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# Quantum computation with quasiparticles of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect

## I Introduction

“Topological” quantum computation with anyons has been suggested as a way of implementing intrinsically fault-tolerant quantum computation . Intertwining of anyons, quasiparticles of two-dimensional electron system (2DES) with non-trivial exchange statistics, induces unitary transformations of the system wavefunction that depend only on the topological order of the underlying 2DES. These transformations can be used to perform quantum logic, the topological nature of which is expected to make it more robust against environmental decoherence. The aim of this work is to propose specific and experimentally feasible approach for implementation of basic elements of the anyonic quantum computation using adiabatic transport of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) quasiparticles in systems of quantum antidots .

An antidot is a small hole in the 2DES produced by electron depletion, which localizes FQHE quasiparticles at its boundary due to combined action of the magnetic field and the electric field created in the depleted region. If the antidot is sufficiently small, the energy spectrum of the antidot-bound quasiparticle states is discrete, with finite excitation energy $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. When $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is larger than the temperature $`T`$, modulation of external gate voltage can be used to attract quasiparticles one by one to the antidot . In this regime, adiabatic transport of individual quasiparticles in the multi-antidot systems can be used to perform quantum logic, in close analogy to adiabatic transport of individual Cooper pairs in systems of small superconducting islands in the Coulomb blockade regime . In what follows, we describe specific designs of such logic gates, and discuss parameters of the FQHE qubits and mechanisms of decoherence in antidot systems.

## II FQHE qubits and logic gates

As in the Cooper-pair qubits , information in the FQHE qubits can be encoded by the position of a quasiparticle in the system of two antidots. The FQHE qubit (Fig. 1) is then the double-antidot system gate-voltage tuned near the resonance, where the energy difference $`\epsilon `$ between the quasiparticle states localized at the two antidots is small, $`\epsilon \mathrm{\Delta }`$. At energies smaller than $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, dynamics of such double-antidot system is equivalent to the dynamics of a common two-state system (qubit). The quasiparticle states localized at the two antidots are the $`|0`$ and $`|1`$ states of the computational basis of this qubit. The gate electrodes of the structure can be designed to control separately the energy difference $`\epsilon `$ and the tunnel coupling $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of the resonant quasiparticle states.

The most natural approach to construction of the two-qubit gates with the FQHE qubits is to use fractional statistics  of the FQHE quasiparticles. Due to this statistics, intertwining of the two quasiparticle trajectories in the course of time evolution of the two qubits realizes controlled-phase transformation with non-trivial value of the phase. Precise result of this operation depends on the nature of the FQHE state. In this work, we discuss the most basic and robust Laughlin state with the filling factor $`\nu =1/m=1/3`$, where the quasiparticles have abelian statistics and intertwining of trajectories leads to multiplication of the state wavefunction by the phase factor $`e^{\pm 2\pi i/3}`$. The sign of the phase depends on the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of rotation of one quasiparticle trajectory around another.

A possible structure of the controlled-phase gate is shown in Fig. 2. Each of the columns of four antidots contains two qubits, and arrows denote trajectory of quasiparticle transfer through the system. The transfer leads to transformation of the quantum state of the two qubits and its shift from the gate input (left column in Fig. 2) to the output (right column). The quasiparticle transfer can be achieved by the standard adiabatic level-crossing dynamics. If a pair of antidots is coupled by the tunnel amplitude $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, a gate-voltage induced variation of the energy difference $`\epsilon `$ through the value $`\epsilon =0`$ (slow on the time scale $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1`$) leads to the transfer of a quasiparticle between these antidots. Correct operation of the controlled-phase gate in Fig. 2 requires that the gate voltage pulses applied to the antidots are timed so that the state of the upper qubit is propagated at first halfway through the gate, then the state of the lower qubit is propagated through the whole gate, and finally the state of the upper qubit is transferred to the output. In this case, if the quasiparticle of the upper qubit is in the state $`|1`$, trajectories of the quasiparticle propagation in the lower qubit encircle this quasiparticle, and the two states of the lower qubit acquire an additional phase difference $`\pm 2\pi /3`$, conditioned on the state of the upper qubit. We take the direction of magnetic field to be such that the state $`|1`$ of the lower qubit acquires a positive extra phase $`2\pi /3`$. Assuming that parameters of the driving pulses are adjusted in such a way that the dynamic phases accumulated by the qubit states are the multiple integers of $`2\pi `$, the transformation matrix $`P`$ of the gate can be written as

$$P=\text{diag}[1,1,1,e^{2\pi i/3}]$$
(1)
in the basis of the four gate states $`|00,|01,|10,|11`$.

Controlled-phase gate (1) combined with the possibility of performing arbitrary singe-qubit transformations is sufficient for universal quantum computation. To demonstrate this explicitly, we construct a combination of the gate (1) with single-qubit gates that reproduces the usual controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gate $`C`$. The C-NOT gate is known to be sufficient for universal quantum computation . Since the gates $`P`$ and $`C`$ are not equivalent with respect to single-qubit transformations, two applications of $`P`$ are required to reproduce $`C`$ . To find appropriate single-qubit transformations that should complement the two $`P`$’s, it is convenient to first reduce $`P`$ to the conditional $`z`$-rotation $`R`$ of the second qubit through angle $`\pi /3`$, $`R=\text{diag}[1,1,e^{i\pi /3},e^{i\pi /3}]`$. We notice that $`R=S(\pi /3)P`$, where $`S(\alpha )`$ is an unconditional shift of the phase of the state $`|1`$ of the first qubit by $`\alpha `$. After this reduction, it is straightforward to find the necessary single-qubit transformations from the requirements that the state of the first qubit is unchanged by $`C`$, while the conditional action of $`C`$ on the second qubit is given by the Pauli matrix $`\sigma _x`$. These two requirements do not specify the necessary transformations uniquely. One possible choice is to use the transformations that correspond physically to modulation of the tunnel coupling between the states of the second qubit (i.e., involve only matrices $`\sigma _x,\sigma _y`$). In this case, we obtain

$$C=S(\pi /2)U_{}^{}S(\pi /3)PU_{}U_+S(\pi /3)PU_+^{},$$
(2)
where $`U_\pm =[\widehat{1}]_1[\mathrm{exp}\{i\phi (\sigma _x\pm \sigma _y)/\sqrt{2}\}]_2`$. Here the subscripts $`1,2`$ denote the part of the transformation acting on the first and the second qubit, respectively, and the rotation angle $`\phi `$ is given by the condition $`\mathrm{cos}2\phi =1/\sqrt{3}`$, $`\phi [0,\pi /2]`$. Physically, the transformations $`S`$ can be implemented as pulses of the gate voltage applied to the antidot $`|1`$ of the first qubit, while $`U`$s represent pulsed modulation of the amplitude of the tunnel coupling between the two antidots of the second qubit that keeps the phase of this coupling fixed.

## III Decoherence mechanisms

At low temperatures, the energy gap in the FQHE liquid exponentially suppresses quasiparticle excitations in the bulk of the sample. Due to this suppression, only sample edges and external metallic gate electrodes support low-energy excitations that can give rise to dissipation and decoherence in the antidot qubits. Qubit is coupled to both the gate electrodes and the edges by the Coulomb interaction. The charge $`q`$ of the qubit quasiparticle (for the primary Laughlin FQHE liquids, $`q=e/m`$, where $`m`$ is an odd integer) induces a polarization charge on the gate electrodes that oscillates in the course of qubit time evolution. The current induced in this way in the electrodes with finite resistance $`R`$ leads to energy dissipation and decoherence. This decoherence mechanism associated with “electromagnetic environment” of the structure (see, e.g., ) is generic for most of the solid-state qubits. In the FQHE qubits, its strength should be lower than in other charge-based qubits, due to the smaller charge of the FQHE quasiparticles. Indeed, if the gate electrode is close to an antidot (on the scale of the distance $`d`$ between the two qubit antidots), the amplitude of the variations of the induced charge is roughly equal to the quasiparticle charge $`q`$. In this “worst-case” scenario, the limitation on the quality factor of qubit dynamics introduced by the gate electrode is equal to $`e^2R/\mathrm{}m^2`$ and is on the order of $`10^3`$ for realistic values of the resistance $`R`$ and for $`m=3`$ qubits considered in this work. Optimization of the gate structure of the qubit should further reduce the strength of this type of decoherence by reducing electrostatic gate-qubit coupling.

Coulomb interaction also couples qubit dynamics to edge excitations of the FQHE liquid. The edge supports one-dimensional (1D) chiral plasmon modes  propagating with velocity $`v`$. In the situation of interest here, when the qubit-edge distance $`L`$ is much larger than the qubit size $`d`$, the coupling operator $`V`$ can be expressed directly in terms of the 1D density $`\rho (x)`$ of charge carried by plasmon modes: $`V=\sigma _z𝑑xU(x)\rho (x)`$. In this expression, $`\sigma _z`$ represents the position of the quasiparticle on one or the other antidot of the qubit, and $`U(x)`$ is the variation (with the quasiparticle position) of the electrostatic potential created by the qubit at point $`x`$ along the edge. A representative estimate of dissipation/decoherence rate introduced by this coupling is given by the decay rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the excited antisymmetric superposition of the antidot states. Assuming that the qubit dipole is perpendicular to a straight edge, and that the electric field is not screened between the edge and the qubit, we can find $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ directly:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\left(\frac{d}{L}\right)^2\left(\frac{e^2}{4ϵϵ_0\mathrm{}v}\right)^2\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }}{2\pi \mathrm{}m^3}e^{L\mathrm{\Omega }/\mathrm{}v}.$$
(3)
Here $`ϵ`$ is the material dielectric constant. This equation shows that the edge-related limitation $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on the qubit quality factor can vary widely depending on the system geometry and qubit energy parameters. For a realistic set of numbers, $`ϵ10`$, $`v10^5`$ m/s, $`\mathrm{\Omega }0.1`$K, $`d100`$ nm (see the discussion below), we have $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Omega }10^3`$ for the edge that is $`L3`$ $`\mu `$m away from the qubit.

## IV Estimates and discussion

The basic set of conditions necessary for correct operation of the FQHE qubits and gates described above can be summarized as $`T\epsilon ,\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }`$. The antidot excitation energy $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is estimated as $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}u/r`$, where $`r`$ is the antidot radius and $`u10^4÷10^5`$ m/s is the velocity of quasiparticle motion around the antidot . This means that at a temperature $`T0.05`$ K the radius $`r`$ should be smaller than 100 nm. Since the tunnel coupling $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ decreases rapidly with the tunneling distance $`s`$ between the antidots, $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{exp}\{eBs^2/12\mathrm{}\}`$ , the fact that it should remain at least larger than $`T`$ means that the distance between the tunnel-coupled antidots should not exceed few magnetic lengths $`l=(\mathrm{}/eB)^{1/2}10`$ nm for typical values of the magnetic field $`B`$. Although these requirements on the radius $`r`$ and antidot spacing $`s`$ can be satisfied with the present-day fabrication technology, the necessity to control these parameters accurately presents a formidable challenge. It should be noted that this situation is not specific to our FQHE scheme, but characterizes all semiconductor solid-state qubits based directly on the quantum dynamics of individual quasiparticles, and not collective degrees of freedom (used, e.g., in the case of superconductors).

We believe that the challenges in fabrication of the FQHE qubits are well compensated for by the advantages of the FQHE approach. First of them is the energy gap of the FQHE liquid that suppresses quasiparticle excitations and associated decoherence in the bulk of the 2DES, and allows to control the remaining sources of decoherence through the system layout – see the discussion above. The second advantage is the topological nature of statistical phase that makes it possible to entangle qubits without their direct dynamic interaction. This should lead to a simpler design of the FQHE quantum logic circuit in comparison to other solid-state qubits, where control of the qubit-qubit interaction typically presents a difficult problem.

## Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the NSA and ARDA under the ARO contract.


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# Wide-field High-precision CCD Photometry of 𝜔 Centauri and Its RR Lyrae Stars

## 1. Introduction

From our CCD photometry with the CTIO 0.9m telescope, we have recently obtained high-quality homogeneous $`BV`$ color-magnitude (CM) data for stars in $`\omega `$ Cen (Lee et al. 1999). For the first time, we found four distinct red giant-branchs (RGBs), with a red, metal-rich sequence well separated from other bluer metal-poor ones. An independent survey by Pancino et al. (2000) later confirmed the reality of our initial discovery. The most metal-rich (\[Fe/H\] $``$ -0.5) population in $`\omega `$ Cen appears to be few billion years younger than the most metal-poor (\[Fe/H\] $``$ -1.75) population in this system (Lee et al. 1999; Hughes & Wallerstein 2000; Hilker & Richtler 2000).

The multimodal metallicity distribution function and the apparent age-metallicity relation suggest that the protocluster of $`\omega `$ Cen was massive enough to undergo some self-enrichment and several early bursts of star formation. This also suggests that $`\omega `$ Cen has evolved within a dwarf galaxy size gas-rich subsystem until it merged with and was disrupted by our Galaxy few billion years after the formation of its first generation metal-poor stars, leaving its core as today’s globular cluster (GC) $`\omega `$ Cen (see also Majewski et al. 1999; Hughes & Wallerstein 2000; Hilker & Richtler 2000). In this paper, we report our progress in the detailed analysis of our photometric data.

## 2. Observations

All the observations were made using the CTIO 0.9m telescope and 2K CCD during six nights in 1996 and three nights in 1997 for $`BV`$ and $`Ca`$ & Strömgren $`by`$ filter systems, respectively. Our observations covered 40 $`\times `$ 40 arcmin2 in a 3 $`\times `$ 3 grid centered on the cluster. In total, 40 - 42 and 2 - 4 frames were taken in each filter and each field for $`BV`$ and $`Ca`$ & Strömgren $`by`$ observations, respectively. Photometry was accomplished using DAOPHOT II and ALLSTAR (Stetson 1987). We obtained high-quality and homogeneous $`BV`$ CM data for more than 130,000 stars (Rey et al. 2001) and light curves for most RR Lyrae stars (Joo et al. 2001) in $`\omega `$ Cen. From the $`Ca`$ & Strömgren $`by`$ observations, \[Fe/H\] abundances for 131 RR Lyrae stars were also obtained (see Rey et al. 2000).

## 3. Color-Magnitude Diagram

Figure 1a shows a $`BV`$ CMD for all stars in our program field with photometric errors less than 0.05 mag in $`B`$ and $`V`$. Note the presence of several distinct RGBs with a red, metal-rich, sequence well separated from other bluer metal-poor ones. Near $`V`$ $``$ 14.7 and $`BV`$ $``$ 0.95, a red clump associated with the most metal-rich population is superimposed by RGB bump, which is shaped as an inclined sequence by metallicity spread (i.e., fainter as metallicity increases). The presence of other interesting features on the CMD, such as the blue-tail phenomenon of the HB and the prominent blue straggler stars, illustrates the diversity of stellar populations in this cluster.

Because even the metallicity (\[Fe/H\] $``$ -0.5) of the most metal-rich stars in $`\omega `$ Cen are relatively metal-deficient compared to the typical disk field stars, it is possible to eliminate foreground field stars through the use of the $`hk`$ index (Anthony-Twarog et al. 1991; Twarog & Anthony-Twarog 1991, 1995). As shown in Figure 2, at a given $`by`$, more metal-rich stars have larger $`hk`$ index, therefore an upper envelope line that cover field stars could be drawn. Any star that lie below this envelope is tagged as a field star. This implies that the use of the $`hk`$ vs. $`by`$ diagram is ideal for eliminating more metal-rich field stars from the $`\omega `$ Cen, and the most Galactic GC stars as well. Figure 1b shows the result of the decontamination. The resulting “cleaned” CMD has allowed us to obtain more accurate distribution of HB and RGB stars.

## 4. Evidence for Multiple Stellar Populations from Red-Giant Branches

In order to investigate the discrete nature of the RGB, we have plotted in Figure 3 a histogram of the distribution of color difference between each RGB star and the RGB fiducial of the most metal-poor component. The RGB stars are selected in a relatively narrow magnitude range 12.4 $`<`$ $`V`$ $`<`$ 12.9, so that the field star and RGB bump contamination is minimized, and which also avoids artificial mixing in the histogram stemming from metallicity dependence of the RGB slope. The presence of several distinct RGBs is confirmed, although the most metal-rich component is not as well distinguished as in Fig. 1 because of the small sample size of such stars in this magnitude range.

## 5. Age - Metallicity Relation of $`\omega `$ Centauri

In our previous analysis using synthetic HB models (Lee et al. 1999), we have made the relative age estimation from the location of the red clump (i.e., the most metal-rich RHB) associated with the most metal-rich RGB with respect to the blue HB associated with the most metal-poor component. More detailed analysis (Rey et al. 2001) indicates that this conclusion is somewhat affected by the presence of RGB bumps associated with several discrete RGBs, because of the overlapping of the red clump with RGB bumps at the same location on the CMD. Therefore, it is important to discriminate the red clump from metal-poor RGB bump stars for better estimation of relative ages.

Figure 4 shows the CMD that hightlights the RGB and RGB bump region. For the purpose of the analysis, RGB is divided into three sequences with different metallicities. A schematic band of RGB bump is shaped as an inclined sequence by metallicity difference. A smaller box indicates the predicted location of the red clump from our synthetic HB models which is younger ($`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ $``$ 4 Gyr) than the most metal-poor population (see Ree et al., this volume). As shown in the $`upper`$ $`panel`$, if the $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ $``$ 4 Gyr, the red clump is predicted to be superimposed on the RGB bump of relatively metal-rich (-1.5 $`<`$ \[Fe/H\] $`<`$ -1.0) population, and therefore we can expect the enhancement of stars on the relatively metal-rich RGBs by the red clump stars. In the $`lower`$ $`panel`$, we compared normalized LFs for metal-poor and relatively metal-rich RGBs. Peaks of two LFs correspond to the RGB bumps. The LF of metal-poor RGB is shifted horizontally in order to coincide its RGB bump with that of metal-poor RGB. An arrow indicates the predicted location of the red clump from our model which is younger ($`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ $``$ 4 Gyr) than the most metal-poor population. Note that the peak of the relatively metal-rich RGB bump is higher than that of metal-poor one, indicating the red clump stars enhance the feature of relatively metal-rich RGB bump due to their similar locations. This and the similar analyses under different assumptions regarding $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ suggest that the most metal-rich population in $`\omega `$ Cen is some 4 Gyr younger than the most metal-poor population. This conclusion is in qualitative agreement with the results based on the Strömgren photometry of main-sequence stars (Hughes & Wallerstein 2000; Hilker & Richtler 2000). The internal age-metallicity relation is a clear evidence that $`\omega `$ Cen has enriched itself over this time scale.

## 6. RR Lyrae Stars

Figure 5a presents the observed MV(RR) - \[Fe/H\] relation for 64 RR$`ab`$ stars in $`\omega `$ Cen, from our new data for magnitude and metallicity. We adopted a distance modulus of $`V`$ \- MV = 14.1 based on the recent evolutionary models of MV(RR) from Demarque et al. (2000). This distance modulus is in good agreement with the ones obtained by independent methods (see Kaluzny et al. and Kovács, this volume). The larger symbols represent stars with smaller observational errors ($`\sigma _{[Fe/H]}`$ $`<`$ 0.2 dex) in \[Fe/H\]. We have also superposed the model correlation of Lee (1991) with fixed mass loss and age. The sudden upturn in MV(RR) at \[Fe/H\] $``$ -1.5 can be explained by a series of HB population models (see Fig. 5 of Lee 1993), where one can see how sensitively the population of the instability strip changes with decreasing \[Fe/H\]. As \[Fe/H\] decreases, there is a certain point where the zero age portion of the HB just crosses the blue edge of the instability strip. Then, only highly evolved stars from the blue HB can penetrate back into the instability strip, and the mean RR Lyrae luminosity increases abruptly. This model prediction is clearly visible in our observations.

If the relationship between MV(RR) and \[Fe/H\] is not linear as noticed above, we can expect a similar correlation between period-shift and \[Fe/H\]. In order to confirm this, we obtained the period-shifts of $`\omega `$ Cen RR$`ab`$ stars at fixed Teff from the deviations in the period of each $`\omega `$ Cen RR$`ab`$ star from the M3 fiducial line in the logP - logTeff plane. In Figure 5b, we present the result with the model locus by Lee (1993). Our new correlation between period-shift and \[Fe/H\] shows roughly the same trend as the MV(RR) - \[Fe/H\] relation, and is in good agreement with the model locus. All of these results suggest that the luminosity of RR Lyrae stars depends on evolutionary status as well as metallicity.

## 7. Conclusions

From our study, we draw the following conclusions:

1. The “cleaned” CMD of $`\omega `$ Cen shows the presence of several distinct RGBs with a red, metal-rich, sequence clearly separated from other bluer metal-poor ones.

2. Comparison with our population models suggests the most metal-rich (\[Fe/H\] $``$ -0.5) population is few billion years younger ($`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ $``$ 4 Gyr) than the most metal-poor (\[Fe/H\] $``$ -1.75) population.

3. We present new $`BV`$ photometry and $`hk`$ metallicity measurements of RR Lyrae stars in $`\omega `$ Cen, which confirm that the luminosity of RR Lyrae stars depends on evolutionary status as well as metallicity.

4. From the presence of several distinct populations and the internal age-metallicity relation, we suggest $`\omega `$ Cen was once part of a more massive system that merged with the Milky Way, as the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy is in the process of doing now.

## References

Anthony-Twarog, B. J., Laird, J. N., Payne, D., & Twarog, B. A. 1991, AJ, 101, 1902

Demarque, P., Zinn, R., Lee, Y.-W., & Yi, S. 2000, AJ, 119, 1398

Hilker, M., & Richtler, T. 2000, A&A, 362, 895

Hughes, J., & Wallerstein, G. 2000, AJ, 119, 1225

Joo, J.-M., Rey, S.-C., Lee, Y.-W., Sohn, Y.-J., & Walker, A. R. 2001, in preparation

Lee, Y.-W. 1991, ApJ, 373, L43

Lee, Y.-W. 1993, in IAU Colloq. 139, New Perspectives on Stellar Pulsation and Pulsating Variable Stars, ed. J. Nemec and D. Welch (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), p. 294.

Lee, Y.-W., Joo, J.-M., Sohn, Y.-J., Rey, S.-C., Lee, H.-c., & Walker, A. R. 1999, Nature, 402, 55

Majewski, S. R., Patterson, R. J., Dinescu, D. I., Johnson, W. Y., Ostheimer, J. C., Kunkel, W. E., & Palma, C. 2000, in the Galactic Halo: From Globular Clusters to Field Stars, ed. A. Noels, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, & A. Thoul (Liège: Univ. of Liège), in press

Pancino, E., Ferraro, F. R., Bellazzini, M., Piotto, G., & Zoccali, M. 2000, ApJ, 534, L83

Rey, S.-C., Lee, Y.-W., Joo, J.-M., Walker, A. R., & Baird, S. R. 2000, AJ, 119, 1824

Rey, S.-C., Lee, Y.-W., Ree, C., Joo, J.-M., Sohn, Y.-J., & Walker, A. R. 2001, in preparation

Stetson, P. B. 1987, PASP, 99, 191

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# Partition Function Zeros of Aperiodic Ising Models

## 1 Introduction

The Ising model is the paradigm for a second-order phase transition in two-dimensional models of statistical mechanics. Without an external magnetic field, the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising model can be calculated explicitly for regular lattices. However, if the Ising model is defined on an aperiodic graph, for instance on the Penrose tiling (PT), this is no longer the case. Therefore, the influence of an aperiodic order in the underlying structure on the phase transition of the Ising model has been investigated by various means, including numerical simulations, series expansions, and zeros of the partition function; an overview on the results and a comprehensive lists of references on the subject can be found in recent review articles.

The most general prediction stems from heuristic scaling arguments, adapted from a relevance criterion for disordered Ising models. It yields an inequality involving a characteristic exponent that describes the fluctuations in the disordered or aperiodically ordered system, the correlation critical exponent $`\nu `$ of the pure system, and the space dimension of the fluctuation. Planar quasiperiodic graphs obtained by cut-and-project methods have low fluctuations, because they are flat sections through higher-dimensional periodic lattices. Therefore, the aperiodicity is expected to be irrelevant in these cases, which conforms with the results obtained for specific examples, notably the PT.

Here, we consider partition function zeros obtained for periodic approximants of the rhombic PT and the Ammann-Beenker tiling (ABT). The unit cells of the first three approximants for the latter are shown in Fig. 1.

## 2 The Ising model

We place Ising spins $`\sigma _{j,k}\{1,1\}`$ on the vertices of the periodic approximants. Spins interact by a nearest-neighbour interaction $`J`$. The energy of a configuration $`\sigma =\{\sigma _j1jM\}\{1,1\}^M`$ on a finite graph with $`M`$ vertices is

$$E(\sigma )=\underset{j,k}{}J\sigma _j\sigma _k,$$
(1)
where the summation is performed over all pairs $`j,k`$ of neighbouring spins, i.e., those located on vertices that are connected by an edge. The corresponding partition function is the sum on all configurations

$$Z(\beta )=\underset{\sigma }{}\mathrm{exp}[\beta E(\sigma )],$$
(2)
where $`\beta `$ is the inverse temperature.

## 3 Partition function zeros

We are interested in the pattern of zeros of this function in the complex temperature plane. In the thermodynamic limit $`M\mathrm{}`$, the zeros accumulate, filling curves or areas in the complex plane. These separate different regions of analyticity of the free energy, which is essentially the logarithm of the partition function, and hence correspond to phase transitions.

The zero pattern for the square lattice case is shown in Fig. 2, which displays the zeros in the complex variable $`z=\mathrm{exp}(2\beta J)`$. It consists of two circles. The two intersections at $`z=\sqrt{2}+1`$ and $`z=\sqrt{2}1`$ with the positive real axis correspond to the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic critical points $`w_\mathrm{c}=\mathrm{tanh}(\beta _\mathrm{c}J)=\pm \sqrt{2}`$, respectively.

## 4 Results and conclusions

The partition function zeros of the Ising model on any periodic planar graph with $`N`$ spins in a unit cell can be calculated by diagonalising a two-parameter family of $`4N\times 4N`$ matrices. The powerful tool behind this method is the Kac-Ward determinant or Pfaffian method for calculating the Ising model partition function on general planar graphs. Thus, this method allows to compute partition function zeros for Ising models on infinite periodic graphs with an arbitrary numerical precision.

The result for the first approximants of the PT and the ABT are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. These show accumulated zeros obtained by diagonalising the Kac-Ward matrix for various values of the two parameters, again in the complex variable $`z=\mathrm{exp}(2\beta J)`$. The corresponding values of the critical temperature are listed in Table 1. These yield precise estimates for the critical temperature for the aperiodic tilings, the errors were estimated on the basis of the apparent convergence of the first few terms.

The zero patterns, besides the trivial symmetry under complex conjugation of $`z`$, still show the $`zz^1`$ symmetry that is a consequence of the bipartiteness of the tilings. This also implies that the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phase transitions are of the same type. However, some of the symmetry of the square lattice case, corresponding to the self-duality of the square-lattice Ising model, is lost. In fact, the dual graphs of the aperiodic graphs under consideration contain triangles, hence are not bipartite. The antiferromagnetic model on these dual graphs will suffer frustration. This may be responsible for the rather complicated, presumably fractal or fractally bounded zero patterns, particularly further away from the positive real axis. The zeros around the two phase transition points still lie on a circle intersecting the real axis orthogonally, consistent with the fact that the phase transition belongs to the same universality class as on the square lattice.