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# Absence of Thermophoretic Flow in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions as an Indicator for the Absence of a Mixed Phase

## Abstract

If a quark-gluon plasma is formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, there may or may not be a mixed phase of quarks, gluons and hadronic clusters when the critical temperature is reached in the expansion of the fireball. If there is a temperature gradient in the fireball, the hadronic clusters, embedded in the heat bath of quarks and gluons, would be subjected to a thermophoretic force. It is shown that, even for small temperature gradients and short lifetimes of the mixed phase, thermophoresis would lead to a flow essentially stronger than the observed one. The absence of this strong flow provides support for a rapid or sudden hadronization mechanism without a mixed phase.

PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 25.75.Ld, 12.38.Mh

Relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments at CERN (SPS, LHC) and BNL (RHIC) are dedicated to the discovery of the quark-gluon plasma, a hypothetic state of matter in which quarks and gluons are deconfined. The basic idea is to create a hot and dense fireball in a high-energy nucleus-nucleus collision with a temperature above the critical one of the order $`T_c=170`$ MeV, predicted by QCD lattice computations . This tiny fireball will rapidly expand and reach the transition temperature after a few fm/c. Depending on the order of the deconfinement phase transition there might be a mixed phase of quarks, gluons and hadrons. QCD lattice simulations of the deconfinement phase transition show either a continuous (cross over) or a first order phase transition depending crucially on the masses of the dynamical quarks .

Although the question of the order of the phase transition is still open, let us assume that there is a first order phase transition from the quark-gluon plasma to the hadronic matter leading to a mixed phase. Possible consequences of a mixed phase in relativistic heavy-ion collisions have been extensively studied (see e.g. Ref.). Here we want to discuss a new aspect of the mixed phase, namely the possibility of a thermophoretic flow.

Since hadronization does not take place instantaneously – although hadronziation may proceed rapidly  – the hadronic bubbles might contain confined clusters of quarks instead of the final hadrons. These clusters or pre-hadrons as well as usual hadrons are heavy and extended objects embedded in the thermal quark-gluon plasma phase similar as dust particles in a low-temperature plasma .

It is reasonable to assume that the temperature of the fireball is higher at the center than at the surface of the fireball. For example, in hydrodynamical calculations a local maximum temperature differing from the average temperature by as much as 70 MeV has been taken to explain photon data at SPS . Hence, we presuppose the existence of a temperature gradient in the fireball. For simplicity, we assume a constant temperature gradient from the center to the surface of a spherical fireball. Owing to this temperature gradient in the thermal heat bath of the quark-gluon plasma a thermophoretic force will act on the hadronic clusters similar as on dust particles in a low-temperature plasma . This force will push the hadrons from the center to the surface resulting in a radial outward motion of hadrons as sketched in Fig.1. Here we assumed furthermore that the hadronic bubbles are not transparent for the thermal partons but that elastic scattering of the partons off the pre-hadrons is dominant.

A temperature gradient in the mixed phase, for which the temperature is given by the critical temperature, could be realized in two different ways. First, a finite chemical potential increasing from the center to the surface would imply a decreasing critical temperature. Second, if there is a constant chemical potential, a temperature gradient in the fireball leads to a mixed-phase shell moving outward. Due to the finite mean free path the partons from the hotter inner regions can interact with the hadrons in the mixed-phase shell. These possibilities could be considered using hydrodynamical methods .

The collective motion of hadrons, called flow, is an important feature of heavy-ion collisions which has been investigated theoretically and experimentally in great detail, providing important informations on the equation of state of the fireball and especially a possible signature for the quark-gluon plasma formation . The different flow patterns (e.g. elliptic and radial flow), studied so far, are caused by a pressure gradient in the fireball. Here we propose a new source for flow, namely a temperature gradient in the fireball. This directed, collective motion of hadrons superimposes the usual hydrodynamical flow.

Using elementary kinetic arguments, the thermophoretic force can be estimated similar as the heat conductivity . The latter follows from the energy flux in the presence of a temperature gradient. Instead of the energy transfer we consider the momentum transfer per unit time and area in a relativistic plasma. Then the thermophoretic force $`F`$ per area $`A`$ is given as

$$\frac{F}{A}=\frac{1}{3}nu\lambda \frac{dp}{dT}\frac{dT}{dr},$$
(1)
where $`n`$ is the number density of the quark-gluon plasma, $`u1`$ the thermal velocity of the partons, $`\lambda `$ their mean free path, and $`p3T`$ their average momentum.

Hence, the thermophoretic force acting on a hadron is given by

$$F=\pi n\lambda R^2\frac{dT}{dr},$$
(2)
where $`R`$ is the hadron radius. Using typical values for the mean free path and the density of the partons at $`T=T_c`$, $`\lambda =1`$ fm, $`n=5`$ fm<sup>-3</sup>, and for the hadron radius, $`R=1`$ fm, and assuming, for example, a small temperature gradient of $`dT/dr=1`$ MeV/fm, we get $`F=16`$ MeV/fm.

Now, we want to calculate the final velocity $`v_f`$ of a hadron with mass $`m`$. Using

$$F=\frac{d}{dt}\frac{mv}{\sqrt{1v^2}}=\frac{d}{dx}\frac{mv^2}{\sqrt{1v^2}}$$
(3)
we find

$$W=Fd=\frac{mv_f^2}{\sqrt{1v_f^2}}$$
(4)
with the fireball radius $`d`$. Solving this equation for $`v_f`$ yields

$$v_f=\frac{W}{\sqrt{2}m}\left(\sqrt{1+\frac{4m^2}{W^2}}1\right)^{1/2}.$$
(5)
For pions ($`m=140`$ MeV) and $`d=10`$ fm we obtain $`v_f=0.81`$ and for protons ($`m=940`$ MeV) $`v_f=0.40`$, i.e. a strong flow larger or at least comparable to the hydrodynamic flow as extracted from two-particle correlation measurements (Hanbury Brown/Twiss interferometry), which yield typically $`v_f0.5`$ . The thermophoretic force, being proportional to $`R^2`$, and consequently the flow would have been even stronger if we had assumed a larger radius $`R`$ for the hadronic clusters. Note also that the thermophoretic flow velocity is smaller for massive hadrons than for lighter ones.

Here we assumed that the mixed phase lives for 10 - 20 fm/c for accelerating the hadrons over the distance $`d`$ from the center to the surface of the fireball. Such a long lifetime of the mixed phase would occur only for a strong first order transition as predicted by simple hydrodynamical models using an unrealistic equation of state (see e.g. ). According to lattice results, showing at most a weak first order transition, this assumption is probably a crude overestimation. However, even for small lifetimes of the mixed phase of 1 - 2 fm/c, corresponding to $`d1`$ fm, we obtain the same result for the final velocities if we take a moderate temperature gradient of 10 MeV/fm. This follows from the fact that $`W`$ is proportional to $`d`$ times $`dT/dr`$.

For our purpose the use of elementary kinetic theory, generalized here to relativistic plasmas, is justified since a more elaborate treatment of thermophoresis based on the Boltzmann equation (Enskog-Chapman method)  differs only by 20% from the elementary kinetic result in the non-relativistic limit . Similarly, the viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma has been estimated from elementary kinetic arguments  in good agreement with a transport theoretical approach .

We have seen that the thermophoretic force on hadrons in the mixed phase, caused by a small to moderate temperature gradient, leads to a strong flow in addition to the hydrodynamical flow. This result is in contrast to present observations at SPS . Also the thermophoretic flow velocity is larger for lighter than for heavier hadrons, which contradicts experimental results showing a higher flow velocity for baryons than for mesons. We take this as an indication for the absence of a mixed phase in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, investigated so far, i.e. either a continuous or second order phase transition or no phase transition at all, also in aggreement with a rapid hadronization scenario . Anyway, the possible presence of a temperature gradient in a heavy-ion fireball could have other consequences which could be an interesting subject for future hydrodynamical investigations, e.g. including dissipative effects such as heat conductivity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to thank U. Heinz, P. Huovinen, and H. Rothermel for helpful discussions.


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# Behaviors of the charge fluctuation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

## Abstract

Using a hadron and string cascade model, JPCIAE, we investigated the dependence of event-by-event charge fluctuation on the energy, centrality, window size, resonance decay, and the final state interaction for $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at SPS and LHC energies and $`Au+Au`$ collisions at RHIC energies. The JPCIAE results of charge fluctuation as a function of the rapidity window size in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at SPS energies were compared with the preliminary NA49 data. Comparisons with STAR and PHENIX data of $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV were also given. It seems that the final state interaction and resonance decay play a gentle role on the charge fluctuations. The charge fluctuations are slightly decreasing with or nearly independent of the reaction energy and hardly depend on the collision centrality.
PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 12.38.Mh, 24.10.Lx

In sa0 ; bon , the energy fluctuation (heat capacity) was first related to the liquid-gas phase transition in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions. The irregular behavior of heat capacity was then proposed to study the phase transition from hadronic matter to a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) provided that the event-by-event (E-by-E) fluctuation of temperature is observable in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions sto ; ste . Such irregular behavior is also a characteristic of a phase transition: a jump in a first order phase transition and a singularity in a second order one sto . The E-by-E fluctuation of an observable might supply important information such as the hadronic matter compressibility mro , the position and property of a critical point in the QCD phase diagram of temperature T vs. chemical potential $`\mu `$ ste , etc. . In ste  it was also predicted that the E-by-E fluctuation pattern in average transverse momentum, for instance, would significantly be changed around a critical point.

With the increase of interaction energy a rather high particle multiplicity is accessible and the statistically significant measurements of E-by-E fluctuation became possible for the first time in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at 158A GeV/c rol ; afa0 ; ble ; app ; afa  and recently in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$ =130 GeV phe . Though it was claimed that the non-statistical contributions to E-by-E fluctuation of the average transverse momentum, the $`k/\pi `$ ratio, and the net charge multiplicity are small app ; afa ; phe , the calculations of E-by-E fluctuations based on hadronic transport models ble ; liu ; cap  and effective models vol ; bay ; hei  were stimulated.

Since the unit of charge (baryon charge) in the QGP phase is 1/3 while it is 1 in the hadronic phase, the thermal model predicted that the value of the charged particle ratio E-by-E fluctuation, $`D_R`$ (defined below), in the hadronic phase would be a factor of $``$ 2.5 - 4 larger than that in the QGP phase jeo ; asa ; lin . The charged particle ratio E-by-E fluctuation was then proposed as a signal of QGP formation if the initial fluctuations survive hadronization and their relaxation time is longer than the collision time jeo ; asa . In jeo1  UrQMD uqmd  was used to investigate the charged particle ratio fluctuation in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at SPS and $`Au+Au`$ collisions at the full RHIC energy. However, the UrQMD predictions for the charged particle ratio fluctuation in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at SPS energy were around 3 while the preliminary NA49 data fri  were around 4.

The hadron and string cascade model, JPCIAE, was employed in this paper to further study the charge fluctuations. The model results were compared with the preliminary NA49 data of the charged particle ratio fluctuation as a function of the rapidity window size in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at 40, 80 and 158A GeV/c fri  and with STAR and PHENIX data in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV volo ; phe . Meanwhile, the dependence of charge fluctuations on reaction energy (from SPS up to LHC), centrality (impact parameter b), final state interaction (rescattering), and the resonance decay ($`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$) was investigated. This study shows that the charge fluctuations are slightly decreasing with or nearly independent of the reaction energy and hardly depend on the collision centrality. The charge fluctuations are gently affected by the rescattering and the resonance decay ($`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$).

The JPCIAE model was developed based on PYTHIA sjo1 , which is a well known event generator for hadron-hadron collisions. In the JPCIAE model the radial position of a nucleon in colliding nucleus A (indicating the atomic number of this nucleus as well) is sampled randomly according to the Woods-Saxon distribution and the solid angle of the nucleon is sampled uniformly in 4$`\pi `$. Each nucleon is given a beam momentum in z direction and zero initial momenta in x and y directions. The collision time of each colliding pair is calculated under the requirement that the least approach distance of the colliding pair along their straight line trajectory (mean field potential is not taken into account in JPCIAE) should be smaller than $`\sqrt{\sigma _{tot}/\pi }`$. Here $`\sigma _{tot}`$ refers to the total cross section. The nucleon-nucleon collision with the least collision time is then selected from the initial collision list to perform the first collision. Both the particle list and the collision list are then updated such that the new collision list may consist of not only nucleon- nucleon collisions but also collisions between nucleons and produced particles and between produced particles themselves. The next collision is selected from the new collision list and the processes above are repeated until the collision list is empty.

For each executing collision pair, if its CMS energy is above a certain threshold (=4 GeV in program), we assume that strings are formed after the collision and PYTHIA is used to deal with particle production. Otherwise, the collision is treated as a two-body collision cugn ; bert ; tai1 . The threshold above is chosen in such a way that JPCIAE correctly reproduces the charged multiplicity distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions sa1 . It should be noted here that the JPCIAE model is not a simple superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions since the rescatterings of secondary particles are taken into account. We refer to sa1  for more details about the JPCIAE model. Note that particle production from strings in JPCIAE is determined by the Lund fragmentation scheme lund , in which only the lowest excitation state of a resonance is included.

If the deviation (i. e. fluctuation rei ) of a physical variable $`x`$ from its average value per event $`<x>`$ is defined as

$$\delta x=x<x>,$$
(1)
the variance of $`x`$ reads rei

$$<(\delta x)^2>=<x^2><x>^2.$$
(2)
Suppose $`xR=N_+/N_{}`$ to be the ratio of positively to negatively charged particle multiplicity, the corresponding variance is

$$<(\delta R)^2>=<R^2><R>^2.$$
(3)
Similarly the variance of net charge multiplicity, $`Q=N_+N_{}`$, reads

$$<(\delta Q)^2>=<Q^2><Q>^2.$$
(4)
However, what is interesting is not $`<(\delta R)^2>`$ or $`<(\delta Q)^2>`$ but

$$D_R<N_{ch}><(\delta R)^2>$$
(5)
or

$$D_Q\frac{<(\delta Q)^2>}{<N_{ch}>},$$
(6)
where $`N_{ch}=N_++N_{}`$ refers to the total charge multiplicity. A relation follows approximately jeo

$$D_R4D_Q.$$
(7)
The thermal (effective) model predictions for $`D_R`$ are jeo : $``$4 for a pion gas, $``$3 for a resonance pion gas (pions from $`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$ decays), and $``$0.75 for massless noninteracting quarks and gluons (that is $``$1 from lattice calculations).

As mentioned in jeo , one main assumption made in the thermal model predictions is that the studied system can be described as a grand canonical ensemble. However, in experiments or dynamical simulations, the investigated subsystem (e. g. within a rapidity interval $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$) is a finite fraction of the full system (e. g. in the full rapidity region). Therefore, the assumption of a grand canonical ensemble is only valid in the limit of $`<N_{ch}>_{\mathrm{\Delta }y}/<N_{ch}>_{total}`$ 0, such that the rest system plays the role of a thermal resource. In order to compare the experiments or dynamical simulations with the thermal model predictions it might be better introducing a correction factor jeo

$$C_y=1\frac{<N_{ch}>_{\mathrm{\Delta }y}}{<N_{ch}>_{total}}.$$
(8)
Another assumption adopted in the thermal model predictions is the vanishing of net charge jeo . However, that is actually impossible in experiments or dynamical simulations, the corresponding correction factor jeo  reads

$$C_\mu =\frac{<N_+>_{\mathrm{\Delta }y}^2}{<N_{}>_{\mathrm{\Delta }y}^2}.$$
(9)
The $`D_R`$ with corrections above is denoted as

$$\stackrel{~}{D_R}=\frac{D_R}{C_yC_\mu }.$$
(10)
The fluctuation is usually composed of statistical fluctuation and dynamical fluctuation. There are many sources to be considered as dynamical fluctuations, such as string fragmentation (or QCD color fluctuations), centrality (impact parameter or participants), rescattering, resonance decay, etc. . On the contrary, the statistical fluctuation is no dynamical origin and could be described in a stochastic scenario by probability distribution functions phe ; rei . Only a finite number of events could be generated in experiments or dynamical simulations causes also the statistical fluctuation. Though it is necessary to study the influences of reaction energy, centrality, rescattering, and resonance decay individually, an alternative way to investigate the non-statistical contribution is to compare E-by-E fluctuation distribution extracted from real events with ones from mixed events afa . The mixed events here are constructed from the real events so that in principle only statistical fluctuation survives in the mixed events afa .

In Fig. 1 the JPCIAE results of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ as a function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ in 40, 80 and 158A GeV/c $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions (full circles) are compared to the NA49 preliminary data (full triangles) fri . Corresponding to the centrality cut of 7.2% at 40 and 80A Gev/c and 10% at 158A GeV/c in the NA49 experiments the impact parameters in the JPCIAE calculations were set to be b$``$3.57 fm and b$``$4.20 fm, respectively. $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ was set around 2.9, 3.2, and 3.6, respectively, for 40, 80, and 158A GeV/c energies, and the $`p_t`$ window was set to be $`0.005<p_t<2.5`$ GeV/c for all the three beam momenta as in the NA49 experiments. The dashed and solid lines in this figure are the thermal model predictions for a resonance pion gas and the lattice Monte Carlo result for a quark-gluon gas, respectively jeo1 . One sees from this figure that the JPCIAE results are generally compatible with the preliminary NA49 data for 40 and 80A GeV/c $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions. However, for 158A GeV/c $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions there exists discrepancies in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ dependence between preliminary NA49 data and JPCIAE results. Such differences are not due to statistics and require further studies.

The effects of rescattering and resonance decay ($`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$ primarily jeo ) on the distribution of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ vs. $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ are shown in Fig. 2 for 158A GeV/c $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions. In this figure, the circles, the triangles, and the squares are, respectively, the results of default JPCIAE, JPCIAE without rescattering, and JPCIAE without $`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$ resonance decays. In the JPCIAE calculations the impact parameter was b$``$3.5 fm, $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ was set around 3 and the $`p_t`$ window was $`0<p_t<5`$ GeV/c. Globally speaking, the rescattering effect is gentle, that is consistent with the conclusion from the RQMD model zhang . The effect of resonance decay seems weak, too and the shift in $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ is smaller than 1 over all the $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ region unlike what is expected based on the thermal model predictions for a pion gas and resonance pion gas. However, in the default JPCIAE calculations no all the mesons are from $`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$ resonance decays, which may explain in part why the shift is smaller than 1.

Fig. 3 (a) compares the JPCIAE results (circles) of centrality dependence of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ in $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at 158A GeV/c with UrQMD results (squares, taken from jeo1 ). In both calculations the rapidity window was $`2.5<y<4.5`$. The discrepancies between JPCIAE and UrQMD results might attribute in part to the higher resonance states included in the UrQMD model. In Fig. 3 (b) the centrality dependences of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$, $`D_R`$, and 4$`D_Q`$ in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=200 GeV from JPCIAE (-0.5$`<\eta <`$0.5) are given by full circles, open circles, and full squares, respectively. One sees from Fig. 3 that the charge fluctuation measures (i. e. the $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ , $`D_R`$, and 4$`D_Q`$) are not so sensitive to the impact parameter. That is consistent with the STAR and PHENIX corresponding observations volo ; phe .

In Fig. 4 the JPCIAE results of $`D_R`$ and 4$`D_Q`$ as a function of $`<N_{ch}>`$ in peripheral $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV (-0.35 $`<\eta <`$ 0.35, $`p_t>`$ 0.2) were compared with PHENIX data phe . For simplicity only part of $`D_R`$ data points were copied (full squares with error bar) and compared with JPCIAE results (open squares with error bar). Most $`D_R`$ results from JPCIAE were lower than PHENIX data, at peak region especially. That might attribute in part to the PHENIX spectrometer has an acceptance of $`\pi /2`$ radians in azimuthal angle, since a linear extrapolation to full azimuthal coverage leads to the decreasing of fluctuation measures phe . In Fig. 4 the PHENIX data of 4$`D_Q`$ with error bar were denoted simply by shaded region and compared with JPCIAE results of 4$`D_Q`$ (open circles). One sees that the JPCIAE results of 4$`D_Q`$ are compatible with PHENIX data.

Fig. 5 (a) compared the JPCIAE results of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ and $`D_R`$ as a function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\eta `$ (b$``$2 fm) in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=200 GeV with the UrQMD results (b$``$2 fm, taken from jeo1  where $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ was used). The full and open squares and the full and open triangles in this panel are, respectively, the results of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ and $`D_R`$ from JPCIAE and UrQMD. Generally speaking, the results of JPCIAE are systematically higher than those of UrQMD, similar to Fig. 3 (a). In Fig. 5 (b) the JPCIAE results of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$, $`D_R`$ and 4$`D_Q`$ as a function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\eta `$ in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 (open squares, circles, and triangles, respectively) and at 200 GeV (full squares, circles, and triangles, respectively) are compared with each other. In those calculations the centrality and $`p_t`$ cuts were, respectively, 10% most central collisions and $`p_t>`$0.2 . The thick stick at $`\mathrm{\Delta }\eta `$=0.7 is the PHENIX datum phe  of 4$`D_Q`$ in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV, which is about 10% lower than the corresponding JPCIAE result (open triangle). It is also interesting to note that the JPCIAE result of $`D_Q`$0.9 at $`\mathrm{\Delta }\eta `$=1 in $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV is about 10% higher than the corresponding STAR datum 0.8 extracted under the assumption of zero net charge volo . From Fig. 5 (b) one sees that globally speaking the charge fluctuation measures are not sensitive to the change of energy from 130 to 200 GeV, which is consistent with the conclusions in asa ; jeo1 ; zhang .

Finally, the JPCIAE results of energy dependence of $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ (full circles), $`D_R`$ (open circles), and 4$`D_Q`$ (full triangles) from SPS to RHIC and then to LHC energy were given in Fig. 6 . In those calculations the centrality cuts were all set to be 10% most central collisions and rapidity windows are 2.5$`<y<`$3.5 for $`Pb+Pb`$ at SPS and -0.5$`<\eta <`$0.5 for $`Au+Au`$ at RHIC and $`Pb+Pb`$ at LHC energy, respectively. One sees from Fig. 6 that the $`D_R`$ might be decreasing slightly with energy. However, the $`\stackrel{~}{D_R}`$ and 4$`D_Q`$ show almost no energy dependence within error bar.

In summary, a hadron and string cascade model, JPCIAE, has been employed in this paper to investigate the energy, centrality, rescattering, and resonance decay dependences of the charge fluctuation measures. Within the framework of this model the calculated results seem compatible with the preliminary NA49 data for $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at 40 and 80A GeV/c. For 158A GeV/c $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions there exists discrepancies in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ dependence between JPCIAE results and preliminary NA49 data. The JPCIAE results for $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=56, 130 and 200 GeV and for $`Pb+Pb`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=5500 GeV were given as well. Comparisons between JPCIAE results and experimental data from STAR and PHENIX were also made for $`Au+Au`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{nn}}`$=130 GeV. It seems that the charge fluctuation measures are nearly independent of the collision centrality. Their dependence on the reaction energy is weak. It is also found that the effect of resonance decay ($`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$) on the charge fluctuation measures is gentle. However, the rescattering effect might be somewhat stronger than resonance decay.

Finally, the financial supports from NSFC (19975075, 10135030, and 10075035) in China and DOE in USA are acknowledged.