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# Measurement of the Charm Structure Function of the Photon at LEP11footnote 1 ∗Presented at the International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon, including the 14th International Workshop on Photon-Photon Collisions, Ascona, Switzerland, 2-7 September, 2001.

## 1 Introduction

The charm component of the photon structure function, $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma `$, has been measured by OPAL at LEP2 by applying the well established method of exclusive $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ reconstruction to deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering events. The determination of $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma `$ exploits the fact that the differential cross-section as function of $`Q^2`$ and Bjorken $`x`$ is proportional to $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma (x,Q^2)`$

Due to the large scale established by their masses, the contribution to $`F_2^\gamma `$ from charm quarks can be calculated in perturbative QCD, and predictions have been evaluated  at next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy. $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma `$ receives contributions from the point-like and hadron-like components of the photon structure, with the hadron-like component dominating at very low values of $`x`$ and the point-like part accounting for most of $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma `$ for $`x>0.1`$.

The preliminary results presented here  extend the earlier measurement  of $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma `$ using basically the same analysis strategy. It is based on 654.1 $`\mathrm{pb}^1`$ of data for $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}`$ centre-of-mass energies from 183 to 209 GeV, recorded by the OPAL experiment in the years 1997–2000.

## 2 Data selection

The most important cuts used in the selection of deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering events containing a $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ are summarised below.

* An electron candidate must be present with an energy $`E_{\mathrm{tag}}>0.5E_\mathrm{b}`$ and a polar angle in the ranges $`33<\theta _{\mathrm{tag}}<55`$ mrad (SW) or $`60<\theta _{\mathrm{tag}}<120`$ mrad (FD), corresponding to $`5<Q^2<100`$ $`\mathrm{GeV}^2`$.
* Double-tag events are eliminated by requiring that the sum of all energies in the SW and FD detectors opposite to the tag are below 0.25$`E_\mathrm{b}`$
* An exclusively reconstructed $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ candidate must be present with a transverse momentum $`p_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{D}^{}>1(3)`$ $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ for SW(FD)-tagged events and a pseudorapidity $`|\eta ^\mathrm{D}^{}|<1.5`$. The $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ meson must decay into $`\mathrm{D}^0\pi `$ with the $`\mathrm{D}^0`$ decaying into the charged particles $`\mathrm{K}\pi `$ or $`\mathrm{K}\pi \pi \pi `$.

Figure 1 shows the difference between the $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{D}^0`$ candidate masses for both decay channels combined. A clear peak is observed around 0.145 GeV, the mass difference between the $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ and the $`\mathrm{D}^0`$ mesons. An unbinned maximum likelihood fit to this distribution gives $`60.3\pm 10.3`$ signal events above the combinatorial background from deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering events $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}`$ with q=uds. The expected background from all other processes that potentially contain $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ mesons in the final state is found to be negligible using Monte Carlo simulations.

Figure 2 shows the distributions of two global event quantities, $`Q^2`$ and $`W_{\mathrm{vis}}`$, and two variables related to the kinematics of the $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ candidates, $`p_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{D}^{}`$ and $`|\eta ^\mathrm{D}^{}|`$. The data are compared to the absolute predictions of the HERWIG6.1  and Vermaseren  leading order Monte Carlo programs.

To get a better description of the data, the hadron-like component of the HERWIG prediction has been fitted to the $`x_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{D}^{}=2p_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{D}^{}/W_{\mathrm{vis}}`$ distribution shown in Figure 3 while keeping the point-like part fixed, resulting in a scale factor of $`6.6\pm 2.7`$.

There are several possible sources for this difference. The NLO prediction itself has a significant uncertainty due to variations of the charm quark mass and the renormalisation and factorisation scales, the gluon distribution of the photon has large experimental errors, and uncertainties in the shape and the modelling of the $`p_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{D}^{}`$ distribution can change the efficiency for the selected events.

This scaled HERWIG prediction, also shown in Figure 2, is used to estimate the signal selection efficiency. The difference between the results obtained with the scaled and the original HERWIG models is taken into account as a systematic uncertainty.

## 3 Results

Table 1 summarises the cross-section of $`\mathrm{D}^{}`$ production in deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering measured in the kinematic region defined by the event selection.

The total cross-section for $`\mathrm{c}\overline{\mathrm{c}}`$ production in deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering, shown in Figure 4a), is the result of an extrapolation to the whole kinematic region using the HERWIG scaled model. The value of the charm structure function of the photon, $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma (x,Q^2)/\alpha _{\mathrm{em}}`$, averaged over the corresponding bin in $`x`$, shown in Figure 4b), is obtained using the ratio $`F_{2,\mathrm{c}}^\gamma (x,Q^2)/\alpha _{\mathrm{em}}/\sigma (\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{c}\overline{\mathrm{c}}X)`$ given by the NLO calculation.

All models and predictions shown in Figure 4 are in good agreement with the measurement for $`x>0.1`$, where the purely perturbative point-like process is dominant and both the experimental and the theoretical uncertainties are moderate.

On the other hand, for $`x<0.1`$ the measurement lies more than two standard deviations above the predictions, which contain an approximately equal contribution from the point-like and hadron-like processes. This difference is also observed in the comparisons to the Monte Carlo models in the directly measured kinematic region, where the extrapolation uncertainties are avoided. Unfortunately, no theoretical calculations are available for comparison in the restricted phase-space.


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# Study of CR primaries and their cascades at 𝐸_∘ = 10 ÷ 100 TeV through EAS-TOP and MACRO

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The EAS-TOP and MACRO arrays at the Gran Sasso Laboratories offer a unique opportunity of measuring the lateral distribution of Cherenkov light in the 10 $`÷`$ 100 TeV energy range by associating the Cherenkov light collected by the EAS-TOP telescopes with the TeV muon reconstruction, and consequently the EAS core geometry, through the MACRO array. In this paper we report on the measurements of the Cherenkov light lateral distribution compared with the results of simulations based on the CORSIKA-QGSJET code providing an experimental validation of the code itself. Moreover the technique allows a study of the primary composition and a comparison with the direct existing measurements in a overlapping region. Due to the shower selection through the high energy muon ($`E_\mu >`$ 1.3 TeV, i.e. primary energy $`E_o>`$ 1.3 TeV/nucleon), in the energy range 10 TeV $`<`$ $`E_o`$ $`<`$ 40 TeV (10 TeV being the Cherenkov telescopes’ threshold energy) the selected primaries are mainly protons, while for 40 TeV $`<`$ $`E_o`$ $`<`$ 100 TeV they include both $`p`$ and $`\alpha `$ particles.

## 2 DETECTORS AND DATA REDUCTION

The Cherenkov array of EAS-TOP () consists of 7 telescopes 60-80 m apart from each other. Each telescope loads two wide angle detectors equipped with 7 photomultipliers (PMs) (d $`=`$ 6.8 cm each) on the focal plane of parabolic mirrors (0.5 m2 area, 40 cm focal length) for a total field of view (f.o.v.) of 0.16 sr.
MACRO, in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratories at 963 m a.s.l., 3100 m w.e. of minimum rock overburden, is a large area multi-purpose apparatus designed to detect penetrating cosmic radiation. A detailed description of the apparatus can be found in . In this work we consider muon tracks, having at least 4 aligned hits in both views of the horizontal streamer tube planes over the 10 layers composing the whole detector.
The two experiments are separated by a thickness of rock ranging from 1100 m up to 1300 m, depending on the angle.

The corresponding minimum energy for a muon to reach the depth of MACRO ranges from 1.3 to 1.8 TeV. Event coincidence is established off-line, using the absolute time provided by a GPS system with an accuracy better than 1 $`\mu `$s.
The two experiments have run in coincidence in the bright moonless nigths in the period 1998 - 2000. Here we report on the analysis performed using 5 telescopes in coincidence for a live time $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$T = 208 hours corresponding to an exposure $`\mathrm{\Gamma }815`$ day $``$ m2 $``$ sr. In such period MACRO reconstructed 35814 events in the angular field 16 $`<`$ $`\theta `$ $`<`$ 58 and 127 $`<`$ $`\varphi `$ $`<`$ 210, corresponding to the region in zenith and azimuth covered by the Cherenkov telescopes. 3830 events have been found in coincidence with Cherenkov data in a window of $`\mathrm{\Delta }t=`$ 7$`\mu `$s, the expected accidental contamination being 3.0 events.
From the point of view of the muon reconstruction, the standard MACRO procedure  provides an accuracy of 0.95 (due to instrumental uncertainties and the scattering in the rock) that combined with the muon lateral spread leads to an uncertainty on the EAS core location of $`\mathrm{\Delta }x_c`$ $``$ 20 m.
Concerning Cherenkov light, the data treatment is summarized in  where sky luminosity and mirror reflectivity’s variations, PMs’ gain calibration, absolute normalization among PMs, photoelectron - photon conversion and light collection efficiency are taken into account. Considering all the different components, a systematic error of $`\sigma _{sys}`$ 21% has been evaluated.

## 3 THE SIMULATION

The Cherenkov light lateral distribution was calculated from simulated showers generated with the CORSIKA code version 5.61 () and QGSJET hadron interaction model. Both protons and Helium nuclei were considered as primary particles, with discrete energies between 20 and 120 TeV. Zenith and azimuth angles were chosen randomly inside the telescopes’ fields of view (30 $`<`$ $`\theta `$ $`<`$ 40 and 175 $`<`$ $`\varphi `$ $`<`$ 185). The requirement of having a muon with energy $`E_\mu `$ $`>`$ 1.3 TeV implies a reduction of $``$ 20% of the absolute photon densities and this effect has been taken into account. Proton and Helium lateral distributions show a similar shape with a 10 - 20 % difference in intensity depending on the energy.

## 4 THE ANALYSIS

The lateral distribution was constructed using the constant intensity cut technique (c.i.c.) . Photon integral spectra corresponding to 6 different coronae (r $``$ , , , , ,  m) where the central or the lateral PMs were fully efficient have been considered for each telescope, normalized in area and time and summed up with the corresponding ones of all telescopes.

The number of photons corresponding to the same rate in the 6 different coronae was used to construct a lateral distribution.
Frequencies were selected according to the following expression:

$`f\left(E>E_o\right)={\displaystyle _{E_o}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dN_p}{dE}}p_p^\mu (E)𝑑E+`$
$`{\displaystyle _{E_o^{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dN_{He}}{dE^{}}}p_{He}^\mu (E^{})𝑑E^{}`$ (1)
where Eo and E’o represent respectively the proton and helium energies giving the same lateral distribution. The following values have been chosen for protons: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 TeV. $`\frac{dN_p}{dE}`$ and $`\frac{dN_{He}}{dE}`$ are the differential primary spectra: the JACEE and RUNJOB data have been used as reported in tab. 1.

Finally $`p_p^\mu `$ and $`p_{He}^\mu `$ represent the probability for a primary $`p`$ or $`\alpha `$ to produce a muon with energy $`E_\mu `$ $`>`$ 1.3 TeV in the MACRO detector. Such contribution has been calculated through the CORSIKA-QGSJET code in the atmosphere and detector using the Gran Sasso Interface program (CORGSI) for muon propagation in the rock. As it can be seen from Fig. 1, the experimental points match very well with the simulated ones according to the JACEE proton and helium spectra.

The error on the $`x`$ axis represents the uncertainty on the EAS core position, while on the $`y`$ axis statistical and systematic errors are summed up in quadrature. The systematic error is of the order of 20% and its effect is to scale all the curves without changing their shape.
The C.l. yield associated with the underground muon reconstruction provides a technique to discriminate among different primary spectra. In fact the agreement is worse when frequencies are calculated using RUNJOB spectra of Tab. 1 (see Fig. 2). This has to be ascribed to the lower contribution of the $`\alpha `$ component in the RUNJOB spectra.

## 5 CONCLUSIONS

A measurement of the lateral distribution of Cherenkov light in EAS in the energy range 20 $`÷`$ 120 TeV has been performed at the Gran Sasso Laboratories by the EAS-TOP and MACRO arrays. The EAS and its geometry are selected through the muon detected deep underground by MACRO (Eμ $`>`$ 1.3 TeV). The measurements are performed by means of the Cherenkov light detector of EAS-TOP at Campo Imperatore (2000 m a.s.l.). The measurement is compared with the results of simulations based on the CORSIKA-QGSJET code. Simulated and real data show a good agreement, inside 20% systematic uncertainties.
The shape of the l.d.f. reflects the rate of energy release in the atmosphere, (i.e. the properties of the interaction, the primaries being dominated by the lightest components due to the TeV muon trigger requirement) while the absolute scale is mostly related to the event rate, i.e. the primary $`p`$ and $`\alpha `$ spectra. The agreement of both of them (see fig. 1) shows both the adequacy of the CORSIKA-QGSJET code in describing the cascades in this energy range and of the JACEE flux in the 20 $`÷`$ 120 TeV region. The contribution of fluctuations and of the CNO component have been successively studied and they do not affect these conclusions.


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# Enhancement of Flux Pinning in Neutron Irradiated MgB2 Superconductor

## Abstract

$`mH`$ loops for virgin and neutron irradiated bulk and powder samples of MgB$`_\text{2}`$ were measured in the temperature range $`530`$ K in magnetic field $`B1`$ T. The irradiation at thermal neutron fluences $`910^{13}`$ and $`4.510^{14}`$ cm-2 caused very small enhancement of $`mH`$ loops at lower temperatures ($`T<20`$ K), whereas the effect at high temperatures was unclear due to difficulty in achieving exactly the same measurement temperature prior and after irradiation. However, the irradiation at $`4.510^{15}`$ cm-2 produced clear enhancement of $`mH`$ loops (hence $`J_c`$) at all investigated temperatures, which provides the evidence for the enhancement of flux pinning in MgB2 due to ion tracks resulting from $`\text{n}+^{10}`$B reaction. The potential of this technique for the enhancement of flux pinning in high temperature superconductors is briefly discussed.

The discovery of new superconductor MgB$`_\text{2}`$ aroused large interest in the scientific community . Compared to high temperature superconductors (HTS), MgB$`_\text{2}`$ has lower transition temperature, $`T_{co}39`$ K, but its simple composition, abundance of constituents and probable absence of the problems associated with weak intergranular couplings  (inherent to HTS) make MgB$`_\text{2}`$ promising material for the applications in the temperature range $`2030`$ K which is still well above $`T_c`$s for low temperature superconductors (LTS). However, compared to LTS employed in the applications of superconductivity, MgB$`_\text{2}`$ shows weaker flux pinning which manifests itself in sizably lower critical current density $`J_c`$ at 4.2 K. Moreover, flux pinning in MgB$`_\text{2}`$ decreases rapidly at elevated temperatures, rendering quite low  $`J_c`$ for $`T20`$ K. Since as of yet very little effort has been put into optimizing $`J_c`$ of MgB$`_\text{2}`$, there is ample space for the improvement of flux pinning in MgB$`_\text{2}`$.

In this respect, MgB$`_\text{2}`$ presents almost ideal testground for testing our earlier proposal  that flux pinning in boron doped HTS and borocarbides  can be enhanced via ion tracks associated with the n + $`^{\text{10}}`$B reaction. For these purposes in the case of MgB$`_\text{2}`$ one can use 4He and 7Li ions from 10B(n,$`\alpha `$)7Li reaction. Due to its large cross section at thermal energies ($`\sigma _0`$ =3837 barn) and high abundance of 10B in natural boron (19.78%), one can reach high density of ion tracks in MgB$`_\text{2}`$ sample exposed to modest thermal neutron fluences. (This contrasts sharply with U/n and Bi/p treatments employed for the increase of flux pinning in HTS which require high fluences of thermal neutrons and high energy protons respectively .) At thermal energies the reaction proceedes only via 7Li ground and first excited states with the $`\alpha _0/\alpha _1`$ branching of 6.7%, i.e. the main contribution comes from the reaction leading to the excited state. In this case the reaction products 4He and 7Li nuclei have energies of 1.47 and 0.84 MeV respectively. The sum of their ranges in MgB$`_\text{2}`$ with $`\rho =2.6`$ gcm-3 is about 6 $`\mu `$m.

Large cross section $`\sigma _0`$ for 10B(n,$`\alpha `$)7Li reaction and high boron content in MgB$`_\text{2}`$ poses problems in irradiation of bulk samples. The mean free path of thermal neutrons in MgB$`_\text{2}`$ is about 0.2 mm. Obviously, in samples with thickness of $`1`$ mm the ion tracks will be very unevenly distributed. In an isotropic neutron field more than half of the ion tracks would be in the first 100 $`\mu `$m from the surface. The problem is somewhat facilitated in thinner samples, but the homogenous distribution of ion tracks in the samples is still unlikely.

The simplest way to monitor the enhancement of flux pinning (an increase in $`J_c`$) in type II superconductors is to measure the magnetization hysteresis curves ($`mH`$ loops). Since $`J_c`$ is proportional to irreversible magnetization, any increase in the breadth of $`mH`$ loop shows the enhancement of flux pinning. This method can also be applied to powder samples where more direct transport measurements of $`J_c`$ are not possible. In what follows we present the preliminary results of magnetization study performed on virgin and neutron irradiated bulk and powder samples of MgB$`_\text{2}`$. Although these results were obtained for rather thick samples ($`d1`$ mm) and quite low neutron fluences, they indicate an enhancement of flux pinning following neutron irradiation both in bulk and powder samples. Bulk MgB$`_\text{2}`$ samples were cut from pellet prepared by conventional solid state reaction . SEM studies revealed coarse grained structure with grain size of order of 200 $`\mu `$m. The measured density was $`1`$ gcm-3, i.e. about 0.4 of the ideal density of MgB$`_\text{2}`$. The sample for magnetization study had dimensions 3.8$`\times `$1.5$`\times `$1 mm3 and mass of 5.93 mg. Similar sample (cut from adjoining part of the pellet) was used for ac susceptibility study of superconducting transition temperatures prior and after neutron irradiation. The powder sample was prepared by mixing small amount of commercial (Alfa Aesar) MgB$`_\text{2}`$ powder (325 MESH size) with about three times larger volume of epoxy in a plastic pill. After setting, plastic container was removed and cylindrical sample with diameter 5.2 mm and length about 5 mm was split into two approximately semicylindrical samples used for magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements respectively. The $`mH`$ loops were measured with commercial vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in magnetic field up to 1 T at field sweep rate 15 mT/s. Ac susceptibility was measured with highly sensitive ac susceptometer . The employed temperature range was $`540`$ K. The samples were irradiated at the roundabout of the TRIGA Mark II reactor of the Jožef Štefan Institute in Ljubljana. At reactor power of 25 kW the rotational irradiation facility has a flux of $`1.4510^{11}`$ cm-2s-1 thermal ($`E<0.5`$ eV) and $`0.2210^{11}`$ cm-2s-1 fast ($`E>0.1`$ MeV) neutrons. Initial thermal neutron fluence for all samples was $`910^{13}`$ cm-2. In later experiments, we employed fivefold and fiftyfold larger thermal neutron fluences.

The ac susceptibility of bulk virgin sample (Fig. 1) showed superconducting transition with diamagnetic onset at $`T_{co}=38.2`$ K and transition width $`\mathrm{\Delta }T_c(0.10.9)=0.46`$ K in ac field amplitude of 1.5 A/m. In spite of its porosity, sample showed excellent grain connectivity as manifested by smooth, single step transitions at elevated ac fields ($`10^4`$ A/m). The comparison of low field–low temperature diamagnetism in our sample with that in niobium sample of approximately the same shape indicated Meissner fraction $`80\%`$. The powder sample (Fig. 1) showed similar $`T_{co}=38.2`$ K (inset to Fig. 1), but most of transition was shifted to lower temperature compared to that for bulk sample. At low field (1.5 A/m) this shift was 0.9 K at half transition, and the transition showed shallow tail bellow 35 K which persisted down to 4.2 K (the transition in bulk sample was completed at 35 K). These phenomena are consequence of a broad grain size distribution (grain sizes $`43`$ $`\mu `$m) and impurity content in commercial MgB$`_\text{2}`$ powder. Both for powder and bulk samples, the superconducting transitions after irradiations to $`910^{13}`$ and $`4.510^{14}`$ cm-2 remained practically the same as those for virgin samples. In particular, $`T_{co}`$ remained within 0.1 K of the initial value and the breadths and magnitudes of the diamagnetic transitions practically did not change. However, neutron fluence of $`4.510^{15}`$ cm-2 caused small shift of diamagnetic transition ($`0.3`$ K at half transition) towards lower temperature for bulk sample (Fig. 1).

Fig. 2 shows magnetic moment vs. applied field loops for bulk sample at 5 and 10 K. The results for both virgin and irradiated (dashed line) sample are shown. The field sweep rate was 15 mT/s. At elevated fields the irradiation seems to produce marginal increase in the irreversible magnetic moment and this increase is somewhat more pronounced at 10 K than at 5 K. This result is consistent with rather low employed neutron fluence, uneven distribution of ion tracks in our thick sample (most tracks concentrated within thin surface layers) and much stronger (dominant) pinning effect of intrinsic pinning centres which manifests itself in high critical current densities of bulk MgB$`_\text{2}`$ samples at low temperatures .

However, the reappearance of the partial flux jumps (manifested as sharp roughly zig-zag variation of magnetic moment at lower field in Fig. 2) in irradiated sample at 10 K (note that virgin sample did not show flux jumps at 10 K) seems to support the enhancement of flux pinning at 10 K after neutron irradiation. These partial (pseudo) flux jumps have already been reported for bulk MgB$`_\text{2}`$ samples similar to our one  at low temperatures ($`T<10`$ K). In contrast to normal flux jumps in LTS , the above phenomenon is associated with violent flux entry in the surface layers of porous sample. The phenomenon occurs only at low temperatures where intragranular flux pinning greatly exceeds that in intergranular links. Therefore, the reappearance of this phenomenon upon irradiation seems to indicate an increase in the intragranular pinning associated with ion tracks.

The $`mH`$ loops for both virgin and neutron irradiated ($`910^{13}`$ cm-2) powder sample were measured at temperatures 5, 10, 20 and 30 K, respectively. For $`T=5`$ and 10 K the $`mH`$ loops of irradiated powder were identical to those of virgin one, whereas at 20 and 30 K $`mH`$ loops of irradiated sample showed small and sizable enhancement, respectively. No effect of light irradiation on $`mH`$ loops of MgB2 powder for $`T10`$ K was plausible. It probably arised from combination of strong (dominant) intrinsic flux pinning in MgB2 powders (manifested by an order of magnitude larger $`J_c`$s of MgB2 powders compared to those of corresponding bulk samples) and employed low neutron fluence (hence low ion track density). However, large increase in the breadth of $`mH`$ loops of irradiated powder at 30 K was unexpected. Although the intrinsic flux pinning in MgB2 grains decreases rapidly at elevated temperatures , the pinning by ion tracks also becomes less efficient due to corresponding increase of the coherence length of MgB2 with temperature. Therefore, large effect of low neutron fluence on $`mH`$ loops at 30 K seems unlikely.

Furthermore, rapid variations of $`J_c`$ with temperature for MgB2 samples at elevated temperatures makes the comparison of high temperature $`mH`$ loops obtained in two experiments reliable only if the sample temperatures were practically identical in two experiments. This condition is difficult to fulfill with the temperature control technique commonly used for VSMs. In VSM preheated helium gas flows around sample and there is no thermometer at the sample holder. Therefore, the actual sample temperature depends somewhat on the combination of the helium flow rate, duration of the temperature stabilization and the size and properties (such as shape, thermal capacity and conductivity, etc.) of the sample. Because of this, we performed additional experiments in order to ascertain the role of ion tracks in flux pinning in MgB2. In the second experiment we irradiated two powder and one bulk MgB2 sample to five times larger neutron fluence ($`4.510^{14}`$ cm-2) than that used in first experiment and measured their $`mH`$ loops prior and after irradiation at temperatures 10, 20 and 30 K. In order to minimize the eventual difference in sample temperature in subsequent measurements we prepared plate-like powder samples with thickness $`d1`$ mm and used longer time intervals for the temperature stabilization ($`t_s15`$ min).

Fig. 3 shows $`mH`$ loops both for virgin and irradiated ($`4.510^{14}`$ cm-2) MgB2 powder at temperatures 10, 20 and 30 K, respectively. The breadth of $`mH`$ loop after irradiation is slightly larger at 10 K, shows almost no change at 20 K and appears somewhat smaller at 30 K. The results for other powder sample were practically the same. Whereas the results for 10 K and 20 K can be interpreted in terms of decreasing efficiency of ion track pinning on increasing temperature, the decrease of $`m`$ (hence $`J_c`$) of irradiated sample at 30 K is at variance with the fact that irradiation produced no measurable change in either transition temperature or the shape of transition for MgB2 powders. No change in superconducting parameters of the samples is difficult to reconcile with the suppression of their $`J_c`$s at 30 K. The most probable explanation of this observation (Fig. 3) is that our control of the sample temperature, although improved, is still insufficient for the reliable measurements of small changes in $`J_c`$ at 30 K. The $`mH`$ loops of bulk MgB2 sample irradiated to the same neutron fluence was at 20 K almost unchanged compared to that for virgin one, whereas at 30 K it showed small enhancement. No enhancement of $`mH`$ loop at 20 K probably indicates that the enhancement at 30 K was at least partially due to a slightly lower measurement temperature after irradiation. However, the $`mH`$ loops of irradiated sample showed strong flux jumps at 10 K (which were not observed in virgin sample) thus clearly indicating an enhancement of flux pinning (larger $`J_c`$) after irradiation.

Taken together, these experiments show small enhancement of flux pinning at lower temperatures ($`T<20`$ K) in irradiated MgB2 samples (both bulk and powder ones). However, for the employed (low) neutron fluences the effects are to small to allow more quantitative assessment. Therefore, we performed third experiment in which two powder and one bulk MgB2 sample were irradiated to neutron fluence $`4.510^{15}`$ cm-2. After irradiation the superconducting transition of bulk sample was shifted a little towards lower temperature, the shift at half transition being about 0.3 K (Fig. 1). Since the powder samples showed an induced radioactivity, probably caused by some impurity present in commercial MgB2 powder (95.5% purity), the measurements on these samples were postponed.

Fig. 4 shows $`mH`$ loops both for irradiated and virgin bulk MgB2 sample at temperatures 10, 20, 25 and 30 K, respectively. The appearance of flux jumps at 10 K and the increase in the breadths of $`mH`$ loops for irradiated sample at all other temperatures prove the enhancement of flux pinning after irradiation. We also observe that the enhancement of $`J_c`$ for $`T25`$ K decreases with increasing temperature, which is partially due to the decrease of $`T_c`$ upon irradiation (Fig. 1). The enhancement of $`J_c`$ due to ion track flux pinning at 20 K is about $`2\%`$ and $`5\%`$ at $`\mu _0H=0`$ and 0.6 T, respectively. Clearly, the enhancement of $`J_c`$ will become larger at higher applied fields. The observed rather modest enhancement of $`J_c`$ in irradiated bulk MgB2 sample is probably a consequence of quite large coherence length in MgB2, small masses and energies of ions and the use of still rather modest neutron fluence. Since in spite of porosity of our sample the decrease of $`T_c`$ is quite small, the use of sizably larger neutron fluences seems feasible, which would result in correspondingly larger enhancement of flux pinning. The other advantage of flux pinning by ion tracks resulting from $`\text{n}+^{10}`$B reaction is that $`J_c`$ is enhanced at all fields (including $`H=0`$, Figs. 3 and 4), whereas the other ion tracks invariably suppress $`J_c`$ at $`H=0`$ and the enhancement of $`J_c`$ occurs only at elevated fields. Furthermore, the enhancement of flux pinning by ion tracks from $`\text{n}+^{10}`$B reaction in HTS (such as Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O compounds) should be sizably larger due to considerably smaller coherence lengths and weaker intrinsic flux pinning in these materials. Taken together, our results confirm the flux pinning effect of ion tracks in MgB2 and moreover enable us to predict that the same technique may become powerful method for the enhancement of flux pinning in HTS.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the expert help of Drs M. Ravnik, T. Žagar as well as of the TRIGA reactor crew in neutron irradiation of bulk and powder samples of MgB$`_\text{2}`$. We also thank Drs A.H. Li and S. Sontanian for help in preparation of bulk MgB$`_\text{2}`$ sample.


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# Black Hole Production in Large Extra Dimensions at the Tevatron: Possibility for a First Glimpse on TeV Scale Gravity

## Abstract

The production of black holes in large extra dimensions is studied for Tevatron energies. We find that black holes may have already been created in small abundance in $`\overline{p}p`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s}=1.8`$ TeV. For the next Tevatron run ($`\sqrt{s}=2.0`$ TeV) large production rates for black holes are predicted.

Recently the possibility of black hole production in large extra dimension (LXD) at LHC and from cosmic rays has received great attention . In these LXD scenarios the Standard Model of particle physics is localized on a three dimensional brane in a higher dimensional space. One scenario for realizing TeV scale gravity is a brane world in which the Standard Model particles including gauge degrees of freedom reside on a 3-brane within a flat compact space of volume $`V_d`$, where $`d`$ is the number of compactified spatial extra dimensions with radius $`L`$. Gravity propagates in both the compact and non-compact dimensions. The fundamental $`D=4+d`$ dimensional scale $`M_f`$ is then connected to the $`4`$ dimensional Planck scale $`M_{\mathrm{Pl}}`$ via

$$M_{\mathrm{Pl}}^2=M_f^{2+d}V_d.$$
(1)
This raises the exciting possibility that the fundamental Planck scale $`M_f`$ can be as low as $`m_W`$. As a consequence, future high energy colliders like LHC, CLIC or TESLA could probe the scale of quantum gravity with its exciting new phenomena, namely the production of black holes in high energetic interactions (for LHC energies see ). However, the experimental bounds on the Planck mass in the presently discussed scenarios from absence of missing energy signatures is much lower: $`M_f0.8`$ TeV for two to six extra dimensions . Astrophysical bounds seem to be more stringent and require fundamental scales of order 10-100 TeV for two extra dimensions, larger limits might also be advocated by direct measurements of Newtons law in the sub-millimeter region or proton stability. However, those limits can be overcome by increasing the number of extra dimension or invoking additional theoretical assumptions (for a discussion see e.g. ). Thus, we will consider only the well known collider bounds on $`M_f`$ as limits for our present investigation.

In this letter we investigate whether a first glimpse on a (sub-)TeV scale gravity associated with black hole production might already be observable at the Tevatron. As discussed elsewhere (see e.g. ) the horizon radius of a black hole is given by

$$R_H^{1+d}=\frac{8\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3+d}{2}\right)}{(2+d)\pi ^{\frac{1+d}{2}}}\left(\frac{1}{M_f}\right)^{1+d}\frac{M}{M_f}$$
(2)
with $`M`$ denoting the black hole mass. The production rate black holes is classically given by ***Note that the given classical estimate of the black hole production cross section is still under debate. However, for the present calculations the maximal suppression in the cross section is by a factor $`10^1`$, which does not invalidate the present arguments.  $`\sigma (M)\pi R_H^2`$.

Since a theory of quantum gravity is still not known, the formation of black holes with masses of the order of the fundamental scale can not be justified from first principles. However, in the following we assume the applicability of classical gravity. As a consequence our predictions are order of magnitude estimates for the most optimistic physical scenario. We will also neglect complications due to the finite angular momentum of the black hole and assume non-spinning black holes (roughly a factor two uncertainty). The influence of finite angular momentum on the formation and evaporation process of black holes is studied in . With these assumptions we ask whether black holes might already have been created at the Tevatron in Run I and predict their formation cross section for Run II.

By standard methods, the Feynman $`x_F`$ distribution of black holes for masses from $`M[M_f,\sqrt{s}=1.8\mathrm{TeV}]`$ is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{dx_F}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{p_1,p_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{M_f}{\overset{\sqrt{s}}{}}}𝑑y`$ (4)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2y}{x_1s}}f_1(x_1,Q^2)f_2(x_2,Q^2)\sigma (y,d),`$
with $`x_F=x_2x_1`$ and the restriction $`x_1x_2s=M^2`$. Where the CTEQ4  parton distribution functions $`f_1`$, $`f_2`$ with $`Q^2=M^2`$ are used. All kinematic combinations of partons from projectile $`p_1`$ and target $`p_2`$ are summed over.

Fig. 1 depicts the momentum distribution of produced black holes in pp interactions at $`\sqrt{s}=1.8`$ TeV. Most black holes are of lowest mass ($`M_{\mathrm{BH}}M_f`$) and are formed in scattering processes of valence quarks. Here we show the result for $`d=4`$ extra spatial extra dimensions. A strong dependence on the fundamental gravity scale $`M_f`$ is observed. For the lowest possible $`M_f800`$ GeV, significant black hole production in $`\overline{p}p`$ at $`\sqrt{s}=1.8`$ TeV is predicted. Higher fundamental scales suppress the production of black holes at the Tevatron strongly.

Fig. 2 shows the production cross section for black holes as a function of the fundamental scale $`M_f`$ (full line). Using an integrated luminosity of $`100\mathrm{pb}^1`$ per year, the dashed line gives the expected abundance of black holes produced at Tevatron per year. For most optimistic values of $`M_f0.81.2`$ TeV signals of black hole creation might have be observable in past or present day experimental data.

With the update of the Tevatron for Run II higher luminosities at an increased center of mass energy ($`p\overline{p}`$ at $`\sqrt{s}=2.0`$ TeV) are available. Prediction of black hole creation cross sections for these runs are shown in Fig. 3 as a function of the fundamental scale $`M_f`$ (full line). Here, an integrated luminosity of $`10\mathrm{fb}^1`$ per year is expected, which translates into a huge abundance of black holes produced at Tevatron per year (dashed line). If the fundamental scale of gravity is $`M_f`$ is belowThe actual identification of a black hole is a difficult task: detailed studies about the signal characteristics, backgrounds and experimental cuts are necessary. For the lightest black holes discussed here this is even theoretically difficult, without further knowledge of the quantum theory of gravity. It is clearly out of the scope of this letter and will be neglected here. $`1.5`$ TeV, first signals of black hole creation might be observed at Tevatron before the start of LHC.

Note that it has been argued whether it is possible to observe the emission spectrum of a black hole directly, since most of the energy maybe radiated in Kaluza-Klein modes. However, from the higher dimensional perspective this seems to be incorrect and most of the energy goes into modes on the brane. The life time of the black holes is predicted to be $`10`$ fm/c . It can be observed by the emission of multiple jets with energies of $`100150`$ GeV or might even produce new kinds of elementary particles .

In conclusion, the production cross section and the momentum distribution of black holes in space times with large and compact extra dimensions has been discussed. It has been demonstrated that for most optimistic values for the mass scale of quantum gravity, a first glimpse on black hole production might be possible from todays Tevatron ($`\sqrt{s}=1.8`$ TeV) data. For the Run II ($`\sqrt{s}=2.0`$ TeV) the calculation predicts the production of several thousand black holes per year, if the fundamental scale $`M_f`$ is not too high. This might make the study of TeV scale gravity experimentally accessible long before the start of LHC.

This work was supported in parts by BMBF, DFG, and GSI.


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# Quark propagator from an improved staggered action in Laplacian and Landau gauges

## 1 The quark propagator

The quark propagator is a fundamental quantity of QCD. Though gauge dependent, it manifestly displays dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, contains the chiral condensate and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$, and has been used to compute the running quark mass . Some model hadron calculations rely on ansätze for the quark propagator, yet on the lattice we have the opportunity to study it in a direct, nonperturbative fashion. Quark propagator studies can be complicated, however, by strong lattice artefacts ; it has also been studied using the overlap action .

We are required to fix a gauge and we choose the Landau and the Laplacian gauges . We use Wilson glue at $`\beta =5.85`$ ($`a0.125`$ fm) on a $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice and six quark masses from $`am=0.075`$ down to 0.0125 (115 to 19 MeV). Calculations were done on 80 configurations.

We use the standard Kogut-Susskind (KS) action and the “Asqtad” quark action , a fat-link staggered action that combines three-link, five-link and seven-link staples to minimise flavour changing interactions along with the three-link Naik term and planar five-link Lepage term. The coefficients are tadpole improved and chosen to remove all tree-level $`𝒪(a^2)`$ errors. This action was motivated by the desire to improve flavour symmetry, but has also been reported to have good rotational properties and small mass renormalisation .

In the (Euclidean) continuum, Lorentz invariance allows us to decompose the full quark propagator into Dirac vector and scalar pieces

$$S^1(p^2)=Z^1(p^2)[i\gamma p+M(p^2)].$$
(1)
Asymptotic freedom means that, as $`p^2\mathrm{}`$, $`S^1(p^2)i\gamma p+m,`$ (the free propagator) where $`m`$ is the bare quark mass.

From consideration of the tree-level forms of our two lattice actions, we define the momentum variables $`q_\mu \mathrm{sin}(p_\mu )`$ for the KS action and

$$q_\mu \mathrm{sin}(p_\mu )\left[1+\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{sin}^2(p_\mu )\right]$$
(2)
for the Asqtad action, where $`p_\mu `$ is the usual lattice momentum,

$$p_\mu =\frac{2\pi n_\mu }{aL_\mu }n_\mu [\frac{L_\mu }{4},\frac{L_\mu }{4}).$$
(3)
By considering the propagator as a function of $`q_\mu `$ instead of $`p_\mu `$, we ensure that the lattice quark propagator has the correct tree-level form and hopefully better approximates its continuum behaviour. This is the same philosphy that has been used in studies of the gluon propagator (see Ref.  and references therein). See also footnote 6 in Ref. .

To help us identify lattice artefacts - as we are employing only one set of configurations - we separate the data according to the direction in which the momentum lies. Data from momenta lying wholly on a spatial cartesian direction are plotted with squares, along the temporal direction, triangles, and along the four-diagonal, with diamonds. Circles represent any other combination.

## 2 Laplacian gauge

Laplacian gauge is a nonlinear gauge fixing that respects rotational invariance yet is free of Gribov ambiguities. Although it is difficult to understand perturbatively, it is equivalent to Landau gauge in the asymptotic region . It is also computationally cheaper then Landau gauge. There is, however, more than one way of obtaining such a gauge fixing in $`SU(N)`$. The three implementations of Laplacian gauge fixing used here are:

1. $`^2`$(I) gauge (QR decomposition), used in Ref. .
2. $`^2`$(II) gauge, where the complex 3x3 matrix is projected onto $`SU(3)`$ by maximising its trace. This will be discussed in more detail in an upcoming paper on the gluon propagator .
3. $`^2`$(III) gauge (Polar decomposition), the original prescription described in Ref. .

The gauge transformations employed in Laplacian gauge fixing are constructed from the lowest eigenvectors of the covariant lattice Laplacian operator. The way that these eigenvectors transform under gauge transformations provides the uniqueness of the Laplacian gauge. The three implementations discussed differ in the way that the gauge transformation is constructed from those eigenvectors. We can think of each projection method as defining its own Laplacian gauge. In all cases the resulting gauge is unambiguous for all configurations except a set of measure zero.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Performance of the Asqtad action

We investigated the applicaton of tree-level correction to the quark propagator by comparing the $`Z`$ functions using $`p`$ and $`q`$. One example is shown in Fig. 1. With the Asqtad action we see that hypercubic artefacts are small in any case, but when we use $`q`$ instead of $`p`$ they nearly vanish.

It is less clear which momentum variable should be used for the mass function, because at tree-level it is not multiplied by the momentum, but for consistency we use $`q`$ here as well. In the case of the mass function, the choice of momentum will actually make little difference to our results.

In Fig. 2 the mass function is plotted, in Landau gauge, for both actions with quark mass $`ma=0.05`$. We see that the KS action gives a much larger value for M(0) than the Asqtad action and is slower to approach asymptotic behaviour. The Asqtad action also shows slightly better rotational symmetry.

The Asqtad action displays clearly better rotational symmetry in the quark $`Z`$ function and, curiously, improved infrared behaviour as well. The Asqtad action also displays a better approach to asymptopia, more smoothly approaching one in the ultraviolet. Furthermore, the relative improvement increases as the quark mass decreases. Comparing the mass function for the two actions at $`ma=0.0125`$, the lowest mass studied here, the propagator has much less infrared noise with the Asqtad action than with the KS action.

### 3.2 Comparison of the gauges

Fig. 3 (top) shows the $`Z`$ function for the Asqtad action in Landau and $`^2`$(I) gauges. Data has been cylinder cut  for easier comparison. They are in excellent agreement in the ultraviolet but differ significantly in the infrared. The dipping of $`Z`$ in the infrared is associated with dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. There appears to be some slight difference in the $`Z`$ function between $`^2`$(I) and $`^2`$(II) gauges.

Fig. 3 (bottom) shows the mass function for the Asqtad action in Landau and $`^2`$(I) gauges. The two mass functions agree in the ultraviolet and in the infrared, but the Landau gauge mass function sits slightly higher in the intermediate region. The mass functions are nearly identical in $`^2`$(I) and $`^2`$(II) gauges. We have also found that in Landau gauge the mass function has slightly less anisotropy at this lattice spacing.

Landau gauge seems to respond somewhat better than $`^2`$(II) gauge to vanishing quark mass. With the smallest quark mass ($`ma=0.0125`$) the lowest momentum points have large errors in $`^2`$(II) gauge compared with Landau gauge. This can be seen in the $`Z`$ function in Fig. 4.

$`^2`$(III) performs very poorly. We found that many of the matrices had vanishingly small determinants (compared to numerical precision), which destroyed the projection onto $`SU(3)`$. Problems with $`^2`$(III) have also been seen in the gluon propagator .

### 3.3 Modelling the quark propagator

We performed an extrapolation to the chiral limit using a quadratic fit. The model ansatz

$$M(q)=\frac{c\mathrm{\Lambda }^{1+2\alpha }}{q^{2\alpha }+\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2\alpha }}+m_0,$$
(4)
which is a generalisation of the one used in Ref. , was then fit to each mass function. The resulting fit parameters are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 5 shows the best fit for the mass function in the chiral limit. We show here only results for Landau gauge, as they are compatible with the Laplacian gauge results, but slightly cleaner. We find that $`\alpha >1`$ is increasingly favoured as the quark mass approaches zero.

## 4 Conclusions

We have seen that the lattice quark propagator has better rotational symmetry and displays more rapid approach to asymptotic behaviour with the Asqtad action than with the standard Kogut-Susskind action. Three implementations of the Laplacian gauge were investigated, and it was found that $`^2`$(I) and $`^2`$(II) gauges gave similar results to Landau gauge. $`^2`$(III) worked very poorly. The mass function showed very little sensitivity to the choice of gauge, but some change was seen in the quark Z function. We attempted to model the mass function and saw that the ansatz provided a good fit to the data.

As we have simulated on only one lattice, it remains to do a thorough examination of discretisation and finite volume effects. A natural extension of the mass function ansatz would be to include the correct asymptotic behaviour, and this would require testing on much finer lattices.

## Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Derek Leinweber and Jonivar Skullerud for useful discussions. POB and UMH would like to thank the organisers of the Lattice Hadron Physics workshop (Cairns, 2001) for a great workshop and POB also thanks them for financial support.


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# Archeops, mapping the CMB sky from large to small angular scales

## 1 Introduction

### 1.1 CMB physics

In the framework of Big-Bang theory, the Universe started with a hot and dense phase about 15 billion years ago and cooled down while expanding. The first neutral atoms formed when the temperature was about 13.6 eV (160000 K), but due to the large number of photons compared to baryons (ratio $`10^9`$), the Universe remained ionized until the temperature dropped below 0.3 eV (3000 K). At this moment, the mean free path of the photons increased drastically so that the photons that scattered at this time have not interacted with matter since then. This moment is known as matter-radiation decoupling or recombination. Those photons cooled down with the expansion of the Universe and are know observed at a temperature of 2.7 K. As the matter and radiation were at thermal equilibrium before decoupling, these photons have a pure blackbody spectrum and are homogeneously distributed on the celestial sphere. This radiation is known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (hereafter CMB).

The discovery of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson  and its interpretation in terms of a Big-Bang relic by Dicke and collaborators  was a major argument for the Big-Bang theory . The CMB temperature was measured to be highly isotropic but tiny anisotropies were expected. These temperature fluctuations reflect the density fluctuations on the last scattering surface. These are necessary to explain the presence of structures in the Universe such as galaxies and clusters. The CMB anisotropies were discovered by the COBE satellite with a rms amplitude of about 30 $`\mu \mathrm{K}`$  at scales larger than 7 degrees. COBE also measured its spectrum with high precision  proving its pure blackbody nature.

The CMB anisotropy typical physical size in the last scattering surface can be theoretically predicted while its angular size as seen from here and now depends on the geometry of the Universe along the path of the photons. Hence, mapping the CMB anisotropies is a powerful cosmological test.

The two competing paradigms for the origin of structures in the Universe, namely inflation and topological defects, predict significantly different distributions for the former density fluctuations. These distributions propagate to us in a cosmological parameters dependent way to describe the temperature anisotropies that we expect on the sky111Freely available numerical codes, such as CMBFast , have been developed for this purpose.. It is therefore of deep interest to investigate their angular distribution and compare the measurements to cosmological models.

The temperature anisotropies on the sky are commonly described via their spherical harmonics expansion,

$$\frac{\delta T}{T}(\theta ,\varphi )=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{m=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_\mathrm{}mY_\mathrm{}m(\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the multipole index, inversely proportional to the angular scale (1 degree roughly corresponds to $`\mathrm{}=200`$). The angular power spectrum of the temperature fluctuations of the CMB is defined as:

$$C_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{1}{2\mathrm{}+1}\underset{m=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left|a_\mathrm{}m\right|^2.$$
(2)
The evolution of the angular power spectrum of the CMB as a function of $`\mathrm{}`$ can be splitted into three major regions (see Figure 1):

* On the low-$`\mathrm{}`$ part (large angular scales) no particular structure is expected as we are considering physical sizes on the last scattering surface larger than the horizon at the epoch of decoupling. No physical process is expected to have modified those fluctuations since the early Universe.
* Between $`\mathrm{}30`$ and $`\mathrm{}1000`$ (degree and sub-degree scales) we a re considering structures that had time to collapse and experience acoustic oscillations between the matter-radiation equality and the matter radiation decoupling. We therefore expect a series of acoustic peaks (the first one being located around $`\mathrm{}=200`$, corresponding to the size of the horizon at the epoch of decoupling) in the case of inflationary-like early Universe models where the oscillations are in phase. In the case of isocurvature fluctuations (such as topological defects), the oscillations are not in phase and a large bump is expected, but no multiple peaks.
* In the large $`\mathrm{}`$ part (arcminute scales and below), the power is expected to drop drastically due to the finite thickness of the last scattering surface and to the finite value of the mean free path of the photons before decoupling.

### 1.2 Recent results

Our knowledge of the CMB power spectrum has been significantly improved since COBE measurements  by two balloon-borne experiments, BOOMERanG  and MAXIMA , and a ground based interferometric experiment, DASI . These results are shown in Figure 1. We observe that the very low part of the power spectrum is highly constrained by the COBE points while the high-$`\mathrm{}`$ acoustic region is constrained by the three recent experiments showing undoubtly the multiple peak feature that is expected from inflation. This set of data therefore strongly disfavors topological defects as seeds for the structure formation in the Universe. Comparing this set of data with theoretical power spectra have lead to the estimation of the cosmological parameters . The favored model is dominated by dark energy (around 70%) such as cosmological constant or quint essence (in agreement with high redshift type Ia supernovae measurements ). The 30% of matter consists mainly of dark matter and the amount of baryons is in agreement with Big-Bang nucleosynthesis predictions and light elements abundances measurements. One of the great news coming from these results is that they agree very well with other measurements of the cosmological parameters obtained with completely different methods: large scale structure observation, lensing, type Ia supernovae and light elements abundances. We are now heading towards a concordance model.

### 1.3 Motivations for an intermediate scale experiment

There is a part of the CMB power spectrum that lacks measurements: between the large angular scales measurements from COBE (around $`\mathrm{}=20`$) and the largest angular scales from BOOMERanG, MAXIMA and DASI (above $`\mathrm{}75`$). This can be easily understood as when you are trying to measure large $`\mathrm{}`$, you concentrate on a small patch of the sky in order to reach high signal to noise ratio. This implies loosing all information on large scales. On the other hand, COBE covered the entire celestial sphere but with a poor 7 degrees resolution that limited the measurements to the low $`\mathrm{}`$. The intermediate part of the power spectrum, despite being difficult to measure, is of high interest.: first, this is the part of the power spectrum that is the most sensitive to the early Universe physics. Second, linking COBE measurements to high-$`\mathrm{}`$ measurements with one single experiment would ensure that no calibration problems are affecting the data.

Archeops is a balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the CMB temperature angular power spectrum from the large multi-degree scales ($`\mathrm{}30`$) to the small sub-degree scales ($`\mathrm{}800`$). This is achieved via a large sky coverage (around 35%) along with a high angular resolution (10 arcminutes). Archeops is also very similar to Planck High Frequency Instrument and can therefore be considered as a real size testbed for Planck-HFI.

## 2 Archeops instrument

The Archeops instrumental setup222see http://www.archeops.org. is exhaustively described in  and we will only outline its main characteristics.

### 2.1 Telescope and scanning strategy

The Archeops telescope is an off-axis Gregorian telescope with a 1.5 meter primary mirror that looks at 41 degrees of elevation. During the flight, the gondola rotates at 2 rounds per minute around its vertical axis and therefore performs scans on the sky at constant elevation. While the Earth rotates, these scans end up forming a wide annulus on the sky with scans crossing each other at various time scales allowing an efficient monitoring of systematic signals. The gondola is shown in Figure 2 and the scanning strategy in Figure 3. The gondola is hanged below a stratospheric balloon that floats at an altitude of around 40 km. The data is taken during 24 hours nighttime winter arctic flights.

### 2.2 Cryostat, bolometers and cold optics

The cryostat is a $`{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{He}^4\mathrm{He}`$ dilution refrigerator that cools down to 100 mK. This dilution is the same that will be used for Planck-HFI and does not rely on gravity. The $`{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{He}^4\mathrm{He}`$ mixing is made through capillaries all around the 100 mK stage. The radiation enters through a large (16 cm) polypropylene window closed by a valve that opens automatically at low pressure. The radiation is the focused through Planck-HFI-like flared corrugated back-to-back horns at the 10 K stage. The lower part of the horns contains the filters in the 1.6 K stage. They filter 4 different frequencies depending on the bolometer: 143, 217, 353 and 545 GHz. The bolometers are located on the focal plane cooled down to 100 mK at the exit of flared horns. The bolometers are spider web bolometers similar to those that will be used for Planck-HFI . Their nominal noise equivalent power (NEP) is $`1.4\times 10^{17}\mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}`$.

## 3 Archeops flights

The first Archeops test flight took place on July, 18th 1999 from the Italian balloon launching facility in Trapani (Sicily) to the South of Spain where the gondola landed on the next day. This test flight gave us 4 hours of good quality night-time data with the 6 bolometers that were mounted in the focal plane. This flight helped us in improving the instrument in order to reduce systematic effects.

The first scientific flight took place in January, 29th 2001 from the SSC333Swedish Space Corporation. base of Esrange (used by CNES444Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, the French space agency.) in Kiruna in the North of Sweden. The focal plane contained 23 bolometers (one of them was blind in order to monitor systematic effects) with the following repartition: 8 bolometers at 143 GHz, 6 at 217 GHz, 6 at 353 GHz (sensitive to polarization using orthomode transducers) and 2 at 545 GHz. The interest in covering various frequencies is that we can monitor this way systematic effects and astrophysical foregrounds. During the flight, the temperature of the focal plane remained well below 100 mK (minimum of 89 mK) showing a perfect behavior of our cryostat. Unfortunately, due to unusually high stratospheric winds, we used a rather small balloon (150 000 m3 instead of 400 000 m3) and the maximum altitude of the gondola was 31.5 km inducing a higher background and atmospheric contamination. Also due to these winds, the gondola arrived too fast to our Eastern limit (Ural mountains) and therefore we had to stop the flight after 7.5 hours at ceiling. This reduced considerably the amount of data taken during the flight and especially the highly redundant scans that start after 7 hours of flight. The quality of the data was however excellent and allows us to perform a CMB anisotropy analysis, especially on the low $`\mathrm{}`$ edge of the first acoustic peak.

## 4 Data analysis

The data obtained in such an experiment consists of a set of time streams that represent the value of some detector (thermometer, bolometer, gyroscope, …) as a function of time sampled at 153 Hz. The data analysis is performed through successive steps described in the following subsection.

### 4.1 Pointing reconstruction

During the flight, the gondola pendulates and does not rotate at constant speed, we therefore have to reconstruct off line the direction pointed by each bolometer for each sample. This is done using a stellar sensor telescope that is attached to the gondola and points in the same direction as the bolometers. The stellar sensor focal plane contains 48 photodiodes whose signal exhibits a peak whenever they cross a star. We therefore obtained an observed star catalog that is compared with a real one in order to give the pointing solution. Our pointing accuracy is estimated to be around one arcminute.

### 4.2 Data cleaning

The data coming from the bolometers is characterized by long drifts that are correlated to the temperature variations inside the cryostat, pendulations and altitude variations. There is also a scan synchronous parasitic signal that can be monitored using high frequency channels. These extra signal are decorrelated and we are left with a time stream that still exhibits low frequency drifts due to imperfections in the decorrelation and residual signals.

### 4.3 Beam reconstruction

During the scientific flight, Jupiter was observed twice with an interval of roughly two hours. We use Jupiter to obtain maps of our beams as its angular size (around 40 arcsec) is much smaller than our angular resolution. The beam maps for all off our bolometers are shown in Figure 4. We obtain an average angular resolution of around 12 arcminutes, larger than expected due to the large time response of the bolometers that can be seen in the figure on left side of each beam.

### 4.4 Calibration

Jupiter can be used to calibrate our data as its surface brightness temperature is known to be $`170\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{RJ}}`$ with an uncertainty of 15%. This gives us a point source calibration. But the best calibration is obtained on extended sources like the Galactic plane and the cosmological dipole that both fill the beam, therefore including possible sidelobes. We obtained at the end a calibration for each bolometer with an accuracy of 15%. The uncertainty is mainly due to the residual scan synchronous parasitic signal.

### 4.5 Power spectrum estimation

We use the MASTER method  in order to measure the power spectrum on our maps. Within this framework, maps are obtained by coadding the filtered timelines on the sky. In the case of pure white noise, this leads to optimal maps. We filter our timelines keeping only frequencies between 1 and 45 Hz so that the resulting power spectrum is very close to be white. The pseudo-$`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ spectrum is obtained using anafast in Healpix package . We then estimate the noise angular power spectrum on the coadded maps using a set of Monte-Carlo simulations. The effect of the filter on the underlying sky is also estimated via Monte-Carlo simulations. The mode mixing effect is deconvolved following . All these corrections allow us to transform the pseudo-$`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ spectrum into a real angular power spectrum. We estimated the non optimality of our power spectrum (due to the non optimal maps) to be less than 30% at all scales. The power spectrum estimation is at the moment under test. The expected accuracy for 10 bolometers, obtained through full simulations from timelines to power spectrum with realistic noise (measured on the real timelines), is shown in top panel of Figure 5.

## 5 Perspectives for incoming flights

A flight campaign is planned for Archeops this winter. We plan to flight once in December 2001 and once in January 2002. We will be able to achieve two 24 hours flights at high altitude (around 40 km). This will give us much more redundancies than on the previous 7h30 flight and cleaner data due to a higher altitude. The expected accuracy on the CMB angular power spectrum was estimated using the noise measured for the last flight, 10 bolometers, but for a 24 hours flight. The result is shown in the bottom panel of Figure 5.

These simulations show clearly that Archeops will be able to measure precisely the angular power spectrum of the CMB on both small and large angular scales. The improvement compared to previous experiment will be particularly significant on the low-$`\mathrm{}`$ part of the power spectrum (smaller error bars and better sampling).


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# Study of the Ce(Rh1-xPdx)2Si2 alloy: evidence for itinerant character of the magnetic order in CeRh2Si2.

## 1 Introduction

The exceptionally high Néel temperature of CeRh2Si2, $`T_\mathrm{N}=36\mathrm{K}`$,1Godart83  remains a puzzling question after almost twenty years, having escaped the many attempts of explanation based on mechanisms applicable to other Ce intermetalic compounds. The exceptional magnitude of this $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ can be appreciated by comparing it with that of GdRh2Si2 ($`T_\mathrm{N}=90\mathrm{K}`$) using the de Gennes factor,2Szytula86  from which nearly two orders of magnitude difference should be expected. The main difficulty for finding a realistic description of this compound is related to the fact that it lies within the not yet well defined boundary between the applicability of local or itinerant models. In the case of CeRh2Si2, there are specific arguments in the literature supporting each type of model. For the localized moment scenario, one finds that: i) the magnetic moment along the $`c`$-axis3Quezel84  ($`m_o=1.5\mu _B`$ at $`T=T_\mathrm{N}/3`$) is close to that of a Ce localized moment, after correcting for crystal electric field effects (CEF); ii) the previously reported specific heat jump4Graf98  at $`T=T_\mathrm{N}`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }C_{\mathrm{el}}(T_\mathrm{N})=10\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{molK}`$, is close to the value for a local doublet system in a mean field theory; iii) in coincidence, the related entropy gain $`\mathrm{\Delta }S(T_\mathrm{N})R\mathrm{ln}2`$ is close to the value expected for a doublet ground state (GS). Although a two step metamagnetic transition (observed at 26 Tesla) was taken as evidence for a local moment system,5settai97  this argument is not conclusive because metamagnetic transitions are also predicted for anisotropic itinerant systems, 6Gignoux97  a strong anisotropy being a clear property of the system at hand.5settai97

A strong mixing between the Ce-4f and conduction states supporting the itinerant description was recognized early from the large Curie-Weiss temperature: 3Quezel84  $`\theta _W=70\mathrm{K}`$, suggesting a Kondo temperature ($`T_\mathrm{K}`$) even larger than $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ for this compound, though the strong anisotropy was observed in magnetic susceptibility ($`\chi `$) on single crystals7araki98  with $`\theta _{Wc}40\mathrm{K}`$ (in the $`c`$ direction) and a value four times larger in the basal plane. On the other hand, $`T_\mathrm{K}33\mathrm{K}`$ was obtained from the width at the quasi-elastic line in inelastic neutron scattering,Severing89  whereas NMR results suggest a much higher value $`T_\mathrm{K}100\mathrm{K}`$.Kawasaki98  Neutron diffraction experiments in CeRh2Si2 show an incommesurate antiferromagnetic structure of itinerant character 8kawarazaki95  close to $`T_\mathrm{N}`$, which becomes commensurate at lower temperature. From the Si-NMR results much smaller magnetic moment ($`m_o=0.22\mu _B`$) is estimated, and together with the high $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ value suggests an itinerant character of the CeRh2Si2 magnetic ground state.9Delong91  The large difference in the $`m_o`$ determination between neutron diffraction and Si-NMR results indicates that the characteristic time of the measurement is important due to the dynamic nature of the magnetic correlations. Above $`T_\mathrm{N}`$, the electrical resistivity ($`\rho `$) increases on a characteristic energy scale of $`T_\mathrm{o}200\mathrm{K}`$, larger than $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ but comparable to an expected CEF splitting.5settai97  These values, together with the $`\rho (T)`$ variation under pressure supports the argument that band spin fluctuations contribute significantly to the conduction electron scattering.10Thompson86

Within the scope of a Doniach-type description,11Doniach77  CeRh2Si2 is a paradigmatic case. With the highest $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ value among the CeT2Si2 compounds it has to be placed at the top of the Doniach diagram.12Endstra93  Such a position is coherent with the $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ evolution of the CeRh2(Si,Ge)2 system,13Godart89  where the increase of the volume due to the substitution of Si by Ge leads to a decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$. This argument is complemented by the pressure dependence measurements on stoichiometric CeRh2Si2, which also shows a decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ down to about 10 K at approximately 1 GPa and the disappearance of the related anomaly above that pressure.14Thompson00  However, when the comparison is performed with respect to other CeT2Si2 compounds it becomes contradictory in terms of the absolute $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and $`T_\mathrm{K}`$ values, because for T=Rh the Kondo temperature is much larger than that for T=Pd or Cu, despite the fact that these compounds have a “less magnetic” behavior.12Endstra93  The pressure effect shows that, despite the high $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ value, the magnetic order breaks down at the lowest pressure value within this family of Ce-compounds. The extreme sensitivity of this magnetic interaction is also evident with respect to GdRh2Si2 (there 1GPa reduces $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ by only 10% 2Szytula86 ), or CePd2Si2 (which requires a three times higher pressure to suppress the magnetic order despite the fact that $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ is three times lower15Mathur98 ).

At present, the large amount of information accumulated on CeRh2Si2 is not conclusive enough to elucidate whether this compound has to be considered as local or itinerant in its magnetic behavior. This ambiguity is mainly related to the fact that it is placed at the peculiar position where the energy associated to competing parameters, like $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and $`T_\mathrm{K}`$, are comparable. New independent information can be provided by studying the evolution of this system when those parameters are continuously modified driving the compound to a more local scenario. This purpose can be achieved only by selective alloying, because pressure increases the itinerant character by increasing the hybridization. The chance to enhance the local character is provided by partial substitution of Rh with Pd in the Ce(Rh1-xPdx)2Si2 system, which was recently shown to form continuously.16Trovarelli98  A preliminary investigation indicated a complex magnetic phase diagram.17Berisso99  Taking advantage of the fact that CePd2Si2 behaves as a localized magnet, a direct comparison of both ends of the Ce(Rh,Pd)2Si2–phase-diagram should give more information about the nature of the magnetic state of CeRh2Si2.

## 2 Experimental and results

For the present detailed study further samples on the Rh rich region and some reference La(Rh1-xPdx)2Si2 alloys were prepared following the same sample preparation procedure and experimental techniques previously described.16Trovarelli98 ; 17Berisso99

Due to its sensitivity to the nature of the electronic scattering, the electrical resistivity is one of the physical properties to be investigated when a distinction between local and itinerant electronic character is required. As reported in Fig. 1, in this system the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, $`\rho (T)`$, shows quite different features for both concentration extremes. Due to the microscopical cracks in the sample, the geometrical factor and consequently the absolute resistivity values, cannot be determined unambiguously. Therefore the $`\rho (T)`$ values were normalized at 250 K for allowing a better comparison. As already mentioned in Ref. 5settai97 , in stoichiometric CeRh2Si2 $`\rho (T)`$ increases continuously with a characteristic energy scale of approximately 100 K. This behavior persists up to 30% of Pd doping, but above that concentration another relative maximum develops at low temperature (at approx. $`20\mathrm{K}`$, as seen in Fig. 1b). This maximum becomes more pronounced with increasing Pd-content. The main feature is that the temperature of both resistivity maxima practically does not change with concentration, while the relative strength of the electronic scattering changes significantly. On the Pd rich side, the double maximum typical for trivalent Ce intermetallics compounds with $`T_\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{CEF}}`$ (CEF-splitting) is observed (see Fig. 1b). The maximum at low temperature is attributed to the electronic scattering by the GS and the other by the excited CEF level, both being enhanced by the Kondo effect.21Cornut-72

The temperature dependence of the electronic contribution to the specific heat ($`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T`$) at low Pd doping ($`0x0.2`$) is shown in Fig. 2. This contribution was evaluated from the measured specific heat ($`C_\mathrm{p}/T`$) as: $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T=C_\mathrm{p}/TC_{\mathrm{ph}}/T`$, where $`C_{\mathrm{ph}}/T`$ is the phonon contribution extracted from La isotypic compounds with $`x`$=0, 0.2, 0.4 and 1. As it can be seen in the upper part of Fig. 2, the Ce-based samples on the Rh-rich side ($`0x0.2`$) show quite similar $`C_\mathrm{p}/T`$ values at $`T40\mathrm{K}`$. Below 10 K, La-based samples on the Rh rich side ($`x`$=0 and 0.2) also show a little difference in the phonon contribution. In contrast, from $`x=0.4`$ to $`x=1`$, $`C_{\mathrm{ph}}(T)/T`$ increases significantly with $`x`$ after a drastic enhancement between $`x=0.2`$ and 0.4. Therefore the phonon subtraction for the Ce-based samples was calculated using the extrapolation of the La $`x=0`$ and 0.2 samples for the Rh rich region and that between $`x=0.4`$ and 1 for the rest of the samples. This non-monotonous variation of $`C_{\mathrm{ph}}`$ upon Pd doping suggests a change in the phonon spectrum around $`x=0.3`$. However, no structural transition was detected from the X-ray data: only a change in the $`x`$-dependence of the $`c/a`$-ratio at that concentration.

Our sample of pure CeRh2Si2 shows a larger jump at $`T_\mathrm{N}`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }C_{\mathrm{el}}(T_\mathrm{N})=15\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{mol}\mathrm{K}^2`$, than previously reported in the literature,4Graf98  which exceeds the mean field prediction. This peak in $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T`$ at $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ is better observed in thermal expansion,7araki98  and is probably related to the opening of a magnetic excitation gap due to the strong Ising-type anisotropy of this compound. A further weak anomaly associated with the change of the magnetic propagation vector is also observed at 25 K.22Grier84

A small amount of Pd ($`x0.1`$) already leads to a strong decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and a pronounced broadening of the anomaly in $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)`$. Further increase of the Pd concentration ($`0.1x0.4`$) leaves the temperature of the maximum almost unchanged but reduces the size of the anomaly, which eventually disappears between $`x=0.3`$ and $`x=0.4`$. Due to the broadening, the analysis of the anomaly in $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)`$ does not lead to a reliable determination of $`T_\mathrm{N}(x)`$. More precise values can be obtained from the susceptibility by looking at the derivative $`d(\chi T)/dT`$ and defining $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ as the temperature of the maximum (see Fig. 3). This demonstrates very clearly the rapid drop of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ from 36 K in pure CeRh2Si2 to 18 K at $`x=0.1`$ and then the leveling off at around $`15\mathrm{K}`$ for $`x0.2`$ (see also the phase diagram in Fig. 7). This is in sharp contrast to the Pd-rich region, where $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ drops monotonously with increasing Rh content and extrapolates to 0 K at $`x=0.65`$. The broadening of the anomaly is also much less pronounced on the Pd-rich side. The disappearance of the anomaly without a concomitant decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ to 0 K on the Rh-rich side indicates that the degrees of freedom involved in the magnetic transition as well as the free energy gained in that transition decrease with Pd content and eventually vanish, whereas $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and thus the strength of the magnetic interaction still has a finite value.

Within the intermediate concentration region ($`0.3<x<0.7`$), $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ is well described by a logarithmic decrease, with a downward curvature at low temperature, as typically observed in systems lying close to a magnetic instability.20Moriya  The low temperature $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T`$ value increases proportionally to the Pd-concentration up to $`x=0.7`$, where the onset of the magnetic order of CePd2Si2 is observed.

## 3 Discussion

Once the intrinsic differences of doping effect on $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ was establishes between Pd and Rh rich sides, we shall analyze further properties to gain insight into the nature of the ground state on both extremes of the alloy system. The most important parameter is the characteristic energy related to the delocalization of the 4f-electrons. A rough idea about its dependence on the composition can be obtained by looking at the evolution of the entropy. In Fig. 4a, we show the entropy gain as a function of temperature up to 50 K on the Rh-rich side, and in Fig. 4b that of the intermediate and Pd-rich samples up to 14 K. Within the experimental dispersion, the entropy gains in the Rh-rich samples merge above the respective $`T_\mathrm{N}(x)`$ into a common curve. As it will be shown later, this curve can be described by a simple function which relates the results in the Rh-rich samples to those at intermediate and high Pd-contents. The merging to a common function means that one can define a magnetically-non-ordered state (hereafter, normal state) for all the Rh-rich samples. The temperature dependence of the (electronic/magnetic) entropy $`\mathrm{\Delta }S(T)`$ of this normal state corresponds to the common function and determines the entropy observed at $`T_\mathrm{N}(x)`$ for a given composition. This is a result expected in the case where one energy scale determines $`\mathrm{\Delta }S(T)`$ (and thus $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ or $`C_{\mathrm{rf}}/T`$ as in Fig. 2b) of the normal state whereas a second independent energy scale determines the ordering temperature. This can be compared with some quasi one-dimensional spin systems, where $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ of the normal state is determined by the intrachain exchange and $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ by the interchain exchange, or for a superconductor (or a Spin Density Wave) were the normal state $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ is determined by the electron density of states (i.e., the band width) whereas $`T_\mathrm{C}`$ (or $`T_{\mathrm{SDW}}`$) is determined by the interaction between the quasiparticles. In those cases, the change of the ordering temperature $`T_\mathrm{C}`$ ($`T_{\mathrm{SDW}}`$) leads to a change of the entropy at $`T_\mathrm{C}`$ ($`T_{\mathrm{SDW}}`$) in accord with the temperature dependence of the entropy of the normal state. However, this would not be the case in a purely localized three-dimensional antiferromagnet where, reducing the exchange strength (and thus $`T_\mathrm{N}`$) would not change the entropy collected at $`T_\mathrm{N}`$. Therefore this result is a very strong indication that in the Rh-rich region there is a characteristic 4f-energy which is independent of the composition. This characteristic energy governs the normal state and it is not related to the magnetic order but to the hybridization energy of the 4f-electrons.

In contrast to the Rh-rich region, the entropy gain in the intermediate and in the Pd-rich regions increases continuously with the Pd-content. This indicates a continuous decrease of the characteristic energy with increasing $`x`$ for $`x0.4`$. A more precise analysis can be performed by fitting the $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ data of the samples with $`0.4x1`$ using a scaling formula proposed for systems close to a magnetic instability, 26Sereni  $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/t=7.2\mathrm{log}(t)+ET_\mathrm{o}`$ with $`t=T/T_\mathrm{o}`$, $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ and $`E`$ being two free parameters corresponding to a characteristic energy and the linear background contribution to the specific heat, respectively. The fits and the concentration dependence of $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ and $`E`$ are shown in Fig. 5. $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ decreases continuously from 40 K at $`x=0.4`$ to 15 K at $`x=1.0`$, whereas $`E`$ increases continuously from 40 to 100 mJ/mol K2. The corresponding $`\mathrm{\Delta }S(T)`$ and $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ curves are shown as reference functions in Fig. 4b (continuos line) and Fig. 5 (straight line), respectively. The fitting parameters, obtained for $`x`$=0.4, can be used to fit the entropy of the common normal state observed in the Rh-rich region indicating that, despite the change of regime, there is a smooth evolution of the normal state from the $`x<0.4`$ to the $`x>0.4`$ region. One should notice that the $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ value we obtain for CeRh2Si2 and CePd2Si2 (42 K and 15 K, respectively) are close to the $`T_\mathrm{K}`$ values of 33 K and 10 K given by the inelastic neutron scattering.Severing89  This supports the applicability of the scaling formula. The scaling further implies that, in the absence of magnetic order (i.e., in the concentration range $`0.3<x<0.7`$), $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T`$ is inversely proportional to $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ at very low temperatures, as it occurs in the single ion Kondo model with $`T_\mathrm{K}`$. For the samples showing magnetic order this is no longer true, since part of the degrees of freedom contributing to $`C_{\mathrm{el}}/T`$ condense into the magnetic state. Thus the analysis of the composition dependence of $`\mathrm{\Delta }S(T)`$ and $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ demonstrates a continuous evolution of the normal state from pure CeRh2Si2 to pure CePd2Si2. Nevertheless, a clear break in the $`x`$-dependence of the characteristic energy $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ occurs at $`x=0.4`$, since $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ is constant for $`x<0.4`$ but decreases continuously for $`x0.4`$. This change of regime underscores the different nature of the Ce ground state in both concentration limits.

As mentioned before, no discontinuity in the crystalline parameters is observed in this system16Trovarelli98  the “$`c/a`$”-ratio, as was already mentioned, undergoes one of the largest variations observed among the Ce 122 intermetallics with ThCr2Si2 type structure,Just96  changing from $`c/a=2.49`$ for CeRh2Si2 to 2.33 for CePd2Si2, with a weak variation in the slope at $`x=0.3`$. A concomitant modification in the magnetic structure is observed between CeRh2Si2 (with the moments ordered along the $`c`$-axis) and CePd2Si2 (with the staggered magnetic moments on the basal plane). 22Grier84  Such a drastic difference makes a continuity in the LRMO between both stoichiometric extremes unlikely. One would instead expect a disordered or frustrated magnetic region between those phases, but our results show that also the character of the f-electron localization is changing.

Further information can be obtained from a more detailed analysis of the resistivity, since its temperature dependence is dominated by the effect of the magnetic scattering. On the Rh-rich side, a clear scaling in the $`\rho (T,x)`$ dependence can be observed when the measured $`\rho (T)`$ is normalized to its value at 40 K right above $`T_\mathrm{N}(x=0)`$ and at high temperature, i.e. $`(\rho (T)\rho _{40\mathrm{K}})/(\rho _{300\mathrm{K}}\rho _{40\mathrm{K}})`$, as displayed in the inset of Fig. 1a. This scaling holds only for the alloys that show magnetic order (i.e. $`x0.2`$), indicating that the magnetic component involved in the electronic scattering has a different nature for the low Pd doping range than in the intermediate region. It is worth noting that the resistivity of YCo2,24Hauser98  a prototype of band spin fluctuation system, fits into this scaling, as shown in the inset of Fig. 1a. This is a strong evidence for the itinerant character of the electronic properties of these alloys. Such a scaling also supports the fact that the energy which characterizes the Rh-rich region does not change with concentration. Despite its relatively large curvature, the $`\rho (T)`$ dependence cannot be attributed to an intermediate valence behavior (like in CeRh2 for example25Harrus85 ) because of LRMO at lower temperature.

The disappearance of the magnetic order is connected with a profound change in the low energy excitations. This is evidenced in the resistivity, which at low temperatures was found to follow a power law $`\rho (T)=\rho _0+aT^n`$ with an exponent $`n`$ that changes systematically with composition. As an example we show in Fig. 6 the temperature dependent part of the resistivity, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho (T)=\rho (T)\rho _0`$, in a log-log plot for the concentration range $`0.15x0.5`$. Here, the disappearance of the magnetic order leads to a strong decrease of $`n`$ to values close to 1, characteristic for non-Fermi Liquid systems. 28hvl  For $`x<0.2`$ and $`x>0.6`$ we found values of $`n`$ larger than 2 (see Fig. 7)as expected for compounds showing LRMO.

The present investigation of the Ce(Rh1-xPdx)2Si2 system allows us to propose a more detailed phase diagram. We have included in Fig. 7 the magnetic phase boundaries, $`T_\mathrm{N}(x)`$, the evolution of the characteristic energy $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ as deduced from the scaling of $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$, as well as the exponent $`n`$ of the power law in $`\rho (T)`$ at low temperatures. The change in the evolution of $`T_\mathrm{o}`$, as deduced from the $`C_{\mathrm{el}}(T)/T`$ and $`\rho (T)`$ results, suggests the division of the magnetic phase diagram into two regions with a crossover region between $`x=0.3`$ and $`x=0.4`$ (hatched area). On the Rh-rich side, a strong decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}(x)`$ coexist with a constant $`T_\mathrm{o}`$, while the suppression of the magnetic order occurs at a finite $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ in the crossover region. On the Pd-rich side of the crossover region, $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ decreases continuously with increasing $`x`$, with the slope becoming weaker once the magnetic order appears. The part of the phase diagram on the right (Pd-rich) side of the crossover region corresponds to the expected for a transition from a non-ordered to a magnetically ordered Kondo-lattice system. Simple appropriate models, like that proposed by Doniach, predict a monotonous decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ with increasing $`T_\mathrm{K}`$ in the vicinity of the transition, just as observed here for increasing Rh doping in CePd2Si2. Therefore this part of the phase diagram is in agreement with the present picture of CePd2Si2 as a localized antiferromagnet. In contrast, the part of the phase diagram on the left (Rh-rich) side of the crossover region cannot be explained within such a localized Doniach-model, since the magnetic order is suppressed without a concomitant increase of the characteristic energy. There, the scaling of the resitivity with that of YCo2 and the evolution of the entropy with doping support an itinerant type of magnetic order. Itinerant magnets are sensitive to disorder (more than localized ones), especially if the ordered state is close to the stability limit. This is certainly the case for CeRh2Si2 as shown by the strong suppression of the LRMO with pressure (one order of magnitude larger than for CePd2Si2). Then, the rapid suppression of the magnetic order upon Pd-doping despite a constant characteristic energy can easily be accounted for by the disorder due to the doping.

## 4 Conclusions

The main result of this investigation is that the Rh-rich and the Pd-rich parts of the Ce(Rh1-xPdx)2Si2 system behave very differently. On the Pd-rich side, increasing the Rh-content leads to a pronounced increase of the characteristic 4f-energy $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ and a concomitant continuous decrease of $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ down to 0 K. This side of the magnetic phase diagram corresponds to the predictions of models based on localized f-electrons, supporting the current interpretation of a localized antiferromagnetic state in CePd2Si2. In contrast, on the Rh-rich side, Pd doping leads to a continuous decrease of the degrees of freedom involved in the magnetic ordered state and to the disappearance of the magnetic state at a finite $`T_\mathrm{N}`$, despite the fact that the characteristic energy $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ is not affected by the Pd-doping. This points to an itinerant type of magnetic order in CeRh2Si2, which is destroyed by the disorder introduced by the Pd-doping. Further evidence for the itinerant character is that $`\rho (T)`$ in the Rh-rich region scales with that of YCo2, a prototype band spin-fluctuation system. The change of slope in the dependence of $`T_\mathrm{o}`$ on composition between $`x=0.3`$ and $`x=0.4`$ suggests that the change from the itinerant to the localized regimes takes place in that region. In the intermediate region $`0.4<x<0.6`$, we observe in $`\rho (T<5K)`$ a power law with an exponent $`n`$ close to 1, which we attribute to the disorder induced by the alloying and to the absence of long range magnetic order.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was partially supported by joint programs between Fundacion Antorchas (Arg.) and Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (Germ.) #A-13391/1-003, Fundación Antorchas and DAAD (Germ.) #13740/1-88 and ANPCyT: project PICT #03-3250. MGB, PP and JGS, are members of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Arg.).