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# Linear and Second-Order Evolution of Cosmic Baryon Perturbations below 10⁶ Solar Masses

## 1 Introduction

Theories of structure formation are aimed at describing how gravity affects the distribution of matter in the universe. The currently accepted paradigm is that gravitational instabilities amplify fluctuations imprinted in the cosmological matter and radiation density in the early universe, and these fluctuations eventually evolve into the observed web of cosmic structures. By assuming these fluctuations to be small, a linear perturbation theory can be formulated and solved. The linear theory for a perturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric was developed by Lifshitz (1946). The theory and subsequent modifications have been applied to a large number of cosmological problems and are described in detail in several textbooks (e.g., Weinberg 1972; Peebles 1980; Peacock 1999).

Most calculations and analyses based on the cosmological linear perturbation theory are focused on galactic scales or above at masses of $`M10^9M_{}`$, or wavenumbers of $`k10`$ Mpc-1. This is likely due to the fact that quantities such as the mass fluctuation power spectrum can be determined observationally only on these large scales, and that the computations become expensive at high wavenumbers due to the rapid oscillations in the perturbed fields. The theory, however, is equally valid for small scales, and the evolution of $`M10^6M_{}`$ perturbations is key to the understanding of the formation of the first generation objects in the high redshift universe. A detailed study of perturbation modes up to $`k1000`$ Mpc-1 has found interesting features in the linear baryon field (Yamamoto, Sugiyama, & Sato 1998). For example, the tight coupling between baryons and photons, which is assumed until the epoch of recombination in most calculations, breaks down well before recombination on these very small scales. This allows the baryon density field to grow substantially by recombination under the influence of the cold dark matter (CDM). This behavior is contrary to the common notion that the baryon fluctuations are wiped out by photon diffusion or Silk damping (Silk 1968) on small scales. After recombination, on the other hand, perturbation modes with $`k300`$ Mpc-1 are below the Jeans mass and exhibit oscillatory behavior, in contrast to the lower-$`k`$ modes which grow via Jeans instability immediately after recombination. This retards the baryon growth until the mode becomes Jeans unstable again at a later time.

Beyond the linear order, there have been recent discussions regarding nontrivial second-order effects that can enhance the linear growth of fluctuations on very small scales during recombination (Shaviv 1998; Liu et al. 2001). This nonlinear effect arises from the coupling of the large scale velocity fields to the perturbations in the baryon density $`\delta _b`$ and the electron ionization fraction $`\delta _{x_e}`$ on small scales. An amplification of $`10^4`$ in $`\delta _b`$ has been reported (Shaviv 1998), although a more in-depth analysis (Liu et al. 2001) has found that the dramatic increase in the baryon amplitude is a result of neglecting the electron-photon diffusion term, which when included, would reduce the nonlinear enhancement to a factor of $`10`$. More specifically, Shaviv (1998) showed that the time scale governing the growth of small scale perturbations in the baryon density is $`\tau _R^2/\tau _0`$, where $`\tau _R`$ is the characteristic time scale for the second-order terms and $`\tau _0`$ is the time scale for acoustic oscillations in the baryon fluid. He took the time scale $`\tau _D`$ for momentum transfer between electrons and photons due to Thomson scattering to be much larger than $`\tau _R^2/\tau _0`$. Liu et al. (2001) pointed out that this assumption is invalid during recombination since $`\tau _D\tau _R^2/\tau _0`$ and $`\tau _D`$ cannot be ignored. In addition, Shaviv (1998) used the Saha equation to evaluate $`\delta _{x_e}`$ which is needed to calculate $`\tau _R`$. Liu et al. (2001) instead used a rate equation for $`\delta _{x_e}`$ because the assumption of thermal equilibrium required for the validity of the Saha equation does not hold during recombination. They then assumed a wave form solution for the baryon density field $`\delta _b\mathrm{exp}(\omega \tau ikx)`$, and estimated the growth of $`\delta _b`$ from the real part of $`\omega `$, which they obtained from the dispersion relation given by the baryon fluid equation.

In this paper, we investigate this small-scale nonlinear phenomenon in its full extent by using the complete cosmological perturbation theory. Our work differs from Liu et al. (2001) in that instead of tracking only the real part of $`\delta _b`$ from the dispersion relation, we calculate the evolution of the perturbations in all particle species (baryons, photons, CDM, and neutrinos) at high wavenumbers $`k>1000`$ Mpc-1 by solving the complete set of Einstein and Boltzmann equations consistently. We use the linear Boltzmann code in the COSMIC package (Ma & Bertschinger 1995; Bertschinger 1995) and incorporate the aforementioned nonlinear effects by adding second-order contributions to the photon-electron momentum transfer terms due to Thomson scattering. For consistency, we include these terms in the evolution equations for photons as well as baryons. This approach allows us to take into account possible nonlinear coupling effects and to calculate the growth, decay, and oscillations in all particle species accurately.

In § 2.1 we summarize the key portions of the linear cosmological perturbation theory. In § 2.2 we introduce the nonlinear coupling terms in the baryon and photon equations as well as the equations for the perturbed ionization fraction. Numerical results for the linear and the nonlinear evolution of four representative high-$`k`$ modes, $`k=1000`$, 2500, 5000, and 10000 Mpc-1, are presented in § 3. The corresponding masses are $`1000`$, 64, 8, and 1 $`M_{}`$, respectively. § 4 includes a discussion of the physical origin of this phenomenon and the reason why a second order term could dominate the growth of perturbations at the era of recombination.

## 2 Cosmological Perturbation Theory

### 2.1 Linear Perturbations

The discussion here is restricted to the scalar modes of metric perturbations. We will work in the conformal Newtonian gauge

$$ds^2=a^2(\tau )[(1+2\psi )d\tau ^2+(12\varphi )dx^2],$$
(1)
where $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi `$ are the two scalar potentials that characterize the perturbations, $`\tau `$ is the conformal time, $`x`$ are the spatial dimensions, and $`a`$ is the scale factor. The scalar potential $`\psi `$ has a simple physical interpretation of being the gravitational potential in the Newtonian limit, and $`\varphi \psi `$ in the absence of massive neutrinos.

We solve the full set of linear evolution equations for small perturbations in the metric and the phase-space distributions of CDM, photons, baryons, and neutrinos. The full theory in this gauge is described in detail in Mukhanov et al. (1992) and Ma and Bertschinger (1995); here we write out only the lowest two velocity moments of the phase space distribution for CDM (subscript $`c`$) , baryons ($`b`$), and photons ($`\gamma `$), which are the key quantities in this study. In $`k`$-space, we have

$`\dot{\delta _c}`$ $`=`$ $`\theta _c+3\dot{\varphi },`$
$`\dot{\theta _c}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\theta _c+k^2\psi ,`$
$`\dot{\delta _b}`$ $`=`$ $`\theta _b+3\dot{\varphi },`$
$`\dot{\theta _b}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\theta _b+c_s^2k^2\delta _b+k^2\psi +{\displaystyle \frac{4\overline{\rho }_\gamma }{3\overline{\rho }_b}}a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(\theta _\gamma \theta _b),`$ (2)
$`\dot{\delta _\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\theta _\gamma +4\dot{\varphi },`$
$`\dot{\theta _\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`k^2({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _\gamma \sigma _\gamma )+k^2\psi +a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(\theta _b\theta _\gamma ),`$
where $`\delta `$ is the density fluctuation, $`\theta =i\text{k}\text{v}`$ is divergence of the fluid velocity, and $`\sigma _\gamma `$ is the sheer stress of the photon field which is coupled to higher moments not written down here. On the right hand side, $`\sigma _T`$ is the Thomson scattering cross section, $`c_s`$ is the baryon sound speed, $`\overline{n}_e`$ is the mean electron number density, and $`\overline{\rho }_\gamma `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_b`$ are the mean photon and baryon energy densities. Dots denote derivatives with respect to the conformal time, and the densities and wavenumbers are all comoving. Massive neutrinos have no direct coupling to the nonlinear terms considered here, so we do not include them.

Additional equations are needed to calculate $`\overline{n}_e`$. We define the mean ionization fraction $`\overline{x}_e`$ as

$$\overline{x}_e\frac{\overline{n}_e}{\overline{n}_H}=\frac{\overline{n}_em_p}{(1y)\overline{\rho }_b},$$
(3)
where $`\overline{n}_H`$ is the mean hydrogen number density, $`y`$ is the primordial helium mass fraction, and $`m_p`$ is the proton mass. The value $`\overline{x}_e=1`$ corresponds to complete hydrogen ionization and neutral helium, and $`\overline{x}_e`$ can exceed unity when helium is ionized at an earlier time. We choose this convention for convenience because for the redshift of interest to this paper, hydrogen is the dominant source of free electrons. For times much before recombination, $`\overline{x}_e`$ obeys the equilibrium Saha equation to a good approximation,

$$\frac{\overline{x}_e^2}{1\overline{x}_e}=\frac{1}{\overline{n}_H}\left(\frac{m_ek_BT_b}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}\right)^{3/2}e^{13.6\mathrm{eV}/k_BT_b}.$$
(4)
Here $`T_b`$ is the baryon temperature, $`k_B`$ is the Boltzmann constant, $`m_e`$ is the electron mass, and $`\mathrm{}`$ is the Planck’s constant. During recombination the rapidly declining free electron density leads to a breakdown of ionization equilibrium, and one must integrate the appropriate kinetic equations. We use the recombination rate equation (Peebles 1968; Spitzer 1978)

$$\frac{d\overline{x}_e}{d\tau }=aC_r[\beta (T_b)(1\overline{x}_e)\overline{n}_H\alpha ^{(2)}(T_b)\overline{x}_e^2],$$
(5)
where the collisional ionization rate from the ground state is

$$\beta (T_b)=\left(\frac{m_ek_BT_b}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}\right)^{3/2}e^{13.6\mathrm{eV}/k_BT_b}\alpha ^{(2)}(T_b),$$
(6)
and the recombination rate to the excited states is

$$\alpha ^{(2)}=\frac{64\pi }{(27\pi )^{1/2}}\frac{e^4}{m_e^2c^3}\left(\frac{k_BT_b}{13.6\mathrm{eV}}\right)^{1/2}\varphi _2(T_b),\varphi _2(T_b)=0.448\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{13.6\mathrm{eV}}{k_BT_b}\right).$$
(7)
Here $`e`$ is the electron charge and $`c`$ is the speed of light. The net recombination rate to the ground state is reduced by the fact that an atom in the $`n=2`$ level may be ionized before it decays to the ground state. The Peebles’ reduction factor, $`C_r`$, is the ratio of the net decay rate to the sum of the decay and ionization rates from the $`n=2`$ level,

$$C_r=\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha +\mathrm{\Lambda }_{2s1s}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha +\mathrm{\Lambda }_{2s1s}+\beta ^{(2)}(T_b)}$$
(8)
where

$$\beta ^{(2)}(T_b)=\beta (T_b)e^{hc/k_BT_b\lambda _\alpha },\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha =\frac{8\pi \dot{a}}{a^2n_{1s}\lambda _\alpha ^3},\lambda _\alpha =1.216\times 10^5,$$
(9)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{2s1s}`$ is the rate at which net recombination occurs through two-photon decay from the 2$`s`$ level and is equal to 8.227 s-1, and $`n_{1s}`$ is the number density of hydrogen atoms in the 1$`s`$ state.

### 2.2 Second-Order Perturbations

A complete list of second order nonlinear contributions in perturbation theory includes many terms, but the dominant contribution comes from the terms of order $`\delta _bv_b`$ (e.g., Hu, Scott, and Silk 1994; Dodelson and Jubas 1995). The other second order terms are proportional to $`v_b^2`$, which are suppressed because $`v_b\delta _b/k\tau \delta _b`$ for the scales of interest here with $`k\tau 1`$. It will be demonstrated later in the section that the perturbed ionization fraction $`\delta _{x_e}`$ is of the same order of magnitude as $`\delta _b`$ for the scales of interest. We will therefore include perturbations to both the ionization fraction and the baryon density as the terms giving rise to second order effects in the evolution equations.

It is easier to determine such second-order terms in real space. The relevant first-order equations to be modified are the $`\dot{\theta }_b`$ and $`\dot{\theta }_\gamma `$ equations in (2.1), which in real space take the form

$`\dot{v_b}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}v_bc_s^2\delta _b\psi +{\displaystyle \frac{4\overline{\rho }_\gamma }{3\overline{\rho }_b}}a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(v_\gamma v_b),`$
$`\dot{v_\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _\gamma \sigma _\gamma \right)\psi +a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(v_bv_\gamma ).`$ (10)
Allowing for spatial fluctuations in the ionization fraction $`x_e`$,

$$x_e=\overline{x}_e(1+\delta _{x_e}),$$
(11)
the perturbations in the electron density then contain two terms arising from inhomogeneities in the baryon density and the ionization fraction, respectively:

$$n_e=\overline{n}_e(1+\delta _{n_e})=\overline{n}_e(1+\delta _b+\delta _{x_e}).$$
(12)
We obtain the second-order contributions to the Thomson scattering terms in equation (10) by replacing $`\overline{n}_e`$ with $`n_e`$, $`\overline{\rho }_b`$ with $`\rho _b=\overline{\rho }_b(1+\delta _b)`$, and $`\overline{\rho }_\gamma `$ with $`\rho _\gamma =\overline{\rho }_\gamma (1+\delta _\gamma )`$:

$`\dot{v_b}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}v_bc_s^2\delta _b\psi +{\displaystyle \frac{4\overline{\rho }_\gamma }{3\overline{\rho }_b}}a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(1+\delta _{x_e}+\delta _\gamma )(v_\gamma v_b),`$
$`\dot{v_\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _\gamma \sigma _\gamma \right)\psi +a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(1+\delta _{x_e}+\delta _b)(v_bv_\gamma ).`$ (13)
We will drop the second-order term containing $`\delta _\gamma `$ in the $`\dot{v}_b`$ equation because on small scales, $`\delta _\gamma \delta _{x_e}\delta _b`$ due to photon diffusion damping. Transforming back to $`k`$ space, the nonlinear terms of $`𝒪(\delta v)`$ become convolutions, and we have

$`\dot{\theta _b}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\theta _b+c_s^2k^2\delta _b+k^2\psi +{\displaystyle \frac{4\overline{\rho }_\gamma }{3\overline{\rho }_b}}a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(\theta _\gamma \theta _b)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4\overline{\rho }_\gamma }{3\overline{\rho }_b}}a\overline{n}_e\sigma _Tk{\displaystyle d^3k^{}[v_\gamma (k^{})v_b(k^{})]\delta _{x_e}(|\text{k}\text{k}^{}|)}`$
$`\dot{\theta _\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`k^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _\gamma \sigma _\gamma \right)+k^2\psi +a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(\theta _b\theta _\gamma )`$ (14)
$`+a\overline{n}_e\sigma _Tk{\displaystyle d^3k^{}[v_b(k^{})v_\gamma (k^{})][\delta _{x_e}(|\text{k}\text{k}^{}|)+\delta _b(|\text{k}\text{k}^{}|)]},`$
We also need an evolution equation for the ionization fraction fluctuation $`\delta _{x_e}`$. It can be obtained by perturbing the zeroth-order ionization rate equation (5) (Liu et al. 2001):

$$\frac{d\delta _{x_e}}{d\tau }=aC_r\left[\beta \delta _{x_e}+\overline{n}_H\alpha ^{(2)}\overline{x}_e\left(\delta _b+2\delta _{x_e}\right)\right]+\left(\frac{\delta C_r}{C_r}\delta _{x_e}\right)\frac{1}{\overline{x}_e}\frac{d\overline{x}_e}{d\tau },$$
(15)
where

$$\frac{\delta C_r}{C_r}=\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha n_{1s}\beta ^{(2)}\overline{n}_H[(1\overline{x}_e)\delta _b\overline{x}_e\delta _{x_e}]}{[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha n_{1s}+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{2s1s}\overline{n}_H(1\overline{x}_e)][\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha n_{1s}+(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{2s1s}+\beta ^{(2)})\overline{n}_H(1\overline{x}_e)]}.$$
(16)
We have assumed that $`\delta _{T_b}=0`$, i.e., there are no perturbations induced in the baryon temperature. We verify this claim by including the perturbed evolution equation for $`T_b`$ (Ma and Bertschinger 1995) in our calculations:

$$\frac{d(\delta _{T_b})}{d\tau }=\delta _{T_b}\left[\frac{\dot{\overline{T_b}}}{\overline{T_b}}\frac{2\dot{a}}{a}\right]+\frac{8\overline{\rho _\gamma }\mu }{3\overline{T_b}m_e\overline{\rho _b}}a\overline{n_e}\sigma _T\left[\delta _{x_e}(T_\gamma \overline{T_b})\overline{T_b}\delta _{T_b}\right].$$
(17)
Here $`\mu `$ is the mean molecular weight (including free electrons and all ions of Hydrogen and Helium) and $`T_b=\overline{T_b}(1+\delta _{T_b})`$.We find that the value for $`\delta _{T_b}`$ is always at least two orders of magnitude smaller than $`\delta _{x_e}`$ because the source term $`(T_\gamma T_b)`$ for $`\delta _{T_b}`$ is negligible until well into the recombination era. Even after recombination the growth is not rapid enough to affect the evolution of $`\delta _{x_e}`$.

We note that the perturbation to the ionization fraction $`\delta _{x_e}`$ arises naturally from the first-order cosmological equations and is not an ad hoc term. This perturbation is ignored in standard linear calculations because its effects on the photon and baryon evolution enter only at second order, as shown by equations (13) and (14). We show in the next section that numerical results from the linear theory indeed give comparable amplitudes for $`\delta _{x_e}`$ and $`\delta _b`$. We are thus justified in keeping both the $`\delta _bv`$ and $`\delta _{x_e}v`$ terms in our second order analysis.

## 3 Numerical Results

In this section we present results from numerical integration of the linear and second-order equations in § 2. The calculations are performed with the full Boltzmann code for the conformal Newtonian gauge in the COSMIC package (Ma & Bertschinger 1995; Bertschinger 1995). For the second-order results, modifications are made to this code to include the nonlinear terms in equation (14) and the perturbed rate equation (15). The matter density parameter is taken to be $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m=0.35`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_c=0.30`$ in CDM and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_b=0.05`$ in baryons. The cosmological constant and Hubble parameter are $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.65`$ and $`h=0.75`$. Three species of massless neutrinos and a helium fraction $`y=0.24`$ are assumed. The initial conditions are adiabatic, Gaussian fluctuations with a spectral index of $`n=1`$. All results are normalized to COBE.

### 3.1 Linear Evolution

Figure 1 illustrates the time evolution of the linear baryon density field $`\delta _b`$ and CDM density field $`\delta _c`$ for wavenumbers $`k=1000`$, 2500, 5000, and $`10^4`$ Mpc-1. The corresponding masses are $`1000`$, 64, 8, and 1 $`M_{}`$, respectively. These scales are much smaller than the typically studied scales of $`k10`$ Mpc-1 or $`M10^9M_{}`$. We note two interesting features that are absent in the more familiar behavior of $`\delta _b`$ at lower $`k`$. First, even though photon diffusion damping wipes out $`\delta _b`$ very rapidly at $`z10^6`$ to $`10^5`$, $`\delta _b`$ at such high $`k`$ is able to grow before recombination due to the break down of photon-electron tight coupling on small scales. This rapid regenerative growth is characterized by a $`(1+z)^{7/2}`$ dependence and can be understood in terms of the balance achieved between the radiation drag force and the gravitational force (Yamamoto et al. 1998). As a result, $`\delta _b`$ grows by at least 5 orders of magnitude before recombination ends at $`z1000`$. We also note a short period during recombination when $`\delta _b`$ grows even more rapidly. This is because gravity is rapidly becoming the dominant force over the decreasing radiation drag force.

The second feature special to these high $`k`$ modes is that they undergo a second Jeans length crossing after recombination. It is well known that the baryonic Jeans wavenumber $`k_J=\lambda _J^1c_s^1(4\pi a^2G\rho )^{1/2}`$ increases rapidly during recombination, reaching $`k_{J,rec}=900(\mathrm{\Omega }_mh^2)^{1/2}\mathrm{Mpc}^1370`$ Mpc-1 shortly after recombination for our model (Yamamoto et al. 1998). Perturbations with $`k>k_{J,rec}`$, which were Jeans unstable before recombination, become stable after recombination and exhibit oscillations due to the baryon thermal pressure. The growth of $`\delta _b`$ is therefore slowed down as can been seen in Figure 1. As we will show below, it is during this era when the small scale perturbations are relatively constant that the second order nonlinear term becomes important. When the Jeans wavenumber grows to the scale of a given $`k`$ mode eventually, the growth of $`\delta _b`$ picks up again.

Figure 2 shows the linear power spectrum for the velocity difference $`(v_bv_\gamma )`$ between the baryons and photons shortly after recombination. The Thomson scattering term is proportional to this quantity, which serves as the source term for the second-order effect to be discussed in the next section.

### 3.2 Nonlinear Evolution

We now solve the Einstein and Boltzmann equations taking into account the second-order terms in equation (14). Two new features must be handled: the evolution of the perturbed ionization fraction $`\delta _{x_e}`$ given by equation (15), and the $`k`$-convolution in equation (14).

To compute $`\delta _{x_e}`$, we add equation (15) directly in the COSMIC Boltzmann code. We note that even though $`\delta _{x_e}`$ is a first-order quantity and is of comparable amplitude as $`\delta _b`$, equation (15) was not included in the original linear COSMIC code because $`\delta _{x_e}`$ contributes to the photon and baryon evolution equations only at second order. Figure 3 illustrates our numerical result for the time evolution of $`\delta _{x_e}`$ for the $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1 mode. The dashed curve is for $`\delta _{x_e}`$ computed from the linear theory. It indeed has a similar amplitude as $`\delta _b`$ in Figure 1. Including the second-order terms in the calculations enhance the amplitude of $`\delta _{x_e}`$ (solid curve), which peaks at a redshift of $`1000`$.

To handle the convolution terms in equation (14), we use the property that the velocity difference $`(v_\gamma v_b)`$ in the integrand has significant contributions only from $`k^{}=0.01`$ to 1 Mpc-1, as shown in Figure 2. This is much smaller than $`k1000`$ Mpc-1 investigated in this paper. This allows us to take out $`\delta _{x_e}`$ and $`\delta _b`$ from the convolutions and approximate the velocity integral as

$$d^3k^{}[v_\gamma (k^{})v_b(k^{})]\delta _{x_e}(|\text{k}\text{k}^{}|)\sigma _v\delta _{x_e}(k),$$
(18)
where

$$\sigma _v^2=4\pi d\mathrm{ln}k^{}k^3[v_\gamma (k^{})v_b(k^{})]^2.$$
(19)
Figure 4 shows $`\sigma _v`$ as a function of redshift. Initially $`\sigma _v`$ is small because the tight coupling between baryons and photons keeps $`v_\gamma v_b`$. As recombination proceeds and the tight coupling breaks down, the baryons fall into the CDM potential well, giving rise to the rapidly growing $`\sigma _v`$ during $`z1500`$ to 1000. For comparison, the long-dashed curve shows the baryon velocity alone. The agreement between the two curves shows that the photon velocity field $`v_\gamma `$ is negligible after recombination. We approximate the time dependence of $`\sigma _v`$ with the fitting formula

$$\mathrm{log}_{10}\sigma _v=3.57+9.56\times 10^4z3.3\times 10^6z^2+1.126\times 10^9z^3$$
(20)
shown as the short-dashed curve in Figure 4. This formula is used in the numerical integration for computational efficiency.

The results of our nonlinear calculations are illustrated in Figures 5-7. Figure 5 shows the time evolution of the linear vs. nonlinear baryon density field $`\delta _b`$ for a single mode $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1 of $`M10M_{}`$. The nonlinear $`\delta _b`$ is calculated from the full Boltzmann code with the second order convolution terms. The conformal time $`\tau `$ is used for the horizontal axis to illustrate the post-recombination Jeans oscillations which are special to these high-$`k`$ modes (see also discussions in § 3.1). It can be seen that $`\delta _b`$ begins to oscillate immediately after recombination at $`\tau 200`$ Mpc due to the sharp decrease in the Jeans length. The time period of these oscillations is roughly $`2\pi /kc_s`$, where the baryon sound speed is related to the baryon temperature by $`c_s^2=k_BT_b(1d\mathrm{ln}T_b/d\mathrm{ln}a/3)`$. For $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1, the baryons have $`T_b2500`$ K at time $`\tau 200`$ Mpc, giving $`c_s1.5\times 10^5`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau 100`$ Mpc, which agrees well with the periods of oscillations shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the ratio of nonlinear and linear $`\delta _b`$ for four wavenumbers: $`k=1000`$, 2500, 5000, and 10000 Mpc-1. Figure 7 shows the same thing for the photon density field $`\delta _\gamma `$, which has a similar behavior as the baryons.

We find that the inclusion of the second-order terms has two main effects on the baryons: an increase in the amplitude of the Jeans oscillations, and a slight shift in the sound speed and hence the oscillation period. Both effects are clearly seen in the figures. The nonlinear enhancement reaches a maximum of a factor of several right after recombination. It then decreases as the mean ionization fluctuation $`x_e`$ decreases. The slight shift in the oscillation period is caused by the inclusion of perturbations to the ionization fraction. We have effectively introduced another term in the evolution equation for $`\theta _b`$, which together with the linear terms determine the period of the oscillations. The nonlinear coupling thus changes the time period of these oscillations to $``$ 2$`\pi `$/($`kc_s`$ \+ nonlinear effects). This slight shift in the effective sound speed is the reason for the oscillations in Figures 6 and 7. It is also worthwhile to note that the maximum amplitude achieved by the ratio of the baryonic perturbations in the nonlinear theory compared to the linear calculation does not follow a simple relationship as a function of $`k`$. The amplitude of the ratio, for example, is larger for $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1 than for $`k=10000`$ Mpc-1. This is because the effect of the nonlinear term becomes less important as the frequency of the Jeans oscillations increases. For the particular cosmological model under consideration this occurs at a scale between $`k=5000`$ and 10000 Mpc-1.

## 4 Discussion

Figures 6 and 7 show that the second order terms arising from the coupling of the large scale baryon velocity fields to the perturbation in the electron ionization fraction on small scales dominate the evolution equation for the baryon density perturbations $`\delta _b`$ at $`z1000`$. This second order effect dies off at lower $`z`$, however, and it does not push the small scale baryon fluctuations into the nonlinear regime at a significantly earlier time as was suggested by Shaviv (1998).

It is nevertheless interesting that for modes with $`k>1000`$ Mpc-1, a second-order term can significantly alter the growth predicted by the linear theory right after recombination. How does any second-order term at $`z1000`$ lead to an amplification of a factor of $`5`$ in the linear baryon fluctuations as we have found? To understand this, we plot in Figure 8 the time evolution of all the terms on the right-hand-side of the $`\dot{\theta }_b`$ equation from (14): $`\dot{a}\theta _b/a`$ (short-dashed), $`c_s^2k^2\delta _b`$ (dotted), $`(4\overline{\rho }_\gamma /3\overline{\rho }_b)a\overline{n}_e\sigma _T(\theta _\gamma \theta _b)`$ (long dashed), and the second-order term $`v_b\delta _{x_e}`$ (dot-dashed). Since the potential term $`k^2\psi `$ is nearly a constant of time, it is convenient to normalize other terms to $`k^2\psi `$. To contrast the scale dependence of the nonlinear effect, we show two modes: $`k=250`$ and 5000 Mpc-1. As one can see, the nonlinear effect is important only for the higher-$`k`$ mode. The nonlinear term is unimportant for the $`k=250`$ Mpc-1 mode because the pressure term $`k^2c_s^2\delta _b`$ is small on these scales and can not prevent the perturbations from growing under the influence of gravity. For the $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1 mode, however, the pressure term $`k^2c_s^2\delta _b`$ keeps the perturbations in the terminal velocity stage for a longer period of time (see Yamamoto et al. 1998). This leads to a near cancellation of all linear terms governing the growth of $`\theta _b`$. As a result, the second-order term gains importance and through the nonlinear coupling becomes the dominant term shortly after recombination. The effect of the coupling on the perturbed ionization fraction is shown in Figure 3, where the nonlinear coupling can give rise to an order of magnitude change in the value of $`\delta _{x_e}`$. At late times the second-order term becomes negligible as the free electron density $`\overline{n}_e`$ becomes very small. We note that the Hubble drag term $`\dot{a}\theta _b/a`$ is unimportant throughout because the scales of the perturbations under consideration are so small that they are not influenced by the large scale expansion of the universe.

Our approach and results differ from the previous work on this subject (Liu et al. 2001) in a number of ways. We have solved the full set of Einstein and Boltzmann equations for the metric perturbations and the perturbation field in CDM, baryons, photons, and neutrinos. This approach has allowed us to calculate accurately the phase space distributions of both baryons and photons. For the baryons, we find that the maximum amplitude reached by the nonlinear to linear ratio, $`\delta _b`$(Nonlinear)/$`\delta _b`$(Linear), is similar to that of Liu et al. (2001) for $`k5000`$ Mpc-1, but our results show an oscillating ratio because the addition of the nonlinear coupling causes a change in the effective speed of sound. This effect was unnoticed in the work of Liu et al. (2001). In addition, their analysis finds a monotonic increase in the amplitude of the ratio as a function of $`k`$. We find instead that the maximum amplitude reached by the ratio for $`k=10000`$ Mpc-1 is less than that for $`k=5000`$ Mpc-1. This is again because their analysis was unable to track the Jeans oscillations after recombination accurately.

Our calculation has also included the nonlinear coupling terms in the evolution of the photon density perturbations. As equations (13) and (14) show, two comparable nonlinear terms contribute to the photon velocity field: $`\delta _{x_e}(v_bv_\gamma )`$ and $`\delta _b(v_bv_\gamma )`$. We have shown that the $`\delta _{x_e}(v_bv_\gamma )`$ term results in an initial enhancement of the amplitude for the baryons. Momentum conservation in Thomson scattering implies that this nonlinear term would tend to suppress the amplitude obtained from the linear calculation for the photons. It turns out that the $`\delta _b(v_bv_\gamma )`$ term is generally larger and it acts in an opposite sense as the $`\delta _{x_e}(v_bv_\gamma )`$ term. The end result is an enhancement in $`\delta _\gamma `$ as well, as shown in Figure 7. It may be an interesting future study to compute directly the angular power spectrum for the temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, but we expect the angular scales associated with the $`k1000`$ Mpc-1 modes to be at multipoles of $`l10^6`$, below the scales probed by the current generation of experiments.

We thank Ue-Li Pen, Naoshi Sugiyama, and Thanu Padmanabhan for useful discussions. C.-P. M. acknowledges support of an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, a Cottrell Scholars Award from the Research Corporation, a Penn Research Foundation Award, and NSF grant AST 9973461.


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# The generality of inflation in some closed FRW models with a scalar field

## 1 Introduction

In the recent two decades the dynamics of an isotropic Universe filled with a massive scalar field attracted a great attention. There are several possible dynamical regimes in this system . From the physical point of view the inflationary regime is the most important one , therefore, one of the problems of mathematical cosmology is to describe the set of initial data leading to inflation. This problem for a massive scalar field was studied in . The main result of these studies is that the set of initial conditions required for inflation strongly depends on the sign of the spatial curvature. If it is negative or zero, the scale factor of the Universe $`a`$ cannot pass through extremum points. In this case all the trajectories starting from a sufficiently large initial value of the scalar field $`\phi _0`$, reach a slow-roll regime and experience inflation. If we start from the Planck energy, a measure of non-inflating trajectories for a scalar field with the mass $`m`$ is about $`m/m_P`$. From observational reasons, this ratio is about $`10^5`$ so almost all trajectories lead to the inflationary regime. However, positive spatial curvature allows a trajectory to have a point of maximal expansion which results in increasing the measure of non-inflating trajectories. In a famous angular parametrization described below this measure is about $`0.3`$ .

Hence, the sign of the spatial curvature, which is rapidly ”forgotten” after the inflationary regime established, is very important during a possible pre-inflationary period. Another important characteristic of the pre-inflationary era which is also ‘forgotten” during inflation is the possible presence of a hydrodynamical matter in addition to the scalar field. Decreasing even more rapidly than the curvature with increasing scale factor $`a`$, the energy density of hydrodynamical matter could not affect the slow-rolling conditions and so has a tiny effect on the dynamics if the spatial curvature is non-positive. However, the conditions for extrema of $`a`$ can change significantly in a closed model, so this model requires special analysis. It was done in  where the maximum measure of non-inflationary trajectories in the angular parametrization is found to be $`60\%`$ with the significant dependence of this measure on the density of hydrodynamical matter.

In recent years some interesting modification of standard scenario become the matter of investigations. After a famous paper of Randall and Sundrum  a lot of effort was done on the idea that our Universe is a boundary (brane) of a manifold with a larger dimensions (bulk). Inflation caused by a massive scalar field on the brane in the case of flat FRW brane metric was considered in . One of the principal features of the brane scenario is the presence of the so called ”dark radiation” term in the equations of motion. In the case of FRW brane this term is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the scale factor (as an ordinary radiation matter), so, it rapidly decreases during inflation. On the other hand, we can expect that this term can alter the conditions for inflation on closed FRW brane in a way similar to studied in . This problem is the topic of Sec.2 of the present paper.

Apart from branes, some generalizations of simple scalar field scenario appeared also in the framework of ”standard” cosmology. In this paper we will consider one of them, namely a massive complex scalar field. It is naturally appears in supersymmetry theories. Some problems of quantum cosmology with a complex scalar field were studied in . Recent proposals to use this type of scalar field to explain dark matter and quintessence were put forward in . We will apply our analysis of generality of inflation to the complex scalar field in Sec.3.

The results of studies of these three models - a scalar field with a hydrodynamical matter, a scalar field on the brane and a complex scalar field are compared in Sec.4.

## 2 A massive scalar field on the brane

In this section we consider a ”three–brane universe” in a five dimensional (bulk) space-time. We will consider only purely nonstandard brane dynamics when the matter density on the brane dominates the brane tension. Then the equations describing the cosmological evolution of a closed FRW brane are

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}=\frac{\kappa ^4}{36}\rho ^4+\frac{C}{a^4}\frac{1}{a^2},\\ \frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}+\frac{\ddot{a}}{a}=\frac{\kappa ^4}{36}\rho (\rho +3p)\frac{1}{a^2}.\end{array}$$
(1)
Here $`\kappa ^2=8\pi /m_{5P}^3`$, $`m_{5P}`$ is the 5-dimensional fundamental Planck mass which can differ significantly from 4-dimensional Planck mass observing on the brane. For a review of the current status of the brane model see, for example .

The equations of motion for a brane universe with a massive scalar field have the form

$$\ddot{\phi }+3\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\dot{\phi }+m^2\phi =0,$$
(2)
$$\frac{\ddot{a}}{a}+2\frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}+\frac{2}{a^2}=\frac{4\pi ^2}{3m_{5P}^6}\left(m^4\phi ^4\dot{\phi }^4\right)+\frac{C}{a^4}$$
(3)
with a constraint

$$\dot{a}^2+1=\frac{16\pi ^2}{9m_{5P}^6}a^2\left(\frac{1}{2}\dot{\phi }^2+\frac{1}{2}m^2\phi ^2\right)^2+\frac{C}{a^2}.$$
(4)
The equations of motion in brane scenario in comparison with those in standard cosmology characterizes by quadratic dependence on energy-momentum tensor and nonlocal effects from the free gravitational field in the bulk, manifesting itself in the presence of a ”dark radiation” term (the last term in righthand side of Eqs. (3) and (4)).

The inflationary dynamics on the brane for the flat brane metric was considered in Ref. . The situation appears to be not so different from the standard case, though the slow-roll regime is changed. The slow-roll condition being $`\phi >m_{5P}`$ in standard cosmology takes the form $`\phi >m_{5P}/\sqrt{m/m_{5P}}`$ in the brane model and, hence, the measure of non-inflationary initial conditions is $`\sqrt{m/m_{5P}}`$ instead of $`m/m_P`$ in standard scenario. Our goal here is to study the positive curvature case.

First we need to specify a set of initial conditions. It is common to use the hypersurface with the energy density equal to the Planck one (called the Planck boundary) as the initial-condition space. As was pointed out in Ref.  this choice is based on the physical considerations of inapplicability of classical gravity beyond the Planck boundary and of the absence of any information from this region. We remind the reader that in the brane scenario the fundamental Planck scale limiting the applications of classical gravity is different from the effective Planck scale on the brane.

To compare our results with those obtained in the standard scenario, we rewrite the constraint equation so that the coefficient in the lefthand side be the same:

$$\frac{3m_{5P}^2}{8\pi }\left(\frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)=\frac{2\pi }{3m_{5P}^4}\left(\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}+\frac{m^2\phi ^2}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3m_{5P}^2}{8\pi }\frac{C}{a^4}.$$
(5)
Now, we start from the Planck boundary:

$$\frac{2\pi }{3m_{5P}^4}\left(\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}+\frac{m^2\phi ^2}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3m_{5P}^2}{8\pi }\frac{C}{a^4}=m_{5P}^4.$$
(6)
To describe the initial data on the Planck boundary it is useful to introduce two dimensionless variables, as in . One of them is the angular parameter $`\varphi `$ defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\dot{\phi }^2=\left(m_{5P}^2\frac{3C}{8\pi a^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\sqrt{\frac{6}{\pi }}m_{5P}^3\mathrm{cos}^2\varphi ,\\ m^2\phi ^2=\left(m_{5P}^2\frac{3C}{8\pi a^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\sqrt{\frac{6}{\pi }}m_{5P}^3\mathrm{sin}^2\varphi \end{array}$$
(7)
and the second one is $`z=\dot{a}/(am)`$. A couple $`(z,\varphi )`$ determine the initial point on the Planck boundary completely. The variable $`z`$ can vary in a compact region from $`0`$ to $`z_{\mathrm{max}}=\sqrt{8\pi /3}(m_{5P}/m)`$; the corresponding initial values of the scale factor $`a`$ varies from $`a_{min}=\sqrt{3/(8\pi m_{5P}^2)}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$.

The numerical calculation results are plotted in Fig.1. The region where inflation is possible is the gray one. The resulting measure of initial data leading to inflation as a function of $`C`$ is plotted in Fig.2. Though this measure does not change drastically, the configuration of corresponding regions in initial condition space shown in Fig.1 undergoes substantial transformation. In particular, for large enough $`C`$ inflation becomes impossible if the value of initial Hubble parameter $`H=\dot{a}/a`$ is less than some critical one (or, equivalently, initial spatial curvature is greater than some critical value). We can easily find analytically the minimal value of $`C`$ when this situation takes place, i.e. when there are no inflation with initial $`z=0`$. To do this we remark from Eq.(4) that if we start with some initial energy $`E`$ with $`H=0`$ (i.e. in the extremum of $`a`$), then possible initial $`\phi `$ lie in the interval

$$\phi ^2<\frac{3m_{5P}^3}{2\pi m^2a_{in}}\left(1\frac{C}{a_{in}^2}\right)^{1/2},$$
(8)
where initial scale factor $`a_{in}=\sqrt{3m_{5P}^2/8\pi E}`$.

From the other side, the direction of trajectory in the extremum of $`a`$ depends on the sign of the second derivative $`\ddot{a}`$. Substituting $`\dot{a}=0`$ into Eq. (3) and expressing $`\dot{\phi }`$ from the constraint equation (4), we obtain that $`\ddot{a}`$ at the point $`\dot{a}=0`$ is

$$\ddot{a}=\frac{4C}{a^3}\frac{5}{a}+m^2\phi ^2\frac{4\pi }{m_{5P}^3}\left(1\frac{C}{a^2}\right)^{1/2}.$$
(9)
We can see that for initial $`z=0`$, $`\ddot{a}<0`$ (Universe collapses directly from the initial point) when

$$\phi ^2<\frac{m_{5P}^3}{4\pi m^2a_{in}}\frac{54C/a_{in}^2}{(1C/a_{in}^2)^{1/2}}.$$
(10)
The intervals (8) and (10) coincide at the critical value of initial scale factor $`a_{in}=a_{cr}=\sqrt{2C}`$. It means that if we start from the Planck boundary, then for $`C=C_1=3/(16\pi m_{5P}^2)`$ (in this case $`a_{cr}=a_{min}`$) all trajectories with $`z=0`$ go to singularity directly from the initial point and can not reach inflation. For $`C>C_1`$ it is impossible to reach inflation from some high-curvature initial data independently on the initial $`\varphi `$.

The curve (8) does not exist for $`a_{in}<\sqrt{C}`$. If initial $`a`$ corresponding to a given initial $`z`$ is less than this value then it is impossible to find any $`\varphi `$, such that the total energy of the system (”dark radiation” plus the scalar field) does not exceed the Planck energy. The Planck boundary is now only part of the initial rectangular area in the coordinates $`z`$ and $`\varphi `$ (see Fig.4). This situation occurs if $`C>C_2=3/(8\pi m_{5P}^2)`$. The ratio of non-inflation trajectories reaches its maximum at $`C=C_2`$ (the maximum value of this ratio is $`65\%`$) and steadily decreases for larger $`C`$.

We also checked numerically, that another choices of initial energy $`E`$ lead to qualitatively the same picture with appropriate rescaling of the parameter $`C`$.

A negative $`C`$ (Fig.1(a)) does not change the situation significantly in comparison with the case $`C=0`$ (Fig.1(b)). The results for positive $`C`$ are similar to those received in  where the degree of generality of inflation in ordinary FRW Universe with massive scalar field and hydrodynamical matter is analyzed. It is natural, since the $`C`$-containing term behaves exactly as a hydrodynamical matter with the equation of state $`p=ϵ/3`$.

## 3 A complex scalar field

### 3.1 Equations of motion

In this section we return to standard FRW cosmology but consider a more complicated version of the scalar field, namely, the massive complex scalar field. The action for this model is

$$S=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left(\frac{m_P^2}{16\pi }R+\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }\varphi _\mu ^{}\varphi _\nu \frac{1}{2}m^2\varphi \varphi ^{}\right)$$
(11)
and now the Planck mass $`m_P`$ has its common sense.

We will use a suitable representation of the complex scalar field

$$\varphi =x\mathrm{exp}(i\theta ),$$

where $`x`$ is absolute value of the complex scalar field and $`\theta `$ is its phase.

Using this representation we can see that the phase variable $`\theta `$ is cyclical and its conjugate momentum $`p_\theta `$ is conserved. We call it as a ”charge” of the Universe $`Q`$:

$$p_\theta =Q=a^3x^2\dot{\theta }.$$
(12)
Expressing the phase $`\theta `$ through the charge $`Q`$ we can get the following equations of motion :

$$\frac{m_P^2}{16\pi }\left(\ddot{a}+\frac{\dot{a}^2}{2a}+\frac{1}{2a}\right)+\frac{a\dot{x}^2}{8}\frac{m^2x^2a}{8}+\frac{Q^2}{4a^5x^2}=0,$$
(13)
$$\ddot{x}+\frac{3\dot{x}\dot{a}}{a}+m^2x\frac{2Q^2}{a^6x^3}=0.$$
(14)
Besides we can write down the first integral:

$$\frac{3m_P^2}{8\pi }\left(H^2+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)=\frac{m^2x^2}{2}+\frac{\dot{x}^2}{2}+\frac{Q^2}{a^6x^2}.$$
(15)
For future use we also find a curve, separating possible maxima and minima of the scale factor. Following the same procedure, as in the previous section we can express $`\dot{x}`$ from the constraint (15) and substitute it in Eq. (13). This equation gives now for $`\dot{a}=0`$

$$\ddot{a}=\frac{4\pi m^2x^2a}{m_P^2}\frac{2}{a}.$$
(16)
So, the separating curve is

$$x^2\frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{m_P^2}{m^2a^2}$$
(17)
and does not depend on the charge $`Q`$ .

### 3.2 Inflation in models with a complex scalar field

As in the previous section, we start from the Planck boundary

$$\frac{3m_P^2}{8\pi }\left(H^2+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)=\frac{m^2x^2}{2}+\frac{\dot{x}^2}{2}+\frac{Q^2}{a^6x^2}=m_P^4.$$
(18)
Then it is necessary to introduce a measure on the initial condition space. We remind the reader that in the case of a real scalar field the usual way to parameterize the Planck boundary is to introduce two dimensionless variables, $`z=H/m`$ and $`\varphi `$ via the angular parametrization, which in standard cosmology has the form

$$\frac{m^2\phi ^2}{2}+\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}=m_P^4;\frac{m^2\phi ^2}{2}=m_P^4\mathrm{sin}^2\varphi ;\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}=m_P^4\mathrm{cos}^2\varphi .$$

However, in our case we have additional term in the left part of (18), so we can not use this way. Instead, the second dimensionless coordinate we chose as $`X=x/m_P`$.

Two variables, $`z`$ and $`X`$, completely determine initial conditions on the Planck boundary. We can see from Eq.(15) that possible initial $`X`$ for a given $`z`$ lie in the interval $`[X_{min},X_{max}]`$, where

$$X_{min}=\frac{m_P^2}{m^2}\left(1\sqrt{1\frac{2m^2Q^2}{m_P^8}\left(\frac{8\pi m_P^2}{3}z^2m^2\right)^3}\right)^{1/2},$$

$$X_{max}=\frac{m_P^2}{m^2}\left(1+\sqrt{1\frac{2m^2Q^2}{m_P^8}\left(\frac{8\pi m_P^2}{3}z^2m^2\right)^3}\right)^{1/2}.$$

The variable $`z`$ as in the previous section varies from $`0`$ to $`\sqrt{8\pi /3}(m_P/m)`$.

Numerically found initial conditions leading to inflation for a real scalar field ($`Q=0`$) in the coordinates $`z`$ and $`x/m_P`$ are shown in Fig. 3 (a). The measure of non-inflating trajectories is equal to $`0.52`$. The difference between this value and $`0.3`$ found in  arises completely from differences in chosen measures. With growing $`Q`$ the picture experiences changes similar to the case studied in the previous section.

If we start with zero $`z`$ and some initial $`a`$, the maximum and minimum values of the scalar field $`x`$ lie on the curve

$$\frac{3m_P^2}{8\pi a^2}=\frac{m^2x^2}{2}+\frac{Q^2}{a^6x^2}.$$
(19)
The separating curve is given by Eq. (17) and crosses the curve (19) at

$$a^2=\frac{8\pi ^2Q^2m^2}{m_P^4}.$$
(20)
Remembering that the initial value of the scale factor, corresponding to $`z=0`$ on the Planck boundary is $`a_{min}=\sqrt{3/8\pi m_P^2}`$, we find that for $`Q=Q_1=(1/8\pi )\sqrt{3/2\pi }(m_P/m)`$ all trajectories with $`z=0`$ fall into a singularity. For $`Q>Q_1`$ there is a high-curvature region with no way to reach inflation (Fig.3(c)).

As in the previous section, there exists some value of charge for which start from $`z=0`$ becomes impossible. It happens if $`Q`$ exceeds $`Q_2=(3/32\pi )\sqrt{3/\pi }(m_P/m)`$ (Fig.3(d)).

It is easy to see, that these values are rather close to each other:

$$\frac{Q_2^2}{Q_1^2}=\frac{9}{8}.$$
(21)
As $`Q_1`$ and $`Q_2`$ depend on $`m`$, this dependence appears also in the curve $`N(Q)`$, where $`N`$ is the measure of inflationary solutions. An example for $`m=1.4\times 10^2m_P`$ is plotted in Fig.4. For another $`\stackrel{~}{m}`$ this curve is similar with rescaling $`\stackrel{~}{Q}Q(m/\stackrel{~}{m})`$.

## 4  Discussion

In the present paper we have considered two particular examples of a scalar field dynamics on the closed FRW background. Together with the model of a massive scalar field with a hydrodynamical matter studied in  these cases, arising from rather different physical models, show several common features.

First of all, the measure of initial conditions leading to inflation remains large enough, not falling below $`35\%`$. If we consider a detailed structure of initial conditions for recollapsing universes, we find that depending on the parameter of the model (which can be a charge, a ”dark radiation” density or a density of a hydrodynamical matter) there are two situation possible. For small values of the parameter inflation can start from an arbitrary large initial curvatures, or, equivalently, arbitrary small initial scale factors (of course, within the Planck limit). For the parameter bigger than the critical one all trajectories from the high-curvature initial data go back to a singularity instead of inflation. These critical values are $`C_1=3/16\pi m_{5P}^2`$ for a ”dark radiation” in the brane model and $`Q_1=(1/8\pi )\sqrt{3/2\pi }(m_P/m)`$ for a charge. In the case of the massive scalar field with a perfect fluid which has the equation of state $`p=\gamma ϵ`$ we can introduce a constant parameter $`D`$ which is related to energy density $`ϵ`$ as $`D=ϵa^{3(\gamma +1)}`$. In this case $`D_1=(\frac{3}{8\pi })^{1+p/2}m_P^{2p}2^{p/2}`$, where $`p=1+3\gamma `$ .

There is also the second critical value of the parameter which is equal to $`C_2=3/8\pi m_{5P}^2`$ for the ”dark radiation”, $`Q_2=(3/32\pi )\sqrt{3/\pi }(m_P/m)`$ for the charge and $`D_2=(\frac{3}{8\pi })^{1+p/2}m_P^{2p}`$ for the perfect fluid density (the latter value is taken from ). For bigger value of the parameter the Planck boundary covers only a part of the initial rectangular. The coordinate $`z`$ varies in the interval $`z_{min}<z<z_{max}`$ with some nonzero $`z_{min}`$, corresponding to some minimal possible initial scale factor $`a`$. Smaller initial $`z`$ would correspond to smaller initial $`a`$ and the energy density in ”dark radiation”, charge or matter terms would exceed the Planck energy which makes these initial conditions physically inadmissible. Numerical data show also that if the parameter exceeds the second critical value the described above range of initial $`z`$ not leading to inflation independently on the second coordinate continues to exist (see Fig.1(f)), though being narrower with increasing value of the parameter.

Looking on the overall measure of the initial condition allowing inflation we can see also a remarkable difference between the brane scenario (Fig.2) and the complex scalar field (Fig.4). In the former case this measure decreases significantly with increasing $`C`$ up to the second critical value $`C_2`$, though in the latter case the measure is almost monotonically increasing function of $`Q`$. In the model of scalar field with a perfect fluid, studied earlier, the situation is similar to the brane case. However, this difference mostly appears because of the different choice of the measure. We remind the reader that in the brane scenario and the perfect fluid case we use the angular parametrization of the initial condition space, and in the complex scalar field case the value $`x/m_P`$ is chosen for the second coordinate (the first coordinate, $`z`$, is the same in all three cases). It is possible to use the latter measure for another cases under consideration. The results are presented in Fig.5. For the model with a perfect fluid we can see a very small decrease (about $`8\%`$) of the measure in comparison with about $`2`$ times drop of the measure in the angular parametrization. In the brane scenario we can see a rather small decreasing of the measure with the minimum at $`C0.7C_2`$. In this point the measure is $`88\%`$ of the value at $`C=0`$ in comparison with about $`1.5`$ times drop in the angular parametrization.

This difference can be easily understood by comparing of these two parametrizations of the Planck boundary. The important feature of the angular parametrizations is that independently on the possible initial $`z`$ on the Planck boundary the second coordinate $`\varphi `$ can vary in the same range $`[\pi /2;\pi /2]`$. On the other hand, the possible range for $`\varphi /m_P`$ (or $`x/m_P`$ for the complex scalar field) steadily decreases with increase of the initial curvature (see Eq.(8)). So, the high-curvature initial data, less favorable for inflation give bigger contribution for the measure based on the angular parametrizations than for the measure based on $`\varphi /m_P`$ as the second coordinate.

For parameter bigger than the second critical one the map from one measure to another becomes even discontinuous. The line $`z=z_{min},\phi [\pi /2;\pi /2]`$ in Fig.1(f) (consisting only on non-inflationary trajectories) maps into a single point (compare Fig.1(f) and Fig.3(d)). So, a definitely nonmonotonic behavior of the measure of inflationary trajectories as a function of the parameter of the model in the case of the angular parametrizations of the Planck boundary can be explained as a measure effect.

## Acknowledgments

This work was supported via ’Universities of Russia, Fundamental Investigation’ grant No 990777 and partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research via grants Nos 99-02-16224 and 00-15-96699.