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# N* Masses from an Anisotropic Lattice QCD Action

## 1 Introduction

Lattice QCD plays an important role in understanding the N\* spectrum. One can systematically study the spectrum sector by sector, with the ability to dial the quark masses, and dissect the degrees of freedom. The rich structure of the excited baryon spectrum, as tabulated by the particle data group , provides a fertile ground for exploring how the internal degrees of freedom in the nucleon are excited and how QCD works in a wider context. One outstanding example is the parity splitting pattern in the low-lying N\* spectrum. The splittings are a direct manifestation of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking of QCD. Without it, QCD predicts parity doubling in the baryon spectrum. The experimental effort on excited baryons has intensified in recent years at JLab and other accelerators, generating renewed debate on how well these states are known. The star-rating system on the observed states is a reflection of the current situation.

Given that state-of-the-art lattice QCD simulations have produced a ground-state spectrum that is very close to the observed values , it is important to extend the success beyond the ground states. There exist already a number of lattice studies of the N\* spectrum , focusing mostly on the spin-1/2 sector. All established a clear splitting from the ground state. In this study, we explore the possibility of calculating the excited baryon states in the spin-3/2 sector with isospin 1/2.

## 2 Method

We consider the following interpolating field with the quantum numbers $`I(J^P)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{3}{2}^+\right)`$ ,

$$\chi _\mu =ϵ^{abc}\left(u_a^TC\gamma _5\gamma _\rho d_b\right)\left(g^{\mu \rho }\frac{1}{4}\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\rho \right)\gamma _5u_c.$$
(1)
Despite having an explicit parity by construction, the interpolating field couples to both positive and negative parity states. A parity projection is needed to separate the two. In the large Euclidean time limit, the correlator with Dirichlet boundary condition in the time direction and zero spatial momentum becomes

$$G_{\mu \nu }(t)=\underset{𝐱}{}<0|\chi _\mu (x)\overline{\chi }_\nu (0)|0>$$
(2)
$$=f_{\mu \nu }\left[\lambda _+^2\frac{\gamma _4+1}{2}e^{M_+t}+\lambda _{}^2\frac{\gamma _4+1}{2}e^{M_{}t}\right]$$
(3)
where $`f_{\mu \nu }`$ is a function common to both terms. The relative sign in front of $`\gamma _4`$ provides the solution: by taking the trace of $`G_{\mu \nu }(t)`$ with $`(1\pm \gamma _4)/4`$, one can isolate $`M_+`$ and $`M_{}`$, respectively.

It is well-known that a spin-3/2 interpolating field couples to both spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 states. A spin projection can be used to isolate the individual contributions in the correlation function $`G_{\mu \nu }`$. Using the spin-3/2 projection operator ,

$$P_{\mu \nu }^{3/2}=g_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{3}\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu \frac{1}{3p^2}(\gamma p\gamma _\mu p_\nu +p_\mu \gamma _\nu \gamma p)$$
(4)
the spin-3/2 part can be projected out by

$$G_{\mu \nu }^{3/2}(t)=\underset{\lambda =1}{\overset{4}{}}G_{\mu \lambda }(t)P_{\lambda \nu }^{3/2},$$
(5)
while the spin-1/2 part by

$$G_{\mu \nu }^{1/2}(t)=\underset{\lambda =1}{\overset{4}{}}G_{\mu \lambda }(t)(1P_{\lambda \nu }^{3/2}).$$
(6)
Obviously, they satisfy the relation

$$G_{\mu \nu }(t)=G_{\mu \nu }^{1/2}(t)+G_{\mu \nu }^{3/2}(t).$$
(7)
The anisotropic gauge action of , and the anisotropic D234 quark action of  are used. Both have tadpole-improved tree-level coefficients. A $`10^3\times 30`$ lattice with $`a_s0.24`$ fm and anisotropy $`\xi =a_s/a_t=3`$ is used. In all, 100 configurations are analyzed. On each configuration 9 quark propagators are computed using a multi-mass solver, with quark masses ranging from approximately 780 to 90 MeV. The corresponding mass ratio $`\pi /\rho `$ is from 0.95 to 0.65. A gauge-invariant gaussian-smeared source is used. The source is located at $`(x,y,z,t)=(2,2,2,2)`$.

Figure 1 presents results for the correlation function in the positive-parity nucleon channel at the smallest quark mass considered. Spin projection reveals two different exponentials from the spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 parts, with the spin-3/2 state being heavier than the spin-1/2 one (a steeper fall-off), in agreement with the ordering in experiment. The expected relation in Eq. (7) is indeed satisfied numerically, providing a non-trivial check of the calculation. A further check of the calculation is provided by the fact that the mass extracted from $`G_{\mu \nu }^{1/2}(t)`$ is degenerate with that from the conventional $`G(t)`$ for the nucleon ground state using the interpolating field $`\chi =ϵ^{abc}\left(u_a^TC\gamma _5d_b\right)u_c`$. One would get a false signal from the dominant spin-1/2 state without spin projection. The large error bars indicate sensitive cancellations in the projection procedure.

Figure 2 shows the similar plot in the negative-parity nucleon channel. Here the relation in Eq. (7) is also satisfied, even though the signal is dominated by the $`3/2`$ state. The results also show a similar mass for the $`1/2`$ state and the $`3/2`$ state, in accord with the experimental states of $`N^{}(1535)\frac{1}{2}^{}`$ and $`N^{}(1520)\frac{3}{2}^{}`$ which are close to each other.

Figure 3 presents results for the mass ratio extracted from the correlation functions for the $`N^{}(3/2^+)`$ state to the nucleon ground state as a function of the mass ratio $`(\pi /\rho )^2`$. Mass ratios have minimal dependence on the uncertainties in determining the scale and the quark masses, so that a more reliable comparison with experiment can be made. Figure 4 shows the similar plot for the $`N^{}(3/2)`$ state. These ratios appear headed in the right direction compared to experiment.

## 3 Conclusion

We have obtained clear signals for spin-3/2 N\* states on an anisotropic lattice with smeared operators and 100 configurations. States of both negative- and positive-parity are isolated with a parity projection technique. The need for spin projection is further demonstrated. The results for the pattern of the splittings appears consistent with experiment, but more study is needed to address systematic errors.

## 4 Acknowledgment

This work is supported in part by U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-95ER40907, the Australian Research Council, and is part of the effort by the Lattice Hadron Physics Collaboration . The computing resources at NERSC and JLab have been used.


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# A very rapid Extreme Scattering Event in the IDV source 0954+658

## 1 Introduction

The flux densities of Intraday Variable radio sources (Heeschen et al. 1987) show significant variations within time scales of a few hours to $``$2 days. Due to small source size, either refractive interstellar scintillation (RISS) or source intrinsic effects or a mixture of both are possible causes for Intraday Variability (IDV, see Wagner & Witzel 1995). In addition, peculiar flux density variations with a deep minimum symmetrically surrounded by enhanced flux appearing on time scales of weeks to months were observed in some sources and Fiedler et al. (1987) explained such variations as due to strong scattering by isolated structures in the interstellar medium. In a statistical description of this phenomenon, Fiedler et al. (1994) suggested that the identification of an ESE is difficult if the amplitude and the time scale of the variations are comparable to other possible origins of variability and RISS may be confused with small amplitude and very rapid ESE.
In the following we will show that we have probably detected an ESE-like event on short time scales in the multifrequency light curve of the intraday variable BL Lac object 0954+658 with the 100 m radio telescope at Effelsberg in March 2000.
0954+658 was the first source in which a variability pattern resembling an ESE was seen (Fiedler et al. 1987), indicating the presence of a strongly turbulent interstellar medium along the line of sight. However, the ESE of 1981 shows variations on a time scale of $`18`$ weeks, much longer than the effect seen in fig.1.

## 2 Observations and Data Analysis

In March 2000, we performed a radio-optical campaign to study possible correlations of IDV sources between different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The data, shown in this paper, were taken at 11, 6 and 2.8 cm during part of this campaign (from March $`10^{th}`$ to $`17^{th}`$) using the 100 m radio telescope of the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) in Effelsberg. The data reduction was performed using CONT2, a task of the standard software package TOOLBOX of the MPIfR. Observations of non-variable sources assured a reliable flux density calibration (accuracy $`0.5\%`$) allowing us to correct for instrumental and atmospheric effects. (Details of this data analysis can be found in Quirrenbach et al. 1992).
In the light curve (fig.1, upper part) of the BL Lac object 0954+658 ($`m_V=17`$ mag, z=0.367; Padovani & Giommi 1995, Stickel et al. 1993), we found a systematic change of the time lag between adjacent frequencies. The first part of the light curve does not show any time lag between the three frequencies while in the last part we observe rapid and (in time) delayed changes: at J.D.$`2451619.6`$, we observed a systematic time lag in the sense that the flux density at longer wavelengths peaks before the flux density at shorter wavelengths ($`t_{11\text{cm}}<t_{6\text{cm}}<t_{2.8\text{cm}}`$). At J.D.$`2451620.8`$, the situation reversed and the shorter wavelength was peaking before the longer wavelength.
To quantify these systematic variations of the time lag, we performed a running cross correlation, i.e. time lags between 11 and 6 cm versus time (see fig.1, bottom). The first part of the plot shows a flat (centered in zero) pattern indicating no time lag between 6 and 11 cm. During the last 2 days of observations, a different behaviour is seen. We applied our model (see below) to the part of the light curve where the time lag starts to be significantly different from zero. Moreover, the cross correlation functions between 11 and 6 cm for the first and the last two days of observation show quite different behaviour. This again indicates that after J.D. 2451619.6, the variability pattern and the time lag between frequencies changed.
Analysis of the polarization gives further evidence for a different variability pattern before J.D.$``$2451619.6: we noted that the polarized flux density variations after J.D.$`2451619.6`$ are more pronounced and faster than before. Using a structure function analysis, we are able to quantify this change in the polarization characteristics of the source. The results are showed in fig.3, where we plot structure functions and autocorrelation functions for the 2 different time intervals at 6 cm. The typical time scale of the variations changes from $`1.5`$ to $``$0.4 days.

## 3 Description of the model and Results

Galactic density fluctuations along the line of sight to a compact background extragalactic source are responsible for Extreme Scattering Events. Such events happen usually on time scales of weeks to months. Characteristic of these events is a well defined frequency dependence: variability indices, time scales, amplitudes of variations and amplitudes of the two surrounding maxima decrease with increasing frequency. Some of these features are similar to normal scattering processes and the shorter the time scale the more likely is the confusion of small amplitude ESEs with refractive scintillation. An important difference between an ESE and standard scattering is the focusing, which causes a reversal of the time lag: observations (Waltman et al. 1991, Fiedler et al. 1994) showed that in an ESE the variations (first maximum) start at lower frequencies. During the minimum, variations at different frequencies are simultaneous, then the variations (second maximum) start at higher frequencies (as we have also observed in our source). The two bracketing maxima are due to focusing at the edges of the cloud. A time reversal phenomenon could also appear in the weak scattering by random variations in the frequency dependence pattern of RISS (Rickett priv. communication). In the case of an ESE, we suppose that such a reversal of time lags is due to changes in the optical depth of the plasma lens.
Clegg, Fey & Lazio (1998) developed a plasma lens model describing ESEs. We extended their model to small lenses generating very rapid Extreme Scattering Events. We applied such a model to the last part of our light curve (box in fig.1), where strong variations of the time lag are seen. Fig.4 shows model light curves and cross correlations that we can immediately compare to our data. In fig.2 we plotted the best fitting of these models versus the data at 11 and 6 cm. At 2.8 cm (not shown here) the agreement is very similar.
A different explanation of time reversal is given by Qian et al. (2000), who explain the time reversal in a rapid outburst of the BL Lac object 0235+164 by relativistic aberration: a thin-shock with a large Lorentz factor ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }25`$) moves along a curved magnetic field in the jet.

## 4 Discussion

Assuming a lens speed of 30 km s-1, the size of the lens would be in our case 0.035 A.U. Considering the lens to be at 0.15 kpc (distance of Galactic Loop III, direction close to the line of sight to 0954+658) we can evaluate the density of the plasma lens: $`N_01.87510^5`$pc cm-3 and $`n_e110.95\text{cm}^3`$. Here $`N_0`$ is the column density and $`n_e`$ the electron density of the cloud.
Discussing the ESE in 1981, Clegg, Fey & Lazio found (at 2.25 GHz and assuming the same distance) a lens size of 0.38 A.U.; lenses causing very rapid scattering events would require 10 times smaller clouds. For the standard Kolmogorov size distributions in the ISM, such structures are still physically reasonable, but they put new constraints on the clumpiness of the interstellar medium.

## 5 Conclusions

Through a cross correlation analysis, we noted two effects in the IDV light curve of the source 0954+658. We suggest that a very rapid ESE (with a time scale of 2 days) occurred in this source. The comparison of a model for ESEs and our data shows good agreement, if 10 times smaller clouds than generally accepted in the medium are assumed.
Previous studies of the IDV in this BL Lac point towards an intrinsic explanation for the rapid variations (see Wagner et al. 1993 for a radio-optical correlation evidence of its IDV), even if RISS is present due to the compactness of the source. Moreover, the polarized flux density and polarization angle behaviour of 0954+658 are still hard to explain by a simple RISS model. In any case, we have to take into account that a clumpy and very turbulent medium lies along the line of sight to this object. Thus a mixture of both intrinsic and extrinsic effects is a possible interpretation for such a complex behaviour.
Such a rapid ESE was never observed before. Our analysis can be repeated on previous data to discriminate between rapid ESE and other sources of variations. The above interpretation puts some constraints on the size (and the density) of the interstellar clouds: the time scale implies smaller clumpy structures in the ISM than previously thought.

## References

Clegg, A. W., Fey, A. L. & Lazio, T. J. W. 1998, ApJ, 496, 253

Fiedler, R. L., Dennison, B., Johnston, K. J. & Hewish, A. 1987, Nature, 326, 675

Fiedler, R. L., Dennison, B., Johnston, K. J., Waltman, E. B., & Simon, R. S. 1994, ApJ, 430, 581

Heeschen, D. S., Krichbaum, T. P., Schalinski, C. J. & Witzel, A. 1987, AJ, 94, 1493

Padovani, P. & Giommi, P. 1995, MNRAS, 277, 1477

Qian, S. J., Kraus, A., Witzel, A., Krichbaum, T. P. & Zensus, J. A. 2000, ApJ, 357, 84

Quirrenbach, A., Witzel, A., Krichbaum T. P., Hummel, C. A., Wegner, R., Schalinski, C. J., Ott, M., Alberdi, A. & Rioja, M. 1992, A&A, 258, 279

Stickel, M., Fried, J. W. & Kuhr, H. 1993, A&AS, 98, 393

Waltman, E. B., Fiedler, R. L., Johnston, K. J., Spencer, J. H., Florkowski, D. R., Josties, F. J., McCarthy, D. D. & Matsakis, D. N. 1991, ApJS, 77, 379

Wagner, S. J., Witzel, A., Krichbaum, T. P., Wegner, R., Quirrenbach, A., Anton, K., Erkens, U., Khanna, R. & Zensus, A. 1993, A&A, 271, 344

Wagner, S. J. & Witzel, A. 1995, ARA&A, 33, 163


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# On spectroscopy of 𝜌', 𝜌'' and 𝜔', 𝜔'' resonances

## Abstract

Based on coupling constants extracted from fitting various data, the selected branching ratios and full widths of $`\rho ^{}`$, $`\rho ^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\omega ^{}`$, $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }`$ resonances are calculated, and some topics on the spectroscopy of these states are discussed.

The resonances $`\rho ^{}\rho _1^{}\rho (1450)`$, $`\rho ^{\prime \prime }\rho _2^{}\rho (1700)`$ $`\left[I^G\left(J^{PC}\right)=1^+\left(1^{}\right)\right]`$ were observed in the channels $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, $`4\pi `$, $`\omega \pi `$, $`\rho \eta `$ of the reactions of $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation, $`\tau `$ lepton and $`J/\psi \pi ^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$ decays, photoproduction etc. . The resonances $`\omega ^{}\omega _1^{}\omega (1420)`$, $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }\omega _2^{}\omega (1600)`$ $`\left[I^G\left(J^{PC}\right)=0^{}\left(1^{}\right)\right]`$ were observed in the channels $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$, $`\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, etc. The couplings with the states $`K^{}\overline{K}+`$ c.c. and $`K^{}\overline{K}\pi +`$ c.c. are allowed. Possible indications come from the reactions of $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation, photoproduction, etc. . The resonances with the same $`I^G`$ are expected to be strongly mixed via common decay modes. The partial width of each specific mode is strongly energy dependent.

The approach to the treatment of the resonance mixing inspired by field theory is used. It consists in the following steps, assuming, for the sake of brevity, only two mixed states. First, in case of zero width, zero mixing the propagator of the resonance $`R_a`$, $`a=1,2`$, is $`1/d_a^{(0)}`$. Second, in case of finite width, zero mixing the propagator of the resonance $`R_a`$ becomes

$$\frac{1}{D_a^{(0)}}=\frac{1}{d_a^{(0)}}+\frac{1}{d_a^{(0)}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{aa}^{(0)}\frac{1}{d_a^{(0)}}+\mathrm{}=\frac{1}{d_a^{(0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{aa}^{(0)}},$$

Here $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{aa}^{(0)}`$ are the diagonal polarization operators. At last, in case of finite width, nonzero mixing the propagator and the nondiagonal ’polarization operator’ $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}`$ responsible for the mixing are

$$\frac{1}{D_1}=\frac{1}{D_1^{(0)}}+\frac{1}{D_1^{(0)}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}\frac{1}{D_2^{(0)}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}\frac{1}{D_1^{(0)}}+\mathrm{}=\frac{D_2^{(0)}}{D_1^{(0)}D_2^{(0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)2}}\left(G^1\right)_{11},$$

analogously for $`1/D_2`$, and

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}}{D_1^{(0)}D_2^{(0)}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}}{D_1^{(0)}D_2^{(0)}}+\frac{[\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}]^3}{[D_1^{(0)}D_2^{(0)}]^2}+\mathrm{}=\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}}{D_1^{(0)}D_2^{(0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)2}}\left(G^1\right)_{12},$$

where

$$G(s)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}D_1^{(0)}& \mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}\\ \mathrm{\Pi }_{12}^{(0)}& D_2^{(0)}\end{array}\right)$$

is the matrix of inverse propagators. The physical states and their couplings are obtained by the diagonalization of $`G^1`$. Hereafter $`D_a^{(0)}D_a^{(0)}(s)=m_a^{(0)2}si\sqrt{s}\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{(0)}(s),`$ $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}(s)=\text{Re}\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}+i\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}(s).`$ By unitarity, $`\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{aa}^{(0)}(s)=\sqrt{s}_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ai}^{(0)}(s)`$, $`\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}(s)=\sqrt{s}_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ai}^{(0)}(s)\frac{g_{R_bi}^{(0)}}{g_{R_ai}^{(0)}}`$, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ai}^{(0)}`$ is the partial width of the decay $`R_ai`$. Index (0) refers to the unmixed state. The masses $`m_a^{(0)}`$, coupling constants $`g_{R_ai}^{(0)}`$, and $`\text{Re}\mathrm{\Pi }_{ab}^{(0)}`$ assumed to be constants should be determined from experiment. The generalization to the case of arbitrary number of states is straightforward. The amplitude for the process $`iR_1+R_2f`$ is now

$$a_{fi}=(g_{fR_1}^{(0)},g_{fR_2}^{(0)})G(s)^1\left(\begin{array}{c}g_{R_1i}^{(0)}\\ g_{R_2i}^{(0)}\end{array}\right).$$

There are two essential points related with the resonance mixing and the dependence of partial widths on energy. First, the mass shift of resonances due to their mixing is obtained by the condition of vanishing of the real part of det$`G`$. More important is the shift of the resonance position due to energy dependent width. In the case of the single resonance $`R`$ with the bare mass $`m_R`$ produced in the reaction $`e^+e^{}Rf`$ whose cross section can be written as

$$\sigma (s)=12\pi m_R^3\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Rl^+l^{}}(m_R)g_{Rf}^2\frac{s^{3/2}W_{Rf}(s)}{(sm_R^2)^2+s\mathrm{\Gamma }_R^2(s)},$$

where $`W_{Rf}`$ is the phase space volume of final state, the peak position is found from the vanishing of derivative of $`\sigma (s)`$ with respect to $`s`$. At sufficiently slow varying phase space the peak shifts to

$$s_Rm_R^2\frac{1}{2}m_R^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_R^2\frac{d}{ds_R}\left[\mathrm{ln}\left(s_R^{3/2}W_{Rf}(s_R)\right)\right]<m_R^2.$$

The data are fitted in the framework of the three-resonance scheme  for each channel where the indication on the specific resonance exists, see  and references therein We have used the earlier SND data  on the reaction $`e^+e^{}\pi ^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$. Now new SND data  on this reaction are available. The question of whether these new data can be described in the three resonance scheme with the only $`\omega _{1,2}^{}`$ states in addition to $`\omega (782)`$ or new states should be invoked is under study.. The $`V_{1,2}^{}VP`$ coupling constants extracted from the fits turned out to be in the intervals $`|g_{\rho _1^{}\omega \pi }|=1018`$ GeV-1, and $`|g_{\rho _2^{}\omega \pi }|=213`$ GeV-1. Qualitatively, the relation $`|g_{\rho _{1,2}^{}\omega \pi }||g_{\omega _{1,2}^{}\rho \pi }|`$ was found to be satisfied. $`V_{1,2}^{}VP`$ coupling constants are not suppressed as compared to the $`VVP`$ ones. Coupling constants with multi-particle states such as $`g_{\rho _{1,2}^{}\rho \pi ^+\pi ^{}}`$, $`g_{\omega _{1,2}^{}\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}}`$, as well as analogous coupling containing strange mesons in final states, should also be included. Taking $`g_{\rho _{1,2}^{}\omega \pi }g_{\omega _{1,2}^{}\rho \pi }10`$ GeV -1, and $`m_{\rho _1^{}}m_{\omega _1^{}}=1400`$ MeV, one can estimate the partial widths to be $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\rho _1^{}\omega \pi }280\text{ MeV}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\omega _1^{}\rho \pi }820\text{ MeV}`$. Analogously, assuming that $`m_{\rho _2^{}}m_{\omega _2^{}}=1750`$ MeV, one finds $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\rho _2^{}\omega \pi }880\text{ MeV}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\omega _2^{}\rho \pi }2600\text{ MeV}`$. $`VP`$ decay modes are not the only ones to which heavy resonances can decay, and partial widths of the decay into many particle final states are found to be of the same order or even larger as compared to $`VP`$ ones. The results of the calculation of selected branching ratios and total widths are presented in Tables I, II and III. One can see that the resonances $`\rho _{1,2}^{}`$ and $`\omega _{1,2}^{}`$ are broad.

Our conclusions are as follows.

* One should be careful in attributing the specific peak or structure in the cross section to the specific spectroscopy state, because the large width, the rapid growth of the phase space with the energy increase, and the mixing among the resonances result in the shift of the visible peaks in the cross sections. For example, large width of the $`\omega _2^{}`$ resonance results in the shift of its peak in the energy dependence of the $`e^+e^{}\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ reaction cross section to $`1680`$ MeV from the bare mass $`2000`$ MeV .
* $`\rho (1300)`$ state observed by LASS team  in the reaction $`K^{}p\pi ^+\pi ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, revived an old discussion concerning the possible existence of the $`\rho (1250)`$ meson, in addition to the $`\rho (1450)`$ claimed to be observed in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation. The results presented in Table I show that the corresponding peak should be attributed to the same state $`\rho (1450)`$ as that presented in Reviews of Particle Physics .
* The state $`\omega (1200)`$ observed by SND team  in the reaction $`e^+e^{}\pi ^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$ is, in our opinion, the same state as $`\omega (1420)\omega _1^{}`$ presented in PDG .
* The states $`\rho _{1,2}^{}`$ and $`\omega _{1,2}^{}`$ turn out to be the broad resonance structures, as if the conventional quark picture of them as the radial excitations is implied. The present results, having in mind their significant uncertainties, do not contradict to the assignment of $`\rho _1^{}`$ and $`\omega _1^{}`$ resonances to the state $`2^3S_1`$. In the meantime, the central values of the $`\rho _2^{}`$ and $`\omega _2^{}`$ widths are large, which contradicts to the assigning them to the state $`1^3D_1`$ predicted by Gogfrey and Isgur  to be relatively narrow. However, large errors prevent one from drawing final conclusion.
* The very large widths of the resonances may indirectly evidence in favor of some nonresonant contributions to the amplitudes. The accuracy of the existing data is still poor either to isolate such contributions reliably or to specify their form precisely. Considerable increase of experimental statistics hopefully accessible at VEPP-2000 collider aimed at the study of the energy range of $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation from 1 to 2 GeV will help in resolving the above issues.


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# The Collapse of the Spin-Singlet Phase in Quantum Dots

## Abstract

We present experimental and theoretical results on a new regime in quantum dots in which the filling factor 2 singlet state is replaced by new spin polarized phases. We make use of spin blockade spectroscopy to identify the transition to this new regime as a function of the number of electrons. The key experimental observation is a reversal of the phase in the systematic oscillation of the amplitude of Coulomb blockade peaks as the number of electrons is increased above a critical number. It is found theoretically that correlations are crucial to the existence of the new phases.

During the last decade, Coulomb blockade (CB) spectroscopic techniques have been used to investigate the electronic properties of quantum dots containing a discrete number of electrons 1 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 . CB peaks in the current through the dot are observed whenever the electrochemical potential of the dot is aligned with the source and drain leads. (For lateral dots these leads are the edges of a two dimensional electron gas, 2DEG.) The dot’s ground state and the total spin can be tuned by applying a perpendicular magnetic field. Each new ground state is observed as a cusp in the position of the CB peak 1 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11  leading to the frequent use of this technique for spectroscopy. The amplitude of the peaks also contains information. For irregular quantum dots with hundreds of electrons, fluctuations in CB peak amplitudes were used to investigate chaotic phenomena chaos  since the amplitude is reduced whenever the overlap of the dot ground state with the leads is reduced. A similar spatial overlap argument was also introduced to explain drops in the peak amplitude at certain points in the addition spectrum of medium sized quantum dots 1 . For smaller quantum dots containing fewer electrons, spectroscopic information was, however, inferred exclusively from the spacing of the CB peaks (the addition spectrum) 1 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 . Recently we discovered an important additional mechanism for amplitude modulation. In our experiments on lateral devices, we found that electrons injected into the dot were partially spin polarized 8 ; 9  (spin down). The origin of the observed spin-polarized injection lay in the exchange-enhanced spin splitting of the magnetic edge states of the 2DEG leads at the entrance and exit barriers of the dot. The amplitude modulation is determined by the difference in the electronic configuration of ground states with two consecutive electron numbers $`N_e`$. Whenever this difference involves a spin up electron the current is dramatically reduced due to spin blockade 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11  even if the spatial overlap is large. Coulomb blockade spectroscopy of lateral quantum dots is thus accompanied by spin blockade (SB) spectroscopy 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 .

We have previously utilized SB spectroscopy to directly investigate singlet-triplet (ST) transitions 8 ; 10 ; 11  that occur close to the filling factor $`\nu =2`$ regime 1 ; 4 ; 3  in quantum dots containing up to 20 electrons. The $`\nu =2`$ regime in dots corresponds to a droplet of electrons occupying an equal number of the lowest spin-up and spin-down states of the lowest Landau level. The ST transitions had been predicted theoretically 14  and were first observed in the CB peak spacing of vertical quantum dots by Tarucha et al. 12  and interpreted in terms of direct and exchange interactions of the two electrons involved. In this Letter we report on a new and unexpected effect which is not discernible in the spacing of CB peaks but appears clearly in the pattern of CB amplitude modulation: the complete disappearance or quenching of the spin-singlet phase itself above a critical number of electrons $`N_c`$. We show that this effect can be understood in terms of a correlated behavior of many electrons.

The SEM picture of a device similar to the ones used in our experiments is shown in the inset of Fig. 1a.

The layout of gates in the device allows us to form a slightly deformed parabolic dot 15  in which the number of electrons can be controllably tuned from around 50 electrons down to 1 11 . In Fig. 1a we show a typical addition spectrum for the first 30 electrons entering our dot obtained by means of CB spectroscopy. The $`\nu =2`$ line, indicated by a series of red dots and the arrow, is a very pronounced feature of the spectrum. Immediately to the right of this feature is the $`\nu =2`$ regime. Figure 1b shows results of SB spectroscopy, i.e., the amplitude of the CB peaks obtained from the same set of measurements as the addition spectrum shown in Fig. 1a. The amplitude shows strong oscillations for $`B>0.4\text{T}`$ where spin-polarized injection and detection takes place. The $`\nu =2`$ line, marked by red circles, is clearly visible as a dip in the amplitude starting with five electrons.

On closer inspection, however, it is clear that there are certain features visible only in the SB spectra. These are marked with yellow for even electron numbers and with blue for odd electron numbers. The yellow marks approach and eventually cross the line in Fig. 1b, at a critical number of electrons $`N_c`$, an effect observed in all of our samples (this feature pictorially marks the transition to the new phases described in this paper). The yellow and blue features correspond to the first spin flip for each $`N_e`$ as a function of magnetic field. It is well established 1 ; 4 ; 8 ; 10  that as the field is raised and the filling factor in the quantum dot changes from $`\nu =2`$ to $`\nu =1`$ the quantum dot spin polarizes through a sequence of spin flips. It is difficult, however, to experimentally resolve the first few spin flips using CB spectroscopy. The amplitude magneto-fingerprint of a spin flip event (a drop in the peak amplitude due to both spatial and spin blockades) is found, however, to be observable even for the first spin flip 10 .

Firstly we concentrate on the previously understood regime ($`N_e<25`$10 . The line described by us as the $`\nu =2`$ line is more accurately defined as the low-field boundary of the $`\nu =2`$ singlet phase. To the right of the $`\nu =2`$ line electrons occupy spin-split states $`(m,0)`$ of the lowest Landau level with positive angular momentum $`m`$ 8  (the zero indicates the lowest Landau level). The states $`(m,0)`$ are equally spaced, with an energy spacing decreasing with increasing magnetic field which would eventually converge at very high magnetic fields to a single Landau level. For each state $`(m,0)`$ there is a state $`(m,1)`$ originating from the second Landau level separated from it by a fixed energy which would approach the cyclotron energy at very high magnetic fields. For an even number of electrons $`N_e=2N`$ both spin down and up states $`(m,0)`$ are filled up to the Fermi level forming the $`\nu =2`$ spin-singlet (total spin $`S=0`$) state. This state, together with electronic configurations of other states in close proximity to the $`\nu =2`$ line, are shown schematically in Fig. 2a.

For an odd number of electrons, one unpaired electron occupies a level at the edge of the droplet and the total spin of the in this case is $`1/2`$. As the magnetic field is lowered, the singlet phase becomes unstable against the transfer of an electron from the edge of the dot to the second Landau level orbital (0,1) in the center of the dot. The spatial charge distribution corresponding to the center and a representative edge orbital are shown at the bottom of Fig. 2. For an even number of electrons, decreasing the magnetic field transfers an electron from an edge to a center orbital with angular momentum $`1`$ while simultaneously flipping its spin. The dot is then in a triplet state formed by one electron in the edge and one in the center of the droplet. This configuration does not, of course, just consist of two electrons, but is a many-body state 10 ; 15 ; 14 . For an odd number of electrons, an unpaired electron at the edge of the droplet is also transferred to the center but without flipping its spin so the total spin of the droplet in this case remains unchanged 10 ; 15 ; 14 . As seen in Fig. 1a, there is no discernible experimental difference in the magnetic field at which transitions for even and odd total electron numbers take place. At higher magnetic fields there is a second boundary. The $`\nu =2`$ droplet becomes unstable against spin flips at the edge of the quantum dot. This boundary is dependent, however, on whether the dot contains an even or odd number of electrons. For both odd and even electron numbers $`N_e`$, a spin up electron at the edge of the droplet moves to the first available empty orbital with a higher angular momentum and flips its spin. For even $`N_e`$, and in the absence of interactions, the electron flips its spin at the edge whenever the cost of kinetic energy is compensated by the gain in Zeeman energy $`E_z`$. For odd $`N_e`$, spin flips cost twice as much kinetic energy. Hence, the magnetic field for spin flips for odd $`N_e`$ is much higher than that for even $`N_e`$ —the parity, not the magnitude, of $`N_e`$ is what is important. These features can be seen in the data corresponding to the first electron spin flip. The weak dependence on $`N_e`$ together with the large shift between the even and odd spin flips, while renormalized by interactions, is still visible in the SB spectrum of quantum dot shown in Fig. 1.

A number of model calculations for our system—spin density functional theory in the local spin-density approximation (LSDA) with Landau-level mixing, and Hartree-Fock calculations with and without Landau-level mixing—were performed. In particular, the stability of the $`\nu =2`$ singlet phase against transfer of electrons to the center (center configurations) and against spin flips at the edge (edge configurations) was studied. In Fig. 3 we show the calculated spin of the ground state configuration as a function of magnetic field for electron droplets with even and odd $`N_e`$.

Red denotes center configurations, yellow denotes edge configurations for even $`N_e`$, blue denotes edge configurations for odd $`N_e`$, and black denotes the $`\nu =2`$ spin singlet droplet. The self-consistent calculations employed the LSDA and include mixing of ten Landau levels. The calculations used a confinement energy of $`\omega =1`$ meV (extracted from the magnetic-field evolution of the CB peak corresponding to the first electron in the dot), a Zeeman energy of $`E_z=0.04`$ meV/T, and strictly 2D Coulomb interactions. The results of these calculations were already schematically summarized in Fig. 2. The LSDA and Hartree Fock calculations with and without a mixing of Landau levels all give a finite stability range of the spin singlet droplet (black region). At a critical number of electrons $`N_c`$, the spin-singlet $`\nu =2`$ phase ceases to be the ground state. As seen in Fig. 3, upon increasing the field, the dot with even $`N_e`$ evolves from a center configuration with a spin-down electron at the center and at the edge, to an edge configuration with two spin-down electrons at the edge of the droplet. This is shown schematically in Fig. 2b. A comparison of Figs. 2a, 2b, and Fig. 3 reveals a change in the center configuration of the droplet consisting of an odd number of electrons. The key effect is the triggering of spin polarization at the edge by the spin and charge of an electron at the center. These configurations persist over a finite range of electron numbers, as shown in Fig. 3.

This effect is too weak to be observed in the addition spectrum of Fig. 1. In contrast, the effect *can* be directly observed with SB spectroscopy. Consider how the predicted changes in the ground-state configurations should affect the current through the dot. The magnetic-field evolution of the CB peaks is schematically shown in Fig. 2. The thickness of the lines indicates the expected current amplitude (thin for low, thick for high). For $`N_e<N_c`$, the two center configurations for odd and even $`N_e`$ differ by one spin up electron at the edge of the dot. The two edge configurations differ by a spin down electron at the edge. Because of spin-polarized injection 11 , SB-spectroscopy measurements should reveal a relatively small current flowing through the dot whenever a transition occurs between center configurations (left of the $`\nu =2`$ line) and a relatively large current whenever a transition occurs between edge configurations (right of the $`\nu =2`$ line). A similar analysis for transitions from odd to even $`N_e`$ would give high current on the left of $`\nu =2`$ line and low current on the right 11 . In the case of $`N_e>N_c`$, as seen in Fig. 2b, the electronic configurations of the respective ground states have changed. The initial center configuration for even $`N_e`$ and the final center configuration for odd $`N_e`$ differ by a spin down electron at the edge, and so we expect a large current on the left of the $`\nu =2`$ line. The initial and final edge configurations differ by a spin-up electron at the edge of the droplet, and so the observed current is expected to be low. Thus, the collapse of the $`\nu =2`$ spin-singlet droplet should be seen through SB spectroscopy as a reversal of the amplitude oscillation pattern in the vicinity of the $`\nu =2`$ line as the number of electrons is increased. This is indeed observed in our experiments. In Fig. 4, we show inverted gray-scales of the magnetic-field evolution of four CB peaks in the vicinity of the $`\nu =2`$ line in the regime of both $`N_e<N_c`$ and $`N_e>N_c`$.

Dark and light shades in the gray-scale indicate respectively large and small peak amplitude. The amplitude of the CB peaks behaves in the way predicted in the above discussion of ground-state electronic configurations. In the bottom panel of Fig. 4, we plot the ratio of the peak amplitude $`A_2`$ on the right side of the $`\nu =2`$ line to the amplitude $`A_1`$ on the left side of the $`\nu =2`$ line as a function of electron number $`N_e`$. For a low electron number, this ratio is greater than unity when adding an odd electron to the dot and less than unity when adding an even electron. The pattern reverses around $`N_c=25`$. This number is different from the calculated one which perhaps points to our overestimation of the strength of Coulomb interactions, and the lack of detailed knowledge of the change of confinement on the number of electrons. The collapse of the $`\nu =2`$ spin-singlet droplet and the critical number of electrons $`N_c`$ observed in experiment was reproduced by Hartree-Fock calculations for a number of confining energies. However, only LSDA calculations which include correlations were capable of producing a phase diagram leading to amplitude reversal. Hence amplitude reversal appears to be connected to correlations, and more realistic calculations are in progress to illuminate this connection.

To summarize, we have studied the stability of the $`\nu =2`$ spin-singlet phase of a quantum dot as a function of electron number $`N_e`$ and magnetic field $`B`$. We have demonstrated that this phase collapses at a certain electron number $`N_c`$ in favor of spin-polarized configurations. We were able to observe this effect experimentally with spin-blockade spectroscopy. The experiments and calculations demonstrate new effects uncovered by the control of electron spin in a nanoscale object with a tunable and controlled number of electrons. These findings should have impact on the merging fields of spintronics, nanotechnology, and quantum information, which require the ability to control and manipulate spin and charge at the single-electron level.


text:
# Anisotropic Lattice and Its Application to Quark Gluon Plasma

## 1 Link Integration For Improved Action

If $`R`$ is an external source field for link variable $`U`$, the expectation value of $`U`$ is given by,

$$=\frac{1}{Z}\frac{dZ(R)}{dR^{}}$$
(1)
$`Z(R)`$ is expressed by the modified Bessel function $`I_1`$,.

$$Z(R)=\frac{dx}{2\pi i}e^{xQ}\frac{1}{z}I_1(2z)$$
(2)
where

$$z=\left(\frac{P(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

$$Q=2Re(det(R))$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}P(x)=1+xTr(RR^{})\hfill & \\ +\frac{1}{2}x^2\left[(Tr(RR^{}))^2Tr((RR^{})^2)\right]\hfill & \\ +x^3det(RR^{})\hfill & \end{array}$$
(3)
Similarly $`dZ(R)/dR`$ is written by the $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$,.
The path of the integration is a closed circle on the complex plane $`x`$. In principle its radius $`r`$ is arbitrary, but numerical integration requires adequate radius. We apply Simpson method for the numerical integration, and search for the region of $`r`$ and number of the division $`N`$ where $`<U>`$ is stable with the change of $`r`$ and $`N`$. It is observed that the $`<U>`$ depends strongly on $`r`$ and $`N`$. For example if we take $`N=50`$, there appear spurious plateaus, which disappears with increasing $`N`$. However there is a region of $`r`$ in which $`<U>`$ is stable for the change of $`r`$ and $`N`$. It becomes a little wider as $`N`$ is increased111These features are seen not only in the asymptotic expansion of the modified Bessel functions but also if Taylor expansions of them are applied. . This region of $`r`$ is called an optimal region of integration;$`r^{opt}`$. The link integration should be done with $`r^{opt}`$
The $`r^{opt}`$ are shown as a function of $`\beta `$ in Fig.1.

Notice that $`r^{opt}`$ region changes with the position of link variables on a configuration and also with configurations due to the fluctuation of gauge fields. The results shown in Fig.1 are not the average over the fluctuations. But the fluctuation of the $`r^{opt}`$ region is not large. If we choose,

$$r^{opt}r_{mid}^{opt}=\frac{r_{max}^{opt}+r_{min}^{opt}}{2}$$
(4)
it has been in an optimal region of $`r`$ throughout the link variables and configurations. The $`r^{opt}`$ for space link $`U_{space}`$ is larger than that of $`U_{time}`$ when $`\xi >1`$; $`r_{space}^{opt}>r_{time}^{opt}`$, and they become smaller for larger $`\beta `$.

In the case of improved actions, the number of link $`U`$ which are simultaneously integrated in a loop becomes much smaller than the case of standard action. Therefore the link integration method is not effective for the calculation of smaller Wilson loops. The suppression of the fluctuation is impressive for $`W(6\times 6)`$ but not for $`W(4\times 4)`$ for $`\beta =2.5`$. However for the calculation of $`\eta `$ in the smaller $`\beta `$ region, the use of the link integration method has been indispensable. We have used it for the calculation of $`\eta `$ at $`\beta =3.5,3.05,2.5`$ for Iwasaki action.

## 2 Self-energy Effects on $`\eta `$

Lattice potential is defined by the ratio of Wilson loops, $`V(r)=log({\displaystyle \frac{W(p,r)}{W(p+1,r)}})`$. The $`\xi _R`$ is determined by the matching of the potential in space and temporal direction.

$$V_s(\xi _B,r)=V_t(\xi _B,t=\xi _R\times r)$$
(5)
The $`\eta `$ parameter is defined by $`\eta =\xi _R/\xi _B`$ However, $`V_s`$ and $`V_t`$ includes self-energy contributions which may be written as,

$$V_s(\xi _B,r)=V_s^0(\xi _B)+V_s(\xi _B,r)$$
(6)
Similarly for $`V_t(\xi _B,t)`$.
Due to the anisotropy, $`V_s^0(\xi _B)V_t^0(\xi _B)`$.
For the standard action, the effect of the self-energy term on $`\eta `$ has been studied by Bielefeld group. It is reported that the effect on $`\eta `$ is $`0.01`$. In this report we study its effects for Iwasaki’s improved action. In order to get rid of the effect of self-energy term $`V^0`$, we employ a subtraction method,

$$V_s^{Sub}(\xi _B,r)=V_s(\xi _B,r)V_s(\xi _B,r_0)$$
(7)
similarly for $`V_t^{Sub}`$. The $`t_0`$ and $`r_0`$ should satisfy $`t_0=\xi _Rr_0`$ and we take $`r_0=3`$. Then we apply the matching for $`V^{Sub}`$.

$$V_s^{Sub}(\xi _B,r)=V_t^{Sub}(\xi _B,t=\xi _R\times r)$$
(8)
We denote the $`\eta `$ determined in this way as $`\eta ^{Sub}`$.

In Fig.2 we have shown our results. It is found that the differences of the $`\eta ^{Nosub}`$ and $`\eta ^{Sub}`$ are small; $`0.015`$.
Combined with the results of Bielefeld group for the standard action, we conclude that the correction to the global dependences of the $`\eta `$ parameters for the class of improved actions(Symanzik, Iwasaki etc) which we have presented at lattice 99 is really small

## 3 Quark Gluon Plasma on Anisotropic Lattice

As applications of the anisotropic lattice, we have started a simulation of transport coefficients of the quark gluon plasma and a study of the heavy quark spectroscopy.

We reported the transport coefficients from lattice simulations on isotropic lattice. Our results have been impressive and encouraging for the phenomenological study of the quark gluon plasma, in the sense that they are located close to the simple extrapolation of the perturbative results on the figure at high temperature limit222Notice that perturbative formula breaks down around $`T_c`$. However they depend on the ansatz for the spectral function of the Matsubara green function($`G_{\mu \nu }`$) of energy momentum tensor. The aim of this work is to improve the resolution of the $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ by using the anisotropic lattice, and check the ansatz of the spectral function.
The calculation of the transport coefficients of quark gluon plasma are formulated in the linear response theory. They are calculated by the $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ of energy momentum tensor. For the pure gauge models it is written as, $`T_{\mu \nu }=2\text{Tr}[F_{\mu \sigma }F_{\nu \sigma }\frac{1}{4}\delta _{\mu \nu }F_{\rho \sigma }F_{\rho \sigma }]`$ On an anisotropic lattice, the field strength tensors are written as follows,

$$a_\sigma ^3F_{ij}^cF_{ij}^c=\frac{\beta _\xi }{6a_\sigma }\eta (3TrU_{ij})$$
(9)
$$a_\sigma ^3F_{i4}^cF_{i4}^c=\frac{\beta _\xi }{6a_\sigma }\xi _B^2\eta (3TrU_{i4})$$
(10)
We have started from test run of calculating $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ on $`8^3\times 8`$ lattice with Iwasaki action at $`\beta =3.3`$ and $`\xi _R=2.0`$. As a check of our calculations on the anisotropic lattice, we have compared it with the one from an isotropic lattice $`8^3\times 4`$, for which the scale in temperature direction is changed to $`\xi _R=2`$ lattice. They are shown in Fig.3.

It is seen that the both green functions coincide with each other. The merit of applying an anisotropic lattice is that we could determine the transport coefficients under the ansatz of the spectral function on small lattices.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\rho (\stackrel{}{p}=0,\omega )\hfill & \\ =\frac{A}{\pi }(\frac{\gamma }{(m\omega )^2+\gamma ^2}\frac{\gamma }{(m+\omega )^2+\gamma ^2})\hfill & \end{array}$$
(11)
Because 3 independent parameters are determined by the 3 independent data points of $`G_{12}`$ on an anisotropic lattice.
We have proceeded to the calculation of Matsubara green function on $`24^3\times 16`$ lattice with $`\xi _R=2.0`$. At this point, the number of data is not large enough to determine the $`G_{\mu \nu }`$. But we expect that the check of the ansatz given by Eq.11, could be done on the anisotropic lattice. In addition we are planing to determine spectral functions by the maximum entropy method. They will be reported in the forthcoming publications

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been done with SX-5 at RCNP and VX-4 at Yamagata University. We are grateful for the members of RCNP for kind supports.