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# Chemical inhomogeneities and pulsation1

## 1. Introduction

Chemical composition plays an important role in determining the structure of stars. Its influence comes mostly through the sensitivity of opacities on the atomic spectra and absorption features of the elements making up a star. As most variable stars are unstable precisely because of how opacity behaves in relation to perturbations (the $`\kappa `$-mechanism), it stands to reason that chemical composition be of fundamental interest when studying pulsating stars.

Not only does the effect of the bulk metallicity of stars need to be considered but the effect of composition gradients (a.k.a. chemical inhomogeneities) on stellar pulsations has to be investigated, and that has been done only crudely so far. The difficulty lies in that in order to model chemically inhomogeneous stars properly it is indispensable to be able to calculate opacities correctly. Standard opacity tables can follow gradients of the major constituents but not of individual elements. While valid in most cases these tables are not adequate in stars in which substantial departures from a homogeneous composition occur and in which the total metallicity $`Z`$ does not reflect accurately the opacity of the actual chemical composition everywhere in the star.

In recent years some models have tackled those issues. Charpinet et al. (1996), for example, have used an approach in which the influence of the variation of a specific element, iron in their case, is followed. They were able to predict that sdB stars should be variable and that diffusion of iron was able to provide the necessary abundance and opacity enhancements. Another more ambitious approach is to model stars in a consistent fashion using detailed monochromatic opacities for all important elements and a full treatment of diffusion (Richer et al. 2000 and references therein). Such models allow a detailed study of chemically inhomogeneous stars both in terms of surface abundance anomalies and in terms of stellar pulsations for a wide range of stellar types and evolutionary stages.

Simultaneously, the need for such work has been underlined by the increasing number and types of chemically peculiar stars (hereafter CP stars) which are now recognized as variable. In the past, there was an apparent dichotomy between pulsations and peculiar compositions in stars with only a few exceptions (Kurtz 1978). Models of the time, including only the effect of hydrogen and helium abundance gradients, were mostly in agreement with the observations (Cox et al. 1979). The discovery of new classes of variable CP stars, roAp stars by Kurtz & Wegner (1979) and $`\lambda `$ Boötis stars by Gonzalez et al. (1998), and the constant additions to the $`\delta `$ Delphini class of variable evolved metallic A stars (Kurtz 2000 and references therein) showed the dichotomy to be at least partly an illusion.

## 2. Chemical inhomogeneities in stars

CP stars are identified and defined by their observed surface abundances. However the connection between surface abundances and internal abundance profiles depends on how and where mixing occurs in the star as well as which process or processes are causing the surface chemical peculiarities. As stellar pulsations depend on the internal profile, one must be wary of jumping to conclusions based solely on surface abundances when studying CP stars.

The most prevalent ways of modifying the surface composition in a star are: 1) differential effects of microscopic diffusion (Richer et al. 2000), 2) dredge-up of matter from the deep interior through mixing or mass loss (Fowler et al. 1965), 3) accretion of matter affected by dust formation (Venn & Lambert 1990) or nucleosynthesis (Guthrie 1971), 4) differential mass loss where some elements are ejected and others not (Babel 1996). The connection between the surface abundances and internal profiles are essentially determined by whatever mixing exists in the superficial regions of the star for all these processes. Some of these processes however are expected to be active mostly in young stars (accretion) while others are expected to have an effect only later on (dredge-up).

It is assumed that convective motions are fast enough to mix convection zones instantaneously, thereby homogenizing its composition and diluting any influx or out flux of matter in its entirety. In addition there is ample evidence that further mixing occurs in the stable region below the convection zone. The composition observed at the surface extends therefore to the base of this fully mixed region. In cool stars this region is very deep, in hot stars there might not be any significant mixed region at the surface. Below the mixed region the abundances can be very different than those observed at the surface. As a result, surface abundances are a test of the depth of the superficial mixing while seismology can potentially allow the study of mixing below this mixed region.

## 3. Pulsations in CP stars

As the chemical composition changes in a star so will the opacity profile. Variations of the composition will affect mainly the $`\kappa `$-mechanism for driving pulsations although they may have indirect consequences for other mechanisms, such as the one proposed for $`\gamma `$ Doradus stars (Guzik et al. 2000). I will concentrate here on stars were the $`\kappa `$-mechanism dominates.

There are three regions in a star where opacity gradients occur which can lead to the excitation of pulsations. There is one due to the ionization of HI at low temperatures (roughly 10 000 K), one due to the ionization of HeII (40 000 K) and the last one due to the opacity of heavy elements, mainly iron-peak elements, at around 2000 000 K. Not all three contribute significantly to excitation or damping in all stars but in CP stars one can expect large variations in their relative contributions to the net excitation of pulsations compared to chemically normal stars.

### 3.1. Diffusion and pulsations

Diffusion has been shown to have a major effect on the composition of slowly rotating A and the cooler B stars. Of the types of stars for which diffusion has the largest effects two are particularly interesting in the present context. Am stars are A type stars enriched in iron-peak elements and HgMn stars are their more massive (B type stars) counterparts which feature varying composition anomalies especially in manganese and/or mercury. There is a strong dichotomy between pulsations and the CP phenomenon in those stars, except for the aforementioned $`\delta `$ Delphinis which are thought to be evolved Am stars.

The A stars have been modeled by Richer et al. (2000) and their stability was investigated by Turcotte et al. (2000). The major effect of diffusion in A stars in terms of pulsations is to reduce the helium abundance in superficial regions, thereby decreasing the excitation of the modes typical of variable A stars. The models however show that superficial mixing must be very deep for the models to reproduce surface abundance anomalies. The consequence of this deep mixing is to preserve some helium in the driving region.

Figure 1 shows the relative contribution of major elements in a star of 1.8 M as a function of temperature. Two models are plotted, one with a standard solar composition (Grevesse & Noels 1993), and one representative of an Am star. It shows that the opacity in the driving region for $`\delta `$ Scuti-like pulsations (HeII) actually increases as the result of diffusion but that the contribution of helium decreases. As the driving is provided by the opacity “hump” due to helium at 40 000 K, the relative disappearance of helium levels the opacity gradient and removes much of the driving. The more helium settles out of this region, the less likely is the star to become variable. The increase in the contributions of hydrogen and metals play little role in these stars. However, there are suggestions that metals may contribute significantly to the variability of Ap stars (Michaud et al., these proceedings).

The stability analysis of the models showed that pulsating Am stars are restricted to fairly evolved stars, in agreement with observations, and that the blue edge of their “instability strip” is sensitive to the depth of the mixing (Figure 2). As the blue edge shifts toward the red edge the less helium remains in the driving as a result of mixing, the region of instability also shifts to more massive stars. The limits are far from being well defined and the models do not test whether there is an upper mass limit to the instability region.

If diffusion in A stars tends to stabilize stars to pulsations and observations and theoretical predictions are overall in accord, the situation in the B stars is more confused. Models have shown that iron-peak elements accumulate both at the surface and in a localized region at a temperature of roughly 200 000 K where they dominate the opacity. All the models show a significant increase in the opacity in that region, which can lead to the emergence of localized convection in some cases. Not coincidentally, pulsations in B stars are driven by the opacity of metals in that region. Diffusion should therefore lead to an increase in driving. HgMn stars could be expected to be variable to the same degree as Slowly Pulsating B (SPB) stars which share the same region of the H.-R. diagram but the opposite is observed. No HgMn stars has been found to be variable because of pulsations.

In order to prevent pulsations in HgMn stars one would need to either introduce damping in the superficial regions or reduce the opacity of metals in the driving region. Introducing mixing would not solve the problem since normal metal abundances lead to “normal” SPB stars. No significant damping due to abundance variations of other elements, notably helium, were found in preliminary models. It remains that the HgMn phenomenon seems well correlated with slow rotation which may well give a hint of the solution of this conflict between the and observations.

### 3.2. Accretion and pulsations

Matter accreted at the surface of a star will be redistributed within the superficial mixed region and may diffuse below it. If the mass accreted is large enough the entire mixed zone will take on the chemical composition of the accreted matter (Turcotte & Charbonneau 1993).

Accretion is the leading mechanism to explain the observed composition of $`\lambda `$ Bootis stars (Solano et al. 2001). If accretion indeed is at the root of the $`\lambda `$ Bootis phenomenon then one expects these stars to be young, with ongoing accretion (Charbonneau 1993, Turcotte & Charbonneau 1993). Although some observations play in favor of the accretion scenario, such as evidence of circumstellar matter and even infall in some cases as well as their $`\delta `$ Scuti-type variability, there remain some problems. The most troublesome problem is that the $`\lambda `$ Bootis stars cover can be ZAMS or TAMS stars or anywhere in between.

The Richer et al. (2000) models for A stars have shown that deep mixing can be expected in slowly rotating stars. That mixing is expected to be at least partially driven by rotation. It follows that one may expect that faster rotating stars such as $`\lambda `$ Bootis stars have mixing below the convection zone extending as deep or even deeper than in Am stars. Deep mixing in $`\lambda `$ Boötis stars has a few repercussions on the mechanics of accretion and on the modeling of the stars.

As accreted material must be diluted in the entire mixed region, then the mass which needs to be accreted for surface abundances to reflect those of the accreted matter must be proportionally larger. It also means that the time scale for the establishment of the characteristic surface composition increase as well which might imply that accretion rates are higher than previously thought. The peculiar surface composition will persist longer after accretion is halted than the few Myr obtained by Turcotte & Charbonneau (1993). Finally, and perhaps more importantly in the context of pulsations, the star will have a peculiar composition to a much greater depth than in anterior models. Such large abundance anomalies to such large depths can have non negligible effects on stellar structure.

If one recalls the models of Am stars, the chemically homogeneous region extends from the surface to points beyond the region where iron-peak elements dominate the opacity (at roughly 200 000 K). As $`\lambda `$ Boötis stars are superficially metal-poor, the opacity in the metal bump will be significantly lowered. Although this has some effect on driving, the driving is still dominated by helium as in Am stars. The structure of the star is changed somewhat and the frequencies of the modes of oscillation in the star are changed by a significant amount as shown in Figure 3. The effect is not significant if mixing is shallower.

If mixing is indeed as deep as the models of Am stars suggest, then models including opacities adequate for the peculiar chemical composition may be necessary if one hopes to constrains the models or analyze the seismology of these stars in more details.

## 4. What can we learn from variable CP stars?

The evolution of the chemical composition in a star is very sensitive to mixing processes occurring within it. As there is an obvious signature of separation processes likely modified by mixing in chemically peculiar stars, it follows that they are objects through which one stands of learning a great deal about those mixing processes. In so-called normal stars, one does not have the same tools to study those processes.

We have shown here that detailed modeling of A stars has lead to a radical change in the paradigm for their structure, pointing to much deeper mixing than was expected from anterior models. These models also reproduce qualitatively the observed variability in metallic A stars. Detailed models of specific stars will be able to confirm whether the predicted pulsations agree with observations as well as predicted surface composition does to what can be measured in Am stars.

In B stars, there is an apparent contradiction between theoretical expectations for pulsation driving and observed variability in HgMn stars. Solving this problem is likely to bring about a better understanding of mass loss and mixing in B stars. Better models of CP B stars will be possible when new opacity data better suited to calculate radiative pressure on individual elements in superficial regions are released by the OPAL group.

As models of CP stars improve, models of other variable stars will be achieved such as roAp stars for which preliminary models are now being attempted (see Richard et al., and Michaud et al. in these proceedings).

## References

Babel, J., 1996, A&A, 309, 867

Charbonneau, P., 1993, ApJ, 405, 720

Charpinet, S., Fontaine, G., Brassard, P., Dorman, B., 1996, ApJ, 471, 103

Cox, A. N., Hodson, S. W., King, D. S., 1979, ApJ, 231, 798

Fowler, W. A., Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., Hoyle, F., ApJ, 142, 423

Gonzalez, J.-F., Bohlender, D. A., Matthews, J. M., Yang, S., 1998, In Fundamental Stellar Properties: The Interaction between Observation and Theory, T. R. Bedding, University of Sydney, 132

Grevesse, N., Noels, A., 1993, In Origin and Distribution of the Elements, N. Prantzos, E. vangioni-Flam, M. Cassé, Cambridge Univ. Press, 15

Guthrie, B. N. G., 1971, Ap&SS, 13, 168

Kurtz, D. W., 1978, ApJ, 221, 869

Kurtz, D. W., 2000, In delta Scuti and Related Stars, M. Breger, M. Montgommery, Astronomy Society of the Pacific, 287

Kurtz, D. W., Wegner, G., 1979, ApJ, 232, 510

Richer, J., Michaud, G., Turcotte, S., 2000, ApJ, 529, 338

Solano, E., Paunzen, E., Pintado, O. I., Córdoba, Varela, J., 2001, A&A, 374, 957

Turcotte, S., Charbonneau, P., 1993, ApJ, 413, 456

Turcotte, S., Richer, J., Michaud, G., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., 2000, A&A, 360, 603

Venn, K. A., Lambert, D. L., 1990, ApJ, 363, 234

## Discussion

C. Aerts : Some of SPBs studied by De Cat (2001) have deviating chemical abundance (mostly in Si). They all have low $`\mathrm{sin}i`$. How does that compare to your excitation models ?

S. Turcotte : Surface abundance anomalies in B stars are very difficult to interpret in terms of internal abundance profiles because the structure and mixing or separation processes occurring in the external regions are essentially unknown. However low $`\mathrm{sin}i`$ in SPB stars is an intriguing problem if the stars are really slow rotators because one would then have to introduce another parameter in addition to rotation to understand the non variability of HgMn stars.


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# Strömgren Color-Temperature Relations for Cool Stars

## 1. Introduction

The Strömgren $`uvby`$ photometric system offers unique advantages over standard broadband $`UBVRI`$ photometry since it can provide precise estimates of effective temperature, surface gravity, and chemical composition on a star-by-star basis. However, detailed $`uvby`$ photometric studies for star clusters have suffered in the past from both the lack of precise CCD photometry as well as accurate color-temperature (C-T) relations necessary to transform theoretical isochrones and evolutionary tracks to the observational plane. Thanks to the recent observing programs of F. Grundahl, a large sample of globular and open clusters have been observed through Strömgren filters. This paper presents an attempt to derive a new set of synthetic $`uvby`$ C-T relations that will hopefully reproduce not only the observed colors of field stars, but also yield reliable transformations of isochrones appropriate to old stellar systems.

## 2. The Synthetic Strömgren Colors: Calculations & Calibrations

The new grids of theoretical Strömgren colors are derived by convolving the $`uvby`$ filter transmission functions with synthetic spectra computed from the latest version of the SSG spectral synthesis code using MARCS stellar atmosphere models as input. As a test of the synthetic colors, we compare a 4 Gyr, solar metallicity isochrone with the $`uvby`$ CMDs of the well studied open cluster M 67. These initial comparisons show that the isochrone, which has been transformed to the observed planes using the raw theoretical colors, fails to provide an adequate fit to the photometric data. Therefore, a set of first and second order color calibrations are derived from a sample of field stars having well-determined estimates of Teff from the infrared flux method of Blackwell & Shallis (1977) as well as log$`g`$ and \[Fe/H\] values (Alonso et al. 1996, 1999 and Houdashelt et al. 2000). Figure 2 presents the fits of the 4 Gyr isochrone transformed to various M 67 CMDs using the revised C-T relations produced by applying the calibrations illustrated in Figure 1. Overall the $`calibrated`$ isochrone given in Figure 2 (solid line) appears to yield a much better agreement to the data than its $`uncalibrated`$ counterpart (dotted line).

## 3. Globular Cluster CMDs and the Calibrated Strömgren Colors

Strömgren CMDs of the two prominent, metal-poor globular clusters M 92 and 47 Tuc are used to help constrain the accuracy of the newly calibrated $`uvby`$ C-T relations for sub-solar metallicities. Figure 3 illustrates the fits of the latest University of Victoria isochrones (Bergbusch & VandenBerg 2001) transformed to the indicated color planes using the calibrated Strömgren colors derived from the relations in Figure 1. As with M 67, the isochrones yield a superb match to all the pertinent features of the cluster CMDs from the main sequence through to the tip of the red giant branch if a short distance scale is assumed.

## 4. Conclusions

In deriving a set of color calibrations necessary to put the new synthetic $`uvby`$ colors onto the observed systems, we have been able to adjust the Strömgren C-T relations to provide excellent agreement between theoretical model isochrones and the CMDs of such clusters as M 67, M 92, and 47 Tuc. Moreover, isochrone fits to other cluster $`uvby`$ CMDs not presented here ($`e.g.`$ NGC 288, M 13, NGC 188, NGC 6819, and the Hyades) provide further support for our calibrated C-T relations. In addition, comparisons of isochrone fits to cluster CMDs in the Strömgren and $`UBVRI`$ photometric systems yield similar interpretations of the data regardless of which photometric color ($`i.e.`$ $`by`$, $`BV`$, or $`VI`$) is employed.

## References

Alonso, A., Arribas, S., and Martínez-Roger, C., 1996a, A&A, 117, 227

Alonso, A., Arribas, S., and Martínez-Roger, C., 1999, A&AS, 139, 335

Bergbusch, P. A. and VandenBerg D. A., 2001, ApJ, 556, 332

Blackwell, D. E. and Shallis, M. J., MNRAS, 180, 177

Hauck, B. and Mermilliod, M., 1998, A&AS, 129, 431

Houdashelt, M. L., Bell, R. A., and Sweigert, A. V., 2000, AJ, 119, 1448


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# A Uniform analysis of the Lyman alpha forest at z = 0-5: III. HST FOS Spectral Atlas.

## 1 Introduction

The Faint Object Spectrograph ($`FOS`$, Keyes et al. 1995, and references therein) on board the Hubble Space Telescope provided the first opportunity to study quasar spectra in the ultraviolet with sufficient spectral resolution to measure the properties of the narrow absorption lines in detail. The Quasar Absorption Line Key Project used the FOS to make a comprehensive study of absorber properties at low and intermediate redshift (Bahcall et al. 1993; Bahcall et al. 1996; Jannuzi et al. 1998, hereafter J98, and references therein). There were many quasars observed with the $`FOS`$, however, for purposes other than the study of their absorption line properties. We have retrieved these data from the Space Telescope Science Institute archive, as well as the original Key Project data, and analyzed the absorption lines in all of the spectra, in a uniform way.

The resulting data set is presented in this paper, and is valuable for many studies. These spectra can be combined with spectra obtained from the ground at moderate resolution (Bechtold 1994, Scott et al. 2000a and references therein), to provide statistics on the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest from $`z=0`$ to 5 (Dobrzycki et al. 2001). Although line blending must be accounted for with care, these data are a useful complement to high spectral resolution echelle studies which to date have been carried out on a much smaller number of quasars.

In companion papers, we present a statistical analysis of the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest lines (Dobrzycki et al. 2001); we analyze the proximity effect in this sample, in order to derive a limit on the metagalactic ultraviolet background and its evolution (Scott et al. 2001); and analyze the interstellar lines from the Milky Way (Morita et al. 2001). Other topics will be discussed in future papers.

In section 2 we present the data collected from the $`HST`$ archive and describe the data reduction procedure. In section 3 we discuss individual objects. The spectra, continuum fits, linelists, and other analysis products are available electronically and on the authors’ web site, described in section 4.

## 2 The data

### 2.1 Reductions

We have collected $`HST/FOS`$ quasar spectra taken with the G130H, G190H, and G270H gratings. To the best of our knowledge, we have obtained all available quasar spectra with these gratings. Table 1 is an abbreviated list of all of the data sets we retrieved. A full list is given in Table 2. Table 2 lists the identification numbers of the individual data sets retrieved from the archive and their dates of observation. Several of the spectra turned out to be of very low quality, or were failed observations, and were not reduced further. Broad absorption line quasars and objects observed in SPECTROPOLARIMETRY mode were not reduced. These are noted in Tables 1 and 2.

Some of the data were retrieved from the archives before the best available calibration products had been applied to the products in the archive. We recalibrated these spectra, using STSDAS. Spectra observed prior to the installation of COSTAR in December 1993 were reduced from raw, uncalibrated data, while for the post-COSTAR observations we used calibrated images. The new calibration methods available for pre-COSTAR data are mainly concerned with improved scattered light corrections and flux calibration. For all the raw data we applied the addnewkeys and calfos tasks from the stsdas.hst\_calib.fos package, creating calibrated files containing data similar in format and contents to the post-COSTAR calibrated data. The data that was re-calibrated, and the flatfield files used are listed in Table 2.

We then extracted the data from the reduced images following a procedure dependent on the observation mode. If the spectrum was taken in the RAPID–READOUT mode, we combined the spectra from all groups within the image using the rcombine task from the stsdas.hst\_calib.ctools package, propagating the error and data quality flags. If the data were taken in the SPECTROSCOPY mode, the last group in the image is the sum of all groups.

Flux and error spectra of the same object taken in succession with the same observing setup (i.e. having the same detector, observation mode, aperture and disperser) were then combined into a single spectrum, weighting them by the exposure time of each individual spectrum. Several objects were observed more than once with the same grating but with different apertures. For those objects we analyzed the higher signal-to-noise spectrum, which typically was also the higher spectral resolution spectrum. Table 2 notes which data sets were combined into the spectrum we used for the absorption line analysis.

Spectra were dereddened using IRAF task deredden, taking as input the Hi column density calculated using the COLDEN code, written by J. McDowell, which utilizes data from Stark et al. (1992); for objects with $`\delta <40^{}`$ we used the data from the galactic reddening map of Burstein $`\&`$ Heiles (1982). Conversion from Hi column density to E(B-V) was assumed to be NHI/E(B-V)=$`4.8\times 10^{21}`$ cm-2 magn-1 (Bohlin, Savage & Drake 1978). The Milky Way reddening curve of Cardelli, Clayton & Mathis (1989) was assumed. The value of E(B-V) which was used is listed in Table 2.

We put all the spectra and line lists on an absolute wavelength scale where possible by calculating the average offset of the detected Galactic interstellar lines in each spectrum. We looked for the Siii(1190,1193,1260,1526), Siiii(1206), Cii(1334), and Civ(1548,1550) absorption in the G130H spectra, the Alii(1670) line in the G190H spectra, and Feii(2344, 2374, 2382, 2586, 2600), Mgii(2796,2803), and Mgi(2853) lines in the G270H spectra. In several cases, especially for G190H data, no Galactic absorption lines were detected and we then applied no wavelength shift to the spectrum. We list the offsets adopted in Table 2.

The Key Project went to great lengths to identify possible residual flat-field features in their spectra, which would erroneously be identified as absorption lines (see Schneider et al. 1993, J98). We did not attempt to repeat this for all the spectra here. Therefore, there is a possibility that any particular weak absorption line is not real. In J98, they present 117 non-BAL quasar spectra, and report 88 flatfield features: they found no flatfield features in 10 G130H spectra, 47 flatfield features in 46 G190H spectra and 32 flatfield features in 61 G270H spectra. For most purposes, these features have a small effect statistically on the absorption line sample (see also Dobrzycki et al. 2001).

### 2.2 Absorption Line Analysis

For all spectra we determined signal-to-noise ratios, performed continuum fits, detected absorption lines and identified the metal systems using program FINDSL (Aldcroft, Bechtold, $`\&`$ Elvis 1994). The estimations of equivalent width were done both by direct integration of the profile, and by fitting gaussians. Direct integration overcomes the problem of asymmetric lines which is seen for the large aperture in $`FOS`$, pre-COSTAR (see section 2.4). In the end, we decided not to use these spectra in the subsequent analysis of the absorbers, and so used the equivalent widths from gaussian fits (see Paper IV). We quantified the effect of line blending and completeness by generating simulated data sets, and describe the results in section 2.6.

The significance of each absorption line was estimated in two ways. To search for candidate absorption lines, we ran a boxcar of width equal to 2.46 times the full-width-half-maximum of the spectral line spread function in pixels. We calculated the equivalent width and its error, derived from the straightforward propagation of errors from the errors on the flux in each individual pixel. One measure of the significance of a line is then the ratio of the equivalent width to its error. This underestimates the significance, however, since the signal-to-noise in the bottom of the absorption line is worse than it would have been had the line not been there. We calculated a threshold for detecting lines by calculating the one-sigma error for an absorption line as a function of wavelength for the observed flux and our continuum fit in boxcars of the same width as our search technique (9 pixels for most of the data). To interpolate over the regions where there were actual absorption lines, we fit a spline to the calculated threshold as a function of wavelength and, to be conservative, forced it to outline the upper envelope of the data. Then for each line for which the ratio of equivalent width to its error was greater than 3 after the initial search, we interpolated the spline fits to the threshold files and calculated a significance equal to the ratio of the measured equivalent width to the one-sigma error in the smoothed threshold file. We kept lines where this ratio was greater than 3.5$`\sigma `$. The significance derived in this way is reported in the line lists. Any line in these lists is real, but the sample is not complete unless a higher threshold is applied. We discuss completeness in section 2.6.

### 2.3 Identification of Metal Lines

Metal absorption line systems were searched for in a number of ways. First we reviewed the literature and examined all reported redshift systems, using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) and the York et al. (1991) absorption line catalog. We adopted the search list of strong transitions given by Morton et al. (1988). In a few cases, we decided that redshift systems reported in the literature were spurious; these are noted individually in section 3. We also examined the lines shortward of Ly-$`\alpha `$ with equivalent widths greater than 1 Å, and tested whether a plausible identification could be made if these lines were Ly-$`\alpha `$.

Finally, we used a computer program to search for redshift systems automatically. We used the Morton search list and looked for redshifts which resulted in at least 5 matches in the line lists. We ran the code on simulated Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest spectra with no metal systems to assess the probability of chance matches in the forest. We found that systems with 4 matches and plausible line ratios were commonly found. We made no assumptions about ion ratios, but did require that all the transitions for a particular ion have physically reasonable equivalent width ratios given the f-values listed in Morton (1991), and that Ly-$`\alpha `$ be detected if it was in the spectral coverage.

Since our goal was to construct a sample for studying the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest, we were generous in our identifications: if there was any doubt, we went ahead and identified a line as a metal transition. We kept track of the regions of the spectrum which contained metal lines, and provide this information electronically. In effect these are parts of the redshift path which were not observed for Ly-$`\alpha `$ and our analysis programs simply delete these parts of the spectrum automatically. Therefore, before drawing conclusions about any particular line identified as a metal, one should look carefully at all the lines identified for that redshift system.

Note that this data is not appropriate for deriving certain types of statistics for the metal-line absorbers. We didn’t keep track of why a particular quasar was observed, and clearly some objects were observed because they were known beforehand to have interesting metal-line systems, for example damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorbers.

In Figure 1, we plot the spectra which were analyzed. For objects which were observed more than once, we show the spectra from which we derived absorption line lists. Other spectra are available on our web site.

The absorption line lists, including identifications, are given electronically in Table 3, and on the web site.

### 2.4 Effect of Aperture Size on Line Detection and Measurement

Our dataset is a compilation of spectra taken in different apertures. Post-COSTAR the spectral line spread function (LSF) was similar for data taken in each aperture, and we neglected any differences. Pre-COSTAR, the LSF was significantly degraded and non-Gaussian for data taken in the A-1 (4.3 ″) aperture (Smith $`\&`$ Hartig 1989; Evans 1993). The LSF in other apertures was similar to the post-COSTAR values.

Seventy-two of the objects in the sample were observed pre-COSTAR with A-1, and were not observed subsequently; these are listed in Table 4. In a few cases, however, observations were taken pre-COSTAR with A-1 and post-COSTAR or with a smaller aperture, with the same grating, so we could directly compare the line lists generated. For two objects, q1521+1009 and q1634+70437, we examined the G270H spectra in detail. For q1521+1009, 8 lines which were detected in the small aperture data were strong enough to have been expected to be detected above the 5$`\sigma `$ equivalent width threshold in the pre-COSTAR A-1 data; however only 6 were detected. For q1634+7037, the situation was worse: of the 57 strongest lines in the small aperture data should have been detected in the pre-COSTAR A-1 spectrum, but only 31 were.

Figure 2 shows the 4 spectra in question. The resolution is low in the pre-COSTAR A-1 spectra– 50$`\%`$ lower than in the small aperture data– and at $`z`$1 our line search techniques apparently have not adequately taken into account the change in sensitivity.

While the spectra observed only in the A-1 aperture, pre-COSTAR are useful for some types of absorption line studies, we recommend that they not be used for studies of the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest.

### 2.5 Comparison with the HST Quasar Absorption Line Key Project

A part of our sample contains absorption lines derived from the spectra observed for by the HST Key Project. We derived the absorption line properties independently from the Key Project for the same data, and in this section compare line lists. Although we reduced the spectral data slightly differently (weighting individual spectra by exposure time) the spectra for a few objects we checked are identical.

Figure 3 shows the comparison of the lines found by our software and the Key Project (J98). We chose 7 objects for detailed comparison (q0003+1553, q0743-6719, q1116+2135, q1241+1737, q1424-1150, q1718+4807, q2340-0339). These were chosen randomly from the objects which had reasonable signal to noise, contained Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest, did not have heavily blended or broad absorption features, and appeared to have continua that should be fit easily. Of a total of 285 lines found by our software, 14 lines, or 5$`\%`$ of the total, were not found by the Key Project. In all cases, the features in question were weak, blended with other features, or near the edge of the spectrum.

Figure 3 shows the comparison of the equivalent widths and significance level for the lines which were detected in common by both groups. The significance level assigned to each line shows a systematic offset however. We assign a significance to the line which is about 20$`\%`$ lower than that assigned by the Key Project. As a result, our line lists are more conservative, and contain fewer lines above a given threshold. This difference is probably due to the fact that we adopt a fairly wide window (2.46 times the full-width-half-maximum of the spectral line spread function in pixels) in which to calculate the detection threshold, compared to J98.

These differences are larger than we expected. Since both groups have automated line finding and continuum fitting algorithms, the differences result from the slightly different approaches to line detection. The effects are easily quantifiable in subsequent analysis.

### 2.6 Completeness and Line Blending

In order to determine how reliably we find significant lines, we produced a set of 25 $`z=0.5`$ simulated Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest spectra and a set of 25 spectra at $`z=1`$. The code we used is described in Dobrzycki & Bechtold (1996). We modeled the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest using the neutral hydrogen column density (NHI) and b-value distributions observed in high resolution optical spectra of high redshift quasars (Hu et al. 1995). We parameterized the number of lines $`N`$ as

$`NN_{HI}^\beta exp((b<b>)^2/2\sigma _b^2)(1+z)^\gamma `$

and used values of $`\gamma `$ = 0.50 (Bahcall et al. 1993) and $`\beta =`$1.46 (Hu et al. 1995). The results of this analysis should not be sensitive to the value of $`\gamma `$ since the redshift path covered in each spectrum is small. The lower column density limits chosen were 5x1012 cm-2 for $`z=0.5`$ and 2x1012 cm-2 for $`z=1`$; and the upper column density limit used was 3x1014 cm-2 in both cases. The mean Doppler parameter and width of the Doppler parameter distribution used were $`<b>=`$28 km s-1 and $`\sigma _b`$ = 10 km s-1. The column density limits were chosen to give the same total absorption in the simulated spectra as is calculated in the spectra of q0850+4400 and q2145+0643, which served as the templates for the $`z=0.5`$ and $`z=1`$ simulations, respectively. We used the signal-to-noise, sampling, spectral resolution, and observed continuum of these two representative objects to model the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest spectra.

We find that for the $`z=0.5`$ simulation, at 5$`\sigma `$ significance, the line lists are 100% complete; and for the $`z=1`$ simulation and 5$`\sigma `$ significance the line lists are 98% complete. In this calculation, we account for line blending by counting all simulated lines within 2.46 resolution elements of each recovered line as a component of that recovered line. If blending is neglected and matches are determined on the basis of the best wavelength match between simulated and recovered lines, the completenesses drop to 82% and 61% for $`z=0.5`$ and $`z=1`$ respectively. For lines of 3$`\sigma `$ significance and above, the completenesses of the $`z=0.5`$ and $`z=1`$ simulation line lists are 94% and 96% when blending is accounted for and 75% and 54% when it is not.

The simulations also revealed another interesting point. Of the lines $`\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}`$recovered” by our software, a small percentage were not generated by the simulation program. In other words, our software found some spurious lines. How many of these lines occur in the sample depends upon the signal-to-noise of the data and upon the line density of the spectra, i.e. the redshift. The percentages of these spurious lines were 5.3% of the 3$`\sigma `$ lines from the $`z=0.5`$ simulated spectra, and 1.3% of the 3$`\sigma `$ lines from the $`z=1`$ simulated spectra. The higher percentage of spurious lines in the $`z=0.5`$ spectra compared to the $`z=1`$ spectra, which have higher line densities, can be understood to be a result of the higher signal-to-noise in the $`z=1`$ simulated spectra. The signal-to-noise template for the $`z=1`$ simulations fluctuates between 12.5 and 14 across the spectra, while that of the $`z=0.5`$ simulations increases smoothly from 3 to 15 from the blue to the red. None of the lines recovered at 5$`\sigma `$ significance were spurious.

In summary, based on the analysis of simulated Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest spectra, we adopt 3.5$`\sigma `$ as the threshold for detection of real absorption lines, and 5$`\sigma `$ as the threshold for completeness.

## 3 Notes on Individual Quasars.

We discuss the individual quasars here. After each object, we specify G270($`n`$), G190($`n`$), G130($`n`$), to indicate that $`n`$ spectra taken with the G270H, G190H or G130H gratings were reduced. The emission line redshifts are taken from Hewitt $`\&`$ Burbidge (1993) or NED, unless otherwise noted.

q0002-4214, $`z=2.76`$. This high redshift quasar has been the subject of several optical absorption line studies (Sargent et al. 1979, Boisse & Bergeron 1985). We identify several metal lines with previously known systems, at $`z=`$2.46, 2.30, 2.16, 1.99, and 1.54. G270.

q0002+0507, $`z=1.90`$. UM18. This bright quasar has a well studied IUE spectrum, (Bechtold et al. 1984) and two previously known absorption line systems at $`z=0.8514`$ and $`z=1.7444`$ (Young, Sargent & Boksenberg 1982, Steidel & Sargent 1992). Churchill (1997) reports a weak Mg II system at $`z=0.5914`$. G270(2),G190.

q0003+0146, $`z=0.234`$. G190.

q0003+1553, $`z=0.450`$. PG. The continuum spectral energy distribution of this quasar is very well studied. J98 present the FOS spectrum. G270,G190,G130.

q0003+1955, $`z=0.025`$. MRN 335. The absorption line spectrum was studied in detail by Stocke et al. (1995) and Shull, Stocke & Penton (1996), and four local absorbers were found. G270,G190,G130.

q0007+1041, $`z=0.089`$. IIIZw2. A well-studied low redshift Seyfert. A strong line at 1322Åmay be associated Ly-$`\alpha `$, with no corresponding metal-line absorption. G130,G270.

q0015+1612 $`z=0.553`$. The FOS spectrum is discussed in detail by Bechtold et al. (2001). G190.

q0017+0209, $`z=0.401`$. Discovered in the LBQS survey (Foltz et al. 1989), the FOS spectrum is presented in Turnshek et al (1997) and J98. They argue convincingly that metal systems are detected at $`z=0.5764`$, 1.3389, and 1.3426, and less convincingly for several others. Churchill (1997) reports a Mg II system at $`z=0.7289`$ from optical spectra. We identified metal lines associated with these four systems. G190.

q0018+2825, $`z=0.509`$. The object does not appear in NED. The redshift is determined from strong C IV and C III\] emission lines at 2342 Åand 2886 Årespectively. A strong absorption line at 2344 Åis probably associated C IV blended with interstellar Fe II $`\lambda `$2344. G270.

q0024+2225, $`z=1.108`$. The $`z=1.11`$ associated absorber described by Weymann et al. (1979) is confirmed. The FOS spectrum is referred to in Bahcall et al. (1993), and presented in J98. Other metal absorption line systems are reported by J98 at $`z=0.8196`$ and 0.4069. G190, G270.

q0026+1259, $`z=0.142`$. The continuum spectral energy distribution of this PG quasar has been studied extensively. G270, G190, G130(2).

q0042+1010, $`z=0.583`$. Radio loud quasar with no previously published absorption line spectrum. A very strong line at 1926 Åmay be associated Ly-$`\alpha `$ and no obvious corresponding metal absorption. G270, G190.

q0043+0354, $`z=0.384`$. The FOS spectra and the absorption line analysis are presented earlier in Turnshek et al. (1997) and Turnshek et al. (1994). Turnshek et al. (1997) describe the C IV absorber at $`z=0.38`$ as a $`\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}`$BAL” although it is very narrow and would be what we call in this paper an $`\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}`$associated absorber”. Semantics aside, there is a strong absorption line system at the emission line redshift with Ly-$`\alpha `$ and C IV detected. G270, G190.

q0044+0303, $`z=0.624`$. The FOS spectra are previously discussed in Bahcall et al. (1993). They describe C IV at $`z=0.245`$ and $`z=0.449`$. The $`z=0.449`$ system may be may be identified with an intervening galaxy at the same redshift (Ellingson, Green & Yee 1991). The evidence for the $`z=0.245`$ spectrum is weak, given that only the C IV doublet is seen in the Ly-$`\alpha `$ forest part of the spectrum, so the probability of a chance coincidence is high. G270, G190.

q0050+1225, $`z=0.061`$. IZw1. The discovery of very local Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorption in the spectrum is described by Shull, Stocke & Penton (1996) and Stocke et al (1995). Two systems, at $`z=0.0538`$ and 0.05061 appear to have Ly-$`\alpha `$ and metal line systems detected. G270(3), G190(2), G130.

q0052+2509, $`z=0.155`$. G190.

q0058+0155, $`z=1.954`$. PHL 938. We carried out an analysis of this spectrum, and identified a number of metal-line absorbers, at $`z=0.612,1.20,1.26,and1.46`$. G190.

q0100+0205, $`z=0.394`$. UM 301. G190(2).

q0102-2713, $`z=0.780`$. This is an LBQS quasar (Morris et al. 1991), and has a strong intervening C IV absorber at $`z=0.48`$. G190.

q0107-0235, $`z=0.948`$. This is the brighter of the pair of LBQS quasars (Chaffee et al. 1991) whose FOS spectrum is discussed in detail by Dinshaw et al. (1995, 1997). G190.

q0107-0234, $`z=0.942`$. This is the fainter of a pair of LBQS quasars (Chaffee et al. 1991) whose FOS spectrum is discussed in detail by Dinshaw et al. (1995, 1997). G190.

q0107-1537, $`z=0.861`$. A strong C IV system is at $`z=0.548`$. G270.

q0112-0142, $`z=1.365`$. This is a well-studied Parkes radio-loud quasar, whose FOS spectrum was presented by Wills et al. (1992). We identify a candidate intervening damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=1.19`$. G270.

q0115+0242, $`z=0.672`$. PKS. G270, G190.

q0117+2118, $`z=1.493`$. This well-studied PG quasar has optical absorption line spectra reported by Boisse et al. (1992), Steidel & Sargent (1992) and Rao, Turnshek & Briggs (1995). We identify lines from the $`z=0.576`$, 1.047, 1.325 and 1.342 discovered by these authors. There is a strong associated absorption complex at $`z=1.4471.506`$. G270(2), G190.

q0119-0437, $`z=1.925`$. This high redshift quasar has a well-studied optical absorption line spectrum (Sargent, Boksenberg & Young 1982, Sargent, Steidel & Boksenberg 1988a). We identify lines associated with several intervening metal line absorption redshift systems. G270, G190.

q0121-5903, $`z=0.047`$. Fairall 9. The Milky Way interstellar absorption is extremely strong, particularly the Si II 1260 line. G270, G190, G130.

q0122-0021, $`z=1.070`$. The FOS spectra were discussed by Bergeron et al. (1994) and Bahcall et al. (1996). They identify intervening metal line absorbers at $`z=0.398`$ and $`z=0.953`$. G270, G190.

q0125-0635, $`z=0.005`$. This is the Sy 1, MRK 996. G190.

q0133+2042, $`z=0.425`$. This is 3C47, whose FOS spectrum is described by Wills et al. (1995). There is a strong associated C IV absorber. G270, G190.

q0137+0116, $`z=0.260`$. UM 355. This is a well-studied radio-loud quasar. G270, G190, G130.

q0143-0135, $`z=3.124`$. UM 366. This is a high redshift quasar, detected to 581 Åin its rest frame. A damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber is detected at $`z=1.61`$, as well as lines from systems at $`z=1.58`$ and 1.28. G270.

q0150-2015, $`z=2.139`$. This quasar has a well studied absorption line spectrum (Sargent, Steidel & Boksenberg 1988b, Steidel & Sargent 1992, Hamann 1997 and references therein), including a strong intrinsic absorber. G270, G190.

q0159-1147, $`z=0.669`$. 3C57. The FOS spectra is described by Wills et al. (1992) and J98. A strong absorption line at the Ly-$`\alpha `$ emission line redshift (2028 Å) may be an associated metal-line absorber, although no associated Mg II absorption is reported by Aldcroft, Bechtold and Elvis (1994). The part of the FOS spectrum where C IV is expected coincides with strong lines of interstellar Fe II, and is inconclusive. Likewise several candidate metal absorbers are suggested by J98 but none are secure. G270, G190.

q0207-3953, $`z=2.813`$. This is a well-studied high-redshift quasar, with a strong Lyman-limit at 3190 Å, which is 836 Åin its rest frame. G270.

q0214+1050, $`z=0.408`$. PKS. This is a radio loud quasar, with no previous absorption line spectrum published. G270, G190.

q0219+4248, $`z=0.444`$. 3C 66A. This is a BL Lac object. A number of weak absorption lines are seen, but none more significant than 5$`\sigma `$. No broad emission lines are seen. G270, G190, G130.

q0232-0415, $`z=1.450`$. This Parkes radio loud quasar has been the subject of numerous continuum and optical absorption line studies. The $`z=1.425`$ C IV absorber reported by York et al. (1991) is not confirmed, since a strong Ly-$`\alpha `$ line is not apparent. We tentatively identify a system at $`z=1.355`$. J98 discuss the FOS spectrum, and also identify several possible metal absorbers, but none are convincing, since they rely on only two identified lines, in confused regions of the spectrum. G270.

q0253-0138, $`z=0.879`$. This is an LBQS quasar (Chaffee et al. 1991) whose absorption line spectrum is not previously reported. Only one significant line is seen, identified with ISM Mg II $`\lambda `$2793 absorption. G270.

q0254-3327b, $`z=1.915`$. The quasars q0254-3327 a,b and c have been the subject of numerous studies. G270.

q0254-3327c, $`z=1.863`$. G270, G190.

q0302-2223, $`z=1.40`$. There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=0.99`$. We identify lines associated with several other systems. G270.

q0333+3208, $`z=1.258`$. This is a very well studied radio-loud quasar. We confirm the Mg II absorber at $`z=0.953`$ described by Steidel & Sargent (1992). G270.

q0334-3617, $`z=1.100`$. This is an X-ray selected quasar (Maccacaro et al. 1991, Stocke et al. 1991a). The strong absorption line at 2557 Ånear the Ly-$`\alpha `$ emission line does not appear to have any metal absorption in C IV associated with it. G270.

q0349-1438, $`z=0.616`$. 3C95. The FOS spectrum is presented by Bahcall et al. (1993). One metal-line absorber is seen, with $`z=0.3566`$. G270, G190.

q0350-0719, $`z=0.962`$. This is an interesting radio-loud quasar with a broad associated absorption line. See Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994) for optical spectra. G270.

q0355-4820, $`z=1.005`$. The FOS spectrum is discussed by Hamann, Zuo & Tytler (1995). We identify a strong metal system at $`z=0.987`$. G270(2).

q0403-1316, $`z=0.571`$. The FOS spectrum of this well-studied Parkes radio quasar is presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q0405-1219, $`z=0.574`$. This quasar was discovered by IRAS (Low et al. 1988) and has a strong Ly-$`\alpha `$-Ly-$`\beta `$ pair at $`z=0.6276`$. No metal transitions are seen associated with this system however. The FOS spectrum is discussed in detail by Bahcall et al. (1993), with an updated discussion of the metal absorbers in J98. One of the G130H spectra was obtained in SPECTROPOLARIMETRY mode and was not reduced. G270, G190, G130(2).

q0414-0601, $`z=0.781`$. 3C110. The FOS spectrum is presented by J98. They do not report any metal-line systems, but we find a fairly convincing one at $`z=0.664`$. G270(2), G190(2).

q0420-0127, $`z=0.915`$. PKS. This is a well-studied quasar, with an optical absorption line spectrum reported by Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). G270.

q0421+0157, $`z=2.044`$. PKS. The optical absorption line spectrum of this high redshift quasar is discussed by Steidel & Sargent (1992). G270.

q0424-1309, $`z=2.159`$. PKS 0424-13. This optical absorption line spectrum of this high redshift quasar is discussed by Steidel & Sargent (1992). G270.

q0439-4319, $`z=0.593`$. PKS. A low redshift damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=0.101`$ is identified by Petijean et al. (1996), who present the FOS data. In addition, we find another metal absorber at $`z=0.44`$. The FOS spectra are also discussed by J98. G270, G190.

q0450-2958, $`z=0.286`$. This IRAS selected quasar (Low et al. 1988) has been the subject of several studies. A strong assoicated C IV absorption trough is seen. G190.

q0453-4220, $`z=2.66`$. This is a well studied high redshift quasar, with an optically thick Lyman limit at 3120 Å. G270, G190.

q0454-2203, $`z=0.534`$. PKS. This is a PKS object whose optical absorption line spectrum is discussed by Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). Metal absorbers are found at $`z=0.474`$ and 0.482. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q0454+0356, $`z=1.345`$. PKS. In this well-studied Parkes object we identify lines associated with previously known redshift systems at $`z=1.15`$, 1.06, 0.85. G270(2), G190.

q0506-6113, $`z=1.093`$. This is a blazar with a strong associated metal absorber at $`z=1.079`$. G270.

q0518-4549, $`z=0.0351`$. PKS, Pictor A. This is a well-studied low-redshift radio galaxy. G270, G190, G130.

q0537-4406, $`z=0.894`$. A well-known blazar and gamma ray source, classified as a BL Lac. Strong emission lines are seen. G270.

q0624+6907, $`z=0.374`$. An extremely luminous object found in the Hamburg survey (Reimers et al. 1995). The FOS spectrum is discussed by J98. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q0637-7513, $`z=0.656`$. We identify metal absorption at $`z=0.152`$ and 0.416. The spectrum is also discussed in J98. G270, G190.

q0710+1151, $`z=0.768`$. 3C 175. A radio-loud quasar whose optical absorption line spectrum is discussed by Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). The FOS spectrum is described by Wills et al. (1995). One intervening metal absorber is identified at $`z=0.463`$. G270, G190.

q0740+3800, $`z=1.063`$. 3C 186. A radio loud quasar whose FOS spectrum is presented by Wills et al. (1995). We identify lines of intervening metal line systems at $`z=0.885`$ and an associated absorber at $`z=1.069`$. See also Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). G270.

q0742+3150, $`z=0.462`$. PKS. Another radio loud quasar, with an associated C IV absorber. A low redshift Mg II system at $`z=0.1917`$ suggested by Boisse et al. (1992) is not confirmed by the FOS spectrum. The spectrum is also discussed by J98. G270, G190.

q0743-6719, $`z=1.511`$. PKS. A bright radio-loud quasar. A number of C IV absorbers are detected. The spectrum is discussed by J98. The G190H and one of the G270H spectra were taken in SPECTROPOLARIMETRY mode and were not reduced G270(2), G190.

q0823-2220, $`z=0.910`$. PKS. This is a BL Lac object, with redshift limit determined by the strong absorption line system at $`z=0.910`$ (Falomo 1990). No emission lines are seen in the FOS spectrum. G270.

q0827+2421, $`z=0.939`$. B2. A strong absorption line system is seen at $`z=0.52`$ (Ulrich & Owen 1977). G270.

q0838+1323, $`z=0.684`$. 3C 207. There is a strong associated C IV system at $`z=0.68`$. G270, G190.

q0844+3456, $`z=0.064`$. Ton 951. Well studied PG quasar. An associated absorber is seen. G270, G130.

q0848+1623, $`z=1.936`$. This is a high redshift quasar with an optically thick Lyman limit, and several metal lines associated with previously known redshift systems. G270.

q0850+4400, $`z=0.513`$. US 1857. The FOS spectra were presented by by Bahcall et al. (1993). G270, G190.

q0851+2017, $`z=0.306`$. OJ +287. This is a well-known BL Lac object. No emission lines were detected. Several interstellar absorption lines are apparent. It is discussed in J98. One of the G270H and the G190H spectra were SPECTROPOLARIMETRY, and were not reduced. G270(2), G190.

q0859-1403, $`z=1.327`$. PKS FOS data were presented by Wills et al. (1995). Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994) present an optical absorption line spectrum. A Mg II system at $`z=0.209`$ proposed by Boisse et al. (1992) is not confirmed, with no Fe II lines detected at the expected wavelengths at that redshift. G270.

q0903+1658, $`z=0.411`$. 3C 215. The FOS spectrum is presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q0906+4305, $`z=0.670`$. 3C 216. The FOS spectrum is presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q0907-0920, $`z=0.625`$. This quasar was observed twice with the FOS. The first observation failed, and we so we analyzed the second one. G270(2).

q0916+5118, $`z=0.553`$. We identify metal absorption lines at $`z=0.51`$ and 0.24. The spectrum is discussed by J98. The $`z=0.24`$ system is not identified by these authors. G270, G190.

q0923+3915, $`z=0.699`$. B2. This is a radio loud quasar whose FOS spectrum is discussed by Wills et al. (1995). A strong Ly-$`\alpha `$ associated absorption line is seen, but there is no corresponding N V. Only one of the G190H spectra were analyzed, since the other spectra had no signal. G270(2), G190(2).

q0933+7315, $`z=2.528`$. This high redshift quasar has a strong Lyman limit system at 3020 Å, and a well studied optical absorption line spectrum. Most of the lines in the FOS spectrum are associated with previously known metal absorption line redshift systems. G270.

q0935+4141, $`z=1.97`$. PG. This bright PG quasar has been the subject of numerous studies. A damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorption line system is seen at $`z=1.396`$. There is also a Lyman limit absorber at $`z=1.4649`$. G270(2).

q0945+4053, $`z=1.252`$. 4C+40.24. G270.

q0947+3940, $`z=0.206`$. PG. A bright PG quasar with mostly ISM lines. G270, G190, G130.

q0953+4129, $`z=0.239`$. PG. The FOS spectrum is discussed by J98. There is a strong Ly-$`\alpha `$ associated absorption line with no corresponding C IV absorption detected. G270, G190, G130.

q0953+5454, $`z=2.584`$. This high redshift quasar has an optically thick Lyman limit at 3230 Å. G270.

q0954+5537, $`z=0.909`$. 4C+55.17. The FOS spectrum is presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q0955+3238, $`z=0.533`$. 3C 232. The optical absorption line spectrum of this object is well studied because of its chance projected proximity on the sky to a nearby galaxy (Stocke et al. 1991b and references therein.) Several lines associated with the foreground galaxy are detected, as well as an associated CIV absorber. The FOS spectrum is discussed by J98. G270, G190, G130.

q0957+5608A, $`z=1.414`$. This is the well-known lensed quasar, with FOS spectra of both A and B images. There is a strong damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ system. The FOS spectra of both objects are discussed by Michalitsianos et al. (1997). G270.

q0957+5608B, $`z=1.414`$. See notes for q0957+5608A. G270, G190.

q0958+2901, $`z=0.1848`$. 3C 234. This object has narrow emission lines and what is probably an associated CIV absorber, although confirmation would require a spectrum which extends farther into the UV. G270, G190.

q0958+5509, $`z=1.75`$. MRK 132. A well-studied high-redshift quasar with numerous lines from previously known metal absorption line systems detected. An optically thick Lyman limit cuts off the spectrum at 2500 Å. The spectrum presented here is somewhat higher signal-to-noise than the one presented in J98 for reasons which are not clear. G270.

q0959+6827, $`z=0.773`$. G270, G190.

q1001+0527, $`z=0.161`$. PG. The well studied quasar has a C IV absorption trough, at 1762 A, near the emission line redshift. G270(2), G190(2), G130(2).

q1001+2239, $`z=0.974`$. PKS. A radio loud quasar, with no previously published absorption line spectra. There are a few strong lines near the Ly-$`\alpha `$ emission line which don’t appear to have metal absorption associated with them. G270.

q1001+291, $`z=0.329`$. Ton 28. The FOS spectrum is presented by Bahcall et al. (1993). A broad absorption feature is seen at C III\] $`\lambda `$1909 in the quasar rest frame. G270, G190, G130.

q1007+4147, $`z=0.611`$. 4C 41.21 The optical absorption line spectrum is reported by Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). There is a metal absorption system at $`z=0.389`$. G270, G190.

q1008+1319, $`z=1.287`$. PG The optical absorption line spectrum is reported by Boisse et al. (1992), who detect Mg II systems at $`z=1.159`$ and 1.254. We detect a system at $`z=0.90`$. G270.

q1010+3606, $`z=0.070`$. CSO 251, Ton 1187. A low redshift Sy 1 galaxy. Strong absorption lines are seen at $`z`$0. G130.

q1017+2759, $`z=1.928`$. Ton 34. A high redshift quasar, with known absorbers at several redshifts. The FOS spectrum is discussed in J98. G270.

q1026-0045a, $`z=1.437`$. This is a bright LBQS quasar (Hewett, Foltz & Chaffee 1995). There is a strong metal absorber at $`z=1.2959`$. There is a strong absorption line near emission Ly-$`\alpha `$ which does not appear to have any metal lines associated with it. G270.

q1026-0045b, $`z=1.53`$. This is a bright LBQS quasar (Hewett, Foltz & Chaffee 1995). G270.

q1028+3118, $`z=0.1782`$. B2 We identify a possible low redshift Mg II absorber at $`z=0.0570`$. G270, G190(2).

q1038+0625, $`z=1.270`$ 4C 06.41. We identify a metal absorber at $`z=1.2449`$. There is also a previously known system at $`z=0.441`$. There are a number of other possible metal absorber candidates described by J98, but they are not likely real. G270.

q1047+5503, $`z=2.165`$. We identify several candidate metal absorbers, but most of the spectrum is blueward of Ly-$`\beta `$ in the quasar rest frame. G270.

q1049-0035, $`z=0.357`$. PG There are strong associated absorbers at $`z=0.3413`$ and $`z=0.34877`$. The $`z=0.341`$ system is discussed by J98. G270, G190.

q1055+2007, $`z=1.110`$. PKS. There is a Lyman limit system reported for this object and we see Ly-$`\alpha `$ at $`z=1.0373`$ (J98). G270.

q1100-2629, $`z=2.145`$. This high redshift quasar has numerous absorbers identified in optical spectra, but since the Ly-$`\beta `$ in the rest frame is at 3226 Å, we did not attempt identifications. G270.

q1100+7715, $`z=0.311`$. 3C249.1. This has an associated absorber at $`z=0.308`$, seen in Ly-$`\alpha `$ and O VI, although J98 do not identify it as such. G270, G190.

q1103-0036, $`z=0.425`$. PKS. This is a radio source and a PG quasar. The FOS spectra are presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q1103+6416, $`z=2.19`$. This bright high redshift quasar was discovered by Reimers et al. (1995). There is an optically thick Lyman limit at 2648 Å, probably the strong metal absorber at $`z=1.891`$. G270, G190.

q1104-1805a, $`z=2.303`$. This is a lensed quasar (Smette et al. 1995), and there are several prominent metal absorbers but we did not attempt identifications since Ly-$`\beta `$ in the quasar rest frame is redward of the FOS spectra. G270.

q1104-1805b, $`z=2.303`$. See notes for q1104-1805a. G270.

q1104+1644, $`z=0.634`$. We identify metal absorbers at $`z=0.454`$ and a tentative system at $`z=0.387`$. G270, G190.

q1111+4053, $`z=0.734`$. 3C 254. There is a strong associated absorber detected in O VI and N V. The FOS spectrum is shown by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q1114+4429, $`z=0.144`$. PG. A strong associated absorber is seen. G270(2), G190(2), G130(2).

q1115+0802A1, $`z=1.722`$. PG Lensed quasar. In addition to an absorber with $`z=1.69`$ near the quasar redshift, we find candidate metal absorbers with $`z=1.04`$ and 0.99. G270(2).

q1115+0802A2, $`z=1.722`$. PG. See discussion of q1115+0802a1. We identify candidate metal absorbers with $`z=1.04`$ and 0.99 in this image as well. G270(2).

q1115+4042, $`z=0.154`$. PG. We identify a C IV system at $`z=0.155`$. Most of the detected lines are from the ISM. G270, G190 G130.

q1116+2135, $`z=0.117`$. PG. J98. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q1118+1252, $`z=0.685`$. This object has a strong associated metal-line absorber. G270, G190.

q1121+4218, $`z=0.234`$. G190.

q1122-1648, $`z=2.40`$. HE. We identify a $`z=0.68`$ metal absorption line system, described by Reimers et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q1124+2711, $`z=0.378`$. This quasar is close in projection to the galaxy cluster Abell 1267, at v=9623 km/sec. The C III\] $`\lambda `$1909 profile is peculiar, but the features cannot be readily identified with absorption from the foreground Abell 1267 or other galaxies at $`z=0.0529`$ which are also nearby in the sky. G270.

q1127-1432, $`z=1.187`$. PKS. The G190H spectrum had no signal and we did not process it. In the G270H spectrum, we identify lines with a $`z=0.313`$ reported by Bergeron & Boisse (1991). A system with $`z=0.382`$ also described by them would have no lines expected in the wavelength range covered. There is a strong associated Ly-$`\alpha `$ line but no detected metal absorption corresponding to it. G270.

q1130+1108, $`z=0.510`$. J98. There is a strong associated absorber. G270, G190.

q1132-0302, $`z=0.237`$. G190.

q1136-1334, $`z=0.557`$. J98. We identify a C IV system at $`z=0.332`$, which is not identified by J98. We do not identify a system they suggest, at $`z=0.4064`$. G270, G190.

q1137+6604, $`z=0.652`$. 3C263.0. There is previously reported associated absorption for this object by Aldcroft, Bechtold & Elvis (1994). A low redshift metal absorber is seen at $`z=0.116`$. The FOS spectrum is discussed by Bahcall et al. (1993). G270(2), G190(2).

q1138+0204, $`z=0.383`$. A strong associated absorber is seen. G190.

q1144-0115, $`z=0.382`$. A noisy spectrum, with a C IV absorber seen at $`z=0.37`$. G190.

q1146+1106c, $`z=1.01`$. See discussion of q1146+103b. A probable metal absorption line system is seen at $`z=0.85982`$, as well as associated O VI absorption at $`z=1.01`$. The continuum shows a broad feature in the UV of uncertain origin. G190.

q1146+1103e, $`z=1.10`$. See notes for q1146+1103b. There is a possible metal absorber at $`z=0.79466`$. G190.

q1146+1104b, $`z=1.01`$. This is a member of a group of quasars, within a few arcminutes of each other on the sky. While it has been suggested in the literature that these objects are lensed images of the same quasar, it’s clear from the FOS spectra that this is not the case. G190.

q1146+1105d, $`z=2.12`$. There was no flux in this spectrum and we did not analyze it. It is part of the group described in the notes for q1146+1103b.

q1148+5454, $`z=0.978`$. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q1150+4947, $`z=0.334`$. G270, G190.

q1156+2123, $`z=0.349`$. G270, G190.

q1156+2931, $`z=0.729`$. 4C29.45. There is a strong associated absorber at $`z=0.729`$. G270, G190.

q1156+6311, $`z=0.594`$. This spectrum does not contain Ly-$`\alpha `$ and we did not analyze the absorption lines. G270.

q1202+2810, $`z=0.165`$. GQ Comae. This is the well-known variable quasar. The FOS spectra are presented by J98. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q1206+4557, $`z=1.158`$. PG. J98 presented the FOS spectra. Metal absorption is seen at $`z=0.927`$. G270, G190.

q1211+1419, $`z=0.085`$. PG. Well-studied PG quasar. G270(2), G190(2), G130.

q1214+1804, $`z=0.375`$. Probable associated absorption at $`z=0.3684`$. Another strong Ly-$`\alpha `$ line at slightly higher redshift has no corresponding C IV absorption. G190.

q1215+6423, $`z=1.288`$. 4C 64.15. There is a metal absorber at $`z=0.99544`$. A complex of absorption at the Ly-$`\alpha `$ emission line could be associated Ly-$`\alpha `$ with no obvious metal absorption or a complex of C IV absorbers at $`z=0.805`$ and $`z=0.810`$. G270.

q1216+0655, $`z=0.334`$. J98 suggest a metal line absorber at $`z=0.1247`$ but there are not strong arguments supporting it. G270, G190, G130.

q1216+5032a, $`z=1.450`$. This object and q1216+5032b are a pair of quasars separated by 9 $`\mathrm{}`$ (Hagen et al. 1996). We identify a metal absorber at $`z=0.98`$. G270.

q1219+0447, $`z=0.094`$. There are metal absorption systems at $`z=0.005`$ and 0.092. On the sky, the quasar is close to the foreground galaxy, M61. The FOS spectrum and the relation of the absorbers to M61 are discussed by Bowen, Blades & Pettini (1996). G270, G130.

q1219+7535, $`z=0.070`$. MRK 205. The FOS spectra are presented by Bahcall et al. (1992) and J98, who discuss Mg II absorption associated with the foreground galaxy NGC 4319 at $`z=0.0047`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1220+1601, $`z=0.081`$. This AGN was discovered by Margon, Downes & Channan (1985). G270.

q1222+2251, $`z=2.046`$. PG, TON 1530. The FOS spectra of this well-studied quasar are previously discussed by Impey et al. (1996). We identified lines associated with absorption line systems at $`z=0.6681`$, 1.4867, 1.5239, 1.9372, 1.9805, and 2.0555. The G270H and one of the G190H spectra are SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and were not reduced. G270, G190(2).

q1224-1116, $`z=1.979`$. No signal was detected and so we did not process it.

q1225+3145, $`z=2.219`$. B2. The FOS data for this well-studied quasar are described by Stengler-Larrea et al. (1995), and a ground-based echelle spectrum is given by Khare et al. (1997). We identify Ly-$`\alpha `$ and other transitions in systems at $`z=1.227`$ and 1.429 suggested by Khare et al. (1997), but do not confirm their $`z=0.365`$ system. We identify lines associated with other well-established systems at $`z=1.6257`$, 1.7953, 1.8871, 1.8974. G270.

q1226p0219, $`z=0.158`$. 3C 273. The FOS data are discussed in Bahcall et al. (1991). 3C273 was observed in SPECTROPOLARIMETRY mode also, but we did not analyze those data. G270, G130.

q1229-0207, $`z=`$1.045. PKS. We identify lines associated with a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=0.395`$ and two strong C IV systems at $`z=0.756`$ and $`z=0.698`$. The FOS spectrum is discussed by Stocke et al. (1998). G270, G190.

q1230+0947, $`z=0.420`$. LBQS. G190.

q1241+1737, $`z=1.273`$. PG. J98 lists tentative metal absorbers at $`z=1.272`$, 1.2154, and 0.9927. We identify lines of the system at $`z=1.2154`$ which is probably an associated absorber: strong O VI and Ly-$`\alpha `$ are present. G270.

q1247+2647, $`z=2.043`$. PG. Well-studied quasar with a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=1.2276`$, first suggested by Lanzetta, Wolfe & Turnshek (1995) from IUE data. Optical absorption line spectra are presented by Sargent, Steidel & Boksenberg (1988b) and Steidel & Sargent (1992). We identify lines associated with absorbers at $`z=1.22`$,1.96 and 1.41. G270(2).

q1248+3032, $`z=1.061`$. B2. Well-studied radio-loud quasar with no previous absorption line spectra published. Several Ly-$`\alpha `$ lines are seen with no associated metal absorption. G270.

q1248+3142, $`z=1.02`$. CSO173 Identified by Sanduleak & Pesch (1984), this object has no previous absorption line spectroscopy published. We find a fairly secure metal absorber at $`z=0.6642`$, and two other tentative ones at $`z=0.7323`$ and 0.8961. G190.

q1248+4007, $`z=1.030`$. PG. FOS data are presented by J98. We identify lines with redshift systems at $`z=0.7760`$ and 0.8553. G270, G190.

q1249+2929, $`z=0.82`$. CSO176 Identified by Sanduleak & Pesch (1984), we identify absorbers with $`z=0.4103`$, 0.5959, 0.70675. G190.

q1250+3122, $`z=0.78`$. CSO179 Identified by Sanduleak & Pesch (1984), we identify absorbers with $`z=0.5877`$, 0.6393, 0.6839 and 0.72686. G190.

q1250+5650, $`z=0.321`$. 3C277.1. The FOS spectrum is presented by Wills et al. (1995). G270, G190.

q1252+1157, $`z=0.871`$. PKS. J98 list a metal absorber at $`z=0.6395`$, which we adopt. G270, G190.

q1253-0531, $`z=0.538`$. 3C279. One of the G190H spectra had no signal and was not reduced. G270, G190(2), G130.

q1257+3439, $`z=1.375`$. B2. J98 report systems at $`z=1.3799`$ and 1.0512, and we concur. G270.

q1258+2835, $`z=1.355`$. A strong, broad associated Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber is seen. G270.

q1259+5918, $`z=0.472`$. PG. Bahcall et al. (1993) present the FOS spectrum. We identify lines with a system at $`z=0.2196`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1302-1017, $`z=0.286`$. PKS. J98 present the FOS spectrum. G270, G190, G130.

q1305+0658, $`z=0.602`$. 3C281. J98 present the FOS spectrum. G270, G190.

q1306+3021, $`z=0.806`$. J98 present the FOS spectrum. G270.

q1307+0835, $`z=0.155`$. G190.

q1307+4617, $`z=2.129`$. J98 present the FOS spectrum. We found metal absorption lines from systems at $`z=2.08`$, 1.434, and 1.306. G270, G190.

q1309+3531, $`z=0.184`$. PG. A very strong damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ is seen near the emission redshift, at $`z=0.17925`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1311+0217, $`z=0.306`$. G190.

q1317-0142, $`z=0.225`$. G190.

q1317+2743, $`z=1.022`$. TON153. J98 present the FOS spectrum. G270, G190.

q1317+5203, $`z=1.055`$. A broad associated absorber at $`z=0.92895`$ is seen. G270.

q1318+2903, $`z=0.549`$. TON156. G270, G190.

q1318+2903a, $`z=1.703`$. TON155. We find metal absorption at $`z=1.139`$. G190.

q1320+2925, $`z=0.960`$. TON157. G270, G190.

q1321+0552, $`z=0.2051`$. G190.

q1322+6557, $`z=0.168`$. PG. G270, G190, G130.

q1323+6530, $`z=1.618`$. 4C65.15. There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=1.6101`$. G270.

q1327-2040, $`z=1.169`$. PKS. A possible associated absorber is detected at Ly-$`\alpha `$. G270.

q1328+3045, $`z=0.849`$. 3C286.0 There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ at $`z=0.690`$. G270, G190.

q1329+4117, $`z=1.93`$. PG. Damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ at $`z=0.5193`$, and possibly $`z=1.282`$ are seen. G270, G190.

q1333+1740, $`z=0.554`$. PG. J98 observed this quasar. G270, G190.

q1334-0033, $`z=2.783`$. G270, G190.

q1334+2438, $`z=0.1076`$. G270, G190.

q1338+4138, $`z=1.219`$. Observed by J98. One of the G190H spectra was SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and was not reduced. G270, G190(2).

q1340-0038, $`z=0.326`$. We find a metal line system at $`z=0.2267`$. G190.

q1340+6036, $`z=0.961`$. 3C288-1 There is a strong associated absorber. G270.

q1346+2637, $`z=0.598`$. G270.

q1351+3153, $`z=1.326`$. B2. There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ at $`z=1.1486`$, and a somewhat doubtful system at $`z=1.1486`$. G270.

q1351+6400, $`z=0.088`$. PG. A strong associated absorber is at $`z=0.0820`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1352+0106, $`z=1.117`$. PG. G270,G190(2).

q1352+1819, $`z=0.152`$. PG. G270, G190, G130.

q1354+1933, $`z=0.719`$. PKS. J98 observed this object, and list a metal absorption line system at $`z=0.4563`$. We do not confirm a previously reported system at $`z=0.4306`$. G270(2), G190(2).

q1355-4138, $`z=0.313`$. G190.

q1356+5806, $`z=1.375`$. 4C58-29. G270.

q1401+0952, $`z=0.441`$. G190.

q1402+2609, $`z=0.164`$. PG. G270, G190(3), G130.

q1404+2238, $`z=0.098`$. PG. There is an associated absorber at $`z=0.0915`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1407+2632, $`z=0.944`$. PG. J98 presented the FOS data and suggested several redshift systems. We concur with the ones at $`z=0.6828`$, 0.5998, and 0.9566. G270,G190.

q1415+4343, $`z=0.002`$. SBS. There is an associated absorber. G190.

q1415+4509, $`z=0.114`$. PG. G270(2), G190, G130.

q1416-1256, $`z=0.129`$. PG. G190.

q1416+0642, $`z=1.436`$. 3C298. This radio loud quasar has an associated absorber at $`z=1.437`$. G270.

q1424-1150, $`z=0.806`$. PKS. J98 report a metal absorber at $`z=0.6553`$. A previously suggested system at $`z=0.7465`$ is not confirmed. G270, G190.

q1425+2003, $`z=0.111`$. G190.

q1425+2645, $`z=0.366`$. B2. There is associated absorption at $`z=0.3605`$ and 0.3643. G270, G190.

q1427+4800, $`z=0.221`$. PG. There appears to be a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=0.1206`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1435-0134, $`z=1.310`$. G270.

q1435+6349, $`z=2.068`$. S4. Discussed by J98. Of the several metal line systems reported in the literature, we find evidence for the ones at $`z=1.4792`$, 1.5925, 1.9242 and 1.0682. G270.

q1440+3539, $`z=0.077`$. MRK478 We see an associated absorber. G270, G190(2), G130.

q1444+4047, $`z=0.267`$. PG. G270, G190(2), G130.

q1451-3735, $`z=0.314`$. PKS. G190, G130.

q1503+6907, $`z=0.318`$. B2. There is an associated absorber. G270.

q1512+3701, $`z=0.371`$. B2. A previously reported $`z=0.3574`$ system is not confirmed. G270, G190.

q1517+2356, $`z=1.903`$. LB9612. G270, G190.

q1517+2357, $`z=1.834`$. LB9605. One of the G190H spectra had no signal and was not reduced. G270, G190(2).

q1521+1009, $`z=1.324`$. PG. Some of the spectra were SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and were not reduced. G270(3), G190(2).

q1538+4745, $`z=0.770`$. PG. J98 present the spectrum and suggest several metal line systems. We concur with the ones at $`z=0.729`$, 0.7705, 0.514, 0.706, and 0.408. G270, G190.

q1542+5408, $`z=2.371`$. SBS. We find metal absorption at $`z=1.41`$, 0.1558 and 0.72 G270, G190.

q1544+4855, $`z=0.400`$. There is a previously reported system at $`z=0.0749`$, and other systems we identify at $`z=0.222`$ and 0.187. There is a fairly uncertain system at $`z=0.276`$. One of the G130H spectra had no signal and was not reduced. G190, G130(2).

q1545+2101, $`z=0.264`$. 3C323-1. There is an associated absorber. G270, G190, G130.

q1555+3313, $`z=0.942`$. B2. G270.

q1611+3420, $`z=1.401`$. A strong associated absorption with metals is seen. G270.

q1612+2611, $`z=0.131`$. G190.

q1615+3229, $`z=1.681`$. 3C332. G270, G190, G130.

q1618+1743, $`z=0.555`$. 3C334.0. G270(2), G190(2).

q1622+2352, $`z=0.927`$. 3C336.0. Damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ is present at $`z=0.6543`$ and 0.8908. We find metal absorption at $`z=0.4718`$ as well. G270, G190.

q1623+2653, $`z=2.526`$. There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ absorber at $`z=1.0397`$. G270.

q1626+5529, $`z=0.133`$. PG. There is a strong associated absorber. G270, G190, G130.

q1630+3744, $`z=1.478`$. G270, G190.

q1631+3930, $`z=1.023`$. There is an associated absorber at $`z=1.021`$. G270.

q1634+7037, $`z=1.337`$. PG. Previously discussed by J98. The G190H and one of the G270H spectra were SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and were not reduced. G270(2), G190.

q1637+5726, $`z=0.745`$. G270, G190.

q1641+3954, $`z=0.595`$. 3C345. Some of the data were SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and were not reduced. G270(2), G190(2).

q1656+0519, $`z=0.887`$. PKS. G270.

q1700+6416, $`z=2.722`$. The FOS spectrum is discussed by Vogel & Reimers (1995). The spectral coverage is of the extreme UV and so we did not make a line list for this object. G270, G190(2), G130.

q1704+6048, $`z=0.371`$. 3C351.0. There is an associated absorber at $`z=0.3646`$. There are many systems reported in the literature, but we find evidence for $`z=0.2216`$, 0.3172, and 0.3646 only. G270, G190, G130.

q1715+5331, $`z=1.940`$. PG. J98 list $`z=1.6333`$. We do not confirm a previously reported system at $`z=0.3672`$. G270.

q1717+4901, $`z=0.025`$. ARP102B. The signal to noise was low in the G130H spectrum. No metal identifications were attempted. G270, G190, G130.

q1718+4807, $`z=1.084`$. PG. J98 lists systems at $`z=0.8929`$, 1.0323, and 1.0872. We find absorbers at $`z=1.0323`$, 1.0872, and 0.7012. G270(3), G190(2).

q1803+7827, $`z=0.680`$. S5. G270, G190.

q1821+1042, $`z=1.360`$. PKS. G190.

q1821+6419, $`z=0.297`$. Associated absorber. G270, G190, G130.

q1845+7943, $`z=0.0561`$. 3C390.3. Associated absorber at $`z=0.0506`$. G270, G190, G130.

q1928+7351, $`z=0.302`$. 4C73.18. G270(2), G190(2).

q2041-1054, $`z=0.035`$. MRK509. There is a strong associated absorber. G270, G190, G130.

q2112+0555, $`z=0.398`$. PG. G270, G190.

q2128-1220, $`z=0.501`$. PKS. There is a damped Ly-$`\alpha `$ at $`z=0.429`$, see J98. G270, G190.

q2135-1446, $`z=0.200`$. PKS. There is an associated absorber at $`z=0.200`$. G190, G130.

q2141+1730, $`z=0.213`$. Associated absorber at $`z=0.2108`$. G270, G190(2), G130(2).

q2145+0643, $`z=0.999`$. PKS. There are several metal absorption systems listed in NED, but only $`z=0.7905`$, 0.7897,0.6557 and 0.8797 are confirmed. G270, G190.

q2155-3027, $`z=0.116`$. PKS. Although a BL Lac, the redshift is well-determined from spectroscopy of the nebulosity of the host galaxy and host cluster of galxies (Falomo, Pesce & Treves 1993). All of the spectra are SPECTROPOLARIMETRY, except one of the G130H spectra. G270, G190, G130(2).

q2201+3131, $`z=0.297`$. B2. A previously reported system at $`z=0.282`$ is not confirmed. G270, G190, G130.

q2212-2959, $`z=2.703`$. PKS. G270.

q2216-0350, $`z=0.901`$. PKS. G270(3), G190(4).

q2223-0512, $`z=1.404`$. 3C446. A previously reported system at $`z=0.4925`$ is not confirmed. G270.

q2230+1128, $`z=1.037`$. CTA102. G270.

q2243-1222, $`z=0.630`$. PKS. G270, G190.

q2251-1750, $`z=0.068`$. We see an associated absorber at $`z=0.06329`$. G270, G190, G130.

q2251+1120, $`z=0.323`$. PKS. There is an associated absorber at $`z=0.3256`$. A previously reported system at $`z=0.2633`$ is not confirmed. Some of the spectra are SPECTROPOLARIMETRY and were not reduced. G270(2), G190(2), G130(2).

q2251+1552, $`z=0.859`$. 3C454.3. Of several metal systems previously reported, we confirm those at $`z=0.1538`$, 0.3906, and 0.8137. G270(3), G190(3).

q2300-6823, $`z=0.512`$. PKS. G270, G190.

q2308+0951, $`z=0.432`$. PG. A weak associated absorber at $`z=0.434`$ is seen. G270, G190, G130.

q2340-0339, $`z=0.896`$. PKS. J98 list a number of candidate metal redshifts. We use those at $`z=0.6841`$, 0.4621, 0.4212, and 0.8238. One of the G270H spectra was not reduced because it had no signal. G270(3), G190.

q2344+0914, $`z=0.672`$. PKS. J98 lists $`z=0.1176`$ and 0.4368 for metal systems; we used $`z=0.4368`$ only. G270, G190.

q2347-4342, $`z=2.90`$. G270, G190.

q2349-0125, $`z=0.174`$. G190.

q2352-3414, $`z=0.706`$. PKS. Discussed in J98. G270, G190.

## 4 Description of Data Products and Web Site.

In addition to the electronic version of the tables and figures published here, we have put other electronic files on web sites at the Steward Observatory, at the University of Arizona, and the High Energy group at the Center for Astrophysics, see

http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/$``$jill/QuasarSpectra or

http://hea-www.harvard.edu/QEDT/QuasarSpectra.

We put there the reduced spectra shown in Figure 1, as well as other spectra which we reduced but did not use to construct absorption line lists. Data are available as ascii lists, or fits files. We also put the line lists with identifications of metal absorption lines, and the equivalent width threshold for detection as a function of wavelength for each analyzed spectrum. A detailed description of the data format is given on the web site.

## 5 Summary

We reduced and analyzed all absorption line spectra of quasars taken with the Faint Object Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. We present line lists and identifications of absorption line spectra in 271 quasars. Our sample represents a significant increase over previous studies; for comparison, the extensive Key Project data set (J98), is comprised of spectra for 66 quasars. The data set presented here is useful for many studies, particularly those which benefit from a large number of independent sight-lines. We have several studies underway, including the study of associated metal-line absorption, analysis of the Milky Way ISM lines, and analysis of the proximity effect to derive the evolution of the UV background at low redshift. We have presented the absorption line data in a way which we hope will enable other workers to carry out additional studies.

We thank Buell Jannuzi for his encouragement and advice. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. This project was supported by STScI grant No. AR-05785.02-94A, and No. GO-066060195A. AD acknowledges support from NASA Contract No. NAS8-39073 (ASC).

Table 2. Observation Details.

Available in:

`http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/QuasarSpectra/`

or:

`http://hea-www.harvard.edu/QEDT/QuasarSpectra/`.

Table 3. Absorption line lists and line identifications.

Available in:

`http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/QuasarSpectra/`

or:

`http://hea-www.harvard.edu/QEDT/QuasarSpectra/`.

Table 4. Objects which were only observed Pre-Costar in A-1.

Available in:

`http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/QuasarSpectra/`

or:

`http://hea-www.harvard.edu/QEDT/QuasarSpectra/`.


text:
# I Introduction

## I Introduction

At the early stage of the Universe-evolution there were no stars and no galaxies, but only a uniform hot plasma consisting of free electrons and free nuclei. At very early times, the violent thermal collisions would have prevented the existence of any kind of nucleus, and the matter in the Universe must have been in the form of free electrons, protons and neutrons. The temperature of the Universe is related to its evolution and, at the early stage, is given by a well-known formula which shows that $`Tt^{1/2}`$. The question raised here is how to relate this temperature at the very early stage of the Universe to the present time cosmic background temperature 2.73K. Obviously part of the energy that the Universe had at the early stage has gone to the matter, and the background radiation temperature represents the other part. In the following it is shown that the ratio of energy that goes to matter to that of the background radiation is about 13. In other words, if the Universe today would have no matter, the background cosmic temperature would be about 35K (13$`\times `$2.73K).

## II Temperature Formula in the Absence of Gravity

Our starting point is the familiar thermodynamical formula that relates the temperature to the cosmic time with respect to the Big Bang :

$$T=\left(\frac{45\mathrm{}^3}{32\pi ^3k^4G}\right)^{1/4}t^{1/2}.$$
$`(1)`$
In this equation $`k`$ is Boltzmann’s constant and $`G`$ is Newton’s gravitational constant. Our aim is to transform this temperature to the present time. This can be done by using the cosmological transformation

$$T=\frac{T_0}{\left(1\stackrel{~}{t}^2/\tau ^2\right)^{1/2}},$$
$`(2)`$
where $`T_0`$ is the present time background temperature, $`T_0=2.73K`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$ is the cosmic time measured with respect to us now, and $`\tau `$ is the Hubble time in the absence of gravity, $`\tau =12.486`$Gyr . Since we are looking for temperatures $`T`$ at very early times, we can use the approximation $`\stackrel{~}{t}\tau `$, thus

$$1\stackrel{~}{t}^2/\tau ^2=\left(1+\stackrel{~}{t}/\tau \right)\left(1\stackrel{~}{t}/\tau \right)2\left(1\stackrel{~}{t}/\tau \right)=\left(2/\tau \right)\left(\tau \stackrel{~}{t}\right)=2t/\tau ,$$
$`(3)`$
where $`t`$ is the cosmic time with respect to the Big Bang. Using this result in Eq. (2) we obtain

$$T=T_0\left(\tau /2\right)^{1/2}t^{1/2},$$
$`(4)`$
with the same dependence on time as in Eq. (1).

## III Comparison

As is seen, both equations (1) and (4) show that the temperature $`T`$ depends on $`t^{1/2}`$. The coefficients appearing before the $`t^{1/2}`$, however, are not identical. A simple calculation shows

$$\left(\frac{45\mathrm{}^3}{32\pi ^3k^4G}\right)^{1/4}=1.52\times 10^{10}Ks^{1/2}$$
$`(5)`$
for the coefficient appearing in Eq. (1), and

$$T_0\left(\tau /2\right)^{1/2}=1.16\times 10^9Ks^{1/2},$$
$`(6)`$
for that appearing in Eq. (4). In the above equations we have used

$$\mathrm{}=1.05\times 10^{34}Js,$$

$$k=1.38\times 10^{23}J/K,$$

$$G=6.67\times 10^{11}m^3/s^2Kg,$$
$`(7)`$
$$T_0=2.73K,$$

$$\tau =12.486Gyr.$$

Accordingly we can write for the temperatures in both cases

$$T1.5\times 10^{10}Ks^{1/2}t^{1/2},$$
$`(8)`$
and

$$T1.2\times 10^9Ks^{1/2}t^{1/2}.$$
$`(9)`$
The ratio between them is approximately 13.

## IV Conclusion

It thus appears that the dominant part of the plasma energy of the early Universe has gone to the creation of matter appearing now in the Universe, and only a small fraction of it was left for the background cosmic radiation.