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# On the Stability of Black Strings/Branes*footnote **footnote *Based on a talk given at the 11th Workshop on General Relativity and Gravitation held at Waseda University in Japan during Jan. 9-12, 2002

## I Introduction

Black holes are solutions of Einstein gravity, which possess usually a compact null hypersurface with topology of sphere. Black strings or branes are a sort of higher dimensional generalizations of black holes. The simplest black strings or branes are the product of Schwarzschild black holes and an infinite line or a $`p`$-dimensional plane. The extra dimensions can also be compactified. Black string/brane solutions arise naturally in string theory as well. One of the most important reasons that one considers black hole solutions seriously, inspite of their odd causal structure, is that they are stable. The stability of black strings/branes was studied by Gregory and Laflamme . They showed that black strings/branes are generically unstable to linearized perturbations with a large wavelength along the string. For example, the four-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole cross a circle of length $`L`$ becomes unstable under linearized perturbations as $`L`$ becomes larger than the order of the Schwarzschild radius $`r_\mathrm{h}`$.

One naive explanation for this instability is the entropy comparison with that of a black hole with the same mass. Namely, a black hole configuration is entropically preferable as the size of the black string $`L`$ increases. However, the idea of assigning entropy to black holes or strings is based on the quantum behavior of such black objects which is not neccessarily related to the classical stability behavior of the black string. Moreover, this argument of entropy comparison is global in nature. Recently, Gubser and Mitra have refined this global thermodynamic analysis by considering the local thermodynamic properties of the black object . They conjectured that a black string/brane with noncompact translational symmetry is classically stable if, and only if, it is locally thermodynamically stable. A slightly modified version of this conjecture applicable even for compact cases is recently stated by Hubeny and Rangamani . The proof of the Gubser-Mitra (GM) conjecture is sketched by Reall , and a more complete illustration in the simplest case of Schwarzschild black strings/branes is given by Gregory and Ross . The GM conjecture practically provides a very powerful and easy way to check whether given black string/brane solutions are stable or not, compared to the usually complicated numerical analysis of classical linearized perturbations.

The black string instability found at the linear level was believed to indicate that the full nonlinear evolution of the instability would result in the fragmentation of the black string. In order to be consistent with the classical theorem of no bifurcation of the event horizon, presumably quantum effects will play some important role when the shrinkage of the string horizon reached to the stage of large enough curvature. This widely accepted idea of black string fragmentations has been used in many discussions in the literature, involving black string/brane configurations. Recently, however, Horowitz and Maeda have shown that black strings do not break up within a finite affine time in their full classical nonlinear evolution . Thus, unstable black strings are likely to evolve into black string-like configurations which are probably non-uniform and stable even under linearized perturbations . In addition, the recent numerical study about approximate non-uniform black string solutions by Gubser  indicates that such transition is not continuous, but the first order in thermodynamic nature.

In order to understand the black string instability better, it will be of interest to see whether or not stable black string/brane solutions exist, and, if it does so, to understand what makes them stable. The only known black string/brane solutions even when $`Lr_h`$ are the extremal black $`p`$-branes carrying certain charges . In this talk, I present some black string/brane solutions that reveal stable behavior under linearized perturbations. One type of them is AdS-Schwarzschild black strings in anti-de Sitter space with/without a uniform tension brane . These black strings/branes become stable as the horizon radius becomes larger than the order of the AdS radius of the background geometry perpendicular to black strings/branes. The other type is black string/brane solutions in the spacetime dimensions lower than five . In particular, the BTZ black strings in four dimensions turn out to be stable always, regardless of the transverse horizon size. Some physical implications of our results and some open issues are also discussed.

## II Stable Black Strings in Anti-de Sitter Space

In this section, I briefly summarise the results in Ref.  and give some further results obtained. In the five-dimensional Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_5=6/l_5^2`$, one can have black string solutions whose metrics are given by

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`H^2(z)(\gamma _{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu +dz^2),`$ (1)
$`=`$ $`H^2(z)\left[f(r)dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f(r)}}dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+dz^2\right],`$ (2)
where the warping factors are

$$H(z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}l_4/l_5\mathrm{sinh}z/l_4,\hfill & dS_4(\mathrm{\Lambda }_4>0)\hfill \\ z/l_5,\hfill & M_4(\mathrm{\Lambda }_4=0)\hfill \\ l_4/l_5\mathrm{sin}z/l_4,\hfill & AdS_4(\mathrm{\Lambda }_4<0),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3)
and $`f(r)=1r_0/r\mathrm{\Lambda }_4r^2/3`$. Here the four-dimensional cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_4=\pm 3/l_4^2`$ is arbitrary. When $`r_0=0`$, these metrics actually describe the same five-dimensional pure anti-de Sitter spacetime ($`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$), and simply correspond to different ways of slicing it, e.g., de Sitter, flat, and anti-de Sitter slicings. If a 3-brane with uniform tension is introduced at $`z=0`$, the resulting geometries are still described by the metrics above with replacing $`z|z|+c`$ and now $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_4`$ is determined by the location and the tension of the 3-brane accordingly. The stability for the flat case (i.e., $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_4=0`$) has been already studied in Refs. .

In order to check the linearized stability, let us consider small metric perturbations, $`g_{MN}(x)g_{MN}(x)+h_{MN}(x,z)`$, about these black string background spacetimes, and see whether or not there exists any mode which is regular spatially, but grows exponentially in time. As in the usual Kaluza-Klein reduction, the massive scalar ($`h_{zz}`$) and vector ($`h_{\mu z}`$) fluctuations can always be set to be zero by using the five-dimensional diffeormorphism symmetry, leaving only four-dimensional massive spin-2 gravity fluctuations. Moreover, the scalar and vector components of the five-dimensional linearized perturbation equations reduce to the four-dimensional transverse traceless gauge conditions for the massive spin-2 fluctuations $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ . By putting $`h_{\mu \nu }(x,z)=H^{3/2}(z)\xi (z)h_{\mu \nu }(x)`$, the linearized equations turn out to be

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_Lh_{\mu \nu }(x)\mathrm{}h_{\mu \nu }(x)+2R_{\mu \rho \nu \tau }h^{\rho \tau }(x)=m^2h_{\mu \nu }(x),`$ (4)
$`^\mu h_{\mu \nu }=0,h=\gamma ^{\mu \nu }h_{\mu \nu }=0,`$ (5)
$`\left[_z^2+V(z)\right]\xi (z)=m^2\xi (z),V(z)={\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{H^{\prime \prime }}{H}}+{\displaystyle \frac{15}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H^{}}{H}}\right)^2.`$ (6)
Notice first that, even if the black strings we are considering are not uniform due to the warping factors along the string, the perturbation equations above become separable as in the case of translationally invariant black strings. The only difference is the spectrum of the Kaluza-Klein (KK) mass with the non-vanishing effective potential $`V(z)`$ in Eq. (6). When $`m^2=0`$, as is pointed out in Ref. , Eqs. (4) and (5) are exactly same as those for perturbations about four-dimensional black hole spacetimes, which are known to be stable. Since adding a mass term usually increases stability, it had been believed for some time that black strings are stable. However, it turns out that the extra degrees of freedom coming from the massiveness could give unstable solutions .

The strongest instability is expected for the $`s`$-wave fluctuations. General, spherically symmetric perturbations can be written in canonical form as

$`h_{\mu \nu }(x)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\mathrm{\Omega }t}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}H_{tt}(r)& H_{tr}(r)& 0& 0\\ H_{tr}(r)& H_{rr}(r)& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& K(r)& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& K(r)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \end{array}\right),`$ (11)
with $`\mathrm{\Omega }>0`$. From the coupled equations in Eqs. (4) and (5), we can eliminate all but one variable, say $`H_{tr}`$, obtaining a second order ordinary differential equation in the following form:

$$A(r;r_0,\mathrm{\Lambda }_4,\mathrm{\Omega }^2,m^2)H_{tr}^{\prime \prime }+BH_{tr}^{}+CH_{tr}=0.$$
(12)
With suitable boundary conditions (see the details in Ref. ), one can solve this equation numerically, and unstable solutions for the massive spin-2 fluctuations in Eq. (4) are shown in Fig. 1 for given dS/AdS-Schwarzschild black hole background spacetimes.

As shown in Ref.  explicitly, the most important observation is that adding a negative cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_4`$ has a stabilization effect. As the horizon size increases, the instability becomes weak as in the case of Schwarzschild black holes . For the AdS case, however, the threshold mass $`m_{}m(r_0,\mathrm{\Lambda }_4,\mathrm{\Omega }=0)`$ vanishes even at a finite $`r_0`$, not as $`r_0\mathrm{}`$. The numerical search shows that this termination of unstable solutions occurs approximately at $`r_00.77l_4`$ (i.e., $`r_+0.58l_4`$). In addition to it, the KK mass spectrum determined by Eq. (6) has a finite mass gap as indicated by the vertical line in Fig. 1. Therefore, it turns out that $`\mathrm{AdS}_4`$-Schwarzschild black strings in $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ space become stable when the horizon size is $`r_+>r_+^{\mathrm{cr}}0.20l_4`$. The presence of a 3-brane as in the brane world model  simply increases this critical value. For the dS case, on the other hand, the threshold masses remain larger than the lowest KK mass for all horizon radii bounded by the cosmological horizon. In addition, since the KK mass spectrum is continuous, all $`\mathrm{dS}_4`$-Schwarzschild black strings in $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ space are unstable.

The local thermodynamic stability of a segment of AdS/dS black string will be determined by the sign of the heat capacity given by $`dM/dT2\pi r_+^2(1\mathrm{\Lambda }_4r_+^2)/(1+\mathrm{\Lambda }_4r_+^2)`$. For the AdS case, one can easily see that the heat capacity becomes positive for $`r_+>l_4/\sqrt{3}`$. Thus, we expect AdS black strings become stable classically when $`r_+>l_4/\sqrt{3}0.58l_4`$ according to the GM conjecture. The slight difference in the critical values is expected because of the non-uniformity of the AdS black string due to the warping factor . On the other hand, dS black strings are expected to be unstable classically since the heat capacity is always negative for all $`r_+<l_4/\sqrt{3}`$ within the cosmological horizon.

## III Lower Dimensional Black Strings/Branes

It was argued in Ref.  that the instability of BTZ black strings in the four-dimensional brane worlds sets in when the transverse size of the black string reaches the AdS scale. Here we show that this naive expectation, which is based on the entropy comparison with a localized black hole around a 2-brane with same mass, is not true. Surprisingly, they turn out to be stable always. The metric of rotating BTZ black strings in four dimensions can be written by

$$ds^2=H^2(z)\left[fdt^2+\frac{dr^2}{f}+r^2(d\phi \frac{J}{2r^2}dt)^2+dz^2\right],$$
(13)
where $`f(r)=M+r^2/l_3^2+J^2/4r^2`$ and $`H(z)=l_3/l_4\mathrm{sin}z/l_3`$. The first evidence for the stable behavior can easily be obtained by applying the GM conjecture. The local thermodynamic stability of a segment of this black string is governed by that of the three-dimensional BTZ black hole. The heat capacities are given by

$`C_J`$ $``$ $`T(S/T)_J=4\pi r_+(r_+^2r_{}^2)/(r_+^2+3r_{}^2),`$ (14)
$`C_M`$ $``$ $`T(S/T)_M=4\pi r_+(r_+^2r_{}^2)/(3r_+^2+r_{}^2),`$ (15)
both of which are always positive since the inner horizon radius is $`r_{}r_+`$. If a thermal system has rotations, the thermodynamic stability requires $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_H/J)_T0`$ additionally since adding angular momentum is expected to increase the angular velocity of the system in average. For the rotating BTZ black hole, it turns out that

$$\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_H}{J}\right)_T=\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_H}{J}\frac{r_+^2r_{}^2}{r_+^2+3r_{}^2}$$
(16)
which is also positive always. According to the GM conjecture, therefore, we expect that the rotating BTZ black string in four dimensions is stable under linearized perturbations, regardless of the horizon size.

Now for the linearized perturbation analysis, the equations can be separated as before, and the most general form of the three-dimensional metric fluctuations is given by

$`h_{\mu \nu }(x)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\mathrm{\Omega }t+i\mathrm{n}\phi }\left(\begin{array}{ccc}H_{tt}(r)& H_{tr}(r)& i\mathrm{n}H_{t\phi }(r)\\ H_{tr}(r)& H_{rr}(r)& 0\\ i\mathrm{n}H_{t\phi }(r)& 0& r^2K(r)\end{array}\right).`$ (20)
The decoupled equation is in the same form as Eq. (12), but it becomes much complicated and a complex equation due to the rotation parameter $`J0`$. For static BTZ black holes (i.e., $`J=0`$), however, one can set $`H_{t\phi }=0`$ by using the gauge freedom and easily solve the equation numerically. We could not find any unstable mode for various values of $`M`$ and $`l_3`$ . That is, massive spin-2 fluctuations do not seem to possess any instability for the three-dimensional BTZ black hole background. Therefore, we expect that the static BTZ black strings in four-dimensions are always stable under linearized perturbations. This result agrees well with the local thermodynamic stability through the GM conjecture.

## IV Discussion

We have shown briefly that the AdS-Schwarzschild black strings in five dimensions become stable under linearized perturbations as the horizon size parameter (i.e., $`r_+`$) becomes larger than the order of the $`\mathrm{AdS}_4`$ radius $`l_4`$. The higher dimensional extension of this result is straightforward. The AdS black strings in $`(4+n)`$-dimensions can be obtained simply by replacing $`f(r)1(r_0/r)^n+r^2/l_{3+n}^2`$ and $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{1+n}^2`$ in Eq. (2). One can easily see that the sign of the heat capacity for such systems also becomes positive as the horizon size increases. For black $`p`$-branes (i.e., $`dz^2\delta _{ij}dz^idz^j`$ for $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},p`$), the basic feature of the stability is also same.

It should be pointed out that the essential reason for having stable AdS black strings is that $`\mathrm{AdS}_4`$-Schwarzschild black hole bacgrounds do not allow unstable massive spin-2 fluctuations as the horizon size increases. Furthermore, a sort of effective compactification due to the warping geometry along the string increases its stability in addition. Namely, the warping factor for the AdS case rises up as one approaches to the $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ horizon whereas those for flat and dS cases go down to zero. Consequently, the potential in Eq. (6) for the AdS case becomes box-like with a finite mass gap, giving a confining effect for waves along the string. Notice that the proper lengths of black strings in the extra direction are infinite for all three cases. It is interesting to see that the scale of this effective compactification of AdS black strings is governed by the $`\mathrm{AdS}_4`$ scale $`l_4`$, instead of $`l_5`$, because the $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ scale does not enter in Eq. (6) at all. However, note that, when the instability sets in, the minimum horizon size of the AdS black string in proper length is indeed of order the $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ scale, i.e., $`r_+^{\mathrm{PL}}=r_+^{\mathrm{cr}}H_{\mathrm{min}.}^1=r_+^{\mathrm{cr}}l_5/l_40.20l_5`$, which is consistent with the instability mechanism argued in Ref. .

As mentioned above, it is suggested by Horowitz and Maeda  that, even in the case that a black string is unstable under linearized perturbations, its full non-linear evolution presumably ends up with a sort of non-uniform black string configuration, instead of fragmentations of the string horizon. This final state must be stationary and stable. Then it will be interesting to see what makes this configuration stable even under linearized perturbations. In other words, what is the role of the “non-uniformity”? The perturbation equations will in general consist of two parts; that is, fluctuations for black holes on “transverse” slicings of the black string and that along the string. Of course, they become separable perhaps only for special cases such as uniform black strings and those ones with overal warping factors. Now our study above seems to indicate that the stability of spin-2 fields with “bigger” degrees of freedom on black hole backgrounds of slicings is crucial generically for the stability of a non-uniform black string. However, even if such fields have “instability”, some effective compactification due to the curvature or periodicity along the black string could also make the black string stable.

For the BTZ black strings in four dimensions, we have shown that they are stable independent of the transverse horizon size since the massive spin-2 fluctuation equation itself does not possess unstable modes at all. It seems that this stable behavior for black strings/branes in dimensions lower than five is common. The thermodynamic analysis for several such solutions  shows that all of them are locally thermodynamically stable . Consequently, the GM conjecture implies that they are classically stable under linearized perturbations. This special property might be related to the fact that gravitational waves in lower dimensions than four do not have enough degrees of freedom for propagations. However, we point out that the massive spin-2 fluctuations in lower dimensions must have the same number of degrees of freedom as that of the four-dimensional massless gravitational waves. Further study is required concerning this issue.

Since the discovery of the Gregory-Laflamme instability in 1993, it is somewhat surprising that no specific work has been done for the stability of Kerr black strings. This is probably because the wide belief was that such rotating black string is also unstable. However, a naive application of the GM conjecture shows that this may not be the case. For instance, the heat capacity of the Kerr black hole is negative, but becomes positive as the angular momentum parameter increases towards the extremal value. Thus, the Kerr black string with large angular momentum parameter might be stable under linearized perturbations possibly due to the “centrifugal” effect of rotations in the background geometry. On the other hand, however, another thermodynamic quantity (e.g., $`\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_H/J\right)_T`$ as in Eq. (16)) becomes negative exactly for the values of angular momentum where the heat capacity is positive. The direct analysis of linearized fluctuations in Eqs. (4)-(6) with $`H(z)=1`$ is not available at the present since the equations are not easily decoupled in this Kerr background geometry. We expect that a partial application of the four-dimensional Newman-Penrose formalism to this five-dimensional system may decouple the set of equations, resulting in a sort of “Teukolsky equations” . The detailed analysis of this decoupled equation will reveal all non-trivial behaviors for the stability of Kerr balck strings in the parameter space of mass and angular momentum. Consequently, it will also hint at how to extend Reall’s proof of the GM conjecture to a system with rotation.

Finally, it is also very interesting to extend the proof in Ref.  to the cases of Schwarzschild or dS-Schwarzschild black strings in $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$. It is because such spacetimes have naked singularities at the $`\mathrm{AdS}_5`$ horizon outside the event horizon.

## Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank T. Hirayama, K. Lee, Y. Lee, R. Myers, and P. Yi for useful discussions. This work was supported by JSPS (Japanese Society for Promotion of Sciences) Postdoctoral Fellowships.


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# Could SiC A+B grains have originated in a post-AGB thermal pulse?

## References

Amari, S., Nittler, L. R., Zinner, E., Lodders, K., & Lewis, R. S. 2001, ApJ, 559, 463

Herwig, F. 2001, ApJ Lett., 554, L71

Herwig, F., Blöcker, T., Langer, N., & Driebe, T. 1999, A&A, 349, L5

Zinner, E. 1998, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 26, 147


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Three dimensional gravity has provided us with many important clues about higher dimensional physics. String theory, which seems to be the best candidate available for a consistent theory of quantum gravity, requires studies of low dimensional string effective actions. In this respect, dilaton gravity in 2+1 dimensions deserve further attention since it arises from a low energy string effective theory.

In one of the earlier works, Shiraishi found a family of static multi centered solutions for Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity. Park and Kim  constructed general static axially symmetric solutions to the same model by dimensional reducing to two dimensions. In recent times, lot of attention has been given to gravity in 2+1 dimensions with a negative cosmological constant due to the existence of black hole solutions . Modification of this black hole with a dilaton and Maxwell’s fields have lead to many interesting results. Static charged black holes and spinning black holes in anti-de Sitter space by Chan and Mann, spinning solutions with self dual electromagnetic fields by Fernando, black holes in generalized dilaton gravity with a Brans-Dicke type parameter by Sá et.al., magnetic solutions by Koikawa et.al. are some of the work related to dilaton gravity in anti-de Sitter space.

In this paper we present an interesting class of dilaton solutions arising from four dimensional gravity. This is achieved by a compactification of vacuum solutions with cylindrical symmetry. These new set of solutions are different from the ones presented above due its direct relation to four dimensions. Our final motivation in studying three dimensional gravity is to gain further understanding of higher dimensional world. Therefore these solutions are important since it provide us with a clear understanding of how the 4D gravity and 3D gravity are related to each other.

We have structured the paper as follows. In section 2 we will give a brief introduction to four dimensional vacuum solutions with cylindrical symmetry and compactify them to obtain dilaton solutions in three dimensions. In section 3 a prescription to compute the mass and the angular momentum is highlighted. In section 4 we will study static solutions. In section 5 we will study rotating solutions and finally we will conclude.

## 2 Vacuum Solutions with Cylindrical symmetry in Four dimensions and its Compactification

Cylindrical symmetrical space-times in four dimensions consists of isometries generated by two commuting space-like Killing vectors. If the solutions are stationary then the space-time admit another Killing vector along the time axis. General stationary cylindrical symmetric line element with three Killing vectors $`_t,_z,`$ and $`_\phi `$ can be written as,

$$ds^2=e^{2U}\left(e^{2K}(dr^2+dz^2)+r^2d\varphi ^2\right)e^{2U}(dt+Ad\varphi )^2$$
(1)
where $`U,K`$ and $`A`$ are functions of $`r`$ only. The general stationary vacuum cylindrical solutions to pure Einstein action

$$S=d^4x\sqrt{G}R$$
(2)
are given by,

$$e^{2U}=r(a_1r^n+a_2r^n)$$

$$e^{2K2U}=r^{\frac{n^21}{2}}$$

$$A=\frac{c}{na_2}\frac{r^n}{(a_1r^n+a_2r^n)}+b$$

$$c^2=n^2a_1a_2$$
(3)
The complex constants, $`n,c,a_1,a_2,b`$ have to be chosen such that the metric is real . In this paper, we will choose all these constants to be real.

The purpose of this paper is to dimensionally reduce four dimensional Einstein gravity to three dimensions to obtain dilaton gravity. The field content of the reduced theory would be gravity, dilaton $`\varphi `$ and the gauge field $`A_\mu `$. How ever, if we pick the cylindrical solutions given above and treat the $`z`$ coordinate to be compact for the purposes of equations of motion and their symmetries, the reduction will yield a theory in three dimensions with only a dilaton field coupled to gravity. To perform compactification along the $`z`$ direction, let us rewrite the above metric in four dimensions as follows:

$$ds_{3+1}^2=G_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu =g_{ab}dx^adx^b+e^{4\varphi }dz^2$$
(4)
with

$$e^{4\varphi }=G_{zz}=r^{\frac{(n^21)}{2}}$$
(5)
Here $`(\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3)`$ and $`(a,b=0,1,2)`$ are four and three dimensional indices respectively. The dimensionally reduced action in three dimensions is given by,

$$S_{string}=d^3x\sqrt{g^S}e^{2\varphi }R^S$$
(6)
Here, $`g^S`$ corresponds to $`g_{ab}`$ of the four dimensional metric and the metric can be treated to be in the “string frame”. One can perform a conformal transformation to bring the metric to Einstein frame as follows,

$$e^{4\varphi }g_{\mu \nu }^S=g_{\mu \nu }^E$$
(7)
This transformation will lead to the following action and the corresponding field equations,

$$S_{Einstein}=d^3x\sqrt{g^E}(R^E8\varphi _\mu ^\mu \varphi )$$
(8)
$$R_{\mu \nu }=8_\mu \varphi _\nu \varphi $$
(9)
$$^\mu _\mu \varphi =0$$
(10)
Hence by starting from the metric given in eq.(1), one can obtain solutions to three dimensional space-time as,

$$ds_{Ein}^2=e^{2U4\varphi }\left(e^{2K}dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2\right)e^{2U4\varphi }(dt+Ad\phi )^2$$
(11)
with a dilaton given by,

$$\varphi =\frac{(n^2+1)}{8}ln(r)$$
(12)
The above metric can be rewritten in the following form,

$$ds^2=g_{tt}dt^2+g_{\phi \phi }d\phi ^2+2g_{\phi t}d\phi dt+g_{rr}dr^2$$
(13)
with

$$g_{rr}=r^{n^21}$$

$$g_{tt}=a_1r^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}}a_2r^{\frac{(n1)^2}{2}}$$

$$g_{\phi \phi }=\left(\frac{1}{a_2}2b\sqrt{\frac{a_1}{a_2}}b^2a_1\right)r^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}}b^2a_2r^{\frac{(n1)^2}{2}}$$

$$g_{\phi t}=\left(ba_2\right)r^{\frac{(1n)^2}{2}}+\left(ba_1\sqrt{a_1/a_2}\right)r^{\frac{(1+n)^2}{2}}$$
(14)
This metric and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ satisfy the field equations of eqs.(9) and (10). In the discussion of the solutions we will pick $`a_2>0,a_1=0`$ and $`n1`$.

## 3 Mass and Angular Momentum of the Solutions

The mass and the angular momentum of the source of this solution is computed by following the prescription of Brown and York  which is briefly described as follows. If the metric in 2+1 dimensions is written in the following form,

$$ds^2=N^{t2}dt^2+\frac{dR^2}{f^2}+R^2(d\phi +N^\phi dt)^2$$
(15)
the quasi-local mass $`m(R)`$ and quasi-local angular momentum $`j(R)`$ are given by,

$$m(R)=2N^t(R)(f_0(R)f(R))j(R)N^\phi (R)$$
(16)
$$j(R)=\frac{f(R)\frac{dN^\phi }{dR}R^3}{N^t(R)}$$
(17)
Here, $`f_0`$ comes from a background metric which corresponds to the solution with zero mass. If $`R`$ is a function of $`r`$, as it is in the case of the solutions described in this paper, $`f(r)`$ and $`g_{rr}`$ are related to each other as $`f(r)=\sqrt{1/g_{rr}}\frac{dR}{dr}`$. The mass and the angular momentum are computed as $`R\mathrm{}`$,

$$M=\underset{R\mathrm{}}{lim}m(R);J=\underset{R\mathrm{}}{lim}j(R)$$
(18)
## 4 Static Dilaton Solutions

In this section we will consider the static dilaton solutions corresponding to $`b=0.`$ Then the metric simplifies to,

$$ds^2=a_2r^{\frac{(1+n)^2}{2}}dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{r^{(1n^2)}}+\frac{r^{\frac{(1+n)^2}{2}}}{a_2}d\phi ^2$$
(19)
$$\varphi =\frac{(n^2+1)}{8}ln(r)$$
(20)
### 4.1  Static solutions for $`n=1`$

For $`n=1`$, the dilaton vanishes leaving the following metric.

$$ds^2=a_2dt^2+dR^2a_2+R^2d\phi ^2$$
(21)
Note that a coordinate transformation $`r=R\sqrt{a_2}`$ has been performed. This is the well known metric of a point source in 2+1 dimensions which leads to a conical singularity at the origin  . Let us describe how the conical singularity arises as follows: By redefining $`t,R`$ and $`\phi `$ as $`t^{}=\sqrt{a_2}t,R^{}=\sqrt{a_2}R,\phi ^{}=\phi /\sqrt{a_2}`$, the metric in eq.(21) becomes,

$$ds^2=dt^2+dR^2+R^2d\phi ^2$$
(22)
Note that the former periodic coordinate $`\phi `$ has the range $`0\phi 2\pi `$ and the new period coordinate has the range $`0\phi ^{}2\pi a_2^{1/2}`$. Hence there is a deficit angle $`D`$ at the origin due to the presence of a massive source given by $`D=2\pi (1a_2^{1/2})`$ leading to the conical space-time. Now, to relate the parameter $`a_2`$ appearing in the metric to the mass of the source we will use the prescription given in the section (3). The zero mass metric is chosen to be the Minkowski space which corresponds to $`a_2=1`$, leading to $`f_0=1`$. In the presence of the source, $`f(R)=a_2^{1/2}`$ and $`N^t(R)=1`$ from eq.(21). By the definition in eq.(16),

$$m(R)=M=2(1a_2^{1/2}).$$
(23)
Hence the mass of the source $`M`$ and $`a_2`$ are related by $`a_2=\left(1\frac{M}{2}\right)^2`$

### 4.2 Static solutions for $`n>1`$

For $`n>1`$, the dilaton has a non zero value and the metric can be written completely in terms of $`R`$ as follows,

$$ds^2=R^{2(\frac{n1}{n+1})^2}\left(a_2^{\frac{2(n^2+1)}{(n+1)^2}}dt^2+16a_2^{\frac{2(n^2+1)}{(n+1)^2}}(1+n)^4dR^2\right)+R^2d\phi ^2$$
(24)
By scaling the time as $`a_2^{\frac{(n^2+1)}{(1+n)^2}}t=t^{}`$, the metric simplifies to,

$$ds^2=A(R)^2dt^2+\frac{dR^2}{(A(R)^1a_n)^2}+R^2d\phi ^2$$
(25)
where

$$a_n=a_2^{\frac{(n^2+1)}{(n+1)^2}}\frac{(1+n)^2}{4};A(R)=R^{(\frac{n1}{n+1})^2}$$
(26)
The functions $`f(R)`$ and $`N^t(R)`$ can be read from the metric as,

$$f(R)=A(R)^1a_n;N^t(R)=A(R)$$
(27)
To compute the mass, let the reference metric corresponds to $`a_2=1`$ which leads to

$$f_0=A(R)^1\frac{(1+n)^2}{4}$$
(28)
With above preliminaries, one can compute the mass and the angular momentum to be,

$$M_n=\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}\left(1a_2^{\frac{(1+n^2)}{(1+n)^2}}\right);J_n=0$$
(29)
When $`n1`$, the mass $`M_nM`$ as expected.

The Ricci scalar $`Rs`$ and Kretschmann scalar $`Kr`$ are computed for the above metric as follows:

$$Rs=R_{\mu \nu }g^{\mu \nu }=\frac{(n^2+1)}{8r^{(1+n^2)}};Kr=R_{\mu \nu \rho \gamma }R^{\mu \nu \rho \gamma }=\frac{3(n^2+1)}{64r^{2(1+n^2)}}$$
(30)
For $`n>1`$ these scalars have singularities at $`r=0`$ leading to a curvature singularity. Since there are no horizons, it is a naked singularity. For $`n=1`$ the scalar curvature is zero everywhere leading to the conical singularity at the origin as discussed in the previous section. Hence the conical singularity has turned into a curvature singularity due to the presence of the dilaton field. Since the scalar curvature $`R0`$ at large $`R`$, the space-time is asymptotically flat.

## 5 Rotating Dilaton Solutions

In this section we will consider the solutions with the parameter $`b0`$. Such solutions can be written as,

$$ds^2=\frac{r^{(n^2+1)}}{R^2}dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{r^{(n^2+1)}}+R^2\left(d\phi \frac{a_2br^{\frac{(n1)^2}{2}}}{R^2}dt\right)^2$$
(31)
with

$$R^2=\frac{r^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}}}{a_2}b^2a_2r^{\frac{(n1)^2}{2}}$$
(32)
### 5.1  Rotating flat solutions with $`n=1`$

For $`n=1`$, the dilaton field vanishes and the solutions correspond to the following metric.

$$ds^2=\frac{r^2}{R^2}dt^2+dr^2+R^2(d\phi \frac{a_2b}{R^2}dt)^2$$
(33)
where $`R^2=(\frac{r^2}{a_2}b^2a_2)`$. The conical singularity at $`r=0`$ still exists. Also $`g_{\phi \phi }`$ component of the metric becomes negative for $`r<ba_2`$ leading to closed time-like curves as described in Deser et.al. The space-time is flat everywhere since the scalar curvature vanishes similar to the static flat case.

To compute the mass, the metric can be rewritten completely in terms of $`R`$ by a coordinate transformation $`r^2=(R^2+a_2b^2)a_2`$ and $`t^{}=\sqrt{a_2}t`$.

$$ds^2=\frac{(R^2+a_2b^2)}{R^2}dt^2+\frac{R^2a_2}{(R^2+a_2b^2)}dR^2+R^2(d\phi \frac{\sqrt{a_2}b}{R^2}dt^{})^2$$
(34)
Considering the Minkowski space-time as the reference one can compute the mass and the angular momentum as

$$M=1a_2^{1/2};J=2b.$$
(35)
### 5.2 Rotating Dilaton Solutions with $`n>1`$

For $`n>1`$, a non zero dilaton field exists which modifies the flat space-time considerably. These solutions do have the same scalar invariants as computed for the static case in eq.(31) which signals curvature singularities at $`r=0`$. Furthermore the metric function $`g_{\phi \phi }`$ becomes negative for $`r<(ba_2)^{1/n}`$ leading to closed time like curves.

To calculate the mass and the angular momentum, one has to rewrite $`r`$ as a function of $`R`$. Due to the nature of the expression in eq.(32) it is not possible to find an exact expression for $`r`$. Hence, by a binomial expansion of eq.(32) around $`R\mathrm{}`$ followed by an inversion of the series lead to,

$$\frac{1}{r}=\left(\frac{1}{R^2a_2}\right)^{\frac{2}{(1+n)^2}}\frac{2a_2^2b^2}{(1+n)^2}\left(\frac{1}{R^2a_2}\right)^{\frac{2(2n+1)}{(1+n)^2}}+\mathrm{}..$$
(36)
Substitution of $`r`$ into the functions $`N^t(r),f(r),N^\phi (r)`$ in eq.(31) to compute the quasi-local mass and angular momentum $`m(R)`$, $`j(R)`$ and taking the limit $`R\mathrm{}`$ leads to following quantities,

$$M=\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}\left(1a_2^{\frac{(1+n^2)}{(1+n)^2}}\right);J=2nb$$
(37)
Note that in computing the mass we have chosen the reference metric as the one with $`a_2=1,b=0`$ and $`n1`$ which gives $`f_0=R^{(\frac{n1}{n+1})^2}\frac{(1+n)^2}{4}`$ as in the static case.

## 6 Conclusions

We have discussed the properties of a new three parameter family of solutions to Einstein-dilaton gravity in 2+1 dimensions obtained by a compactification of stationary cylindrical symmetrical solutions in 3+1 dimensions. The mass and the angular momentum of each solution are computed in terms of the parameters of the solution $`a_2,n`$ and $`b`$. For $`n=1`$, the compactified solutions lead to the well known conical space-time with a mass deficit and time helical structure presented by Deser et.al. arising in pure Einstein gravity in 2+1 dimensions. For $`n>1`$, a non zero dilaton field exists and the resulting space-time has curvature singularities. The rotating solutions also has closed time like curves.

It is natural to extend this work to compactify charged cylindrical solutions in four dimensions to see the relation to the existing charged solutions in 2+1 dimensional dilaton gravity. In this context, there are two solutions which would be interesting to study. One is the static cylindrical solutions by Safko  and the other is the solutions of a charged line-mass by Muckherji .

It would be also interesting to embed the solutions discussed here in a supergravity theory arising from a low energy string theory along the lines of supersymmetric solutions to three dimensional heterotic string action considered by Bakas et.al.. We hope to address these issues in the future.
Note added in proof: The authors were informed of related work mentioned in references , , , , .


text:
# Geometry-dependent scattering through quantum billiards: Experiment and theory

## Abstract

We present experimental studies of the geometry-specific quantum scattering in microwave billiards of a given shape. We perform full quantum mechanical scattering calculations and find an excellent agreement with the experimental results. We also carry out the semiclassical calculations where the conductance is given as a sum of all classical trajectories between the leads, each of them carrying the quantum-mechanical phase. We unambiguously demonstrate that the characteristic frequencies of the oscillations in the transmission and reflection *amplitudes* are related to the *length distribution* of the classical trajectories between the leads, whereas the frequencies of the *probabilities* can be understood in terms of the *length difference distribution* in the pairs of classical trajectories. We also discuss the effect of non-classical “ghost” trajectories that include classically forbidden reflection off the lead mouths.

The low-temperature conductance of nanoscaled semiconductor quantum dots (often called quantum billiards) is dominated by quantum mechanical interference of electron waves giving rise to reproducible conductance oscillations Marcus ; Chang ; Persson ; Bird ; Ensslin ; comment ; Christ ; Bogg ; andy\_sq ; Z\_PRL . Theoretical and experimental studies of the conductance oscillations have been concentrated on both statistical and geometry-specific features Marcus ; Chang ; Persson ; Bird ; Ensslin ; comment ; Christ ; Bogg ; andy\_sq ; Z\_PRL ; Takagaki ; RMT ; semicl ; Delos ; Burg ; TB1 ; TB2 . The analysis of the statistical aspects of the conductance was commonly based on the random matrix theory or similar stochastic methods RMT . In order to provide the interpretation of the geometry-specific features in the oscillations in a billiard of a given shape, different and sometimes conflicting approaches have been used Marcus ; Chang ; Persson ; Bird ; Ensslin ; comment ; Christ ; Bogg ; andy\_sq ; Z\_PRL ; Takagaki ; Delos ; Burg ; TB1 ; TB2 . Very often the interpretation of the conductance was not directly based on the transport calculations such that the explanation of the characteristic peaks in the conductance spectrum had rather speculative character. In contrast, the semiclassical approach semicl ; Delos ; Burg ; TB1 ; TB2 ; Gutzwiller ; stock\_book  represents one of the most powerful tool for studying the geometry-specific scattering as it allows one to perform transport calculations for structures of arbitrary geometry and, at the same time, it can provide an intuitive interpretation of the conductance in terms of classical trajectories connecting the leads, each of them carrying the quantum mechanical phase.

In this paper we, for the first time, present experimental studies of the geometry-specific quantum scattering in microwave billiards of a given shape combined with the exact quantum mechanical as well as semi-classical analysis. The physics and modelling of microwave cavities is conceptually similar to that one of the semiconductor quantum dots because of the similarity between the Schrödinger and Helmholtz equations stock\_book ; bird\_paper . At the same time, the microwave cavities provide the unique opportunity to control the precise shape of the billiard. This is not possible for the semiconductor quantum dots where the actual shape of the potential always remains unknown potential . Secondly, for the microwave billiards one can routinely access the phase information (i.e. measuring the transmission and reflection *amplitudes*) whereas for the case of quantum dot one typically measures the transmission *probabilities* only. Thirdly, the effects of inelastic scattering is of much lesser importance for the microwave cavities than for the quantum dots where the phase breaking processes can reduce the phase coherence length significantly. Note that a billiard system of the same shape as the one studied here (realized as a semiconductor quantum dot), was investigated in Ensslin ; TB1 . It has been demonstrated TB1  that the strong inelastic scattering has lead to the suppression of major characteristic peaks in the transmission spectrum as well as to the strong reduction of the amplitude of the oscillations.

Our semiclassical (SC) analysis of the experimental spectrum of the microwave billiard unambiguously demonstrate that the characteristic frequencies of the oscillations in the transmission and reflection *amplitudes* are related to the *length distribution* of the classical trajectories between the leads, whereas the frequencies of the *probabilities* can be understood in terms of the *length difference distribution* in the pairs of classical trajectories. This, to the best of our knowledge, provides the first unambiguous identification of the specific frequencies of the oscillations experimentally observed in a billiard of a given shape.

The dynamics of an electron in a two-dimensional quantum dot is governed by the Schrödinger equation

$$\left(\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}^2+E\right)\psi (x,y)=0,$$
(1)
with the wave function vanishing on the boundary $`\psi =0`$, where $`E`$ is the electron Fermi energy and a potential inside the billiard is assumed to be zero. This equation has the same form as the Helmholtz equation governing the dynamics of the lowest TM-mode in a microwave billiards stock\_book  (provided the frequency $`\nu <c/2d`$, where $`d`$ is the heigt of the billiard).

In the absence of a magnetic field the transmission amplitude $`t_{nm}`$ is given by the projection of the retarded Green function $`G=(HE)^1`$ onto the transverse wave functions $`\varphi _n(y)`$ in the incoming and outgoing leads Datta

$`t_{mn}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{}\sqrt{v_nv_m}`$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑y_1𝑑y_2\varphi _n^{}(y_1)\varphi _m(y_2)G(y_1,y_2,k)},`$
where $`v_n`$ is the longitudinal velocity for the mode $`n`$ and $`k`$ is the wave vector. The total transmission probability $`T=_{mn}T_{mn}`$ is the sum over transmission probabilities from all the propagating modes $`m`$ in one lead to the modes $`n`$ in the other; $`T_{mn}`$ being the square modulus of the transmission amplitude, $`T_{mn}=|t_{mn}|^2`$.

The quantum mechanical computations have been made using a recursive Green’s function technique based on the Dyson equation recgreen . In semi-classical computations, the quantum mechanical Green’s function is replaced by its semiclassical approximation Gutzwiller ; stock\_book . The semiclassical transmission amplitude can be represented in the form Delos ; Burg ; TB1 ; TB2

$$t_{mn}^{SC}(k)=\underset{s}{}A_{mn}^se^{ikl_s},$$
(3)
where $`s`$ denotes classical trajectories of the length $`l_s`$ between the two leads, $`A_{mn}^s`$ is an amplitude factor which depends on the density of trajectories, mode number, entrance and exit angles, etc. The details of the semiclassical calculations are given in TB2 .

Because of the rapidly varying phase factor in Eq. (3), the length spectrum of the transmission amplitude (defined as a Fourier Transform $`𝑑\mathrm{}t_{mn}^{SC}(k)e^k\mathrm{}`$), is obviously peaked at the length $`\mathrm{}=l_s`$ of the trajectories between the leads. This behavior of the length spectrum is well understood and numerically verified for a number of different model billiards with leads Delos ; Burg ; TB1 .

Using Eq. (3), the transmission probability can be written in the form

$$T_{mn}^{SC}=|t_{mn}^{SC}|^2=\underset{s}{}|A_{mn}^s|^2+\underset{s,s^{}}{}A_{mn}^sA_{mn}^{s^{}}{}_{}{}^{}e^{ik(l_sl_s^{})}.$$
(4)
The length spectrum of the transmission probability is obviously peaked at the length difference $`\mathrm{}=l_sl_s^{}`$ in the pairs of trajectories between the leads. Thus, identification of the characteristic frequencies in the probabilities reduces to the analysis of the path difference distribution in a billiard with a given lead geometryDelos ; TB2 .

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the microwave resonator used in the experiments. The microwaves enter the resonator through a wave guide at a fixed position on one side, and leaves the resonator through another waveguide on the opposite side whose position could be varied. The heigth of the resonator was $`d=7.8`$ mm, i.e. the billiard is quasi-two-dimensional for $`\nu <19`$ GHz. Transmision spectra, including modulus and phase, were taken in the frequency range $`10`$ to $`18`$ GHz for four different positions of the outgoing wave guide. In the whole frequency range there is only one propagating mode in the wave guide. More details on the experimental technique may be found in Kuhl .

Figure 2 shows the experimental and calculated data for the transmission and reflection *amplitudes*. The agreement between the experimental results and exact quantum mechanical (QM) calculations is very good. The SC transport calculations allows us to identify the characteristic peaks in the spectrum in terms of classical trajectories connecting the billiard leads. Indeed, each peak in the SC spectrum represents a contribution from a particular classical trajectory, as illustrated in the insets. However, because of the approximate nature of the semiclassical approximation, the heights of the SC and QM peaks do not fully agree with each other.

Furthermore, the experimental data as well as the QM calculations show the presence of the peaks which are absent in the SC calculations (for example, the peaks at $`l5.5,9,10.5`$ in the reflection amplitude). These are so-called “ghost” trajectories that include classically forbidden reflection off the lead mouths Delos . For example, the peak in the reflection amplitude at $`l9`$ is caused by the trajectory with the length $`l=4.5`$ which, after one revolution in the billiard, is reflected back at the exit by the lead mouth such that it makes one more revolution and its total length becomes $`L=4.5\times 29`$. Such non-classical trajectories are not included in the standard semiclassical approximation.

The “ghost” trajectories are more important for the reflection than for the transmission. This is due to the fact that each “ghost” trajectory manifesting itself in the reflection bounces off the lead mouth only once, whereas each “ghost” trajectory contributing to the transmission has to bounce off the lead mouth twice. As a result, the amplitude of such the trajectory with two non-classical bounces off the lead mouth is obviously lower than the one with only one bounce.

Experimental and calculated QM transmission and reflection *probabilities* are shown in Fig. 3. The correspondence between the theoretical and experimental probabilities is also rather good. Note that because of the current conservation requirement, $`R+T=1`$, the variation of the transmission is opposite to that one of the reflection, $`\delta T=\delta R`$. As a result, the FT of the *calculated QM* transmission and reflection probabilities are practically identical. This is however not the case for the *experimental* transmission and reflection probabilities. This is because of the presence of some absorption in the system. As we do not include neither absorption nor inelastic scattering in the theoretical calculations, this is the reason for some discrepancy existing between the QM calculations and the experiment.

In contrast to the case of SC and QM *amplitudes*, the agreement between the SC and QM *probabilities* is only marginal (therefore we do not show the SC results here). Because the probabilities are the squared moduli of the amplitudes, the discrepancy which exists between the SC and QM amplitudes, see Fig. 2, becomes much more pronounced for the probabilities (a detailed analysis of the discrepancy between the SC and QM approaches is given in TB2 ). Furthermore, the interval of the frequency variation (limited to one propagating mode in the leads) is not wide enough to ensure reliable statistics for the probabilities. The calculations demonstrate that with a wider frequency interval the characteristic peaks in the FT spectrum become better resolved and the agreement between the QM and SC results improves significantly. Experimentally, however, it is not possible to access the frequency range beyond one propagating mode in the leads.

In order to provide the SC interpretation of the probabilities in the available frequency interval (limited to one propagating mode), we perform the averaging over four different lead geometries, see Fig. 4. Such the averaging is justified because the characteristic frequencies of the oscillations in a square billiard are shown to be rather insensitive to the lead positions TB1 . This, in turn, is related to the fact that classical length difference distribution is also not sensitive to the lead positions. The averaged QM probabilities show pronounced peaks in the FT which are in a good agreement with the corresponding experimental ones. The correspondence between the averaged QM and SC results is also rather good. According to the SC approach, the characteristic peaks in the SC spectra can be understood in terms of the length differences in pairs of classical trajectories connecting the leads, see Eq. (4). This is demonstrated in Fig. 4 where the experimental and calculated spectra are compared to the classical length difference distribution between the leads. This provides us with the semiclassical interpretation of the calculated QM (and therefore observed) conductance fluctuations. We would like to stress that this explanation of the characteristic frequencies in the conductance is based on transport calculations and is thus not equivalent to a rather common point of view when the observed frequencies in the conductance oscillations of an open dot are assigned to the contributions from specific periodic orbits in a corresponding closed dot Marcus ; Chang ; Persson ; Bird ; Ensslin ; comment ; Christ ; Bogg ; andy\_sq ; Takagaki .

To conclude, we present experimental studies of the geometry-specific quantum scattering in a microwave billiard of a given shape. We perform full quantum mechanical (QM) scattering calculations and find an excellent agreement with the experimental results. We also carry out the semiclassical (SC) calculations where the conductance is given as a sum of all classical trajectories between the leads, each of them carrying the quantum-mechanical phase. Our results thus provide the first unambiguous identification of the specific frequencies of the oscillations observed in a billiard of a given shape.

###### Acknowledgements.

Financial support from the National Graduate School in Scientific Computing (T.B) and the Swedish Research Council (I.V.Z) is acknowledged. The experiments were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.


text:
# Casimir effect for a perfectly conducting wedge in terms of local zeta function

## I Introduction

The Casimir calculations are usually accomplished by two methods: a global approach, when from the very beginning the total vacuum energy of quantum fields are calculated for given boundary conditions, and a local consideration, when first the space density of the vacuum energy is found. The both methods are in agreement if the integration of the vacuum energy density gives the total Casimir energy. As known, the first example where this condition is not satisfied was a perfectly conducting wedge, i.e., two perfectly conducting plates that are crossed at given angle. The calculation of the Casimir energy for these boundary conditions has the following peculiarities. The spectrum of electromagnetic oscillations inside the wedge is continues and it does not depend explicitly on the opening angle of the wedge. The boundaries are flat therefore there is no problem with additional divergences due to the boundary curvature. However, on the cross line of the plates the smoothness of the boundary is obviously violated due to the cusp. Till now a correct definition of the total vacuum energy of the fields inside the wedge is lacking. It has been calculated only the spatial density of vacuum energy inside the wedge. It turns out that this density possesses a non-integrable singularity $`r^4`$ in cylindrical coordinates $`r,\theta ,z`$ with the $`z`$ axes along the cross line of the plates. For the first time these calculations have been done probably in Ref.  by making use of a simple method of images and later in Ref.  by applying the Green’s function method. In recent publications  in the framework of the Schwinger source theory it was shown how to avoid some mathematical inconsistency taking place in previous calculations .

The geometry of space analogous to that between the crossing plates also encounters in other physical problems, in particular, in the cosmic string theory (the space outside the string) and under consideration of quantum fields at finite temperature on the Rindler space-time.

The geometry of space in the background of a cosmic string is determined by the solution of the Einstein equations with the energy-momentum tensor of matter defined by the string. When the string is located along the $`z`$ axes and possesses the linear mass density $`\mu `$, then the space outside the string is isomorphic to the manifold $`C_{2\pi \varphi }\times ^1`$, where $`^1`$ is an infinite line along the $`z`$ axes and instead of a plane perpendicular to this axes one has two dimensional cone $`C_{2\pi \varphi }`$ with the angle deficiency $`\varphi =8\pi G\mu `$, $`G`$ being the gravitational constant. The cone of an angle $`\beta `$ becomes a plane when $`\beta =2\pi `$. Certainly the boundary conditions for fields inside the wedge $`W_\alpha \times ^1`$ and on the space $`C_\beta \times ^1`$ are in the general case different. For the cone $`C_\beta `$ the periodic boundary conditions are natural. For fields inside the wedge the boundary conditions are determined by the relevant physical origin of the fields and by the physical characteristics of the boundary.

The manifold $`C_\beta \times ^2`$ arises under consideration of fields on the Rindler space-time at finite temperature $`\beta ^1`$. In order to calculate the Helmholtz free energy and entropy of fields on this space the local zeta function technique was proposed . A nontrivial problem encountered here is the construction of required analytic continuation of this zeta function. Such a continuation has been accomplished separately for lower and higher eigenvalues of the Laplace operator in the problem at hand.

As far as we know the Casimir energy for a perfectly conducting wedge at finite temperature was considered only in Ref.  by the multiple scattering method. In that paper unusual temperature dependence of the Casimir forces in this problem was noted. These forces, tending to reduce the angle $`\alpha `$ between the plates, diminish when taking into account the first temperature correction.

The present article seeks to show that the most simple and consistent (from the mathematical point of view) approach to the calculation of the Casimir effect for a perfectly conducting wedge is to use the local zeta function technique. In order to construct such spectral function one should find not only the spectrum of the regarding operator but also its eigenfunctions. When looking for the solutions to the Maxwell equations in confined regions (waveguides or resonators) it is convenient to use the Hertz potentials or Hertz vectors . This technique considerably simplifies the calculations, specifically, removing the problem of choosing the gauge. It is this way that we shall follow when constructing the local zeta function for electromagnetic field inside a perfectly conducting wedge $`W_\alpha \times ^1`$.

The layout of the paper is as follows. In Section II the Hertz potentials are introduced and the solutions to Maxwell equations inside a perfectly conducting wedge are constructed. These potentials are expressed in terms of two scalar functions which satisfy Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. In Section III the local zeta function in the problem at hand is constructed. By a simple change of angle variable this function reduces to the analogous one for a massless scalar field on the manifold $`C_\beta \times ^1`$, when $`\beta =2\alpha `$. Therefore the analytic continuation developed in Ref.  is also applicable in our case. The local zeta function constructed enables one to calculate the vacuum energy density of the electromagnetic field inside a wedge without subtraction of infinities. In Section IV transition to the global zeta function is carried out by introducing a cutoff nearby the cusp at the origin. Proceeding from this the heat kernel coefficients are calculated and the high temperature asymptotics of the Helmholtz free energy and of the torque of the Casimir forces are found. The wedge singularity gives rise to a specific high temperature behaviour $`T^2`$ of the quantities under consideration. The obtained results are directly applicable to the free energy of a scalar massless field and electromagnetic field on the background of a cosmic string. In Section V we summarize our results. In the Appendix the local zeta functions are constructed for scalar massless fields inside a wedge with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions.

## II Solution to Maxwell equations in terms of Hertz vectors

Finding the solutions of Maxwell equations inside confined regions proves to be a rather difficult problem. Mainly it is due to the vector character of the electromagnetic field. A convenient technique for this purpose is to use the electric ($`𝚷^{}`$) and magnetic ($`𝚷^{\prime \prime }`$) Hertz vectors . The Lorentz gauge condition

$$\text{div}𝐀+\frac{1}{c}\frac{\phi }{t}=0$$

is satisfied identically because the Hertz vectors are connected with the potentials $`𝐀`$ and $`\phi `$ in the following way

$$𝐀=\frac{1}{c}\frac{𝚷}{t},\phi =\text{div}𝚷.$$

For boundary problems with cylindrical symmetry the electric ($`𝐄`$) and magnetic ($`𝐇`$) fields are expressed in terms of the Hertz vectors having only one nonzero component

$$𝚷^{}=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},U),𝚷^{\prime \prime }=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},V).$$
(1)
Here cylindrical coordinates ($`r,\theta ,z`$) are used with $`z`$ axes directed along the intersection line of the wedge planes. The scalar functions $`U`$ and $`V`$ are the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator and meet, respectively, Dirichlet and Neumann conditions on the boundary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

$`\mathrm{\Delta }U=\omega ^2U,U|_\mathrm{\Gamma }=0,`$ (2)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }V=\omega ^2V,{\displaystyle \frac{V}{n}}|_\mathrm{\Gamma }=0.`$ (3)
When considering the electromagnetic field inside a perfectly conducting dihedral of opening angle $`\alpha `$ (for simplicity, conducting wedge $`W_\alpha `$) the eigenvalues of the operator $`(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ are

$$\omega ^2\omega ^2(k,\lambda )=k^2+\lambda ^2,\mathrm{}<k<\mathrm{},0\lambda <\mathrm{},$$
(4)
with $`k`$ being the wave vector along the $`z`$ direction. In all the functions we have dropped for simplicity the time-dependent factor $`e^{i\omega t}`$. The spectrum (4) does not depend explicitly on the opening angle $`\alpha `$ of the wedge. This point proves to be a crucial one when attempting to construct a global zeta function in this problem (see Section IV).

The Dirichlet boundary value problem (2) has the following normalized eigenfunctions ($`E`$-modes)

$`u_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)={\displaystyle \frac{e^{ikz}}{\sqrt{\pi \alpha }}}J_{np}(\lambda r)\mathrm{sin}(np\theta ),`$

$$0\theta \alpha ,p=\pi /\alpha ,n=1,2,\mathrm{},0\lambda <\mathrm{}.$$
(5)
For the Neumann boundary value problem (3) the normalized eigenfunctions ($`H`$-modes) have the form

$`v_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)=\eta _{n0}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{ikz}}{\sqrt{\pi \alpha }}}J_{np}(\lambda r)\mathrm{cos}(np\theta ),`$

$$n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},0\lambda <\mathrm{},\eta _{n0}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},n=0,\hfill & \\ 1,n=1,2,\mathrm{}.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(6)
The eigenfunctions (5) and (6) meet the orthogonality condition

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑z_0^{\mathrm{}}r𝑑r_0^\alpha 𝑑\theta f_{\lambda ^{}n^{}k^{}}^{}(r,\theta ,z)f_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)=\delta _{nn^{}}\frac{1}{\lambda }\delta (\lambda \lambda ^{})\delta (kk^{})$$
(7)
and the completeness condition

$$\underset{n=0(1)}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k_0^{\mathrm{}}\lambda 𝑑\lambda f_{\lambda nk}^{}(r^{},\theta ^{},z^{})f_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)=\frac{1}{r}\delta (rr^{})\delta (zz^{})\delta (\theta \theta ^{}).$$
(8)
Here $`f_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)`$ are the eigenfunctions (5) or (6). The relations (7) and (8) can be easily verified if one takes into account the formula

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\lambda 𝑑\lambda J_q(\lambda r)J_q(\lambda r^{})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\delta (rr^{}).`$

For given Hertzian vectors $`𝚷^{}`$ and $`𝚷^{\prime \prime }`$ the electric and magnetic fields are constructed by the formulas

$`𝐄`$ $`=`$ $`\mathbf{}\times \mathbf{}\times 𝚷^{},𝐇=i\omega \mathbf{}\times 𝚷^{}(E\text{-modes}),`$ (9)
$`𝐄`$ $`=`$ $`i\omega \mathbf{}\times 𝚷^{\prime \prime },𝐇=\mathbf{}\times \mathbf{}\times 𝚷^{\prime \prime }(H\text{-modes}).`$ (10)
It has been proved  that the superposition of these modes gives the general solution to the Maxwell equations in the problem under consideration.

However in the zeta function formalism there is no need to recover the electric and magnetic fields trough these formulas in order to construct the energy density or the energy momentum tensor as one proceeds when the Green’s function technique is used . It is an essential merit of the approach considered.

## III Local Zeta Function for Perfectly Conducting Wedge

At the beginning we remind a few general formulas that define a local zeta function. Let we have a differential operator $`L`$ with well posed eigenvalue problem (here it is convenient to use the Dirac bracket notation)

$$Lf_n(x)=\lambda _nf_n(x)\text{or}L|n>=\lambda _n|n>.$$
(11)
By making use of the completeness of the vector set $`\{|n>\}`$, one can represent (formally) a unity operator $`I`$ acting in the linear space of the vectors $`|n>`$ as follows

$$I=\underset{n}{}|n><n|.$$
(12)
In view of this, we have for the inverse operator $`L^1`$

$$L^1=\underset{n}{}\frac{|n><n|}{\lambda _n}.$$
(13)
It can be easily checked with allowance for Eq. (11). For the $`s`$th power of the inverse operator $`L^1`$ we can write

$$L^s=\underset{n}{}\frac{|n><n|}{\lambda _n^s}.$$
(14)
The local zeta function $`\zeta (s,x)`$ of the operator $`L`$ is a diagonal matrix element of the operator $`L^s`$

$$\zeta (s,x)=\underset{n}{}\frac{<x|n><n|x>}{\lambda _n^s}=\underset{n}{}\lambda _n^sf_n^{}(x)f_n(x).$$
(15)
The global zeta function

$$\zeta (s)=\underset{n}{}\lambda _n^s$$
(16)
is obtained by integration of $`\zeta (s,x)`$ over the whole space

$$\zeta (s)=\zeta (s,x)𝑑x.$$
(17)
Thus the local zeta function $`\zeta (s,x)`$ can be interpreted as a spatial density for the global zeta function $`\zeta (s)`$.

When calculating the vacuum energy of a relativistic quantum field $`E_0`$ by making use of the zeta function regularization , we have

$$E_0=\frac{1}{2}\zeta \left(s=\frac{1}{2}\right),$$
(18)
with the operator $`L`$ being the spatial part of the relevant differential operator defining the field dynamics in the problem at hand. In this case $`\lambda _n=\omega _n^2`$, where $`\omega _n`$ are the classical characteristic frequencies of the field under study. In view of Eqs. (17) and (18), the quantity $`(1/2)\zeta (1/2,x)`$ can be interpreted as the vacuum energy density calculated in the framework of the zeta function regularization. Besides that, it is easy to show that the vacuum expectation value of the canonical energy-momentum tensor of non-interacting scalar field can be represented in the form

$$<0|T_{00}(x)|0>=\frac{1}{2}\underset{n}{}\lambda _n^{1/2}f_n^{}(x)f_n(x)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta (\frac{1}{2},x).$$
(19)
In this case the operator $`L`$ is simply $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

The main difficulty in obtaining the local zeta function (15), as well as the global one (16), is an analytic continuation of these formula to the region $`\text{Re }s<1`$.

It is remarkable that for constructing the local zeta function $`\zeta (s,x)`$ only the spectrum and the eigenfunctions of the relevant operator are needed. The explicit form of the regarding physical fields (for example, electromagnetic fields) is not involved in these formulas. Therefore we shall not use Eq. (10) determining the electric and magnetic fields. Instead of that we proceed from the spectrum (4) in the problem at hand and the respective eigenfunctions (5) and (6).

Substituting Eqs. (4), (5) and (6) into the definition of the local zeta function (15) we obtain

$`\zeta (s,r,\theta ,z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi \alpha }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑k{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda d\lambda }{(k^2+\lambda ^2)^s}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}J_0^2(\lambda r)+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_{np}^2(\lambda r)[\mathrm{sin}^2(np\theta )+\mathrm{cos}^2(np\theta )]\right\}`$ (20)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi \alpha }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑k{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda d\lambda }{(k^2+\lambda ^2)^s}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}J_0^2(\lambda r)+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_{np}^2(\lambda r)\right].`$ (21)
Thus the local zeta function in the problem at hand is independent of the angle variable $`\theta `$ and, that is natural, of $`z`$ due to the homogeneity of the system in the $`z`$-direction. For simplicity, we shall drop these arguments in what follows.

By making use of the value of the integral

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{(k^2+\lambda ^2)^s}=\sqrt{\pi }\lambda ^{12s}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)},\text{Re }s>\frac{1}{2},$$
(22)
we cast Eq. (21) into the form

$$\zeta (s,r)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi }\alpha }\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}{}_{}{}^{^{}}_{0}^{\mathrm{}}\lambda ^{22s}J_{np}^2(\lambda r)𝑑\lambda .$$
(23)
The prime on the summation sign means that the $`n=0`$ term is taken with half weight.

Now we have to use the following integration formula (see equation 6.574.2 with $`\mu =\nu `$ in Ref. )

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}t^\lambda J_\nu ^2(\alpha t)𝑑t={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{\lambda 1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\nu \lambda +1}{2}}\right)}{2^\lambda \mathrm{\Gamma }^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda +1}{2}}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\nu +\lambda +1}{2}}\right)}},`$

$$\text{Re }(2\nu +1)>\text{Re }\lambda >0,\alpha >0.$$
(24)
Applying this formula we can accomplish the integration in each term in Eq. (23) for the respective values of the variable $`s`$ restricted by the equalities

$$1<\text{Re }s<np+\frac{3}{2},n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}.$$
(25)
In these regions the integral (24) converges. Therefore the objections against using this formula brought up in Ref.  are obviously not applicable here. As a result, we obtain

$$\zeta (s,r)=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha r^{32s}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}{}_{}{}^{^{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+3/2s)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+s1/2)}.$$
(26)
When deriving this equation the formula for the doubling of the gamma function argument

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(2z)=(2\pi )^{1/2}2^{2z1/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z+\frac{1}{2}\right)$$
(27)
has been used.

By making use of the asymptotics of the ratio of two gamma functions , one can easily show (see below) that the series (26) converges in the region

$$\text{Re }s>\frac{3}{2},$$
(28)
while the first term with $`n=0`$ in the sum (26) is defined in the region

$$1<\text{Re }s<\frac{3}{2}.$$
(29)
Thus in the problem under study, there is no representation for the local zeta function (26) determining it as an analytic function of the complex variable $`s`$ in a finite region. The first term in Eq. (26) is defined in the region (29) but the rest of the sum is defined in the strip

$$\frac{3}{2}<\text{Re }s<\frac{3}{2}+1.$$
(30)
Cheeger has proposed to overcome this difficulty in the following way . The analytic continuation should be constructed separately for the first term with $`n=0`$ in Eq. (26) and for the rest sum in this equation. Further the obtained results should be added. Obviously, such a continuation is unique.

Following the paper , we introduce the function

$$G_{2\alpha }(s)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(nps+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+s)},\text{Re }s>1.$$
(31)
For $`\alpha =\pi `$ ($`p=1`$) we have

$`G_{2\pi }(s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(ns+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n+s)}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1s)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{1s}{s}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1s)(2s)}{s(1+s)}}+\mathrm{}1\right]`$ (32)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1s)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}\left[F(1s,1;s;1)1\right],\text{Re }s>1,`$ (33)
where $`F(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ;z)`$ is the hypergeometric function. Equation 9.122.1 from Ref.  gives

$`F(1s,1;s;1)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(2s2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2s1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1)}},\text{Re }s>1.`$

Finally we obtain

$$G_{2\pi }(s)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1s)}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)},\text{Re }s>1.$$
(34)
The right-hand side of this equation can naturally be considered as an analytic continuation of the function $`G_{2\pi }(s)`$ to all over the complex plane $`s`$. On the other hand, the expression in the right-hand side of Eq. (34) for $`1/2<\text{Re }s<1`$ is nothing else as the first term with $`n=0`$ in the sum in Eq. (26). Thus the analytical continuation of the first term in the sum (26) is trivial.

The basic idea of the analytical continuation of the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ for $`\alpha \pi `$ proposed by Cheeger  is also simple. It relies on the fact that the $`n`$-th term of the series (31) has a polynomial asymptotics for large $`n`$

$$a_n=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(nps+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+s)}(np)^{12s}\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_j(s)(np)^{2j},$$
(35)
where the functions $`c_j(s)`$ are calculated exactly upon substituting in Eq. (35) the know asymptotics for the gamma function . From Eq. (35) it follows immediately that the series in Eq. (31) determining the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ is convergent for

$$\text{Re }s>1.$$
(36)
When summing over $`n`$, the terms in the asymptotics (35) with

$$\text{Re }(2s+2j1)1$$
(37)
lead to the divergences. Therefore, it is natural to substitute these sums by respective values of the Riemann zeta function $`\zeta _R(s)`$

$$G_{2\alpha }(s)=p^{12s}\underset{0j1\text{Re }s}{}p^{2j}c_j(s)\zeta _R(2s+2j1)+\text{analytical part},$$
(38)
where the analytical part is the sum of the differences between $`a_n`$ and the asymptotic terms in Eq. (30) picked out in the way described above. In the general case, it is impossible to calculate this analytical part, i.e., to express it in terms of known analytical functions. However, for

$$s=\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{1}{2},1,\frac{3}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{k}{2}$$
(39)
this part vanishes because for these values of $`s`$ the ratio $`a_n`$ in Eq. (35) reduces to the finite polynomial in $`n`$. The positive integer $`k`$ in Eq. (39) obviously depends on the number of asymptotic terms in Eq. (39) summed by the Riemann zeta function in the course of analytical continuation. Thus for values of the variable $`s`$ listed in Eq. (31) there is an explicit representation of the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ in terms of the Riemann zeta function. For the boundary value $`s=1`$ the series defining the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ diverges

$$G_{2\alpha }(1)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+1)}=\frac{1}{p}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}.$$
(40)
It leads to a simple pole at the point $`s=1`$ which acquires the analytic continuation of the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ to the region $`\text{Re }s<1`$.

In view of Eqs. (31) and (34), the zeta function (26) can be represented in the form

$$\zeta (s,r)=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha r^{32s}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}\left[G_{2\alpha }(s1/2)G_{2\pi }(s1/2)\right]=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi }\alpha r^{32s}}\frac{I_{2\alpha }(s1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)},$$
(41)
where, following Ref. , we have introduced the function

$$I_{2\alpha }(s)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{\sqrt{\pi }}\left[G_{2\alpha }(s)G_{2\pi }(s)\right].$$
(42)
This function, as well as $`G_{2\alpha (s)}`$, possesses only a simple pole at the point $`s=1`$. At the first sight the gamma function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)`$, entering in the definition of $`I_{2\alpha }(s)`$, leads to the poles for $`s=1/2,1/2,3/2,\mathrm{}`$ . However, it can be shown  that the difference $`G_{2\alpha }(s)G_{2\pi }(s)`$ vanishes at these points.

The local zeta function (41) for electromagnetic field inside a perfectly conducting dihedral of opening angle $`\alpha `$ is equal to twice the corresponding zeta function for a massless scalar field on the space $`C_\beta \times ^1`$ with $`\beta =2\alpha `$, where $`C_\beta `$ is a cone of angle $`\beta `$ . This conclusion is obvious if one takes into account the relation between corresponding boundary value problems (see Eq. (12) in Ref. ). It is also easy to arrive at this conclusion directly writing out a complete set of the eigenfunction for a scalar massless field on the manifold $`C_\beta \times ^1`$:

$$f_{\lambda nk}(r,\theta ,z)=\eta _{n0}\frac{e^{ikz}}{\sqrt{\pi \beta }}J_{np}(\lambda r)\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{sin}}{\mathrm{cos}}(np\theta ),n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},p=\frac{2\pi }{\beta }.$$
(43)
In this case all the eigenvalues with $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ turn out to be double degenerate, each of them has two eigenfunctions proportional to $`\mathrm{sin}(np\theta )`$ or $`\mathrm{cos}(np\theta )`$. The local zeta functions for scalar fields inside a wedge with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are constructed in The Appendix.

In order to find in the approach developed the spatial distribution of the vacuum energy inside the conducting wedge (see Eqs. (18) and (29)) the value of $`G_{2\alpha }(1)`$ should be calculated. Here we show how to do this applying the procedure of analytic continuation of the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ described above.

From Eq. (37) it follows that for $`s=1`$ three terms with $`j=0,1,2`$ in the asymptotics (35) should be summed by making use of the Riemann zeta function. For $`s=1`$ Eq. (35) gives

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np+2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(np1)}=(np)^3\left[1\frac{1}{(np)^2}\right].$$
(44)
Comparing Eqs. (44) and (35) we infer

$$c_0(1)=1,c_1(1)=1,c_2(1)=0.$$
(45)
According to Eq. (38) the analytic continuation of the function $`G_{2\alpha }(s)`$ at the point $`s=1`$ has the value

$`G_{2\alpha }(1)`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{s1}{lim}p^{12s}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{2}{}}}c_j(s)p^{2j}\zeta _R(2j+2s1)`$ (46)
$`=`$ $`p^3\left[c_0(1)\zeta _R(3)+c_1(1)p^2\zeta _R(1)+p^4\underset{s1}{lim}c_2(s)\zeta _R(2s+3)\right].`$ (47)
In order to find the limit in the last term in Eq. (47), the exact form of the polynomial $`c_2(s)`$ should be used

$`c_2(s)={\displaystyle \frac{s}{18}}\left(s^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)(s^21)\left(s{\displaystyle \frac{6}{5}}\right),`$

as well as the behaviour of the Riemann zeta function near the pole

$`\zeta _R(2s+3){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2s+2}}+\gamma +\mathrm{},s1,`$

where $`\gamma `$ is the Euler constant. It gives

$$p^4\underset{s1}{lim}c_2(s)\zeta _R(2s+3)=\frac{11}{120}p^4.$$
(48)
Substituting Eq. (48) and the values of the Riemann zeta function

$`\zeta _R(1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}},\zeta _R(3)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{120}}`$

into Eq. (47) one obtains

$$G_{2\alpha }(1)=\frac{1}{120}\left(p^3+10p\frac{11}{p}\right)=\frac{1}{120p}(p^21)(p^2+11).$$
(49)
Equation (34) gives for $`G_{2\pi }(1)`$

$$G_{2\pi }(1)=0.$$
(50)
Let us remind that upon analytic continuation of the function $`G_{2\pi }(s)`$ the right-hand side of Eq. (34) is considered all over the plane of complex variables $`s`$. Substituting Eqs. (49) and (50) into Eq. (41) and taking into account that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(3/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2)}}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}},`$

we find

$$\zeta (\frac{1}{2},r)=\frac{1}{360\pi ^2r^4}(p^21)(p^2+11)$$
(51)
and respectively for the density of the vacuum energy

$$\rho (r)=\frac{1}{2}\zeta (\frac{1}{2},r)=\frac{1}{720\pi ^2r^4}(p^21)(p^2+11),p=\frac{\pi }{\alpha }.$$
(52)
For $`\alpha <\pi `$ ($`p>1`$) the vacuum energy density is negative, and it vanishes for $`\alpha =\pi `$ ($`p=1`$), when the wedge transforms into semispace. Putting in Eq. (52) $`\alpha 0`$ and $`r\mathrm{}`$ in such a way that $`r\alpha =d=`$ constant, one arrives at the vacuum energy density between two parallel perfectly conducting plates

$$\rho _{plates}=\frac{\pi ^2}{720d^4}.$$
(53)
Multiplying this expression by the volume of space bounded by plates $`Sd`$, where $`S`$ is the area of the plate surface, we obtain the well known Casimir energy

$$E_C=\frac{\pi ^2S}{720d^3}.$$
(54)
The vacuum energy density (52) posses non-integrable singularity at the point $`r=0`$. Here we shall not touch the physical origin of this singularity. It is discussed in the literature for a long time (see, for example, Refs. ). When defining the global quantities in the problem at hand, we simply introduce a cutoff at the lower limit of integration over $`r`$. Thus for the total energy we have

$$E=_\epsilon ^{\mathrm{}}r𝑑r_0^\alpha 𝑑\theta \rho (r)=\alpha \frac{(p^21)(p^2+11)}{1440\pi ^2\epsilon ^2}.$$
(55)
Having calculated the energy density for a conducting wedge, one can immediately recover all the components of the relevant energy-momentum tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ . In fact, taking into account the symmetries of the problem and the vanishing of the trace and divergence of $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ one finds

$$T_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{r^4}f(\theta ,\alpha )\text{diag}(1,3,1,1)=(T_{rr},T_{\theta \theta },T_{zz},\rho )$$
(56)
with some function $`f(\theta ,\alpha )`$, vanishing when $`\alpha =\pi `$. Substituting $`\rho `$ on the right-hand side of Eq. (56) by Eq. (52) we obtain

$`f(\alpha )={\displaystyle \frac{(p^21)(p^2+11)}{720\pi ^2}}.`$

Thus all the components of the energy-momentum tensor are found. Specifically, we conclude that the surface density of the Casimir force $`F(r)`$ acting on the wedge faces is

$$F(r)=T_{\theta \theta }(r)=\frac{(p^21)(p^2+11)}{240\pi ^2r^4}.$$
(57)
These forces tend to diminish the opening angle $`\alpha `$ between the wedge plates.

The torque of the Casimir forces about the origin is

$$M=_\epsilon ^{\mathrm{}}F(r)r𝑑r=\frac{(p^21)(p^2+11)}{480\pi ^2\epsilon ^2}=\frac{3E}{\alpha }.$$
(58)
Certainly it depends on the cutoff parameter $`\epsilon `$. We again recall that all the quantities found in our study are related to a unit length along the $`z`$ direction.

## IV High Temperature Asymptotics of the Casimir Effect for a Conducting Wedge

In this section we briefly consider the application of the constructed zeta function to investigation of the temperature behavior of the problem under consideration. In the general case, to find the temperature dependence of the local characteristics proves to be a rather complicated problem that still waits its complete solution . Therefore we address the global thermodynamical function of electromagnetic filed inside a perfectly conducting wedge (the Helmhotz free energy). For this purpose we need the global zeta function. However Eq. (17) cannot be used for this purpose directly due to non-integrable singularity at $`r=0`$ of the local zeta function (41). We again introduce a cutoff in the $`r`$ integral

$`\zeta (s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _\epsilon ^{\mathrm{}}}r𝑑r{\displaystyle _0^\alpha }𝑑\theta \zeta (s,r)`$ (59)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi \epsilon ^{12s}(12s)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}\left[G_{2\alpha }(s1/2)G_{2\pi }(s1/2)\right]`$ (60)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{I_{2\alpha }(s1/2)}{2\sqrt{\pi }\epsilon ^{12s}(12s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}.`$ (61)
The appearance of the cutoff here can be formally explained in the following way. In the general case, the local zeta function (15) is, from the mathematical stand point, a distribution. Therefore its complete definition requires specification of the relevant set of test functions. In the problem at hand one can choose the test functions proportional to the step function $`\theta (r\epsilon )`$. Certainly this consideration is a formal one, and the problem of constructing the global zeta function for boundary conditions in question still waits its solution.

One could try to substitute the known spectrum (4) directly in the definition of the global zeta function (17). However, without introducing a cutoff the integration cannot be done here Really,

$$\overline{\zeta }(s)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{2\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\lambda d\lambda }{(k^2+\lambda ^2)^s}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}_0^{\mathrm{}}\lambda ^{22s}𝑑\lambda .$$
(62)
On introducing the exponential regularization in the $`\lambda `$-integral we obtain

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}\lambda ^{22s}𝑑\lambda _0^{\mathrm{}}e^{\epsilon \lambda }\lambda ^{22s}𝑑\lambda =\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(32s)}{\epsilon ^{32s}}.$$
(63)
Finally the zeta function $`\overline{\zeta }(s)`$ acquires the form

$$\overline{\zeta }(s)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(32s)}{\epsilon ^{32s}}.$$
(64)
This expression disagrees with Eq. (61). The substantial shortcoming of the formula (64), in comparison with Eq. (61), is independence of the opening angle $`\alpha `$. Therefore we shall use further the zeta function (61).

The global zeta function (61) enables one to construct immediately the high temperature asymptotics of the thermodynamical functions in the problem at hand . Here it is worth reminding that in our consideration we are dealing only with the spatial part of the differential operator governing the fluctuation dynamics of electromagnetic field (see Eqs. (2) and (3)). Therefore the corresponding global zeta function enables one to construct, in a direct way, only the high temperature asymptotics of the thermodynamical characteristics in the problem under study. In order to investigate complete temperature behavior of these characteristics a complete spectral zeta function is needed that involves also the summation over the Matsubara frequencies.

The high temperature expansion for the Helmholtz free energy has the form  $`(\mathrm{}=c=1)`$

$$F(T)\frac{T}{2}\zeta ^{}(0)+\underset{n=0,1/2,1,3/2,\mathrm{}}{}a_nT^{42n}c_n,T\mathrm{}.$$
(65)
Here $`c_n`$’s are numerical coefficients

$$c_0=\frac{\pi ^2}{90},c_{1/2}=\frac{\zeta _R(3)}{4\pi ^{3/2}},c_1=\frac{1}{24},\mathrm{},$$
(66)
safe for $`c_{3/2}`$ and $`c_2`$, which also depend on $`\mathrm{ln}T`$, and $`a_n`$’s are the heat kernel coefficients. The latter are determined by the zeta function through the relation

$$\frac{a_n}{(4\pi )^{3/2}}=\underset{s\frac{3}{2}n}{lim}\left(s+n\frac{3}{2}\right)\zeta (s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s),n=0,1/2,1,\mathrm{}.$$
(67)
As follows from Eq. (61) the zeta function $`\zeta (s)`$ has simple poles at the point $`s=1/2`$ (due to the multiplier $`(12s)`$ in the denominator) and at the point $`s=3/2`$ because the function $`I_{2\alpha }(z)`$ has such a pole at the point $`z=1`$. Thus, only the heat kernel coefficients $`a_0`$ and $`a_1`$ do not vanish in the problem under study. This is in full accord with the general properties of the heat kernel expansion . Indeed, for flat manifolds without boundary or with flat boundary all the heat kernel coefficients except for $`a_0`$ are equal to zero.

And what is more, one can show in the general case that the heat kernel coefficient $`a_0`$ is equal to the volume of the system under consideration. The corresponding term in the high temperature expansion (65)

$`a_0{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{90}}T^4`$

is the Stefan-Boltzmann law for the free energy of electromagnetic field in the space restricted by the boundaries

$$\frac{F}{V}=\frac{\pi ^2}{90}T^4=\frac{2}{3}\sigma T^4,$$
(68)
where $`\sigma =\pi ^2k_B^4/(60c^2\mathrm{}^3)`$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

When the system has an infinite volume (just that very case is considered here), a special limiting procedure should be used in calculations of $`a_0`$ (see, for example, Ref. ). In the problem at hand this implies the introduction of a cutoff also at large values of $`r`$: $`\epsilon rR`$. In view of this the substitution of the zeta function (61) into Eq. (67) gives

$$a_0=(R^2\epsilon ^2)(\alpha \pi ).$$
(69)
In the problem at hand we are dealing with two independent scalar fields. Therefore the value (69) should be compared with doubled volume of the system under study

$$2V=2\pi (R^2\epsilon ^2)\frac{\alpha }{2\pi }=(R^2\epsilon ^2)\alpha .$$
(70)
It is worth noting once more that all our formulas give the quantities per unit length along the axes OZ. The distinction between Eqs. (69) and (70) are obviously attributed to a special condition satisfied by the zeta function (61), namely, $`\zeta (s)=0`$ for $`\alpha =\pi `$.

All the terms in the asymptotics (65), safe for the term with $`n=0`$, describe the deviation from the Stefan-Boltzmann law. In the problem in question the coefficient $`a_1`$ does not vanish due to the discontinuity of the boundary at the point $`r=0`$ (wedge or cone singularity). There is a voluminous literature concerning with such a singularity. we mention here only a few papers  where further references can be found.

Taking into account the behaviour of the gamma function at the origin $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)s^1,s0`$ we deduce from Eq. (61)

$$\zeta ^{}(0)=\frac{I_{2\alpha }(1/2)}{2\sqrt{\pi }\epsilon }.$$
(71)
The explicit formulas derived in Ref.  give

$$I_{2\alpha }(1/2)=\frac{\zeta ^{}(2)}{2\sqrt{\pi }}=\frac{\zeta _R(3)}{8\pi ^2\sqrt{\pi }}.$$
(72)
Hence

$$\zeta ^{}(0)=\frac{\zeta _R(3)}{16\pi ^3\epsilon }.$$
(73)
Substituting the zeta function (61) in Eq. (67) we find

$$\frac{a_1}{(4\pi )^{3/2}}=\underset{s1/2}{lim}(s1/2)\zeta (s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)=\frac{I_{2\alpha }(0)}{4\sqrt{\pi }}.$$
(74)
In order to calculate $`I_{2\alpha }(0)`$ we take, in accord with relation (37), two terms in Eq. (38) with $`j=0,1`$. It gives

$$G_{2\alpha }(0)=\underset{s0}{lim}p^{12s}[c_0(s)\zeta _R(2s1)p^2c_1(s)\zeta _R(2s+1)].$$
(75)
The coefficients $`c_0(s)`$ and $`c_1(s)`$ are explicitly written, for example, in Ref.

$$c_0(s)=1,c_1(s)=\frac{s}{3}(s1/2)(s1).$$
(76)
With allowance for the behaviour of the Riemann zeta function close by pole

$`\zeta _R(1+2s){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2s}}+\gamma +\mathrm{},s0`$

we obtain

$$G_{2\alpha }(0)=\frac{1}{12}(p^1p).$$
(77)
Form Eq. (34) it follows that

$$G_{2\pi }(0)=0.$$
(78)
Finally we have

$`I_{2\alpha }(0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(pp^1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{\pi }}\right)`$

and

$$a_1=2\pi I_{2\alpha }(0)=\frac{\pi }{3}\left(\frac{\pi }{\alpha }\frac{\alpha }{\pi }\right).$$
(79)
Now we are in position to write the high temperature corrections to the Stefan-Boltzmann law inside a conducting dihedral angle

$$F_{cor}(T)\frac{T\zeta _R(3)}{32\pi ^3\epsilon }+\frac{\pi ^2\alpha ^2}{72\alpha \mathrm{}c}T^2,T\mathrm{}.$$
(80)
Here the constants $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`c`$ are explicitly restored in order to separate a pure classical contribution (the first term on the right hand side of Eq. (80)) and the quantum correction (the second term in Eq. (80)).

The authors of Ref.  argue that the high temperature asymptotics of the free energy of electromagnetic field inside a perfectly conducting wedge should be the same as that for smooth conducting surfaces with nonzero curvature

$$F(T)CT\mathrm{ln}(T/Q),T\mathrm{},$$
(81)
with $`C`$ and $`Q`$ being some constants<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*The examples of such asymptotics can be found in Ref. . The specific term proportional to $`T^2`$ in the asymptotics (81) was not brought out.

Making use of Eq. (80) one can try to estimate, at least in kind, the behaviour of the torque of the Casimir forces at high temperature. For this purpose we substitute the total energy $`E`$ in Eq. (58) by the asymptotic expression for the free energy in the problem under study

$$M\frac{3\zeta _R(3)T}{32\pi ^3\alpha \epsilon }\frac{\pi ^2\alpha ^2}{24\alpha ^2}\frac{T^2}{\mathrm{}c},T\mathrm{}.$$
(82)
The book  is a sole source where the high temperature behaviour of the torque $`M`$ has been considered. The authors have used the method of images for constructing the Green’s functions of electromagnetic field inside the dihedral, the photon energy being cut in ultraviolet region. In terms of the notations used in the present paper, the high temperature asymptotics of $`M`$ found in Ref.  reads

$$M\frac{\pi T}{12\alpha ^2\epsilon },T\mathrm{}.$$
(83)
Here we have also to ascertain disagreement with our calculations.

In the preceding section it was shown that the zeta function of electromagnetic field inside a perfectly conducting dihedral of opening angle $`\alpha `$ is equal to double zeta function for a massless scalar field on the manifold $`C_\beta \times ^1`$ with $`2\alpha =\beta `$, where $`C_\beta `$ is a cone of angle $`\beta `$. Therefore all the results obtained in our consideration are directly applicable to the massless scalar field on the manifold $`C_\beta \times ^1`$, in particular to the cosmic string background. Really, the general solution to the Maxwell equations in the presence of a cosmic string are expressed in terms of two scalar massless fields that satisfy the periodicity conditions in angle variable with a period $`\beta =2\pi \varphi `$, where $`\varphi `$ is the deficiency angle of the metric due to the cosmic string, $`\varphi =8\pi G\mu `$. Most simply one can come to this conclusion in the following way. Let us assume that the string has a finite transverse size, $`r_{str}`$, and its surface is perfectly conducting. Obviously, the reasonings of the Section II apply to this boundary configuration, two scalar functions $`U`$ and $`V`$ being periodic in angle variable $`\theta `$ and meeting the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions at $`r=r_{str}`$. Letting $`r_{str}`$ tend to zero, we substitute the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions at $`r=r_{str}`$ by requirement that the relevant solutions to be bounded everywhere including the origin: $`0r<\mathrm{}`$. The periodicity condition in angle variable $`\theta `$ apparently remains. From here we infer that the local zeta function for electromagnetic field in the presence of cosmic string is obtained from the relevant zeta function for the conducting wedge (41) by the substitution $`2\alpha =2\pi 8\pi G\mu `$. Specifically, for the vacuum energy density in this case we have again Eq. (53) with the same substitution. The same result was obtained in Ref.  by making use of the Greens function method. Further, the high temperature corrections to the Stefan-Boltzmann law for the free energy of electromagnetic field on the background of a cosmic string are given by the formula

$$F(T)\frac{T\zeta _R(3)}{32\pi ^3\epsilon }+\frac{T^2}{72\mathrm{}c}\frac{\varphi }{2}\frac{4\pi \varphi }{2\pi \varphi },T\mathrm{}.$$
(84)
## V Conclusion

We have shown that the technique of the local zeta function enables one to carry out, in a consistent way, the calculation of the vacuum energy density of electromagnetic field inside a conducting wedge without dealing with obvious divergences. This regularization method leads to a finite expression for the energy density under study without any subtractions. Our consideration is a natural addition to studies of the Casimir effect for a wedge accomplished in recent papers  by making use of Green’s function method. Employment of the Hertz potentials for constructing the general solution of the Maxwell equations results in a considerable simplification of the calculations of the local zeta function in the problem at hand. Transition to the global zeta function has been carried out by introducing a cutoff for small $`r`$. On this basis the nonzero heat kernel coefficients $`a_0`$, $`a_1`$, and the zeta determinant were calculated. Remarkably that the coefficient $`a_1`$ does not depend on the cutoff and it is completely determined by the wedge singularity of the boundary. Proceeding from this the high temperature asymptotics of the Helmholtz free energy and of the torque of the Casimir forces are found. The wedge singularity gives rise to a specific high temperature behaviour $`T^2`$ of the quantities under consideration. The found results are directly applicable to the free energy of electromagnetic field on the background of a cosmic string.

###### Acknowledgements.

V.V.N. is grateful to Dr. D. V. Fursaev for elucidating discussion of the cone singularity and its physical implication and to Dr. I. G. Pirozhenko for reading manuscript and correcting errors in formulas. This work was accomplished during the visit of V.V.N. to Salerno University. It is a pleasure for him to thank Professor G. Scarpetta, Drs. G. Lambiase and A. Feoli for warm hospitality. V.V.N. acknowledges the financial support of INFN, Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 00-01-00300), and International Science and Technology Center (Project No. 840).

## Local zeta functions for scalar massless fields inside dihedral angle with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions

First we consider the Dirichlet boundary conditions with the eigenfunctions (5). The local zeta function is given by

$`\zeta _D(s,r,\theta )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi \alpha }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑k{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda d\lambda }{(k^2+s^2)^s}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_{np}^2(\lambda r)\mathrm{sin}^2(np\theta )`$ (85)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{2\sqrt{\pi }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\lambda \lambda ^{22s}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_{np}^2(\lambda r)[1\mathrm{cos}(2np)].`$ (86)
By mens of the formula 8.531.3 from

$`J_0(z\mathrm{sin}\alpha )=J_0^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z}{2}}\right)+2{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_k^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z}{2}}\right)\mathrm{cos}(2k\alpha )`$

the dependence on the angle $`\theta `$ in Eq. (86) can be stored in a single term

$`\zeta _D(s,r,\theta )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{2\sqrt{\pi }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\lambda \lambda ^{22s}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}J_0^2(\lambda r)+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}J_{np}^2(\lambda r){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}J_0(2\lambda r\mathrm{sin}p\theta )\right]`$ (87)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\zeta (s,r){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s1/2)}{4\sqrt{\pi }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\lambda \lambda ^{22s}J_0(2\lambda r\mathrm{sin}(p\theta )),`$ (88)
where $`\zeta (s,r)`$ is the local zeta function for electromagnetic field in a conducting wedge defined in Eq. (21). By making use of the integration formula 6.561.14 from

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}x^\mu J_\nu (ax)𝑑x=2^\mu a^{\mu 1}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\nu +\frac{1}{2}\mu \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\nu \frac{1}{2}\mu \right)}}\text{Re }\nu 1<\text{Re }\mu <{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},a>0`$

we cast Eq. (88) into the final form

$$\zeta _D(s,r,\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\zeta (s,r)+\frac{1}{8\sqrt{\pi }\alpha (r\mathrm{sin}(p\theta ))^{32s}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(3/2s)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}.$$
(89)
The last term in Eq. (89) is first defined in the strip

$$\frac{3}{4}<\text{Re }s<\frac{3}{2},$$
(90)
determined by the conditions of applicability of Eq. (89). As usual under the analytic continuation, we assume that outside this strip the same equation holds.

Proceeding along similar lines we obtain the local zeta function for the Neumann boundary conditions

$$\zeta _D(s,r,\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\zeta (s,r)\frac{1}{8\sqrt{\pi }\alpha (r\mathrm{sin}(p\theta ))^{32s}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(3/2s)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)}.$$
(91)
In particular the vacuum energy densities for massless scalar fields subjected to the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the wage sites are

$$\rho _D(r,\theta )=\rho _{}(r,\theta ),\rho _N(r,\theta )=\rho _+(r,\theta ),$$
(92)
where

$$\rho _\pm (r,\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\rho (r)\pm \frac{1}{16\pi \alpha r^4\mathrm{sin}^4(p\theta )},$$
(93)
and $`\rho (r)`$ is the vacuum energy density of electromagnetic field, defined in Eq. (52).

Thus the vacuum energy densities derived have nonintegrable singularities near by the wedge sites. It is a typical behaviour of spatial distribution of the Casimir energy (see, for example, Ref. ).

The local zeta function technique, consider in the present paper, cannot directly be applied to the scalar field with conformal coupling. The point is that in this case the relation (19) does not hold.