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# Vortex Imaging in the 𝜋-Band of Magnesium Diboride

## Abstract

We report scanning tunneling spectroscopy imaging of the vortex lattice in single crystalline MgB2. By tunneling parallel to the $`c`$-axis, a single superconducting gap ($`\mathrm{\Delta }=2.2`$ meV) associated with the $`\pi `$-band is observed. The vortices in the $`\pi `$-band have a large core size compared to estimates based on $`H_{\text{c2}}`$, and show an absence of localized states in the core. Furthermore, superconductivity between the vortices is rapidly suppressed by an applied field. These results suggest that superconductivity in the $`\pi `$-band is, at least partially, induced by the intrinsically superconducting $`\sigma `$-band.

preprint: cond-mat/xxxxxx

Superconductivity in magnesium diboride (MgB2) with a remarkably high $`T_\text{c}=39`$ K was recently reported by Nagamatsu et al. nagamatsu . Since then, great attention has been directed towards understanding the detailed nature of superconductivity in this material, an in particular whether this is a one- or two-gap superconductor. Two-gap superconductivity was predicted theoretically liu ; choi , and is now supported by an increasing number of experimental reports wang ; szabo ; chen ; giubileo ; buzea ; bouquet ; schmidt ; junod ; iavarone . Two-gap or two-band superconductivity was first studied in the fifties gladstone , and has now found renewed relevance in MgB2. In addition, and contrary to many materials or alloys studied earlier, the two bands in MgB2 have roughly equal filling factor, opening the possibility for interesting new phenomena. However, the exact microscopic details are still largely unexplored. An ideal way to address this issue is by local spectroscopic investigations of the mixed state, which has become possible with the recent availability of high quality MgB2 single crystals.

In this Letter we report on scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements on single crystal MgB2, including the first vortex imaging in this material. Tunneling parallel to the $`c`$-axis, we are able to selectively measure only the $`\pi `$-band brinkman , in which the vortices are found to have a number of remarkable properties: An absence of localized states, a very large vortex core size compared to the estimate based on $`H_{\text{c2}}`$, and a strong core overlap.

The STS experiments were performed using a home built scanning tunneling microscope (STM) installed in a 3He, ultra high vacuum cryostat holding a 14 T magnet kugler . The measurements were done on the surface of an as grown single crystal, using electrochemically etched iridium tips. Single crystals of MgB2 were grown using a high pressure method described elsewhere karpinski , yielding platelike samples with the surface normal parallel to the crystalline $`c`$-axis. The surface of the crystals are roughly $`0.25\times 0.25`$ mm2, and the thickness of the order of microns. The critical temperature is typically $`T_\text{c}3839`$ K, with a sharp transition, $`\mathrm{\Delta }T_\text{c}=0.5`$ K, measured by SQUID magnetometry angst . The STS experiments were done with both the tunneling direction and the applied magnetic field parallel to the $`c`$-axis, and the differential conductivity measured using a standard AC lock-in technique. In this configuration the upper critical field extrapolates to $`H_{\text{c2}}(T=0\text{K})=3.1`$ T angst . Using the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) expression for $`H_{\text{c2}}=\varphi _0/(2\pi \xi ^2)`$, where $`\varphi _0=h/2e`$ is the flux quantum, yields a coherence length, $`\xi _{\text{GL}}=10`$ nm. An estimate of the mean free path, based on the measured residual resistivity sologubenko  and specific heat junod , and the calculated Fermi velocity brinkman , gives $`l=50100`$ nm, indicating that the samples are in the clean limit.

We will first focus on the zero-field electronic spectrum of MgB2. The observation of a single or double gaps depends on the orientation of the sample, as shown by Iavarone et al., who investigated a number of single grains with different, but unknown absolute orientations iavarone . Here we report the first STS measurements on a MgB2 single crystal, which allow a correlation between the tunneling direction and the observed gap(s). In Fig. 1 we show a superconducting spectrum obtained at a temperature of 320 mK.

This is an average of 40 spectra obtained along a 100 nm path, which shows perfect homogeneity. One observes a single gap with coherence peaks at $`\pm 2.5`$ meV, and additional weak shoulders at $`\pm 6`$ meV, as indicated by the arrows. In addition, the flat region around the Fermi energy proves the absence of nodes in the gap, and hence that MgB2 is a $`s`$-wave superconductor. The very low zero bias conductance indicates a high quality tunnel junction and a low noise level. True vacuum tunneling conditions were assured by varying the tunnel resistance, $`R_\text{t}`$, and verifying that the spectra normalized to the conductance outside the superconducting gap collapse on a single curve. The spectrum can be fitted by the BCS expression for the density of states (DOS), including a finite quasiparticle lifetime, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ dynes , and an experimental broadening. The result of the fit is shown in Fig. 1 and yields a superconducting gap, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2.2`$ meV. We have studied the temperature dependence of the superconducting gap and found excellent agreement with the BCS $`\mathrm{\Delta }(T)`$.

The fact that only one superconducting gap is observed for tunneling parallel to the $`c`$-axis, is explained theoretically by calculations of the Fermi surface and an analysis of how tunneling along different directions is coupled to the different bands. The Fermi surface of MgB2 falls into two distinct sheets: One is derived from $`\sigma `$-antibonding states of the boron $`p_{xy}`$ orbitals and is a two-dimensional cylindrical sheet parallel to $`c^{}`$, while the other consists of $`\pi `$-bonding and antibonding states of the boron $`p_z`$ orbitals and is three-dimensional kortus ; liu ; choi . The tunneling matrix element is different for the two bands, and depends on the tunneling direction. The $`c`$-axis tunneling probability into the $`\sigma `$-band is ten times smaller than into the $`\pi `$-band brinkman . Furthermore, the calculated superconducting gap sizes for the two different Fermi surfaces are different, with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\sigma 7`$ meV, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pi 2`$ meV choi . This is in agreement with our results, where one gap with $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_\pi =2.2`$ meV is observed, with the shoulders at 6 meV being a remnant of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\sigma `$. The selective sensitivity to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pi `$ turns out to be particularly useful, as we will show in the following.

We now turn to measurements in an applied magnetic field. In a type-II superconductor such as MgB2, a magnetic field penetrates into the sample in the form of vortices each carrying one flux quantum, which are generally arranged in a periodic array: the vortex lattice. In the core of each vortex, superconductivity is suppressed within a radius roughly given by the coherence length, $`\xi `$. The vortex spacing is determined by the applied field and the flux quantization, and in the case of a hexagonal vortex lattice it is $`d=(2/\sqrt{3\varphi _0/H})^{1/2}`$. The magnetic fields were applied at 2 K, and the system allowed to stabilize for at least a few hours. After this time no vortex motion was observed, indicating a fast relaxation and hence low vortex pinning in the crystal.

In Fig. 2a we show a STS image of a single vortex induced by a field of $`0.05`$ T.

The image was obtained by measuring the differential conductance at zero bias and normalizing this to the conductance at the coherence peak. Low values of the normalized conductance correpond to superconducting areas, and high values to the vortex cores. The low field is equivalent to a separation, $`d=220\text{ nm}\xi `$. The vortices can therefore be considered as isolated from each other. Such isolated vortices are expected to contain localized quasiparticle states, which should show up as a zero bias conductance (ZBC) peak at the vortex centre hessgygi , provided that the sample is sufficiently clean to prevent these to be smeared out by scattering. We have measured the evolution of the spectra at a large number of positions along a trace across the vortex core as shown in Fig. 2c. Contrary to expectations, we find that the normalized ZBC increases to one with no indication of any localized states. Instead, the spectra in the centre of the vortex are absolutely flat, with no excess spectral weight at or close to zero bias. This absence of localized states is striking, considering that $`l=510\times \xi _{\text{GL}}`$. However, as we will show below, the coherence length in the $`\pi `$-band is approximately 50 nm. This is much larger that the estimate based on $`H_{\text{c2}}`$, and equal to only one to two times the mean free path. Nonetheless, systematic studies of Nb1-xTaxSe2 with $`x=00.2`$, showed that even for $`\xi /l1`$ some excess weight close to zero bias was observed renner . In parallel to STS imaging, STM topographic images were recorded (not shown), which revealed a flat surface with a RMS roughness of 6 Å over the whole image area.

Before analyzing the vortex profile in detail, we will consider the situation at higher fields. In Fig. 2b we show the STS image of the hexagonal vortex lattice observed at $`0.2`$ T. We notice that the normalized ZBC between the vortices, is now enhanced with respect to the value far from the single vortex at $`0.05`$ T. This increase of the “bulk” ZBC is unusual at such a modest field, only about 7% of $`H_{\text{c2}}`$. To elucidate this behaviour, “bulk” spectra for fields between zero and $`0.5`$ T are shown in Fig. 2d. It is clear that even modest fields rapidly suppress superconductivity in the region between the vortices. This is seen both by an increase of the ZBC and by a suppression of the coherence peaks outside the vortex cores, which one would only expect for fields close to $`H_{\text{c2}}`$, corresponding to a significant core overlap. This is consistent with earlier point contact spectroscopy measurements szabo , with the addition that we resolve the local behaviour on a microscopic scale.

We now return to the single vortex measurement. In Fig. 3a, we have plotted the normalized ZBC, $`\sigma ^{}(x,0)`$, for the vortex trace measured at $`0.05`$ T.

It is immediately clear that the spatial extension of the vortex core is much larger than the 10 nm estimated from $`H_{\text{c2}}`$. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the ZBC profile can be fitted by one minus the GL expression for the superconducting order parameter:

$$\sigma ^{}(x,0)=\sigma _0^{}+(1\sigma _0^{})\times (1\mathrm{tanh}x/\xi ),$$
(1)
where $`\sigma _0^{}=0.068`$ is the normalized ZBC measured in zero field. The fit, shown in Fig. 3a, yields a coherence length, $`\xi =\xi _\pi =49.6\pm 0.9`$ nm. Using the GL expression to calculate the upper critical field with this value of the coherence length, yields $`H_{\text{c2}}^{}=0.13`$ T. At $`0.2`$ T we hence find ourselves in the bizarre situation of imaging the vortex lattice above the nominal $`H_{\text{c2}}^{}`$. Additional vortex lattice imaging has been performed as high as $`0.5`$ T.

This apparent paradox can be reconciled if one assumes that superconductivity in the $`\pi `$-band is induced by the $`\sigma `$-band, either by interband scattering, or Cooper pair tunneling gladstone ; nakai . This means that isolated the $`\pi `$-band would either be non-superconducting or have a very low upper critical field. Consequently the observed behaviour reflects the state in the $`\sigma `$-band by an interband proximity effect, along the lines of recent theoretical work nakai . The vanishing of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pi (T)`$ at the bulk $`T_\text{c}`$ further supports this conclusion. Finally, it is also consistent with estimates of the coherence lengths, using the BCS expression $`\xi _0=\mathrm{}v_\text{F}/(\pi \mathrm{\Delta }(0))`$ and considering each band separately. Taking the calculated average Fermi velocity in the $`ab`$-plane for the $`\pi `$-band, $`v_\text{F}^\pi =5.35\times 10^5`$ m/s brinkman , and the measured gap value $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pi =2.2`$ meV we get $`\xi _0^\pi =51`$ nm, in excellent agreement with $`\xi _\pi `$ obtained from the vortex profile. A similar analysis for the $`\sigma `$-band, using $`v_\text{F}^\sigma =4.4\times 10^5`$ m/s brinkman  and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\sigma =7.1`$ meV iavarone  yields $`\xi _0^\sigma =13`$ nm. This agrees with the coherence length obtained from $`H_{\text{c2}}`$, and reinforces the conclusion that it is mainly the $`\sigma `$-band which is responsible for superconductivity in MgB2, and thus determins the macroscopic parameters $`T_\text{c}`$ and $`H_{\text{c2}}`$.

As described above, it is the transfer from the $`\sigma `$-band that makes superconductivity in the $`\pi `$-band possible, despite a strong vortex core overlap already at very low magnetic fields. Constructing a simple model for the core overlap in the $`\pi `$-band by

$$\sigma ^{}(𝒓,0)=\sigma _0^{}+(1\sigma _0^{})\times \left(1\mathrm{\Pi }_i\mathrm{tanh}\frac{|𝒓𝒓_i|}{\xi _\pi }\right),$$
(2)
where $`𝒓_i`$ are the vortex positions for a hexagonal lattice with a density corresponding to the applied field, we can calculate the ZBC at any position in the vortex lattice unit cell. In Fig. 3b we compare the calculated conductivity at the midpoint between three vortices with the measured bulk ZBC. This shows a very good agreement, especially taking into account that there are no free parameters in the calculation: $`\xi _\pi `$ is determined from the vortex profile, and $`\sigma _0^{}`$ from the zero field measurement. The vortex core overlap also explains the, strongly nonlinear field dependence of the electronic specific heat, $`\gamma `$ wang ; junod . In strongly type-II superconductors core overlap is usually negligible, with each vortex creating the same number of quasiparticles at the Fermi surface, and hence contributing by the same amount to the specific heat. In that case $`\gamma =\gamma _\text{n}H/H_{\text{c2}}`$, where $`\gamma _\text{n}`$ is the electronic specific heat in the normal state. However, in the case of MgB2, with strong core overlap in the $`\pi `$-band, the isolated vortex assumption is violated. Instead, one can calculate the contribution from the $`\pi `$-band, simply by averaging the normalized ZBC in one vortex lattice unit cell, $`\gamma _\pi =\gamma _\text{n}^\pi \sigma ^{}(𝒓,0)`$ nakai . On the other hand, the $`\sigma `$-band can be described by the usual linear field dependence $`\gamma _\sigma =\gamma _\text{n}^\sigma H/H_{\text{c2}}`$. Adding the terms gives $`\gamma =\gamma _\pi +\gamma _\sigma `$, where $`\gamma _\text{n}^\pi /\gamma _\text{n}^\sigma `$ is the relative weigth of the two bands. The calculated field dependence of $`\gamma `$ is shown in Fig. 3b, in perfect agreement with the measured specific heat for polycrystalline MgB2 junod , using $`\gamma _\text{n}^\pi /\gamma _\text{n}^\sigma =0.55/0.45`$.

In summary, we have presented STS data on the $`\pi `$-band in MgB2, including the first vortex imaging in this material. We have demonstrated the absence of localized states in the vortex core, a very large vortex core size and a strong core overlap. The data presents a striking experimental demonstration of the fundamentally different microscopic properties of the two bands in MgB2.

We acknowledge valuable discussions and communication of data prior to publication with F. Bouquet, Y. Wang and A. Junod, and thank B. W. Hoogenboom and I. Maggio-Aprile for sharing their experience in STM/STS. This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation. M.R.E. has received support from the Christian and Anny Wendelbo foundation and from The Danish Natural Science Research Council.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Recently, much attention have been focused on studying the de Sitter (dS) space-time and asymptotically dS space-time. The motivation of this subject can be described by two aspects. First, some astronomical observations tell us that our universe with black hole might be asymptotically de Sitter space-time and approach to a pure de Sitter space-time as time goes . Secondly as an analogy of AdS/CFT correspondence, dS/CFT correspondence between quantum gravity on de Sitter space-time and the Euclidean conformal field theory (CFT) on a boundary of the de Sitter space-time was suggested.

Moreover, Verlinde argued that the Cardy formula, describing the entropy of a 1+1-dimensional CFT, can be generalized to an arbitrary dimension and this generalization gives a so called Cardy-Verlinde formula. This argument was applied to the quantum gravity in a dS space-time, which is dual to a certain Euclidean CFT living on the space-like boundary of the dS space-time and some investigations on this subject have been carried out recently.

It is well known that in the dS space-time, there is a cosmological horizon, which has the similar thermodynamic properties like the black hole horizon. So the thermodynamics of the cosmological horizon in asymptotically dS space can be identified with that of a certain Euclidean CFT living on a spacelike boundary by the dS/CFT correspondence. But in cases of the flat and the Anti de Sitter space-time, there is no such a cosmological horizon so that we can not find such a dS/CFT correspondence. When we define the Cardy-Verlinde formula, we have to face a difficulty to calculate some conserved charges including the mass (total energy) of the gravitational field of the asymptotically dS space-time. In the spirit of the dS/CFT correspondence, these conserved charges of the gravitational field can be identified with those of the corresponding Euclidean CFT. The difficulty arises due to the absence of the spatial infinity and the global timelike killing vector. In ref, authors used the AD mass prescription on a black hole horizon and the BBM mass prescription on a cosmological horizon so that the entropy for each horizon can be written as the Cardy-Verlinde formula. But in this paper, following the brick wall method, we will calculate the total energy of the gravitational field. Since the energy obtained here is not the mass of the black hole but the thermal energy of the gravitational field near the each horizon, so this is not exactly the same as the mass of the black hole. Moreover, due to the curved background geometry the extra term is added to the thermodynamic quantities, which can be removed in the large radius limit, in other word, the flat space-time. Although the definition of the total energy is slightly modified, the similar Cardy-Verlinde formula can be obtained from this brick wall method. This fact that we can obtain the similar Cardy-Verlinde formula using various methods, becomes a good evidence for the dS/CFT correspondence.

The organization of this paper is as follow. In the next section, we review the brick wall method for Schwarzschild space-time. In section 3, applying the brick wall method, we calculate thermodynamic quantities of the curved background space-time and in the asymptotically dS space-time. In this space-time where instability occurs, we show that the asymptotically dS space-time with a black hole must naurally evolve to a pure dS space-time. Finally, using these thermodynamic quantities the Cardy-Verlinde formula is obtained. In section 4, we conclude with some discussion.

## 2 Revisited 4-D Schwarzschild space-time

In this section, we review the brick wall method in ref. In ref ’t Hooft contrived the good exercise to ratiocinate the quantum statistical quantities of a Schwarzschild black hole. His basic idea is that he identify the entropy calculated by counting energy states of a particle near horizon with that of a black hole. However, since the number of energy level for a particle to occupy at the horizon diverges, for the energy level to be physically acceptable, one need the UV cutoff $`h_+`$ of which the role is to make the energy level finite. Moreover, one must impose an IR cutoff $`L`$ to make the infinite volume factor finite in a free energy. This gives us the consistent result for the Schwarzschild black hole. Somehow, to compare thermodynamics of 4-D Schwarzschild space-time with the other space-times with non-zero cosmological constant, we will review the brick wall method.

Now, we start with the 4-D Schwarzschild black hole metric;

$`ds^2=g(r)dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g(r)}}dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2,`$ (2.1)
where

$`g(r)=1{\displaystyle \frac{2M}{r}}.`$ (2.2)
$`M`$ is the black hole mass. Since $`M>0`$, the metric function $`g(r)`$ has one positive root $`R_+`$ which is the black hole horizon.

To calculate the number of the energy level in the vicinity of the black hole horizon, we consider the wave equation of massless scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, which describes the quantum fluctuation of the space-time;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}}_\mu (\sqrt{g}g^{\mu \nu }_\nu \mathrm{\Phi })=0.`$ (2.3)
To solve this wave equation, we impose the spherical symmetry and use the following ansatz

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=e^{iEt}R(r)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ).`$ (2.4)
As in ref, we restrict the wave function to the region $`R_++h_+<r<L`$;

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=0\text{if}rR_++h_+\text{and}rL`$ (2.5)
By inserting the equation(2.4) into the equation(2.3), we get the radial equation;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{g(r)}}R(r)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}_r\left[r^2g(r)_rR(r)\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right]R(r)=0.`$ (2.6)
To use WKB approximation, we put $`R(r)=A(r)e^{iS(r)}`$ where $`A(r)`$ is a slowly varying amplitude and $`S(r)`$ is a fast varying frequency. Then we look a little complicated equation;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{g(r)}}A(r)`$ $`+`$ $`g(r)\left[_r^2A(r)+2i\left(_rA(r)\right)\left(_rS(r)\right)+i\left(_r^2S(r)\right)A(r)\left(_rS(r)\right)^2A(r)\right]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{r}}g(r)\left[_rA(r)+i\left(_rS(r)\right)A(r)\right]`$
$`+`$ $`\left[_rg(r)\right]\left[_rA(r)+i\left(_rS(r)\right)A(r)\right]`$
$``$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right]A(r)=0.`$
Finally, if we assume that most contribution of above equation is the quadratic term of $`_rS(r)`$, we can define the radial wave number $`k^2(r)`$ given by $`[_rS(r)]^2`$;

$`k^2(r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{g(r)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{g(r)}}{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right].`$ (2.7)
The number of radial mode $`n_r`$ by counting the number of nodes in the radial wave function is given by

$`\pi n_r={\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^L}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r}{(r2M)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{rE^2}{r2M}}{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right]}𝑑r,`$ (2.8)
where $`L`$ and $`h_+`$ are introduced to regularize the above integration. If there are no such regulators, some divergences occur at $`rR_+(=2M)`$ and $`r\mathrm{}`$ in the equation(2.8).

The density of states, $`\omega (E_n)`$ at each energy level $`E_n`$ are given by

$`\omega (E_n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \pi n_r(2l+1)𝑑l}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2E_n^3}{3}}{\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^L}{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{g^2(r)}}𝑑r.`$
In the equation(2) the sum over the angular quantum number $`l`$ is approximated by integral and the factor $`2l+1`$ implies the degeneracy of $`L_z`$. Hence the free energy,$`F`$ reads

$`F`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{ln}(1e^{\beta E_n})`$ (2.10)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\omega (E)\mathrm{ln}(1e^{\beta E})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45\beta ^4}}{\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^L}{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{\left(1\frac{2M}{r}\right)^2}}𝑑r.`$
For convenience, we set $`g(r)=\frac{f(r)}{r}`$ and $`f(r)=r2M`$. If we expand $`f(r)`$ near the horizon( $`r=R_++x`$ , for small $`x>0`$ ), then we get

$`f(r)`$ $`=`$ $`f(R_+)+xf^{}(R_+)`$ (2.11)
$`=`$ $`\alpha _+x`$
where $`\alpha _+f^{}(R_+)=1`$.

Near the horizon, the free energy is rewritten as

$`F`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45\beta ^4}}{\displaystyle _{h_+}^{LR_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{(R_++x)^4}{\alpha _+^2x^2}}𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45\beta ^4\alpha _+^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{R_+}{x}}\right]_{h_+}^{LR_+}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45\beta ^4\alpha _+^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}x^3\right]_{h_+}^{LR_+}+\mathrm{}`$
If we consider only leading terms, we see that the free energy is

$`F`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^4}{\alpha _+^2\beta ^4}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{135}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _+^2\beta ^4}}\left[(LR_+)^3h_+^3\right].`$ (2.12)
Since the first term grows up when $`h_+`$ decreases, it can be regarded as the contribution of the black hole to the free energy. The second term contains the finite volume effect. However, we are only interested in the black hole thermodynamics and so the second term proportional to the volume is ignored. Then, the free energy of the black hole, $`F_+`$ is given by

$`F_+={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^4}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^4}}\right)`$ (2.13)
where the inverse temperature $`\beta _+`$ at horizon is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta _+}}=T_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}g(r)\right]_{r=R_+}`$ (2.14)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _+}{4\pi R_+}}.`$
Using the usual thermodynamic formula, we find that the total energy $`U_+`$ and the entropy $`S_+`$ are

$`U_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\beta _+}}(\beta _+F_+)`$ (2.15)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{15h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^4}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^4}}\right)`$
$`S_+`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _+(U_+F_+)=\beta _+^2{\displaystyle \frac{F_+}{\beta _+}}`$ (2.16)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi ^3}{45h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^4}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^3}}\right)`$
For the entropy satisfying the area law, we take the UV cutoff $`h_+`$ to be $`1/360\pi R_+`$. Accordingly, the free energy $`F_+`$, the total energy $`U_+`$ and the entropy $`S_+`$ result into

$`F_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\alpha _+R_+`$ (2.17)
$`U_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}(\alpha _+R_+)`$ (2.18)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}M`$
$`S_+`$ $`=`$ $`\pi R_+^2={\displaystyle \frac{A_+}{4}}`$ (2.19)
where $`A_+`$ is the area of the black hole horizon. Notice that $`U`$ is the thermal energy of the quantum fluctuations and this is not equal to the black hole mass.

Next, we calculate the invariant distance of the brick wall which is independent of coordinates as ref.

$`{\displaystyle _{R_+}^{R_++h_+}}𝑑s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{R_+}^{R_++h_+}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r}{r2M}}}𝑑r`$ (2.20)
$``$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{90\pi }}}`$
## 3 Thermodynamics of the black hole

### 3.1 Thermodynamic quantities

In this section, we will consider more general black hole metric in the curved background space-time. The metric is given by

$`ds^2=g(r)dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g(r)}}dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2,`$ (3.21)
where

$`g(r)=1{\displaystyle \frac{2M}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{r^2}}k{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{l^2}}.`$ (3.22)
Here, $`M`$ and $`Q`$ are the mass and the charge of the black hole respectively and $`l`$ is a space-time curvature radius. $`k`$ implies the sign of the cosmological constant: $`k>0`$ and $`k<0`$ mean a de Sitter (dS) and a Anti de Sitter (AdS) space-time respectively and $`k=0`$ is a asymptotically flat space-time.

Note that if we choose a infinite radius ($`l\mathrm{}`$) in the case $`k0`$, the dS and AdS go to the flat space-time ($`k=0`$). So if we will have calculated physical quantities of the black hole in the non-zero cosmological constant background space-time, in the limit of $`l\mathrm{}`$ these quantities must be consistent with those of the asymptotically flat space-time. Using this fact, we can indirectly prove that our calculations in curved background are correct. Though a black hole with a mass $`M`$ and a charge $`Q`$ has usually two horizons, the large one of these is called an event horizon of the black hole, $`R_+`$ determined by

$$g(R_+)=1\frac{2M}{R_+}+\frac{Q^2}{R_+^2}\frac{kR_+^2}{l^2}=0,$$
(3.23)
which is the radius of the black hole. Since in the inside of the event horizon there is no time-like curve, we consider the outside of the event horizon, $`r>R_+`$. For the dS space-time ($`k>0`$), there exists another horizon called a cosmological horizon $`R_c`$ determined by

$$g(R_c)=1\frac{2M}{R_c}+\frac{Q^2}{R_c^2}\frac{R_c^2}{l^2}=0$$
(3.24)
where we set $`k=1`$. Since the time-like curve can be defined in the inside of the cosmological horizon, for the dS space-time with a black hole, we consider the time-like region $`R_+<r<R_c`$ only. When $`R_+=R_c=l/\sqrt{3}`$ for $`Q=0`$, this black hole becomes a Narai black hole. Since unlike a dS space-time a flat and a AdS space-time have no such a cosmological horizon, the time-like region is given by $`r>R_+`$.

To probe the energy level of a particle near one or two horizons, we consider the wave equation of massless scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}}_\mu (\sqrt{g}g^{\mu \nu }_\nu \mathrm{\Phi })=0.`$ (3.25)
The solution ansatz of this wave equation under the spherical symmetry is given by

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=e^{iEt}R(r)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ).`$ (3.26)
Here we restrict the wave function to the region $`R_++h_+<r<R_ch_c`$;

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=0\text{if}rR_++h_+\text{and}rR_ch_c`$ (3.27)
By inserting the equation(3.26) into the equation(3.25), we get the radial equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{g(r)}}R(r)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}_r\left[r^2g(r)_rR(r)\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right]R(r)=0.`$ (3.28)
Using the similar WKB approximation in section 2, the radial wave number is given by

$`k^2(r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{g(r)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{g(r)}}{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}\right],`$ (3.29)
which depends on the metric. The equation(3.29) means that the frequency of a particle near the horizon is highly excited and diverge at the horizon. These infinities are the UV divergences similar to problem in renormalization of QFT contents. Hence we need some UV cutoffs: for the dS space-time there are two cutoffs, $`h_+`$ and $`h_c`$ and for the flat and the AdS space-time there is only one cutoff. The introduction of the cutoff makes the number of energy state of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ physically meaningful. Since in the asymptotically dS space-time the infinite volume factor does not occur, we do not have to introduce the IR cutoff. But in the asymptotically flat and AdS space-time, there is no cosmological horizon and so we need an IR cutoff to regularize the infinite volume effect which is not important. Hence we can interpret $`R_c`$ as an IR cutoff and in this case, $`h_c`$ must be set to zero in the asymptotically AdS and flat space-time. Under the restriction on the wave function to $`R_++h_+<r<R_ch_c`$, the number of radial mode $`n_r`$ by counting the number of nodes in the radial wave function is given by

$`\pi n_r={\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^{R_ch_c}}k(r,l,E)𝑑r.`$ (3.30)
And at each energy level $`E_n`$, the number of state $`\omega (E_n)`$ is given by

$`\omega (E_n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \pi n_r(2l+1)𝑑l}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2E_n^3}{3}}{\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^{R_ch_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{g^2(r)}}𝑑r.`$
Hence $`F`$ is

$`F`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45\beta ^4}}{\displaystyle _{R_++h_+}^{R_ch_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{g^2(r)}}𝑑r.`$ (3.31)
For the dS space-time ($`k=1`$), the integration part is rewritten as

$$_{R_++h_+}^{R_ch_c}\frac{r^2}{\left(1\frac{2M}{r}+\frac{Q^2}{r^2}\frac{r^2}{l^2}\right)^2}𝑑r=_{R_++h_+}^L\frac{r^6}{f^2(r)}𝑑r+_L^{R_ch_c}\frac{r^6}{f^2(r)}𝑑r$$
(3.32)
where for convenience we set $`g(r)=\frac{f(r)}{r^2}`$ and $`f(r)=\left(r^22Mr+Q^2\frac{r^4}{l^2}\right)`$. Note that $`L`$ does not represent the IR cutoff. In the cases of the flat ($`k=0`$) and the AdS space-time ($`k=1`$), because there is no cosmological horizon the integration part is written as

$$_{R_++h_+}^{R_c}\frac{r^2}{\left(1\frac{2M}{r}+\frac{Q^2}{r^2}\frac{kr^2}{l^2}\right)^2}𝑑r=_{R_++h_+}^L\frac{r^6}{f^2(r)}𝑑r+_L^{R_c}\frac{r^6}{f^2(r)}𝑑r.$$
(3.33)
Here $`R_c`$ in these flat and AdS background space-times is not a physical radius but an IR cutoff and so the second term of the above equation gives term proportional to the volume at leading order. Because this volume effect must be removed from our calculations like the Schwarzschild black hole case, all thermodynamic quantities come from the first term of the above equation, in other words, the calculation near the event horizon of the black hole $`R_+`$.

Now in the dS space-time, we expand $`f(r)`$ near two horizons $`R_+`$ and $`R_c`$. Near the event horizon $`r=R_++x`$, the function $`f(r)`$ is given by

$$f(r)\alpha _+x,$$
(3.34)
and near the cosmological horizon $`r=R_cx`$, $`f(r)`$ becomes

$$f(r)\alpha _cx,$$
(3.35)
where $`\alpha _+(2R_+2M\frac{4k}{l^2}R_+^3)>0`$ and $`\alpha _c(2R_c2M\frac{4}{l^2}R_c^3)<0`$. Notice that since only the dS space-time has the cosmological horizon, $`\alpha _c`$ appears in the case of $`k>0`$ only and we can set $`k=1`$ in the definition of $`\alpha _c`$. If $`M`$ is considered as a function of $`R_+`$ and $`R_c`$ these two factors can be rewritten as

$`\alpha _+=\left(R_+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{3kR_+^3}{l^2}}\right)>0\text{and}\alpha _c=\left(R_c{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{3R_c^3}{l^2}}\right)<0`$
Consequently, the equation(3.32) for the asymptotically dS space-time is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _+^2}}{\displaystyle _{h_+}^{LR_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{(x+R_+)^6}{x^2}}𝑑x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _c^2}}{\displaystyle _{R_cL}^{h_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{(R_cx)^6}{x^2}}d(x)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{R_+^6}{\alpha _+^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\right]_{h_+}^{LR_+}+{\displaystyle \frac{5R_+^2}{\alpha _+^2}}\left[x^3\right]_{h_+}^{LR_+}+{\displaystyle \frac{6R_+^5}{\alpha _+^2}}\left[\mathrm{log}x\right]_{h_+}^{LR_+}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{R_c^6}{\alpha _c^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\right]_{h_c}^{R_cL}+{\displaystyle \frac{5R_c^2}{\alpha _c^2}}\left[x^3\right]_{h_c}^{R_cL}{\displaystyle \frac{6R_c^5}{\alpha _c^2}}\left[\mathrm{log}x\right]_{h_c}^{R_cL}+\mathrm{}`$
where the second and the fourth terms are proportional to the volume. Therefore at the leading order the free energy becomes

$`F`$ $`=`$ $`F_++F_c`$
$`F_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^6}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^4}}\right)`$
$`F_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{45h_c}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_c^6}{\alpha _c^2\beta _c^4}}\right),`$ (3.36)
where $`F_+`$ and $`F_c`$ are originated from of the black hole and the dS space-time respectively. In the flat and AdS space-time, due to the absence of the cosmological horizon, $`F_c`$ does not appears. Hence the free energy of the black hole in the asymptotically flat and AdS space-time is given by $`F=F_+`$. Applying the thermodynamic formula to calculate the temperature $`T`$, the total energy $`U`$ , the chemical potential $`\phi `$ and the entropy $`S`$, we find that near the event horizon of the black hole

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta _+}}`$ $``$ $`T_+`$ (3.37)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _+}{4\pi R_+^2}}`$
$`U_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\beta _+}}(\beta _+F_+)`$ (3.38)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{15h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^6}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^4}}\right)`$
$`\phi _+`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Q}}F_+\right)_{T_+}`$ (3.39)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2Q}{R_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\pi ^3}{45h_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{R_+^6}{\beta _+^4\alpha _+^3}}\right)`$
$`S_+`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _+^2{\displaystyle \frac{F_+}{\beta _+}}`$ (3.40)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi ^3}{45h_+}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_+^6}{\alpha _+^2\beta _+^3}}\right)`$
and near the cosmological horizon of the asymptotically dS space-time

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta _c}}`$ $``$ $`T_c`$ (3.41)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _c}{4\pi R_c^2}}`$
$`U_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\beta _c}}(\beta _cF_c)`$ (3.42)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^3}{15h_c}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_c^6}{\alpha _c^2\beta _c^4}}\right)`$
$`\phi _c`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Q}}F_c\right)_{T_c}`$ (3.43)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2Q}{R_c}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\pi ^3}{45h_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{R_c^6}{\beta _c^4\alpha _c^3}}\right)`$
$`S_c`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _c^2{\displaystyle \frac{F_c}{\beta _c}}`$ (3.44)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi ^3}{45h_c}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R_c^6}{\alpha _c^2\beta _c^3}}\right).`$
Notice that all thermodynamic quantities are locally defined at each horizon. So in the case of the asymptotically dS space-time containing the black hole there are two temperatures, which cause the instability of this system. In the next section, we will comment this instability.

In the same way in section 2, we choose the invariant distances of the brick walls

$`h_+={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _+}{360\pi R_+^2}}\text{and}h_c={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _c}{360\pi R_c^2}},`$ (3.45)
then we find that the free energy $`F_+`$ , the total energy $`U_+`$ , the chemical potential $`\phi _+`$ and the entropy $`S_+`$ near the event horizon are

$`F_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left(R_+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{3R_+^3}{l^2}}\right)`$ (3.46)
$`U_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}\left(R_+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_+}}{\displaystyle \frac{3R_+^3}{l^2}}\right)`$ (3.47)
$`\phi _+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{Q}{4R_+}}`$ (3.48)
$`S_+`$ $`=`$ $`\pi R_+^2`$ (3.49)
and those near the cosmological horizon are

$`F_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left(R_c{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{3R_c^3}{l^2}}\right)`$ (3.50)
$`U_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}\left(R_c{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{R_c}}{\displaystyle \frac{3R_c^3}{l^2}}\right)>0`$ (3.51)
$`\phi _c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{Q}{4R_c}}`$ (3.52)
$`S_c`$ $`=`$ $`\pi R_c^2.`$ (3.53)
Notice that the entropy at each horizon satisfies the area law.

To convince that our result is reasonable, take the limit of the zero cosmological constant limit, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }0`$ (the curvature radius $`l\mathrm{}`$). In the SdS (Schwarzschild dS) black hole ($`Q=0`$) case, using the equation (3.23), the total energy $`U_+`$ can be rewritten as

$$U_+=\frac{3}{8}\left(M\frac{2R_+^3}{l^2}\right).$$
(3.54)
In the limit $`l\mathrm{}`$, which in the equation (3.54) means that the dS space-time goes to the flat space-time, $`U_+`$ is exactly equal to that of Schwarzschild black hole in section 2 and $`R_+2M`$. As mentioned before, in flat space-time the cosmological horizon $`R_c`$ must be interpreted as the IR cutoff and so we have to ignore all quantities $`F_c`$, $`U_c`$ and $`S_c`$ near the cosmological horizon. As a result, in this limit we can check that the total energy $`U_+`$ and entropy $`S_+`$ are the same as those of the Schwarzschild black hole ;

$`U_+={\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}M\text{and}S_+=\pi (R_+)^2.`$ (3.55)
In ref, the black hole mass was identified with the energy of the black hole and the dS space-time, for example $`U_+=M`$ and $`U_c=M`$, which are different with our results. For the Schwarzschild black hole case, the used metric is valid to observer who live in the asymptotically flat space-time and so the black hole mass $`M`$ is a special quantity observed by such an observer. In generally curved space-time, since there is no global timelike killing vector, it is not clear how to define the black hole mass. But if the black hole mass is defined, it has to be that of the Schwarzschild black hole in the large $`l`$ limit and contain the effect of the background geometry. However, in equation (3.54), the first term, which survives in the limit of $`l\mathrm{}`$, is the effect of the black hole in the asymptotically flat space-time and is the exactly same as the result of  up to $`\frac{3}{8}`$ factor. The second term is the background geometric effect which vanishes in the flat space-time. Therefore, if we ignore the factor $`\frac{3}{8}`$ \- whose origin is not clear but we guess that it comes from the thermalization of the quantum fluctuations, all thermodynamic quantities obtained here are the most reliable.

### 3.2 Instability of the black hole in the dS space-time

As mentioned in the previous section, in the asymptotically dS space-time containing a black hole there are two temperatures defined locally at each horizon. These two temperatures imply that this system is not an equilibrium state and so the energy transfer can occur. In our calculation, it is shown that at the leading order the total entropy of this system is given by the sum of those at each horizon. For convenience considering only the Schwarzschild dS space-time ($`Q=0`$), the total entropy at leading order is given by

$`S=S_++S_c=\pi R_+^2+\pi R_c^2.`$ (3.56)
From the equation(3.23) and the equation(3.24), we get

$`R_+^2+R_cR_++R_c^2l^2=0`$ (3.57)
Inserting the equation(3.57) into (3.56) and after some calculation, $`S`$ is described as the function of $`R_c`$;

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`\pi l^2\pi R_cR_+`$ (3.58)
$`=`$ $`\pi l^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\left(R_c^2R_c\sqrt{4l^23R_c^2}\right)`$
where $`\frac{l}{\sqrt{3}}<R_c<l`$ and $`S`$ have no extremum value in this region. Consequently, when $`R_cl`$, $`S`$ approaches to maximum. So the maximal entropy $`S_{max}`$ reads

$`SS_{max}=\pi l^2.`$ (3.59)
Note that this maximal entropy is the same as that of the pure dS space-time. According to the thermodynamic law, since all physical system evolves in the direction of increasing the entropy, the Schwarzschild dS space-time evolves to the pure dS space-time. This means that the black hole disappears due to its evaporation which decreases the mass and makes the cosmological horizon $`l`$. This result is equal to that of ref. Therefore the Schwarzschild dS space-time is unstable, while the pure dS space-time is stable.

When the mass of the black hole $`M`$ increases, the event horizon expands and the the cosmological horizon shrinks. Finally when the event horizon meets the cosmological horizon $`R_c=R_+=\frac{l}{\sqrt{3}}`$, the black hole becomes the Narai black hole which have the maximal size in the dS space-time. Although the Narai black hole by itself has the maximal entropy, the total entropy of this space-time becomes a minimal value;

$`S_{min}={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{3}}l^2.`$ (3.60)
### 3.3  The Cardy-Verlinde formula

In this subsection, the Cardy-Verlinde formula in ref is rederived from the brick wall method. The total energy $`U(S,V)`$ may be written as a sum of two terms

$`U(S,V)=E_{ext}(S,V)+E_{sub}(S,V)`$ (3.61)
where $`E_{sub}(S,V)`$ is the sub-extensive energy which can contains not only the casimir energy $`E_c(S,V)`$ but also other sub-extensive energy. In the general charged dS black hole, the total energy near the black hole is given by

$`U=E_{ext}+E_Q+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}E_C,`$ (3.62)
where

$`E_{ext}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{16l^2}}R_+^3`$
$`E_Q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3Q^2}{16R_+}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{E_C}{3}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}R_+.`$ (3.63)
Notice that $`E_Q`$ is another sub-extensive energy and the factor $`\frac{1}{3}`$ in front of the casmir energy is included because we consider four-dimensional space-time with three spatial dimensions. From these energies, we find the Cardy-verlinde entropy $`(S_+)_{CV}`$

$$(S_+)_{CV}=\frac{2\pi l}{3}\sqrt{\frac{E_C}{3}\left|\{3(U_+E_Q)E_C\}\right|}.$$
(3.64)
After more some calculation, we find that the Cardy-Verlinde entropy is equal to the entropy obtained in the brick wall method, $`S_{+}^{}{}_{bw}{}^{}`$, up to some factor;

$$(S_+)_{CV}=\frac{3}{8}(S_+)_{bw}.$$
(3.65)
Similarly we reproduce above the procedure near the cosmological horizon. From the total energy(3.50) near the cosmological horizon,

$$U=E_{ext}+E_Q+\frac{1}{3}E_C$$
(3.66)
where

$`E_{ext}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{16l^2}}R_c^3`$
$`E_Q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3Q^2}{16R_c}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{E_C}{3}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}R_c,`$ (3.67)
the relation between the Cardy-Verlinde entropy $`(S_c)_{CV}`$ and the brick wall entropy $`(S_c)_{bw}`$ is given by

$`(S_c)_{CV}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi l}{3}}\sqrt{\left|{\displaystyle \frac{E_C}{3}}\right|\{3(U_cE_Q)E_C\}}`$ (3.68)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}(S_c)_{bw}.`$
Here using the independent way, that is, the brick wall method, we have obtained the thermodynamical quantities. Since these quantities, especially the entropy, satisfy the Cardy-Verlinde formula, the result in this paper can be a good evidence for the dS/CFT correspondence.

## 4 Discussion

Using the ’t Hooft’s brick wall approach, we have calculated all thermodynamic quantities of asymptotically flat and non-flat space-time except rotating space-time. Asymptotically de Sitter space-time has two physical horizons; one is a event horizon of the black hole and the other is a cosmological horizon. And the others have the only event horizon of the black hole. The thermodynamic quantities at each horizon is similar to those of other papers. But since instead of the black hole mass the thermal energy of the gravitational field near the horizons is defined as a total energy, the energy is slightly modified containing the factor $`3/8`$ which, we guess, is the thermalization factor and the background geometrical effect. These geometrical effect disappears in the large radius limit(the flat space-time) and in this limit, if we ignored the factor $`3/8`$ which always appears in the brick wall method, the energy obtained here is exactly the same as the black hole mass. Generally the mass of the Schwarzschild black hole is defined by the observer living in the flat space-time which is the asymptotic space-time of the Schwarzschild black hole. So in the large radius limit, the results of the curved space-time is exactly the same as those of the flat space-time. In this paper, we have shown that our result is consistent with these fact. Therefore our result is reasonable and is the generalized one containing the background geometric effect.

Moreover, in spite of some different results, it is very interesting that the Cardy-Verlide formula can be rederived from these results up to some factor. This fact is a good evidence for the dS/CFT correspondence.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by grant No. R01-1999-00018 from the Interdisciplinary Research Program of the KOSEF. BHL is also supported by the Sogang University Research Grant in 2001.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The 5-d Randall-Sundrum (RS) compactifications  have a holographic interpretation in terms of a dual 4-d theory consisting of dynamical gravity coupled to a strongly-interacting field theory (see  and references therein; see also ). Its supersymmetric extension has been studied by many authors. In particular, the findings in  will have a direct bearing on this paper. The N=4 extension of the model in , usually called RS2, allows for compelling quantitative checks due to non-renormalization theorems . An interesting problem in this context is to find the 5-d configuration dual to a 4-d Schwarzschild black hole on the UV brane. The linearized analysis of  has not been extended to an exact all-order solution, in spite of various attempts in the literature.

Recently, an intriguing reason for this failure has been proposed by Emparan, Fabbri and Kaloper , who have pointed out that the 5-d configuration dual to the Schwarzschild black hole must also reproduce its Hawking radiation at the classical level, so that it cannot be stationary, since the 4-d black hole necessarily radiates away in an asymptotically Minkowsky background.

In any extension of the RS2 scenario with N$`2`$ supersymmetry, the 4-d dual possesses absolutely stable extremal black holes, that preserve some of the supersymmetry and do not Hawking-radiate. This suggests the possibility that such 4-d black holes can be represented in 5-d $`AdS`$ space by classical, static configurations. Indeed, solutions were found in  in the N=2 case, and in  in the N=4 case. They are strings ending on the UV brane, and extending in a straight line from the brane to the $`AdS_5`$ horizon 222By $`AdS_5`$ horizon we mean, of course, the horizon of the Poincaré coordinate patch.. Their drawback is that they always have null singularities on the $`AdS_5`$ horizon. In this paper, we use general properties of maximally extended supersymmetry to argue that, whether or not the solutions in  are unique, any other solution corresponding to an extremal 4-d black hole of N=4 Poincaré supergravity must describe a string ending on the UV brane. and it must also be quantum-mechanically stable.

In the next Section, we briefly recall some relevant aspects of 4-d, N=4 Poincaré supergravity, and its extremal black holes. In Section 3 we identify the duals of these black holes in N=8, $`AdS_5`$ supergravity . In particular, we point out that the duals are strings carrying charges under some of the 12 antisymmetric forms of the 5-d gauged supergravity, which are doublets of $`SL(2,R)`$ and in the 6 of $`SU(4)SO(6)`$. The fact that the antisymmetric forms are doublets of $`SL(2,R)`$ means that they define charges of both Ramond and Neveu-Schwarz type. If the string carries a single charge, it is 1/2 supersymmetric; otherwise, it is 1/4 supersymmetric. This property has a nice holographic counterpart. The antisymmetric forms are dual to the 6 graviphotons of the 4-d Poincaré theory, and 4-d black holes can carry both electric and magnetic charges under these $`U(1)`$s. Black holes carrying only one type of charges are 1/2 BPS, while those with both electric and magnetic charge (under different $`U(1)`$s) are 1/4 BPS . This fact is yet another proof that the $`SL(2)`$ electric-magnetic duality in 4-d, N=4 supergravity  maps into the $`SL(2)`$ symmetry of type IIB superstrings. We conclude in Section 4 with some remarks on the puzzle arising from the explicit form of the known 5-d supegravity metrics associated with BPS black holes.

## 2 N=4, 4-d Poincaré Supergravity and Its Extremal Black Holes

N=4 Poincaré Supergravity in four dimensions  has two types of multiplets: gravitational, and matter.

The gravitational multiplet contains 16 bosons plus 16 fermions:

$$g_{\mu \nu },A_\mu ^{[AB]},S,\psi _{\mu \alpha }^A,\chi _A.$$
(1)
Here $`A,B=1,\mathrm{..4}`$ are $`SU(4)`$ indices. Notice that $`[AB]\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=1,\mathrm{..6}`$ is a vector index of $`SO(6)SU(4)`$. $`S=i\mathrm{exp}(2\varphi )+a`$, $`\varphi `$ is the string dilaton, and $`a`$ is the RR 10-d axion.

Matter, which in what follows play no significant role, is in N=4, Lie-algebra valued Yang-Mills multiplets. In the solutions we will discuss, these fields are set consistently to zero.

The N=4 pure supergravity black holes are the axion-dilaton black holes studied in . In particular, 1/4 BPS black holes have nonzero entropy, given by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula, and their axion-dilaton scalar evolves towards a fixed value at the horizon . In a generic BPS black hole background of pure N=4 supergravity, the central charge (complex) $`SO(6)`$ vector is

$$Z_\mathrm{\Lambda }=e^{K/2}(q_\mathrm{\Lambda }Sp_\mathrm{\Lambda }),$$
(2)
where $`q_\mathrm{\Lambda },p_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are the asymptotic charges coupled to the 6 graviphotons. $`K=\mathrm{log}(i\overline{S}iS)`$ is the Kähler potential of the $`SU(1,1)/U(1)`$ axion-dilaton sigma model. $`Z_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ changes by an overall phase under the $`SL(2,Z)`$ symmetry of type IIB 10-d supergravity.

The eigenvalues $`Z_1,Z_2`$ of the central-charge matrix are given by

$`|Z_{1,2}|^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(|Z_1|^2+|Z_2|^2)\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\sqrt{p^2q^2(pq)^2},`$
$`|Z_1|^2+|Z_2|^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}Z_\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{Z}^\mathrm{\Lambda }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[e^{2\varphi }q^2+e^{2\varphi }p^2+e^{2\varphi }(a^2p^22apq)]`$ (3)
The modulus $`|Z_1|`$ is the ADM mass (in Planck units) of the extremal black hole. If $`p^2q^2=(pq)^2`$, $`|Z_1|=|Z_2|`$, and the resulting configuration is 1/2 BPS and has zero entropy. If $`p^2q^2>(pq)^2`$, the resulting configuration is 1/4 BPS, and it has a nonzero entropy given by the attractor equation

$$S=\frac{1}{4}A=\pi |Z_1^{}|^2,$$
(4)
where $`Z_1^{}`$ is the value of $`Z_1`$ at the stationary point

$$\frac{}{a}Z_1=\frac{}{\varphi }Z_1=0.$$
(5)
These equations fix the value of the dilaton and the axion to

$$a^{}=\frac{pq}{p^2},e^{2\varphi ^{}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{p^2}}\sqrt{q^2\frac{(qp)^2}{p^2}}.$$
(6)
Substituting these values into Eq. (4), we arrive at

$$S=\frac{1}{2}\pi \sqrt{p^2q^2(pq)^2}.$$
(7)
We note that by an $`SO(6)`$ rotation, followed by an $`SL(2,R)`$ transformation, we can set $`q_\mathrm{\Lambda }=(q,0,0,\mathrm{}0)`$, $`p_\mathrm{\Lambda }=(0,p,0\mathrm{},0)`$, which gives $`\mathrm{exp}(2\varphi ^{})=|q/p|`$, $`a^{}=0`$. Then, we can re-write the equation for $`|Z_1|`$ as

$$|Z_1|=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}(e^\varphi |q|+e^\varphi |p|).$$
(8)
## 3 The 5-d Duals of 4-d Extremal Black Holes

The 1/2 and 1/4 BPS black holes we have briefly described here are extremal, so that they do not decay by Hawking radiation. Since they also possess some residual supersymmetry, they belong to short multiplets of N=4, and are thus completely stable, both classically and quantum mechanically. Therefore, their 5-d duals must be classical, static configurations of $`AdS_5`$ supergravity.

To identify these configuration, we must first understand which 5-d fields give rise to the graviphotons. The crucial observation is that they cannot be the $`SU(4)`$ 5-d gauge fields, since they have no zero mode, and, moreover, they do not transform under the $`SU(4)`$ symmetry as the 4-d graviphotons. As we noticed previously, the graviphotons of 4-d Poincaré supergravity belong to the 6 of $`SO(6)`$. Moreover, their corresponding electric and magnetic fields are doublets under $`SL(2,R)`$. These are precisely the quantum numbers of the 12 antisymmetric tensors of the gauged N=8 supergravity in $`AdS_5`$ 333The antisymmetric tensors obey first-order equations, so that they can be naturally identified with 4-d field strengths, as it is required by the $`SL(2,R)`$ symmetry .. It is therefore natural to identify the 4-d graviphotons with the zero modes of these antisymmetric tensors. This identification is indeed the correct one, as shown in  for the N=4, $`AdS_5`$ reduction, and in  for the N=8 reduction.

Since antisymmetric fields couple to strings, instead of point particles, it is obvious that the 5-d configuration dual to extremal black holes must be strings. The ones corresponding to regular, nonzero-entropy black holes must carry charge under at least two antisymmetric forms, one of NS and the other of R type.

The form of the N=8 Poincaré superalgebra, and its possible $`AdS_5`$ extension, also implies that the 5-d strings are in the 6 of $`SO(6)`$ . To see this, we write the relevant part of the 4-d super-Poincaré algebra, namely the anticommutator of two same-chirality supercharges

$$\{Q_\alpha ^A,Q_\beta ^B\}=ϵ_{\alpha \beta }Z^{[AB]},\alpha ,\beta =1,2.$$
(9)
This expression corresponds to the 5-d anticommutator

$$\{Q_a^A,Q_b^B\}=(\gamma _\mu C)_{ab}Z^{\mu [AB]},a,b=1,\mathrm{..4},\mu =0,\mathrm{..4}.$$
(10)
This equation shows as promised that 5-d strings are in the antisymmetric representation of $`SU(4)`$.

Supergravity solutions corresponding to 5-d string have been found in . In that paper, it was shown that it is possible to lift the $`SL(2,Z)`$ black holes of N=4 Poincaré supergravity to full solution of the equations of motion of N=8, $`AdS_5`$ supergravity (indeed, to solutions of 10-d type IIB supergravity). The significance of those solutions has been questioned, since they exhibit null singularities at the $`AdS_5`$ horizon.

What is clear from our analysis of the R-symmetry of the 4-d Poincaré theory, is that any 5-d configuration corresponding to a BPS black hole must be a string, perpendicular to the UV brane. The fact that these configurations have a source extending into the 5-d bulk may seem strange; nevertheless, it does not contradict any property of the holographic duality, and the R-symmetry properties of the graviphotons require it to be so. Before discussing further the explicit solutions of refs. , we must notice that Eq. (5) can be exactly reinterpreted as the extremization of the 5-d string tension , since, schematically

$$L\times \text{String Tension in 5d}\text{BH Mass in 4-d}.$$
(11)
Here $`L`$ is the radius of curvature of $`AdS_5`$.

In order to have 1/4 BPS states it is essential that the 5-d two-forms are nonsinglets under the R-symmetry. Therefore, unlike the case of 10 dimensions , $`(p,q)`$-strings can also be 1/4 BPS, instead of just 1/2 BPS.

We conclude this Section by pointing out that unlike 5-d Poincaré supergravity, $`AdS_5`$ supergravity does not allow for duality transformations exchanging antisymmetric forms with vectors.

## 4 The Singularity at the IR Horizon

The known black strings solutions corresponding to 4-d, 1/4 BPS black holes have 5-d metric and dilaton given by

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{z^2}}\left[dz^2(H_1H_2)^1dt^2+H_1H_2(dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)\right],`$
$`e^{2\varphi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H_1}{H_2}},H_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{g_S}}+{\displaystyle \frac{p}{r}},H_2=g_S+{\displaystyle \frac{q}{r}}.`$ (12)
Here $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ is the standard metric element on the unit-radius 2-sphere, and $`g_S`$ is the string coupling constant, i.e. the asymptotic value of $`\mathrm{exp}(\varphi )`$ away from the string.

This metric has a null singularity at $`z=\mathrm{}`$ . Since we argued in the previous Sections that all 1/4 BPS black holes have stable, classical $`AdS_5`$ duals describing strings extending along the coordinate $`z`$ through the horizon at $`z=\mathrm{}`$, we are faced with two possibilities: either there exist more complicated string solutions besides Eq. (12), or the null singularity at $`z=\mathrm{}`$ can be made meaningful in the context of the holographic duality.

Since Eq. (12) admits Killing spinors , it seems at least plausible that it is unique. As we have argued, since the 5-d solution describes a string, it must have anyway a cylindrical horizon, extending all the way to $`z=\mathrm{}`$. The possibility exists, therefore, that whatever the 5-d duals of 1/4 BPS black holes are, they do have a naked singularity at $`z=\mathrm{}`$. That this is not a disaster may be argued using the holographic duality. In the 4-d picture, indeed, the null singularity describes a pathology arising only in the extreme infrared region of the theory. Because of the UV/IR duality, $`z=\mathrm{}`$ corresponds to infinite wavelength. This means that the singularity may simply reflect a pathology unaccessible to any local observer. We may also recall that even worse naked singularities do arise in N=8, $`AdS_5`$ supergravity solutions describing RG flows to non-conformal field theories (see for instance ). These singularities reflect the existence of physics beyond the supergravity approximation, rather than a pathology of the RG flow itself. Indeed, in some cases, their resolution is explicitly known . AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank M.J. Duff, R. Emparan, J. Fernandez-Barbon, R. Rattazzi and R. Sundrum for useful discussions. M.P. would like to thank CERN for its kind hospitality. M.P. is supported in part by NSF grant no. PHY-0070787. S.F. is supported in part by the European Community’s Human Potential Program under contract HPRN-CT-2000-00131 Quantum Space-Time, and by DOE under grant DE-FG03-91ER40662, Task C.