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# Spin-polarized Tunneling in Hybrid Metal-Semiconductor Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

## Abstract

We demonstrate efficient spin-polarized tunneling between a ferromagnetic metal and a ferromagnetic semiconductor with highly mismatched conductivities. This is indicated by a large tunneling magnetoresistance (up to 30$`\%`$) at low temperatures in epitaxial magnetic tunnel junctions composed of a ferromagnetic metal (MnAs) and a ferromagnetic semiconductor ($`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$) separated by a nonmagnetic semiconductor (AlAs). Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics yields detailed information about the asymmetric tunnel barrier. The low temperature conductance-voltage characteristics show a zero bias anomaly and a $`\sqrt{V}`$ dependence of the conductance, indicating a correlation gap in the density of states of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$. These experiments suggest that MnAs/AlAs heterostructures offer well characterized tunnel junctions for high efficiency spin injection into GaAs.

Fundamental studies of spin-dependent transport and tunneling in metallic ferromagnetic heterostructures have been of critical importance to the development of metallic “spintronic” devices for high density information storage.Prinz (1998) The emerging interest in a semiconductor-based “spintronics” technology has now sparked substantial interest in studies of similar phenomena in semiconductor heterostructures.Awschalom et al. (2002) An important hurdle in this context is the inefficient injection of spin-polarized currents from metallic ferromagnets into semiconductors due to the large mismatch in conductivities.Schmidt et al. (2000) This problem can be overcome by using either ferromagnetic semiconductors or highly spin-polarized paramagnetic semiconductors for spin injection.Ohno et al. (1999) An alternative solution uses spin-injection from a ferromagnetic metal via a tunnel barrier, so that the conductivity mismatch problem is essentially circumvented by the large contact resistance.Rashba (2000) While recent spin injection experiments involving both electrical Hammar and Johnson (2002) and optical Hanbicki et al. (2002) detection schemes suggest the successful demonstration of this concept, extrinsic effects can complicate the correct interpretation of these experiments.Filip et al. (2000); Isakovic et al.  Rashba has proposed a more direct scheme for measuring spin injection through a tunnel barrier wherein one measures the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) between metallic ferromagnetic tunnel contacts that sandwich a semiconductor.Rashba (2000) Here, one tunnel barrier serves as the spin injector and the second as the spin detector, and the physics is completely analogous to that of a traditional magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ).Moodera et al. (1995) The fabrication of high quality epitaxial metal/semiconductor/metal heterostructures needed for such a scheme presents a difficult materials challenge. For instance, even in the most successful examples of such epitaxial MTJs (MnAs/AlAs/MnAs), the magnetoresistance effects are small ($`1\%`$).Sugahara and Tanaka (2002)

Here, we demonstrate efficient spin-polarized tunneling in a new class of “hybrid” epitaxial MTJs comprised of a ferromagnetic metal (MnAs) and a ferromagnetic semiconductor ($`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$) separated by a nonmagnetic semiconductor (AlAs). In carefully designed heterostructures, we observe a significant TMR ranging up to 30$`\%`$ at low temperatures. Even with conservative estimates for the spin polarization in the ferromagnetic layers, this observation indicates highly efficient spin injection through the AlAs barrier, suggesting that MnAs/AlAs tunnel contacts offer an attractive scheme for spin injection into GaAs. Although the current experiment is limited to detecting spin injection at temperatures below the relatively low Curie temperature $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ ($`T_C=70`$K), the high Curie temperature of MnAs ($`T_C=320`$K) allows for future room temperature experiments in different configurations. We note the low Curie temperature of the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ layer provides a built-in control experiment since we can measure the TMR in both the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic states of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$.

It is also important to place the current experiments within the context of traditional studies of MTJs. As is well-known, MTJs typically involve only metallic ferromagnets,Moodera et al. (1995) and the physics is well-described by the “generic” Julliere model.Julliere (1975) More recent experiments using ferromagnetic semiconductor MTJsHayashi et al. (1999); Chiba et al. (2000) have instead needed detailed band structure modeling to properly explain the tunneling.Tanaka and Higo (2001) Both these all-metal or all-semiconductor MTJs necessarily probe tunneling between materials with similar conductivity. In contrast, the MnAs/AlAs/$`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ heterostructures studied here have conductivities differing by roughly four orders of magnitude ($``$ 1m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$-cm for MnAs and $``$10 m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$-cm for $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$).Berry et al. (2001); Potashnik et al. (2001) These hybrid systems hence open up a distinct new class of MTJs and have the potential to yield qualitatively new insights into the physics of magnetic tunnel junctions.Liu et al. (2001)

The MTJ samples are fabricated by MBE on p+-GaAs (001) substrates after the growth of a 40 nm-thick p-GaAs buffer layer. We have studied a wide variety of sample configurations that involve as components the materials GaAs, (Ga,Mn)As, (Ga,Al)As and MnAs, but focus here on a systematic set of 4 samples wherein $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ (x = 0.03, thickness 120 nm), GaAs(thickness 1 nm), AlAs (thickness $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$= 1 nm, 2nm, 5 nm and 10nm), GaAs (thickness 1 nm), and MnAs (thickness 45 nm) are grown sequentially at 2500C. We note that – as in the case of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$/AlAs/$`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ MTJs Tanaka and Higo (2001) – the thin GaAs spacer layers placed between the ferromagnetic layers and the tunnel barrier appear to be crucial to the observation of distinct TMR characteristics. Reflection high energy electron diffraction measurements during the growth confirm the epitaxy of MnAs in the “type-B” orientation.Tanaka et al. (1994) Standard photolithography and wet-etching techniques are used to define 300 mm-diameter mesas for vertical transport measurements. Each mesa is etched down into the p-GaAs region, and the DC current-voltage characteristics of a mesa between the top MnAs layer and the back of the p-GaAs substrate are then measured using a four-probe method. These measurements are carried out in a continuous flow He cryostat over the range 4.2 K - 300 K with an in-plane magnetic field ranging up to 2 kG provided by an electromagnet; additional transport measurements down to 330 mK are carried out in a He 3 cryostat with a superconducting magnet. Finally, magnetization measurements are carried out on 10 mm2 pieces of the unpatterned wafer using a Quantum Design superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer.

Figure 1(a) shows the magnetization hysteresis loop measured at 5 K for the sample with an AlAs barrier thickness $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$= 5 nm. The magnetic field is applied along the easy axis of “type-B” MnAs which is parallel to $`[1\overline{1}0]`$ GaAs.Tanaka et al. (1994); Chun et al. (2001) Two distinct transitions at 20 Oe and 500 Oe indicate the switching of magnetization direction of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ and MnAs, respectively; the coercive field of the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ layer is more readily seen by chemically removing the MnAs layer (see inset to Fig. 1(a)). Figure 1(b) shows the TMR for all 4 samples normalized at the high field value. A sudden resistance drop is clearly seen when the magnetic moment of MnAs changes its direction from antiparallel to parallel with the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ magnetization. We note that the TMR appears to show a non-monotonic dependence on the AlAs barrier thickness $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$, with a striking effect of around 30$`\%`$ for the sample with $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$= 5 nm. The broad increase in background resistance coupled with the rotation of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ magnetization direction is probably due to the large difference in the magnitudes of magnetic moment.

The interpretation of these results is quite straightforward in analogy with metallic MTJs: when the two ferromagnetic layers are magnetically aligned the tunneling probability is larger than when they are anti-aligned. Quantitatively, the change in the tunnel resistance is given by Julliere (1975):

$$TMR=\frac{\left(R_AR_P\right)}{R_P}=\frac{2P_GP_M}{\left(1P_GP_M\right)},$$
(1)
where $`R_A`$ and $`R_P`$ are the junction resistances with antiparallel and parallel moments, $`P_G`$ and $`P_M`$ are the spin polarizations of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ and MnAs respectively. Hence, if the spin polarizations $`P_G`$ and $`P_M`$ are known, we can estimate the efficiency of spin polarized injection through the tunnel barrier as a ratio of the observed TMR to the ideal TMR predicted by the above equation. While direct measurements of $`P_G`$ and $`P_M`$ are not available at present, band structure calculations predict 100 $`\%`$ spin-polarization in $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ with $`x0.125`$ Ogawa et al. (1999) and for (hypothetical) zinc-blende MnAs.Shirai et al. (1998) However, when MnAs is in the NiAs structure, it is not half-metallic and the theoretical value of the spin polarization is about 0.3.san  If we assume that the half-metallicity of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ holds down to $`x=0.03`$ (i.e. $`P_G=1`$), the TMR observed in our measurements is close to 40 $`\%`$ of the ideal TMR. We emphasize that this is a very conservative estimate since the bulk magnetization of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$Potashnik et al. (2002) is far less than $`4\text{m}_B`$ expected for a half-metallic system.Ogawa et al. (1999) We can rule out spurious effects that might artificially enhance TMR in our measurements. First, the magnetoresistances of individual MnAs and $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ layers are smaller than 0.5 $`\%`$ for the field range shown in Figure 1(b). Further, the systematic variation of the TMR with barrier thickness rules out possible effects of fringe fields due to the nearby MnAs layer on $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$. We now focus on the sample with $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$=5 nm in order to examine the physics of these MTJs in some depth.

Unlike the case of all-metal MTJs, where there is a negligible change in magnetization with temperature, the magnetization and hence the spin-polarization of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ depend strongly on temperature. Figure 2(a) shows the temperature dependence of the TMR along with that of the bulk magnetization. Both disappear at the Curie temperature of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ (around 70 K). The figure also shows that the temperature dependences of the TMR and the magnetization are quite different. We propose two possible explanations for this difference: it may be related to the faster decay of surface magnetism, as is found in other half-metallic systems,Park et al. (1998) or it may indicate that the spin polarization in $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ is not directly proportional to the magnetization. This correlation of the TMR with $`T_C`$ is a unique feature of these junctions where one can probe both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states by changing the temperature.

The voltage dependence of the TMR at 4.2 K is shown in Fig. 2(b), along with the I-V characteristics at the same temperature. We observe a very rapid decay of the TMR at voltages as low as 100 mV. Although the behavior resembles that of metallic MTJs, the relative scale of the voltage is much smaller in these hybrid MTJs.Moodera et al. (1995) The decrease in the TMR with voltage may be attributed to the influence of the electric field upon the tunnel barrier,Bratkovsky (1997) and implies low barrier heights for the semiconducting AlAs spacer compared to typical insulating Al2O3 spacers in metallic MTJs. Detailed information about the barrier can be obtained through the analysis of conductance-voltage (G-V) curves. Figure 3 shows the G-V characteristics measured at zero magnetic field for several temperatures between 4.2 K and 240 K. The large change of $`G`$ with voltage, especially at low temperatures, again indicates low barrier heights. A distinct zero bias anomaly develops below the $`T_C`$ of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$, suggesting a small energy gap around the Fermi energy.Hayashi et al. (1999) Another noticeable feature is the asymmetry in the G-V curves: the conductance under positive bias (wherein the MnAs is at a higher potential) is larger than that under negative bias, and – at temperatures above the Curie temperature of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ – the minimum conductance occurs away from zero bias. A full analysis of the G-V characteristics below the $`T_C`$ of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ is not possible because the detailed valence band structure of this material is presently not known from experiment. Instead we focus on the G-V characteristics above $`T_C`$ where the conductance-voltage curves are parabolic within the voltage range $`\pm 40`$ mV (see for instance the data for $`T120`$K in Fig. 3).

The asymmetric shape and the occurrence of minimum conductance at a finite voltage lead us to apply the Brinkman-Rowell-Dynes (BDR) tunneling model that was originally developed to calculate the tunneling across metal-insulator-metal junctions with different barrier heights at the interfaces.Brinkman et al. (1970) Although $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ is not a metal, the BDR model is still applicable for voltages less than the Fermi energy of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ (0.16 eV if we assume a hole density of $`1\times 10^{20}`$ cm-3). A best fit to the BDR model – shown for the data at 120 K in Fig. 3 – allows us to extract the barrier heights at the MnAs/AlAs interface ($`\varphi _1`$) and the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$/AlAs interface ($`\varphi _2`$), as well as the barrier thickness ($`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$) (see the inset of Fig. 3).

The best value for $`\varphi _1`$ is $`0.15\pm 0.01`$ eV, which is much smaller than that obtained (0.8 eV) in studies of MnAs/AlAs/MnAs MTJs grown on (111) GaAs.Sugahara and Tanaka (2002) This discrepancy can be attributed to the different orientation of MnAs growth or to a subtle change at the interface.Van Roy et al. (2001) We note that measurements of Fe/GaN/Fe MTJs grown on (001) GaAs yield a small barrier height (0.11 eV), comparable to our results.Nemeth et al. (2001) A simple estimate of $`\varphi _2`$ is given by the difference between the known AlAs-GaAs valence band offset (0.55 eV) and the Fermi energy of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ (0.16 eV). Our result from fitting the data ($`0.40\pm 0.01`$eV) is close to this estimate (0.39 eV). Equally good agreement is found for the barrier thickness: we determine $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$$`=6.7\pm 0.1`$ nm assuming light hole states participate in the tunneling through AlAs, while $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$$`=4.4\pm 0.1`$ nm assuming heavy holes. It is quite possible that a mixture of light and heavy holes may provide a better description of reality, consistent with the designed AlAs thickness (5 nm). The successful application of the BDR model implies that the conduction is indeed due to tunneling processes.

The development of a zero bias anomaly below the Curie temperature of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ deserves further attention, since it may help in understanding the electronic structure of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ at the Fermi energy. Figure 4(a) shows the conductance dip in the low bias conductance curves for parallel and anti-parallel spin orientations. As expected, the zero bias anomaly becomes more pronounced as the temperature is lowered from 4.2 K to 330 mK. Since $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ is known to exhibit a metal-insulator transition, we analyze the behavior of the conductance-voltage characteristics within the context of early studies of disordered systems with a metal-insulator transition.Altshuler and Aronov (1979); McMillan and Mochel (1981) On the metallic side of the metal-insulator transition, the one-electron density of states at the Fermi energy ($`N(E)`$) can be calculated using a scaling model that includes localization, correlation, and screening, and is given by:McMillan (1981)

$$N(E)=N(0)[1+(E/\mathrm{\Delta })^{1/2}],$$
(2)
where the correlation gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a measure of the screening length. As shown in Fig. 4(b), the conductance in the MTJs studied here is indeed proportional to $`V^{1/2}`$ except at the lowest bias where it is affected by thermal broadening. Since the conductance is proportional to $`N(E)`$, a linear fit to the data in Fig. 4(b) yields $`\mathrm{\Delta }=`$5.7 meV and $`\mathrm{\Delta }=`$3.0 meV for parallel and anti-parallel configurations, respectively. Surprisingly (and perhaps co-incidentally), these values of the correlation gap in $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ are consistent with those extracted from studies of granular aluminum tunnel junctionsDynes and Garno (1981) in the regime wherein the Al conductivity is comparable to that of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$.

In summary, we have shown that hybrid MnAs/AlAs/$`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ magnetic tunnel junctions provide an excellent model system for studying spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a semiconductor. This is enabled by the observation of a large TMR whose magnitude tracks the magnetization of the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ layer. Modeling of the I-V characteristics at temperatures above the Curie temperature of the $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ layer allow us to understand the nature of the barrier in great detail. Furthermore, analysis of the zero bias anomaly in conductance-voltage measurements shows a clear $`V^{1/2}`$ variation of the density of states, indicating strong electron correlation effects in $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ .

N.S., S.H.C, and K.C.K were supported by grant nos. ONR N00014-99-1-0071, -0716, and DARPA/ONR N00014-99-1-1093. P.S. and S.P. were supported by grant nos. DARPA N00014-00-1-0951 and NSF DMR 01-01318. We thank D. D. Awschalom and M. Flatte for a critical reading of this manuscript.

References

Figure Captions

FIG. 1: (a) Magnetic hysteresis loops at $`T=5`$ Kfor a MnAs-$`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ hybrid junction and for the same sample after the MnAs layer is removed. The transition of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ is broadened by the adjacent MnAs layer. (b) Magnetoresistances of hybrid junctions with different AlAs barrier thickness ($`T=4.2`$ K). The curves are shifted for clarity.

FIG. 2: (a) Temperature dependences of $`\mathrm{Ga}_{1\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{Mn}_\mathrm{x}\mathrm{As}`$ magnetization at 50 Oe and TMR measured with $`I=100\text{m}`$A for a junction with $`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$= 5 nm. (b) I-V characteristics and voltage dependence of TMR for the same junction at 4.2 K.

FIG. 3: Zero field conductance curves of the junction used in Fig. 2 at selected temperatures. $`T=20,40,60,80,`$ and 100 K for the curves between 4.2 K and 120 K. The dashed line superimposed on the 120 K data is a fit to Brinkman-Dynes-Rowell model over the range $`\pm 40`$ mV (see text). The inset shows the schematic diagram of the model.

FIG. 4: (a) Low bias conductance curves for the same junction as in Figs. 2 and 3 ($`d_{\mathrm{AlAs}}`$= 5 nm) for parallel and antiparallel magnetization directions. The zero-bias anomaly is more pronounced at 330 mK. (b) The data in Fig. 4(a) plotted as a function of $`V^{1/2}`$. Linear fits (solid lines) are used to extract the correlation gap (see text). The deviation at low bias is due to thermal broadening.


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# Cyclotron Resonance of Itinerant Holes in Ferromagnetic InMnAs/GaSb Heterostructures

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The interaction of free carriers with localized spins plays an important role in a variety of magnetic and many-body phenomena in metals. anderson ; kittel ; hewson  Carriers in the vicinity of a magnetic ion are magnetized, which in turn leads to an indirect exchange interaction between magnetic ions. The discovery of carrier-induced ferromagnetism in magnetic III-V semiconductorsohno ; munekata ; ohno1  has not only opened up new device opportunities but also provided a novel material system in which to study the physics of itinerant carriers interacting with localized spins. Various theoretical models have been proposed but the microscopic mechanism is still a matter of controversy. dietl ; konig ; litvinov ; sarma  One of the open questions is the nature of the carriers mediating the exchange interaction between Mn ions, i.e., whether they reside in the impurity band ($`d`$-like), the delocalized valence bands ($`p`$-like), or some type of mixed states.

In this paper we describe our observation of hole cyclotron resonance (CR) in ferromagnetic InMnAs/GaSb heterostructures, unambiguously demonstrating the existence of delocalized $`p`$-like carriers. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first study of CR in any ferromagnetic system covering temperature ranges both below and above the Curie temperature ($`T_c`$).grimes ; sievers  CR is a direct and accurate method for determining the effective masses of carriers (i.e., the curvature of the energy dispersion) and therefore the nature of the carrier states. In all the samples studied, we observed two pronounced resonances. Both lines exhibited unusual temperature dependence in their position, intensity, and width. The lower-field resonance showed an abrupt reduction in linewidth with a concomitant decrease in resonance magnetic field slightly above $`T_c`$. The higher-field line, which was absent at room temperature, suddenly appeared above $`T_c`$, rapidly grew in intensity with decreasing temperature, and became comparable to the lower-field resonance at low temperatures. We ascribe these lines to the two fundamental CR transitions expected for delocalized holes in the valence band of a Zinc-Blende semiconductor in the magnetic quantum limit. We take this as evidence for the existence of a large density of delocalized $`p`$-like holes in these ferromagnetic systems.

## 2 SAMPLES STUDIED

Three samples were studied. They were InMnAs/GaSb single heterostructures, consisting of 9-30 nm of InMnAs with Mn content $``$ 9% and a 600-800 nm thick GaSb buffer grown on semi-insulating GaAs (100) substrates. They contained high densities ($``$ 1019 cm-3) of holes provided by the Mn acceptors. The samples were grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. The growth conditions have been described previously.tom  Unlike the paramagnetic $`n`$-typezudov  and $`p`$-typematsuda1  InMnAs films we studied earlier, the samples in the present work showed ferromagnetism with $`T_c`$ ranging from 30 K to 55 K. The magnetization easy axis was perpendicular to the epilayer due to the strain-induced structural anisotropy caused by the lattice mismatch between InMnAs and GaSb (InMnAs was under tensile strain). The energy level structure of InMnAs/GaSb is complicated and known to have a ’broken gap’ type-II configuration. The hole densities and mobilities ($``$ 1019 cm-3 and $``$ 300 cm2/vs, respectively) were estimated from room temperature Hall measurements and the Curie temperatures were determined by magnetization measurements. Sample 1 was annealed at 250 C after growth, which increased the $`T_c`$ by $``$ 10 K.hayashi ; potashnik

## 3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

We performed infrared (IR) CR measurements using ultrahigh pulsed magnetic fields ($``$ 150 Tesla) generated by the single-turn coil technique.nakao  The magnetic field, applied along the growth direction, was measured by a pick-up coil around the sample, which was placed inside a continuous flow helium cryostat. We used IR laser beams with wavelengths of 10.6 $`\mu `$m, 10.2 $`\mu `$m, 9.25 $`\mu `$m (CO2 laser), and 5.527 $`\mu `$m (CO laser). We circular polarized the IR radiation using a CdS quarter-wave plate. The transmitted radiation through the sample was collected using a fast liquid-nitrogen-cooled HgCdTe photovoltaic detector. A multi-channel digitizer placed in a shielded room recorded the signals from the pick-up coil and the detector. Although the coil breaks in each shot, the sample and pick-up coil remain intact, making it possible to carry out detailed temperature and wavelength dependence studies on the same specimen. Since the transmission signal was recorded during both the up and down sweeps, each resonance was observed twice in a single pulse. This allowed us to check the reproducibility of observed absorption peaks and to make sure that the spectra were free from any slow heating effects.

## 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the transmission of the 10.6 $`\mu `$m beam ($`\mathrm{}\omega =0.117\text{eV}`$) through sample 1 ($`T_c`$ = 55 K) and sample 2 ($`T_c`$ = 30 K), respectively, at various temperatures as a function of magnetic field. The beam was hole-active circularly polarized. In Fig. 1(a), from room temperature down to about 80 K, a broad resonance feature (labeled ’A’) is observed with almost no change in intensity, position, and width with decreasing temperature. However, with further decreasing temperature, we observe quite abrupt and dramatic changes in the spectra. First, a significant reduction in linewidth and a sudden shift to a lower magnetic field occur simultaneously. Also, it rapidly increases in intensity with decreasing temperature. In addition, a second feature (labeled ’B’) suddenly appears around 125 Tesla, which also grows rapidly in intensity with decreasing temperature and saturates, similar to feature A. At low temperatures, both features A and B do not show any shift in position. Essentially the same behavior is seen for sample 2 in Fig. 1(b).

From Lorentzian fits to the CR data, we deduced the values for the cyclotron mass, density, and mobility. The hole cyclotron masses obtained for this wavelength (10.6 $`\mu `$m) for peaks A and B are 0.051$`m_0`$ and 0.12$`m_0`$, respectively, where $`m_0`$ is the mass of free electrons in vacuum. The obtained densities and mobilities for feature A are plotted in Figs. 2(a) and 2(c) for samples 1 and 2, respectively, together with the temperature dependence of the magnetization $`M`$ in (b) and (d). It is interesting to note that the estimated CR mobility at the lowest temperature of our experiments ($``$ 15 K) is surprisingly high, i.e., 4$``$5 $`\times `$ 103 cm2/Vs. This kind of high CR mobility is totally incompatible with the low DC mobilities deduced from Hall measurements, which are $``$ 300 cm2/Vs and sometimes even decrease with decreasing temperature. This suggests that in these ferromagnetic semiconductors a DC mobility is not a good quantity for assessing the CR observability condition, i.e., $`\omega _c\tau =B\mu >1`$, where $`\omega _c=eB/m^{}`$ is the cyclotron frequency, $`\tau `$ is the scattering time, and $`\mu `$ is the mobility.

Figure 3(a) shows low temperature CR traces for the three samples taken with 10.6 $`\mu `$m radiation. Both features A and B are clearly observed but their intensities and linewidths vary from sample to sample, depending on the density, mobility, and thickness. The observed unusual temperature dependence is not specific to this particular wavelength. Figure 3(b) displays the wavelength dependence of the CR spectra for sample 2. We can see that both lines shift to higher magnetic fields with decreasing wavelength (i.e., increasing photon energy), as expected. Figures 3(c) and 3(d) show data at different temperatures for sample 1 measured with 9.25 $`\mu `$m and 5.52 $`\mu `$m radiation, respectively. The temperature dependence observed at these shorter wavelengths is similar to what was observed at 10.6 $`\mu `$m. All these data confirm the universality of the effects we observed.

The clear observation of CR indicates that there are delocalized holes in these ferromagnetic samples. This is in agreement with our CR measurements on low-$`T_c`$ $`p`$-type InMnAs films in the paramagnetic phase,matsuda1  which showed similar two resonance CR spectra although the resonances were much broader, temperature dependence was weaker, and the resonance positions were slightly (¡ 10%) lower than the present heterostructure samples. We attribute the resonances to the two CR transitions expected in the magnetic quantum limit (the so-called ’fundamental’ transitionsbruce ), one being heavy-hole-like ($`m_J=3/2`$) and the other light-hole-like ($`m_J=1/2`$). The initial states of these transitions are the two lowest ($`n=1`$) Landau levels in the valence band, and the corresponding cyclotron masses at $`k_z=0`$ are given by $`(\gamma _1\pm \overline{\gamma })^1m_0`$ within the spherical approximation based on a 4 $`\times `$ 4 Luttinger Hamiltonian,bruce  where $`k_z`$ is the wavenumber in the magnetic field direction and $`\gamma _1`$ and $`\overline{\gamma }=(\gamma _2+\gamma _3)/2`$ are Luttinger parameters. More detailed calculations based on an eight-band effective mass model including finite $`k_z`$ effects successfully reproduced these two resonances for pure InAs and paramagnetic InMnAs films.gary  We believe that the $``$10% mass enhancement in the heterostructure samples compared to the bulk films is due to quantum confinement (layer thickness only $``$ 9 nm) plus non-parabolicity.

We anticipate that the experimental findings presented here will stimulate interest in the problem of the cyclotron resonance of itinerant carriers in ferromagnets, and more theoretical studies will be carried out to explain, in particular, the unusual temperature dependence we observed. We currently have no adequate explanation for the abrupt changes in mass, width and intensity of CR. The rapid line narrowing of the lower-field line as well as the sudden appearance of the higher-field line is equally striking. The ferromagnetic order should split the valence bands even in the absence of a magnetic field, which should also strongly modify Landau and Zeeman quantization at high fields. It is important to emphasize that the temperature at which the significant spectral changes start to appear ($`T_c^{}`$) is consistently higher than the Curie temperature ($`T_c`$) in all three samples. This fact could be explainable in light of a recent Monte Carlo study by Schliemann et al.,schliemann  which showed that short-range magnetic order and finite local carrier spin polarization are present for temperatures substantially higher than $`T_c`$. Any such order should result in modifications in band structure, which in turn modify CR spectra.

## 5 SUMMARY

We observed the cyclotron resonance of itinerant holes in ferromagnetic InMnAs/GaSb heterostructures both above and below $`T_c`$. We observed two pronounced resonances that were strongly temperature dependent in position, width and intensity. We attribute these transitions to the ’fundamental’ light hole and heavy hole cyclotron resonance, the observation of which clearly demonstrates that there are delocalized $`p`$-like holes in InMnAs. This important information on the carrier states should provide new insight into the microscopic mechanism of carrier-induced ferromagnetism in this family of magnetic semiconductors.

## 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge support from DARPA MDA972-00-1-0034, NSF DMR-0049024, DMR-0134058 (CAREER), and NEDO.


text:
# The Twice-Overlooked, Second FR II Broad Absorption Line Quasar LBQS 1138-01261footnote 11footnote 1Based on observations carried out at the European Southern Observatory, Paranal, Chile; program 69.B-0078.

## 1 Introduction

Some 10-20% of optically selected quasars display broad, blueshifted ultraviolet absorption lines from highly ionized species (e.g., C IV – HiBAL quasars), with a smaller fraction also showing absorption from very low-ionization species (e.g., Mg II – LoBAL quasars). A decade ago, no formally radio-loud broad absorption line (BAL) quasars were known despite searching for such objects (e.g., Stocke et al. 1992). This strong anti-correlation seemed to be a clue to explaining the apparent bimodal distribution of radio-loudness in quasars (which is very much less apparent in new samples selected using deep radio surveys, see e.g., White et al. 2000).

In the mid 1990s, with the advent of large area, deep radio surveys like the NVSS (Condon et al. 1998) and FIRST (Becker et al. 1995), radio-loud BAL quasars began to be found. Becker et al. (1997) found the first such source, FIRST J1556+3517, by matching optically red point sources with FIRST radio sources; corrections for dust reddening and the possibility of beaming at radio frequencies leave this quasar straddling the traditional borderline between radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars (Najita, Dey, & Brotherton 2000). Additional follow-up to the FIRST survey found more radio-loud BAL quasars by matching radio sources to the APM catalog (Becker et al. 2000; Becker et al. 2001) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (Menou et al. 2001). Over 50 BAL quasars have now been identified using radio-selection techniques.

The largest and brightest sample of radio-selected BAL quasars is that of Becker et al. (2000), which comprises $``$27 BAL quasars from the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey (White et al. 2000). Their radio properties can tell us some things that cannot be learned from optically selected BAL quasars. First, a wide range of radio spectral indices are present, including both flat and steep spectra; unified radio models (e.g., Orr & Browne 1982) would indicate that therefore a range of orientations are present. Second, the radio sources are almost all compact (90%), whereas a matched parent population from the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey (FBQS) consists of only 60% compact sources. This is similarly contrary to the idea that BAL quasars are simply normal quasars seen edge-on. Properties at other wavebands are also inconsistent with BAL quasars being edge-on quasars (e.g., Brandt & Gallagher 2000).

Were it not for these results, the discovery of a powerful edge-on Fanaroff-Riley type II (FR II; Fanaraoff & Riley 1974) radio source that is also BAL quasar, FIRST J101614.3+520916 (hereafter FIRST J1016+5209, Gregg et al. 2000), might have been taken as supporting evidence for an edge-on geometry. The once popular notion of such an edge-on geometry was motivated by spectropolarimetry (e.g., Ogle et al. 1999) and by theoretical expectations for winds arising from accretion disks (e.g., Murray et al. 1995; Konigl & Kartje 1994). Instead, Becker et al. (2000) and Gregg et al. (2000) interpret BAL quasar radio properties to indicate that BAL quasars are young, evolving quasars, moving from dusty objects with high covering fractions and high accretion rates to becoming more typical quasars.

Brotherton et al. (1998) found five radio-loud BAL quasars by matching color-selected quasar candidates from the 2dF Quasar Survey (e.g., Croom et al. 2001) against radio sources in the NVSS Survey. These were of particular interest because their blue colors ensured minimal dust-reddening which can artificially enhance the radio-loudness by making an object appear optically weak relative to its radio emission. Also of interest was that the observed targets were taken from a large optically selected sample, making possible statistical comparison with the Large Bright Quasar Survey (LBQS; Foltz et al. 1989; Hewett et al. 1991; Chaffee et al. 1991; Morris et al. 1991; Francis et al. 1992). The 2dF-NVSS cross-match indicates that approximately 1 in 500 bright blue quasars should be seen in an observed-frame optical spectrum as a radio-loud BAL quasar. With the LBQS coming in at $``$1000 quasars it would be likely to find 1 or 2 such objects, but not too surprising to not find any.

An error labeling the coordinates of one of the five radio-loud BAL quasars from Brotherton et al. (1998) prevented identification with the correct radio source (Brotherton et al. 2002). Likewise, this error prevented identification with a previously discovered quasar LBQS 1138$``$0126 (Hewett et al. 1991), which had only been noted as being a possible BAL quasar but had not been followed-up in either the optical or radio. We show in this paper that LBQS 1138$``$0126 is not only a BAL quasar, it is also a powerful FR II radio source, only the second such BAL quasar found.

## 2 Data

In addition to the 4000–9000 Å spectrum presented by Brotherton et al. (1998), the original LBQS spectrum (Hewett et al. 1991) is also available which covers shorter wavelengths, including the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 transition. Additionally, radio data is publicly available from several surveys, including radio maps from the FIRST Survey (Becker, White, & Helfand 1995). Finally we describe new spectropolarimetry obtained from European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT).

### 2.1 Radio Observations

A search on the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED222The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.) shows that LBQS 1138-0126 is present in several radio surveys in addition to the NVSS, which indicates a radio flux density of 252 mJy at 1.4 GHz and a radio-loudness of log R\* = 3.0 (Brotherton et al. 2002). This already makes LBQS 1138-0126 competitive for the title of the most radio-loud BAL quasar known.

In the Texas 365 MHz Survey (Douglas et al. 1996), LBQS 1138-0126 is reported to have a flux density of $`658\pm 49`$ mJy. In the Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) Survey (Griffith et al. 1995), LBQS 1138-0126 is reported to have a flux density of $`69\pm 11`$ mJy at 4.85 GHz. The flux measurements at the three frequencies indicate a radio spectral index of $`\alpha =0.7`$ ($`S_{nu}\nu ^\alpha `$) from 365 MHz to 1.4 GHz, steepening to $`\alpha =1`$ from 1.4 GHz to 4.85 GHz. LBQS 1138-0126 is a strong, steep-spectrum radio source consistent with optically thin synchrotron from a lobe-dominated FR II source.

The high resolution of the 1.4 GHz FIRST survey (Becker et al. 1995) provides morphological information. We have used the FIRST Survey cutout server333http://sundog.stsci.edu. to extract an image of LBQS 1138-0126 at $``$5″ resolution. Fig. 1 shows this image as a contour map. We clearly see a double-lobed radio structure at a position angle $`\theta 52\mathrm{°}`$, with a bridge of radio flux between. A spur from the NE source into this bridge corresponds to the marked optical position of LBQS 1138-0126, although from this map we cannot reliably extract a distinct core flux. The core flux does appear to be no more than a tenth of the lobe flux, and probably significantly less, making the source “edge-on” in unified radio schemes (e.g., Orr & Browne 1982).

### 2.2 Spectropolarimetry

We obtained spectropolarimetric observations of LBQS 1138-0126 on UT 2002 May 8 using the PMOS mode of the FORS1 spectrograph (Appenzeller et al 1992) on the Melipal unit of the VLT. Conditions were nearly photometric with $`0.7\mathrm{}`$ seeing. The observations were split into four 300s exposures, each at a different orientation of the half-wave plate (0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°). We used the 600B grism with a 1.0$`\mathrm{}`$ wide slit oriented North-South, resulting in a spectral resolution of 5.0 Å (FWHM).

We reduced the data using the standard IRAF procedures. We extracted the spectra with an identical $`3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}6`$ wide aperture for the o and e-rays, and re-sampled all 8 individual spectra (o and e-rays for the 4 half-wave plate positions) to the same linear dispersion (1.166 Å/pix) in order to calculate the polarization in identical spectral bins. We used the procedures of Vernet (2001; see also Vernet & Cimatti 2001), which are based on the method described by Cohen et al. (1997). We checked the polarization angle offset between the half-wave plate coordinate and the sky coordinates against values obtained for the polarized standard stars Vela1 and Hiltner 652; our values are within $`<1\mathrm{°}`$ from the published values, and the polarization percentage within 0.1%. Figure 2 shows our results.

We explicitly note that the broadband optical polarization results for this quasar (called UN J1141-0141 as in Brotherton et al. 1998) reported by Lamy & Hutsemékers (2000) are incorrect since they observed the wrong quasar because of the originally incorrect coordinates (Brotherton et al. 1998; Brotherton et al. 2002).

## 3 Analysis & Results

### 3.1 BALs in the LBQS 1138$``$0126 Spectrum

Brotherton et al. (1998) classified LBQS 1138$``$0126 as a BAL quasar on the basis of broad but shallow absorption troughs from Al III and Mg II. Typically these low-ionization BALs, when present, are weaker and lower velocity than high-ionization BALs (e.g., Voit et al. 1993). The original LBQS spectrum and our new VLT spectrum cover the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 region (not present with the Brotherton et al. (1998) wavelength coverage) and reveal a significantly deeper BAL trough (Fig. 3).

The original LBQS spectrum has higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the VLT spectrum in the immediate region of the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 BAL, although the VLT spectrum has the best SNR at longer wavelengths that includes the Al III $`\lambda `$1863 BAL. The C IV $`\lambda `$1549 BAL is present in both HiBAL quasars and LoBAL quasars, and provides the most commonly measured standard for comparison of absorption line properties. Weymann et al. (1991) defined the “BALnicity Index” (BI) – a complex measurement of the detachment, depth, and velocity span of an absorption feature – in order to distinguish real BALs from blends of associated absorbers (especially) in low-resolution, low-SNR spectra. In recent years detailed studies of individual objects have shown that a significant number of absorbed quasars with zero BALnicity nevertheless possess intrinsic outflows (e.g., Becker et al. 2000). For this reason Hall et al. (2002) have created a new index similar to the BI, called the “Absorption Index” or AI, that provides a wider measurement range to include such lower velocity outflows.

We find that the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 BAL trough, based on the LBQS spectrum, possesses a small but positive Balnicity Index, BI = $`900\pm 300`$ km s-1. The uncertainty is quite large given the low SNR, and depends critically on continuum choice and assumed redshift (we assume $`z=1.266`$). The uncertainty we quote indicates the range of values we find for different assumptions rather than formal fitting errors. The Absorption Index AI = $`3000\pm 300`$ km s-1. The conservative definition of BI would indicate that we certainly have a BAL quasar in LBQS 1138$``$0126, and this is supported by the deep C IV trough and velocity span of some $`5000`$ km s-1detached $`2000`$ km s-1from the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 peak. The low-ionization BAL troughs (Al III, Mg II) cover a very similar velocity range (approximately $``$2000 to $``$8000 km s-1) but are much shallower.

If there is any doubt regarding the BAL quasar designation for LBQS 1138$``$0126, they should be dispelled by polarization results. Only about 1 in a hundred optically selected quasars without intrinsic absorption shows any significant optical polarization greater than 1% (e.g., Berriman et al. 1990). The frequency is similar for radio-loud quasars with extended, lobe-dominated steep-spectrum radio structures (e.g., Visvanathan & Wills 1998 and references within). BAL quasars, especially those showing absorption from low-ionization species and red colors, are significantly more often highly polarized than unabsorbed quasars (Brotherton et al. 2001a and references therein). The only other quasar class exhibiting such high levels of continuum polarization are beamed radio-loud quasars (blazars) which possess a large contribution of optical synchrotron emission; the radio structure of LBQS 1138$``$0126 rules out a blazar designation.

### 3.2 Reddening in LBQS 1138$``$0126 and Radio-Loudness

Despite the fact that LBQS 1138$``$0126 has an ultraviolet excess ($`UB_j=0.7`$), the continuum shape is clearly redder than the average radio-selected quasar. Its selection was assisted by the presence of C IV $`\lambda `$1549 emission in the U-band. The Galactic reddening is only E(B-V) = 0.017 mag in this direction (Schlegel et al. 1999), so local Galactic dust is not the cause. For the LBQS, Sprayberry & Foltz (1992) showed that LoBAL quasars were on average reddened by $`E(BV)`$ = 0.1 mag for a Small Magellanic Cloud extinction law (Prevot et al. 1984) compared to the LBQS as a whole. Comparison to the radio-selected composite FBQS spectrum (Brotherton et al. 2001b) indicates that the continuum of LBQS 1138$``$0126 is consistent with intrinsic reddening (at the redshift of the quasar) of 0.35 mag AV, for a Small Magellanic Cloud extinction law which well matches the average result of Sprayberry & Foltz (1992). The effective observed B-band flux would then be enhanced by a factor of $``$2.8 to correct for this level of extinction. The intrinsic radio-loudness would then decrease, because of the intrinsically brighter optical continuum, to log R\* = 2.5. This value would still place LBQS 1138$``$0126 among the most radio-loud BAL quasars known.

## 4 Discussion

It is clear that LBQS 1138$``$0126 is a powerful double-lobed FR II radio source, and that the optical/UV spectrum contains both high-ionization and low-ionization BALs. The high continuum polarization makes a very strong statistical argument that the absorption lines are broad and intrinsic and we are not being misled by the low-resolution of our spectra. These properties lead to the conclusion that LBQS 1138$``$0126 is an FR II BAL quasar, only the second such object so identified after FIRST J1016+5209 (Gregg et al. 2000).

We also note the existence of the less luminous, low-redshift quasar PKS 1004+13 (Wills et al. 1999) that is a strong candidate for having BALs and is soon to have a definitive UV spectrum obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. One other BAL quasar from Brotherton et al. (1998), UN J1053$``$0058, is seen to be a very core-dominated radio triple in FIRST Survey images. The spatial exent of the triple is approximately 45″, corresponding to a projected size of 550 kpc at $`z=1.55`$ for our adopted cosmology. Hutsemékers & Lamy, H. (2000) report an optical polarization of 1.89% with a position angle some 20-30°from being perpendicular to the radio axis. The large radio core dominance (an observed core-to-extended 1.4GHz flux ratio of about 12) would indicate that the radio core, and the radio-loudness, is artificially enhanced by relativistic beaming. Therefore UN J1053$``$0058 is perhaps best identified as a beamed radio-quiet quasar rather than as an intrinsically luminous radio-loud quasar (see Falcke, Patnaik, & Sherwood 1996; Falcke, Sherwood, & Patnaik 1996). We focus the remaining discussion on quasars like LBQS 1138$``$0126 and FIRST J1016+5209.

How similar are LBQS 1138$``$0126 and FIRST J1016+5209? Table 1 compares their properties. The similar small BIs, modest reddening, high polarization and radio luminosity in particular stand out. Also similar is the fact that both have optical polarization position angles intermediate between those parallel or perpendicular to the large-scale radio structure. The comparison of the angular size is strongly affected by adopted cosmology although both sources appear to be relatively large (at least several hundred kpc). Significant differences include the presence of low-ionization BALs in LBQS 1138$``$0126 but not FIRST J1016+5209, and the smooth single trough structure of LBQS 1138$``$0126 compared to the jagged multiple trough structure in the BALs of FIRST J1016+5209 which also spans a much larger velocity range. We note that among radio-quiet BAL quasars there exists a wide range of trough structures which have so far not been found to clearly correlate with other properties.

Gregg et al. (2000) proposed and discussed an evolutionary sequence for LoBAL quasars to evolve into HiBAL quasars and then radio-loud quasars with associated absorption that is the remnants of the once smooth BAL outflow. The formally radio-loud BAL quasars from Becker et al. (2000) with compact radio structures would be the youngest (most recently fueled) sources, perhaps themselves closely related to giga-Hertz peaked sources (GPS) and compact steep spectrum (CSS) radio-loud quasars (e.g., O’Dea 1998). Next in the progression is LBQS 1138$``$0126, in which the radio jet has escaped the nuclear regions but low-ionization BALs are still visible and dust is still present along the line of sight. FIRST J1016+5209 is the next stage as the LoBAL features vanish and the HiBAL features begin to break up. The final stage before being regarded as a normal, unabsorbed radio-loud quasar is represented by PKS 1157+014, an object once put forward and rejected as a radio-loud BAL quasar for which variability has provided proof of the intrinsic nature of its rather narrow absorption features (Aldcroft, Bechtold, & Foltz 1998).

The polarization properties of LBQS 1138$``$0126 are similar to those of other highly polarized BAL quasars (e.g., Ogle et al. 1999). The polarization mechanism is widely thought to arise from asymmetric scattering as other likely mechanisms can be ruled out with high-quality spectropolarimetry for individual objects. In particular, the rise in the polarization toward shorter wavelengths is very common and can be attributed to a decreasing amount of dilution from direct light more reddened than the scattered light path or as a signature of dust scattering (e.g., Hines et al. 2001). Less commonly seen in polarized BAL quasars is a significant rotation of the polarization position angle, although it appear (e.g., QSO 2359$``$1241, Brotherton et al. 2001a). Such a rotation can be ascribed to multiple scattering light paths with different amounts of reddening or different polarization efficiencies as a function of wavelength (e.g., in the case of dust scattering). Such complex scattering geometries might be expected for young, highly accreting objects with large covering fractions, as opposed to a simpler scattering geometry as seen in edge-on Seyfert 2 and radio galaxies for which the polarization position angle is perpendicular to system (jet) axes (Antonucci 1993).

LBQS 1138$``$0126 is not especially red or faint and was easily found using optical selection techniques. The radio emissions are strong and detected in multiple surveys. The key elements in making the classification of a radio-loud FR II BAL quasar are having an optical spectrum covering the C IV $`\lambda `$1549 region and matching optical properties with radio properties. Given the statistics of Brotherton et al. (1998) and Menou et al. (2000) selecting BAL quasars by optical techniques and matching to radio surveys, the SDSS should turn up an entire population of quasars similar to LBQS 1138$``$0126. The small number statistics and the possible existence of as yet unidentified biases make a precise estimate impossible, but we might expect 100-200 FR II BAL quasars to be identifiable from combining information from SDSS discovery spectra and the FIRST Survey. This might seem like a large number of sources, but these still appear to be rare objects requiring very large surveys to discover in significant numbers. Such a sample would permit quantitative tests and development of the evolutionary hypothesis of Gregg et al. (2000).

## 5 Summary

The properties of LBQS 1138$``$0126, now properly recognized, mark it as the second FR II BAL quasar so far discovered after FIRST 1016+5209. This quasar shows both low and high-ionization BALs as well as the high continuum polarization (3-4%) characteristic of LoBAL quasars. The position angle of the luminous radio lobes differs from the polarization position angle by 50-70°. Modest reddening of the optical/ultraviolet continuum reduces the radio-loudness from log R\* = 3.0 to log R\* = 2.5, still one of the most radio-loud BAL quasars known and one of only two confirmed BAL quasars with a large double-lobed radio structure.

We thank Paul Francis for providing the original LBQS spectrum, and Joel Vernet for providing his IDL spectropolarimetric reduction code. We also thank Bev Wills for pointing out the radio structure of UN J1053$``$0058. A portion of this work has been performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-ENG-48. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship of the European Community programme ’Improving Human Research Potential and the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base’ under contract number HPMF-CT-2000-00721.


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# Magnetic and Transport Properties of La0.7Sr0.3Co1-yMnyO3

## I Introduction

In recent years, the hole-doped manganites $`Ln_{1x}A_x`$MnO3 ($`Ln`$: Lanthanides, $`A`$: Alkaline earth elements) are one of the most intensively studied topics, being strongly attractive to both basic research and technology due to their rich physics and potential prospects of application. Most of the undoped compounds, $`Ln`$MnO3, are insulators with an antiferromagnetic (AF) order established by Mn3+ ($`t_{2g}^3e_g^1`$, $`S=2`$) ions via AF superexchange (SE) interactions below $`T_\mathrm{N}`$. The substitution of $`Ln^{3+}`$ by $`A^{2+}`$ converts an adapted number of Mn3+ to Mn4+ ($`t_{2g}^3e_g^0`$, $`S=3/2`$) giving rise to ferromagnetic (FM) Mn3+-O2--Mn4+ double-exchange (DE) interactions zener  where the transfer of the $`e_g`$ electron from Mn3+ to Mn4+ is favored by a parallel spin configuration. In pertinent substitution ranges, where the DE interactions dominate, some compounds could be metallic ferromagnets and exhibit a colossal magneto-resistance (CMR) phenomenon at $`T_\mathrm{c}`$. The DE mechanism is also usually invoked to explain the magnetic and transport properties of the hole-doped cobaltites, $`Ln_{1x}A_x`$CoO3, where the double exchange is supposed to occur between Co4+ and Co3+.itoh  Since the heart of the DE mechanism is the mixed-valence state, it is then curious to know whether double-exchange occurs between different transition-metal ions, specially between Co and Mn ions. Furthermore, doping at $`B`$-sites in manganites or cobaltites is also a good probe to study the DE mechanism.

The magnetic and transport properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 have been largely documented; both of them are double-exchange systems. In this work, we study the magnetic and transport properties of La0.7Sr0.3Co1-yMnyO3 where Co is partially substituted by Mn. It is interesting that while the parent systems are metallic ferromagnets ($`T_\mathrm{c}=360`$K for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, and 220K for La0.7Sr0.3CoO3), the mixed products become insulating spin-glasses at certain substitution levels ($`T_\mathrm{g}62`$K for $`y=0.1`$). The results also provide a clear evidence for no DE interactions between Mn and Co ions.

## II Experiment

La0.7Sr0.3Co1-xMnxO3 samples with $`y=0`$, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method using La2O3, SrCO3, Co3O4, and MnO2 powders with purities of at least 99.9% as raw materials. The appropriate mixtures first underwent calcination at 1000oC for 24 hours. After being furnaced at 1300oC for another 24 hours, the products were then sintered at 1350oC for 104 hours and slowly cooled to room temperature at 3oC/min rate. The heat treatment processes, always with very well pulverization and pelletization in between, had all taken place in air. X-ray powder diffraction measurements confirmed the single-phase property of all the samples. The temperature dependence of ac magnetic susceptibilities, $`\chi ^{}(T)`$ and $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(T)`$, and resistivity, $`\rho (T)`$, were measured using a Closed Cycle Helium Refrigerator. The conventional four-probe method was used for $`\rho (T)`$ measurements except for $`y=0.3`$ and 0.5, which have rather high resistance, $`\rho (T)`$ data were read directly by a digital multimeter. Temperature dependent field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) dc magnetizations, $`M_{\mathrm{FC}}(T)`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{ZFC}}(T)`$ respectively, were carried out by a noncommercial vibrating-sample and a Quantum Design MPMS5 magnetometer.

## III Results and Discussion

Shown in Fig. 1 are the $`M_{\mathrm{ZFC}}(T)`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{FC}}(T)`$ curves measured in an applied field of $`H_{\mathrm{ex}}=100`$G. For all the samples except $`y=0.1`$, which shows spin-glass behavior as shown in Fig. 4 and will be discussed later, there exists a cusp in the $`M_{\mathrm{ZFC}}(T)`$ curves and a large separation of ZFC and FC magnetizations with lowering temperature in the FM phase. This behavior could be attributed to either (i) an appearance of frustration resulted from the competition of SE and DE interactions or (ii) a gradually freezing process of FM cluster moments caused by local anisotropy, or perhaps both. In general, this behavior is always expected if the measurements are carried out in an applied field smaller than the saturation field that develops faster than the increase of the saturation magnetization when the temperature is lowered. Quite similar behaviors have been observed for La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 where the cusp of $`M_{\mathrm{ZFC}}(T)`$ was explained by the competition between the energies of anisotropy and external fields acting on the ferromagnetic clusters existing in the system.nam  In fact, La0.7Sr0.3CoO3, and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 as well, was classified as ”cluster-glass” (CG) itoh  and we have also experienced that the magnetic and transport properties of the two compounds are qualitatively the same.

By fitting the susceptibility data, $`\chi ^1(T)=H/M(T)`$, at high temperatures in the paramagnetic region to the Curie-Weiss law, we find that the effective magnetic moment $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ per Co/Mn ion increases instantly with increasing $`y`$: $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}=4.26`$, 4.49, 4.89, and $`5.09\mu _\mathrm{B}`$ for $`y=0`$, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3, respectively. It is interesting that the variation of $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ does not incorporate with that of the phase transition temperature $`T_\mathrm{c}`$. We attribute the increase of $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ to stronger cooperative Jahn-Teller distortions induced by the introduction of Mn3+ ions that lift the degeneracy of $`t_{2g}`$ and $`e_g`$ orbits of Co ions favoring them in higher-spin states.

### III.1 The undoped compound, $`y=0`$

The parent compound La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 exhibits a paramagnetic (PM) - ferromagnetic phase transition at $`T_\mathrm{c}=220\mathrm{K}`$ in agreement with previously reported data.itoh  For ferromagnetic manganites, the conductivity is metallic below $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ but insulating above $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, showing a metallic-insulating (MI) transition at $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, in consistence with the DE mechanism. However, as displayed in Fig. 2, the $`\rho (T)`$ curve of La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 merely changes the slope at $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ and still exhibits metallic behavior in the paramagnetic state. This feature is not expected for a typical DE system but can be understood considering the fact that the electronic configuration of the Co ions do not strictly obey Hund’s rule, an ingredient of the DE mechanism. That makes the $`e_g`$ electron of the Co ions quite mobile in the sense that it can hop between Co sites without strict requirement of a parallel localized-$`t_{2g}`$-spin configuration or a high applied field. By the way, this is one of the reasons for the magnetoresistance in cobaltites usually small compared to the manganites.

Another remarkable feature in the $`\rho (T)`$ curve is an upward ”tail” at low temperature, showing an MI-like transition. In the $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(T)`$ curve (not shown), we also observed a small ”hump” at $`T_\mathrm{f}80`$K signaling a transition to cluster-glass state, a feature very similar to that observed for La0.5Sr0.5CoO3.nam  We assume that this low-temperature resistance upturn is closely linked to the transition to cluster-glass state, where the cluster moments are randomly frozen,nam  since the metallicity according to DE mechanism is not expected in such glassy states. This assumption is in conformity with the fact that $`T_\mathrm{f}`$ is very close to the temperature where the upturn begins. The formation of the clusters is probably a consequence of an inhomogeneous distribution of Sr2+ ions.caciuffo  The bigger the clusters, the higher the freezing temperature $`T_\mathrm{f}`$. In order to check the influence of the inhomogeneity, we prepared a series of samples with varying the sintering time $`t_\mathrm{s}`$. The longer $`t_\mathrm{s}`$ would mean the better homogeneity and therefore the finer clusters and lower $`T_\mathrm{f}`$. As expected, the samples sintered by short times show a huge low-temperature upturn with an increase of resistance by an order while metallic behavior is still observed at high temperature. For an example, Figure 3 displays the $`\rho (T)`$ and $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(T)`$ curves of a $`y=0`$ sample after being sintered for 5 h at 1350oC. Note from this figure that $`T_\mathrm{f}`$ and the resistance upturn temperature are still close to each other and both shift to higher temperatures ($`150`$K) as a result of stronger inhomogeneity (i.e., larger cluster size) compared to those of the 104h-sintered sample. The upturn is fading out in the longer time sintered samples reducing to a minor tail (below $`70`$K) with $`t_\mathrm{s}=104`$h as shown in Fig. 2.

However, because of the weak intra-atomic Hund’s rule coupling of the Co ions, the freezing of magnetic moments is unlikely the only cause of the low-temperature resistance upturn although that certainly mainly contributes. The same effect would be observed if the sample contains insulating or semiconducting grain boundaries where disorder and spin frustration are strong and a Coulomb gap between small grains opens at low temperature.balcells  Because the grain boundaries are improved and so is the grain size by lasting $`t_\mathrm{s}`$, the two effects caused by grain boundaries and cluster freezing are then mixed and indistinguishable in the polycrystalline samples.

### III.2 The lightly doped compounds, $`y=0.05`$ and $`0.1`$

The influence of the substitution is so strong. $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ decreases from 220K for $`y=0`$ to 192K for $`y=0.05`$ and the ferromagnetic state is no longer observed in the $`y=0.1`$ sample. Correspondingly, the resistivity increases strongly, and very pronounced is the upturn at low temperatures that develops with increasing Mn concentration and typical insulating behavior is obviously seen for $`y=0.1`$. Since the Mn ions are very dilute in this substitution range, the substitution just creates new Mn-O-Co bonds at the expense of the existing Co-O-Co bonds, implying that there exists no Mn-O-Mn link. The severe deterioration of the ferromagnetism and conductivity by such a low doping level as $`y=0.05`$ provides a strong evidence for no DE interactions via Mn-O-Co couplings. Moreover, these observations clearly indicate that the Mn-O-Co interactions are superexchange antiferromagnetic and much stronger than the DE Co-O-Co one. This conclusion is in agreement with other previously reported experiments shi ; fan  where it was found that a substitution of Co for Mn also severely suppresses the ferromagnetism and destroys the metallicity of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3. Increasing Mn concentration results in an increase of the degree of frustration and disorder and, at $`y=0.1`$, the system becomes an insulating spin-glass. Figure 4 presents the $`M_{\mathrm{ZFC}}(T)`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{FC}}(T)`$ curves and the inset the $`\chi ^{}(T)`$ curves of the $`y=0.1`$ sample measured at different frequencies $`f=0.037`$, 0.37, 3.7, and 37 kHz. The results are very similar to those of a conventional spin glass. With lowering temperature from the paramagnetic phase, the spin relaxation of a spin-glass slows down and the maximum relaxation time $`\tau `$ diverges at $`T_\mathrm{g}`$ when the system enters the spin-glass state. $`\chi ^{}`$ attains a maximum at $`T_\mathrm{f}`$ that shifts towards higher temperatures with higher frequencies. For the ac susceptibilities, $`T_\mathrm{f}`$ defines the freezing temperature where the characteristic time of the measurement, $`\tau _\mathrm{m}=1/2\pi f`$, becomes smaller than $`\tau `$ when the temperature is lowered. An attempt at fitting the $`T_\mathrm{f}(f)`$ data extracted from Fig. 4 to conventional slowing-down scaling law, $`\tau /\tau _\mathrm{o}=[(T_\mathrm{f}T_\mathrm{g})/T_\mathrm{g}]^{z\nu }`$, gives $`\tau _\mathrm{o}=1.1\times 10^{13}`$ s, $`z\nu =8.2`$, and $`T_\mathrm{g}=61.8`$ K, implying that the La0.7Sr0.3Co0.9Mn0.1O3 compound is a conventional 3D spin-glass.

There is also a remarkable feature in the evolution towards insulating behavior of the system, as seen in Fig. 2, where the low-temperature resistance upturn dominantly develops with increasing $`y`$. The metallicity totally disappears once the system becomes a spin-glass in consistence with the DE mechanism. This indicates that the upturn in the Mn-doped compounds is closely related to the weakening of ferromagnetic correlation and the appearance of frustration and disorder, consolidating the above assumption that it has a tight relationship with the freezing of cluster moments.

The Mn ions are believed to always exist in high-spin states whereas, because of the comparable magnitude of the crystal field splitting and the Hund’s coupling energy, the Co ions can exist in different spin states. The effective magnetic moment value of 4.26$`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$ found for $`y=0`$ does not allow us to extract qualitative information about the spin states of Co ions. However, qualitatively, $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}=4.26\mu _\mathrm{B}`$ implies that a part of Co ions, either of trivalence or tetravalence, or both, must exist in intermediate- and/or low-spin states. When increasing $`y`$ from 0 to 0.05, the ferromagnetism is suppresses, however, $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ increases by an amount of 0.23$`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$, that is almost equal to the possible maximum contribution of 0.25 $`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$ from the doped Mn ions in the case that all of them are Mn3+. This sounds as if (i) all Mn ions have replaced to only the low-spin state CoIII sites or (ii) an amount of Co ions must have transferred to higher-spin states. Moreover, for the case of $`y=0.1`$, the gain in $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is 0.63$`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$ while the possible maximum contribution from Mn ions (i.e., assuming they are all Mn3+) is only 0.49$`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$. This later case unambiguously indicates that, in this doping region, there are certainly significant amounts of Co ions converted to higher spin-states as a consequence of the substitution. Since Mn3+ are strong Jahn-Teller ions, it is possible that an introduction of Mn3+ into the system by the substitution induces stronger Jahn-Teller distortions lifting the degeneracy of $`t_{2g}`$ and $`e_g`$ orbits of Co ions, that favors a conversion of the Co ions to higher-spin states.

### III.3 The heavily doped compounds, $`y=0.3`$ and $`0.5`$

With further substitution the ferromagnetism reappears at $`y=0.3`$ with $`T_\mathrm{c}=165`$K, that increases to 200K for $`y=0.5`$. When the Mn ions are dense, the probability for them to interact to each other is high. Assuming that the Mn ions exist in a mixed-valence state of Mn3+ and Mn4+, the recovery of the ferromagnetism is most probably due to the appearance of ferromagnetic Mn3+-O-Mn4+ DE interactions. In contrast, although the ferromagnetism is rapidly recovered, the resistivity continues increasing and exhibiting insulating behavior. This implies that the FM DE interactions are still strongly competed by AF SE interactions, and not strong enough to establish continuous pathways for the system to exhibit metallic behavior. A plausible explanation is that, in this doping range, the magnetic as well as electronic ordering is not uniform; the ferromagnetism signal comes from (metallic) ferromagnetic regions embedded in an insulating (non-ferromagnetic) matrix. For higher Mn concentrations, it was found in earlier experiments that, in this substitution range up to $`y=1`$, $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ monotonously increases, and the metallic conductivity is gradually recovered when $`y`$ being close to 1.shi ; fan

$`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ increases strongly with increasing $`y`$ from 0 to 0.1 and then slows down in the region $`0.1y0.3`$. For the case of the lightly doped compounds, an over gain of $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ has told us that a number of Co ions must be converted to their higher-spin states. Nevertheless, that is not the case for the heavily doped compounds where the gain in $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is moderate with respect to the substitution levels. Fortunately, the high values of $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ suggest that all of the Co ions are in high-spin states. For the case of $`y=0.3`$, assuming that all Co and Mn ions are in high-spin states and the ratios Co3+/Co4+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ are kept at 7/3, we obtain $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}=5.02\mu _\mathrm{B}`$, a value very close to that experimentally determined of 5.09$`\mu _\mathrm{B}`$. These facts lead to a suggestion that most of the Co ions are in high-spin states and no further spin-state conversion occurs when $`y`$ goes above 0.3.

## IV Conclusion

The magnetic and transport properties of La0.7Sr0.3Co1-yMnyO3 have been systematically studied and discussed in detail. The Mn substitution induces a conversion of Co ions to higher-spin states. The magnetic and transport properties of the system are tightly correlated. The obtained results provide a clear evidence for no double-exchange interaction between Mn and Co ions but strong antiferromagnetic superexchange ones. As a result, the competition of AF and FM interactions introduced by the substitution lead the system to become an insulating spin-glass at $`y=0.1`$. For the samples with high Mn concentrations, $`y=0.3`$ and 0.5, the magnetic as well as electronic phase is not uniform; (metallic) ferromagnetic clusters of Mn3+-O2--Mn4+ bonds are formed on a (non-ferromagnetic) insulating background. We have also evidenced that a transition to glassy state could in principle destroy the ferromagnetic state metallicity of a double exchange ferromagnet.

###### Acknowledgements.

We wish to thank Dr. P.V. Phuc for x-ray diffraction measurements and analyses. Financial supports from SIDA/Sarec Project are highly acknowledged.


text:
# On the Root Ambiguity in the Complete Solution to the Most General Fifth Degree Polynomial

## 1 Abstract

Starting from the solution to Bring’s equation the root ambiguity is removed from the solution to the quintic equation. This gives the five complex roots of the quintic equation as indicated by Gauss’s Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

## 2 Introduction

In the previous paper\[Drociuk,1\], the solution to the quintic was given, but the root ambiguity was not correctly removed. This problem arises because Ferrari’s method for solving the quartic equation does not introduce all possible roots. Instead if one uses a Tshirnhaussen transformation as demonstrated\[Drociuk,1\], to the quartic equation, the five correct roots of the quintic equation,

$$x^5+mx^4+nx^3+px^2+qx+r=0$$
(1)
are selcted for arbitrary coefficients $`m`$, $`n`$, $`p`$, $`q`$, and $`r`$. The roots are selected from all possible roots using conditional loops to an arbitrary precission, $`ϵ`$.

## 3 Ambiguity in the Quartic Solution

The quartic equation,

$$x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0$$
(2)
is transformed with,

$$Tsh2=x^3+b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0+y_n$$
(3)
to the quadratic in $`y_n^2`$,

$$y_n^4+B_2y_n^2+B_0=0$$
(4)
whose four roots are,

$$y_1=\frac{1}{2}(2B_2+2(B_2^24B_0)^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(5)
$$y_2=\frac{1}{2}(2B_2+2(B_2^24B_0)^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(6)
$$y_3=\frac{1}{2}(2B_22(B_2^24B_0)^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(7)
$$y_4=\frac{1}{2}(2B_22(B_2^24B_0)^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(8)
where,
$`B0=3b_0^2a_3^2a_0+b_0^3b_2a_3^2+b_0^2b_2^2a_2^22b_0^3b_2a_2+3a_3a_2b_0^3+b_0b_2^3a_1^2b_0^3b_1a_3+4b_0b_2a_0^2+4b_0^2b_1a_0+b_0^2b_1^2a_22b_0^2b_1a_2^2b_2^3a_0^2a_32a_0b_1^3a_2+a_3^2a_0b_1^3b_2a_0^2a_12b_1a_0^2a_2+b_1a_0a_1^2+a_0b_1^2a_2^2+a_1b_0^2b_2a_23b_0a_3a_0^2+2a_1b_0^2b_2a_3^23a_1a_3a_2b_0^2+b_0^2a_3^2a_2b_15b_0^2b_2a_3a_0b_0^2a_3a_2^2b_2+3b_0^2b_1b_2a_12b_0^2b_2^2a_3a_12b_0b_2^3a_0a_24b_0b_2a_0b_1^22b_0b_2a_0a_2^2+2b_0a_1b_1^2a_2+b_0b_2^2a_0a_1b_0a_3^2a_1b_1^2+2b_0a_3a_1^2b_1b_0b_2^2a_3a_1^2+b_0b_2a_2a_1^2b_0a_1b_1a_2^2+3b_0a_1a_2a_03b_0b_1b_2a_1^25b_0a_1b_1a_0+3b_1b_2a_3a_0^2+a_0b_0b_1^2a_3+a_0b_1a_3a_2b_0a_0b_1b_2a_2a_1a_0b_2a_2b_1^2a_3+2b_1^2a_0^2+b_2^4a_0^2+b_1^4a_0b_0b_1^3a_1+a_0^2b_2^2a_24b_2^2a_0^2b_13a_1b_0^3+3b_0^2a_1^2b_0a_1^33b_0^2a_2a_0+b_0^4+2b_2^2a_0b_0^2b_0^3a_3^3+b_0^2a_2^3a_1b_0^2b_1a_3+a_0^3b_0^2b_2a_2b_1a_3b_0a_1b_2a_3a_0+b_0b_2a_1b_1^2a_3+2b_0a_0b_2^2a_3a_23b_0a_0b_1b_2a_3^2+4b_0b_2a_0b_1a_2+3b_0b_2^2a_0b_1a_3b_0b_1a_1b_2^2a_2+b_0a_1b_2a_2b_1a_3+3b_1^2a_0b_2a_12b_1^2a_0a_1a_3b_1a_0b_2^3a_1+b_1^2a_0b_2^2a_2+b_2^2a_0b_1a_3a_1b_2a_0b_1^3a_3`$

(9)
and
$`B2=a_3^2a_2b_1+2a_1b_2a_3^26b_0b_2a_25b_2a_3a_0+4b_1a_03a_2a_0+3a_3^2a_03a_3a_2a_13b_0a_3^3+6b_0^29b_0a_1+b_2^2a_2^2+3a_1^22b_1a_2^2+b_1^2a_2b_2a_2b_1a_3a_3a_2^2b_2+a_2^3+3b_1b_2a_1a_1b_1a_33b_0b_1a_3+3b_0b_2a_3^2+2a_0b_2^2+9a_3a_2b_0+b_2a_2a_12b_2^2a_3a_1`$

(10)
The coefficients of the Tshirnhaussen transformation (3) are,
$`b_0=\frac{(36b_{01}b_{02}b_{03}108b_{00}b_{03}^28b_{02}^3+12(3)^{\frac{1}{2}}(4b_{01}^3b_{03}b_{01}^2b_{02}^218b_{01}b_{02}b_{03}b_{00}+27b_{00}^2b_{03}^2+4b_{00}b_{02}^3)^{\frac{1}{2}}b_{03})^{\frac{1}{3}}}{6b_{03}}`$
$`\frac{2}{3}\frac{(3b_{01}b_{03}b_{02}^2)}{(b_{03}(36b_{01}b_{02}b_{03}108b_{00}b_{03}^28b_{02}^3+12(3)^{\frac{1}{2}}(4b_{01}^3b_{03}b_{01}^2b_{02}^218b_{01}b_{02}b_{03}b_{00}+27b_{00}^2b_{03}^2+4b_{00}b_{02}^3)^{\frac{1}{2}}b_{03})^{\frac{1}{3}}\frac{1}{3}\frac{b_{02}}{b_{03}})}`$

(11)
choose,

$$b_1=0$$
(12)
and

$$b_2=\frac{(a_3^3+3a_14b_0+b_1a_33a_3a_2)}{(a_3^22a_2)}$$
(13)
the coefficients $`b_{00}`$, $`b_{01}`$, $`b_{02}`$ and $`b_{03}`$ are given by
$`b_{00}=(a_0^2a_3^7+20a_2^3a_1^3+2a_3^6a_1^3+18a_3^3a_1^436a_1a_2^3a_0a_3^2+150a_3a_1^2a_2^2a_0+29a_1a_2^2a_3^4a_054a_3^3a_1^2a_0a_24a_3^6a_0a_1a_248a_3^2a_0^2a_1a_2+27a_1^5a_3^5a_2^2a_1^2+28a_3^3a_0^2a_2^224a_2^3a_0^2a_3+48a_2^2a_0^2a_1+24a_2^5a_0a_3+12a_3^4a_0^2a_110a_3^5a_0^2a_214a_3^3a_0a_2^4+2a_3^5a_0a_2^312a_3a_2^4a_1^2+7a_3^3a_2^3a_1^248a_1a_2^4a_0+3a_3^5a_1^2a_0+21a_2^2a_1^3a_3^215a_2a_1^3a_3^472a_1^3a_2a_0+9a_1^3a_3^2a_063a_3a_1^4a_2)/(a_3^22a_2)^3`$

(14)
$`b_{01}=(10a_3^6a_1^284a_3^3a_1^3+80a_0a_2^476a_2^3a_1^264a_0^2a_2^22a_3^4a_2^4+12a_3^2a_2^516a_3^4a_0^2108a_1^416a_2^6+120a_3^3a_1a_2a_0344a_3a_1a_2^2a_0+16a_2^3a_3^2a_010a_3^5a_1a_024a_2^2a_3^4a_074a_2^2a_1^2a_3^2+70a_2a_1^2a_3^4+72a_3a_2^4a_152a_3^3a_2^3a_1+8a_3^5a_2^2a_1+4a_3^6a_0a_2+64a_3^2a_0^2a_2240a_3a_1^3a_2+12a_3^2a_0a_1^2+192a_0a_2a_1^2)/(a_3^22a_2)^3`$

(15)
$`b_{02}=(64a_3^3a_2a_0+8a_3^5a_0+16a_1a_3^6104a_1a_3^4a_2+112a_3^2a_1a_2^264a_3a_2^4+128a_1^2a_3^38a_3^5a_2^2304a_3a_2a_1^2+144a_1^3+64a_1a_2^3+48a_3^3a_2^3+192a_0a_3a_2^280a_1a_3^2a_0128a_1a_2a_0)/(a_3^22a_2)^3`$

(16)
$`b_{03}=(64a_3^2a_2^2+48a_3^4a_28a_3^6+64a_3^2a_064a_1^2+128a_3a_2a_164a_1a_3^3)/(a_3^22a_2)^3`$

(17)
Now the cubic(3)is solved for it’s three roots,
$`x_{1n}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_n(2b_1\frac{2}{3}b_2^2)}{6\mathrm{\Delta }_n\frac{1}{3}b_2}`$

(18)
$`x_{2n}=\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{\Delta }_n+\frac{b_1\frac{1}{3}b_2^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}\frac{1}{3}b_2+i\sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{\Delta }_n+\frac{b_1\frac{1}{3}b_2^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n})`$

(19)
$`x_{3n}=\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{\Delta }_n+\frac{b_1\frac{1}{3}b_2^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}\frac{1}{3}b_2i\sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{\Delta }_n+\frac{b_1\frac{1}{3}b_2^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n})`$

(20)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_n=(36b_1b_2108y_1108b_08b_2^3+12(12b_1^33b_1^2b_2^254b_1b_2y_n54b_1b_2b_0+81y_n^2+162y_nb_0+12y_nb_2^3+81b_0^2+12b_0b_2^3)^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{3}}`$

(21)
By substituting the values of $`y_n`$, from equations (5) to (8), into equations (18) to (20), one can generate twelve possible roots, $`x_{mn}`$ with $`m(1,2,3)`$ and $`n(1,2,3,4)`$. Only four roots satisfy equation (2), they are found by direct substitution. So for all complex coeffients $`a_0`$, $`a_1`$, $`a_2`$ and $`a_3`$ in equation (2), the four roots of the quartic are contained in $`x_{mn}`$.

## 4 Ambiguity in the Quintic Solution

Recall in \[Drociuk,1\], the coefficients of the quartic Tshirnhausen Transformation,

$$Tsh1=x^4+dx^3+cx^2+bx+a+y$$
(22)
and let the coefficients of equation (2) be,

$$a_0=a+y$$
(23)
$$a_1=b$$
(24)
$$a_2=c$$
(25)
$$a_3=d$$
(26)
and calculate the twelve $`x_{mn}`$ using the equations of the previous section. Then using nested “for loops” and “if-then” statements on Maple, $`x_{mn}`$ is substituted into both the quintic (1) and the quartic (22). When both these equations are made less than $`ϵ`$, we have obtained the first root of the quintc equation (1), let it be $`r_1`$. $`ϵ`$ can be made arbitrarily close to zero. Let $`ϵ=10^{100}`$, you may chose it to be zero if you want to wait or have a faster computer. Now $`r_1`$ is then factored out of the quintic (1), leaving a quartic equation to be solved with the following coefficients,

$$a_0=q+r_1p+r_1^2n+mr_3+r_1^4$$
(27)
$$a_1=p+r_1n+r_1^2m+r_1^3$$
(28)
$$a_2=n+mr_1+r_1^2$$
(29)
$$a_3=m+r_1$$
(30)
Equations (27) to (30) are then substituted into the solution of the general quartic of the previous section, which gives another twelve roots, $`x_{mn}`$. This time four of these roots satisfy both the quartic (2) with coefficients (27) to (30) and the quintic (1), let them be $`r_2`$,$`r_3`$, $`r_4`$ and $`r_5`$. They are determined in the same way as $`r_1`$, using nested “for loops” and “if-then” statements on Maple. The the final array has five non-zero elements, they are the five complex roots of the quintic equation,(1).

## 5 Conclusion

The root ambiguity is removed from the solution to the general fifth and fourthdegree polynomials.

## 6 Reference

1) Drociuk, Richard, “On the Complete Solution to the Most General Fifth Degree Polynomial”, GM/0005026v1 3 May 2000.


text:
# On Tverberg’s conjecture

## 1 Introduction

Establishing the relation between Rado’s theorem on general measure (see ) and the Ham sandwich theorem, the following result is proved in  stating that these two results belong to the same family.

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`0kd1`$, and let $`\mu _0,\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k`$ be $`\sigma `$-additive probability measures on $`^d.`$ Then there is a $`k`$-flat $`F`$ with the property that every closed halfspace containing $`F,`$ has $`\mu _i`$-measure at least $`\frac{1}{dk+1}`$ for all $`i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik.`$

Namely, this theorem reduces to Rado’s theorem in the case $`k=0`$ and to the Ham sandwich theorem in the case $`k=d1`$.

The proof of the above theorem uses the topological result claiming the non-existence of a non-zero section of a certain vector bundle over the Grassmann manifold. Helge Tverberg observed that the special case $`k=0`$ (Rado’s theorem) follows easily from his result in combinatorial geometry from .

###### Theorem 1.2

Let $`S`$ be a set of $`(r1)(d+1)+1`$ points in $`^d.`$ Then one can split it into subsets $`S_1,S_2,\mathrm{},S_r`$ so that

$$_{i=1}^r\text{ conv }S_i\mathrm{}.$$

This observation motivated him to suppose that a general result should exist which would generalize his result 1.2 and at the same time it would imply theorem 1.1 in the same way as his result implied Rado’s theorem. So, he formulated the following Tverberg’s conjecture:

###### Conjecture 1.3

Let $`0kd1`$ and let $`S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_k`$ be finite sets of points in $`^d,`$ with $`S_i=(r_i1)(dk+1)+1`$ for $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},k.`$ Then $`S_i`$ can be split into $`r_i`$ sets, $`S_{i1},S_{i2},\mathrm{},S_{ir_i},`$ so that there is a $`k`$-flat $`F`$ meeting all the sets $`\text{ conv }S_{ij},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}jr_i.`$

It is easy to see that this conjecture implies the theorem 1.1 (, see also ) and its special case $`k=0`$ is the theorem 1.2. This conjecture unifies two important themes of Combinatorial geometry: Helly-type theorems (the special case $`r=2`$ of the theorem 1.2 is the well known Radon’s theorem), and the common transversal theorems. Moreover, it was shown in  that this result could be considered as an example of the whole family of results of the ”combinatorial geometry on vector bundles”, and that these results would also generalize many coincidence results such as the nonembeddability of the graphs having minor $`K_5`$ or $`K_{3,3}`$ in the plane etc.

In paper  this conjecture was verified in some special cases. It was proved that, besides the already known case $`k=0`$ the conjecture is true in the case $`k=d1`$, and in the case $`k=1`$ when $`r_0=1`$ or $`r_1=1`$ or $`r_0=r_1=2`$. Also, slightly weakened version of the conjecture is proved in the case $`k=d2`$, obtained when $`3r_i`$ points in $`S_i`$ were considered instead of $`3r_i2`$ of them. This version still suffices to imply theorem 1.1 in the case $`k=d2`$.

Much more general result verifying some cases of this conjecture was achieved by R. Živaljević in , where he established the conjecture 1.3 when $`r_0=r_1=\mathrm{}=r_k`$ is an odd prime number, and both $`d`$ and $`k`$ are odd integers.

The main result of this paper is the establishing of the conjecture 1.3 in the case $`r_0=r_1=\mathrm{}=r_k=2`$ without any additional restriction.

The result in  is obtained by using parametrized, ideal-valued, cohomological index theory. The method of this paper will again be the reduction of the result to the non-existence of some equivariant mapping, or equivalently to the non-existence of the section of certain sphere bundle. This will be proved by showing that the corresponding Stiefel-Whitney class is non-trivial.

## 2 The result

As we already mentioned, the main goal of this paper is to establish the conjecture 1.3 in the case $`r_0=r_1=\mathrm{}=r_k=2`$, i.e. to prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.1

Let $`0kd1`$ and let $`S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_k`$ be finite sets each of $`dk+2`$ points in $`^d`$. Then every set $`S_i`$ can be split into $`2`$ sets, $`S_{i1}`$ and $`S_{i2},`$ so that there is a $`k`$-flat $`F`$ meeting all the sets $`\text{ conv }S_{ij},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik,j\{1,2\}.`$

Moreover, we will prove a slight generalization of this result. Namely, we could consider the family of $`(dk+1)`$-dimensional simplicies $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ is the simplex spanned by the vertices $`e_0^i,e_1^i,\mathrm{},e_{dk+1}^i`$ for $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},k`$. We consider then the linear mapping sending the vertices of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ to the points in $`S_i`$ and note that the sets $`\text{ conv }S_{i1}`$ and $`\text{ conv }S_{i2}`$ are actually the images of the pair of disjoint faces of the simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ under the considered linear mapping. We observe that our argument also works for any continuous mapping and not only for linear ones. So, we prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.2

Let $`0kd1`$ and let $`\phi _i:\mathrm{\Delta }_i^d`$, for $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},k`$ be continuous mappings. Then there is an affine $`k`$-flat $`F`$ which intersects the images of two disjoint faces of every simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$.

Proof: Let us denote with $`\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$ the Grassmann manifold of $`(dk)`$-dimensional linear subspaces of $`^d`$, and for any $`L\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$, with $`\pi _L:^dL`$ the orthogonal projection.

Let us consider $`(dk+1)`$-dimensional simplicies $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i=\text{ conv }\{e_0^i,e_1^i,\mathrm{},e_{dk+1}^i\},i=0,1,\mathrm{},k`$. With $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_i)_{}^2`$ we denote the deleted square of the simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$, i.e. the set of ordered pairs of points in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ having disjoint supports. It is easy to verify that the deleted square $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_i)_{}^2`$ is a $`(dk)`$-dimensional manifold which we denote by $`M`$. It could be proved that $`M`$ is actually homeomorphic to the sphere $`S^{dk}`$, but we don’t need this fact here. (It is shown in  that $`M`$ is $`(dk1)`$-connected.)

The mapping $`\phi _i:\mathrm{\Delta }_i^d`$ induces the mapping

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi _i}:(\mathrm{\Delta }_i)_{}^2^d\times ^d,\stackrel{~}{\phi _i}(x,y)=(\phi _i(x),\phi _i(y)).$$

Now we consider the product of these induced mappings $`\stackrel{~}{\phi _i}`$ and get the mapping

$`\stackrel{~}{\phi }:(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)_{}^2\times \mathrm{}\times (\mathrm{\Delta }_k)_{}^2(^d)^2\times \mathrm{}\times (^d)^2,`$

$`\stackrel{~}{\phi }((x_0,y_0),\mathrm{},(x_k,y_k))=(\stackrel{~}{\phi _0}(x_0,y_0),\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\phi _k}(x_k,y_k)).`$

The statement of the theorem reduces to the claim that there exists $`L\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$ such that

$$\pi _L(\phi _0(x_0))=\pi _L(\phi _0(y_0))=\mathrm{}=\pi _L(\phi _k(x_k))=\pi _L(\phi _k(y_k)),$$

for some $`((x_0,y_0),\mathrm{},(x_k,y_k))(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)_{}^2\times \mathrm{}\times (\mathrm{\Delta }_k)_{}^2`$. Here $`L=F^{}`$, i.e. $`L`$ is the orthogonal complement to the affine $`k`$-flat $`F`$ claimed to exist in the statement of the theorem.

Let us denote with $`\xi `$ the canonical vector bundle over $`\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$. For every $`L\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$, we have the mapping

$`\psi _L=\pi _L\stackrel{~}{\phi }:(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)_{}^2\times \mathrm{}\times (\mathrm{\Delta }_k)_{}^2L^{2k+2},`$

$`\psi _L((x_0,y_0),\mathrm{},(x_k,y_k))=(\pi _L(\phi _0(x_0)),\pi _L(\phi _0(y_0)),\mathrm{},\pi _L(\phi _k(x_k)),\pi _L(\phi _k(y_k))).`$

The group $`G=\underset{k+1}{\underset{}{/2\mathrm{}/2}}`$ acts on these spaces, freely on $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)_{}^2\times \mathrm{}\times (\mathrm{\Delta }_k)_{}^2M^{k+1}`$ and fiberwise on $`\xi ^{2k+2}`$ (i.e. trivially on $`\text{Gr}_{d,dk}`$). The above mapping is equivariant and it induces a section $`s`$ of the vector bundle

$$\xi ^{2k+2}\times _GM^{k+1}\left(\text{Gr}_{d,dk}\times M^{k+1}\right)/G=\text{Gr}_{d,dk}\times M^{k+1}/G.$$

The fiber over $`[L,(x_0,y_0,\mathrm{},x_k,y_k)]`$ could be identified with $`L^{2k+2}.`$ The statement of the theorem reduces now to the claim that the section $`s`$ intersects the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in some fiber. Let us suppose, to the contrary, that $`s`$ does not intersect the diagonal in any fiber. Projecting to the orthogonal complement of the diagonal and then radially to its sphere (in each fiber), we obtain the non-zero section of the vector bundle with the fiber $`L^{2k+1}`$ and the section of the associated sphere bundle whose fiber is homeomorphic with $`S^{(dk)(2k+1)1}.`$

We reach a contradiction (proving in this way the theorem) by showing that the top-dimensional Stiefel-Whitney class of this sphere bundle does not vanish. The Poincare dual of the top-dimensional Stiefel-Whitney class of the sphere bundle coincides with the homology class of the zero-set of a section of the associated vector bundle (with the fiber $`L^{2k+1}`$), which is transversal to the zero section. So, it suffices to find a section of the corresponding vector bundle which intersects the zero section transversally in an odd number of points.

In order to construct such a section we consider $`k+1`$ parallel $`(dk)`$-dimensional affine planes $`A_0,A_1,\mathrm{},A_k`$ in $`^d`$, and $`dk+2`$ points in each of them being the vertices $`v_0^i,v_1^i,\mathrm{},v_{dk}^i`$ and a barycenter $`\widehat{\sigma _i}`$ of $`(dk)`$-dimensional simplex $`\sigma _i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik`$. Let us suppose that they are in a generic position meaning that their $`k+1`$ barycenters span an affine $`k`$-dimensional flat $`F`$. We also consider linear mappings $`f_i`$ which map vertices of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ to the vertices and the barycenter of $`\sigma _i,`$ namely $`f_i(e_j^i)=v_j^i,0jdk`$ and $`f_i(e_{dk+1}^i)=\widehat{\sigma _i}`$ for $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},k`$.

The images under the linear mapping $`f_i`$ of two disjoint faces of the simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ are the convex hulls of the corresponding vertices of the simplex $`\sigma _i`$ and its barycenter $`\widehat{\sigma _i}`$. The only nonempty intersection of the convex hulls of two disjoint subsets of $`\{v_0^i,v_1^i,\mathrm{},v_{dk}^i,\widehat{\sigma _i}\}`$ is

$$\text{conv}\{v_0^i,v_1^i,\mathrm{},v_{dk}^i\}\text{conv}\{\widehat{\sigma _i}\}=\{\widehat{\sigma _i}\}.$$

If some affine $`k`$-dimensional plane in $`^d`$ intersects the images of two disjoint faces of some simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$, then this plane contains the barycenter $`\widehat{\sigma _i}`$ or it intersects $`A_i`$ in at least $`1`$-dimensional affine plane. If this plane should intersect the images of two disjoint faces of each simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$, then (because of the generic position of the planes $`A_0,A_1,\mathrm{},A_k`$) it has to contain the barycenters $`\widehat{\sigma _0},\widehat{\sigma _1},\mathrm{},\widehat{\sigma _k}`$ and it is uniquely determined by them. So, the mappings $`f_0,f_1,\mathrm{},f_k`$ induce the section of the considered vector bundle which intersects the diagonal at a single orbit of the action of the group $`G`$, i.e. at the orbit

$$[L,(\frac{e_0^0+\mathrm{}+e_{dk}^0}{dk+1},e_{dk+1}^0,\mathrm{},\frac{e_0^k+\mathrm{}+e_{dk}^k}{dk+1},e_{dk+1}^k)],$$

where $`L=F^{}`$ is the orthogonal complement to the $`k`$-dimensional flat $`F`$ spanned by the points $`\widehat{\sigma _0},\widehat{\sigma _1},\mathrm{},\widehat{\sigma _k}`$.

So, we found a section which intersects the zero section of the considered vector bundle in a single point. Obviously, for small perturbation of the mappings $`f_i`$, the intersection with the zero section will remain a single point, and so the obtained section intersects the zero section transversally. This completes our proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.3

We note that we proved continuous version of the conjecture, and so our theorem 2.2 also generalizes the result of Bajmóczy and Bárány from  in the same way as the result from  generalizes the result of Bárány, Shlosman and Szücs from .

Siniša T. Vrećica

Faculty of Mathematics

University of Belgrade

Studentski trg 16, P.O.B. 550

11000 Belgrade, Serbia

vrecica@matf.bg.ac.yu