumed to be necessary in an earlier attempt at this problem by geometrical methods . Suppose that $`B0,`$ then we immediately have that $`(A+|B|)/r<V(r)<A/r.`$ Since both upper and lower bounds are Hydrogenic potentials with discrete eigenvalues, the same follows for $`V(r).`$ Now we suppose that $`B>0.`$ In this case the concern is that, for sufficiently large $`B,`$ the positive term might dominate the Coulomb term. We see that this does not happen by the following argument. The function $`re^{Cr}`$ has maximum value $`1/(eC).`$ Hence, for $`B>0,`$ we have $`Be^{Cr}/r<(B/eC)/r^2,`$ and we conclude that $`A/r<V(r)<A/r+(B/eC)/r^2.`$ But the ‘effective potential’ for the Hydrogenic Atom in a state of orbital angular momentum $`\mathrm{}`$ is given by

$$V_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)=A/r+\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)/r^2.$$
$`(2.1)`$
Hence, again, we see that $`V(r)`$ is bounded above and below by Hydrogenic potentials whose corresponding Hamiltonians have discrete eigenvalues. This establishes our claim.

If we denote the eigenvalues of $`H=\omega \mathrm{\Delta }+A/r+Be^{Cr}`$ by $`(\omega ,A,B,C)`$, and consider a scale change of the form $`s=r/\sigma `$, and choose the scale $`\sigma =\omega /A,`$ then it is easy to show that,

$$(\omega ,A,B,C)=C^2\omega (1,\frac{A}{\omega C},\frac{B}{\omega C},1).$$
$`(2.2)`$
Hence, the full problem is now reduced to the simpler two-parameter problem

$$H=\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha /r+\beta e^r/r,=(\alpha ,\beta ),\alpha >0.$$
$`(2.3)`$
3. Energy bounds by the Envelope Method

The Comparison Theorem of quantum mechanics tells us that an ordering between potentials implies a corresponding ordering of the eigenvalues. The ‘envelope method’ is based on this result and provides us with simple formulas for lower and upper bounds \[16-18\]. We need a solvable model which we can use as an envelope basis. The natural basis to use in the present context is the hydrogenic potential

$$h(r)=1/r.$$
$`(3.1)`$
The spectrum generated by the potential $`h(r)`$ may be represented exactly by the semi-classical expression

$$_n\mathrm{}(v)=\underset{s>0}{\mathrm{min}}\{s+v\overline{h}_n\mathrm{}(s)\},$$
$`(3.2)`$
where the ‘kinetic potential’ $`\overline{h}_n\mathrm{}(s)`$ associated with the potential $`h(r)=1/r`$ is given, in this case, exactly by $`\overline{h}_n\mathrm{}(s)=s^{\frac{1}{2}}/(n+\mathrm{}).`$ If we now consider a potential, such as $`V(r)`$, which is a smooth transformation $`V(r)=g(h(r))`$ of $`h(r),`$ then it follows that a useful approximation for the corresponding kinetic potential $`\overline{f}_n\mathrm{}(s)`$ is given by

$$\overline{f}_n\mathrm{}(s)g(\overline{h}_n\mathrm{}(s))$$
$`(3.3)`$
If g is convex in (3.3), we get lower bounds ($`=`$) for all n and $`\mathrm{},`$ and if g is concave we get upper bounds ($`=`$) for all n and $`\mathrm{}`$.

For the Hellmann potential, if we use the potential $`h=1/r`$ as the envelope basis, then the sign of $`g^{\prime \prime }`$ depends only on the sign of B. An elementary calculation shows that

$$g^{\prime \prime }(h)=BC^2e^{(C/h)}/h^3=BC^2r^3e^{Cr}.$$
$`(3.4)`$
Hence, $`g`$ is convex if $`B>0`$ or concave if $`B<0.`$ Thus in this application of the method we obtain upper energy bounds for $`B<0`$ and lower bounds for $`B>0.`$ The following remarks explain briefly how these results are obtained.

We suppose for definiteness that the transformation g(h) is smooth and convex $`𝚒.𝚎`$ $`g^{\prime \prime }>0`$, then each tangent to g is an affine transformation of h of the form

$$V^{(t)}(r)=a(t)+b(t)h(r),$$
$`(3.5)`$
where the variables $`a(t)`$ and $`b(t)`$ are chosen such that the graph of the potential $`V(r)`$ lies above the graph of the potential $`h(r),`$ but it is tangential to it at a point, say $`r=t.`$ That is to say

$$V(t)=a(t)+b(t)h(t)$$
$`(3.6)`$
$$\mathrm{and}V^{}(t)=b(t)h^{}(t).$$
$`(3.7)`$
This means that the ‘tangential potential’, $`V^{(t)}(r)`$, and its derivative agree with V(r) at the point of contact, $`r=t.`$

Thus, by substituting (3.3) in (3.2), we find

$$_n\mathrm{}\underset{r>0}{\mathrm{min}}\{s+g(s^{1/2}/(n+\mathrm{}))\},$$
$`(3.8)`$
which yields an upper bound if $`B<0`$ and a lower bound if $`B>0`$. This can be further simplified by changing the minimazation variable $`s`$ to $`r`$ by the relation,

$$g(\overline{h}_{nl}(s))=g(s^{1/2}/(n+\mathrm{}))=V(r),$$
$`(3.9)`$
which, in turn, implies $`s=(n+\mathrm{})^2/r^2.`$ Hence we obtain finally the following semi-classical eigenvalue formula involving the potential $`V(r)`$ itself

$$_n\mathrm{}\underset{r>0}{\mathrm{min}}\{(n+\mathrm{})^2/r^2+V(r)\}.$$
$`(3.10)`$
4. Results and conclusion  We now have a simple formula (3.10) for lower and upper bounds to the eigenvalues for the Hellmann potential. In Fig.(1) we plot the ground-state eigenvalue bound (full line) as a function of $`B`$ for the case $`A=2,`$ $`C=1,`$ along with the corresponding point results of Adamowski  as hexagons, and some accurate numerical values (dashed line). It is clear from this figure that the simple approximation formula gives an accurate estimate of the eigenvlues which is an upper bound if $`B<0,`$ and a lower bound when $`B>0,`$ as predicted by the theory.

If we fix $`A,B,`$ and $`C`$ and consider the Hamiltonian $`H=\mathrm{\Delta }+vV(r),`$ with eigenvalues $`(v)`$, then from (3.10) we immediatly obtain the following explicit parametric equations for the corresponding energy curve $`\{v,(v)\},`$ namely

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill v& =\frac{2(n+\mathrm{})^2}{r^3V^{}(r)}\hfill \\ \hfill (v)& =\frac{(n+\mathrm{})^2}{r^2}+\frac{2(n+\mathrm{})^2V(r)}{r^3V^{}(r)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(4.1)`$
In Fig.(2) we exhibit the corresponding graphs of the function $`(v)/v^2`$ for $`B=+1`$ and $`B=1,`$ again with $`A=2,`$ and $`C=1,`$ along with accurate numerical data shown as a dashed curve. The main point of this work is to show that by elementary geometric reasoning one can obtain simple semi-classical approximations for the eigenvalues. These results are complementary to purely numerical solutions and have the advantage that they are expressed analytically and allow one to explore the parameter space without having to attend to the arbitrary additional parameters and considerations which necessarily accompany numerical approaches with the aid of a computer.

Acknowledgments  Partial financial support of this work under Grant No.GP3438 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged.

References

 H. Hellmann, Acta Physicochim. URSS 1, 913 (1935); 4, 225 (1936); 4, 324 (1936); J. Chem. Phys. 3, 61 (1935).

 H. Hellmann and W. Kassatotchkin, Acta Physicochim. URSS 5, 23 (1936); J.Chem. Phys.4, 324 (1936).

 J. Adamowski, Phys. Rev. A 31, 43 (1985).

 Y. P. Varshni and R. C. Shukla, Rev Mod. Physi. 35, 130 (1963).

 V. K. Gryaznov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 78, 573 1980. \[Sov. Phys. JETP 51,288 (1980)\].

 V. A. Alekseev, V. E. Fortov and I. T. Yakubov, USP. Fiz Nauk , 139, 193 1983\[ Sov. Phys.-USP. 26, 99 (1983)\].

 P. Gombas, Die Statistische Theorie des Atoms und ihre Anwendungen (Springer, Berlin, 1949). p304

 J. Callaway, Phys. Rev. 112, 322 (1958); G. J. Iafrate, J. Chem. Phys. 45, 1072 (1966); J. Callaway and P. S. Laghos, Phys. Rev. 187, 192 (1969); G. McGinn, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 3635 (1970).

 S. Bebnarek, J. Adamowski, and M. Saffczyński, Solid State Commun. 21, 1 (1977).

 J. Pollmann and H. Buttner, Phys. Rev. B 16, 4480 (1977); H. Buttner and J. Pollmann, Physica(Utrecht)117/ 118 B, 278 (1983).

 J. Adamowski, in proceedings of the XII confrence on Physics of semiconducting compounds, Jaszowiec, Poland, 1982, Solineum, Wroclaw , (1983), p.139 and unpublished.

 R. Dutt. U. Mukherji, and Y. P. Varshni, Phys. Rev. 34, 777 (1986).

 J. P. Duarte and R. L. Hall, Can. J. Phys. 69, 1362 (1991).

 M.G. Kwato Njock, M. Nsangou, Z. Bona, S.G. Nana Engo, and B. Oumarou, Phys. Rev. A 61, 042105 (2000).

 M. Reed and B. Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics IV: Analysis of Operators (Academic, New York, 1978). The min-max principle for the discrete spectrum is discussed on p75

 R. L. Hall, J. Math. Phys. 24, 324 (1983).

 R.L Hall, J. Math. Phys. 25, 2708 (1984).

 R.L. Hall, J. Math. Phys. 34, 2779 (1993).

Fig.(1) The eigenvalues $`(B)`$ of the Hamiltonian $`H=\mathrm{\Delta }2/r+Be^r/r`$ for $`n=1`$ and $`\mathrm{}=0.`$ The continuous curve shows the bounds given by the formula (3.10), the dashed curve represents accurate numerical data, and the hexagons are the results of Adamowski . It is clear that the formula provides us with upper bounds when $`B<0`$ and lower bounds when $`B>0`$.

Fig.(2) The eigenvalue bounds (full-line) for $`(v)/v^2`$, where $`(v)`$ is the ground-state eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian $`H=\mathrm{\Delta }+vV(r)`$, for $`A=2,`$ $`C=1,`$ and $`B=+1,1,`$ together with accurate numerical data (dashed-line). The parametric equations (4.1) yield upper bounds when $`B<0,`$ and lower bounds when $`B>0.`$


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# INHOMOGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE AS OBSERVED AT NORILSK

## 1 Introduction

It is known, that there are simultaneously irregularities of an electron concentration of different spatial and time scales in the high-latitude ionosphere . The structure, dynamics, generation mechanisms of such irregularities are different. This paper is devoted to examination of small-scale irregularities (SSI) and medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MS TID) at the high-latitude region of Siberia. SSI are irregularities of electron concentration with spatial scale of 0.1-10 km and time scale of several seconds . The main mechanism of generation of small-scale structure are various sorts of instability in ionospheric plasma, associated with electric fields and currents, which are especially strong in high-latitude region . MS TIDs have period of 10-40 minutes, and the horizontal size of tens and hundreds kilometres. They are ionospheric manifestations of acoustic-gravity waves (AGW), generated in the lower termosphere .

The observations of inhomogeneous structure of an ionosphere in high latitudes are carried out widely. For these purposes modern and expensive facilities are used . However structure and dynamic of ionospheric irregularities are investigated insufficiently. It is explained by complexity and variability high-latitude ionosphere. Besides there are huge areas, where the regular observations of inhomogeneous structure of the ionosphere aren’t carried out. Such area is practically all high-latitude region of Siberia. In the sixties-seventies at Norilsk the regular examinations of small-scale structure high-latitude ionosphere by method D1  were carried out. The average patterns of motions in and F-layers of the ionosphere for various seasons of year and for levels of geomagnetic activity were obtained. The studies of MS TIDs in Norilsk were not carried out earlier.

Norilsk integrated magnitic-ionospheric station (geomagnetic latitude and longitude $`64.2^{}`$N and $`160.4^{}`$E, $`L=5.2`$) operated by the Institute of solar-terrestrial physics SD RAS is the Siberian region’s unique high-latitude station admirably equipped with an appropriate facility for investigating the fine structure of the ionosphere.

The objective of this study was to obtain average parameters both small-scale irregularities and medium-scale TIDs depending on season, local time and geomagnetic activity.

## 2 Experimental equipment and technique

The measuring facility includes a digital vertical-incidence sounding pulsed ionosonde . The facility allows to receive of a radiosignal, reflex from an ionosphere, on three antennas. After analogue processing on each of three antennas amplitude, SIN- and COS- components of a radiosignal, reflex from an ionosphere, were obtained.

Amplitude time series were processed by both the Similar-Fading Method (SFM) and Correlation Method (CM) . SFM is based on calculation of time delays between similar changes of amplitude of the radiosignal. The SFM allows to determinate velocity and direction of the motion of irregularities in the ionosphere. The CM using characteristic ellipse (ellipse of anisotropy) allows to estimate the shape, size, orientation and motion of SSI. These methods are justified physically enough and supported by direct measuring using incoherent scatter method. For many years ones were applied on the network of stations (including Norilsk) to determinate parameters of small-scale irregularities. The following parameters of small-scale irregularities were calculated: velocity $`v_s`$ and direction $`\alpha _s`$, size of major characteristic ellipse half-axes $`a`$, degree of anisotropy $`ex`$, lifetime of SSI $`Th`$.

SIN- and COS- components of the radiosignal are handled by phase method . The amplitude and phase spectrums of a signal, reflex from the ionosphere, are calculated. Then time and space derivatives are determined. They are used for estimation of direction $`\alpha _m`$ and velocity $`v_m`$ of the motion medium-scale TIDs. The method is applied since beginning of 70 years. Its adequacy is confirmed by model calculations and comparison with known results. At the high-latitude region of Siberia the phase method was used for the first time.

## 3 Experimental results

### 3.1  Dependence irregularity parameters on season and local time

The observations inhomogeneous structure of the polar ionosphere were carried out in Norilsk from March 18 to April 13, 1998. It was recorded about 160 hours of F2-layer radio-reflection. Obtained data was classed into two seasons. The division into seasons was made on base of results observations at Norilsk in the seventies.

The first period - equinox (March) - is characterise by high level of magnetic activity (average summary $`Kp=20`$) and by the most strong gradient of pressure, which arises from the fact of space-nonuniform heating of an ionosphere by solar radiation. This month there is a reorganisation from winter system of ionospheric plasma circulation to summer one. The influence of solar radiation on processes of ionisation and dynamics in the high-latitude ionosphere amplifies. In the winter the ionosphere above Norilsk practically is not irradiated by the Sun, the basic contribution to ionisation produce auroral sources. In the summer the solar energy light on the large areas of the high-latitude termosphere uniformly .

April, according to paper , belongs to the second period - summer. This month the magnetic activity considerably weakens, the role auroral processes is reduced, the role of solar radiation amplifies. The average summer Kp coefficient per day equal 15.

The observations were carried out when geophysical conditions were satisfactory (presence of qualitative reflection from the ionosphere) and there were organisation opportunities. The time intervals of observation were from 15 minutes to 10 hours. The interval of processing both for phase method and for method D1 equal 40 s. The values and root-mean-square deviations (r.m.s.) of ionosheric irregularity (SSI and MS TID) parameters were averaged over hour. The values of direction $`\alpha `$ were calculated as the most probable values for a hour.

Our procedure differs from one used at Norilsk earlier . In the seventies the averaging $`\alpha _s`$ and $`v_s`$ was carried thrice: over one minute (time of a stationarity of the high-latitude ionosphere); over interval of observation (5-6 min), and over every hour for every season. The high-latitude ionosphere is characterised by the high variability, thus three time averaging could give considerable error for obtained parameters.

For March it was processed 72 hour of data (6500 intervals of processing), received by reflection radiosignal from a F2-layer of the ionosphere, for April it was processed 86 hour of data (7700 intervals). The correlation of 50 % data was above 0.5, so these data were handled by SFM. Approximately half of these data there was suitable for processing by method CM, since degree of anisotropy $`ex`$ was positive for these.

Fig. 1 presents the diurnal variations of medium-scale TID parameters for March and April. The dashed vertical line on the figures marks the moment of passage solar terminator at 100 km altitude, where the generation of acoustic-gravity waves takes place. Fig. 1 a, e display change of average value and r.m.s. of variations $`f_d`$ with time. For frequencies of sounding, which were used (from 3.2 MHz up to 4 MHz), 0.1 Hz variation $`f_d`$ is matched to 7-8 m/s vertical velocity of moving of the ionospheric layer as whole, the positive value variation $`f_d`$ associates with ionospheric layer going downwards, negative value - upwards. Both for March and for April it is evident, that the peak velocity of lowering (raising) of a layer in the sunrise and in the sundown reach 15-20 m/s, at noontime the layer as whole does not go almost, at night the velocity of raising is considerably reduced.

The width of the Doppler spectrum $`\delta f_d`$ is present in the Fig. 1 b, f. Generally it does not exceed value 0.5 Hz. Before sundown $`\delta f_d`$ is incremented that probably is explain by the generation of ionospheric different-scale irregularities during passage of solar terminator .

The most probable travelling direction MS TIDs in March and April was southward. It was maintained practically stationary values during all observation time (Fig. 1 c, g). It is well accorded with results obtained at the other stations. The various sources MS TIDs are given in different papers. The analysis our data has not allowed to allocate any source of generation MS TIDs. It is possible, as it is specified in paper , the generation occurs at centre of the auroral oval. The average velocity of travel MS TIDs $`v_m`$ was 50 m/s (see Fig. 1 d, h). After sundown the considerable deviation of velocity values was observed.

Both March and April variations of parameters MS TIDs have general features. March parameters are characterised major values r.m.s. and more abrupt changes. It is probably associated with greater auroral activity in this period and with major influence of solar terminator.

Fig. 2 presents the variations of parameters of small-scale irregularities in March and April. Fig. 2 a, e presents variations of degree of anisotropy ex, Fig. 2 b, f – variations of ”lifetime” $`Th`$. These parameters calculated using ellipse of correlation with positive $`ex`$. Direction $`\alpha _s`$ and velocity $`v_s`$ of travel were obtained by SFM.

The degree of anisotropy $`ex`$, as it is visible from Fig. 2 a, e, is 50 %, i.e. the irregularities extend in the ratio 2:1 between major and small half-axes of the ellipse. There is not the preferred direction of major half-axis, but as have shown our examinations, irregularities move across direction of major half-axis. Assumption, that irregularities extend along magnetic field and move across it, does not confirm in our experiments. The sizes of irregularities appreciated by the major axis $`a`$ of the correlation ellipse are 400 m in the morning and at noonday of April, being lowered up to 200 m at the night. In March the average value of $`a`$ is 400 m. Average ”lifetime” $`Th`$ of irregularities in March practically does not vary and equal 2 s (see Fig. 2 b), in April $`Th`$ raises from 1 s in the morning up to 5 s in the evening and then $`Th`$ again decreases up to 2 s (Fig. 2 f).

Fig. 2 c, g present the direction $`v_s`$ of travel of SSI in March and April accordingly. The light circles mark directions obtained in the seventies , black circles mark direction obtained in 1998. These directions coincide for March. Two-vortex system with western convective jet in evening and east jet in morning sectors obtained in the seventies, confirm that the essential role is played drift of ionisation due to electric fields created by a magnetosphere convection. The drift of irregularities in the morning and at the noonday occur in northward direction, it is associated with the gradient of pressure of solar terminator. In the evening the influence of east electrojet is increased and by reason of that the SSI move in westward direction. Then $`\alpha _s`$ changes to the eastward direction. Interpretation of the direction of ionospheric plasma drift in April it is more difficult. Practically during all measured period SSI move in eastward direction. This direction does not coincide with direction obtained in the seventies.

The average velocities of SSI travel $`v_s`$ are 100-150 m/s (in Fig. 2 d, h they are designated by black circles). It is much higher than velocities obtained in the seventies (are designated by light circles). The considerable differences of velocity values can be caused by the following moments. First, at the analysis in the seventies it was used thrice averaging, that gives reduction of average velocity. Secondly, the observations in 1998 were carried out during the phase of solar activity growth, that, apparently, has had an effect on magnification of velocity values.

Thus, as a result of the investigation the diurnal variations of inhomogeneous structure parameters in March and in April is obtained.

### 3.2 Dependence of parameters of ionospheric irregularities on geomagnetic activity

Fig. 3 presents dependence of ionospheric irregularity parameters on geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic activity was estimated by using one-minute values of the coefficient of auroral electrojet intensity AE.

Average variation of $`f_d`$, as shown on Fig. 3 a, is zero, but r.m.s. $`f_d`$ is incremented from 0.1 Hz under 50 nT to 0.25 Hz under E greater, than 350 nT. The influence of auroral activity on $`\delta f_d`$ is well appreciable (see Fig. 3 b). There is a considerable broadening of $`f_d`$ spectrum from 0.4 Hz under is smaller, than 50 nT, up to 0.8 Hz under E exceeding 350 nT. The velocity of MS TID travel $`v_m`$ (Fig. 3 c) under magnification AE up to 350 nT is incremented almost three times, from 25 m/s up to 70 m/s. Under exceeding 350 nT $`v_m`$ decreases.

”Lifetime” $`Th`$ SSI under the increase of a level auroral activity changes insignificantly. As the coefficient increase up to 150 nT ex and a decrease, at the further magnification there is an inverse process – the $`ex`$ and $`a`$ are incremented. The velocity of travel of SSI $`v_s`$ grows from 110 m/s up to 190 m/s under magnification up to 350 nT ( Fig. 3 d).

Thus, it is obvious, that auroral activity influences not only on structure and dynamics of small-scale irregularities, that was noted earlier, but also on behaviour medium-scale TIDs.

## 4 Conclusions

The following results were obtained:

1. The propagation directions and velocities of small -scale irregularities and medium-scale TIDs are different. Medium-scale TIDs travel predominantly in a southward direction with velocities of 40-100 m/s. The prevailing direction of small-scale irregularities is eastward and westward, and their velocities lie in the range of from 100 to 200 m/s.
2. For the Norilsk region, for each season we obtained a diurnal variation of averaged parameters of ionospheric irregularities of the frequency Doppler shift; of the width of the Doppler spectrum; propagation directions and velocities of medium-scale TIDs; and of the anisotropy and lifetime of small-scale irregularities.
3. A dependence of medium-scale TID parameters on geomagnetic activity was obtained. Auroral activity has a significant effect on the frequency Doppler shift, the width of the Doppler spectrum and on the propagation velocity of medium-scale TIDs.
4. The conclusions drawn on the basis of the observations from the 1970s that auroral activity influences the drift of small-scale ionospheric irregularities, specifically the 1.5-2–fold increase of the velocity during the substorm, were confirmed.

## 5 Acknowledgements

We are indebted to V.V.Klimenko and to all staff members of the Norilsk station for assistance in conducting the experiment. Special thanks are due to E.L. Afraimovich and G.A. Zherebtsov for useful discussions of the results.


text:
# Identification of the LMXB and Faint X-ray Sources in NGC 6652

## 1 Introduction

Globular clusters have proven to be an excellent place to study stellar populations, dynamical evolution, and binary systems. Their high stellar densities allow their populations of white dwarfs and neutron stars to interact with cluster primordial binaries by exchange collisions (Hut et al. 1992). Stellar evolution and dynamical hardening of compact binaries within globulars lead to mass transfer and accretion onto the compact object, which is visible especially in the x-ray regime. Thus x-ray studies of globular clusters are particularly effective at studying both compact objects and compact binaries.

Successful searches for LMXB optical counterparts have been undertaken for several clusters (Deutsch et al. 1998b and references therein, Homer et al. 2001). However, of the 12 globular cluster LMXBs in the Galaxy (cf. Grindlay 1993), at least 6 remain optically unidentified–those in Terzan 1, 2, 5, and 6, Liller 1, and NGC 6652. Of the separate population of low-luminosity x-ray sources (Hertz & Grindlay 1983), many sources have now been positively identified with CVs, as in NGC 6397 (Edmonds et al. 1999 and references therein) and with CVs, millisecond pulsars, and BY Draconis binaries in 47 Tucanae (Grindlay et al. 2001, and references therein).

The globular cluster NGC 6652 includes one previously known LMXB, X1832-330. This cluster is at galactocentric radius 2 kpc and 9.0$`\pm `$0.4 kpc from the Sun, and is 11.7$`\pm `$1.6 Gyr old, using $`(mM)_V`$=15.15, $`E(BV)`$=0.12 (Chaboyer 2000). The LMXB was probably detected by HEAO 1 at a low level (Hertz & Wood 1985). It was securely detected by ROSAT during the all-sky survey (Predehl et al. 1991), again during pointed ROSAT observations (Johnston et al. 1996), and in type 1 x-ray bursts by both ASCA and BeppoSAX (in’t Zand et al. 1998, Mukai & Smale 2000). A search for the optical counterpart of the LMXB was undertaken by Deutsch, Margon, and Anderson (1998; hereafter DMA98), unfortunately not including the entire ROSAT error circle for the LMXB. They were able to identify a plausible candidate (star 49); however, it is located 2.3 $`\sigma `$ from the ROSAT position, and is identified here with a lower-luminosity source. This paper presents observations with Chandra as part of a campaign to measure precise positions for the remaining unidentified LMXBs. We also use Hubble Space Telescope archival images to identify optical counterparts.

## 2 Observations and Optical Identifications

We observed NGC 6652 on May 23, 2000 with the High Resolution Camera–Imager (HRC-I) camera (Murray et al. 2000) on the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO). The Chandra mirrors give well-defined point-spread functions of half-power diameter 0.76$`^{\prime \prime }`$ (Jerius et al. 2000), oversampled by the HRC-I, allowing relative positional accuracy to less than 0.3$`^{\prime \prime }`$ . The aspect reconstruction systems allow absolute positional accuracy of 0.6$`^{\prime \prime }`$ ($`1\sigma `$; Aldcroft et al. 2000).

Data were analyzed using the Chandra X-ray Center CIAO software 111 All CXC software is available at http://asc.harvard.edu/ciao/ and standard processing, producing 1679 seconds of good data. The CXC source detection routine WAVDETECT (Dobrzycki et al. 1999) was used to detect sources in the exposure-corrected central field (4$`^{}`$ radius circle). The PROS variability test vartst was applied to each source.

Most of the HST data analyzed here (except for brief references to $`B,V`$, and $`U`$ data) are archival data from the September 1997 WFPC2 observations of Chaboyer (GO-6517). Under this program, an orbit of short (23s) F555W and (20s) F814W images were obtained at two different pointings, followed by an orbit of 12 long (160s) F555W images and an orbit of 12 long (160s) F814W images. The second and third orbits were obtained at a fixed pointing with the center of NGC 6652 placed in the center of the PC. The 12 deep F555W and F814W images were cleaned of cosmic rays and combined into single images. Aperture photometry and PSF-fitting were used to derive instrumental m555 and m814 magnitudes, which were then converted into $`V`$ and $`I`$ using the prescription given in Holtzman et al. (1995). The precision of the PSF-fitting photometry along the main sequence was inferior to that obtained for aperture photometry, but was much less affected by crowding, especially near cluster center. HST positional information makes reference to the Guide Star Catalog v.1.1, which has known absolute positional errors in the southern celestial hemisphere of 1$`^{\prime \prime }`$ to 1.6$`^{\prime \prime }`$ (Taff et al. 1990).

Six sources were detected in the central 4$`^{}`$ radius circle using WAVDETECT. Two sources more than 2$`^{}`$ from the core are probably not associated with the cluster, as the cluster half-mass radius is 0.65$`^{}`$ , and the core radius is 0.07$`^{}`$ (June 22, 1999 version of catalog described in Harris 1996). We were unable to find counterparts for these sources, and ignore them in this paper. We detect 4 sources within 30$`^{\prime \prime }`$ of the cluster center, including the bright LMXB X1832-330, hereafter source A (Figure 1); the others we label B, C, and D. All four sources are well-detected: A has 9140 counts, B has 75 counts, C and D have 15 and 16 respectively, with formal significances greater than 6 $`\sigma `$ in each case. We consider all four of these sources to be associated with the cluster, since the probability that any of 6 sources within a 4$`^{}`$ circle would fall within 30$`^{\prime \prime }`$ of the cluster center is 9%. We give sources A, B, C, and D the formal designations CXOGLB J183543.6-325926, CXOGLB J183544.5-325939, CXOGLB J183545.7-325923, and CXOGLB J183545.6-325926 respectively, but use the letter designations for this paper.

The second brightest source (Source B) is detected in the HRC-I data at a position 0.8$`^{\prime \prime }`$ from the position of star 49 (in the HST Guide Star Catalog frame). Star 49 was suggested by DMA98 as the counterpart for the LMXB, which we detect 17$`^{\prime \prime }`$ away. Star 49 has measured $`(UB)=0.9`$ (DMA98), and shows variability of 1 magnitude, possibly with a 43.6 minute periodic modulation (Deutsch et al 2000). DMA98 searched a 35$`^{\prime \prime }`$ $`\times `$ 35$`^{\prime \prime }`$ HST WF/PC1 field (not including source A; the GO-6517 data was not public then), for $`U`$-bright stars. They found only one object, star 49, with $`UB`$ color and magnitude similar to known LMXBs. Adding the GSC 1.6$`^{\prime \prime }`$ (maximum) and HRC 0.6$`^{\prime \prime }`$ absolute positional errors in quadrature gives a 1.7$`^{\prime \prime }`$ 1$`\sigma `$ error circle. The 1.7$`^{\prime \prime }`$ error circle is not crowded (being $`4`$ core radii from the center), so we confidently identify star 49 with source B.

By matching the GO-6517 and HRC coordinates for star 49 and source B, we performed a shift of the HRC coordinate frame by -0.04263 sec in RA, -0.609$`^{\prime \prime }`$ in Dec. The HST images then allowed the identification of $`VI`$ excess optical counterparts for sources A and C within 0.01$`^{\prime \prime }`$ and 0.3$`^{\prime \prime }`$ of the corrected HRC positions. The derived x-ray and optical parameters of sources A through D are given in Table 1.

Figure 2 shows the $`V`$ vs $`VI`$ CMDs resulting from PSF-fitting to both HST PC and WF data. The likely optical counterparts for sources A, B and C are shown, as are some other stars (shown by circles, all are distant from x-ray positions) confirmed to be blue objects by visual examination of the $`V`$ and $`I`$ images.

Figure 3 shows the combined $`V`$ and $`I`$ time series for sources A and C (the time series for source B is reported in DMA98). A zeropoint correction was applied to the I data so that $`<V><I>`$=0, and the errors were calculated from the median time series rms for stars within 0.25 mag (typically 150–400 stars) of either source A or C. Best-fitting sinusoids have been overplotted showing possible periodicities for A and C.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Source A: LMXB

The blue counterpart for the LMXB has $`V=18.9`$, $`VI=0.4`$; this is 0.4 mag above the turnoff and 0.4 mag blueward of the main sequence in $`VI`$, similar to other known LMXBs. Our suggested counterpart of source A is partly cut off in archival HST U images, possibly explaining why it was not identified in DMA98. However, the peak pixel value at the edge of the chip clearly shows that this star is UV-bright.

A time series analysis of the $`V`$ and $`I`$ exposures shows a clear 0.08-magnitude variability, with rms variation 4.4 $`\sigma `$ and 6.2 $`\sigma `$ in $`V`$ and $`I`$ respectively, where $`\sigma `$ is defined as the median rms variation of stars within 0.25 mag of the star. Possible periods of 0.92, or 2.22 hours (or 4.44 hours for ellipsoidal variations), as well as some nonperiodic flickering, are observed (see Figure 3). The false alarm probability (FAP; cf. Scargle 1982) is $`0.3\times 10^3`$ for each period individually, although the short temporal coverage does not allow us to distinguish between these periods. We suggest one of these is the orbital period of the system, leading to an orbital separation of (for Mtotal=1.6$`M_{}`$) either $`3.9\times 10^{10}`$ cm, $`7.0\times 10^{10}`$ cm, or $`1.1\times 10^{11}`$ cm, respectively (Frank et al. 1992). Either a low-mass M dwarf or a white dwarf would be a plausible secondary, depending on which period is the real one.

The absolute magnitude $`M_V=3.7`$ of the optical counterpart is comparable to those of ultracompact ($`P<1`$ hr) LMXBs in globular clusters: 3.7 for X1820-303 in NGC 6624, and 5.6 for X1850-087 in NGC 6712 (van Paradijs & McClintock 1994). X-ray reprocessing into optical light in accretion disks tends to follow the x-ray luminosity to absolute magnitude scaling relation proposed by van Paradijs & McClintock (1994, Fig. 2), $`M_V=1.57(\pm 0.24)2.27(\pm 0.32)`$log$`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is $`(L_X/L_{Edd})^{1/2}(P/1hr)^{2/3}`$. For $`M_V`$=3.7, we find log$`\mathrm{\Sigma }=1`$ to $`0.5`$ for periods from 0.92 to 4.4 hours. All three proposed periods place this LMXB within the scatter of known LMXBs.

The HRC-I has no spectral resolution, yet our flux determination depends upon the assumed spectrum. By using a partial covering absorber ($`2/3`$ covered by $`8\times 10^{21}`$ cm-2), and a power-law with photon index 1.86, Mukai and Smale (2000) fit both their ASCA GIS spectrum and the second ROSAT PSPC spectrum. From their recorded flux we derive $`L_X`$(2-8 keV)= $`1.5\times 10^{36}`$ in the ASCA range, or $`L_X`$(0.5-2.5 keV)= $`6.8\times 10^{35}`$ ergs s-1 extrapolated to the ROSAT range. The fitted partial covering absorber suggests variability in the $`N_H`$ column, which would also explain the differences in spectral fitting by ROSAT data (Johnston et al. 1996, Verbunt et al. 1995). BeppoSAX observations (in’t Zand et al., 1998) revealed Type I bursts (observed also by Mukai & Smale), and persistent emission at $`L_X`$(2-8 keV)= $`5.2\pm 1.0\times 10^{35}`$ ergs s-1 (adjusted for the change in distance to 9.0 kpc, without absorption). The low-level emission they observed agrees with both ROSAT observations of low-level luminosity extended to the harder band, for a photon index of 1.86.

We use a power-law spectrum with photon index 1.86, and a range of $`N_H`$ between $`5.5\times 10^{20}`$ and $`4\times 10^{21}`$, the first being the average cluster value and the second the maximum value for A from ASCA observations. These give intrinsic luminosity ranges of $`L_X`$(0.5-2.5 keV) $`5.1\times 10^{35}`$ to 1.1$`\times 10^{36}`$ ergs s-1, similar to the ROSAT observations in 1990 and 1992 (Verbunt et al. 1995, Johnston et al. 1996), and $`L_X`$(2-8 keV) $`5.3\times 10^{35}`$ to $`1.2\times 10^{36}`$ ergs s-1, comparable to the ASCA and BeppoSAX observations in 1996-7 (Mukai & Smale 2000, in’t Zand et al. 1998). We see no significant variability during the 1.6 ksec observation. Mukai and Smale note that no eclipses have been seen, and that we directly observe the neutron star during the Type I bursts, ruling out a high-inclination geometry. This suggests that the optical variability may be due to orbital variations of the heated face of the secondary.

### 3.2 Source B: qLMXB

The x-ray luminosity of source B, $`L_X`$(0.5-2.5 keV) $`=4.1\pm 0.5\times 10^{33}`$ for a 1 keV bremsstrahlung spectrum, suggests a quiescent LMXB since CVs generally do not reach this luminosity (Verbunt et al. 1997). Source B is the only source to show clear x-ray variability, at the 95% level in the Cramer-Von Mises test (Daniel 1990). It is possible that this source is responsible for the Type I bursts seen with ASCA and BeppoSAX (in’t Zand et al. 1998, Mukai & Smale 2000), since neither telescope could resolve source B from the bright LMXB, source A, only 17$`^{\prime \prime }`$ distant.

DMA98 identified star 49 as the bright LMXB counterpart based on U-B excess ($`UB=0.9`$, 1.2 mags blueward of the main sequence \[MS\]), and later (in Deutsch et al. 2000) added weight to the identification by discovering $`1`$ magnitude flickering and a possible period of 43.6 minutes. We confirm the variability, at 24 $`\sigma (V)`$ and 21 $`\sigma (I)`$, and identify the same possible optical period, but with an FAP of 0.027, the least significant FAP of the power spectrum peaks for the three optical counterparts.

If the 43.6-minute period is the real binary period, a main sequence companion is ruled out since the implied orbital separation for a 2 $`M_{}`$ system is $`3.6\times 10^{10}`$ cm, less than the radius of even an M2 star, implying a double-degenerate system. However, this identification suffers a problem in that star 49 falls onto the MS in $`VI`$ (see Figure 2, Table 1). The system also lies on the MS in an instrumental $`V`$ vs. $`BV`$ CMD from further archival analysis. The MS colors suggest that light from a main-sequence secondary is dominant in $`V`$ and $`I`$, and that the weak accretion disk provides the $`U`$ excess (see DMA98). However, this interpretation cannot explain why both $`V`$ and $`I`$ vary in tandem by one magnitude (Deutsch et al. 2000, Figure 1) without invoking eclipses, nor does it explain the large flickering (which generally implies a bright, blue disk).

We considered the possibility that the identification suffers source confusion (background or foreground stars contributing $`V`$, $`I`$ light), but there is no evidence for blending in the HST image. We consider it most likely that the 43.6 minute period is spurious, but the 1-mag variability remains a mystery.

### 3.3 Source C: CV or qLMXB?

The suggested counterpart of source C lies only 3” from the cluster center, $`\alpha `$=18:35:45.66, $`\delta `$=-32:59:26.5 (J2000), from Grindlay et al. 2001 (in preparation). This is within one core radius (4.2$`^{\prime \prime }`$ , Harris 1996). Its $`VI`$ color, $`M_V`$ , and $`F_X/F_V`$ (see Table 1, Figure 2) suggest a CV, since light from field CVs is usually dominated by the hot accretion disk throughout the optical range. Although both the x-ray luminosity and $`M_V`$ are bright for a CV, bright magnetic CVs (IPs; see Barrett et al. 1999), or CVs in outburst, reach this range. Archival GO-6095 HST WFPC2 data shows C at similar brightness and color, and it is unlikely that we have caught C in outburst twice. A quiescent LMXB is the other plausible interpretation. However, the accretion disk in a low-$`\dot{m}`$ system is expected to be truncated due to a mass transfer instability leading to an ADAF flow, and the light from the secondary should be dominant for $`VI`$.

The optical time series for source C show clear variability (see Figure 3), at the 5.0 $`\sigma (V)`$ and 7.6 $`\sigma (I)`$ levels. We find a possible periodicity of 44.4 minutes (close to the 48-minute HST half-period), semi-amplitude 0.16 magnitudes, and false alarm probability of $`0.88\times 10^2`$ ($`1`$%). Three other stars within a 3$`\sigma `$ error circle (indicated by crosses in Figure 2) show no variability at the $`2\sigma `$ level. The time series for C shows significant flickering, which might combine with the periodic HST window to generate the possible 44.4 minute periodicity. This period is disturbingly close to the suggested 43.6 minute period for source B, indicating that both periods may be spurious.

### 3.4 Source D: Multiple sources?

The final source, D, lies less than 0.4$`^{\prime \prime }`$ from the cluster core (as given above). The x-ray flux shows no significant variability. A bright blue star ($`V`$=17.4, $`VI`$=0.2) is located 0.7$`^{\prime \prime }`$ away from the corrected x-ray position (see Figure 1), but shows no variability (significance$`\stackrel{<}{}2\sigma `$). Based on its nonvariability and magnitude (see Figure 2), we judge it to be a blue straggler, and unlikely to be the counterpart. Accurate photometry of source D’s error circle down to the expected magnitude of CVs or qLMXBs ($`m_V\stackrel{>}{}20`$) may be impossible due to the overlapping psfs from nearby blue stragglers and red giants.

It is quite possible that source D is really multiple sources overlapping within the central core, where the concentration of close binaries and thus x-ray sources is expected to be high. Possibilities for source D include a qLMXB, a bright millisecond pulsar, and/or one or more CVs.

## 4 Discussion

Our detection limit in this observation was $`L_X`$(0.5-2.5 keV)$`4\times 10^{32}`$ ergs s-1, for a 90% confidence detection threshold 4-count source, background being 0.04 counts arcsec-2 at the core. Most detected field CVs are at $`\stackrel{<}{}10^{32}`$ ergs s-1 in this band, and would thus be missed by this short exposure. The total detected emission from within one core radius, assuming a 1 keV thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum, was $`1.5\times 10^{33}`$ ergs s-1, and can be accounted for by the two detected sources. A deeper ACIS exposure could measure spectra, confirm the possible 43.6 minute period for source B, and identify low-luminosity sources such as CVs. Several potential CVs or hot white dwarfs on the WF2 and WF4 chips are indicated in Figure 2. Additional blue non-variable stars are noted on the PC chip; their lack of variability and blue colors resemble the non-flickerers noted in NGC 6397 and proposed to be He white dwarfs (Edmonds et al. 1999). However, these could be field stars. Using the figures from Ratnatunga and Bahcall (1985) for Galactic star counts in the direction of NGC 6652, we estimate that we should see $``$1.2 stars with $`BV<0.8`$ between $`19<m_V<23`$ in the PC field, and $``$11 stars with $`BV<0.8`$ between $`21<m_V<25`$ in the combined WF2 and WF4 fields. Thus the WF2 and WF4 blue stars could be explained by field contamination, but it is unlikely that all the blue stars in the PC are field stars.

The locations of the sources in this cluster are intriguing. Sources C and D are within one core radius of the center, but A and B (each expected to be $``$1.6-2$`M_{}`$ ) are at least 6 and 4 core radii respectively from the center of the cluster. They are not in dynamical equilibrium in the cluster, since binaries tend to sink toward the cluster core within the local relaxation time (Hut et al. 1992). The half-mass relaxation time for NGC 6652 is $`3.5\times 10^8`$ years, and both sources are well within the half-mass radius of 39$`^{\prime \prime }`$ (Harris 1996). We consider the possibility that they have been ejected from the cluster core in a separate paper which considers the radial distribution of all 12 bright LMXBs using both our new Chandra positions and updated cluster parameters (centers and core radii; Grindlay et al. 2001, in preparation).

This work was supported in part by Chandra grant GO0-1034A. The ability to make this observation is a testament to the dedication and hard work of the Chandra team.