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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Quantum groups have been applied to obtain deformations of spacetime symmetries in a search of new deformed relativisictic theories beyond the usual Lie symmetries, where deformation parameters have been interpreted as fundamental quantities in the field of quantum gravity at the Planck scale (sse e.g. ). Amongst the quantum kinematical algebras we can distinguish between standard or quasitriangular type  and non-standard or triangular type . The non-standard deformations are twisted quantum algebras . For all of them, deformed coproducts indicate some broken symmetry related with some kind of interaction or correlation of the elementary systems .

In the last years a great activity is being developed to obtain explicitly non-standard deformations of classical Lie algebras. Amongst the new recent twists that have been constructed, we can mention the so called extended twists , peripheric twists , quantum Jordanian twists  or parabolic twists . Another possibility is to obtain a sequence of twists by composing chains of twists . In general, all of these twist deformations use Cartan–Weyl bases that, although are well adapted for semisimple Lie algebras, in our opinion they present two main objections. By one hand, they preclude a clear application of contraction theories which are completely necessary, for instance, if non-relativist limits are searched. On the other, they do not provide, in principle, natural physical interpretations of deformations parameters. These and other reasons underly the constructions of non-standard quantum deformations in other physical bases such as kinematical and conformal ones, that try to establish deformations of relativistic and non-relativistic spacetime symmetries. In this context we find several twisted deformations for $`so(2,2)`$ , $`so(3,2)`$ , and very recently for $`so(4,2)`$ , as well as for other real forms together with their contractions. Moreover, in  the twist introduced in  is particularized to kinematical algebras. In particular, in  it is proved that the twisted deformation of $`so(3,2)`$ presented there is equivalent to that introduced in .

The aim of this paper is to construct a new twisted deformation of the real Lie algebra $`so(4,2)`$ in a conformal framework that extends previous known results for lower dimensional cases as well as to study physically meaningfull contractions and interpretations of the deformation parameter.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we briefly review the basics on twisted deformations. Section 3 is devoted to describe the conformal Lie algebra $`so(4,2)`$ in order to set up the notation used throughout the paper as well as to fix two suitable bases for our purposes: the usual conformal Minkowskian basis and a ‘conformal null-plane basis’ defined as a natural extension of the Poincaré one ; the Weyl–Poincaré subalgebra $`𝒲𝒫so(4,2)`$ is identified within the latter basis.

In section 4 we generalize the classical $`r`$-matrices of the non-standard quantum deformations of $`so(2,2)`$  and $`so(3,2)`$  to the $`so(4,2)`$ case. The resulting classical $`r`$-matrix is spanned by ten Weyl–Poincaré generators (all but a rotation one), however, by writing it in the conformal null plane basis we find that the carrier subalgebra $``$ is actually an eight-dimensional (8D) one. Next we introduce the associated conformal twisting element which is a factorizable extended twist so that the Hopf structure and universal $``$-matrix of the twisted algebra $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ is then computed (the deformation parameter $`z`$ is such that $`\mathrm{e}^zq`$). We remark that, by construction, both the carrier and Weyl–Poincaré subalgebras remain as Hopf subalgebras after deformation in such a manner that $`U_z()U_z(𝒲𝒫)U_z(so(4,2))`$.

A non-linear change of basis allows us to rewrite the Hopf structure of $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$ in terms of the usual conformal basis in section 5. As a first byproduct, the twisting element and the universal $``$-matrix of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ are expressed in this usual basis in a very ‘compact’ form. Another relevant consequence is that in this last form, well defined non-relativistic limits (contractions) to twisted conformal Galilei and Carroll algebras are applied in section 6; the latter can alternatively be seen as the $`(4+1)`$D version of the $`(3+1)`$D null-plane quantum Poincaré algebra obtained in . For both cases we obtain the contracted Hopf structures, twisting elements as well as universal $``$-matrices in an explicit and close form.

A ‘twisted analogue’ of the wave or massless Klein–Gordon equation is deduced in section 7 with twisted conformal invariance by introducing some appropriate difference-differential momenta and position operators. Such a construction is performed in the usual Minkowskian spacetime coordinates as well as in the null-plane ones. Both systems convey some kind of discretization of spacetime, although the latter exhibits more clearly a physical interpretation of the deformation parameter $`z`$ as the lattice constant on a uniform relativistic spacetime lattice discretized along two distinguished null-plane directions. Furthermore, from a dynamical point of view within the null-plane framework we find that $`z`$ may also be interpreted as a fundamental constant related to a time evolution parameter.

Some conclusions and remarks close the paper where we establish an explicit relationship between our carrier subalgebra and twisting element with those introduced by Kulish and Lyakhovsky  in relation with $`sl(4)`$ by making profit from the isomorphism as complex forms of $`sl(4)so(6)`$. We also comment on the new $`\kappa `$-conformal classical $`r`$-matrices obtained by Lukierski et al in .

## 2 Twisted Hopf algebras

Let $`𝒜(m,\mathrm{\Delta },ϵ,S)`$ be a Hopf algebra with multiplication $`m:𝒜𝒜𝒜`$, coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }:𝒜𝒜𝒜`$, counit $`ϵ:𝒜C`$ and antipode $`S:𝒜𝒜`$. By using an invertible element (twisting) $`𝒜𝒜`$, such that $`=f_i^{(1)}f_i^{(2)}`$, we can transform the original Hopf algebra into a new one, called twisted Hopf algebra  $`𝒜_{}(m,\mathrm{\Delta }_{},ϵ,S_{})`$ endowed with the same multiplication and counit, but different coproduct and antipode given by:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(a)=\mathrm{\Delta }(a)^1S_{}(a)=vS(a)v^1v=f_i^{(1)}S(f_i^{(2)})a𝒜.$$
(2.1)
The twisting element $``$ has to verify the following conditions

$`(ϵid)()=(idϵ)()=1_{12}(\mathrm{\Delta }id)()=_{23}(id\mathrm{\Delta })()`$ (2.2)
where $`_{12}=f_i^{(1)}f_i^{(2)}1`$, $`_{23}=1f_i^{(1)}f_i^{(2)}`$, and so on. The first relation of (2.2) is a normalization condition and follows from the second one modulo a non-zero scale factor. Hence the $``$-matrix associated to the twisted algebra starting either from a non-deformed Hopf algebra or from a deformed one (with universal $``$-matrix $``$) is given, in this order, by

$$_{}=\tau ()^1_{}=\tau ()^1$$
(2.3)
where $`\tau `$ is the permutation of the tensor product factors. So, $`\tau ()=f_i^{(2)}f_i^{(1)}`$.

It is worthy to note that if $`𝒜`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of a Hopf algebra $``$ the twist element $``$ induces a twisted deformation of $``$. Let $`𝒜=𝒰()=𝒰(𝒢)`$ universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras $`𝒢`$. When $`𝒰()`$ is the minimal subalgebra such that the twisting element is completly defined as $`𝒰()𝒰()`$ it is said that $``$ is the carrier subalgebra of $``$ .

Most of the known twisting elements are factorizable with respect to the coproduct. In this paper we will be interested in the particular subclass of factorizable twisting elements that verify the following factorized twist equations :

$$\begin{array}{c}(\mathrm{\Delta }id)()=_{13}_{23}(id\mathrm{\Delta }_{})()=_{12}_{13}\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.4)
which combined with the quantum Yang–Baxter equation on $``$ guarantee the validity of the twist equations (2.2).

Two interesting cases of this kind of factorizable twists are Jordanian and extended Jordanian twists. A Jordanian twist with a 2D carrier algebra generated by $`H`$ and $`E`$ such that $`[H,E]=E`$ (Borel algebra) is characterized by the canonical twisting element

$$_𝒥=\mathrm{e}^{H\sigma }\sigma =\mathrm{ln}(1+E).$$
(2.5)
The most known example is related with the non-standard quantization of $`sl(2)`$ .

The problem of extending the Jordanian twist was studied in  by considering a carrier solvable subalgebra $``$ with, at least, four generators $`\{H,E,A,B\}`$, and non-vanishing commutation relations given by

$$[H,E]=2E[H,A]=\alpha A[H,B]=\beta B[A,B]=\gamma E\alpha +\beta =2.$$
(2.6)
There exists an extended Jordanian twist for $`𝒰()`$ given by

$$_{}=\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥\mathrm{\Phi }_{}=\mathrm{exp}(H\sigma )\mathrm{exp}(AB\mathrm{e}^{2\sigma }).$$
(2.7)
New twisting elements can also be constructed by means of composition of several twists, but note that in general the composition of twists is not a twist. However, given two twists $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ with carrier algebras $`_1`$ and $`_2`$, respectively, the composition $`_2_1`$ is a twist if the primitive elements of $`_2`$ are in the twisted algebra $`𝒰__1(_1)`$.

## 3 Conformal null-plane basis for so(4,2)

The Lie algebra $`so(4,2)`$ can physically be interpreted either as the kinematical algebra of the $`(4+1)`$D anti-de Sitter spacetime or as the conformal algebra of the ($`3+1`$)D Minkowskian spacetime. We shall consider the conformal interpretation and profit it in order to use a ‘physical’ basis instead of the Cartan–Weyl one, which is the basis commonly used in the twist constructions.

In the conformal basis we have the generators of rotations $`J_i`$, dilations $`D`$, time translations $`P_0`$, space translations $`P_i`$, boosts $`K_i`$ and conformal transformations $`C_\mu `$ (greek and latin labels take the standard values: $`\mu =0,1,2,3`$; $`i=1,2,3`$). The non-vanishing commutation relations of $`so(4,2)`$ read

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[J_i,J_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k\hfill & [J_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}K_k\hfill & [J_i,P_j]=ϵ_{ijk}P_k\hfill \\ [J_i,C_j]=ϵ_{ijk}C_k\hfill & [K_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k\hfill & [K_i,P_i]=P_0\hfill \\ [K_i,P_0]=P_i\hfill & [K_i,C_0]=C_i\hfill & [K_i,C_i]=C_0\hfill \\ [P_0,C_0]=D\hfill & [P_0,C_i]=K_i\hfill & [P_i,C_0]=K_i\hfill \\ [P_i,C_j]=\delta _{ij}D+ϵ_{ijk}J_k\hfill & [P_\mu ,D]=P_\mu \hfill & [C_\mu ,D]=C_\mu \hfill \end{array}$$
(3.1)
where hereafter sum over repeated indices should be understood.

As is well known $`so(4,2)`$ contains a ($`3+1`$)D Poincaré subalgebra $`𝒫`$ spanned by the ten generators $`\{J_i,P_\mu ,K_i\}`$. If we enlarge $`𝒫`$ with the dilation generator, we find the Weyl–Poincaré subalgebra $`𝒲𝒫`$, that is, the Lie algebra of the group of similitudes of the Minkoswkian spacetime. Hence we have the sequence of subalgebras $`𝒫𝒲𝒫so(4,2)`$.

In the further construction of the twisted quantum $`so(4,2)`$ algebra we shall deal with a basis closely related to the null-plane basis of the Poincaré algebra $`𝒫`$. So, we briefly describe the structure of $`𝒫`$ in relation with the null-plane evolution scheme . Consider the Minkowskian spacetime with coordinates $`x=(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3)`$ and metric $`g=(g_{\mu \nu })=\mathrm{diag}(+,,,)`$. The initial state of a quantum relativistic system can be defined on a null-plane plane $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^\tau `$ determined by $`nx=\tau `$, where $`n`$ is a light-like vector and $`\tau `$ a real constant. If we take the light-like vector $`n=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},0,0)`$, the coordinate system naturally adapted to $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^\tau `$ is given by:

$$\begin{array}{c}x^{}=nx=\frac{1}{2}(x^0x^1)=\tau x^+=\frac{1}{2}(x^0+x^1)x_T=(x^2,x^3).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.2)
Therefore a point $`x\mathrm{\Pi }_n^\tau `$ will be labelled by $`(x^+,x^2,x^3)`$. The particular null-plane with $`\tau =0`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^0`$, is invariant under the action of the boosts generated by $`K_1`$ since the transverse coordinates $`x_T`$ are unchanged and $`\mathrm{e}^{\chi K_1}`$ maps $`x^+`$ on $`\mathrm{e}^\chi x^+`$. The Poincaré generators can be classified according to their goodness $`\gamma `$ which is directly characterized by their transformation with respect to $`K_1`$, i.e.,

$$[K_1,X]=\gamma XX𝒫.$$
(3.3)
This property provides the null-plane basis of $`𝒫`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\gamma =+1:\hfill & P_+=\frac{1}{2}(P_0+P_1)E_2=\frac{1}{2}(K_2J_3)E_3=\frac{1}{2}(K_3+J_2)\hfill \\ \gamma =0:\hfill & K_1J_1P_2P_3\hfill \\ \gamma =1:\hfill & P_{}=\frac{1}{2}(P_0P_1)F_2=\frac{1}{2}(K_2+J_3)F_3=\frac{1}{2}(K_3J_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.4)
By taking into account (3.1), the non-vanishing commutation relations of $`𝒫`$ in this null-plane basis turn out to be

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[K_1,P_+]=P_+\hfill & [K_1,P_{}]=P_{}\hfill & [P_+,F_a]=\frac{1}{2}P_a\hfill \\ [K_1,E_a]=E_a\hfill & [K_1,F_a]=F_a\hfill & [P_{},E_a]=\frac{1}{2}P_a\hfill \\ [J_1,P_a]=ϵ_{1ab}P_b\hfill & [J_1,E_a]=ϵ_{1ab}E_b\hfill & [J_1,F_a]=ϵ_{1ab}F_b\hfill \\ [E_a,P_a]=P_+\hfill & [F_a,P_a]=P_{}\hfill & [E_a,F_b]=\frac{1}{2}\delta _{ab}K_1\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{1ab}J_1\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.5)
where from now on the two indices $`a,b=2,3`$. Each set of generators with the same goodness spans a Poincaré subgroup $`R_\gamma `$ (note that $`R_{\pm 1}`$ are Abelian). The subgroup with semidirect product structure $`S_+=R_0R_{+1}`$ is the stability group of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^0`$, and the three remaining generators, that close $`R_1`$, move this plane. In particular, $`P_{}`$ transforms $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^0`$ into $`\mathrm{\Pi }_n^\tau `$ so that $`x^{}=\tau `$ can be considered as an evolution parameter playing the role of a time. Recall that the null-plane quantum Poincaré algebra  was constructed using a null-plane basis associated to $`K_3`$.

Now we extend the above basis of $`𝒫`$ to a conformal null-plane basis of $`so(4,2)`$ by adding $`D,C_\mu `$:

$$𝒫=\{K_1,J_1,P_\pm ,P_a,E_a,F_a\}so(4,2)=\{H_\pm ,J_1,T_\pm ,T_a,A_a,B_a,G_\pm ,G_a\}$$

which in terms of the initial conformal generators of $`so(4,2)`$ is defined by three sets of generators:

$$\begin{array}{cc}H_+=\frac{1}{2}(D+K_1)\hfill & H_{}=\frac{1}{2}(DK_1)\hfill \\ T_+=\frac{1}{2}(P_0+P_1)\hfill & T_{}=\frac{1}{2}(P_0P_1)\hfill \\ T_2=\frac{1}{2}(P_2P_3)\hfill & T_3=\frac{1}{2}(P_2+P_3)\hfill \\ B_2=\frac{1}{2}(K_2+J_3K_3+J_2)\hfill & B_3=\frac{1}{2}(K_2+J_3+K_3J_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.6)
$$\begin{array}{c}J_1A_2=\frac{1}{2}(K_2J_3K_3J_2)A_3=\frac{1}{2}(K_2J_3+K_3+J_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.7)
$$\begin{array}{cc}G_+=\frac{1}{2}(C_0+C_1)\hfill & G_{}=\frac{1}{2}(C_0C_1)\hfill \\ G_2=\frac{1}{2}(C_2C_3)\hfill & G_3=\frac{1}{2}(C_2+C_3).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.8)
The eight generators (3.6) span the (carrier) subalgebra $``$ that we shall consider in the next section as support of the twisting element of $`so(4,2)`$. These generators together with (3.7) give rise to the Weyl–Poincaré subalgebra $`𝒲𝒫`$. Finally, the new conformal transformations (3.8) complete the conformal null-plane basis of $`so(4,2)`$. Notice also the following relations with the null-plane generators of $`𝒫`$ (3.4):

$$T_\pm =P_\pm A_2=E_2E_3A_3=E_2+E_3B_2=F_2F_3B_3=F_2+F_3.$$
(3.9)
The goodness (3.3) of these new generators reads (cf. (3.4)):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\gamma =+1:\hfill & T_+A_2A_3G_+\hfill \\ \gamma =0:\hfill & H_+H_{}J_1T_2T_3G_2G_3\hfill \\ \gamma =1:\hfill & T_{}B_2B_3G_{}\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.10)
Starting from (3.1), we compute the commutations relations of $`so(4,2)`$ in terms of the conformal null-plane basis (3.6)–(3.8). The non-vanishing commutators are displayed in three sets as follows:

$``$ Carrier subalgebra $`=\{H_\pm ,T_\pm ,T_a,B_a\}`$:

$$\begin{array}{cccc}[H_+,T_+]=T_+\hfill & [H_+,T_a]=\frac{1}{2}T_a\hfill & [H_+,B_a]=\frac{1}{2}B_a\hfill & [B_a,T_+]=T_a\hfill \\ [H_{},T_{}]=T_{}\hfill & [H_{},T_a]=\frac{1}{2}T_a\hfill & [H_{},B_a]=\frac{1}{2}B_a\hfill & [B_a,T_a]=T_{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.11)
$``$ Commutations relations between $``$ and $`\{A_a,J_1\}`$ (with the above ones (3.11) close $`𝒲𝒫`$):

| $`[H_+,A_a]=\frac{1}{2}A_a`$ | $`[A_a,T_a]=T_+`$ | $`[J_1,A_a]=ϵ_{1ab}A_b`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`[H_{},A_a]=\frac{1}{2}A_a`$ | $`[A_a,T_{}]=T_a`$ | $`[J_1,B_a]=ϵ_{1ab}B_b`$ |
| $`[J_1,T_a]=ϵ_{1ab}T_b`$ | $`[A_a,B_b]=\delta _{ab}(H_+H_{})ϵ_{1ab}J_1.`$ | |

(3.12)
$``$ Commutators involving the new conformal transformations $`\{G_\pm ,G_a\}`$:

| $`[H_+,G_{}]=G_{}`$ | $`[H_+,G_a]=\frac{1}{2}G_a`$ | $`[G_+,T_{}]=H_{}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`[H_{},G_+]=G_+`$ | $`[H_{},G_a]=\frac{1}{2}G_a`$ | $`[G_{},T_+]=H_+`$ |
| $`[G_+,T_a]=\frac{1}{2}A_a`$ | $`[G_+,B_a]=G_a`$ | $`[G_a,T_+]=\frac{1}{2}A_a`$ |
| $`[G_{},T_a]=\frac{1}{2}B_a`$ | $`[G_{},A_a]=G_a`$ | $`[G_a,T_{}]=\frac{1}{2}B_a`$ |
| $`[G_a,A_a]=G_+`$ | $`[G_a,B_a]=G_{}`$ | $`[J_1,G_a]=ϵ_{1ab}G_b`$ |
| $`[G_a,T_b]=\frac{1}{2}\delta _{ab}(H_++H_{})+\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{1ab}J_1.`$ | | |

(3.13)
Similarly to the null-plane Poincaré basis, generators with the same goodness close a $`SO(4,2)`$ subgroup $`M_\gamma `$; $`M_{\pm 1}`$ are again Abelian.

## 4 Twisting deformation of so(4,2) in a conformal null-plane basis

Non-standard quantum deformations for lower dimensional conformal algebras of the Minkowskian spacetime have already been introduced by starting from the Jordanian classical $`r`$-matrix of the Borel algebra . The results cover the $`(1+1)`$D case with $`so(2,2)`$ , the $`(2+1)`$D case with $`so(3,2)`$  and also the corresponding quantum conformal algebras for the Galilean spacetime obtained by means of contraction (or non-relativistic limit). The non-standard (triangular) classical $`r`$-matrices underlying these quantum algebras are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}U_z(𝒲𝒫(1+1))U_z(so(2,2)):\hfill & r=z(DP_0+K_1P_1)\hfill \\ U_z(𝒲𝒫(2+1))U_z(so(3,2)):\hfill & r=z(DP_0+K_1P_1+K_2P_2)+zJP_2\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.1)
where $`z`$ is the deformation parameter. By construction, the Weyl–Poincaré subalgebra remains as a Hopf subalgebra after deformation since the generators involved in the $`r`$-matrices span $`𝒲𝒫`$. In fact, the presence of the dilation generator $`D`$ in these $`r`$-matrices is essential in order to fulfil the classical Yang–Baxter equation. This is worthy to be compared with the standard (quasitriangular) quantum deformations of the Poincaré algebra, such as the $`\kappa `$-Poincaré , that do not require the presence of $`D`$. This kind of properties have been studied for other Drinfeld–Jimbo deformations in . Recall also that other different non-standard classical $`r`$-matrices for $`so(3,2)`$ and $`so(4,2)`$ in a conformal framework have been obtained in , and very recently a detailed study of classical $`r`$-matrices giving rise to $`\kappa `$-deformations of $`so(4,2)`$ with $`\kappa `$-Weyl–Poincaré Hopf subalgebras has been presented in .

The generalization of the classical $`r`$-matrices (4.1) to the $`(3+1)`$D case reads

$$r=z(DP_0+K_1P_1+K_2P_2+K_3P_3)+z(J_3P_2J_2P_3)$$
(4.2)
which is again formed by generators of $`𝒲𝒫`$. In order to deduce the corresponding twisted Hopf algebra of $`so(4,2)`$, we shall adopt the conformal null-plane basis (3.6)–(3.8) associated to $`K_1`$, for which the $`r`$-matrix becomes

$$r=2z(H_+T_++H_{}T_{}+B_2T_2+B_3T_3).$$
(4.3)
Hence we have a 8D carrier subalgebra $``$ with generators (3.6) and non-vanishing Lie brackets (3.11) instead of the 11D subalgebra $`𝒲𝒫`$.

It is worthy to remark that two other algebraically equivalent classical $`r`$-matrices can be obtained starting from (4.2): keep the first term and change the second one by another with permuted indices as $`J_1P_3J_3P_1`$ or $`J_2P_1J_1P_2`$. These possibilities would be related to null-plane basis associated to $`K_2`$ or $`K_3`$, respectively.

We proceed now to obtain the coproduct for the Hopf algebra $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ in three steps: first for the generators of the carrier Hopf subalgebra $`U_z()`$ by means of the twisting element; second for $`\{A_a,J_1\}`$ that complete the Hopf subalgebra $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$; and finally for the remaining conformal transformations. Once the Hopf structure of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ is found, we shall change back to the initial conformal basis, where contractions and a study of difference-differential equations can meaningfully be performed.

### 4.1 Twisting element and carrier Hopf subalgebra

The twisting element associated to the carrier subalgebra $`=\{H_\pm ,T_\pm ,T_a,B_a\}`$, with underlying classical $`r`$-matrix (4.3), is composed by three factors

$$=\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜\mathrm{\Phi }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥$$
(4.4)
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥=\mathrm{e}^{H_{}\sigma _{}}`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{}=\mathrm{exp}(2zB_3T_3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}})\mathrm{exp}(2zB_2T_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}})`$ (4.5)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜=\mathrm{e}^{H_+\sigma _+}.`$
with

$$\sigma _{}=\mathrm{ln}(12zT_{})\sigma _+=\mathrm{ln}(12zT)T=T_++z(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}.$$
(4.6)
The term $`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥`$ is a Jordanian twist (2.5), $`_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥`$ is an extended twist (2.7) and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜`$ is an additional Jordanian twist on the deformed carrier space of the extended twist. The explicit structure of $``$ is the generalization of the $`(2+1)`$D case associated to $`so(3,2)`$ introduced in .

After progresive application of the three twist factors on the primitive (non-deformed) coproducts $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=X1+1X`$, we obtain deformed coproducts $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}`$ for the generators of $``$. Useful relations for computations are given by

| $`[H_+,\sigma _{}]=0`$ | $`[H_+,T]=T`$ | $`[H_+,\sigma _+]=1\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`[H_{},\sigma _{}]=1\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}`$ | $`[H_{},T]=z(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^{2\sigma _{}}`$ | $`[H_{},\sigma _+]=2z^2(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++2\sigma _{})}`$ |
| $`[B_a,\sigma _{}]=0`$ | $`[B_a,T]=T_a\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}`$ | $`[B_a,\sigma _+]=2zT_a\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}`$. |

Note also that the Abelian commutation relations for the translations generators ensure that all the elements $`\{T_\pm ,T_a,T,\sigma _+,\sigma _{}\}`$ commute amongst themselves. The results are as follows:

$``$ Jordanian twist $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥^1`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(H_+)=H_+1+1H_+\hfill & \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(T_+)=T_+1+1T_+\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(H_{})=H_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1H_{}\hfill & \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(T_{})=T_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1T_{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(B_a)=B_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+1B_a\hfill & \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(T_a)=T_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+1T_a.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.7)
$``$ Extended twist $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥\mathrm{\Phi }_{}^1`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(H_+)=H_+1+1H_+\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(H_{})=H_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1H_{}+2zB_2T_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\sigma _{}}+2zB_3T_3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\sigma _{}}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(B_a)=B_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+1B_a\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_+)=T_+1+1T_+2zT_2T_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}2zT_3T_3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}\hfill \\ +2z^2T_{}(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_{})=T_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1T_{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_a)=T_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}T_a.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.8)
$``$ Additional Jordanian twist $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}=\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜\mathrm{\Delta }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜^1`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(H_+)=H_+\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}+1H_+\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(H_{})=H_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1H_{}+2zB_2T_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _++3\sigma _{})}+2zB_3T_3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _++3\sigma _{})}\hfill \\ +2z^2H_+(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++2\sigma _{})}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(B_a)=B_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}+1B_a+2zH_+T_a\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_+)=T_+\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}+1T_+2zT_2T_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _+\sigma _{})}2zT_3T_3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _+\sigma _{})}\hfill \\ +2z^2T_{}(T_2^2+T_3^2)\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_{})=T_{}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}+1T_{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T_a)=T_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}T_a.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.9)
The three coproducts for $`T_{}`$, which are the same, show that $`\sigma _{}`$ always remains primitive

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(\sigma _{})=\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(\sigma _{})=\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(\sigma _{})=\sigma _{}1+1\sigma _{}.$$

The element $`\sigma _+`$ is also primitive: $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(\sigma _+)=\sigma _+1+1\sigma _+`$, provided that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(T)=T\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}+1T.$$
(4.10)
Therefore, the final twisted coproducts (4.9) together with commutation relations (3.11) define the twisted carrier algebra $`U_z()`$. Furthermore these results allow us to state:

###### Proposition 4.1.

The element $``$ given by (4.4) is a factorizable twist that fulfils equations (2.4).

In  it was already proved that the product $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥`$ satisfies such equations. Hence, it is only necessary to analyze the third factor $`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜`$. It can be checked that it satisfies

$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{}id)(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)=(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{13}(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{23}(id\mathrm{\Delta }_{})(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)=(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{12}(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{13}$$
(4.11)
which guarantees the twisting condition

$$(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{12}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{}id)(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)=(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)_{23}(id\mathrm{\Delta }_{})(\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜).$$
(4.12)
In other words, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜`$ is a Jordanian twisting element for the deformed algebra obtained by an extended twist based on the carrier subalgebra spanned by $`\{H_{},T_{},T_a,B_a\}`$ since $`[H_+,T]=T`$.

### 4.2 Weyl–Poincaré Hopf subalgebra

Let us compute the coproducts for $`J_1`$ and $`A_a`$. From (3.12) we firstly find some useful relations:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}& [J_1,\sigma _{}]=[J_1,T]=[J_1,\sigma _+]=0\hfill & [A_a,\sigma _{}]=2zT_a\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill \\ & [A_a,T]=T_a(1\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+})\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill & [A_a,\sigma _+]=2zT_a(1\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+})\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Hence $`J_1`$ remains primitive for the three twists:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(J_1)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(J_1)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(J_1)=J_11+1J_1.$$
(4.13)
The three steps for the coproduct of $`A_a`$ are given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒥(A_a)=A_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+1A_a+2zH_{}T_a\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(A_a)=A_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}+1A_a+2zH_+T_a\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}`$
$`+2zB_aT\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{}}2zϵ_{1ab}J_1T_b\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}(A_a)=A_a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _+\sigma _{})}+1A_a+2zH_+T_a\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}`$
$`+2zB_aT\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}2zϵ_{1ab}J_1T_b\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}.`$ (4.14)
Consequently, the previous quantum carrier algebra $`U_z()`$, determined by coproducts (4.9) and commutators (3.11), enlarged with coproducts (4.13) and (4.14) together with the commutation rules (3.12) determine, by construction, a new twisted Weyl–Poincaré algebra in a null-plane basis, $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$, such that $`U_z()U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$.

### 4.3 Conformal transformations

In the same way, cumbersome computations would lead to the coproducts of the conformal transformations completing $`U_z(so(4,2))`$. We restrict ourselves to display the auxiliary commutation relations between the generators $`\{G_\pm ,G_a\}`$ and the elements $`\{\sigma _\pm ,T\}`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}[G_+,\sigma _{}]=2z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}H_{}+2z^2\mathrm{e}^{2\sigma _{}}T_{}[G_{},\sigma _{}]=0[G_a,\sigma _{}]=z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}B_a\hfill \\ [G_+,T]=z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\left\{T_2A_2+T_3A_3+T_++2(TT_+)(H_{}+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{})\right\}\hfill \\ [G_{},T]=H_+z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(T_2B_2+T_3B_3+T_{})\hfill \\ [G_a,T]=\frac{1}{2}A_a+z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\left\{T_a(H_++H_{})+ϵ_{1ab}T_bJ_1+T_a(\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}1)+(TT_+)B_a\right\}\hfill \\ [G_+,\sigma _+]=2z^2\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}\left\{T_2A_2+T_3A_3+T_++2(TT_+)(H_{}+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{})\right\}\hfill \\ +4z^3\mathrm{e}^{(2\sigma _++\sigma _{})}\left\{\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(TT_+)^2+T(TT_+)\right\}\hfill \\ [G_{},\sigma _+]=2z\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}\left\{H_++z\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(T_2B_2+T_3B_3+T_{})\right\}+2z^2\mathrm{e}^{2\sigma _+}\left\{T+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(TT_+)\right\}\hfill \\ [G_a,\sigma _+]=z\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}A_a4z^3\mathrm{e}^{(2\sigma _++\sigma _{})}T_a\left\{T+\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(TT_+)\right\}\hfill \\ 2z^2\mathrm{e}^{(\sigma _++\sigma _{})}\left\{T_a(H_++H_{})+ϵ_{1ab}T_bJ_1+T_a(\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}1)+(TT_+)B_a\right\}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Finally, we remark that the universal quantum $``$-matrix for a twisted algebra is given in terms of the twisting element by (2.3). Hence, in our particular case it reads

$$=\tau (\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜)\tau (\mathrm{\Phi }_{})\tau (\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥)\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥^1\mathrm{\Phi }_{}^1\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜^1.$$
(4.15)
The first order term of the power series of $``$ in $`z`$ reproduces the classical $`r`$-matrix (4.3). By construction the three Hopf algebras in the sequence $`U_z()U_z(𝒲𝒫)U_z(so(4,2))`$ share the same universal $``$-matrix and classical $`r`$-matrix.

## 5  Weyl-Poincaré Hopf subalgebra in the standard conformal basis

The twisted Weyl–Poincaré algebra $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$, previously obtained in a null-plane basis, can be written in the initial conformal basis (3.1) through the following non-linear map

$$\begin{array}{cc}P_0=\frac{1}{2z}(\sigma _++\sigma _{})\hfill & P_1=\frac{1}{2z}(\sigma _+\sigma _{})\hfill \\ P_2=(T_3+T_2)\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill & P_3=(T_3T_2)\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}\hfill \\ D=H_++H_{}\hfill & K_1=H_+H_{}\hfill \\ K_2=\frac{1}{2}(A_3+A_2+B_3+B_2)\hfill & K_3=\frac{1}{2}(A_3A_2+B_3B_2)\hfill \\ J_2=\frac{1}{2}(A_3A_2B_3+B_2)\hfill & J_3=\frac{1}{2}(A_3+A_2B_3B_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.1)
with $`J_1`$ unchanged. The limit $`z0`$ gives rise to the change of basis (3.6) and (3.7). This map is the natural generalization of that introduced in  for $`U_z(𝒲𝒫(2+1))`$ in relation to the non-standard quantum $`so(3,2)`$.

By taking into account the inverse map for the commuting elements $`\{T_\pm ,T_a,T,\sigma _\pm \}`$,

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{}=z(P_0P_1)T_{}=\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}}{2z}T_2=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(P_2P_3)\hfill \\ \sigma _+=z(P_0+P_1)T=\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}}{2z}T_3=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{e}^\sigma _{}(P_2+P_3)\hfill \\ T_+=\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}}{2z}\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.2)
the results of the previous section and the auxiliary commutators given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[J_a,\sigma _{}]=zϵ_{1ab}P_b\hfill & [J_a,T]=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{1ab}\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+}P_b\hfill & [J_a,\sigma _+]=zϵ_{1ab}P_b\hfill \\ [K_a,\sigma _{}]=zP_a\hfill & [K_a,T]=(1\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+})P_a\hfill & [K_a,\sigma _+]=z(12\mathrm{e}^{\sigma _+})P_a\hfill \end{array}$$

it can be found that the coproduct and non-vanishing commutation rules for $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$ in the usual conformal basis turn out to be:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(P_0)=P_01+1P_0\mathrm{\Delta }(P_1)=P_11+1P_1\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(P_a)=P_a\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}+1P_a\mathrm{\Delta }(J_1)=J_11+1J_1\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(J_a)=J_a\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}+1J_a+zJ_1P_a\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(D)=D\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{cosh}zP_1+1D+K_1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{sinh}zP_1+z(K_2+J_3)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_2\hfill \\ +z(K_3J_2)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_3+\frac{z^2}{2}(D+K_1)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(K_1)=K_1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{cosh}zP_1+1K_1+D\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{sinh}zP_1z(K_2+J_3)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_2\hfill \\ z(K_3J_2)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_3\frac{z^2}{2}(D+K_1)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(K_a)=K_a\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}+1K_a+ϵ_{1ab}J_b(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1})zϵ_{1ab}J_1P_b\hfill \\ +z(D+K_1)\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}P_a\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}[J_i,J_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k[J_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}K_k[K_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k[J_1,P_j]=ϵ_{1jk}P_k\hfill \\ [J_a,P_1]=ϵ_{a1b}P_b[J_a,P_b]=ϵ_{1ab}\left(\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{2zP_1}}{2z}+\frac{z}{2}(P_b^2P_a^2)\right)+z\delta _{ab}(ϵ_{1bc}P_bP_c)\hfill \\ [K_1,P_0]=\frac{1}{z}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{sinh}zP_1\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)\hfill \\ [K_1,P_1]=\frac{1}{z}(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{cosh}zP_11)\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)\hfill \\ [K_a,P_0]=\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}P_a[K_a,P_1]=(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}1)P_a[K_1,P_a]=(1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1})P_a\hfill \\ [K_a,P_b]=\delta _{ab}\left\{\frac{1}{z}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{cosh}zP_1)+\frac{z}{2}ϵ_{1bc}^2(P_b^2P_c^2)\right\}+zϵ_{1ab}^2P_aP_b\hfill \\ [D,P_0]=\frac{1}{z}(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{cosh}zP_11)+\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)\hfill \\ [D,P_1]=\frac{1}{z}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{sinh}zP_1+\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}(P_2^2+P_3^2)[D,P_a]=\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}P_a,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.4)
(recall that $`a,b,c=2,3`$ while $`i,j,k=1,2,3`$). In this way we find the $`(3+1)`$D version of the non-standard quantum $`𝒲𝒫`$ algebra obtained in .

Furthermore, the map (5.1) allows us to write the universal $``$-matrix of both $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)`$ and $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ (4.15) in this standard conformal basis provided that the three factors (4.1) of $``$ read

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}DP_0)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}DP_1)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}K_1P_0)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}K_1P_1)\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Phi }_{}=\mathrm{exp}\left\{z(K_2+J_3)\mathrm{e}^{\frac{z}{2}P_0}\mathrm{e}^{\frac{z}{2}P_1}P_2\right\}\mathrm{exp}\left\{z(K_3J_2)\mathrm{e}^{\frac{z}{2}P_0}\mathrm{e}^{\frac{z}{2}P_1}P_3\right\}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}DP_0)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}DP_1)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}K_1P_0)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}K_1P_1).\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.5)
In the computations we have used the following expression valid whenever $`[A,B]=0`$:

$$\mathrm{exp}\{(A+B)C\}=\mathrm{exp}\{AC\}\mathrm{exp}\{BC\}.$$

Moreover, the twisting element $``$ (4.4) of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ can be obtained in a compact form by applying the expression

$$\mathrm{exp}(\alpha AB)\mathrm{exp}(\beta CD)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\beta CD\mathrm{e}^{\alpha \gamma B}\right\}\mathrm{exp}(\alpha AB)\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma $$

valid whenever $`[A,C]=\gamma C`$ and $`[B,D]=0`$. The resulting $``$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}=\mathrm{exp}\left\{z(K_3J_2)\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}P_3\right\}\mathrm{exp}\left\{z(K_2+J_3)\mathrm{e}^{zP_1}P_2\right\}\hfill \\ \times \mathrm{exp}(zK_1P_1)\mathrm{exp}(zDP_0)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.6)
which gives rise to the $``$-matrix $`=\tau ()^1`$ with underlying classical $`r`$-matrix given by (4.2).

## 6 Quantum contractions

The twisted Minkowskian conformal algebra has well defined non-relativistic limits to quantum conformal algebras of either Galilean or Carroll spacetimes , denoted $`𝒢`$ and $`𝒞`$, respectively. Such quantum contractions are defined by the usual Inönü–Wigner transformations of generators, providing the Lie algebra contractions $`so(4,2)𝒢`$ and $`so(4,2)𝒞`$, together with a mapping on the deformation parameter $`z`$ that ensures the convergency of the classical $`r`$-matrix . We stress that computations can be done once $`U_z(𝒲𝒫)U_z(so(4,2))`$ are expressed in the standard conformal basis presented in the previous section.

### 6.1 Twisted conformal Galilean algebra $`U_z(𝒢)`$

The quantum speed-space contraction that starting from $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ leads to $`U_z(𝒢)`$ is defined by

$$\begin{array}{cccc}J_iJ_i\hfill & P_0P_0\hfill & C_0C_0\hfill & DD\hfill \\ P_i\epsilon P_i\hfill & K_i\epsilon K_i\hfill & C_i\epsilon C_i\hfill & z\epsilon ^2z\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.1)
where $`\epsilon `$ is the contraction parameter which is related to the speed of light $`c`$ through $`\epsilon =1/c`$.

Once the map (6.1) is applied to any element associated to $`U_z(so(4,2))`$, the limit $`\epsilon 0`$ (or $`c\mathrm{}`$) gives rise to that corresponding to $`U_z(𝒢)`$. Explicitly, the contraction of the classical $`r`$-matrix (4.2) originates the $`r`$-matrix

$$r=z(K_1P_1+K_2P_2+K_3P_3).$$
(6.2)
The coproduct and non-vanishing commutation relations of $`U_z(𝒢)`$ turn out to be

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=X1+1XX\{J_i,K_i,P_\mu ,C_i\}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(D)=D1+1D+z(K_1P_1+K_2P_2+K_3P_3)\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(C_0)=C_01+1C_0z(C_1P_1+C_2P_2+C_3P_3)\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.3)
| $`[J_i,J_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k`$ | $`[J_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}K_k`$ | $`[J_i,P_j]=ϵ_{ijk}P_k`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`[J_i,C_j]=ϵ_{ijk}C_k`$ | $`[K_i,P_0]=P_i`$ | $`[K_i,C_0]=C_i`$ |
| $`[P_0,C_0]=D`$ | $`[P_0,C_i]=K_i`$ | $`[P_i,C_0]=K_i`$ |
| $`[P_i,D]=P_i`$ | $`[P_0,D]=P_0\frac{z}{2}𝐏^2`$ | |
| $`[C_i,D]=C_i`$ | $`[C_0,D]=C_0\frac{z}{2}𝐊^2`$ | |

(6.4)
where $`𝐏^2=P_1^2+P_2^2+P_3^2`$ and $`𝐊^2=K_1^2+K_2^2+K_3^2`$. Now commutation relations involving conformal transformations are rather simplified.

Under contraction the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-factors (5.5) and twisting element $``$ (5.6) reduce to

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥=\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{2}K_1P_1)\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Phi }_{}=\mathrm{exp}(zK_2P_2)\mathrm{exp}(zK_3P_3)\hfill \\ =\mathrm{exp}(zK_3P_3)\mathrm{exp}(zK_2P_2)\mathrm{exp}(zK_1P_1)\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.5)
which, in turn, determine the universal $``$-matrix of $`U_z(𝒢)`$, which is simply the exponential of the classical $`r`$-matrix (6.2)

$$=\mathrm{e}^r=\mathrm{exp}(zK_1P_1)\mathrm{exp}(zK_2P_2)\mathrm{exp}(zK_3P_3).$$
(6.6)
Notice that the carrier subalgebra of $`U_z(𝒢)`$ is a 6D Abelian subalgebra generated by $`\{P_i,K_i\}`$ and that the Weyl–Galilean subalgebra $`𝒲𝒢`$ spanned by $`\{J_i,P_\mu ,K_i\}`$ remains as a Hopf subalgebra, $`U_z(𝒲𝒢)`$, of $`U_z(𝒢)`$.

### 6.2 Twisted conformal Carroll algebra $`U_z(𝒞)`$

The second non-relativistic limit $`U_z(so(4,2))U_z(𝒞)`$ corresponds to the quantum speed-time contraction defined by the map

$$\begin{array}{cccc}J_iJ_i\hfill & P_iP_i\hfill & C_iC_i\hfill & DD\hfill \\ P_0\epsilon P_0\hfill & K_i\epsilon K_i\hfill & C_0\epsilon C_0\hfill & z\epsilon ^1z.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.7)
The classical $`r`$-matrix for $`U_z(𝒞)`$ reads

$$r=z(DP_0+K_1P_1+K_2P_2+K_3P_3).$$
(6.8)
The coproduct and non-vanishing commutation relations of $`U_z(𝒞)`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=X1+1XX\{J_i,P_\mu \}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(Y)=Y\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}+1YY\{K_i,C_0\}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(D)=D\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}+1D+zK_1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_1+zK_2\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_2+zK_3\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_3\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(C_i)=C_i\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}+1C_izC_0\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_i+zϵ_{ijk}K_j\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}J_k\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.9)
| $`[J_i,J_j]=ϵ_{ijk}J_k`$ | $`[J_i,K_j]=ϵ_{ijk}K_k`$ | $`[J_i,P_j]=ϵ_{ijk}P_k`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`[J_i,C_j]=ϵ_{ijk}C_k`$ | $`[K_i,P_i]=\frac{1}{z}(\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}1)`$ | $`[K_i,C_i]=C_0\frac{z}{2}𝐊^2`$ |
| $`[P_0,D]=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{zP_0})`$ | $`[P_i,D]=\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}P_i`$ | $`[P_0,C_i]=K_i`$ |
| $`[C_0,D]=C_0\frac{z}{2}𝐊^2`$ | $`[C_i,D]=C_i+zK_iD`$ | $`[P_i,C_0]=K_i`$ |
| $`[P_i,C_j]=\delta _{ij}D+ϵ_{ijk}\mathrm{e}^{zP_0}J_k`$ $`[C_i,C_j]=z(K_iC_jK_jC_i).`$ | | |

(6.10)
The Weyl–Carroll subalgebra $`𝒲𝒞`$, $`U_z(𝒲𝒞)`$, again remains as a Hopf subalgebra of $`U_z(𝒞)`$.

On the other hand, although divergencies within the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-factors (5.5) arise under the map (6.7), both the twisting element (5.6) and the corresponding universal $``$-matrix have well defined limits given by

$$\begin{array}{c}=\mathrm{exp}(zK_3P_3)\mathrm{exp}(zK_2P_2)\mathrm{exp}(zK_1P_1)\mathrm{exp}(zDP_0)\hfill \\ =\mathrm{exp}(zP_3K_3)\mathrm{exp}(zP_2K_2)\mathrm{exp}(zP_1K_1)\mathrm{exp}(zP_0D)\hfill \\ \times \mathrm{exp}(zDP_0)\mathrm{exp}(zK_1P_1)\mathrm{exp}(zK_2P_2)\mathrm{exp}(zK_3P_3).\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.11)
We stress that, at this dimension, the conformal Carroll algebra is isomorphic to a $`(4+1)`$D Poincaré algebra $`iso(4,1)`$; for a direct relationship a well adapted basis is the $`(4+1)`$D version of the null-plane basis (3.4). In such a basis, $`U_z(𝒞)`$ turns out to be the $`(4+1)`$D version of the $`(3+1)`$D null-plane quantum Poincaré algebra obtained in . We also recall that the twisting element (6.11) for the $`(3+1)`$D case was deduced in  by following a constructive method instead of a contraction one.

## 7 Difference-differential massless Klein–Gordon equation

Non-standard quantum algebras have already been shown to be Hopf symmetry algebras of several difference-differential equations such as the $`(1+1)`$D Schrödinger , $`(1+1)`$D wave and 2D Laplace , and $`(3+1)`$D wave and 4D Laplace equations . In all these cases, discretization arises in one (space or time) direction on a uniform lattice, for which the deformation parameter can be interpreted as the lattice constant. Our aim now is to show that the generators of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ can be expressed as discrete symmetries of a $`(3+1)`$D difference-differential massless Klein–Gordon (KG) equation which, in turn, provides a physical interpretation for the deformation parameter $`z`$ that is slightly different with respect to the aforementioned known cases.

Let us consider the Minkowkian spacetime with coordinates $`x=(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3)`$ and metric $`(g_{\mu \nu })=\mathrm{diag}(+,,,)`$ as introduced in section 3. As is well known a differential realization of its conformal Lie algebra $`so(4,2)`$ with Lie brackets (3.1) is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}J_i=ϵ_{ijk}x^k_jP_\mu =_\mu K_i=x^i_0x^0_iD=x^\mu _\mu \mathrm{}\hfill \\ C_0=\frac{1}{2}x^\mu x_\mu _0x^0(x^\mu _\mu +\mathrm{})C_i=\frac{1}{2}x^\mu x_\mu _i+x^i(x^\mu _\mu +\mathrm{})\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.1)
where $`_\mu =/x^\mu `$, $`x^\mu x_\mu =(x^0)^2(x^1)^2(x^2)^2(x^3)^2`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ is called the conformal weight. Under this realization, the Casimir operator of the Poincaré subalgebra, $`C=P_0^2𝐏^2`$, provides the d’Alembertian $`\mathrm{}`$ which leads to the massless KG equation:

$$\mathrm{}\varphi (x)(_0^2_1^2_2^2_3^2)\varphi (x)=0.$$
(7.2)
The following commutation relations between the d’Alembertian and the operators (7.1),

$$\begin{array}{cc}[P_\mu ,\mathrm{}]=[J_i,\mathrm{}]=[K_i,\mathrm{}]=0\hfill & [D,\mathrm{}]=2\mathrm{}\hfill \\ [C_0,\mathrm{}]=2x^0\mathrm{}+2(\mathrm{}1)_0\hfill & [C_i,\mathrm{}]=2x^i\mathrm{}+2(\mathrm{}1)_i,\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.3)
show that $`so(4,2)`$ is a Lie symmetry algebra of the massless KG equation whenever $`\mathrm{}=1`$. That is, its operators carry solutions of this equation into solutions.

Lie symmetries of the KG equation are deeply related with the commutation relations $`[_\mu ,x^\nu ]=\delta _{\mu \nu }`$ (or $`[_\mu ,x_\nu ]=g_{\mu \nu }`$). Hence, a procedure to obtain a difference-differential version of (7.2) with $`U_z(so(4,2))`$-symmetry is first to deduce some momentum $`\widehat{𝚙}_\mu =\widehat{𝚙}_\mu (,x)`$ and position $`\widehat{𝚡}^\mu =\widehat{𝚡}^\mu (,x)`$ operators fulfilling

$$[\widehat{𝚙}_\mu ,\widehat{𝚡}^\nu ]=\delta _{\mu \nu }[\widehat{𝚙}_\mu ,\widehat{𝚡}_\nu ]=g_{\mu \nu }[\widehat{𝚡}^\mu ,\widehat{𝚡}^\nu ]=0[\widehat{𝚙}_\mu ,\widehat{𝚙}_\nu ]=0$$
(7.4)
which in the limit $`z0`$ should give $`\widehat{𝚙}^\mu _\mu `$, $`\widehat{𝚡}^\mu x^\mu `$, and second to express the generators of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ in terms of such operators.

The starting point in this construction comes from the non-linear change of basis (5.1) applied in section 5 which naturally includes discrete derivatives. Explicitly, if we write the generators $`T_\pm `$, $`T_a`$ (3.6) as the operators $`\widehat{𝚙}^\mu `$:

$$\begin{array}{c}T_+=\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{𝚙}_0+\widehat{𝚙}_1)T_{}=\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{𝚙}_0\widehat{𝚙}_1)T_2=\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{𝚙}_2\widehat{𝚙}_3)T_3=\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{𝚙}_2+\widehat{𝚙}_3)\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.5)
and consider the translations generators $`P_\mu `$ introduced by means of the non-linear map (5.1) as the derivatives $`_\mu `$, then the transformed expressions for $`T_\pm `$, $`T_a`$ given in (5.2) allow us to make the following ansatz for the $`\widehat{𝚙}_\mu `$ operators:

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{𝚙}_0+\widehat{𝚙}_1=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1})z\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_0\widehat{𝚙}_1=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1})\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_2\pm \widehat{𝚙}_3=\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2\pm _3).\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.6)
In other words, $`\sigma _\pm =z(_0\pm _1)`$ and the elements $`T_{}`$ and $`T`$ are directly two discrete derivatives along two basic directions $`x^0x^1`$ and $`x^0+x^1`$, respectively.

Next, by requiring commutators (7.4) to be satisfied, we find the corresponding $`\widehat{𝚡}^\mu `$ operators:

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{𝚡}^0+\widehat{𝚡}^1=(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚡}^0\widehat{𝚡}^1=\left\{x^0x^1+2z(x^2_2+x^3_3)\right\}\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}+z^2(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚡}^2\pm \widehat{𝚡}^3=(x^2\pm x^3)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}+z(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2\pm _3).\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.7)
Therefore, from (7.6) and (7.7) we find that:

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{𝚙}_0=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{cosh}z_1)\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_1=\frac{1}{z}\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{sinh}z_1\frac{z}{2}\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_a=\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}_a\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚡}^0=x^0\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{cosh}z_1+x^1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{sinh}z_1+z(x^2_2+x^3_3)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}\hfill \\ +\frac{z^2}{2}(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚡}^1=x^1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{cosh}z_1+x^0\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{sinh}z_1z(x^2_2+x^3_3)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}\hfill \\ \frac{z^2}{2}(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚡}^a=x^a\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}+z(x^0+x^1)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}_a\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.8)
where $`a=2,3`$. If we now apply the maps $`_\mu \widehat{𝚙}_\mu `$, $`x^\mu \widehat{𝚡}^\mu `$ to the initial differential operators (7.1) and KG equation (7.2), we obtain difference-differential symmetries $`X(_\mu ,x^\mu )\widehat{X}(\widehat{𝚙}_\mu ,\widehat{𝚡}^\mu )`$ of the following difference-differential analogue of the massless KG equation:

$$\mathrm{}_z\varphi (x)=\left\{\left(\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}}{z}\right)\left(\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}}{z}\right)\mathrm{e}^{z_0}\mathrm{e}^{z_1}(_2^2+_3^2)\right\}\varphi (x)=0$$
(7.9)
which is the generalization of the $`(2+1)`$D case studied in . The transformed commutators (7.3) with $`\mathrm{}=1`$ show that $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ is a symmetry twisted algebra of this equation. Coproduct for the resulting operators can be deduced from the expressions given in section 4 through the change of basis (3.6)–(3.8). This can be further used in the construction of composition of several difference-differential massless KG equations.

On the other hand, relations (7.6) and (7.7) indicate that an alternative and natural basis to rewrite the above results is the Minkowskian null-plane one (3.2). Then by denoting

$$\begin{array}{c}_\pm =_0\pm _1[_\pm ,x^\pm ]=1[_\pm ,x^{}]=0\widehat{𝚙}_\pm =\widehat{𝚙}_0\pm \widehat{𝚙}_1\widehat{𝚡}^\pm =\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{𝚡}^0\pm \widehat{𝚡}^1)\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.10)
we find the following null-plane momentum and position operators

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{𝚙}_+=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{z_+})z\mathrm{e}^z_{}(_2^2+_3^2)\widehat{𝚡}^+=x^+\mathrm{e}^{z_+}\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_{}=\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^z_{})\widehat{𝚡}^{}=x^{}\mathrm{e}^z_{}+z(x^2_2+x^3_3)\mathrm{e}^z_{}+z^2x^+\mathrm{e}^{z_+}(_2^2+_3^2)\hfill \\ \widehat{𝚙}_a=\mathrm{e}^z_{}_a\widehat{𝚡}^a=x^a\mathrm{e}^z_{}+2zx^+\mathrm{e}^{z_+}_a.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.11)
that verify (7.4) for $`\mu ,\nu =+,,2,3`$. In this null-plane context the massless KG equation (7.9) is rewritten as

$$\mathrm{}_z\varphi (x)=\left\{\left(\frac{1\mathrm{e}^{z_+}}{z}\right)\left(\frac{1\mathrm{e}^z_{}}{z}\right)\mathrm{e}^z_{}(_2^2+_3^2)\right\}\varphi (x^+,x^{},x^2,x^3)=0$$
(7.12)
where the action of a discrete derivative reads

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{z}(1\mathrm{e}^{z_+})\varphi (x^+,x^{},x^2,x^3)=\frac{1}{z}\left\{\varphi (x^+,x^{},x^2,x^3)\varphi (x^+z,x^{},x^2,x^3)\right\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.13)
and similar for that with $`_{}`$. Consequently, we clearly obtain an intrinsic discretization on a uniform lattice along the two null-plane directions $`x^\pm `$ where $`z`$ is the same lattice step for both of them; the transverse coordinates $`x^a`$ remain as continuous ones. Furthermore, the null-plane evolution framework with $`x^{}=\tau `$ (3.2) also provides an interpretation of $`z`$ as a fundamental constant directly associated to a discretization of the ‘time’ evolution parameter $`\tau `$ so that the transformed operator $`\widehat{P}_{}(\widehat{𝚙}_\mu ,\widehat{𝚡}^\mu )`$ would play the role of a difference-differential Hamiltonian .

## 8 Conclusions and remarks

In this paper we have constructed a new quantum twisted deformation of the conformal algebra of the $`(3+1)`$D Minkowskian spacetime that generalizes the previously known lower dimensional cases . The twisting element has been established within a conformal null-plane basis. Moreover, expressions in the standard conformal basis have been deduced through a non-linear map and, among them, we remark the ‘compact’ form of the universal $``$-matrix of $`U_z(so(4,2))`$.

These results have allowed us to perform a study of contractions that relate in a consistent way $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ with its non-relativistic limits together with their Weyl Hopf subalgebras, classical $`r`$-matrices, twisting elements and universal $``$-matrices. In particular, the twisted conformal Carroll algebra is the $`(4+1)`$D version of the so called null-plane quantum Poincaré algebra .

As an application, it has been also shown that $`U_z(so(4,2))`$ is the symmetry Hopf algebra of a difference-differential massless KG equation, for which, the symmetry operators have been deduced; this has provided an interpretation of the deformation parameter $`z`$ as the lattice constant in a discretization of the $`(3+1)`$D Minkwoskian spacetime along two null-plane directions.

All of these results are summarized in the following diagram, where vertical arrows indicate contractions.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Twisted conformal Galilean algebra}& U_z(𝒲𝒢)& U_z(𝒢)\hfill \\ & & \hfill \\ \text{Twisted conformal Minkowskian algebra}& U_z(𝒲𝒫)& U_z(so(4,2))\mathrm{}_z\varphi (x)=0\hfill \\ & & \hfill \\ \text{Twisted conf. Carroll/Null-plane Poincaré}& U_z(𝒲𝒞)& U_z(𝒞)U_z(iso(4,1))\hfill \end{array}$$

To end with we would like to comment on a twisting deformation of $`sl(4)`$ presented by Kulish and Lyakhovsky (KL) in  as well as on the classical $`r`$-matrices for $`so(4,2)`$ obtained by Lukierski, Lyakhovsky and Mozrzymas (LLM) in

The KL deformation is also based on an 8D carrier subalgebra $`𝐋`$ of $`sl(4)`$, which as a complex algebra is isomorphic to $`so(6)`$ (although we have dealt with the real form $`so(4,2)`$). When both carrier algebras, $`𝐋`$ and $``$ (3.11), are considered over the complex numbers, there is an isomorphism $`𝐋`$ defined by the following change of basis:

$$\begin{array}{cc}H_{23}=HH_+\hfill & H_{14}=H_{\lambda _0^{}}H_{}\hfill \\ E_{23}=L_{\lambda _0}\frac{1}{2z}T_+\hfill & E_{14}=L_{\lambda _0^{}}2zT_{}\hfill \\ E_{13}=L_{\lambda _0^{}\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^{}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(T_3iT_2)\hfill & E_{24}=L_{\lambda _0^{}\lambda ^{}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(T_3+iT_2)\hfill \\ E_{12}=L_\lambda ^{}z\sqrt{2}(B_3iB_2)\hfill & E_{34}=L_{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^{}}z\sqrt{2}(B_3+iB_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.1)
where the KL generators are written on the l.h.s. in two notations; starting from the commutation relations of $`𝐋`$ we recover those of $``$ (3.11). If now we apply this change of basis to the KL twisting element, here written as

$$_{\mathrm{KL}}=\mathrm{\Psi }_𝒥\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{}\mathrm{\Psi }_𝒥_{}$$
(8.2)
we also find that this coincides exactly with $``$ (4.4), for which the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-factors (4.1) are related with the KL $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$-factors by means of

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_𝒥_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒥\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{}\mathrm{\Psi }_𝒥\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒜$$
(8.3)
provided that

$$\sigma _{14}\sigma _{}\sigma _{}\sigma _+E_{}2zT.$$
(8.4)
Consequently, the twisting $`𝐋`$ and $``$ algebras are identified.

The LLM deformations are provided by classical $`r`$-matrices also defined on carrier subalgebras of $`sl(4)so(6)`$ which give rise to $`\kappa `$-deformations of $`𝒫`$, $`𝒲𝒫`$ and $`so(4,2)`$ in a conformal basis by imposing reality conditions. The so called light-like $`\kappa `$-Poincaré $`r`$-matrix is expressed in our basis (3.1) as

$$r_{LLM}=zK_3P_0+z(K_1P_1+K_2P_2+K_3P_3)+z(J_1P_2J_2P_1)$$
(8.5)
where $`z=1/\kappa `$. By comparing $`r_{LLM}`$ with our $`r`$ (4.2), we find that the former is associated with the boost generator $`K_3`$ instead of $`K_1`$, but the relevant difference among them lies in the replacement $`K_3P_0DP_0`$. In fact, $`r`$ (4.2) may be seen as a light-like $`\kappa `$-Weyl–Poincaré $`r`$-matrix. Another more involved LLM classical $`r`$-matrix is the $`\kappa `$-Weyl one that reads

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{r}_{LLM}=r_{LLM}+\frac{z}{2}(DK_3)(P_0+P_3)\hfill \\ =\frac{z}{2}K_3P_0+\frac{z}{2}D(P_0+P_3)\hfill \\ +z(K_1P_1+K_2P_2+\frac{1}{2}K_3P_3)+z(J_1P_2J_2P_1).\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.6)
Hence the corresponding LLM-twisted deformations determined by (8.5) and (8.6) would be different from the one here studied.

## Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología of Spain under Projects PB98-0360 and BFM2000-1055. N.A. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology, Japan.


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# Particles and Anti-Particles in a Relativistic Bose Condensate

## I Introduction

Nowadays more than twenty experimental groups have achieved Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in clouds of confined alkali-metal atoms.1 These studies have renewed the theoretical interest on non-relativistic2 but also relativistic BEC. In the past years, relativistic BEC has been analytically investigated by several authors using Euclidean-time functional integration3-7 but a quantitative numerical analysis with the temperature ranging form the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic limit has never been performed.

In this paper we consider BEC in the case of a relativistic non-interacting Bose gas described by a complex scalar field $`\varphi (x)`$. We derive the exact equation of motion of $`\varphi (x)`$ in the grand canonical ensemble of equilibrium statistical mechanics8 without invoking functional integration9 but using instead canonical field theory. By means of the Bogoliubov prescription10, we write down the equations of the condensate order parameter and of thermal particles and anti-particles. We numerically investigate the effect of particles and anti-particles in the determination of BEC transition temperature $`T_c`$. Moreover we study the fraction of anti-particles in the system as a function of temperature and derive ultra-relativistic formulas for $`T_c`$ and the condensed fraction in a generic $`d`$-dimensional space.

## II Scalar Field and Legendre Anti-Transformation

The Lagrangian density of a non-interacting complex scalar field $`\varphi (x)`$ is given by

$$=\left(^\nu \varphi \right)^+\left(_\nu \varphi \right)m^2\varphi ^+\varphi ,$$
(1)
where $`m`$ is the mass of the identical bosons described by the scalar field. To study the finite-temperature properties of a field-theory one needs the Hamiltonian $`H`$ of the system. In our case, the canonical conjugate momentum $`\mathrm{\Pi }(x)`$ of the scalar field $`\varphi (x)`$ is

$$\mathrm{\Pi }=\frac{}{\dot{\varphi }}=\dot{\varphi }^+,$$
(2)
and the Hamiltonian density reads

$$=\mathrm{\Pi }^+\mathrm{\Pi }+\varphi ^+\varphi +m^2\varphi ^+\varphi .$$
(3)
Note that the invariance of the system under a global gauge U(1) field transformation implies the conservation of the electric current and the conserved charge density is

$$𝒬=i\left(\varphi ^+\dot{\varphi }\varphi \dot{\varphi }^+\right)=i\left(\mathrm{\Pi }^+\varphi ^+\mathrm{\Pi }\varphi \right).$$
(4)
Equilibrium statistical mechanics tells us that the grand canonical partition function $`Z`$ of a quantum system of Hamiltonian $`H`$ and conserved charge $`Q`$ is given by

$$Z=Tr\left[e^{\left(H\mu Q\right)/T}\right],$$
(5)
where $`T`$ is the temperature of the thermal reservoir and $`\mu `$ is the chemical potential.8 Thus the system in the grand canonical ensemble is described by an effective Hamiltonian density $`_\mu =\mu 𝒬`$, namely

$$_\mu =\mathrm{\Pi }^+\mathrm{\Pi }+\varphi ^+\varphi +V(\varphi )i\mu (\mathrm{\Pi }^+\varphi ^+\mathrm{\Pi }\varphi ).$$
(6)
To find the effective Lagrangian density we observe that the Hamilton equation for $`\dot{\varphi }`$ is given by

$$\dot{\varphi }=\frac{_\mu }{\mathrm{\Pi }}=\mathrm{\Pi }^++i\mu \varphi .$$
(7)
Using the Legendre anti-transformation one can easily obtain the effective Lagrangian density $`_\mu =\dot{\varphi }^+\mathrm{\Pi }^++\dot{\varphi }\mathrm{\Pi }_\mu `$, namely

$$_\mu =+i\mu \left(\varphi ^+\dot{\varphi }\varphi \dot{\varphi }^+\right)+\mu ^2\varphi ^+\varphi .$$
(8)
Therefore, the introduction of the chemical potential $`\mu `$ is equivalent to the use of an effective Lagrangian $`_\mu `$, that can be obtained with a shift

$$\frac{}{t}\frac{}{t}+i\mu ,$$
(9)
in the time partial derivative of the bare Lagrangian $``$. It is important to observe that the same result could be obtained by means of the Euclidean-time functional integration9 and that the shift found holds also in the fermionic case.11 Finally, the Euler-Lagrange equation of the effective Lagrangian density $`_\mu `$ reads

$$\left[\mathrm{}+2i\mu \frac{}{t}\mu ^2+m^2\right]\varphi =0,$$
(10)
where $`\mathrm{}=\frac{^2}{t^2}^2`$ is the d’Alambert operator.

## III Bose-Einstein Condensation and Bogoliubov Prescription

In a Bosonic system one can separate Bose-condensed particles from non-condensed ones by means of the Bogoliubov prescription10 that is given by

$$\varphi =\mathrm{\Phi }+\eta ,$$
(11)
where

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\varphi =\frac{1}{Z}Tr\left[\varphi e^{\beta \left(H\mu Q\right)}\right],$$
(12)
is the order parameter of the Bose condensate (a classical complex scalar field), namely the non-vanishing thermal average of the Bosonic field, and $`\eta (x)`$ is the operator of the non-condensed or thermal particles, such that $`\eta =0`$.

The exact equation of motion of the order parameter $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is obtained by calculating the thermal average over the equation of motion of the scalar field $`\varphi (x)`$. If we have a static and homogeneous order parameter, then

$$\left[\mu ^2+m^2\right]\mathrm{\Phi }=0,$$
(13)
from which it follows that there is macroscopic occupation of the lowest single-particle state ($`\mathrm{\Phi }0`$) only if $`|\mu |=m`$.

The exact equation of motion of the fluctuation operator $`\eta (x)`$ is easily obtained by subtracting the exact equation of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ to the equation of $`\varphi (x)`$. Note that, in the non-interacting case, the equations of $`\varphi (x)`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ and $`\eta (x)`$ are formally identical but they have different meanings. In addition, by using the Bogoliubov prescription and the effective Lagrangian, the grand canonical charge density of the system reads

$$𝒬=𝒬_0+\stackrel{~}{𝒬},$$
(14)
where

$$𝒬_0=2\mu |\mathrm{\Phi }|^2$$
(15)
is the contribution due to the Bose condensate and

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒬}=i\left(\eta ^+\dot{\eta }\eta \dot{\eta }^+\right)$$
(16)
is the contribution due to thermal particles and anti-particles (see also Ref. 3).

## IV Bose Condensate and Thermal Particles

The relativistic complex scalar field operator $`\eta (x)`$ satisfies the equal-time commutation rule

$$[\eta (𝐱,t),\eta ^+(𝐲,t)]=\delta ^3(𝐱𝐲).$$
(17)
The operator $`\eta (x)`$ can be Fourier decomposed into a single-particle basis of particles and anti-particles

$$\eta (x)=\underset{𝐤}{}\left(\frac{e^{i(𝐤𝐱\omega _kt)}}{\sqrt{2\omega _kV}}a_k+\frac{e^{i(𝐤𝐱\overline{\omega }_kt)}}{\sqrt{2\overline{\omega }_kV}}b_k^+\right),$$
(18)
where we have used the symbols $`\omega _k`$ and $`\overline{\omega }_k`$ to indicate the value of energy for particles and anti-particles, respectively. The Bose operators for particles and anti-particles satisfy the canonical commutation relations

$$[a_𝐤,a_𝐤^{}^+]=[b_𝐤,b_𝐤^{}^+]=\delta _{\mathrm{𝐤𝐤}^{}},$$
(19)
and all other commutators are zero. In addition, one imposes the following Bose-Einstein thermal averages

$$a_𝐤^+a_𝐤^{}=\frac{1}{e^{\omega _k/T}1}\delta _{\mathrm{𝐤𝐤}^{}},b_𝐤^+b_𝐤^{}=\frac{1}{e^{\overline{\omega }_k/T}1}\delta _{\mathrm{𝐤𝐤}^{}}.$$
(20)
The energies $`\omega _k`$ and $`\overline{\omega }_k`$ are determined by inserting the decomposition of the field $`\eta (x)`$ in its equation of motion, namely Eq. (10) with $`\eta (x)`$ instead of $`\varphi (x)`$. In this way, one finds two decoupled algebric equations:

$$\omega _k^22\mu \omega _k+\mu ^2m^2k^2=0,$$
(21)
$$\overline{\omega }_k^2+2\mu \overline{\omega }_k+\mu ^2m^2k^2=0,$$
(22)
which give the physical solutions

$$\omega _k=\sqrt{k^2+m^2}\mu ,\overline{\omega }_k=\sqrt{k^2+m^2}+\mu .$$
(23)
The Fourier decomposition and the energies $`\omega _k`$ and $`\overline{\omega }_k`$ enable us to calculate the thermal average $`\stackrel{~}{q}=\stackrel{~}{𝒬}`$ of the non-condensed charged density, which is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{q}=\underset{𝐤\mathrm{𝟎}}{}\left[\frac{1}{e^{(\sqrt{k^2+m^2}\mu )/T}1}\frac{1}{e^{(\sqrt{k^2+m^2}+\mu )/T}1}\right].$$
(24)
Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{q}=n_1n_2`$, where $`n_1=_𝐤a_𝐤^+a_𝐤`$ is the average density of particles and $`n_2=_𝐤b_𝐤^+b_𝐤`$ is the average density of anti-particles. Note that $`n_2`$ is obtained from $`n_1`$ with the substitution $`\mu \mu `$. The chemical potential $`\mu `$ describes both bosons and antibosons: the sign of $`\mu `$ indicates whether particles outnumber antiparticles or vice versa. Moreover, because both $`n_1`$ and $`n_2`$ must be positive definite, it follows that $`|\mu |m`$.

Obviously, the total number of particles is not conserved because of the production of antiparticles, which becomes relevant when $`T`$ is comparable with $`m`$. The conserved quantity is the net charge density $`q=q_0+\stackrel{~}{q}`$, where $`q_0=\stackrel{~}{Q}_0=2\mu |\varphi |^2`$ is the condensed charge density and $`\stackrel{~}{q}=\stackrel{~}{Q}=n_1n_2`$ is the the difference between the density of particles and the density of anti-particles. The condensed charge density $`q_0`$ is non-zero only below the BEC transition temperature $`T_c`$. The condensed charge density corresponds to $`k=0`$ in Eq. (24) and it is thus given by

$$q_0=\frac{1}{e^{(m\mu )/T}1}\frac{1}{e^{(m+\mu )/T}1}=n_1^{(0)}n_2^{(0)},$$
(25)
where $`n_1^{(0)}`$ and $`n_2^{(0)}`$ are the density of condensed particles and anti-particles, respectively. It is easy to show that

$$\underset{T0}{lim}n_1^{(0)}(T)=q_0,\underset{T0}{lim}n_2^{(0)}(T)=0.$$
(26)
As expected, at $`T=0`$ the particles are all in the condensate and there are no anti-particles. Moreover, in the limit $`T0`$ the asymptotic behavior of the chemical potential $`\mu `$ and of the density $`n_2^{(0)}`$ of condensed anti-particles read

$$\mu (T)mT\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{q_0+1}{q_0}\right),$$

$$n_2^{(0)}(T)\frac{q_0+1}{q_0\left(e^{2m/T}1\right)1}.$$
(27)
To our knowledge, this is the first paper where these simple asymptotic relations have been explicitely written down.

## V Numerical and Analytical Results

The behavior of the Bose gas ranging from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic regime can be numerically investigated by means of the non-condensed thermal charge density $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ given by Eq. (24). In particular, we work in the thermodynamic limit substituting the sums in Eq. (24) with integrals and find

$$\stackrel{~}{q}=\frac{1}{2\pi ^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k\left[\frac{1}{e^{(\sqrt{k^2+m^2}\mu )/T}1}\frac{1}{e^{(\sqrt{k^2+m^2}+\mu )/T}1}\right]=\frac{1}{2\pi ^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k\left[n_1(k)n_2(k)\right],$$
(28)
where $`n_1(k)`$ and $`n_2(k)`$ are the density profiles in momentum space for particles and antiparticles, respectively. It is important to stress that the previous formula has an useful scaling property: the chemical potential, the temperature and the momentum can be measured in units of $`m`$ and the densities in units of $`m^3`$. This follows from the fact that, with $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$, the mass, the chemical potential, the temperature and the momentum have the same unit: the energy, while the length is measured in units of the inverse of energy.

We first consider the case $`T>T_c`$. Given the charge density and the temperature, the chemical potential is fixed by Eq. (28). In such a way one determines also the fraction of anti-particles in the system. As shown in Fig. 1, where we plot $`n_2/n_1`$ as a function of the scaled temperature $`T/m`$ for different values of the scaled charge density $`q/m^3`$ of the Bose system, one can identify two regimes: the non-relativistic regime ($`T/m1`$) and the ultra-relativistic regime ($`T/m1`$). In the non-relativistic regime, the fraction of anti-particles of the system is negligible. In the ultra-relativistic regime the fraction of anti-particles becomes relevant. The curves with fixed charge density $`q=\stackrel{~}{q}`$ ($`q_0=0`$) ends at the scaled critical temperature $`T_c/m`$, where the Bose-Einstein condensate appears. The role of temperature in the formation of anti-particles is also shown in Fig. 2, where we plot the density profiles in momentum space of particles and anti-particles for three increasing values of the scaled temperature.

We observe that in the ultra-relativistic regime one can derive analytical results by performing a Taylor expansion of $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ at first order in $`\mu `$. After straightforward but tedious calculations one finds

$$n_1=\frac{\zeta (3)}{\pi ^2}T^3+\frac{\mu }{6}T^2,n_2=\frac{\zeta (3)}{\pi ^2}T^3\frac{\mu }{6}T^2,\stackrel{~}{q}=\frac{\mu }{3}T^2,$$
(29)
where $`\zeta (x)`$ is the Riemann $`\zeta `$-function. These analytical results, confirmed by our numerical calculations, show that although $`n_2/n_11`$ as $`T\mathrm{}`$, the charge density $`\stackrel{~}{q}=n_1n_2`$ goes to infinity.

We have previously shown that the critical temperature $`T_c`$ at which BEC occurs corresponds to $`|\mu |=m`$. At the BEC transition temperature $`T_c`$, the thermal charged density $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ can still be determined from Eq. (28). In fact, by inverting the function $`\stackrel{~}{q}(T_c,m=\mu )`$ one finds the transition temperature. In Fig. 3 we plot two curves which do not depend on the value of the mass of Bosons in the gas (we call them universal curve). The first unversal curve is the scaled critical temperature $`T_c/m`$ as a function of the scaled charge density $`q/m^3`$. The second universal curve is the ratio $`n_2/n_1`$ between anti-particles and particles as a function of the scaled critical temperature $`T_c/m`$. As expected, $`T_c`$ grows with $`q`$ and $`n_2/n_1`$. Moreover, at a fixed density ratio $`n_2/n_1`$, it is easier to get high-temperature BEC with heavy-mass particles. The two universal curves of Fig. 3 can be compared with ultra-relativistic analytical results. From (29) one immediately finds that the critical temperature ($`\mu =m`$) is given by

$$T_c=\left(\frac{3q}{m}\right)^{1/2},$$
(30)
and the density ratio reads

$$\frac{n_2}{n_1}=\frac{\frac{\zeta (3)}{\pi ^2}T_c^3\frac{\mu }{6}T_c^2}{\frac{\zeta (3)}{\pi ^2}T_c^3+\frac{\mu }{6}T_c^2}.$$
(31)
Fig. 3 shows that while the formula of the density ratio $`n_2/n_1`$ is valid only in the ultra-relativistic region (for $`T_c0`$ it predicts the wrong limit $`n_2/n_21`$), the formula of the critical temperature is quite accurate also at low temperatures. Note that the formula of the critical temperature has been first obtained by Kapusta.3 We now extend it to the case of a ultra-relativistic gas in $`d`$-dimensional space.

The charge density our system of non-interacting bosons can be re-written as

$$\stackrel{~}{q}=_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑ϵ\rho (ϵ)\left[\frac{1}{e^{(ϵ\mu )/T}1}\frac{1}{e^{(ϵ+\mu )/T}1}\right],$$
(32)
where $`\rho (ϵ)`$ is the density of states. It can be obtained from the formula

$$\rho (ϵ)=\frac{d^dk}{(2\pi )^d}\delta (ϵH(k)),$$
(33)
where $`H(k)`$ is the classical single-particle Hamiltonian of the system in a $`d`$-dimensional space. The classical single-particle Hamiltonian of a relativistic ideal gas is $`H=\sqrt{k^2+m^2}`$ and the density of states reads

$$\rho (ϵ)=\frac{2\pi ^{d/2}}{(2\pi )^d\mathrm{\Gamma }(d/2)}ϵ(ϵ^2m^2)^{(d2)/2}.$$
(34)
In the ultra-relativistic limit the density of states is simply $`\rho (ϵ)=(2\pi ^{d/2})/((2\pi )^d\mathrm{\Gamma }(d/2))ϵ^{(d1)}`$. In this case, by using again the Taylor expansion of $`q`$ at first order in $`\mu `$ with $`T=T_c`$ one finally obtains

$$T_c=\left(\frac{(2\pi )^d\mathrm{\Gamma }(d/2)}{4\pi ^{d/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(d)\zeta (d1)}\frac{q}{m}\right)^{1/(d1)},$$
(35)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ is the factorial function. Because $`\zeta (1)=\mathrm{}`$, it follows that for a homogeneous relativistic gas there is BEC only for $`d>2`$, as in the case of a non-relativistic homogeneous gas (see also Ref. 12, Ref. 13).

Below $`T_c`$, a macroscopic number of particle occupies the single-particle ground-state of the system ($`q_00`$). The Eq. (28) gives the charge density $`\stackrel{~}{q}=qq_0`$ of non-condensed particles. In this way, form Eq. (15), one determines the order parameter $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, that is such that

$$|\mathrm{\Phi }|^2=\frac{\stackrel{~}{q}(T_c)\stackrel{~}{q}(T)}{2m}.$$
(36)
Thus, the condensed fraction $`q_0/q`$ can be numerically calculated as $`1\stackrel{~}{q}(T)/\stackrel{~}{q}(T_c)`$. In Fig. 4 we show the condensed fraction as a function of the temperature for different values of the scaled charge density $`q/m^3`$ of the Bosonic particles. In the ultra-relativistic regime, from (28) and (29) one finds

$$\frac{q_0}{q}=1\left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^2,$$
(37)
namely the condensed fraction has an inverted-parabola shape. It is important to stress that, although we are able to determine the charge density $`q_0`$ of the Bose condensate, our formalism cannot tell us the fraction of anti-particles into the condensate.

For an ideal gas of charged massless Bosons ($`m=0`$) it follows, form Eq. (30) and Eq. (35), that $`T_c=\mathrm{}`$ and $`q_0=q`$: at any temperature, all net charge resides in the Bose condensate. Nevertheless, if the thermal average of the charge is not conserved ($`\mu =0`$), i.e. a gas of photons, then BEC does not take place. Finally, by using the previously discussed procedure, one finds that the Bose condensed fraction for a ultra-relativistic gas in a d-dimensional space is given by

$$\frac{q_0}{q}=1\left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^{d1},$$
(38)
remembering that $`T_c\mathrm{}`$ as $`d2`$.

## VI Conclusions

We have studied thermal properties of a non-interacting relativistic Bose gas by analyzing in detail the fraction of anti-particles in the system. By using a finite-temperature operator formalism, we have obtained the equation of the Bose condensate, described by a complex classical order parameter, and the equation of non-condensed particles and anti-particles. At zero temperature the particles are all in the condensate and there are no anti-particles. In the limit of zero temperature we have determined the asymptotic behavior of the density of condensed anti-particles. The charge density and the density of particles and anti-particles have been analyzed as a function of temperature raging from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic regime. We have determined two universal curves at the BEC transition point: the scaled critical temperature $`T_c/m`$ as a function of the scaled charge density $`q/m^3`$ of the Bose gas, and the ratio between anti-particles and particles as a function of the scaled critical temperature $`T_c/m`$. Moreover, we have investigated the condensed fraction as a function of the scaled temperature for increasing values of the scaled charge density of the gas. Finally, analytical results have been found in the ultra-relativistic region. Our analytical formulas for a ultra-relativistic Bose gas in d-dimensional space generalize previous findings with $`d=3`$.

In conclusion, we observe that detailed analytical and numerical investigations can be also performed in the case of an interacting relativistic Bose gas, at least in the Bogoliubov-Popov mean-field approximation. This is one of our future projects.

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