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# Evidence for an accelerating wind as the broad-line region in NGC 3516

## 1 Introduction

While it is now known that roughly 50% of all Seyfert galaxies exhibit UV absorption lines (Crenshaw et al. 1999), the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516 is unique in that its absorption lines are the strongest and most variable of any object in this class (Koratkar et al. 1996; Goad et al. 1999). The deep, broad C IV absorption first visible in International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra (Ulrich 1988) is reminiscent of the broad absorption lines seen in $`10`$% of radio-quiet QSOs (Weymann et al. 1991). In many Seyfert 1 galaxies UV-absorbing gas appears in conjunction with X-ray absorption by highly ionized gas. These X-ray “warm absorbers” are equally common in Seyferts (Reynolds 1997; George et al. 1998). Crenshaw et al. (1999) note that all instances of X-ray absorption also exhibit UV absorption. While Mathur et al. (1994; 1995; 1997) have suggested that the same gas gives rise to both the X-ray and UV absorption, the spectral complexity of the UV and X-ray absorbers indicates that a wide range of physical conditions are present. In NGC 3516, the UV absorption in the Lyman lines, O VI, N V, Si IV, and C IV observed using the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) requires multiple zones with differing column densities and ionization parameters (Kriss et al. 1996a). Likewise, multiple components with differing physical conditions are present in the X-ray spectrum (Kriss et al. 1996b). This inferred complexity is born out by the detection of four distinct kinematic components in high-resolution spectra of the C IV region using the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (Crenshaw, Maran, & Mushotzky 1998).

With observations of only one ion in the GHRS spectrum it is impossible to determine physical conditions in the absorbing gas. However, given the low velocities and widths of two of the C IV components, Crenshaw et al. (1998) suggest that they arise in gas in the interstellar medium or galactic halo of NGC 3516. They associate the more blue-shifted components with outflowing gas from the nuclear region. Given these characteristics, we planned Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the 900–1200 Å spectrum of NGC 3516 to make high-resolution measurements of the O VI and Lyman-line absorption components. As shown by Kriss et al. (2000) for the Seyfert 1 Mrk 509, such observations can determine physical conditions in individual kinematic components of the UV-absorbing gas and detect which, if any, of them might be directly associated with the X-ray absorbing gas. Ascertaining the physical conditions of the individual components could give insight into the mechanisms giving rise to the outflow and hence to the origin of associated UV absorbers in Seyfert nuclei.

For NGC 3516, determining this structure could prove even more enlightening since it is one of the rare Seyfert 1s whose narrow-line region shows a bipolar morphology in the distribution of ionized gas around the nucleus (e.g., Pogge 1989; Aoki et al 1994; Ferruit, Wilson, & Mulchaey 1998). In addition, NGC 3516 has an opaque intrinsic Lyman limit (Kriss et al. 1996a), a feature seen only in the Seyfert 2 NGC 1068 and in only two other Seyfert 1s with a clear bipolar narrow emission line morphology: NGC 4151 and NGC 3227 (Kriss et al. 1997). In the scheme of unified models for Seyfert galaxies, this is unexpected. The standard model places the central engine and broad-line region in the interior of an opaque torus (see the review by Antonucci 1993). Light from the interior is collimated by the shadowing torus, and it illuminates the surrounding narrow-line region with a biconical pattern. Views from the pole of the torus give a full view of the interior, corresponding to an object we see as a Seyfert 1. Views in the plane of the torus show an obscured nucleus dominated by narrow-line emission exterior to the torus, corresponding to a Seyfert 2. Thus, both NGC 3516 and NGC 4151 appear spectroscopically as Seyfert 1s, but their narrow-line morphology resembles that of Seyfert 2s. This suggests that we are viewing the interior close to the edge of the collimated pattern, as noted by Hutchings et al. (1998). Thus, the outflowing gas we see may be associated with the more opaque material responsible for collimating the ionizing radiation, or with an off-axis view of the central engine.

In this paper we describe FUSE observations of NGC 3516 in the 900–1200 Å spectral range and contemporaneous HST observations at longer UV wavelengths (1150 – 3100 Å) using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) that shed new light on the outflow phenomenon in Seyfert galaxies.

## 2 Observations

FUSE was designed to obtain high-resolution (R$``$20,000) far-UV spectra covering the 905–1187 Å spectral range (Moos et al. 2000; Sahnow et al. 2000). Data are obtained in four independent optical channels, of which two use LiF coatings on the optics, and two use SiC. Two micro-channel plate detectors record individual photon events. A summary of the early FUSE observations of AGN is given by Kriss (2000). We observed NGC 3516 with FUSE on 2000 April 17, and with STIS (gratings G230L and G140L) on 2000 April 20. A full description of STIS and its performance are given by Kimble et al. (1998). As the AGN was in an unusually low state, the near-simultaneity of these observations was of importance (and by design). We thus have a good set of UV line profiles in the low state to compare with the normal high state observed earlier (Kriss et al. 1996a; Crenshaw et al. 1998; Goad et al. 1999).

The FUSE data were obtained in 11 consecutive orbits through the $`30\mathrm{}\times 30\mathrm{}`$ apertures for a total exposure time of 16,382 s. As described by Sahnow et al. (2000), the data were processed using the standard FUSE pipeline to produce calibrated, one-dimensional spectra in each of the four channels. There were two exceptions to this process: first, we restricted the pulse heights of acceptable data to channels 4–16 to reduce the background; second, we measured the background in blank regions of each detector segment and scaled the background constant to this value. These steps improved the data quality on these faint exposures where the continuum flux of NGC 3516 is only about $`1\times 10^{14}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{\AA }^1`$. Since the LiF1 optical channel is also the one used by the fine guidance system on FUSE to maintain a precise pointing, the photometric stability of the LiF1 data is assured. In the other optical channels, thermal drifts can cause mis-centering of the target, leading to loss of flux and wavelength-scale errors. We therefore cross-correlated data from the other 3 channels with the overlapping wavelength range of the LiF1 channel to adjust their wavelength scales. We also applied gray-scale corrections to their flux levels to bring them up to the same value as seen in the LiF1 spectrum. To achieve a workable signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) while maintaining enough resolution to recognize and remove H2 absorption lines, the spectra were binned to a resolution of $``$0.5 Å. As the different FUSE channels have different S/N levels and residual scattered light problems, we assembled a complete 905–1187 Å spectrum by selecting the best data for each wavelength from among the four channels.

The STIS data were obtained in slitless mode. The G140L spectrum, covering the 1150–1700 Å wavelength range with a resolution of $`1000`$, was obtained from a 600 s exposure. The G230L spectrum, covering the 1650–3100 Å range, was obtained in a 300 s exposure in the same orbit. No extended UV emission from the nuclear region of NGC 3516 was visible in our images. As the zero point of the wavelength calibration in slitless mode depends on the location of the target in the field of view, we extracted the one-dimensional STIS spectra in an iterative process. Using the STIS calibration pipeline in the Space Telescope Data Analysis System (STSDAS) stis package, we first obtained a preliminary spectrum. We measured the wavelengths of foreground Galactic absorption features, and used these to determine appropriate offsets for the centering of the target. We edited these offsets into the headers of the two-dimensional flat-fielded data frames (as is usually done by the wavelength calibration process in the pipeline) and re-ran the data through the pipeline to obtain our final calibrated spectra with corrected wavelength scales. Compared to the FUSE spectra, the STIS spectra are extracted from a much smaller angular region surrounding the nucleus. They have somewhat worse resolution but higher S/N. In the overlap region from 1150 to 1180 Å, the FUSE and STIS continuum levels match quite well, so it appears that the continuum arises almost entirely in the nuclear region with little to no contribution from starlight at larger radii in the FUSE aperture.

The diagrams illustrate the main features in the new spectra. We also compare our new spectra with data of lower resolution from HUT, which observed NGC 3516 in a high state in 1996 (Kriss et al. 1996a). For comparison of the whole FUSE wavelength range, the FUSE data were further smoothed to match the HUT data. As the overall FUSE signal level was low (due to the target faintness and observing time available), it was not possible to obtain detailed spectra of the Lyman lines and Lyman limit in NGC 3516. Therefore, the analysis and discussion below are not as detailed as would be warranted by better S/N data.

## 3 Line profile changes with nuclear flux changes

Figure 1 shows plots of lines from our data compared with earlier, high state, data. For easier comparison, the plots shown were placed on a velocity scale, centred at the galaxy redshift for each line. This is intended only to show the extent of the line asymmetries, which is not very sensitive to the range of uncertainty in the true redshift value. The 1996 data were also scaled to match the 2000 low-state continuum, for better comparison of the line profiles. This scaling is simply a factor applied to the entire flux so that the continuum levels beyond the emission lines match to within about 10%.

The O VI velocities are given with respect to redshift 0.0091. This is higher than the published value of 0.008836 and is derived from the reflection in velocity space that achieves the most symmetrical outer broad emission profile for O VI. The other lines shown used the published redshift value but were sufficently asymmetrical for various reasons that they were not useful for defining the redshift. There is uncertainty in this approach for O VI and the velocities in its plot are thus uncertain by some 50 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The ubiquity of the shortward absorption in O VI, Ly$`\alpha `$, and C IV in this current low state of the galaxy, and the strong narrow absorptions in all states, makes it hard to define the line centre precisely.

The top left FUSE O VI profile in Figure 1 is the combination of both O VI lines, after approximate removal of the H2 absorptions, which were recognised from FUSE data of different targets with high S/N spectra. The plot at lower right shows both profiles without H2 removal. The lower right plot also shows the HUT data on the same flux scale. The doublet ratio of the O VI line peaks in 2000 is nearer to unity than in the HUT 1996 data, indicating that the optical depth was greater in 2000.

The dashed lines on the left of the profiles are the reflected longward profile assuming the above velocity zero. They thus show the extent of the implied absorption in the profiles. The HUT Ly$`\alpha `$ profile is heavily contaminated by local absorption (and geocoronal emission) to its shortward side beyond -1000 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ or so.

The FUSE and STIS data are essentially simultaneous (obtained on April 17 and 20, respectively). For comparison, the dotted profiles are the HUT data from 1996, when the nucleus was in a higher state. For easier profile comparison, the HUT data have been roughly scaled to match the 2000 continuum levels. Thus, the flux scale shown applies only to the year 2000 FUSE and STIS data. The changes in the relative absorption between 1996 and 2000 are clear from these comparisons. Note that the C IV absorptions seen earlier are still present, but that there is extra absorption at shorter wavelengths in the 2000 low state.

The upper right profiles show the broader Mg II and C III\] profiles (the latter blended on its shortward side by Si III\] 1892Å). As noted by Goad et al. (1999), these lines show no changes or absorption from high to low state. The comparison between C IV and Mg II in centre right shows that the C IV broad emission profile matches the Mg II, with the absorptions lying below this broader profile.

Figures 2 and 3 show the full wavelength ranges of FUSE and the FUV channel of STIS, where other lines can be compared between the high and low states of NGC 3516. Similar changes are seen in Si IV, while the weaker line changes are more noisy. The large change in He II $`\lambda `$1640 is probably due to the larger aperture in the HUT data including hot stars as well as the active nucleus. The Lyman absorptions seen in the HUT spectrum are not seen in the low-state FUSE spectrum. However, there is severe airglow contamination in Ly$`\beta `$, and the signal is noisy and weak at the higher Lyman lines.

## 4 Low state line profiles

The broad line profiles (both emission and absorption) in the new low-state data strongly suggest that they are dominated by outflow at velocities not seen in the high state. The absorption and line width in O VI indicate outflow velocities of some 600 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ in the hottest (highest ionisation) regions, with the bulk at about 400 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. There is absorption (outflow gas) at all velocities down to zero. The C IV and L$`\alpha `$ profiles show the same velocity of maximum absorption and absorption to zero velocity, but the outflow occurs to higher velocity, with a second minimum at 1600 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ and a terminal velocity of 2000 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. Much, but not all, of the low-velocity outflow is also present in the high-state profiles, and we know that these can be resolved into several sharp components, from higher resolution data from HST.

The lower resolution of the STIS spectra means that we cannot easily see whether there are sharp components to any of the current outflows. The HUT data on O VI have very poor resolution and noise but suggest a different O VI optical depth overall. We also see that the emission from the low ionisation and low density gas (C III\] and Mg II) are the same as in the high state. Thus, we seem to be seeing a change in the state of the high-ionisation gas. As it coincides with continuum flux decrease, we speculate that there is increased absorption in the inner part of the BLR responsible for the overall phenomenon.

The scenario that we suggest for the broad emission and broad absorption features is of an accelerating wind like a stellar wind. The velocity increases and the ionisation decreases outwards. As the central source flux drops, the ionisation boundaries move inwards. Wide profiles with weak or non-detectable P-Cygni absorptions arise if lines are formed in a large radius region at terminal velocity. This is the situation in the high state (assuming the narrow low velocity absorptions arise in places that lie far outside the wind region). In the low state, the high ionisation lines are formed at much smaller radii from the nucleus, where P-Cygni absorptions are more prominent, and can be seen through the whole absorbing column to the continuum source. The highest ionisation lines are narrower and have lower velocity absorptions. We describe and quantify this scenario in a little more detail in the next section.

We note that the C IV profile also contains strong low velocity absorption, in both high and low states. This is resolved in higher resolution HST data into several narrow features that do not change, and are similar to narrow absorptions seen in other Seyferts (Crenshaw et al. 1999). These arise in the general ISM and stable outflows that lie well outside the BLR (as seen also in NGC 4151 by Kaiser et al. 2000), and thus need to be ignored or our discussion of the BLR profiles. The FUSE resolution is high enough to show that the P Cygni absorption seen in O VI is not made of narrow features, but is broad, as expected from the wind model.

We note that the two higher velocity C IV absorptions resolved in high resolution HST spectra have velocities that are close to those seen in the FUSE O VI profiles. While the O VI profiles are not resolved into the distinct components seen in C IV, it is possible that the absorbing material is the same if the O VI absorbers are much more saturated. If this is so, then we require a different explanation in terms of variable high ionisation of dense material outside the BLR. It does not explain the narrowness of the O VI emission in the FUSE data. Thus, while acknowledging the possibility that the lower velocity absorbers have a different origin, we will discuss in more detail the disk wind idea that appears to explain more of the observed behaviour.

## 5 The wind scenario for the BLR

The profiles are broadly consistent with an accelerating wind, as present in OB stars. It is worth checking this idea for consistency, since it implies a very specific model for the BLR. Figure 4 outlines the scenario in cartoon fashion. The ionised gas that constitutes the BLR is accelerated away from the central continuum source until it approaches a terminal velocity. The terminal velocity is indicated by the overall width of the emission lines, and where there are P-Cygni absorptions, by the maximum blue-shifted absorption. There is an ionisation (temperature) gradient outwards from the central source. Line profiles are formed in the range of radius (hence velocity) where its ion is found. Thus, lines are formed in shells of increasing radius (and velocity) as the ionisation state decreases.

The cartoon profiles show qualitatively how the profiles differ as the shell of formation moves outward. These hold if the shells lie within a few times the radius of the continuum source. Thus, the absorption column is a decreasing fraction of the projected emission line region, as the shell radius increases. Close to the continuum source, there is strong absorption, and all velocities are low, so that the overall profile is narrow. It is also relatively ‘peaky’. For shells of increasing radius, the overall profile width increases, and the absorption becomes weaker and occurs only at the shortward edge of the profile. Once terminal velocity is reached, the profile width remains the same, and the absorption becomes negligible at larger radii. The details of the profiles depend on the exact relationship between ionisation, radius, and velocity.

We note that this simple model is for spherically symmetric expansion, as expected for a star. If the wind is driven by a disk, the geometry becomes a further parameter, and the absorption and emission components may be separated if the rotation velocity is comparable to the outflow velocity. Knigge and Drew (1996) discuss disk winds seen in cataclysmic binary systems, that show some of these effects. Disk winds may be driven over a broad angle on each side of the disk, but not near the disk plane. Since AGN jets are also driven perpendicular to the disk, there may be a cone of wind avoidance where the jet lies, if there is one. The Seyfert 1 paradigm is that we view the central disk and BLR directly without obscuration by the opaque torus, and thus within the expected sightline of a central wind. The wind profiles for such a disk sightline are similar to those for a spherical wind, with slightly less peaky emission profiles. Thus, the simple wind cartoon is generally applicable to the expected geometry, but dependent in detail on the solid angle filled by the wind.

We note that the disk wind model of Murray et al. (1995) for BALQSOs blows close to the disk plane for objects of higher luminosity and outflow velocity (see also Elvis 2000). The hydromagnetic wind of Königl and Kartje (1994), on the other hand, is more collimated normal to the disk plane. Proga, Stone, and Kallman (2000) discuss the dynamics for disk winds from more massive central objects, and note the role of X-ray shielding and ionisation that launch and accelerate the wind in such models. The strong X-ray flux from the nuclear source is likely to highly ionize unshielded portions of the disk wind, as emphasized by Murray et al. (1995). This highly ionized portion of the wind could be associated with the X-ray warm absorber. Mathur et al. (1997) discuss X-ray warm absorbers in NGC 3516 in the context of an outflowing wind, but, unfortunately, we do not have contemporaneous X-ray spectra that would permit us to test their predictions.

We now postulate that the change between high and low states of NGC 3516 are principally expansion or shrinking of the ionisation radii within the wind, as shown in the sketch. This would arise from changes in the amount of ionising radiation that are effectively the observed high and low luminosity states of the nucleus. The changes seen in the profiles of high, intermediate, and low ionisation, as illustrated by O VI, C IV, and Mg II, are much as observed. The postulated stratification is both a function of ionisation state as well as the line formation mechanisms in the wind. Both thermal emission and scattering contribute to the formation of wind emission lines. As in OB stars, the low-ionization lines are likely dominated by thermal emission, while scattering will dominate the observed high-ionization line emission. Since scattered line profiles are sensitive to the velocity gradient, broader lines are formed are larger radii. Thus, the overall idea seems feasible, provided that the BLR lies within a few disk radii of the continuum source.

We can also imagine that the high to low state changes involve changes in the continuum source radius or the velocity profile within the BLR. The flux changes are no more than a factor of 2–3, so that we do not expect disk-size or wind-acceleration changes to be large or rapid. The change of the ionisation radii will be the immediate and dominant effect in any case.

We can make a rough estimate of the radii, based on the assumption of similarity with OB stellar winds. The stellar winds are driven by the radiation pressure in the rest-frame UV where the strong absorptions lie that drive the wind by photon scattering. The nucleus of NGC 3516 has similar colour to an OB star, so we may compare the magnitudes to estimate the radiation that drives the winds. NGC 3516 has a redshift of $``$2650 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ which gives it a distance of some 40 Mpc or distance modulus of about 33. The galaxy V magnitude is 12.4, (with the nucleus at 14 - 16) which yields an absolute magnitude of -20.6, of which the nucleus accounts for about -18. An OB star with a strong wind has absolute V magnitude of -7 (with similar colours), so that the nuclear continuum source is equivalent to some 60,000 OB stars. Assuming we require the same radiation level for the disk wind of NGC 3516, this implies a continuum source radius of 250 times that of an OB star, which is about 60 a.u. The BLR then should have a radius of several times this, which is about 2 light days in radius. Echo mapping observations indicate BLR diameters of a few light days for Seyferts. In the case of NGC 3516 it is measured at 4.5 days for the total C IV emission line flux (Koratkar et al 1996). Thus, within the uncertainties of the luminosity estimate above, the scenario seems very consistent with a radiation-driven wind for the BLR. In fact, the numbers above would require a wind to be present by the same processes that we understand for stellar winds.

It is interesting to see how the masses and mass flows scale in this rough comparison. Stellar winds have terminal velocities closely related to the surface escape velocity of the star. The terminal velocity in NGC 3516 is $``$2000 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, very typical of stellar winds, so that if the mechanisms are the same, the average effective gravity at the base of the AGN wind should be comparable with an OB star. The average particle at the surface of the AGN accretion disk (of radius 250 OB star radii) lies at distance $``$200 OB star radii from the central object. To make the gravity equal in both cases requires a central mass of about 106 M, which again is the right order of magnitude. If we scale the mass loss against typical stellar winds of about 10-6 M per year, allowing that the AGN wind may fill say 1/4 of a sphere, we find a mass-loss rate of a few M per year. This again is not unreasonable, but would be significant in the accretion budget for the AGN.

In in more comprehensive picture, we note that ionisation by high energy photons from the AGN will alter the wind as its opacity changes with height, probably giving rise to the warm absorbers seen in the X-ray spectra. The wind structure that may apply in NGC 3516 will need detailed modelling, and comparison with data from different luminosity states will help define the important ionisation structure. Such modelling—particularly the dynamics of rotation and acceleration of the wind— must await more and better contemporaneous data at FUV and X-ray wavelengths.

Our principal conclusion from the present data is that we feel there is significant evidence that the BLR in NGC 3516 is an accelerating wind driven by the nuclear continuum source, that is seen in sightlines within the cone of UV ionisation. If this applies in a more general way, we might expect to see similar profile changes in other Seyferts with very low states. In the case of NGC 4151, this does seem to be true: P Cygni profiles are seen in lines in low states - most notably in data taken in the current (year 2000) low state by STIS. We therefore suggest that careful monitoring of line profiles with nuclear flux would be a valuable way of verifying the model proposed and learning more about how it works.

Our discussion relates to the connection between broad-line profile widths and the mass of the central black hole. Clearly, any motions in the central region are dominated by the gravitational field, whether they be in Keplerian orbit, free-falling, moving with escape velocity, or driven by radiative forces. More detailed wind models may enable us to use profile widths to test them, and thereby formulate the relation between observed profiles and central mass. We note that the low state of NGC 3516 we have sampled, may reveal the inner part of the outflow not often seen in more luminous and extended BLRs, where line widths are no longer radiatively driven.

Finally, we note that the highest ionisation lines, such as the Fe K line seen at 7Kev in X-ray spectra, have profiles that show they arise in a disk of relativistic velocities, so do not arise in the BLR wind, but in the continuum source disk itself (Nandra et al. 1999).

## 6 Other spectral features

Figure 2 shows the entire FUSE range spectrum compared with the same range with HUT in 1996. For this plot, the FUSE data were selected to use only the best data for each wavelength region, and then smoothed to about 0.4 Å resolution, for easier comparison of the broad weak features. The airglow lines have been removed, but not the H2 absorptions, which must be present in both datasets. The HUT data also show zero redshift L$`\beta `$ absorption which has not been removed. At the shortest wavelengths, there are probably detector and noise effects that are not real differences.

The lines present other than O VI are N III $`\lambda `$990, He II $`\lambda `$1085, and possibly N IV $`\lambda `$948 and S IV+Si IV $`\lambda `$1063-66. The C III $`\lambda `$977 line is not detectable, while the other lines are all narrower as well as weaker than in the 1996 spectrum. There are very broad features that appear to be associated with the lines of C III, N III, O VI, and He II that are seen at both epochs, for which we offer no detailed explanation. The overall continuum level in 2000 is about 1/3 that of 1996, and the broad features all scale with this same factor. There are differences at the positions of N III and the S IV/Si IV blend. Sharper emissions are seen on top of the broad wings at He II (only in 2000) and N III and O VI.

Moving to longer wavelengths (1200 to 1800 Å), Figure 3 shows the comparison between the 1996 HUT data and the 2000 STIS data. The flux level difference becomes smaller with increasing wavelength and is close to 2 at 1800 Å. Aside from emission line profile changes, the relative strength of He II and N III\] are lower in the 2000 low state. Since it is unlikely that the forbidden line flux changes significantly, the difference is probably due to the line emission arising over an extended region that is differently sampled by the STIS and HUT slits. The FUSE and STIS continuum levels match quite well where they join, so that it appears that the continuum arises almost entirely in the nuclear region. The drop in He II $`\lambda `$1640 flux between HUT and STIS may also indicate an extended origin of this emission, since the He II $`\lambda `$1085 line does not show the same drop in flux. He II $`\lambda `$1640, along with He II $`\lambda `$4686, arises in hot stars and thus may well be extended in this galaxy. Thus, among the weaker emission lines from the nuclear region, both N III and He II have developed sharp components in the 2000 low state.

## 7 Discussion

The paradigm of the unified model for AGN is that in Seyfert 1 galaxies, we view the broad line region from within the cone of light illuminated by the nucleus. The cone is caused by shadowing of an equatorial region by an opaque torus around the nucleus: Seyfert 2s are those nuclei hidden by the torus. Inside the cone there is ionising radiation, radio jet material, and clouds of narrow emission line material. Recent data from STIS (e.g. Hutchings et al. 1998, Kaiser et al. 2000, Crenshaw et al. 2000) suggest that the narrow-line material is moving outwards at a few hundred $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ along the inside surfaces of the cones, and not filling them. The STIS data indicate there are also faster moving clouds that fill a wider angle and arise close to the nucleus (Hutchings et al. 1999). These are seen both in absorption and emission, and the former are usually stable over years. Occasionally some narrow absorptions change or new ones appear.

In addition to these narrow and relatively stable absorbers, the change of broad line profiles from 1996 to 2000 suggest that they may be explained by an outflowing BLR. This paper has explored the way in which the change of state allows us to probe the velocity structure of a broad-line wind, by varying the radii of the shells in which different lines are formed. We think that the density structure may not change significantly. The geometry of the wind, what happens to its material as it moves outward and cools, and its relationship with the other mass flows, need to be considered and tested with observations in other objects as well as NGC 3516 itself as it continues to vary. Our scenario predicts a close link between the BLR profiles and the continuum flux, which can be done with continued monitoring, particularly in the O VI lines.

Kriss et al. (1996a) note that the presence of Lyman limit absorption and the S-shaped NLR in NGC 3516 may imply a line of sight near to the edge of the cone, as in NGC 4151. This does not preclude the disk wind scenario, but it would be useful to study the NLR dynamics in detail for more geometrical clues, and obtain better FUSE data to look for the Lyman absorption lines and limit.

There have been other discussions of the BLR of NGC 3516, based on monitoring campaigns for echo-mapping, as well as more sporadic observations of high and low states and the occasional presence of BAL-type absorption (e.g. Wanders et al 1993, Koratkar et al 1996, Goad et al 1999). The suggested model in this paper is consistent with these other discussions, none of which have proposed a detailed model.

NGC 3516 has a NLR component, which we assume does not change with the nuclear and BLR changes, since it is formed in the much more extended S-shaped region noted above. This component is not seen in the UV lines in Figure 1, although Goad et al (1999) model profiles with a narrow component of FWHM some 1200 km s-1. The narrow emission peak seen in O VI is much narrower than this, and is unlikely to represent the NLR emission for this reason as well as for its high ionisation. Aoki et al (1994) also discuss the ionisation of the NLR and its relationship to the nuclear source.

Our FUSE profiles of O VI are key to our suggested model, and we have noted that a higher S/N would be very useful in checking whether these lines do contain NLR components such as the narrow absorbsions and emission peak. With the data in hand we favour the explanation that they arise in the inner accelerating part of a central mass flow.

There are some clues in other objects. VLBI radio maps of NGC 4151 shows a bend close to the nucleus (Roy et al. 1999), where the radio structure becomes aligned with the outer ionisation cones and radio structure. The same galaxy also shows P Cygni profiles occasionally, and notably in its current low state. In NGC 4151, our line of sight is deduced to be close to the edge of the cone.

The relation between line FWHM and reverberation time lag (Peterson and Wandel 2000) for other AGN, indicates that in those cases the line profiles become narrower with distances from the nucleus that are larger than those we consider here. This would indicate that the wind velocity falls again at radii where the radiation pressure has dropped and the wind material is slowed by interactions with the ambient medium. It is only in cases such as the low state of NGC 3516, that broad line formation is dominantly in the inner accelerating region.

We may further speculate whether a wind model for BLR applies to more energetic QSOs. These have lines (and BAL velocities) that are higher by a factor of several, luminosities higher by up to 100 or more, BLR sizes (from variability timescales) larger by about 100, and central masses probably 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher. These numbers all scale quite reasonably to winds, although the above parameters are not tightly linked to each other. Good resolution and S/N studies of variations in highly ionised emission lines in a range of AGN will be necessary to pursue these questions.

This work is based on data obtained for the Guaranteed Time Team by the NASA-CNES-CSA FUSE mission operated by the Johns Hopkins University. Financial support to U. S. participants has been provided by NASA contract NAS5-32985.

Figure captions

1. Comparison in velocity space with respect to the galaxy velocity, of profiles from 2000 low state with 1996 high state. In the left panels, the dashed lines show the reflected longward profile to highlight the shortward absorption. The top left O VI profile combines both lines of the doublet, with the H2 absorptions removed. The full O VI data are shown in lower right panel, with H2 lines marked with vertical dashes. The 1996 fluxes have been scaled to match the continuum levels from the low state, to show the profile differences. FUSE data are smoothed to 0.5 Å resolution and the HUT data have 2 Å resolution. Note the increased broad absorption in the low state data.

2. Comparison of the low and high state spectra over the entire FUSE range. The FUSE data are smoothed to match the HUT data, and the HUT data are displaced in Y by 2x10-14 (dashed line) for clarity. The principal broad emission lines are identified above the HUT spectrum. Other broad features with possible identifications are marked where they are seen in the FUSE data. In addition to the strong O VI, N III and He II emission peaks, there appear to be broad components that scale with the continuum. Overlapping STIS coverage is shown as dotted line.

3. Comparison of the STIS FUV spectral range with the HUT high state spectra. Note the profile changes in Si IV, and He II as well as those shown in Figure 1.

4. Sketch showing the way that a contraction of the ionisation structure in the low state can explain the profile changes seen. While no units are given, radii range from the surface of the continuum source to several times its radius. The text discusses this diagram in detail.


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# Casimir Effect in 2D Stringy Black Hole Backgrounds

## I Introduction

A significant tool for investigating the thermodymamical properties of black holes is the Casimir effect. As it is well known in 1948 H.B.G. Casimir  evaluated the electromagnetic energy localized between two conducting plates. The disturbance to the electromagnetic vacuum induced by the two parallel plates is actually observable. The so called Casimir effect  is viewed as a tractable model of field theoretical effects associated with the geometry of space .

In order to examine the analogous effects for non-trivial gravitational backgrounds we need the vacuum expectation values of the energy-momentum tensor. There are many procedures  for calculating the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor such as the dimensional regularization , Green’s function method , heat kernel method , zeta function regularization , point-splitting method , Pauli-Vilars regularization .

We restrict the form of the renormalized energy-momentum tensor of a massless scalar field  (without employing the full theory of regularization) by using the trace of $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ and enforcing Wald’s axioms  which are :

1. The expectation values of the energy-momentum tensor are covariantly conserved.
2. Causality holds.
3. In Minkowski spacetime, standard results should be obtained.
4. Standard results for the off-diagonal elements should also be obtained.
5. The energy-momentum tensor is a local functional of the metric, i.e. it depends only on the metric and its derivatives which appear through the Riemann curvature tensor and the metric’s covariant derivatives up to second order.

In working this procedure a detailed expression for the renormalized energy-momentum tensor is obtained once the stringy two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” (massive)  and “Reissner-Nordström” (charged)  black hole backgrounds are treated as systems of Casimir type .

The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section II and III the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor is explicitly evaluated for the above mentioned stringy black hole backgrounds, respectively, in the Boulware vacuum (labeled by $`\eta `$) , the Hartle-Hawking vacuum (labeled by $`\upsilon `$)  and the Unruh vacuum (labeled by $`\xi `$) . The energy density, pressure, energy and the corresponding force between the two “Dirichlet walls” are calculated asymptotically. The thermodynamical quantities specific heat, thermal compressibility and entropy exhibit a fictitious violation of the second thermodynamical law. In Section IV the results are discussed and conclusions are given.

## II “Schwarzschild” Black Hole

The line element of the stringy two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole  which is a low-energy solution of an effective string action  is given as :

$$ds^2=g(r)dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{g(r)}$$
(1)
where the metric function is :

$$g(r)=1\frac{M}{\lambda }e^{2\lambda r}$$
(2)
the radial coordinate take values $`r_H<r<+\mathrm{}`$ and the event horizon $``$ is placed at the point :

$$r_H=\frac{1}{2\lambda }ln\left(\frac{M}{\lambda }\right).$$
(3)
The line element (1) is written in “Schwarzschild” gauge.
In the conformal gauge which we are going to use in our calculations the line element is given by :

$$ds^2=\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\left(dt^2+dx^2\right)$$
(4)
the conformal factor is :

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=\frac{1}{1+e^{2\lambda x}}$$
(5)
where the conformal variable :

$$x=\frac{1}{2\lambda }ln\left[e^{2\lambda (rr_H)}1\right]$$
(6)
takes values $`\mathrm{}<x<+\mathrm{}`$ and the corresponding conformal factor takes values :

$$0<\mathrm{\Omega }(x)<1.$$
(7)
The non-zero Christoffel symbols are :

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{xt}^t=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{xx}^x=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tt}^x=\frac{1}{2\mathrm{\Omega }(x)}\frac{d\mathrm{\Omega }(x)}{dx}=\lambda \left[\frac{e^{2\lambda x}}{1+e^{2\lambda x}}\right].$$
(8)
The Ricci scalar is given as :

$$R(x)=4\lambda ^2\left[\frac{e^{2\lambda x}}{1+e^{2\lambda x}}\right].$$
(9)
It is well known that the trace $`T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)`$ of the energy-momentum tensor vanishes classically for a conformally invariant theory. However in the semiclassical approximation which is the case to be discussed here the trace is nonzero in the regularization process and specifically in two dimensions is give by  :

$$T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)=\frac{R(x)}{24\pi }.$$
(10)
Thus for the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole background (1)-(3) the trace of the energy-momentum tensor is :

$$T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{e^{2\lambda x}}{1+e^{2\lambda x}}\right].$$
(11)
Applying Wald’s first axiom, the conservation equation must be fulfilled by the regularized expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor $`<T_\nu ^\mu >_{reg}T_\nu ^\mu `$ :

$$T_{\nu ;\mu }^\mu =0$$
(12)
which “splits” in two equations :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dT_t^x}{dx}}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_t^x\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tt}^xT_x^t=0`$ (13)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dT_x^x}{dx}}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_x^x\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_t^t=0`$ (14)
and since $`T_x^t=T_t^x`$ and $`T_t^t=T_\alpha ^\alpha T_x^x`$, we get :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dT_t^x}{dx}}+2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_t^x=0`$ (15)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dT_x^x}{dx}}+2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_x^x=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tx}^tT_\alpha ^\alpha .`$ (16)
Substituting the Christoffel symbols (8) into (15), (16) and solving them, we get respectively :

$$T_t^x(x)=\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)=\alpha \left(1+e^{2\lambda x}\right)$$
(17)
$$T_x^x(x)=\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[H_2(x)+\beta \right]$$
(18)
where

$$H_2(x)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{x_H}{\overset{x}{}}\frac{d\mathrm{\Omega }(x^{})}{dx^{}}T_\alpha ^\alpha (x^{})𝑑x^{}$$
(19)
and the parameters $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ are constants of integration while the point $`x_H`$ is where the event horizon $``$ is placed. It can be shown that $`H_2(x)`$ for the stringy two-dimensional black hole background (1-5) becomes :

$$H_2(x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left(1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right)^2.$$
(20)
Now the following limiting values of $`H_2(x)`$ from (20) are obtained :

$`\begin{array}{cc}ifx\mathrm{}(r=r_H)\hfill & thenH_2(x)=0\left(\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=0\right)\hfill \\ ifx+\mathrm{}(r+\mathrm{})\hfill & thenH_2(x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left(\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1\right).\hfill \end{array}`$
Keeping in mind that for any two-dimensional background the most general expression of the regularized energy-momentum tensor is :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\left[\begin{array}{cc}T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)H_2(x)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)H_2(x)\end{array}\right]+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}\beta & \alpha \\ \alpha & \beta \end{array}\right]$$
(22)
we obtain :

$`T_\nu ^\mu =`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)\end{array}\right]`$ (25)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}\beta & \alpha \\ \alpha & \beta \end{array}\right]`$ (28)
where the stringy background (1)-(3) and relations (11), (20) have been used. In this expression the only unknowns are the parameters $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$; we hope to determine them imposing the third Wald’s axiom treating the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole as a Casimir system . Two one-dimensional “walls” at a proper distance $`L`$ (between them) are placed at arbitrary points $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$. The massless scalar field whose energy-momentum tensor we try to evaluate satisfies the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the “walls”, i.e. $`\varphi (x_1)=\varphi (x_2)=0`$.

The standard Casimir energy-momentum tensor in the Minkowski spacetime is already known  :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$$
(29)
The two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole is asymptotically flat, i.e. at infinity (towards $`𝒥^+`$) is Minkowski spacetime, so the constants of integration $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are evaluated demanding the regularized energy-momentum tensor given in (28) to coincide with the standard Casimir energy-momentum tensor (29) at infinity, i.e. $`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$.

Therefore we get :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\alpha =0$$
(30)
and the regularized energy-momentum tensor has been explicitly calculated :

$`T_\nu ^{(\eta )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)\end{array}\right]`$ (33)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\right)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]`$ (36)
where $`\eta `$ denotes that the regularized energy-momentum tensor has been calculated under the assumption that there are no particles (vacuum state) at infinity (Boulware vacuum). Thus we have obtained the regularized energy-momentum tensor $`T_\nu ^{(\eta )\mu }`$ as a direct sum :

$$T_\nu ^{(\eta )\mu }=T_{\nu (gravitational)}^\mu +T_{\nu (boundary)}^\mu $$
(37)
where the first term denotes the contribution to the vacuum polarization due to the non-trivial topology in which the contribution of the trace anomaly is included and the second term denotes the contribution due to the presence of the two “Dirichlet walls”.

In the Boulware vacuum the detected negative energy density $`\rho `$ will asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) be :

$$\rho =T_t^{(\eta )t}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}$$
(38)
the detected pressure $`p`$ is asymptotically :

$$p=T_x^{(\eta )x}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}$$
(39)
the detected negative energy $`E`$ will asymptotically be :

$$E(L)=_0^L\rho 𝑑x=\frac{\pi }{24L}.$$
(40)
The corresponding force $`F`$ (i.e. the force due to the localized energy between the“walls”) will be attractive as expected:

$$F(L)=\frac{E(L)}{L}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}<0.$$
(41)
Let us stress that the above formula (40), and the ones that follow regarding the different vacua, consider both the “walls” at the asymptotic region. If one wishes to include more specific effects of the background one has to place them at arbitrary points $`x_1`$ and $`x_1+L`$. Then the corresponding energy will be :

$`E(x_1,L)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{x_1}^{x_1+L}}T_t^t(x)𝑑x`$ (42)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\lambda }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{6L^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }}\right)e^{2\lambda x_1}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\lambda }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{6L^2}}\right)e^{2\lambda L}e^{2\lambda x_1}`$ (44)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{16\pi }}\mathrm{log}[1+e^{2\lambda x_1}]{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{16\pi }}\mathrm{log}[1+e^{2\lambda L}e^{2\lambda x_1}]`$
yielding (40) as $`x_1+\mathrm{}`$.

In the Hartle-Hawking vacuum the black hole is in thermal equilibrium with an infinite reservoir of black body radiation at temperature $`T`$ and the standard Casimir energy-momentum tensor (29) is modified by an additional term  :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\pi T^2}{12}\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 0\\ 0& 2\end{array}\right]=\frac{\pi T^2}{6}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$$
(45)
Setting $`T`$ equal to the Hawking temperature of the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole, i.e. $`T_H=\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }`$, the Casimir energy-momentum tensor becomes :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]+\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$$
(46)
Therefore we now obtain :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\alpha =0$$
(47)
and the regularized energy-momentum tensor becomes :

$`T_\nu ^{(\upsilon )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)\end{array}\right]`$ (50)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}\right)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]`$ (53)
where $`\upsilon `$ denotes that the regularized energy-momentum tensor has been been calculated under the assumption that massless particles (black body radiation) are detected at infinity (towards $`𝒥^+`$) (Hartle-Hawking vacuum). Thus the regularized energy-momentum tensor $`T_\nu ^{(\upsilon )\mu }`$ is :

$$T_\nu ^{(\upsilon )\mu }=T_{\nu (gravitational)}^\mu +T_{\nu (boundary)}^\mu +T_{\nu (bath)}^\mu $$
(54)
where the last term denotes the contribution to the vacuum polarization due to thermal bath at temperature $`T_H`$.

In this vacuum the asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) detected energy density and pressure are :

$`\rho =T_t^{(\upsilon )t}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\right)`$ (55)
$`p=T_x^{(\upsilon )x}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\right)`$ (56)
likewise the detected negative energy is:

$$E(L,T_H)=_0^L\rho 𝑑x=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }L\right)=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\pi L}{6}T_H^2\right)$$
(57)
and the corresponding force $`F`$ between the “walls” is not always attractive :

$$F(L,T_H)=\left(\frac{E(L,T_H)}{L}\right)_{T_H}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\pi }{6}T_H^2.$$
(58)
It is clear that the corresponding force is :

(a) attractive

$$L<\frac{1}{2T_H}=\frac{\pi }{\lambda }$$
(59)
(b) zero

$$L=\frac{1}{2T_H}$$
(60)
(c) repulsive

$$L>\frac{1}{2T_H}$$
(61)
Thus if the last condition is satisfied the outer “wall” moves towards infinity. It can be studied as a “moving mirror” creating particles. The energy rate detected at infinity can be given by the second term in equation (57) :

$$\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }L=\frac{\pi L}{6}T_H^2$$
(62)
and this is (for the massless two-dimensional field) the rate at which the energy is radiated .

The appearance of the repulsive nature of the corresponding force will be discussed in Section IV.

In the Unruh vacuum an outward flux of radiation is detected at infinity (towards $`𝒥^+`$). Since the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole has been proven to radiate and its spectrum distribution is purely thermal at the Hawking temperature $`T_H`$ , the Unruh vacuum state can be identified with the vacuum obtained after the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole has settled down to an “equilibrium” of temperature $`T_H`$. The standard Casimir energy-momentum tensor (29) will be modified by an additional term  :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\pi T_H^2}{12}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right]=\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right].$$
(63)
The Casimir energy-momentum tensor is now given by :

$$T_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right].$$
(64)
Therefore we get :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\alpha =\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }$$
(65)
and the regularized energy-momentum tensor becomes :

$`T_\nu ^{(\xi )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[1\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\right]^2\right)\end{array}\right]`$ (68)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }& \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\\ \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }& \frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\end{array}\right]`$ (71)
where $`\xi `$ denotes that the regularized energy-momentum tensor has been been calculated under the assumption that massless particles are detected at infinity due to the Hawking radiation of the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole. Thus the regularized energy-momentum tensor $`T_\nu ^{(\xi )\mu }`$ becomes :

$$T_\nu ^{(\xi )\mu }=T_{\nu (gravitational)}^\mu +T_{\nu (boundary)}^\mu +T_{\nu (radiation)}^\mu $$
(72)
where the last term denotes the contribution to the vacuum polarization due to Hawking radiation at temperature $`T_H`$.

In this vacuum the detected energy density and pressure are asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) :

$`\rho =T_t^{(\xi )t}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }}\right)`$ (73)
$`p=T_x^{(\xi )x}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }}\right)`$ (74)
likewise for the detected negative energy :

$$E(L,T_H)=_0^L\rho 𝑑x=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }L\right)=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\pi L}{12}T_H^2\right)$$
(75)
and the corresponding force $`F`$ between the “walls” is not always attractive :

$$F(L,T_H)=\left(\frac{E(L,TH)}{L}\right)_{T_H}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\pi }{12}T_H^2.$$
(76)
The corresponding force will now be :

(a) attractive

$$L<\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}=\sqrt{2}\frac{\pi }{\lambda }$$
(77)
(b) zero

$$L=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}$$
(78)
(c) repulsive

$$L>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}.$$
(79)
Thus if the outer “wall” is placed at a distance $`L`$ such that the last condition is satisfied then it will move towards infinity. It can be studied as a “moving mirror” creating particles whose energy rate detected at infinity is given by the second term in equation (75):

$$\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }L=\frac{\pi L}{12}T_H^2.$$
(80)
Thus as before this is for the massless two-dimensional field the rate at which the energy is radiated .

In this vacuum it will be interesting to calculate some thermodynamical quantities and to consider these results with respect to the laws of thermodynamics.

The specific heat is given as :

$$C_V=\frac{E}{T}=\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda $$
(81)
with $`V`$ the “volume” between the two “walls”, i.e. the distance $`L`$ in this case, and the isothermal compressibility is :

$$\kappa _T=\frac{1}{L}\left(\frac{L}{p}\right)_{T_H}=\left(\frac{12}{\pi }\right)L^2.$$
(82)
The negative values of the specific heat and the isothermal compressibility are a violation of the second law of thermodynamics which requires $`C_V0`$ and $`\kappa _T0`$ . This thermodynamical instability at least for $`C_V`$ is a common feature in black hole physics, using the semiclassical approximation. This may be resolved by a more complete quantum treatment and the inclusion of back reaction effects .

The entropy of the stringy two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole seen as a Casimir system is given (applying the first thermodynamical law) by :

$$S_{Casimir}=S_{\left(T=0\right)}\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=S_{\left(T=0\right)}\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda $$
(83)
and according to the third law of thermodynamics :

$$S0asT0$$
(84)
the entropy is :

$$S_{Casimir}=\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda .$$
(85)
The entropy calculated here seems to violate of the second thermodynamical law. This is not true since the entropy calculated here has not been obtained through a statistical counting of microstates. The expression (85) is the part of the thermodynamical entropy $`S^{TM}`$ due to the vacuum polarization (virtual particles)-it doesn’t need to have a statistical interpretation- and so it is not forbidden to be negative .

Being more precise the thermodynamical entropy which gives the contribution of quantum fields (radiation and massive fields) is given as :

$$S^{TM}=S^{SM}+S_0$$
(86)
where $`S^{SM}`$ is the statistical-mechanical part of the entropy (statistical counting of microstates) which is absent here and in our case $`S_0=S_{Casimir}`$ is a quantity which gives the contribution of the vacuum polarization.

Finally the entropy of the two-dimensional “Schwarzschild black hole is :

$$S_{bh}=S_{classical}+S^{TM}$$
(87)
where $`S_{classical}`$ is the entropy from the classical gravitational action and the thermodynamical entropy $`S^{TM}`$ is the one-loop quantum correction .

## III “Reissner-Nordström” Black Hole

The line element of the stringy two-dimensional “Reissner-Nordström” (charged) black hole  in the Schwarzschild gauge is given by :

$$ds^2=g(r)dt^2+g^1(r)dr^2$$
(88)
where

$$g(r)=1\frac{M}{\lambda }e^{2\lambda r}+\frac{Q^2}{4\lambda ^2}e^{4\lambda r}$$
(89)
with $`0<t<+\mathrm{}`$, $`r_+<r<+\mathrm{}`$, $`r_+`$ being the future event horizon of the black hole.
Following a parametrization analogous to the four-dimensional case the metric function factorizes as :

$$g(r)=(1\rho _{}e^{2\lambda r})(1\rho _+e^{2\lambda r})$$
(90)
where

$$\rho _\pm =\frac{M}{2\lambda }\pm \frac{1}{2\lambda }\sqrt{M^2Q^2}$$
(91)
we can recognize immediately the “outer” event horizon $`^+`$ placed at the point $`r_+=\frac{1}{2\lambda }ln\rho _+`$, while the “inner” horizon $`^{}`$ is at the point $`r_{}=\frac{1}{2\lambda }ln\rho _{}`$.
In the extremal case ($`Q=M`$) the two surfaces coincide in a single event horizon at the point :

$$r_H=\frac{1}{2\lambda }ln\left(\frac{M}{2\lambda }\right).$$
(92)
The line element (88)-(89) in conformal gauge is written :

$$ds^2=\mathrm{\Omega }(x)\left(dt^2+dx^2\right)$$
(93)
with the conformal factor :

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=\frac{X(x)\left(X(x)+\mu \right)}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}$$
(94)
$$0<\mathrm{\Omega }(x)<1$$
(95)
where the conformal variable :

$$x=\frac{1}{2\lambda \mu }ln\left[X\left(X+\mu \right)^{\mu 1}\right]$$
(96)
with $`\mathrm{}<x<+\mathrm{}`$ and the asymmetric variable $`X`$ is :

$$X=e^{2\lambda (rr_+)}1=\frac{e^{2\lambda r}}{\rho _+}1$$
(97)
$$0<X<+\mathrm{}.$$
(98)
The new parameter $`\mu `$ is given by :

$$\mu =1\frac{\rho _{}}{\rho _+}.$$
(99)
The non-zero Christoffel symbols are :

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{xt}^t=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{xx}^x=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tt}^x=\frac{1}{2\mathrm{\Omega }(x)}\frac{d\mathrm{\Omega }(x)}{dx}=\lambda \frac{\left[\left(X+\mu \right)+X\left(1\mu \right)\right]}{\left(1+X\right)^2}.$$
(100)
The Ricci scalar is given as :

$$R(x)=4\lambda ^2\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right]$$
(101)
and in the semiclassical approximation the trace (or conformal) anomaly for the stringy two-dimensional background (88)-(91) is :

$$T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right].$$
(102)
The conservation equation (12) again “splits” in two equations :

$$\frac{d}{dx}\left[\mathrm{\Omega }(x)T_t^x\right]=0$$
(103)
$$\frac{d}{dx}\left[\mathrm{\Omega }(x)T_x^x\right]=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{d\mathrm{\Omega }(x)}{dx}\right)T_\alpha ^\alpha (x)$$
(104)
and by integration we obtain :

$$T_t^x(x)=\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)=\alpha \frac{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}{X(x)\left(X(x)+\mu \right)}$$
(105)
$$T_x^x(x)=\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[H_2(x)+\beta \right]=\frac{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}{X(x)\left(X(x)+\mu \right)}\left[H_2(x)+\beta \right]$$
(106)
using (19) $`H_2(x)`$ is now :

$$H_2(x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{12\pi }_{X(x_+)}^{X(x)}\frac{\left[\left(X+\mu \right)+X(1\mu )\right]\left[2\left(X+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X)\right]}{\left(1+X\right)^5}𝑑X$$
(107)
and the parameters $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ are constants of integration while the point $`x_+`$ is where the “outer” event horizon $`^+`$ is placed.
Thus the quantity $`H_2(x)`$ becomes :

$$H_2(x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]$$
(108)
with

$$H_1(x)=\frac{4(12\mu +\mu ^2)}{\left(1+X\right)^4}+\frac{4(23\mu +\mu ^2)}{\left(1+X\right)^3}\frac{(\mu ^24\mu +4)}{\left(1+X\right)^2}$$
(109)
with the following limiting values :

$`\begin{array}{cc}ifx\mathrm{}\left(X0\right)\hfill & thenH_2(x)=0\left(H_1(x)=\mu ^2\right)\hfill \\ ifx+\mathrm{}\left(X+\mathrm{}\right)\hfill & thenH_2(x)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\mu ^2\left(H_1(x)=0\right).\hfill \end{array}`$
Through the use of relations (102), (108), (109) for the stringy black hole background (88)-(91) equation (22) becomes :

$`T_\nu ^\mu =`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]\end{array}\right]`$ (113)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}\beta & \alpha \\ \alpha & \beta \end{array}\right].`$ (116)
In order to find the explicit form of the regularized energy-momentum tensor in the different vacua considered before we follow the analysis of the previous section.
(i) Boulware Vacuum
In this vacuum there are no particles detected at infinity ($`𝒥^+`$) and the regularized energy momentum tensor (116) should coincide at infinity with the standard Casimir energy-momentum tensor (29).
The constants of integration are :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\mu ^2\alpha =0$$
(117)
and thus the regularized energy-momentum tensor is :

$`T_\nu ^{(\eta )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]\end{array}\right]`$ (120)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\mu ^2\right)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].`$ (123)
The detected energy density, pressure and energy are asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) given by :

$`\rho =T_t^{(\eta )t}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}`$ (124)
$`p=T_x^{(\eta )x}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}`$ (125)
$`E(L)={\displaystyle _0^L}\rho 𝑑x={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L}}.`$ (126)
The corresponding force between the “walls” is attractive as expected :

$$F(L)=\frac{E(L)}{L}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}<0.$$
(127)
In analogy with (44) the energy for arbitrary position of the “walls” ($`x_1`$, $`x_1+L`$) can be evaluated. The corresponding expression is quite complicated and is not presented here but gives (126) as $`x_1+\mathrm{}`$.
(ii) Hartle-Hawking Vacuum
In this vacuum the stringy black hole (89)-(91) is in thermal equilibrium with an infinite reservoir of black body radiation at temperature $`T`$ which is equal to the Hawking temperature of the stringy two-dimensional charged black hole  :

$$T=T_H=\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }\mu .$$
(128)
The regularized energy-momentum tensor (116) should coincide with the modified Casimir energy-momentum tensor (46).
The constants of integration are :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\alpha =0$$
(129)
and thus the regularized energy-momentum tensor is :

$`T_\nu ^{(\upsilon )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]\end{array}\right]`$ (132)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}\right)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].`$ (135)
The detected energy density, pressure and energy are asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) given by :

$`\rho =T_t^{(\upsilon )t}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\mu ^2\right)`$ (136)
$`p=T_x^{(\upsilon )x}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }}\mu ^2\right)`$ (137)
$$E(L,T_H)=_0^L\rho 𝑑x=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\mu ^2L\right)=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\pi L}{6}T_H^2\right).$$
(138)
The corresponding force between the “walls” is not always attractive :

$$F(L,T_H)=\left(\frac{E(L)}{L}\right)_{T_H}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\mu ^2=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\pi }{6}T_H^2.$$
(139)
It is obvious again that the corresponding force is :

(a) attractive

$$L<\frac{1}{2T_H}=\frac{\pi }{\lambda \mu }$$
(140)
(b) zero

$$L=\frac{1}{2T_H}$$
(141)
(c) repulsive

$$L>\frac{1}{2T_H}.$$
(142)
Thus as in the case of two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole if the last condition is satisfied the outer “wall” moves towards infinity. It can be studied as a “moving mirror” creating particles whose energy rate detected at infinity is given by the second term in equation (138):

$$\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\mu ^2L=\frac{\pi L}{6}T_H^2.$$
(143)
This is the rate at which energy is radiated for the case of the massless two-dimensional field.

(iii) Unruh Vacuum
In this vacuum an outward flux of radiation is detected at infinity. Thus the stringy two-dimensional charged black hole (89)-(91) radiates and its temperature when the system has settled down to an “equilibrium” state is given as in (128) . The regularized energy-momentum tensor (116) should now coincide at infinity with the modified Casimir energy-momenum tensor (64).
The constants of integration are :

$$\beta =\frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2\alpha =\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2$$
(144)
thus the regularized energy-momentum tensor is now given by :

$`T_\nu ^{(\xi )\mu }=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda ^2}{6\pi }\left[\frac{2\left(X(x)+\mu 1\right)+\mu (1X(x))}{\left(X(x)+1\right)^2}\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left(\frac{\lambda ^2}{24\pi }\right)\left[\mu ^2+H_1(x)\right]\end{array}\right]`$ (147)
$`+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2& \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2\\ \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2& \frac{\pi }{24L^2}\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2\end{array}\right].`$ (150)
The detected energy density, pressure and energy are asymptotically ($`x+\mathrm{}`$, or equivalently setting $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=1`$) given by :

$`\rho =T_t^{(\xi )t}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }}\mu ^2\right)`$ (151)
$`p=T_x^{(\xi )x}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{24L^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }}\mu ^2\right)`$ (152)
$$E(L,T_H)=_0^L\rho 𝑑x=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2L\right)=\left(\frac{\pi }{24L}+\frac{\pi L}{12}T_H^2\right).$$
(153)
The corresponding force between the “walls” is not always attractive :

$$F(L,T_H)=\left(\frac{E(L,T_H)}{L}\right)_{T_H}=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2=\frac{\pi }{24L^2}+\frac{\pi }{12}T_H^2$$
(154)
and is thus :

(a) attractive

$$L<\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}=\sqrt{2}\frac{\pi }{\lambda \mu }$$
(155)
(b) zero

$$L=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}$$
(156)
(c) repulsive

$$L>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}T_H}.$$
(157)
Thus if the outer “wall” is placed at a distance $`L`$ such that the last condition is satisfied then it will move towards infinity. It can be studied as a “moving mirror” creating particles whose energy rate detected at infinity is given by the second term in equation (153) :

$$\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{48\pi }\mu ^2L=\frac{\pi L}{12}T_H^2$$
(158)
which is for the two-dimensional massless field the rate which the energy is radiated.

It is interesting to evaluate in this vacuum some thermodynamical quantities and to examine these results with respect to the laws of thermodynamics.

The specific heat is given as :

$$C_V=\frac{E}{T}=\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda \mu $$
(159)
and the isothermal compressibility is :

$$\kappa _T=\frac{1}{L}\left(\frac{L}{p}\right)_T=\left(\frac{12}{\pi }\right)L^2.$$
(160)
The comments made in the corresponding “Schwarzschild” case also hold here.

The entropy of the stringy two-dimensional charged black hole seen as a Casimir system using the first thermodynamical law is given by :

$$S_{Casimir}=S_{\left(extremal\right)}\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=S_{\left(extremal\right)}\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda \mu $$
(161)
where $`S_{\left(extremal\right)}`$ is the entropy of the two-dimensional extremal ($`Q=M`$ or equivalently $`\mu =0`$) black hole due to vacuum polarization.
The two-dimensional extremal black hole is shown  to be obtained as a regular limit of the stringy two-dimensional charged (nonextremal) black hole. The results obtained in the case of the stringy two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” black hole are those of the stringy two-dimensional charged black hole when the parameter $`\mu `$ approaches $`1`$, i.e. the electric charge is zero ($`Q=0`$) . Therefore we expect to get equation (85) by setting $`\mu =1`$ to equation (161). In order to achieve this we must set the entropy of the extremal black hole $`S_{\left(extremal\right)}`$ due to vacuum polarization equal to zero . The thermodynamical entropy of the two-dimensional charged black hole is given now by :

$$S_{Casimir}=\left(\frac{\pi L}{6}\right)T_H=\left(\frac{L}{12}\right)\lambda \mu .$$
(162)
This is the part of the thermodynamical entropy due to the vacuum polarization as mentioned before. The statistical-mechanical part $`S^{SM}`$ of the thermodynamical entropy is absent and since the entropy calculated here does not have a statistical interpretation is not prohibited to be negative.

## IV Discussion

In this paper we have explicitly calculated in the stringy two-dimensional “Schwarzschild” and “Reissner-Nordström” black hole backgrounds the regularized energy-momentum tensor of a massless scalar field satisfying the Dirichlet boundary conditions. The regularized energy-momentum tensor is separately treated in the Boulware, Hartle-Hawking and Unruh vacua. In the Boulware vacuum the asymptotically detected energy, energy density, pressure acting on the “walls” and the corresponding force between the “walls” where proved to be the same for both stringy black hole backgrounds (“Schwarzschild” and “Reissner-Nordström”). In the other two vacua the expressions obtained for the “Reissner-Nordström” black hole are seen to approach the corresponding results for the “Schwarzschild” case when $`\mu 1`$, i.e. the electric charge is zero ($`Q=0`$). We have shown that the corresponding force between the “Dirichlet walls” is not always attractive : it can be attractive, zero or repulsive depending on the distance between the “walls” being smaller, equal or larger of the inverse Hawking temperature of the black hole. This can be understood if we recall the semi-infinite Witten’s cigar which is an interpretation of an Euclidean black hole and which is asymptotic to a cylindrical two-dimensional spacetime. The inverse temperature of the Euclidean black hole can be viewed as the circumference of the Witten’s cigar. Therefore if the distance between the “Dirichlet walls” is smaller than the circumference of the Witten’s cigar then the corresponding force will be dominated by the attractive term due to the boundary effects and not by the repulsive term of the radiation pressure. If the “Dirichlet walls” are placed at a distance approximately equal to the circumference of the Witten’s cigar the attractive term will be compensated by the repulsive term and the corresponding force will be zero. Finally if the “Dirichlet walls” are placed at a distance larger than the circumference then the dominant term will be the repulsive term due to the radiation pressure and the corresponding force acting on the “walls” will be repulsive.

We have concluded that the thermodynamical quantities specific heat and thermal compressibility violate the second thermodynamical law since they obtain negative values. The thermodynamical second law instability induced by the specific heat is not suprising since it is a byproduct of the semiclassical approximation (one-loop gravity). This is the reason we reach the same result in the four-dimensional black hole physics. The thermodynamical stability is regained by “freezing” the black hole which in the case of the two-dimensional charged black hole means to reach extremality ($`Q=M`$). The thermodynamical second law instability induced by the negativity of the isothermal compressibility reflects the possibility of extracting energy from the vacuum. The thermodynamical entropy was evaluated in the Unruh vacuum and was shown to be negative. This is not a violation of the second thermodynamical law since the thermodynamical (Casimir) entropy calculated here - the statistical-mechanical part of entropy is absent - is due to the vacuum polarization. Thus we have obtained the one-loop correction (due to vacuum polarization) to the classical entropy obtained from the corresponding classical gravitational action. Same result can be easily obtained for the case of Hartle-Hawking vacumm in contradistinction to the Casimir entropy of the Boulware vacuum which is zero since energy is temperature independent.

In the extremal case ($`Q=M`$) of the stringy two-dimensional charged black hole the results obtained in the Hartle-Hawking and Unruh vacua coincide with those of stable Boulware vacuum. This is another argument which strengthens our belief that extremal black holes are a stable quantum mechanical ending point for the black holes in the process of their evaporation.

Finally we would also like to note that, for asymptotic position of the “walls”, it is natural for the results to depend only on the temperatute of the black hole; however for arbitrary position of the “walls” the dependence of the energy on the position is different for the two stringy two-dimensional black holes studied in this work. Possible determination (using this difference) of the nature of a black hole through the Casimir effect is very interesting and we have in mind to come back with a future work.

## Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge partial financial support by the University of Athens’ Special Account for the Research.


text:
# 1 Projectors in String Field Theory

## 1 Projectors in String Field Theory

Recently Rastelli, Sen and Zwiebach  pioneered the open string field theory around the nonperturbative (closed string) vacuum. They conjectured Witten’s open string field theory action  should be modified in the following form,

$$S=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }𝒬\mathrm{\Psi }+\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi },$$
(1)
with the “universal” BRST operator $`𝒬`$ written in terms of the ghost fields only. Under this assumption one may factorize the string fields into the ghost and the matter parts, $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\mathrm{\Psi }^{matter}\mathrm{\Psi }^{ghost}`$ and the equation for the matter part becomes simplified,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{matter}\mathrm{\Psi }^{matter}=\mathrm{\Psi }^{matter}.$$
(2)
This is the defining equation for the projection operators with respect to Witten’s star product $``$. Since the ghost part is universal, the solutions to this equation are supposed to describe the various backgrounds of the open strings, namely D-branes. Motivated by this observation there is a rapid development in the construction of the projectors of the string field theory .

In particular there is direct argument  in terms of the boundary conformal field theory that there are at least two types of the projection operators (the identity and the sliver states) associated with every Cardy state which describes a D-brane. A critical property of Cardy state is that it has a well-defined field content in the open string channel. In particular, there is always an identity operator in the channel connecting the same brane. From the background independent formulation of the open string field theory , one may always construct the wedge state as follows,

$$|n_aU_n|\text{vac};a,a,$$
(3)
where $`U_n`$ describes the conformal transformations ,

$$\stackrel{~}{z}=\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{2}{n}\text{arctan}(z)\right),$$
(4)
written in terms of the Virasoro generators. $`|\text{vac};a,a`$ is the vacuum state in the open string sector with the both ends attached to the same D-brane labeled as $`a`$. It was shown in  that they satisfy

$$|n,a|m,a=|n+m1,a.$$
(5)
Clearly $`n=1`$ (the identity) and $`n=\mathrm{}`$ (the sliver) give the projection operators.

The sliver state turns out to be rank one and considered as a good candidate to describe the Chan-Paton factor of a single D-brane. On the other hand, in our previous work , we indicated that the identity projector also enjoys the following properties,

1. It defines the projection to the open string states with both ends attached to a particular D-brane. Namely if we denote $`𝒞`$ as the algebra generated by the open string fields with all possible boundary conditions, $`^a=|1_a`$ picks up the open string field algebra $`𝒜^a`$ with the particular boundary condition $`a`$. Namely

$$^a𝒞^a=𝒜^a.$$
(6)
2. While the trace of $`^a`$ is apparently infinite, there is a regularization which is common in BCFT that

$$\text{Tr}(^a)=\text{vac}|a.$$
(7)
Here $`\text{vac}|`$ is the closed string vacuum and $`|a`$ is the Cardy state. The quantity in the right hand side is called as the boundary entropy and can be identified with the D-brane tension .

Since these two properties are quite desirable, we conjectured that the identity projector may be also a good candidate to describe the noncommutative soliton of the string field theory which describes D-branes.

The use of the identity projector seems at least puzzling from the viewpoint of the standard conjecture . Namely the rank of the projector is usually identified with the number of the D-branes. This assumption stems from the fact that the potential energy

$$V=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }^2\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Psi }^3$$
(8)
expanded around a particular projector $`p`$ has the $`n\times n`$ ($`n`$ is the rank of the projector $`p`$) negative modes and is identified as the number of the tachyon states.

Naive application of this idea to the identity projector does not make any sense because the identity projector has infinite rank. However, we think that there is a possible way out. Namely in (8) one should add the kinetic term. Usually if the kinetic term is defined in terms of $`L_0`$ (Virasoro generator), there is a contribution to the mass term and the infinite degeneracy is resolved.

The problem is that in the pure ghost BRST operator there is no matter Virasoro operator in the kinetic term. It means that we can not use the above argument to save the identity projector. However, we think that this is also a problem of the current formulation of the vacuum string field theory. For example, in , it was observed that the expansion around D-brane background (the sliver state) has no physical modes (every variation of the sliver can be absorbed by the gauge transformation). In , it is also indicated that the ghost action vanishes identically. In any case, we think that there will be no hope to recover the perturbative open string spectrum without introducing the matter Virasoro algebra at some point.

Since the appearance of the projector to describe D-branes is quite natural from the viewpoint of K-theory , we would like to try the other scenario, namely the purely cubic action to describe the vacuum string theory. By combining the idea of  with the identity projector, we show that it gives a partially successful scenario to this problem in a sense it reproduces the correct perturbative spectrum on the survived D-branes. While it also gives at the same time some undesirable features, we think that it gives an intermediate step to understand the correct description of the vacuum string field theory.

## 2 SFT in the presence of several D-branes and split string method

Before we discuss the vacuum string field theory, we would like to give some definitions of the open string field theory in the presence of several D-branes. Suppose we start from $`N`$ D-branes with the boundary condition specified by the Cardy state $`|a`$ $`a=1,\mathrm{},N`$222 One may take some of them to be identical D-brane. In that case this label specifies Chan-Paton factor.. The open string field in this setting is described by a $`N\times N`$ matrix $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ whose $`ab`$-th component is written as $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{ab}`$. $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{ab}`$ describes the open string which connects D-branes with labels $`a`$ and $`b`$. We have to define the (perturbative or conventional) BRST operator $`Q`$ for each sector by combining the Virasoro operator of the matter sector (which is different for each sector) and the ghost sector which is universal. We will use $`Q_{ab}`$ if we want to specify the operator on a particular sector. We write the matrix $`Q\mathrm{\Psi }`$ to mean the matrix whose $`ab`$-th component is $`Q_{ab}(\mathrm{\Psi }^{ab})`$.

Since the integration operator and the three string vertex can be written in the universal form  (namely written in terms of Virasoro operators without specifying the particular representation), the matrix generalization of Witten’s lagrangian is well-defined,

$$S=\left(\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }(Q\mathrm{\Psi })+\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }\right),\underset{a}{}_a$$
(9)
Here the integration $`_a`$ is defined by the identity operator for the open string in $`aa`$ channel. The summation with respect to $`a`$ gives the trace over Chan-Paton factor when the D-branes are identical. The integration symbol $``$ thus combines the trace of matrix together with usual integration of the string field. This action has the matrix generalization of the gauge symmetry,

$$\delta \mathrm{\Psi }^{ab}=Q_{ab}ϵ_{ab}+\underset{c}{}(ϵ_{ac}\mathrm{\Psi }^{cb}\mathrm{\Psi }^{ac}ϵ_{cb}),$$
(10)
where $`ϵ_{ab}`$ is a string field from $`ab`$-sector. Appearance of non-abelian gauge symmetry even for the intertwining strings might sound strange. However in these cases $`ϵ_{ab}`$ gives only the massive gauge symmetry and does not appear in the massless sector.

In this language, the description of the identity projector becomes very simple. Namely for each $`aa`$-sector, one may define the identity operator $`|1_a^{gh}`$ ($`^{gh}`$ is the universal identity operator of the ghost field). The projector $`^a`$ is then defined as putting it at $`aa`$-th component and putting zero in other entries. It is obvious that it satisfies

$$^a^b=\delta _{ab}^b,\underset{a}{}^a=_𝒞$$
(11)
($`_𝒞`$ is the identity for the whole system) and (6).

For the discussion in the next section, it will be useful to introduce the intuitive picture given by the split string formalism . Since the ghost sector is common and the same for any boundary conditions we concentrate our attention to the matter sector. We use the notation of  in the following.

We start from the discussion of $`N`$ D-25 branes in the flat background. Suppose that the open string field $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{aa}`$ whose both ends are connected to the $`a`$-th ($`1aN`$) D-brane is described by the embedding function $`x_{aa}^\mu (\sigma )`$ ($`0\sigma \pi `$, $`\mu =0,\mathrm{},25`$) with the Neumann boundary condition at $`\sigma =0,\pi `$. In the split string formalism, we divide it into the left and the right halves,

$$\mathrm{}_a^\mu (\sigma )=x_{aa}^\mu (\sigma ),r_a^\mu (\sigma )=x_{aa}^\mu (\pi \sigma ),(0\sigma <\frac{\pi }{2}).$$
(12)
The boundary condition at the midpoint should be Dirichlet type in order to properly connect the left and the right halves. $`\mathrm{}(\sigma )`$ and $`r(\sigma )`$ thus have the boundary condition of Dirichlet-Neumann type and can be expanded as,

$$\frac{\mathrm{}_a^\mu (\sigma )}{\sqrt{2}}=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{}_{a,2n+1}^\mu \mathrm{cos}(2n+1)\sigma ,\frac{r_a^\mu (\sigma )}{\sqrt{2}}=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}r_{a,2n+1}^\mu \mathrm{cos}(2n+1)\sigma .$$
(13)
At the midpoint, since we fix $`\mathrm{}(\frac{\pi }{2})=r(\frac{\pi }{2})=0`$, we need an extra degree of freedom (the zero mode) and we write it as $`\overline{x}`$ (note that it does not have the index of the boundary).

To describe the open string that intertwine different D-branes (say $`a`$ and $`b`$), we define the embedding function by combining $`\mathrm{}_a`$ and $`r_b`$,

$$x_{ab}^\mu (\sigma )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}_a^\mu (\sigma )+\overline{x}\hfill & 0\sigma \frac{\pi }{2}\hfill \\ r_b^\mu (\pi \sigma )+\overline{x}\hfill & \frac{\pi }{2}\sigma \pi \hfill \end{array}$$
(14)
Thanks to the Dirichlet boundary condition at $`\sigma =\pi /2`$, such a mixed combination becomes consistent. The string field for $`a`$-$`b`$ sector is defined as a matrix indexed by $`\mathrm{}_a`$ and $`r_b`$

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{ab}(x_{ab})\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{ab}(\mathrm{}_a,r_b),$$
(15)
and the multiplication is defined through the contraction,

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{ab}\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{bc}(\mathrm{}_a,r_b)=\underset{\sigma }{}dy(\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{ab}(\mathrm{}_a,y_b)\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{bc}(y_b,r_c).$$
(16)
The zero mode can be incorporated by multiplying $`e^{ip\overline{x}}`$ if the momentum of the open string is $`p`$.

Up to this point, it is (at least intuitively) clear that our argument does not depend on the fact that we start from the $`N`$ identical D-25 branes. Indeed the definition of (14,16) is always consistent even if we have the mixed boundary conditions. In this case, however, there is a subtlety in the definition dynamical degree of freedom at the midpoint. The dynamical degree of freedom of the open string $`x^{ab}`$ belongs to the twisted sector. We have to split it into two pieces and the question is whether one may limit the boundary condition at $`\sigma =\pi /2`$ as Dirichlet. In the generic BCFT, one may further need some sort of discrete summation over sectors even at $`\sigma =\pi /2`$. Our argument in the next section will depend on the splitting the dynamical degree of freedom to some extent. To be strict, it will be safer to assume that the discussion in the next section is made only for the $`N`$ identical D-branes while we will use the universal notation.

In the split string formalism, the definition of the identity projector becomes quite intuitive. We introduce the $`N\times N`$ matrix valued string field $`p`$. It is defined that we put

$$_{gh}\pi _{ab}\underset{\sigma }{}\delta (\mathrm{}_a(\sigma )r_b(\sigma ))$$
(17)
at $`a`$-$`b`$ th entry where $`\pi _{ab}`$ is a constant complex number and $`_{gh}`$ is the identity operator of the ghost sector . By the matrix multiplication, it satisfies $`p^2=p`$ if $`\pi _{ab}`$ satisfies $`_b\pi _{ab}\pi _{bc}=\pi _{ac}`$. We note that in the definition of the identity operator, we have to equate the boundary conditions in order that the delta function functional $`\delta (\mathrm{}_ar_b)`$ is consistent.

We comment that in the tachyon condensation process from D-$`(p+2)`$ brane to D-$`p`$ branes  in the Seiberg-Witten limit , we have already met the matrix $`\pi _{ab}`$. Indeed in this example one may take $`p+1`$ directions to be Neumann for $`\mathrm{}_a^\mu `$ and $`r_a\mu `$ and the zero mode algebra gives the matrix $`\pi _{ab}`$. It is the situation where the string field algebra becomes the direct product of $`()𝒜`$ where $`𝒜`$ is the open string algebra between D-$`p`$ branes. The matrix $`\pi _{ab}`$ can be precisely identified with GMS soliton  after Weyl correspondence. The appearance of GMS soliton was also discussed in the direct string amplitude calculation of $`pp^{}`$ system in .

## 3 Identity projector in Purely Cubic Theory

In the following, we consider the purely cubic system for the matrix extended open string fields,

$$S=\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Psi }^3.$$
(18)
Compared to (1) it corresponds to the choice $`𝒬=0,`$ as the BRST operator which is in a sense universal (purely ghost). This action was the first example of the background independent formulation of the open string field theory  (see also ).

It was suggested  that it will not likely to be the closed string vacuum which is discussed in the literature . Indeed we will meet a certain difficulty which seems to be originated from this fact in our later discussion.

While these facts are discouraging, it has certainly a merit that it was known already  that one can reproduce the conventional perturbative string field theory theory as the fluctuation around a solution to $`\mathrm{\Psi }^2=0`$,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0=Q_L,$$
(19)
for the single component theory. Here $``$ is the identity operator of the whole system (matter+ghost) and $`Q_L`$ is the perturbative BRST current integrated over the left half of the open string. By putting $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\mathrm{\Psi }_0+\psi `$ into (18) gives,

$$S=\frac{1}{2}\psi Q\psi +\frac{1}{3}\psi ^3,$$
(20)
which is the correct open string field theory on a D-25 brane.

In the following, we would like to construct a similar solution in the multi-component theory. Matrix generalization is essential to discuss the tachyon condensation since in such theory we assume that there are infinite number of D-branes which is annihilated (or melted) in the closed string vacuum. In a sense, the situation is similar to consider “Dirac sea” for D-branes. In order to discuss the creation/annihilation of D-branes, we need to start from the (in general infinite dimensional) matrix generalization.

Here we have a comment on the background independence of the string field theory. In our formalism, we need to start from a particular background for the closed string. From that data, one can in principle construct the possible boundary states and determine the matrix algebra of the open strings. Since we introduce the all possible boundary conditions to construct $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, it is background independent in the open string sense. On the other hand, since we need the information of the closed string background, it is not universal in the closed string sense at least at the tree level. We expect there are some consistency conditions for the closed string background at the quantum level.

In this setup we argue that one may replace the identity in (19) by the identity projectors defined in the previous section which is BRST invariant

$$Q_{aa}(^a)=0.$$
(21)
Intuitively it describes a single D-brane created from the vacuum.

In the following, we pick up one of the projector $`^a`$ and write it as $`p`$ and the sum of the all the rest as $`q`$. It is then trivial to show that

$$pp=p,qq=q,pq=0,p+q=_𝒞.$$
(22)
We start to prove that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0=Q_{aL}p,$$
(23)
gives also a solution to $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^2=0`$. Here we assume that we can split the BRST charge for $`ab`$-sector as,

$$Q_{ab}=Q_{aL}+Q_{bR}.$$
(24)
Roughly speaking, $`Q_{aL}`$ (resp. $`Q_{bR}`$) is the BRST charge for the half strings $`\mathrm{}^a(\sigma )`$ (resp. $`r^b(\sigma )`$). We note however that they are not nilpotent. As we have commented in the last section, this splitting may be subtle for the open strings with twisted boundary conditions because of the degree of freedom at the midpoint. In any case, this splitting of BRST charge is essential in our discussion in the following one needs modification if there is a contribution from the midpoint. For the identical D-branes, we think that there will be no modification.

Under this caution, the calculation becomes parallel to the original  and we need (at least formally) the following identities which was explicitly proved in  for the single component theory.

$`Q_{a,R}p`$ $`=`$ $`Q_{a,L}p`$ (25)
$`(Q_{b,R}A_{ab})B_{bc}`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^{|A|}A_{ab}Q_{b,L}B_{bc}`$ (26)
$`\{Q_{aa},Q_{a,L}\}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (27)
The proof of the nilpotency is given as follows. First by using (25,26)

$$Q_LpQ_Lp=Q_RpQ_Lp=pQ_L^2p.$$
(28)
Second by using (26)

$$Q_LpQ_Lp=(Q_RQ_Lp)p.$$
(29)
If we note that $`Q_{L,R}`$ does not change the boundary conditions, $`pQ_L^2p=Q_L^2p`$ and $`(Q_RQ_Lp)p=Q_RQ_Lp`$. Summing up these two formulae gives

$$Q_LpQ_Lp=\frac{1}{2}QQ_Lp=\frac{1}{2}Q_LQp=0.$$
(30)
In this sense each identity projector indeed defines a solution to the purely cubic action.

We have to note that, unlike the situation in , the derivative defined by $`Q_Lp`$ does not give BRST operator for the string fields in the generic sectors. Indeed,

$$D_{(Q_Lp)}B=(Q_Lp)B(1)^{|B|}B(Q_Lp)=p(Q_LB)+(Q_RB)p.$$
(31)
If we restrict the string field to $`aa`$-sector, it gives of course the BRST operator. The existence of other sectors breaks such a property. Accordingly the kinetic term of the action has some undesirable terms. If we put $`\mathrm{\Psi }=Q_Lp+\psi `$ into the action, the contributions to the kinetic term takes the following form,

$$\psi ^2Q_Lp=\frac{1}{2}\left(\psi _0Q\psi _0+tQ_L\overline{t}+\overline{t}Q_Rt\right).$$
(32)
Here $`\psi _0,t,\overline{t}`$ are components of $`\psi `$,

$$\psi _0=p\psi p,t=q\psi p,\overline{t}=p\psi q.$$
(33)
The appearance of three terms in the kinetic terms can be interpreted in the context of the tachyon condensation  as follows. We start from the D-brane system described by the various boundary conditions where the intertwining open strings describes the algebra $`𝒞`$. In this system, we consider the tachyon condensation where only the D-branes picked up by the projector $`p`$ survives after tachyon condensation. The string field $`\psi _0`$ is then interpreted as the open strings on the survived branes. On the other hand, two string fields $`t,\overline{t}`$ describe the intertwiner between the survived and the disappeared ones. Whereas we have a correct kinetic term (32) for $`a`$, it is not reasonable that we have a sort of (“incomplete”) kinetic terms for $`t,\overline{t}`$.

We would like to indicate that this is actually a similar situation to the field theory limit  for the noncommutative tachyon. Indeed, there also appeared the corresponding components between the created and the melted D-branes. These fields, however, are the analogue of W-bosons in the system with spontaneously broken symmetry. It was observed that they have the string scale mass and infinitely degenerate. This puzzle was solved  by noting the correct choice of variables and vanishing of the overall factor of the kinetic action.

In our case, one may also regard the intertwining modes $`t,\overline{t}`$ as a kind of W-bosons for the symmetry breaking. In the original action (18), the gauge symmetry (gauge group on the configuration space of the open strings) is generically $`U(\mathrm{})`$ if we consider all possible D-branes which acts on the string fields as,

$$\delta _ϵ\mathrm{\Psi }=ϵ\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }ϵ.$$
(34)
In the expansion around the classical solution (23), the gauge symmetry is transformed to,

$$\delta \psi =(p(Q_{L,a}ϵ)+(Q_{R,a}ϵ)p)+ϵ\psi \psi ϵ.$$
(35)
As we have commented, the first term can be written in the form $`Qϵ`$ only when $`ϵ`$ belongs to $`aa`$-sector. If it belongs to the $`oo^{}`$-sector with $`oa,o^{}a`$ then this term simply vanishes. On the other hand, if it belongs to $`ao`$ or $`oa`$ with $`oa`$ sectors, it can not be written as the conventional form of the gauge transformation. Therefore it may be adequate to consider that the gauge symmetry $`U(\mathrm{})`$ is broken to $`U(1)U(\mathrm{}1)`$.

We may guess the off diagonal gauge transformation may remove the unwanted degree of freedom. Indeed, when $`t,\overline{t}`$ is infinitely small, one may approximate the gauge transformation with the explicit sector index as,

$$\delta t_{oa}=Q_{R,a}ϵ_{oa},\delta \overline{t}_{ao}=Q_{L,a}ϵ_{ao}.$$
(36)
While it is difficult to prove, the use of this gauge transformaion may remove the unwanted degree of freedoms. We note that $`Q_{L,R}^2`$ is written in terms of ghost fields only .

## 4 Summary

We summarize the results and the conjectures of this letter.

1. From every identity projector associated with any D-brane, one may construct the classical solution of the matrix version of the purely cubic open string field theory. Since it contains all possible open string degree of freedom, one may call it as “universal action”.
2. The expansion around this classical solution gives a correct action of the open strings on the created D-brane from the vacuum. There exist some unwanted degree of freedom but it seems to be possible to gauge them out.
3. As already noticed in  and may be by others, the purely cubic theory has an obvious drawback that the value of the action $`S(\mathrm{\Psi }_0)`$ for any classical solution $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ is always zero. In our case, we are supposed to obtain the D-brane tension from this factor but we can not. A possible resolution of this puzzle is that in the possible operation of gauging away $`t,\overline{t}`$, we will have a singular transformation that will reproduce a nontrivial contribution to the action. This is, of course, rather hard to confirm. There will be probably a framework where this effect is automatically produced as Rastelli, Sen and Zwiebach endeavored.
4. In any case, our work may suggest that one needs a singular classical solution to have a nontrivial BRST cohomology. We think the magic, if any, can only come from the serious examination of the notorious midpoint degree of freedom.

Acknowledgement:

The author would like to thank T. Kawano, and K. Ohmori for discussions and K. Fujikawa for encouragements.

The author is supported in part by Grant-in-Aid (#13640267) and in part by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in a Priority Area “Supersymmetry and Unified Theory of Elementary Particle” (#707) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.