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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The ultimate goal of many current and future efforts in experimental physics of elementary particles is discovering possible new symmetries in Nature. These symmetries, commonly referred to as the “new physics” could realize via previously unknown interactions that we are becoming sensitive to with novel detecting devices at collider-based experiments as the energies available to these machines are growing. Besides academic curiosity about the processes that might be allowed beyond the current energy frontier, there are many important questions that are outside the scope of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles. Among these are quantifying the imbalance between matter and antimatter in visible Universe, why there are three generations of quarks and leptons in the SM hierarchy, what is the connection between two fundamental statistics, if quarks and leptons are truly point-like particles and other open problems. Last but not the least, I have to mention that we have not yet obtained the experimental proof of the origin of mass, neither we know if the Coulomb’s law holds at very small distances and if there is any connection between gravity and possible extra dimensions.

The results presented in this short review were obtained from the data collected at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) with the CLEO series of detectors. These results are based on statistics that correspond to an integrated $`e^+e^{}`$ luminosity of up to $`9.2\mathrm{fb}^1`$ collected at the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4\mathrm{S})`$ energy of 10.58 GeV and up to $`4.6\mathrm{fb}^1`$ collected approximately 60 MeV below the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4\mathrm{S})`$ energy. These energies are far below the energies available at Tevatron, LEP and future LHC experiments, however, the tiny effects of new physics at such low energies could be amplified by strong interaction that might give rise, for example, to direct $`CP`$ asymmetry in particular decays of $`B`$ and $`D`$ mesons. The measurements described in this review are, most of the time, the limits on how rare the searched-for processes are. Presenting our experimental results in the form of limits on masses, coupling constants and other parameters associated with the new physical processes is highly model-dependent and is left outside the scope of this review. Only more recent CLEO efforts are described, while neutrinoless and anomalous radiative $`\tau `$ decays, rare $`\eta ^{}`$ decays, familon, scalar bottom quark and other searches are not covered here. For some of the processes studied by CLEO and reviewed here similar or better limits were recently reported by BaBar and Belle experiments.

Our data sample was recorded with two configurations of the CLEO detector. The first third of the data was recorded with the CLEO II detector which consisted of three cylindrical drift chambers placed in an axial solenoidal magnetic field of 1.5T, a CsI(Tl)-crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, a time-of-flight (TOF) plastic scintillator system and a muon system (proportional counters embedded at various depths in the steel absorber). Two thirds of the data were taken with the CLEO II.V configuration of the detector where the innermost drift chamber was replaced by a silicon vertex detector (SVX) and the argon-ethane gas of the main drift chamber was changed to a helium-propane mixture. This upgrade led to improved resolutions in momentum and specific ionization energy loss ($`dE/dx`$) measurements.

The three-tier CLEO trigger system complemented by the software filter for beam-gas rejection utilized the information from the two outer drift chambers, the TOF system and electromagnetic calorimeter. The response of the detector was modeled with a GEANT-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulation program. The data and simulated samples were processed by the same event reconstruction program. Whenever possible the efficiencies were either calibrated or corrected for the difference between simulated and actual detector responses using direct measurements from independent data.

Most of the measurements reviewed here have been made by first measuring signal candidates yields and then, when necessary, subtracting background contributions. These “yields” were not always the numbers of events, often these were complicated weighted quantities optimized for signal-background separation. Simple “slice and dice” or counting method was employed in simpler analyses, more sophisticated techniques, such as maximum likelihood (ML) fitting, neural nets and optimal observable method were applied to more difficult cases. The resulting numbers were corrected for the overall efficiencies and then converted to the measured quantities using luminosities, branching fractions and, when necessary, theoretical input. Detailed description of these procedures can be found in references to CLEO publications. The reader can also find relevant theoretical references in these publications. Our results are based on 9.6 million $`B\overline{B}`$ events, 12.2 million $`\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ pairs and 9 $`\mathrm{fm}^1`$ of $`e^+e^{}`$ statistics with SVX appropriate for precise $`D`$ mesons measurements.

## 2 Bound on $`CP`$ Asymmetry in $`bs\gamma `$ Decays

The theory predicts very small $`𝒜_{CP}`$ asymmetry in inclusive rate for $`bs\gamma `$ where222Similar definitions of $`𝒜_{CP}`$ are used in all other analyses reviewed here.

$$𝒜_{CP}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bs\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{b}\overline{s}\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bs\gamma )+\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{b}\overline{s}\gamma )}.$$
(1)
In SM non-zero $`𝒜_{CP}`$ could arise from QCD radiative corrections and interference among processes whose amplitudes are driven by $`c_7`$ (QED penguin), $`c_2`$ (four-fermion) and $`c_8`$ (QCD penguin) Wilson coefficients in OEP expansion for effective weak Hamiltonian. This asymmetry is proportional to $`\alpha _s`$ and could be enhanced by some new processes that would modify effective theory. As with all other direct $`CP`$ asymmetries discussed here, possible non-zero $`𝒜_{CP}`$ in $`bs\gamma `$ should vanish when summing over all $`B`$ (or, separately, over all $`\overline{B}`$) decays is performed. This is required to conserve $`CPT`$ and means equal lifetimes for a particle and corresponding antiparticle.

In our analyses the signature of $`bs\gamma `$ is high energy photon: $`2.2\mathrm{GeV}<E_\gamma <2.7\mathrm{GeV}`$. To measure partial rates, flavor tagging is necessary. We achieved 89% and 90% correct $`b`$-flavor tagging by either using a high momentum lepton from the recoiling, non-signal $`B`$ meson candidate, or, when lepton is not identified, with the help of pseudoreconstruction technique where charged kaon candidate was used for tagging. The effects of $`B\overline{B}`$ mixing were corrected for, substantial background from continuum processes (including initial state radiation (ISR)) was suppressed using $`\pi ^0`$ and $`\eta `$ vetoes and a combination of kinematic variables provided as the input to neural net trained using signal MC and background samples. The remaining background was subtracted using independent data sample recorded $`60`$ MeV below $`B\overline{B}`$ threshold.

We do not tag strangeness in $`bs\gamma `$ (even when using pseudoreconstruction technique) because of three reasons: there is no kaon requirement in lepton flavor tagging method, our PID is far from being perfect in pseudoreconstruction method, and, finally, $`K\overline{K}`$ pairs could be popped up from vacuum after $`bd\gamma `$ quark-level transition thus faking the $`bs\gamma `$ signal. As the result our $`bs\gamma `$ and $`bd\gamma `$ efficiencies are almost the same. This is acceptable because the theory predicts that $`bd\gamma `$ contributes only $`4`$% to the inclusive radiative rate. To estimate the $`bd\gamma `$ contribution from data we performed searches for certain exclusive channels (such as $`B\rho \gamma `$ and $`BD^0\gamma `$) that would be coming from $`B`$ decays mediated via QED $`bd\gamma `$ penguin, $`W`$ annihilation and $`W`$ exchange and did not find these processes to have unexpectedly large branching fractions. However, our experimental limits on $`bd\gamma `$ are still approx. 10 times higher than what we would love to see as the experimental proof of $`bd\gamma `$ being small. Therefore, we assume $`bs\gamma `$ after subtracting all known contributions. As the result our measured $`bs\gamma `$ asymmetry is biased by possible small contribution from $`bd\gamma `$ that would give rise to $`𝒜_{CP}`$ asymmetry of opposite (to signal) sign.

We measure $`𝒜_{CP}=(0.079\pm 0.108\pm 0.022)(1.0\pm 0.03)`$, where the first and second errors are statistical and additive systematic (same convention is used for all analyses reviewed here), and the 3% error is multiplicative systematic. Major contributions to systematics arise from mistag rate, continuum and $`B\overline{B}`$ background subtractions. Contribution from particle detection biases (matter-antimatter detection efficiency asymmetry) for kaons, pions and leptons is very small (less than 1%) as it is in all other analyses reported here. We also established a 90% confidence level (CL) interval $`0.27<𝒜_{CP}<+0.10`$ ruling out some extreme (though unspecified) non-SM predictions.

## 3 Exclusive QED Penguins and $`CP`$ Asymmetry

Prompted by theoretical expectation of non-zero $`𝒜_{CP}`$ in inclusive $`bs\gamma `$ CLEO also measured this asymmetry in exclusive channels $`BK^{}(892)\gamma `$. In this case flavor self-tagging was achieved using charged kaon or pion and it was assumed that $`𝒜_{CP}`$ is the same for neutral and charged $`B`$ mesons depending only on $`b`$ quark flavor. We measured $`𝒜_{CP}=+0.01\pm 0.06`$, where only statistical error is shown (in this review we usually do not show systematics for statistics-limited measurements). To obtain this number we corrected for misidentification rate of $`3.5`$%.

## 4 $`CP`$ Asymmetry in Dileptons from $`B\overline{B}`$ Decays

Same-sign dileptons appear naturally in $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)B^0\overline{B^0}`$ decays because of $`B\overline{B}`$ mixing. Similarly to neutral kaon decays, $`B`$ mass and flavor eigenstates could be different with the former described in terms of the latter as $`[(1+ϵ_B)B^0+(1ϵ_B)\overline{B}^0]/\sqrt{2(1+|ϵ_B|^2)}`$. This could give rise to $`CP`$ violation ($`CPV`$) that would manifest itself in a non-zero value for

$$a_{ll}=\frac{N(l^+l^+)N(l^{}l^{})}{N(l^+l^+)+N(l^{}l^{})}\frac{4e(ϵ_B)}{1+|ϵ_B|^2},$$
(2)
where index $`l`$ stands for a lepton from semileptonic $`B`$ decay.

Experimental challenges in this analysis include measuring dilution factor and the charge asymmetry in the fake probability from the data, continuum suppression and subtraction. Only high-momentum leptons are used in the measurement: $`1.6\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{c}<p_l<2.4\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{c}`$. In this analysis we measured $`a_{ll}=(+0.013\pm 0.050\pm 0.005)(1.00\pm 0.10)`$. By combining this result with our previous (statistically independent) measurement (where $`B\overline{B}`$ mixing was the main subject) we arrive at weighted average $`e(ϵ_B)/(1+|ϵ|^2)=+0.0035\pm 0.0103\pm 0.0015`$. This is significant improvement in comparison to CDF result: $`+0.025\pm 0.062\pm 0.032`$. Our sensitivity is similar to that of OPAL’s result: $`+0.002\pm 0.007\pm 0.003`$. In contrast to these two measurements our analysis is not affected by possible $`B_s`$ contamination as these mesons can not be produced at energies available to us at $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$.

## 5 Search for $`CP`$ Violation in $`B\psi ^{()}K`$ Decays

Possible SM contribution to direct $`CP`$ asymmetry in $`B^\pm \psi ^{()}K^\pm `$ decays is practically zero. However, some SM extensions would be able to explain non-zero $`𝒜_{CP}`$ (if observed). These are 2HDM extensions where $`t`$ quark plays a special role and masses of up- and down-type fermions are generated by different Higgs doublets. Presence of dileptons from $`\psi ^{()}`$ decays allows a background-free analysis and we measured $`𝒜_{CP}(B^\pm \psi K^\pm )=+0.018\pm 0.043\pm 0.004`$ and $`𝒜_{CP}(B^\pm \psi ^{}K^\pm )=+0.02\pm 0.091\pm 0.01`$. These two channels are not combined together because rescattering that would give rise to FSI and $`CP`$-conserving strong phase necessary for observing the effects of ($`CP`$ non-conserving) new physics is channel-dependent.

## 6 $`CP`$ Asymmetries in Charmless Hadronic $`B`$ Decays

We also measured $`𝒜_{CP}`$ for five two-body charmless hadronic $`B`$ decays. The theory predicts $`𝒜_{CP}<0.1`$ for these decays assuming factorization and no soft FSI. The non-zero SM $`𝒜_{CP}`$ arises from the interference between tree $`bu`$ and penguin $`bs`$ transitions. There are indications that their amplitudes in studied $`B`$ decays are comparable, therefore (assuming large strong phase) $`𝒜_{CP}`$ might be observable with existing data. Once again, if there is new physics contribution in the quark-level transitions for decays of heavy flavors and FSI (or rescattering) is large, $`𝒜_{CP}`$ could be much larger. Using self-tagging we found $`𝒜_{CP}(BK^\pm \pi ^{})=0.04\pm 0.16`$, $`𝒜_{CP}(BK^\pm \pi ^0)=0.29\pm 0.23`$, $`𝒜_{CP}(BK_s^0\pi ^\pm )=+0.18\pm 0.24`$, $`𝒜_{CP}(BK^\pm \eta ^{})=+0.03\pm 0.12`$ and $`𝒜_{CP}(B\omega \pi ^\pm )=0.34\pm 0.25`$, where only statistical errors are shown. The interpretation of these results, consistent with the SM predictions, would be subject to FSI contribution uncertainties even if some $`𝒜_{CP}`$ were established to be non-zero. As in many other analyses where SM $`CPV`$ is allowed, it is strong interaction that would make (possible) new physics effects to realize at low energies, while quantifying its role in extracting parameters associated with these effects could be very difficult.

## 7 Search for $`CP`$ Violation in $`\tau `$ Decays

In contrast to charmless $`B`$ decays, no SM $`CP`$ violation is possible in $`\tau `$ sector and our previous search did not find any in our $`\tau ^\pm K_s^0\pi ^\pm \nu `$ data. Since than we realized that a more powerful search is possible using the optimal observable method. This method is based on presenting the data in the form most sensitive to a particular SM extension. We did not find $`CP`$ violation in our new $`\tau ^\pm \pi ^\pm \pi ^0\nu `$ analysis and, analyzing our data using a particular 3HDM SM extension established a 90% CL interval on the parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ that describes convoluted complex combination of this model’s coupling constants: $`0.046<m(\mathrm{\Lambda })<0.022`$. In this model $`\tau `$ can also decay via charged Higgs boson. We also reanalyzed $`\tau ^\pm K_s^0\pi ^\pm \nu `$ data in the same spirit and measured $`0.155<m(\mathrm{\Lambda })<0.047`$ 90% CL interval (preliminary result). Our new results are obtained using conservative form-factor model for hadronic part of studied $`\tau `$ decays. Namely, we experimented with three models for form factors and chose the one that generated smallest strong phase (thus reducing our potential sensitivity to hidden new physics).

## 8 $`CP`$ Violation in $`D`$ Decays to Pseudoscalar Pairs

We measured $`𝒜_{CP}`$ for five $`D^0`$ decay channels: $`𝒜_{CP}(DK^+K^{})=+0.0005\pm 0.0218\pm 0.0084`$ and $`𝒜_{CP}(D\pi ^+\pi ^{})=+0.020\pm 0.032\pm 0.008`$ (preliminary results), $`𝒜_{CP}(DK_s^0\pi ^0)=+0.001\pm 0.013`$, $`𝒜_{CP}(D\pi ^0\pi ^0)=+0.001\pm 0.048`$ and $`𝒜_{CP}(DK_s^0K_s^0)=0.23\pm 0.19`$, where only statistical errors are shown for the last three channels. In these analyses $`d`$ flavor was tagged by the charge of pion from two-body decay $`D^+\pi ^+D^0`$ (and charge-conjugate). Assuming that $`D^{}`$ decay is $`CP`$-conserving, to measure $`𝒜_{CP}`$ for $`D`$ mesons we actually measure the numbers of $`D^+`$ ($`D^{}`$) decays followed by the $`D^0`$ ($`\overline{D^0}`$) decay. Possible non-zero $`𝒜_{CP}`$ would be manifestation of direct $`CP`$ violation which is usually predicted to be small in SM, of the order of 0.1% in the charmed mesons sector. However there are indications that large FSI effects are present in $`D`$ decays and this would make them an excellent place to search for $`CP`$ violation with more data expected at CLEO-c.

## 9 New Fits to $`D^0`$ Proper Time and $`y`$ Measurement

The first two $`𝒜_{CP}`$ measurements for charmed mesons described above are actually a by-product of the new analysis of $`D^0`$ proper time measured with CLEO II.V SVX by reconstructing the displaced vertices of the $`D^0`$ mesons decaying in flight. Proper time measurements provide us with information on $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing that can proceed via on-shell and off-shell intermediate states. In a widely accepted framework the amplitude for former (latter) contribution is $`iy`$ ($`x`$) in units of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{D^0}/2`$. The signatures of new physics include $`|x|>>|y|`$ and possible large $`|m(x)/x|`$ causing $`CP`$ violating interference between $`x`$ and $`y`$ or between $`x`$ and direct decay amplitudes to the same final state. SM $`x`$ contribution to $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing is strongly Cabibbo-suppressed: $`|x|\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _C5`$% and this is reduced further down to $`|x|10^6`$$`10^2`$ by GIM cancelation where large uncertainty is due to strong interaction effects. In the limit of no $`CP`$ violation in $`D^0`$ decays, one can measure $`y`$ by comparing distributions of decay distances (i.e. by measuring proper times) for samples of $`D^0`$ mesons decaying to $`CP`$ eigenstates and to the states of mixed $`CP`$. We measured proper times for $`D^0`$ decays to $`K^+K^{}`$, $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ and $`K^+\pi ^{}`$ final states and obtained preliminary result $`y=0.011\pm 0.025\pm 0.014`$ which is consistent with zero. This is in agreement with our previous measurement and recent FOCUS results.

## 10 First Measurement of $`D^0K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$ Rate

Charmed meson initially tagged as $`D^0`$ can be observed in a “wrong-sign” (WS) final state, such as $`K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$ as the result of direct doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay (DCSD) or via a “right-sign” (RS) $`\overline{D^0}`$ decay after mixing. In this analysis we measure time-integrated ratio

$$R(K\pi \pi )=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(D^0K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{D^0}K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0)}=R_D(K\pi \pi )+\sqrt{R_D(K\pi \pi )}y^{}+\frac{x^2+y^2}{2},$$
(3)
where $`R_D(K\pi \pi )`$ is the relative rate of DCSD for this channel, $`x^{}=x\mathrm{cos}\delta +y\mathrm{sin}\delta `$, $`y^{}=y\mathrm{cos}\delta x\mathrm{sin}\delta `$ and $`\delta `$ is a possible strong phase between direct and mixing-induced WS amplitudes.

We measure $`R(K\pi \pi )`$ from the two-dimensional ML fit in $`m(K\pi \pi )`$ vs. $`Q=M_D^{}M_{K\pi \pi }m_\pi `$ and use the results to establish the WS decay. From our binned ML fit we measure $`R(K\pi \pi )=0.0043_{0.0010}^{+0.0011}\pm 0.0007`$. With more statistics we could have made a time-dependent fit to extract $`x^{}`$, $`y^{}`$ and $`R_D(K\pi \pi )`$ simultaneously (although with correlations), however, with our data (observing $`38\pm 9`$ WS $`K\pi \pi `$ events) we can only measure $`R_D(K\pi \pi )=(1.7\pm 0.4\pm 0.3)\times \mathrm{tan}^4\theta _C`$ assuming no mixing. If, instead, we assumed $`\delta (K\pi \pi )=\delta (K\pi )`$ (unfounded), $`y^{}=0`$ and $`|x^{}|=0.028`$ (using 95% CL upper limit from our previous measurement), these changes would have had very small effect on our $`R_D(K\pi \pi )`$ result.

## 11 New Results on FCNC Decays $`BK^{()}l^+l^{}`$

Processes mediated by (effective, in SM) Flavor Changing Neutral Currents (FCNC) are among the best candidates to search for new physics in $`B`$ decays. Field-theoretical description of FCNC decays contains loop and box diagrams and this would make it easy to explain deviations from SM (if observed) by introducing much heavier non-SM particles that would affect the total rate and modify differential distributions for these decays.

Background suppression is one of the challenges present in this analysis. In addition to continuum (includes ISR) there are dileptons from $`\psi ^{()}`$ and $`B\overline{B}`$ decays. Almost all background-suppression variables and methods developed on CLEO are combined to achieve the best possible sensitivity in our blind analysis that uses 12 $`e^+e^{}`$ and $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$ exclusive channels. To make $`\psi ^{()}`$ suppression efficient we correct their four momenta to include internal and external bremsstrahlung photons (when recovered) and apply wide vetoes on invariant masses. For example, in $`e^+e^{}`$ channels we veto candidates with (corrected, when applicable) dielectron invariant masses in the range between 2.80 and 3.23 GeV. To suppress $`B\overline{B}`$ dileptons we employ missing mass technique developed on CLEO for neutrino “detection”. Careful studies of $`e`$ and $`\mu `$ reconstruction efficiencies using data have been carried over the past two years and this is the reason why our new FCNC results became available only recently. To suppress virtual $`K^{}\gamma `$ contribution we select events with dilepton invariant mass $`m_{ll}>0.5\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{c}^2`$ in the $`K^{}`$ analyses. Continuum background is suppressed using Fisher discriminant that combines all available kinematic information about each $`B`$ candidate and the event as a whole. In each channel selection criteria were optimized for the discovery and best upper limit with the average used in the actual analysis. This gave us overall (weighted) efficiency of $`54.8`$%.

Summing over all channels we counted the number of observed events in the signal box of beam-constrained $`B`$ mass vs. $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$, the difference between the beam energy and that of a candidate and found 7 events while our data-based estimates of background contribution is $`5.8\pm 0.8`$. As the result we achieved excellent sensitivity and measured 90% CL (Bayesian) upper limits for $`B`$ branching fractions

$`(BKl^+l^{})<1.7\times 10^6`$,

$`(BK^{}(892)l^+l^{})_{m_{ll}>0.5\mathrm{GeV}}<3.2\times 10^6`$ and

$`[0.65(BKl^+l^{})+0.35(BK^{}(892)l^+l^{})_{m_{ll}>0.5\mathrm{GeV}}]<1.5\times 10^6`$,

where the latter efficiency-weighted limit is just 50% above the SM prediction with almost no model dependence in the efficiency. We estimate that to become actually sensitive to new physics contribution in these decays data samples of the order of $`500\mathrm{fb}^1`$ might be necessary.

## 12 Future $`\tau `$-charm Factory at Cornell

At future CLEO-c experiment we plan to use the existing CLEO III apparatus with silicon vertex detector replaced by a compact low-mass inner drift chamber. This detector will collect data at the $`J/\psi `$ and $`e^+e^{}D\overline{D}`$ threshold energies with initial CESR-c instantaneous luminosity around $`3`$$`5\times 10^{32}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{s}^1`$. CLEO-c will operate with reduced magnetic field (down to 1.0 Tesla from 1.5 Tesla at present, this only requires turning a knob) in the main part of the detector. At CLEO-c we plan to collect samples of 1.5 million $`D_s\overline{D_s}`$ pairs, 30 million $`D\overline{D}`$ pairs and 1 billion $`J/\psi `$ decays. These exceed the MARK-III statistics by the factors of 480, 310 and 170, respectively.

An important element of our CLEO-c program is to measure the $`D`$ mesons coupling constants that are important for testing Lattice QCD (LQCD) predictions. If these predictions are confirmed by the measurements, there would be a degree of confidence in LQCD calculations for $`f_B`$. Then the theory could be used to reduce hadronic uncertainties in future measurements of CKM matrix elements at $`B`$-factories and Fermilab. Reducing hadronic uncertainties in CKM measurements should help to “over-constrain” the unitarity triangles thus possibly leading to hints of new physics contribution to the decays of heavy mesons. The measurements of $`f_{D_{(s)}}`$ coupling constants will be done at CLEO-c by precisely measuring the rates for the $`Dl\overline{\nu }`$ and $`D_sl\overline{\nu }`$ decays. The main advantage of CLEO-c will be the ability to “tag” the signal $`D`$ meson decaying leptonically by fully reconstructing the recoiling $`D`$ and by detecting a lepton from signal $`D`$ decay. Applying kinematic constraints will help to bring the neutrino “detection” technique to a qualitatively better level than is possible on CLEO at present in $`B`$ decays. According to our estimates we should be able to achieve the 2% precision in the measurements of $`f_D`$ and $`f_{D_s}`$. At present these are known with 35% and 100% errors, respectively. We also plan to measure many other $`D`$ branching fractions with much better precision than these are known at present. Knowledge of these branching fractions, such as $`(DK\pi )`$ is important for normalizing measurements at higher energies.

In our future $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing and $`CP`$ asymmetries studies we should benefit from the fact that $`D`$ and $`\overline{D}`$ at CLEO-c will be produced in a coherent quantum state. This is crucial for direct $`CP`$ searches we plan to undertake. The key point is that when a $`D\overline{D}`$ pair is produced in a $`C`$-odd initial state from $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation, a final state with two $`CP`$ eigenstates of the same $`CP`$ eigenvalue would be an unambiguous manifestation of direct $`CP`$ violation. As the result of our CLEO-c program we expect to achieve the precision of better than 1% in the measurements of $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing and $`𝒜_{CP}`$ asymmetry parameter for $`D`$ mesons.

The decays of $`J/\psi `$ will be studied at CLEO-c with an unprecedented precision and in much detail. Our main emphasis here would be on studying radiative decays of $`J/\psi `$ to light mesons as these provide a glue-rich experimental laboratory where new states of hadronic matter, generally referred to as glueballs and exotics could be finally unambiguously discovered and studied. With one billion $`J/\psi `$ decays we will be able to perform partial wave analyses and global fits for many mysterious decays of $`J/\psi `$ (such as $`J/\psi \gamma f_j(2220)`$) presumably observed previously, however, with poor statistics.

The measurements of $`R`$, the total hadronic cross section in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation in a wide range of $`e^+e^{}`$ invariant masses ($`\sqrt{S}`$) proposed at CLEO-c is an integral part of global efforts in heavy flavor physics. These measurements will help to reduce uncertainties associated with extracting new physics effects from existing and future data at higher energies experiments. By measuring $``$ in a wide range of $`\sqrt{S}`$ we should be able to further constrain the mass of the (minimal) SM Higgs. In this case, the analysis of $``$ would result in the measurement of running $`\alpha `$(electromagnetic) that should allow to put more restrictive limits on the mass of SM Higgs if it is not yet discovered by the time CLEO-c data is available. Finally, precise scan of $``$ might give information about vector hybrids, i.e. hadrons consisting of $`q\overline{q}g`$ whose existence is predicted by LQCD calculations. The latter project’s feasibility would depend on the magnitudes of $`e^+e^{}`$ partial widths of such hypothetic resonances. We expect to achieve the 2% precision per point in the measurements of $`R`$ at CLEO-c in the invariant mass region between 3 and 5 GeV. CESR-c will have the ability to run with a single beam energy of up to 5.6 GeV thus opening the prospects to do the measurements at even higher $`\sqrt{S}`$. As relevant for $`R`$ measurements we are especially interested in $`\sqrt{S}`$ region above $`J/\psi `$ and below $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ resonances. CESR-c and CLEO-c is a three-year program that is expected to start in the end of 2002.

## 13 Conclusions and Acknowledgments

CLEO has searched for a variety of $`CP`$ asymmetries, “wrong-sign” $`D^0`$ decays and $`B`$ decays mediated by FCNC transitions with the purpose to probe the non-SM physics. No evidence of such contribution was found. More precise measurements are starting coming from other $`B`$ physics experiments, better limits on or the discovery of $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing and $`CP`$ violation in $`D`$ decays should be expected at these facilities and at future $`\tau `$-charm factory at Cornell (CLEO-c and CESR-c).

I would like to thank the CESR staff for providing us with excellent luminosity and my CLEO colleagues who gave me a chance to represent our experiment.


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# Is There an Advection Dominated Accretion Flow in Radio Galaxies with Double-Peaked Balmer Lines ?

## 1. INTRODUCTION

It has been reported that double-peaked broad Balmer lines are seen in the optical spectra of some broad-line radio galaxies (BLRGs) \[e.g., Osterbrock, Koski, & Phillips 1976; Halpern & Filippenko 1988; Pérez et al. 1988; Halpern 1990; Veilleux & Zheng 1991; Colina, Lípari, & Macchetto 1991; Eracleous & Halpern 1994 (EH94); Halpern & Eracleous 1994; Sulentic et al. 1995; Halpern et al. 1996\] and LINERs (e.g., Storchi-Bergmann, Baldwin, & Wilson 1993; Bower et al. 1996; Ho et al. 2000; Shields et al. 2001). Since this remarkable feature may contain kinematical and geometrical information concerning the ionized gas in broad-line regions (BLRs), various models for the double-peaked emission line have been proposed up to now. Among such models, the disk-BLR model, in which the double-peaked profile is explained taking account of accretion disks as an emitter of broad emission lines, has been often investigated since Pérez et al. (1988) reported that the profile of the H$`\beta `$ emission of 3C 390.3 can be well fitted by a relativistic accretion disk model \[see also Chen, Halpern, & Filippenko 1989 (CHF89); Chen & Halpern 1989 (CH89)\]. However, the gravitational energy released in a standard, geometrically-thin and optically-thick accretion disk is insufficient to account for the luminosity of the BLR emission (CHF89; EH94). Moreover, if the standard disk is assumed, the effective temperature in the region where the BLR emission is expected to arise is calculated to be less than 5000 K, which is too low in BLRs (CHF89; see also Collin-Souffrin 1987). Therefore, an external heating source is required for an accretion disk to be a source of the BLR emission.

When the mass accretion rate is small compared to the Eddington value, ions in the inner disk become very hot because of lack of an efficient cooling process. The resulting high pressure produces puffed-up structure with nearly spherical inflow, which is generally called advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF; e.g., Ichimaru 1977; Rees et al. 1982; Narayan & Yi 1995). CHF89 pointed out that this geometrically-thick ADAF can illuminate an outer disk that remains geometrically thin (see also CH89; Shields et al. 2001). This supplied energy enables the outer thin disk to radiate the BLR emission, giving rise to the double-peaked broad Balmer lines. When the mass accretion rate is high, on the contrary, we see only single-peaked (“normal”) Balmer lines which may arise in more distant regions from the nucleus compared to an accretion disk111 Eracleous & Halpern (1994) found that the BLRGs with double-peaked emission lines tend to have larger line width (both FWHM and FWZI) than those without double-peaked emission lines. This suggests that the double-peaked emission lines originate closer to the central black hole than the single-peaked broad emission lines. However, the configuration of the gas clouds emitting the single-peaked broad emission lines is not well understood. For instance, Rokaki, Boisson, & Collin-Souffrin (1992) reported that even the single-peaked broad emission lines can be fitted by some appropriate disk models (see also Corbin 1997). On the other hand, Chiang & Murray (1996) pointed out that some parts of single-peaked broad emission may come from the winds emanating from accretion disks (see also Murray & Chiang 1997). .These two situations are shown in Figure 1. This scheme seems interesting because it explains why BLRGs do not always show the double-peaked Balmer lines.

Since the ADAFs are optically thin, they do not exhibit a strong big blue bump (BBB), i.e., a thermal blue/UV component, in their spectra. Therefore, the above scheme (hereafter “illuminated-disk model”) predicts that an evident difference in the spectral energy distribution (SED) in the wavelength of UV to X-ray is expected between the BLRGs with and without the double-peaked Balmer lines (e.g., EH94). Indeed, CHF89 reported that there is no evidence for the strong BBB in Arp 102B, which is a typical example of BLRGs with double-peaked Balmer lines (see also Edelson & Malkan 1986). However, since most of the BLRGs are rather faint, the difference in the SED is hard to be observed directly, except for a few exceptions. EH94 mentioned that the difference in the SED between standard thin disks and ADAFs may affect the physical properties of ionized gas in narrow-line regions (NLRs) which are photoionized by the nuclear continuum radiation. They found that the BLRGs with double-peaked Balmer lines exhibit stronger \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300 emission, which arises at NLRs, than those without double-peaked Balmer lines. This can be interpreted as the effect of the harder SED of ADAFs (see also Halpern & Eracleous 1994; Halpern 1999; Ho et al. 2000). However, there is no study to examine this interpretation quantitatively based on photoionization models. Therefore, we investigate the properties of the NLRs in the BLRGs with/without the double-peaked Balmer lines in this paper to examine whether or not the observed difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios is owing to the difference in the SED. This attempt seems crucially important toward the understanding of not only the origin of the double-peaked emission lines but also the configuration of BLRs and accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGNs).

## 2. DATA

### 2.1. Classification

EH94 classified 94 BLRGs into five classes based on the profile of the H$`\alpha `$ emission as follows; (1) the BLRGs with double-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission whose blue peak is stronger than the red peak and whose profile can be fitted by their relativistic disk models (12 BLRGs), (2) the BLRGs with double-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission whose blue peak is stronger than that of red peak but whose profile cannot be fitted by their relativistic disk models (4 BLRGs), (3) the BLRGs with double-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission whose red peak is stronger than the blue peak (6 BLRGs), (4) the BLRGs without double-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission but their profile show a pronounced asymmetry or a single displaced peak (9 BLRGs), and (5) the BLRGs with normal single-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission (63 BLRGs).

Here it should be noted that EH94 adopted simple relativistic disk models described by CHF89 and CH89 to fit the observed H$`\alpha `$ profiles. Since these models cannot explain the observed double-peaked profiles whose red peak is stronger than the blue peak, EH94 treated only BLRGs categorized in the class of (1) as “disk-like emitters”. EH94 compared the statistical properties of the 12 disk-like emitters with those of the other 82 BLRGs in order to investigate the origin of the double-peaked Balmer lines. However, it is now recognized that some modified relativistic disk models can successfully reconstruct the profiles of double-peaked Balmer lines which cannot be explained by the models of CHF89 and CH89; e.g., disk plus hot patch models (Veilleux & Zheng 1991; Zheng, Veilleux, & Grandi 1991), accretion disk with two-arm spiral waves (Chakrabarti & Wiita 1994), and elliptical disk models (Eracleous et al. 1995; see also Syer & Clarke 1992). Therefore, we treat the first three classes of EH94 as “double-peaked BLRG” regardless of the peak strength ratio. These objects are expected to harbor a geometrically-thick ADAF in their nuclei if the illuminated-disk model is the case. Then, we call the class (4) of EH94 as “intermediate BLRG”. It is not clear whether or not the objects in this class have the ADAFs and the illuminated thin disk in their nucleus. And finally, we call the BLRG with normal single-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission as “single-peaked BLRG”. The objects in this class are expected not to have an evolved geometrically-thick ADAF. Note that a BLRG, Pictor A, is classified as a double-peak BLRG in this paper though it was classified as (5) by EH94, following some recent reports that Pictor A also has double-peaked Balmer emission (Halpern & Eracleous 1994; Sulentic et al. 1995). In summary, the EH94 sample is divided into three groups: 23 double-peaked BLRGs, 9 intermediate-type BLRGs, and 62 single-peaked BLRGs.

### 2.2. Data Compilation

In order to investigate the properties of ionized gas in NLRs for each group of BLRGs, we compiled data of forbidden emission-line flux ratios of the EH94 sample from the literature. The compiled emission-line flux ratios are \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, and \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727, which are given in Table 1. For the case that a certain emission-line flux ratio of a certain object is given by more than one paper, the averaged value is given in this table. Here we do not use Balmer lines, because the narrow Balmer components of broad-line objects are often hard to measure correctly (see, e.g., Nagao, Murayama, & Taniguchi 2001c). For the same reason, estimating the amount of extinction by the Balmer decrement method (e.g., Osterbrock 1989) cannot be adopted. We cannot use other methods (e.g., using the flux ratio of \[S ii\]$`\lambda `$4071/\[S ii\]$`\lambda `$10320) because of small number of available emission-line data. Therefore, we do not make the reddening correction for the data. Note that the dust reddening of NLR emission of broad-line objects are small in general (e.g., De Zotti & Gaskell 1985; Dahari & De Robertis 1988). The data presented in Table 1 are not corrected for Galactic reddening. The effect of dust extinction on our results is discussed in section 4.2.

## 3. THE NARROW EMISSION-LINE FLUX RATIOS

In Figure 2, we show the frequency distributions of the emission-line flux ratios of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, and \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727, for the double-peaked BLRGs, the intermediate BLRGs, and the single-peaked BLRGs, respectively. The mean and median values of each flux ratio for each class of BLRG are given in Table 2. Figure 2 and Table 2 clearly show that the double-peaked BLRGs exhibit larger ratios of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 than the single-peaked BLRGs. In order to examine whether or not this difference is statistically real, we apply the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistical test. The KS test results in a probability that the observed frequency distributions of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 of the double-peak BLRGs and the single-peak BLRGs originate in the same underlying population of 1.21 $`\times `$ 10-5. Thus, we conclude that the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 of the double-peaked BLRGs is statistically larger than that of the single-peaked BLRGs. Note that this result is consistent with the earlier remark of EH94. Although the frequency distribution of the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 for the intermediate BLRGs appears to resemble that for the single-peaked BLRGs and to be different from that for the double-peaked BLRGs, it is not conclusive since the number of the sample is too small.

We cannot conclude whether or not there is any statistical difference in the flux ratios of \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 and \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 among the classes of BLRGs, because the number of the objects for which these flux ratios have been measured is too small. We mention, however, that the flux ratio of \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 appears to show the same tendency as the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, i.e., the double-peaked BLRGs exhibit larger flux ratios than the single-peaked BLRGs. Note that we do not find significant difference in the flux ratio of \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 between the double-peaked BLRGs and the single-peaked BLRGs. This seems rather inconsistent with the result of EH94 that the disk-like emitters (in the definition of EH94) present larger equivalent width of \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731 than the other BLRGs though the equivalent width of \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 is similar between the disk-like emitters and the other BLRGs.

EH94 mentioned that the higher \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 ratio in double-peaked BLRGs is attributed to the relatively harder ionizing SED arising from a nuclear ADAF, which illuminates an outer thin disk and then causes the double-peaked profiles of Balmer lines (see also Halpern 1999). However, there are other possibilities that make the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 high. For instance, since the critical density of the \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300 transition (1.8 $`\times `$ 106 cm-3) is higher than that of the \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 transition (7.0 $`\times `$ 105 cm-3), a high ratio of the \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 is achieved when the typical gas density is high. Thus the difference in the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 between the double-peaked BLRGs and the single-peaked BLRGs may be attributed to the difference in the typical gas density in NLRs. The lower ionization parameter (i.e., the ratio of the ionizing photon density to the hydrogen density) in NLRs of the double-peaked BLRGs may be also responsible for the observed difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios. These possibilities would not be discriminated without photoionization model calculations taking account of the SED difference predicted by the illuminated-disk model, which are presented in the following section.

## 4. PHOTOIONIZATION MODEL CALCULATIONS

### 4.1. Method

As described in section 1, the illuminated-disk model hypothesizes that the double-peaked BLRGs harbor an ADAF in their nucleus while the single-peaked BLRGs do not. In order to investigate the effect of this difference on the gas in the NLRs and on the narrow emission-line flux ratios, we perform photoionization model calculations using the publicly available code $`Cloudy`$ version 94.00 (Ferland 1997, 2000). Here we assume uniform density gas clouds with a plane-parallel geometry. The parameters for the calculations are (I) the hydrogen density of a cloud ($`n_\mathrm{H}`$), (II) the ionization parameter ($`U`$), (III) the chemical composition of the gas, and (IV) the shape of the SED of the input continuum radiation. We perform several model runs covering the following ranges of parameters: 102.0 cm-3 $``$ $`n_\mathrm{H}`$ $``$ 105.0 cm-3 and 10-4.0 $``$ $`U`$ $``$ 10-1.5. We set the gas-phase elemental abundances to be the solar ones. The adopted solar abundances relative to hydrogen are taken from Grevesse & Anders (1989) with extensions by Grevesse & Noels (1993). For simplification, dust grains in NLRs are not taken into account in our calculations.

We prepare the two SED templates for the input continuum radiation. One is a typical SED for an optically-thick, geometrically-thin accretion disk. This is characterized by a strong BBB in the wavelength range of UV–to–X-ray. We adopt the empirically constructed SED (see Nagao, Murayama, & Taniguchi 2001a) for this type of SED template (hereafter “SED with BBB”). This SED is described by the following function:

$$f_\nu =\nu ^{\alpha _{\mathrm{uv}}}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{h\nu }{kT_{\mathrm{BB}}})\mathrm{exp}(\frac{kT_{\mathrm{IR}}}{h\nu })+a\nu ^{\alpha _\mathrm{x}}$$
(1)
(see Ferland 1997; Nagao et al. 2001a). Here the following parameter set is adopted (Nagao et al. 2001a): (i) the infrared cutoff of the big blue bump component, $`kT_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ = 0.01 Ryd, (ii) the slope of the low-energy side of the big blue bump, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{uv}}`$ = –0.5, (iii) the UV–to–X-ray spectral index, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{ox}}`$ = –1.35, (iv) the slope of the X-ray power-law continuum, $`\alpha _\mathrm{x}`$ = –0.85, and (v) the characteristic temperature of the big blue bump, $`T_{\mathrm{BB}}`$ = 490,000 K222This temperature is adopted to reproduce the observed soft X-ray index of nearby AGNs measured by ROSAT. See Nagao et al. (2001a) for more details.. Note that the parameter $`a`$ in the equation (1) is determined from the adopted value of $`\alpha _{\mathrm{ox}}`$. The last term in equation (1) is not extrapolated below 1.36 eV or above 100 keV. Below 1.36 eV the last term is simply set to zero. Above 100 keV the continuum is assumed to fall off as $`\nu ^3`$. The other template is a typical SED for an optically-thin ADAF. The SEDs produced by the optically-thin ADAF are expected to exhibit no strong BBB. Recently, many efforts have been made to estimate the SED generated by ADAFs theoretically (e.g., Narayan & Yi 1995; Chen, Abramowicz, & Lasota 1997; Narayan, Kato, Honma 1997; Manmoto, Mineshige, & Kusunose 1997; Kurpiewski & Jaroszyński 1999; Quataert & Narayan 1999; Manmoto 2000; Kino, Kaburaki, & Yamazaki 2000). There are, accordingly, various shapes of the calculated SEDs. Among them, we follow the SED presented by Kurpiewski & Jaroszyński (1999) for the template (hereafter “SED without BBB”). This SED exhibits no BBB component and is roughly described by single power-law continua in the range of 1012 Hz to 1020 Hz. We choose the photon index of $`\alpha `$ = –0.89 ($`f_\nu =\nu ^\alpha `$), which is predicted for the case that a non-rotating black hole is assumed (see Kurpiewski & Jaroszyński 1999). This SED is expressed by the simple power-law spectra with the exponential cutoffs at 10-4.0 Ryd and 104.0 Ryd. In this way, we have prepared the two SED templates (see Figure 3). Note that these SED templates may be too simple to predict accurate emission-line spectra radiated from NLRs in BLRGs. However, these rough SEDs can be used to investigate the effect of the presence or absence of the BBB component, which is the main difference in the SED between the accretion disk with/without an ADAF.

The calculations are stopped when the temperature falls to 3000 K, below which the gas does not contribute significantly to the observed optical emission-line spectra.

### 4.2. Results of Model Calculations

We show the results of the model calculations and compare them with the observations in Figure 4, which is a diagram of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007. This diagnostic diagram has been frequently used to discuss physical properties of gas in ionized regions (e.g., Baldwin, Phillips, & Terlevich 1981). As mentioned at section 2.2, the plotted data are not corrected for dust extinction. The data points will move on Figure 4 as shown by the thick arrow if the extinction correction of $`A_V`$ = 1.0 mag is applied. Note that the direction of the extinction correction is perpendicular to the direction of the difference between the data of the double-peak and single-peak BLRGs. This suggests that the difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios between the double-peaked and single-peaked BLRGs is not caused mainly by the difference in the degree of the dust extinction. Although the data points are clearly separated between the double-peaked and single-peaked BLRGs in Figure 4, there is an exceptional object, 3C 287.1; this object is classified as a single-peaked BLRG while its locus on Figure 4 is far from the other single-peaked BLRGs. This object, on the contrary, appears to belong to the class of the double-peaked BLRG in terms of the narrow emission-line flux ratios. We speculate that this is due to the misclassification of 3C 287.1, because the red displaced peak of H$`\alpha `$ is clearly seen between \[N ii\]$`\lambda `$6583 and \[S ii\]$`\lambda `$6717 in the optical spectra of this object, presented by EH94. Further observation for 3C 287.1 is necessary to examine this speculation.

As shown in Figure 4, the models adopting the SED without BBB predict a higher \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 ratio by an order of magnitude than the models adopting the SED with BBB. This tendency is consistent with the observations; i.e., the observed data of the single-peaked BLRGs are explained by the models adopting the SED with BBB in the ranges of $`U`$ $``$ $`10^{3.0}`$ and 104.0 cm-3 $``$ $`n_\mathrm{H}`$ $``$ 105.0 cm-3 while the observed data of the double-peak BLRGs appear to be explained introducing the models adopting the SED without BBB.

The larger flux ratios of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 in the models adopting the SED without BBB are attributed to the fact that the SED without BBB has harder spectra, which create larger partially-ionized regions in NLRs. To see the effect of the SED shape on the ionization structure of gas in NLRs, we show the ionization fractions of hydrogen and oxygen as functions of depth into the nebula for the cases of $`n_\mathrm{H}`$ = 102.0 cm-3 and 105.0 cm-3 in Figure 5. Here $`U`$ = $`10^{3.0}`$ is adopted. As shown in the top panels of Figure 5, partially ionized regions become large when the SED without BBB is adopted, compared to the case that the SED with BBB is adopted. Accordingly, the volume emissivities of low-ionization emission lines such as \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300 and \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 are higher at larger radii from the ionization source in the case that the SED without BBB is adopted, as shown in the bottom panels of Figure 5. Note that the ionization structure in the nebula is almost independent of the gas density as shown in Figure 5, though the volume emissivities of the forbidden emission lines depend on the density.

We also compare the observations with the model predictions in other diagnostic diagrams, which are presented in Figure 6. They are diagrams of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 and \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727. Similarly to the trend in Figure 4, the data of the double-peaked BLRGs and the single-peaked BLRGs are also well separated in these diagnostic diagrams. This difference in the location of the data on the two diagrams is well explained by the idea that the gas in NLRs of the single-peaked BLRGs is photoionized by the SED with BBB while that of the double-peaked BLRGs is photoionized by the SED without BBB, which is expected in the framework of the illuminated-disk model. It is noted that 3C 287.1 is again located far from the other single-peaked BLRGs but beside the double-peaked BLRGs in the two diagrams shown in Figure 6.

## 5. Discussion

As presented in section 4.2, the observed difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios can be explained consistently by the photoionization models if we take account of the SED difference between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs, which is predicted by the illuminated-disk model. However, the SED without BBB may not be a unique way to explain the difference in the observed emission-line flux ratios between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs. For instance, systematic differences in the physical properties of gas in NLRs could be the origin of the difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios. As mentioned in section 3, the difference in the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 can be also explained if the gas density in NLRs is systematically different between the two populations of BLRGs. This possibility is, however, rejected as we compare the observations with the model predictions in the diagnostic diagrams shown in Figures 4 and 6. These diagnostic diagrams suggest that there is no difference in the gas density between the double-peaked and single-peaked BLRGs if we adopted only the models with the SED with BBB (104.0 cm-3 $``$ $`n_\mathrm{H}`$ $``$ 105.0 cm-3). This means that the observed difference in the flux ratio of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 is not caused only by a difference in the gas density in NLRs.

There is another possibility which can explain the observed difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios without introducing the SED difference. Since the effect of the SED difference and the varying $`U`$ sequence are degenerated as displayed in Figures 4 and 6, a systematic difference in the ionization parameter of gas in NLRs between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs can be also responsible for the difference in the emission-line flux ratios. Note that Pictor A and Arp 102B, which are double-peaked BLRGs, exhibit too strong low-ionization emission lines to be explained only by the effect of the SED difference. Here it should be noted that ADAFs are expected to radiate a small number of ionizing photons compared to the standard $`\alpha `$ disks, which leads to a small ionization parameter of the gas in NLRs if the gas density and the distance from the nucleus of the NLRs are independent of the type of the accretion flow in their nuclei. EH94 reported that the double-peaked BLRGs exhibit weaker non-stellar continuum radiation in optical spectra than the single-peaked BLRGs. Therefore, the difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs may be attributed to the effects of both the SED shape and the ionization parameter. Unfortunately, the current information about the narrow emission-line spectra of BLRGs is insufficient to examine the contribution of these two effects. In order to investigate this issue, future observations of optical spectra with sufficient quality (i.e., measurable rather faint emission lines) for a large sample of BLRGs is crucially necessary. For the sake of demonstration, we show two diagnostic diagrams which are possibly useful to solve the degeneracy of the effects of the SED shape and of the ionization parameter in Figure 7, in which a diagram of \[Ar iii\]$`\lambda `$7136/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 and a diagram of \[Ar iii\]$`\lambda `$7136/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 are displayed. Since the flux ratio of \[Ar iii\]$`\lambda `$7136/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 is almost independent of the shape of the SED especially in the range of $`U10^{2.5}`$, these diagnostic diagrams can be used to determine the ionization parameter. Then we will be able to discuss the effect of the SED shape solely, taking account of other information of the emission-line spectra.

The biconical radial outflow of gas in BLRs has been often discussed as the possible origin of the double-peaked Balmer lines as well as the illuminated-disk model (e.g., Zheng, Binette, & Sulentic 1990; Zheng et al. 1991). Here we discuss whether or not the properties of NLR emission presented in this paper constrain this radial outflow model. Since this model does not require any special accretion mechanism to generate the double-peaked Balmer lines, there is no reason to introduce the difference in the nuclear ionizing radiation between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs. However, narrow emission-line flux ratios would be different between the two groups of the BLRG if the outflow in BLRs of double-peaked BLRGs affects the outer regions and then causes a shock wave in NLRs. Since shocks generate a large partially-ionized region in the gas, strong low-ionization emission lines such as \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300 arise from such shock-heated gas (Mouri, Kawara, & Taniguchi 2000 and reference therein), which seems consistent with the fact that double-peaked BLRGs exhibit stronger low-ionization emission lines than single-peaked BLRGs. Note that Stauffer, Schild, & Keel (1983) mentioned that the strong low-ionization emission lines exhibited in the spectrum of Arp 102B, a prototype of double-peaked BLRG, may be attributed to shock excitation. In order to examine whether or not the shock heating by the outflowing material of the double-peaked BLRGs is responsible for the difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios between the double-peaked and the single-peaked BLRGs, we plot the predictions of the shock models presented by Dopita & Sutherland (1995) on the diagnostic diagrams of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 versus \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, and \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 (Figure 8). The shock models appear to predict too large flux ratios of \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 and too small flux ratios of \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 compared to the data of the double-peaked BLRGs. These results suggest that the difference in the narrow emission-line flux ratios is not caused by the shock-heated gas in NLRs. Therefore, the biconical radial outflow model seems less reasonable for the double-peaked Balmer lines. Note, however, that this result is not conclusive because we cannot exclude the possibility that the NLR emission of the double-peaked BLRGs is contributed by the shock-heated gas. For instance, the flux ratio of \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 may be possibly lower in the double-peaked BLRGs than in the single-peaked BLRGs (see Table 2), although it cannot be examined statistically due to the small number of objects.

Then, which emission-line flux ratio can be used to discriminate between shocks and photoionization? The flux ratio of \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$4363/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, which is one of temperature indicators, has been often regarded as a powerful tool to discriminate between shocks and photoionization (e.g., Koski & Osterbrock 1976; Heckman 1980; Ferland & Netzer 1983; Rose & Cecil 1983; Keel & Miller 1983; Rose & Tripicco 1984). However, Nagao, Murayama, & Taniguchi (2001b) pointed out that high ratios of \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$4363/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 do not always mean the shock excitation. They showed that the photoionization models in which high-density gas clouds are taken into account can explain the observed high ratios of \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$4363/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 (see also Nagao et al. 2001c). Therefore, we focus on the emission-line flux ratio of \[S iii\]$`\lambda `$9532/\[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731. This flux ratio is expected to be low when the gas is excited by shocks, because S2+ ions cool predominantly by emission of UV lines due to the higher temperature and thus the \[S iii\]$`\lambda `$9532 line becomes weak when the shock contributes to the excitation significantly (e.g., Dopita 1977; Díaz, Pagel, & Wilson 1985; Díaz, Terlevich, & Pagel 1985; Bonatto, Bica, & Alloin 1989; Kirhakos & Phillips 1989; Simpson et al. 1996). Note that this tool can work even in the case that the gas density is rather high, being different from the flux ratio of \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$4363/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007. We compare the photoionization models adopting the SED with/without BBB with the shock models on the diagrams of \[S iii\]$`\lambda `$9532/\[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731 versus \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, and \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 (Figure 9). It is clearly shown that these diagnostic diagrams can be used to discriminate between shock and photoionization. Further observations of the \[S iii\]$`\lambda `$9532 emission will make it clear whether or not the observed differences in the narrow emission-line flux ratios between the double-peaked and single-peaked BLRGs are attributed to the shock excitation.

Now we mention the intermediate BLRGs. On the diagnostic diagrams presented in Figures 4 and 6, the data of the intermediate BLRGs appear to concentrate near the data of the single-peaked BLRGs and to be separated from the data of the double-peaked BLRGs. Moreover, it seems hard to explain the observed emission-line flux ratios of the intermediate BLRGs by the photoionization models adopting the SED without BBB, since unreasonably large ionization parameters ($`U>10^{1.5}`$) are required (see Figures 4 and 6). This suggests that the gas clouds in NLRs of the intermediate BLRGs are photoionized by the ionizing continuum with BBB, which is expected in the case that the accretion disk in their nuclei is characterized by a standard optically-thick (and geometrically-thin) disk. We thus speculate that an ADAF occupies only a very small part of the inner accretion disk in the intermediate BLRGs. If this is the case, the thin disk can emit a substantial BBB emission (see Gammie, Blandford, & Narayan 1999). However, since the number of the intermediate BLRGs whose NLR emission is investigated is too small, further observations are necessary for the discussion of this issue in detail.

Recently, it has been reported that some of LINERs also show the double-peaked Balmer lines (e.g., Storchi-Bergmann et al. 1993; Bower et al. 1996; Ho et al. 2000; Shields et al. 2001; see also Barth et al. 2001; Eracleous & Halpern 2001). Since some lines of evidence that the LINERs harbor an ADAF in their nucleus, the reason why the LINERs show lower ionization parameters than other AGNs such as Seyfert nuclei may be the harder SED of the ionizing continuum radiation which is caused by the ADAFs. To investigate this issue, detailed photoionization model calculations for the NLR emission of LINERs will be necessary. We will investigate this issue in a subsequent paper.

## 6. CONCLUSION

Based on the data compilation of narrow emission-line flux ratios from the literature, we find that the data of the double-peaked BLRGs and those of the single-peaked BLRGs are clearly separated on some diagnostic diagrams which consist of the narrow emission-line flux ratios of \[O i\]$`\lambda `$6300/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, \[S i\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6717,6731/\[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007, and \[Ne iii\]$`\lambda `$3869/\[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727. Our photoionization model calculations show that the data of the single-peaked BLRGs are well described by the models adopting the SED with BBB in the ranges of the parameters of $`U`$ $``$ $`10^{3.0}`$ and 104.0 cm-3 $``$ $`n_\mathrm{H}`$ $``$ 105.0 cm-3 while the data of the double-peaked BLRGs are consistent with the models adopting the SED without BBB. This is consistent with the illuminated-disk model that predicts the existence of an ADAF, which illuminates the outer thin disk and causes the double-peaked emission lines, in a nucleus of a BLRG with the double-peaked Balmer lines.

We would like to thank Gary Ferland for providing his code $`Cloudy`$ to the public. Charles R. Lawrence kindly provided us some useful information about spectroscopic properties of 3C 390.3. We also thank Naohisa Anabuki for fruitful discussion. The anonymous referee and Motoki Kino gave us useful comments. We also acknowledge Yuko Kakazu for her assistance. YS is supported by a Research Fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists. This work was financially supported in part by Grant-in-Aids for the Scientific Research (Nos. 10044052, 10304013, and 13740122) of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.