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# Progress of the Volume FEL (VFEL) experiments in millimeter range

## 1 Introduction

New advances in different areas require the development of tunable, wide-band, high-power sources of coherent electromagnetic radiation in GigaHertz, TeraHertz and higher frequency ranges. Conventional electron vacuum devices have restricted possibility of frequency tuning (usually it does not exceed 5-10%) for the certain carrier frequency at certain e-beam energy. Volume free electron laser (VFEL) was proposed as a new type of free electron laser. Frequency tuning, possibility of use of wide electron beams (several e-beams) and reduction of threshold current density necessary for start of generation, provided by VFEL, make it a basis for development of more compact, high-power and tunable radiation sources then conventional electron vacuum devices could let.

First lasing of VFEL was reported at FEL 2001 .

## 2 Volume FEL distinctive features

Benefits given by VFEL:

1. Volume FEL provides frequency tuning by rotation of diffraction grating;

2. Use of multi-wave diffraction reduces generation threshold and the size of generation zone. Starting current j depends on interaction length L as : $`j_{start}1/\{(kL)^3(k\chi _\tau L)^{2s}\}`$, $`s`$ is the number of surplus waves appearing due to diffraction (for example, in case of two-wave Bragg diffraction $`s=1`$, for three-wave diffraction $`s=2`$ and so on).

3. Wide electron beams and diffraction gratings of large volumes can be used in VFEL. Two or three-dimensional diffraction gratings allow to distribute interaction over large volume and to overcome power restrictions in resonator. Volume distributed feedback provides mode discrimination in VFEL resonator.

4. VFEL can simultaneously generate radiation at several frequencies that is extremely important, for example, for development of multifrequency radiation source.

## 3 Experimental setup

VFEL operates in wavelength range $``$4 mm at electron beam energy up to 10keV. Such generating device is very interesting for practical use in submillimeter (TeraHertz) range, which is actively employing for medical examination. VFEL resonator is formed by two parallel diffraction gratings with different periods and two smooth sidewalls (see figure in ). The interaction of the exciting diffraction grating with an electron beam arouses Smith-Purcell radiation. The resonant diffraction grating provides distributed feedback of generated radiation with electron beam by Bragg dynamical diffraction. Resonant grating can rotate to change orientation of grating grooves with respect to electron beam velocity that provides tuning of diffraction conditions. 111Undoubtedly, fast frequency modulation of VFEL radiation can be done by rotation of electron beam (for example, by the use of drift in crossed fields) with respect to diffraction grating grooves. Also frequency tuning can be provided by azimuth rotation of annular electron beam in resonator formed by two cylindrical diffraction gratings with helix grooves.

The length of resonator is 100 mm, periods of the exciting diffraction grating and resonant diffraction grating are 0.67 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The ribbon electron beam with profile 10 mm x 1 mm is emitted by thermal cathode, formed in Pierce gun without beam compression and guided through resonator along dffraction gratings. Only electrons passing at the distance $`h\lambda \beta \gamma /(4\pi )`$  near the exciting grating surface interact with electromagnetic wave effectively (i.e. less than 10% of total cross size of electron beam participates in lasing process). To provide the most effective interaction of electron beam with the exciting grating, it is placed in a beam and the value of “grating current” (i.e. part of total electron beam current falling to the grating) is monitored as a touchstone of interaction efficiency and indicator of beam position with respect to grating surface. The following parameters can be monitored during experiment: beam voltage (electron beam energy); total electron beam current (number of emitted electrons per second); ”grating current”; angle between resonant grating grooves and electron beam velocity (angle of grating rotation); distance between gratings (transverse size of resonator); microwave power and frequency. Electrons are emitted in pulsed regime (unipolar pulse with sinusoidal shape and pulse duration 10 ms) in sequence of two or three voltage pulses. Voltage can vary from 0 to 10 kV (hence, electron beam energy is varied from 0 to 10 keV). Different longitudional modes of resonator are excited while electron energy passes through the whole variation interval. Frequency of data reading is determined by the condition that change of electron energy between two consecutive measurements of each monitored parameter should not cause change of generation regime. Estimated admissible change of energy is about $``$1% of rating value. Data reading interval is $`410^5`$ s.

A lot of system parameters can be varied during experiment, so complete investigation of the system requires multiple measurements. Experimental study of frequency tuning and change of radiation intensity at mechanical rotation of resonant diffraction grating (i.e. at variation of the angular orientation of grooves of resonant diffraction grating with respect to electron beam velocity) is presented in this paper.

## 4 Theoretical background

General theoretical statements  should be reminded for better understanding of the below experimental results. Considering processes in resonator one should discern the difference between two cases: (a) presence of resonator sidewalls can be neglected; (b) presence of sidewalls of resonator can not be neglected. For unbounded waveguide (case (a)) two geometries of diffraction are distinguished: those of Bragg and Laue . Laue geometry of diffraction implies that both incident and diffracted waves passes to vacuum through the same boundary of resonator, while at Bragg diffraction incident and diffracted waves passes through the different boundaries. Absolute instability can appear in Bragg geometry and such system works as generator (for backward Bragg diffraction it converts into a well-known backward-wave tube). For Laue case convective instability provides only amplification regime.

Generation process in resonator is described by Maxwell equations, containing the space-periodic permittivity of diffraction grating $`\chi (\stackrel{}{r},\omega )=_{\stackrel{}{\tau }0}\chi _\tau \left(x\right)e^{i\tau _yy}e^{i\tau _zz}`$, where $`\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ is the reciprocal lattice vector of the diffraction grating .

If $`\chi _\tau `$ in the above equations is equal to zero, they describe smooth waveguide, which eigenfunctions $`|\stackrel{}{Y}(x,y)`$ are well known. If presence of waveguide sidewalls can not be neglected, ($`|\stackrel{}{Y}_{nm}(x,y)\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi n}{a}x\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi m}{b}y`$, where $`n`$, $`m`$ are the integer numbers, $`a`$ and $`b`$ are the transversal dimensions of resonator).

Expanding Maxwell equations over eigenfunctions of smooth waveguide $`|\stackrel{}{Y}_{nm}(x,y)`$ one obtains equations equations describing generation in continuous effective grating with periodic permittivity $`\chi _{eff}(z)`$ .

In single-mode approximation the above problem comes to that of generation (amplification) in one-dimensional periodic medium with effective permittivity

$$\chi _{eff}\left(z\right)=\chi ^{nn(mm)}\left(z\right)𝑑x\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{\pi n}{a}x\chi _\tau \left(x\right)𝑑y\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{\pi m}{b}ye^{i\tau _yy}e^{i\tau _zz}$$
(1)
Presence of diffraction grating in waveguide makes nondiagonal matrix elements $`\chi ^{nn^{}(mm^{})}\left(z\right)`$, describing transition between modes, different from zero:

$$\chi ^{nn^{}(mm^{})}\left(z\right)𝑑x\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi n}{a}x\chi _\tau \left(x\right)\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi n^{}}{a}x𝑑y\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi m}{b}ye^{i\tau _yy}e^{i\tau _zz}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi m^{}}{b}y.$$

Presence of sidewalls imparts new feature to diffraction process in resonator, because even in Laue-like case (which corresponds to Laue geometry of diffraction if neglecting the sidewalls) the matrix element $`\chi _{eff}\left(z\right)`$ differs from zero. And, as a result, generation regime can be reached at Laue-like geometry, in contrast with an unbounded waveguide, where Laue geometry provides only amplification regime, while generation is possible at Bragg diffraction.

## 5 Experimental results

General view of microwave signal is presented on Fig.7a. Presence of several microwave peaks is the manifestation of longitudinal cavity modes. Frequency difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ associated with the change $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ of electron energy $`E`$ ($`\nu \sqrt{E(keV)}`$) can be estimated as $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu =\nu _0\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{2E_0}`$. According to measurements $`\nu _054GHz`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }E0,13keV`$ for two next distinguished peaks (Fig.7b.), hence, frequency difference for them can be estimated as $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu 0,57`$ GHz.

Now let us consider behavior of lasing efficiency with grating rotation. Rotation of diffraction grating changes components of reciprocal lattice vector. From (1) it is easy to see that $`\chi _{eff}\left(z\right)`$ decreases with $`\tau _y`$ growth. Change of $`\chi _{eff}\left(z\right)`$ yields change of generation conditions and, in particular, generation threshold. Reduction of $`\chi _{eff}\left(z\right)`$ results in decrease of generation efficiency (Fig.8).

But, interaction efficiency can be increased if recollect that at certain value of current density the intensity is proportional to the term $`e^{\frac{4\pi }{\lambda \beta \gamma }h}`$ where $`h`$ is the distance from electron to the grating, $`\gamma `$ is the Lorentz-factor, $`\lambda `$ is the radiation wavelength, $`\beta =v/c=\sqrt{2E(keV)/511}`$. As a result, energy of electron beam at certain current density should be increased (to increase factor $`e^{\frac{4\pi }{\lambda \beta \gamma }h}`$) to overcome decrease of $`\chi _{eff}`$.

Non-one-dimensional feedback, being used in VFEL, provides tuning of radiation frequency by diffraction grating rotation. Measured frequencies at rotation of resonant diffraction grating for microwave peak, corresponding electron beam energy 2,9 keV are shown in Fig.9. Measured frequency change well accords theoretical predictions

## 6 Conclusion

VFEL generator can be considered as a new type of tunable backward wave tube with variable period (due to gratings rotation) and VFEL amplifier is a new type of tunable travelling wave tube.

Frequency tuning, possibility of use of wide electron beams (several e-beams) and reduction of threshold current density necessary for start of generation, provided by VFEL, make it a basis for development of more compact, high-power and tunable radiation sources then conventional electron vacuum devices could let.

New VFELs with electron beam energy up to 30keV and 500keV have been developing for next set of experiments.


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# Completeness of Coherent States Associated with Self-Similar Potentials and Ramanujan’s Integral Extension of the Beta Function

## I Introduction

Supersymmetric quantum mechanics is the study of pairs of Hamiltonians with identical energy spectra and with eigenstates that are different, but can be transformed into each other . Some, but not all, such pairs of Hamiltonians share an integrability condition called shape-invariance . In Ref.  it was shown that the shape-invariance condition has an underlying algebraic structure and the associated Lie algebras were identified. Utilizing this algebraic structure a general definition of coherent states for shape-invariant potentials were introduced by several authors . These coherent states are eigenstates of the annihilation operator of the shape-invariant system. When the shape-invariant system is taken to be the standard harmonic oscillator, q-analogue harmonic oscillator or $`SU(1,1)`$-covariant system those coherent states reduce to the well-known harmonic oscillator coherent states, q-analogue coherent states or the Barut-Girardello $`SU(1,1)`$ coherent states , respectively.

A decomposition of the identity operator using q-integration is available in the literature . In this paper we use shape-invariant algebraic techniques to obtain a decomposition of the identity as a regular integral over complex variables. It turns out that such an integral is very closely related to an integral evaluated by Ramanujan in studying integral expansion of the beta function.

In the next section we review the relevant formulae for supersymmetric quantum mechanics and the shape-invariance. In Section 3 we introduce generalized coherent states for shape-invariant systems. In section 4 we show that, when the appropriate shape-invariant system is chosen, these reduce to the q-analogue coherent states. The proof of completeness of these coherent states in terms of the Ramanujan’s integral is given in Section 5. Several brief remarks in Section 6 conclude the paper.

## II Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics and Shape-Invariance

In one-dimension supersymmetric quantum mechanics uses the operators

$$\widehat{A}W(x)+\frac{i}{\sqrt{2m}}\widehat{p},$$
(1)
$$\widehat{A}^{}W(x)\frac{i}{\sqrt{2m}}\widehat{p},$$
(2)
to write down the Hamiltonian in the form

$$\widehat{H}E_0=\widehat{A}^{}\widehat{A}.$$
(3)
Here $`E_0`$ is the energy of the ground-state the wave-function of which is annihilated by the operator $`\widehat{A}`$:

$$\widehat{A}\mathrm{\Psi }_0=0.$$
(4)
To illustrate the underlying algebraic structure the shape-invariance condition can be written in terms of the operators defined in Eqs. (1) and (2) as

$$\widehat{A}(a_1)\widehat{A}^{}(a_1)=\widehat{A}^{}(a_2)\widehat{A}(a_2)+R(a_1),$$
(5)
where $`a_{1,2}`$ are a set of parameters. The parameter $`a_2`$ is a function of $`a_1`$ and the remainder $`R(a_1)`$ is independent of $`\widehat{x}`$ and $`\widehat{p}`$. Introducing the similarity transformation that replaces $`a_1`$ with $`a_2`$ in a given operator

$$\widehat{T}(a_1)\widehat{O}(a_1)\widehat{T}^{}(a_1)=\widehat{O}(a_2)$$
(6)
and the operators

$$\widehat{B}_+=\widehat{A}^{}(a_1)\widehat{T}(a_1)$$
(7)
$$\widehat{B}_{}=\widehat{B}_+^{}=\widehat{T}^{}(a_1)\widehat{A}(a_1),$$
(8)
the Hamiltonian takes the form

$$\widehat{H}E_0=\widehat{B}_+\widehat{B}_{}.$$
(9)
Using Eqs. (6) through (8) one can show that the commutation relations

$$[\widehat{B}_{},\widehat{B}_+]=\widehat{T}^{}(a_1)R(a_1)\widehat{T}(a_1)R(a_0),$$
(10)
and

$$[\widehat{B}_+,R(a_0)]=[R(a_1)R(a_0)]\widehat{B}_+,$$
(11)
$$[\widehat{B}_+,\{R(a_1)R(a_0)\}\widehat{B}_+]=\{[R(a_2)R(a_1)][R(a_1)R(a_0)]\}\widehat{B}_+^2,$$
(12)
and the Hermitian conjugates of the relations given in Eq. (11) and Eq. (12) are satisfied . In the most general case the resulting Lie algebra is infinite-dimensional.

One class of shape-invariant potentials are reflectionless potentials with an infinite number of bound states, also called self-similar potentials . Shape-invariance of such potentials were studied in detail in Refs. . For such potentials the parameters are related by a scaling:

$$a_n=q^{n1}a_1.$$
(13)
For the simplest case studied in Ref.  the remainder of Eq. (5) is given by

$$R(a_1)=ca_1,$$
(14)
where $`c`$ is a constant and the operator introduced in Eq. (6) by

$$\widehat{T}(a_1)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{(\mathrm{log}q)a_1\frac{}{a_1}\right\}.$$
(15)
For this shape-invariant potential one can show that the scaled operators

$$\widehat{S}_+=\sqrt{q}\widehat{B}_+R(a_1)^{1/2}$$
(16)
and

$$\widehat{S}_{}=(\widehat{S}_+)^{}=\sqrt{q}R(a_1)^{1/2}\widehat{B}_{},$$
(17)
satisfy the standard $`q`$-deformed oscillator relation :

$$\widehat{S}_{}\widehat{S}_+q\widehat{S}_+\widehat{S}_{}=1.$$
(18)
The Hamiltonian takes the form

$$\widehat{H}E_0=R(a_1)\widehat{S}_+\widehat{S}_{}.$$
(19)
The energy eigenvalues are

$$E_n=R(a_1)\frac{1q^n}{1q},$$
(20)
and the normalized eigenstates are given by

$$n=\sqrt{\frac{(1q)^n}{(q;q)_n}}(\widehat{S}_+)^n0$$
(21)
where the $`q`$-shifted factorial $`(q;q)_n`$ is defined as $`(z;q)_0=1`$ and $`(z;q)_n=_{j=0}^{n1}(1zq^j),`$ $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$.

One should point out q-generalization of not only the standard harmonic oscillator, but also of other exactly solvable problems are available in the literature (see e.g. ). Shape-invariance properties of such generalizations are yet unexplored.

## III Coherent States

Coherent states for shape-invariant potentials were introduced in Refs.  and . Here we follow the notation of Ref. . Using the right inverse of $`\widehat{B}_{}`$

$$\widehat{H}^1\widehat{B}_+=\widehat{B}_{}^1,(\widehat{B}_{}\widehat{B}_{}^1=1)$$
(22)
the coherent state for shape-invariant potentials with an infinite number of energy eigenstates was defined in Ref.  as

$`z_c`$ $`=`$ $`0+z\widehat{B}_{}^10+z^2\widehat{B}_{}^20+\mathrm{}`$ (23)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1z\widehat{B}_{}^1}}0,`$ (24)
where $`0`$ is the ground state of the Hamiltonian in Eq. (9). The coherent state in Eq. (24) is an eigenstate of the operator $`\widehat{B}_{}`$:

$$\widehat{B}_{}z_c=zz_c.$$
(25)
In this paper we use a slightly more general definition of the coherent state. Introducing an arbitrary functional $`f[R(a_1)]`$ of the remainder in Eq. (5), we define the coherent state to be

$$z=\underset{n=0}{\overset{K}{}}\left(zf[R(a_1)]\widehat{B}_{}^1\right)^n0$$
(26)
where the upper limit $`K`$ in the sum, depending on the nature (the number of eigenstates) of the potential, can be either finite or infinite. Note that one can define a new variable $`z^{}=zf(a_1)`$, i.e. this generalization permits $`z`$ to be a function of the variables $`a_1,a_2,a_3,\mathrm{}`$. One can write Eq. (26) explicitly as

$`z`$ $`=`$ $`0+z{\displaystyle \frac{f[R(a_1)]}{\sqrt{R(a_1)}}}1+z^2{\displaystyle \frac{f[R(a_1)]f[R(a_2)]}{\sqrt{R(a_2)[R(a_1)+R(a_2)]}}}2`$ (27)
$`+`$ $`z^3{\displaystyle \frac{f[R(a_1)]f[R(a_2)]f[R(a_3)]}{\sqrt{R(a_3)[R(a_2)+R(a_3)][R(a_3)+R(a_2)+R(a_1)]}}}3+\mathrm{}`$ (28)
where $`n`$ is the $`n`$-th excited state of the system:

$$n=\left[\widehat{H}^{1/2}\widehat{B}_+\right]^n0.$$
(29)
(cf. with Eq. (21).

If the ground state is normalized, i.e. $`00=1`$, then all the excited states given by Eq. (29) are normalized as well. If the number of energy eigenstates are infinite the coherent state defined in Eq. (26) is also an eigenstate of the operator $`\widehat{B}_{}`$:

$$\widehat{B}_{}z=zf[R(a_0)]z.$$
(30)
The additional condition

$$\left[\widehat{B}_{}zf[R(a_0)]\right]\frac{}{z}z=f[R(a_0)]z$$
(31)
is also satisfied.

## IV q-Coherent States for Shape-Invariant systems

We now show that when $`R(a_1)`$ is given by Eq. (14) and is subject to the scaling transformation given in Eq. (13) the coherent state of Eq. (26) reduces to the standard q-coherent states introduced in Refs.  and . In this case Eq. (26) can be written in the form

$$z=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(f[R(a_1)]f[R(a_2)]\mathrm{}f[R(a_n)]\right)\frac{(1q)^{n/2}}{\sqrt{(q;q)_n}}q^{n(n1)/4}\frac{z^n}{\sqrt{\left[R(a_1)\right]^n}}n.$$
(32)
We now choose $`f[R(a_n)]=R(a_n)`$. The coherent state of Eq. (32) takes the form

$$z=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1q)^{n/2}}{\sqrt{(q;q)_n}}q^{n(n1)/4}\sqrt{\left[R(a_1)\right]^n}z^nn.$$
(33)
Using the normalized eigenstates given in Eq. (21), the above equation can be written as

$$z=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1q)^n}{(q;q)_n}q^{n(n1)/4}\left(z\sqrt{\left[R(a_1)\right]}\widehat{S}_+\right)^n0.$$
(34)
Using the q-exponential utilized in Ref.  (see also Refs.  and )

$$E_q^{(\mu )}(x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^{\mu n^2}}{(q;q)_n}x^n,$$
(35)
and the identity $`\sqrt{\left[R(a_1)\right]}\widehat{S}_+=\widehat{B}_+`$, the coherent state can be written as a generalized exponential:

$$z=E_q^{(1/4)}\left(\frac{(1q)}{q^{1/4}}z\widehat{B}_+\right)0.$$
(36)
Finally introducing the variable

$$\zeta =\frac{\sqrt{(1q)}}{\sqrt{q}}\sqrt{R(a_1)}z$$
(37)
the coherent state can also be written as

$$\zeta =\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^{n(n+1)/4}}{\sqrt{(q;q)_n}}\zeta ^nn.$$
(38)
The norm of this state is also given by a generalized exponential:

$$\zeta \zeta =E_q^{(1/2)}\left(q^{1/4}\zeta ^2\right).$$
(39)
Eq. (39) is useful when writing path integrals in coherent-state representation.

## V Completeness of q-coherent States and Ramanujan Integrals

In this section we investigate the completeness relation for q-analogue coherent states given in the previous section. One way to obtain a decomposition of identity using q-analogue coherent states is to use Jackson’s formula for the q-differentiation and q-integration . Such a completeness relation was introduced by the authors of Ref.  (see also Ref.). In the current work we introduce a completeness relation without using q-integration.

Our main result is that the decomposition of identity for the coherent states of Eq. (38) is given by

$$I=\frac{d\zeta d\zeta ^{}}{2\pi i}\frac{1}{(\mathrm{log}q)}\frac{1}{(\zeta ^2;q)_{\mathrm{}}}\zeta \zeta =\widehat{1}$$
(40)
which we prove in this section. (In the above relation $`\widehat{1}`$ is the identity operator in the Hilbert space of the q-analogue harmonic oscillator).

We change of the variables $`\zeta =\sqrt{t}e^{i\theta }`$, using Eq. (38) write the coherent states in terms of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, and perform the $`\theta `$-integration to obtain

$$I=\frac{1}{(\mathrm{log}q)}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^{n(n+1)/2}}{(q;q)_n}nn\times _0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\frac{t^n}{(t;q)_{\mathrm{}}}.$$
(41)
The last integral was evaluated by Ramanujan in an attempt to generalize integral definition of the beta function . (An elementary proof is given by Askey ). It is given by

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\frac{t^n}{(t;q)_{\mathrm{}}}=\frac{(q;q)_n}{q^{n(n+1)/2}}(\mathrm{log}q).$$
(42)
Inserting Eq. (42) into Eq. (41) provides the proof of Eq. (40):

$$I=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}nn=\widehat{1}.$$
(43)
As we mentioned above another decomposition of identity for q-coherent states is given in Ref. . In this reference a q-analogue of the Euler’s formula for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)`$ expressed as a q-integral is utilized instead of the Ramanujan’s integral, Eq. (42). Consequently the authors of Ref.  obtained the resolution of identity for q-analogue harmonic oscillators as a q-integral in contrast to our result, Eq. (43), where this resolution is expressed as an ordinary integral over complex variables.

## VI Conclusions

In this paper we presented an overcompleteness relation for the q-analogue coherent states as a complex integral. In arriving this result we utilized shape-invariant algebraic techniques. Such a result could be very useful in building coherent-state of path integrals  for q-analogue systems. Of course such path integrals can also be defined over q-integrals. However, if one wishes to approximate these path integrals using saddle-point approximations or numerically evaluate them using Monte Carlo techniques ordinary path integrals defined over complex variables present several advantages over the q-integrals. Among these are the presence of a continuous path to find stationary phases and the existence of positive-definite probabilities to do Monte Carlo integration.

Coherent states for the ordinary harmonic oscillator has a dynamical interpretation. If a forced harmonic oscillator in in its ground state for $`t=0`$, it evolves into the harmonic oscillator coherent state. As it was shown in Ref.  the coherent states described here, in general, do not have such a simple dynamical interpretation. However the evolution operator for the q-analogue of the forced harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian

$$\widehat{h}(t)=\widehat{B}_+\widehat{B}_{}+f(t)\left[\mathrm{e}^{iR(a_1)t/\mathrm{}}\widehat{B}_++\widehat{B}_{}\mathrm{e}^{iR(a_1)t/\mathrm{}}\right],$$
(44)
where $`f(t)`$ is an arbitrary function of time, can be written as a path integral where the integration path is given by the time-dependence of the variable $`\zeta `$ of Eq. (40) (cf. Ref.  for the forced harmonic oscillator).

Our decomposition of identity can easily be generalized to multi-dimensional q-oscillators and can be used to study for example the dynamics of $`SL_q(n)`$, which can be constructed from such oscillators using a q-deformed Levi-Civita tensor . (For a review of various applications of quantum groups see e.g. Ref. ). Coherent states for harmonic oscillator representation of orthosymplectic superalgebras along with their overcompleteness relations are given in Refs.  and . (For an application of such representations see Ref. ). Our techniques can be utilized to determine the integration measures for the q-extensions of superalgebras.

Askey reports that Hardy mentions the Ramanujan integral of Eq.(42) to be new and interesting . Askey further remarks that this integral is even more interesting than Hardy seems to have thought it was and points out that it does not seem to have arisen in applications very often. As we demonstrated this integral seems to play a major role in building the Hilbert space for the q-oscillator Hamiltonian.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to R. Askey for enlightening discussions and bringing several references to our attention. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation Grants No. INT-0070889 and PHY-0070161 at the University of Wisconsin, and in part by the University of Wisconsin Research Committee with funds granted by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. M.A.C.R. acknowledges the support of Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Contract No. 98/13722-2). A.N.F.A. and M.A.C.R. acknowledge the support of Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) (Contract No. 910040/99-0). A.N.F.A. and M.A.C.R. thank to the Nuclear Theory Group at University of Wisconsin for their very kind hospitality.


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# Chiral symmetry breaking in (2+1) dimensional QED

## 1 INTRODUCTION

QED in (2+1) dimensions exhibits both dynamical mass generation  and confinement . This makes it an interesting theory to study these nonperturbative phenomena. Furthermore, these phenomena in QED3 are relevant for applications in condensed matter physics, in particular in connection with high-$`T_c`$ superconductivity . Here, we focus on the question of chiral symmetry breaking in QED3.

We use staggered fermions, and perform simulations with explicit dynamical fermions in the chiral limit. Simulations with explicit fermions could improve our understanding of the microscopic behavior of (chiral) fermions in lattice simulations. We apply a recently developed method , called the “zone method”, to reduce the fermion sign problem in our simulation. Preliminary results for the chiral condensate in QED3 are in agreement with other methods.

## 2 QED IN (2+1) DIMENSIONS

QED3 is a superrenormalizable theory, with a dimensionful coupling: $`e^2`$ has dimensions of mass. This dimensionful parameter plays a role similar to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}`$ in QCD. In the chiral limit, it sets the energy scale.

We use 4-component spinors, such that the fermion mass term is even under parity. With one massless fermion, the Hamiltonian exhibits a global $`U(2)`$ “chiral” symmetry. A fermion mass term breaks this symmetry to a $`U(1)\times U(1)`$ symmetry. The question is: is this chiral symmetry broken dynamically? The order parameter for this symmetry breaking is the chiral condensate.

There are extensive studies using the Dyson–Schwinger equations  suggesting that there is dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in QED3 if the number of fermion flavors is smaller than some critical number $`N_c3.3`$. However, the scale of this symmetry breaking (i.e. the magnitude of the condensate) is rather small.

### 2.1 Hamiltonian Lattice Simulations

Following the notation of Ref. , we consider the lattice Hamiltonian in (2+1) dimensions

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{2a}}(W_0+yW_1+y^2W_2),`$ (1)
with

$`W_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}E_l^2\mu {\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{}{r}}{}}(1)^{r_1+r_2}\chi ^{}(\stackrel{}{r})\chi (\stackrel{}{r}),`$ (2)
$`W_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{}{r},j}{}}\eta _j(\stackrel{}{r})\chi ^{}(\stackrel{}{r})U_j(\stackrel{}{r})\chi (\stackrel{}{r}+\widehat{j})+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.,`$ (3)
$`W_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{p}{}}\left(U_p+U_p^{}\right).`$ (4)
where $`\eta _1(\stackrel{}{r})=(1)^{r_2+1}`$, $`\eta _2(\stackrel{}{r})=1`$, $`y=1/g^2`$, and $`U_p`$ is the usual plaquette operator. We use a dimensionless mass parameter $`\mu =2m/e^2`$ and a dimensionless coupling constant $`g^2=e^2a`$ where $`a`$ is the lattice spacing. The continuum limit corresponds to $`y\mathrm{}`$ or $`g^20`$.

We use staggered fermions, corresponding to one 4-component fermion flavor in the continuum limit . For $`\mu =0`$, the lattice breaks the “chiral” $`U(2)`$ symmetry to a discrete symmetry generated by a shift of one lattice spacing. A nonzero mass term breaks this discrete symmetry. To study chiral symmetry breaking on the lattice, we calculate the lattice condensate $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$ in the chiral limit as function of the lattice coupling $`y`$. It is related to the continuum condensate

$`y^2\overline{\psi }\psi ^{\text{lattice}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^4}}\overline{\psi }\psi ^{\text{continuum}},`$ (5)
in the limit $`y\mathrm{}`$.

We use a finite spatial grid, $`N_1\times N_2`$, and calculate observables

$`𝒪`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_{\text{final}}|\mathrm{e}^{\frac{HT}{2}}𝒪\mathrm{e}^{\frac{Ht}{2}}|\mathrm{\Psi }_{\text{initial}}}{\mathrm{\Psi }_{\text{final}}|\mathrm{e}^{Ht}|\mathrm{\Psi }_{\text{initial}}}},`$ (6)
by dividing the Euclidean time variable $`t`$ in $`N_t`$ slices, and inserting a complete set of states between the time slices. We choose a tensor product basis of gauge and fermion states. We use a standard Metropolis algorithm to update the gauge field configurations.

For the fermions we use the worldline formalism , in combination with the loop algorithm  to update the fermion configurations. As initial/final states we choose the strong coupling ($`y0`$) ground state. The initial and final fermion states are identical, up to permutations of fermions. Numerically, these permutations of course give rise to the fermion sign problem. With the worldline formalism we can keep track of the permutations, and we use the newly developed zone method  to reduce the sign problem.

### 2.2 Zone method

The basic idea  is to introduce an $`n_1\times n_2`$ spatial sub-lattice (with $`n_iN_i`$), which we call a zone, for the fermion simulations, see Fig. 1. Next, we allow for permutations of initial and final state fermions inside this zone only.

We do not allow for any configuration with fermion permutations outside the $`n_1\times n_2`$ spatial sub-lattice. Note that at intermediate time slices the fermions are still allowed to wander through the entire $`N_1\times N_2`$ lattice. In order to further reduce the fermion sign problem, we also use a larger value of the coupling $`y^{}`$ and a larger value of the fermion mass $`m^{}`$ when the fermions are outside this zone.

It turns out that observables scale linearly in the zone size, provided that this zone size is larger than the characteristic “fermion wandering length” . For any finite values of the coupling $`y`$ and of the time variable $`t`$, this wandering length is finite, even for massless fermions. Thus one can extrapolate the results from relatively small zones to the entire lattice.

## 3 NUMERICAL RESULTS

There are different ways to define the size of a zone: by number of lattice points or by the number of links inside the zone. For large lattices it does not matter which one one chooses. However, for the relatively small lattices we have used sofar, it turns out that the best way to characterize the zone size is the number of links inside the zone.

In Fig. 2 we show that, within error bars, the chiral condensate indeed behaves linearly in the number of links inside the fermion zone, even for the smallest zones (at least for these parameter values). Thus we can use a linear extrapolation to obtain the lattice condensate for the entire lattice, using three or four different zone sizes.

In Fig. 3 we show our results for a range of values of the coupling $`y`$. These results are obtained on lattices up to $`8\times 8`$ using several different zone sizes and for finite values of $`t`$. The error bars are statistical error bars only. We expect the finite size effects due to the spatial lattice to be smaller than these error bars; however, preliminary results indicate the $`t=\mathrm{}`$ extrapolation could lead to a reduction by about 10%. We are currently working on estimating the finite size effects in more detail .

For $`y<1`$ these results agree quite well with the strong coupling expansion , whereas the strong decrease with increasing $`y`$ for $`1<y<2`$ is in good agreement with Euclidean Monte Carlo simulations . It is unclear yet whether or not the condensate obtained this way is small or exactly zero in the continuum limit, $`y\mathrm{}`$.


text:
# Intelligent Minority Game with genetic-crossover strategies

## Abstract

We develop a game theoretical model of $`N`$ heterogeneous interacting agents called the intelligent minority game. The “intelligent” agents play the basic minority game and depending on their performances, generate new strategies using the one-point genetic crossover mechanism. The performances change dramatically and the game moves rapidly to an efficient state (fluctuations in the number of agents performing a particular action, characterized by $`\sigma ^2`$, reaches a low value). There is no “phase transition” when we vary $`\sigma ^2/N`$ with $`2^M/N`$, where $`M`$ is the “memory” of an agent.

The dynamics of interacting agents competing for scarce resources are believed to underlie the behaviour of complex systems in natural parisi ; huberman ; nowak  and social lux ; arthur  sciences. The agents have to be the best in order to survive– similar to the idea of “survival of the fittest” in biology. In studies of market behaviour, tools of statistical physics have been combined with theories of economics Econophy1 ; Econophy2 ; Econophy3 ; Econophy4 , like game theory, which deals with decision making of a number of rational opponents under conditions of conflict and competition game ; challet1 ; challet2 ; cavagna ; riolo ; lamper .

In this letter, we present a game theoretical model of a large number of heterogeneous interacting agents called the intelligent minority game, based on the minority game challet1 . This provides an alternative to the representative approach of microeconomics, where one has a theory with a single (representative) agent, based on the assumption that all the agents are identical micro . The minority game model consists of agents having a finite number of strategies and finite amount of public information, interacting through a global quantity (whose value is fixed by all the agents) representing a market mechanism. In the original model the agents choose their strategy through a simple adaptive dynamics based on *inductive reasoning* arthur . Here, we introduce the fact that the agents are *intelligent* and in order to be the best or survive in the market, modify their strategies periodically depending on their performances. For modifying the strategies, we choose the mechanism of *one-point genetic crossover*, following the ideas of genetic algorithms in computer science and operations research. In fact, these algorithms were inspired by the processes observed in natural evolution holland ; goldberg ; lawrence  and it turned out that they solve some extremely complicated problems without knowledge of the decoded world. In nature, one-point crossover occurs when two parents exchange parts of their corresponding chromosomes after a selected point, creating offsprings lawrence .

The basic minority game consists of an odd number of agents $`N`$ who can perform only two actions, at a given time $`t`$, and an agent wins the game if it is one of the members of the minority group. The two actions, such as “buying” or “selling” commodities, are denoted here by $`0`$ or $`1`$. Further, it is assumed that all the agents have access to finite amount of public information, which is a common bit-string “memory” of the $`M`$ most recent outcomes. Thus the agents are said to exhibit “bounded rationality” arthur . For example, in case of memory $`M=2`$ there are $`P=2^M=4`$ possible “history” bit strings: $`00`$, $`01`$, $`10`$ and $`11`$. A “strategy” consists of a response, i.e., $`0`$ or $`1`$, to each possible history bit strings; therefore, there are $`G=2^P=2^{2^M}=16`$ possible strategies which constitute the “total strategy space”. In our study, we use the reduced strategy space by picking only the uncorrelated strategies (which have Hamming distance $`d_H=1/2`$) challet3 . At the beginning of the game, each agent randomly picks $`k`$ strategies, and after a game, assigns one “virtual” point to the strategies which would have predicted the correct outcome; the best strategy is the one which has the highest virtual point. The performance of the player is measured by the number of times the player wins, and the strategy, which the player uses to win, gets a “real” point. We also keep a record of the number of agents who have chosen a particular action, say, “selling” denoted by $`1,`$ $`N_1(t)`$ as a function of time. The fluctuations in the behaviour of $`N_1(t)`$ indicate the total utility of the system. For example, we may have a situation where only one player is in the minority and thus wins, and all the other players lose. The other extreme case is when $`(N1)/2`$ players are in the minority and $`(N+1)/2`$ players lose. The total utility of the system is highest for the latter case as the total number of the agents who win is maximum. Therefore, the system is more efficient when there are smaller fluctuations around the mean than when the fluctuations are larger. The fluctuations can be characterized by the variance $`\sigma ^2`$ so that smaller values of $`\sigma ^2`$ would correspond to a more efficient state.

In our model, the players of the basic minority game are assumed to be intelligent and modify their strategies after every time-interval $`\tau `$ depending on their performances. If they find that they are among the fraction $`n`$ (where $`0<n<1`$) of the worst performing players, they modify any two of their strategies chosen randomly from the pool of $`k`$ strategies and use one of the new strategies generated. The mechanism by which they modify their strategies is that of one-point genetic crossover illustrated schematically in Figure 1. The strategies $`s_i`$ and $`s_j`$ act as the parents and by choosing the breaking point in them randomly, and performing one-point genetic crossover, the children $`s_k`$ and $`s_l`$ are produced. We should note that the strategies are changed by the agents themselves and even though the strategy space evolves, it is still of the same size and dimension; thus considerably different from earlier attempts challet1 ; li1 ; li2 .

In Figure 2, the performances of the players in our model are compared with those in the basic minority game. We have scaled the performances of all the players such that the mean is zero for easy comparison of the success of the agents in each case. We find that there are significant differences in the performances of the players. The performance of a player in the basic minority game does not change drastically in the course of the game as shown in Figure 2 (a). However, in our model, the performances of the players may change dramatically even after initial downfalls, and agents often do better after they have produced new strategies with the one-point genetic crossovers, as illustrated in Figure 2 (b).

In order to study the efficiency of the game, we plot the time-variation of $`N_1`$ for the basic minority game in comparison to our model in Figures 3 (a) and (b). Also the histograms of $`N_1`$ for the basic minority game and our model are plotted in Figures 3 (c) and (d). Clearly evident from these figures is the fact that when we allow one-point genetic crossovers in strategies, the system moves toward a more efficient state since the fluctuations in $`N_1`$ decreases and the histogram of $`N_1`$ becomes narrower and sharper. We have also studied the effect of increasing the fraction of players $`n`$ on the distributions of the number of switches and the number of genetic crossovers the players make. The results in Figure 4 illustrate the fact that as $`n`$ increases, more players have to make large number of switches and crossovers in order to be the best.

Furthermore, we calculate the variance $`\sigma ^2`$ of $`N_1`$. The variation of $`\sigma ^2/N`$ against the parameter $`2^M/N`$ for the basic minority game, have been studied in details in refs. challet2 ; challet3 ; li1 ; li2 . We show the variation of $`\sigma ^2/N`$ with the parameter $`2^M/N`$ for $`k=2`$ in Figure 5 (a) for both the games, by varying $`M`$ and $`N`$. Also, we plot the quantity $`\sigma ^2/N`$ against $`M`$ (varied from 2 to 12) for $`N=1001`$ players and different values of $`k`$, in Figure 5 (b). For $`k=2`$, the quantity $`\sigma ^2/N`$ is minimum in the basic minority game when $`2^M/N0.5`$ and there is a “phase transition” at this value challet2 ; challet3 ; li1 ; li2 . As we increase the value of $`k`$ the efficiency decreases and this transition finally smoothens out. However, in the intelligent minority game, we find no such phase transition for any combinations of $`k`$, $`M`$ and $`N`$, we have studied. We found that as the value of $`k`$ is increased, the efficiency decreases, but at a rate much smaller than in the basic minority game. For both games, the values of $`\sigma ^2/N`$ seem to converge towards a common value for large values of $`M`$. If we compare the two games, we find that for large $`k`$ values and moderate values of $`M`$, the differences in $`\sigma ^2/N`$ is very large.

We have observed that in our model, the worst players were often those who switched strategies most frequently while the best players were those who made the least number of switches after finding a good strategy. Further, we found that the players who do not make any genetic crossovers are unable to compete with those who make genetic crossovers, and their performances were found to fluctuate around the zero mean. Moreover, it was found that as the crossover time-interval $`\tau `$ is increased, the time for the system to reach an efficient state is longer Marko .

One advantage of our model is clearly that the dimensionality of the strategy space as well as the number of elements in the strategy space remain the same. It is also appealing that starting from a small number of strategies, many “good” strategies can be generated by the players in the course of the game. Even though the players may not have performed well initially, they often did better when they used new strategies generated by the one-point genetic crossovers. Finally, it should be pointed out that even in the framework of genetic algorithms, there are various ways to generate new strategies. One possibility is that we make a one-point genetic crossover between the two worst strategies and replace the parents by the children. Another possibility is to make “hybridized genetic crossover” where we make a one-point genetic crossover between the two best strategies, replace the worst two strategies with the children and retain the parents as well. We defer these modifications and interesting results for a future communication Marko .

###### Acknowledgements.

This research was partially supported by the Academy of Finland, Research Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, project no. 44897 (Finnish Centre of Excellence Programme 2000-2005).


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# Novel in-gap spin state in Zn-doped La1.85Sr0.15CuO4

## Abstract

Low-energy spin excitations of La1.85Sr0.15Cu1-yZnyO4 were studied by neutron scattering. In $`y=0.004`$, the incommensurate magnetic peaks show a well defined “spin gap” below $`T_\mathrm{c}`$. The magnetic signals at $`\omega =3\mathrm{meV}`$ decrease below $`T_\mathrm{c}=27`$ K for $`y=0.008`$, also suggesting the gap opening. At lower temperatures, however, the signal increases again, implying a novel in-gap spin state. In $`y=0.017`$, the spin gap vanishes and elastic magnetic peaks appear. These results clarify that doped Zn impurities induce the novel in-gap state, which becomes larger and more static with increasing Zn.

It is widely accepted that the antiferromagnetism on a hole-doped CuO2 plane in lamellar copper oxides is relevant to the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ superconductivity. Therefore, a complete description of the interplay between the spin correlations and the dynamics of doped holes is indispensable to clarify the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ mechanism.

The momentum and energy structure of antiferromagnetic (AF) spin correlations on the CuO2 plane in La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO), which is a prototypical high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ superconductor, have been extensively studied by neutron scatteringKastner1998 . The spin excitations of the superconducting LSCO exhibit a quartet of peaks at the incommensurate wave vectors $`Q_\delta =(\frac{1}{2}\pm \delta \frac{1}{2}0),(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}\pm \delta 0)`$ in the high temperature tetragonal (HTT) notationCheong1991  and there exists a linear relation between $`\delta `$ and $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ in the underdoped region ($`x0.15`$)Yamada1998 . Neutron scattering studies have also revealed a well defined gap on spin excitation spectra, often called “spin gap”, in LSCOYamada1995 ; Lake1999 ; Lee2000  and YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO)Mignod1991 ; Sternlieb1993  around the optimally doped concentrations. Although the interrelations between the superconducting gap in the electronic state and the spin gap are not completely understood, the results of the neutron scattering studies indicate a strong relevance of the $`q,\omega `$-dependent spin excitations to the superconductivity and have contributed to the development of theoretical frameworks such as the stripe modelKivelson1998  and the fermiologyYamase2001 . However, the microscopic nature of spin correlations and their contributions to the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ pairing mechanism still remain open questions.

A small amount of doped Zn2+ ions, resulting in the substitution for Cu2+ ions, strongly suppress the superconductivityXiao1990 . In addition, NMR studiesJulien2000 ; Mahajan1994  have revealed that a Zn impurity induces staggered magnetic moments on Cu sites around the impurity, indicating that Zn-doping strengthens AF spin correlations on the CuO2 plane. Neutron scattering studies have also revealed a drastic change in the low-energy spin dynamics: In Zn-free La1.86Sr0.14CuO4, a gap-like nature in the spin excitations has been confirmed below $`T_\mathrm{c}=33`$ KMason1993 , while the low-energy spin excitations still survive even below $`T_\mathrm{c}=19`$ K in La1.86Sr0.14Cu0.988Zn0.012O4Matsuda1993 . Furthermore, the spin correlations become static while the incommensurate wave vector stays at $`Q_\delta `$Hirota1998 . Some recent theories concluded that the local antiferromagnetism is induced around non-magnetic impurities, where the superconductivity is locally suppressedWang2002 ; Zhu2002 . These facts indicate the importance of microscopic coexistence and competition between the superconductivity and the AF order.

A comprehensive neutron scattering study of the AF spin correlations in Zn-doped La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 single crystals was performed to elucidate how the spin-gap state is broken and how the static AF correlations are induced by Zn-doping. To obtain quantitative information about the Zn-doping dependence of spin excitation spectra, it is essential to control the Zn-doping rate accurately. Furthermore, large and spatially homogeneous crystals are required because of the weak magnetic signals. We have overcome such difficulties by combining an improved traveling-solvent-floating-zone (TSFZ) methodLee1998  and a quantitative analysis of Zn impurities using the inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) method. The structural properties (size, shape, mosaicness, etc.) were also unified for all the samples so that the spin excitation spectra can be quantitatively compared among different samples. Systematic studies with changing the Zn-doping rate under unified experimental conditions revealed a novel low-energy spin excitation which is induced within the spin gap state by doped Zn impurities.

Single crystals were grown by the traveling-solvent-floating-zone (TSFZ) method. The studied samples with a volume of 1 cm3 were cut from the single crystal rods and properly annealed to eliminate oxygen deficiencies.

The concentrations of Zn, Sr and Cu ions were precisely determined at several different points of each sample by a state-of-the-art ICP system (Shimadzu ICPS-7500), showing that Sr and Zn ions are doped homogeneously into the crystals. The obtained concentrations are listed in Table 1. $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ was determined from the shielding signal as a function of temperature using a SQUID magnetometer, which is in a good agreement with those of previous studiesXiao1990  for all the samples (See Table 1). The structural phase transition temperature $`T_{\mathrm{d1}}`$ from the high temperature tetragonal (HTT) to low temperature orthorhombic (LTO) phases was determined by neutron diffraction. Note that $`T_{\mathrm{d1}}`$ is quite sensitive to the Sr concentration. The obtained values are identical for all the samples ($`185`$ K) and consistent with that of Zn-free LSCO of $`x=0.15`$Yamada1995 . The results indicate that the Sr concentration is exactly $`x=0.15`$ and that the Zn impurities do not affect the averaged crystal structure.

Neutron scattering experiments were performed on the Tohoku University triple axis spectrometer (TOPAN) installed at JRR-3M in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The initial and final neutron energies were tuned by the Pyrolytic Graphite (PG) monochromator and fixed at 13.5 meV by the PG analyzer. A one-inch-thick PG filter was inserted in the scattered beam to eliminate higher-order contaminations. An additional PG filter was put in the incident beam for studying the elastic peaks. We mounted all the crystals in the ($`hk0`$) zone and defined the reciprocal lattice unit (r.l.u.) in the HTT notation. In the present study, $`q`$-scans were performed around $`\left(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}0\right)`$ at several different transfer energies $`\omega `$. To normalize the data, we have utilized the acoustic phonons measured under the fixed condition because phonon intensity is considered proportional to the effective volume of a sample.

Figures 1(a) and (b) show $`q`$-scan profiles at $`\omega =3`$ meV for $`y=0.004`$ and $`y=0.008`$, taken at 10 – 12 K (open circles) and just above $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ (closed circles). The trajectory of the scan is depicted in the inset of Fig. 1(b). Above $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, the spin excitations have peaks at $`Q_\delta `$ with $`\delta 0.12`$ for both the samples. At 12 K, which is well below $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, the signal vanishes for $`y=0.004`$, implying the opening of the spin gap, while the intensity still remains at $`Q_\delta `$ for $`y=0.008`$. Energy spectra of the $`q`$-integrated dynamical spin susceptibility $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ around 10 K are plotted in Fig. 2(a)–(c) for $`y=0.004`$, 0.008, and 0.017. The open diamonds and the solid lines in the figures denote $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ for Zn-free LSCO at $`x=0.15`$. All the data are corrected with the thermal population factor and normalized by the intensity of acoustic phonon so that we can directly compare the amplitudes of $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ for all the samples. It is remarkable that $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ for all the samples have a maximum and almost identical intensity around $`\omega =8`$ meV while $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ below 8 meV developes with increasing doped Zn. These systematic changes cannot be explained by either the broadening of the gap structure or the reduction of the gap-energy because both the cases should be associated with the variation of $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ near the gap-energy. For example, in the case of the gap-broadening, the spectral weight just below the gap energy should increase while the weight above the gap energy decreases. Therefore, these energy spectra indicate that Zn-doping induces an additional spin excitation in the spin gap below $`\omega 8`$ meV and that, with futher Zn-doping, the novel spin excitation is enhanced and shifts to lower energies, i.e., becomes more static.

The additional spin excitations are also seen in the

temperature dependence of the $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ at $`\omega =3`$ meV ($`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$). The results are summarized in Figs. 3(a)-(c), showing a systematic variation of the spin excitations as a function of Zn-doping. In $`y=0.004`$, $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$ starts decreasing below $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ and goes to zero around 10 K, corresponding to the evolution of spin gap state. The $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$ of $`y=0.008`$ exhibits an interesting temperature dependence: As temperature is reduced, the $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$ once decreases around $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, which suggests the gap opening, but then increases again below $`20`$ K. The low-temperature upturn indicates that the low-energy excitations by Zn-doping is a novel in-gap state, not simply due to a reduction of the gap energy. As shown in Fig. 3(c), $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$ for $`y=0.017`$ is almost temperature independent around $`T_c`$, which is qualitatively consistent with the result of La1.86Sr0.14Cu0.988Zn0.012O4Matsuda1993 , and suggests a complete vanishing of the spin-gap state.

Elastic scattering experiments were performed for $`y=0.008`$ and $`y=0.017`$ to investigate static spin correlations. In $`y=0.008`$, no signal was detected down to $`T=1.5`$ K, while in $`y=0.017`$, sharp elastic peaks were observed below $`20`$ K at the same incommensurate wave vector $`Q_\delta `$ as observed in the inelastic scattering measurements. Figure 4 shows temperature dependence of the elastic peak intensity for $`y=0.017`$. The inset shows the $`q`$-profile at 1.5 K with the 40 K data subtracted as background. An in-plane spin correlation length is estimated at $`80`$ Å, which was obtained from the intrinsic line width of the $`y=0.017`$ peak profile. The results for $`y=0.008`$ and $`y=0.017`$ suggest that the novel spin state in $`y=0.008`$ is purely dynamical and becomes more static with increasing Zn-doping.

The present study has shown that the reduction of $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ and the development of antiferromagnetic correlations are continuously tunable by successively doping Zn impurities, where the superconductivity and AF ground state competitively coexist with each other. Energy dependence of $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ shows that Zn-doping enhances a low-energy spin excitation while no significant variation occurs around the $`\omega =8`$ meV region where the gap starts opening in Zn-free LSCO. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(3\mathrm{meV})`$ for $`y=0.008`$ indicates that with decreasing temperature, the induced spin excitations are followed by an opening of the spin gap. These two facts imply that a Zn-doping yields a novel in-gap spin state instead of the broadening of the gap-edge or the reduction of the gap-energy. In the YBCO system, Zn-doping also induces a low-energy spin excitation which coexists with a gap-like feature, suggesting two kinds of copper sites; one around Zn ions and the other almost Zn-independentSidis1996 . This result is consistent with that of NMR studiesJulien2000 ; Mahajan1994 , showing that the local moments are induced at the copper sites around Zn ions. In $`y=0.008`$, a mean distance between Zn ions ($`R_{\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Zn}}`$) shortened from $`60`$ Å in $`y=0.004`$ to $`42`$ Å (See Table 1). Thus we speculate that the induced local magnetic moments around a doped Zn ion start correlating with those around other Zn ions for $`y=0.008`$, and that the correlations among the moments around different Zn ions become coherent, which gives rise to the novel in-gap spin state at particular $`q`$ positions, i.e., the $`q`$-dependent spin excitations near the zero energy. In $`\mu `$SR studies, Nachumi et al.Nachumi1996  proposed a “swiss cheese” model in which charge carriers in an area of $`\pi \xi _{ab}^2`$ ($`\xi _{ab}18`$ Å) around Zn impurities are excluded from the superconductivity. These results support a picture that the superconductivity is locally destroyed by the induced moments around Zn impurities but still survives. This might give a possible explanation for the microscopic coexistence of the superconductivity and the antiferromagnetism, in the form of an inhomogeneous mixture of these two ground statesWang2002 ; Zhu2002 .

Static spin correlations characterized by the incommensurate elastic magnetic peaks are observed in $`y=0.014`$Hirota1998\_2  and 0.017, where the $`R_{\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Zn}}`$ values are 32 Å and 29 Å, respectively. The in-plane spin correlation lengths for $`y=0.014`$ and 0.017 exceed 80 Å which is much longer than those of $`R_{\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Zn}}`$ and $`\xi _{ab}`$ in the $`\mu `$SR studyNachumi1996 . These facts show that the static correlations originate not from the independent local magnetisms around Zn-impurities but from the long-range AF coherence among the induced moments around different Zn ions. In addition, the elastic magnetic peaks for $`y=0.014`$ and $`y=0.017`$ have the same incommensurate wave vector $`Q_\delta `$ as that of the in-gap spin excitations in $`y=0.008`$. Thus we conclude that the in-gap state continuously connects to an AF ground state with increasing Zn impurities, i.e., with decreasing $`R_{\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Zn}}`$. We note that these results are contrast to the case of LSCO at $`x=0.12`$, where 3 % of Zn-doping not only completely suppresses the superconductivity but also disturbs the long-range AF orderKimura1999 . However, recent $`\mu `$SR studies for LSCO of $`x=0.115`$, which has static spin correlations, showed that with increasing Zn, the spin correlations are primarily enhanced but destroyed by further Zn-dopingWatanabe2002 . In the present case, Zn-free LSCO ($`x=0.15`$) shows the spin gap state, indicating that there is no long-range order as a ground state. Therefore further doping of Zn is required for stabilizing a long range order than that required for $`x0.12`$.

We finally quote the field-induced low-energy spin excitations on La1.837Sr0.163CuO4 found by Lake et al.Lake2001 . They argued that the induced excitations originate from the network among vortex cores in which the spin correlations are antiferromagnetic. These results are relevant to our results and imply that the superconductivity can competitively coexist with an AF ground state which is introduced by the local impurities or vortices.

In conclusion, we have studied low-energy spin correlations in the systematically Zn-doped La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 samples. We found in $`y=0.008`$ that a novel in-gap spin state around 3 meV develops on cooling temperature, which corresponds to the intermediate state between the spin gap and the AF order. The systematic variation from the reduction of the spin-gap state to the emergence of the static spin correlations via the novel in-gap spin state is consistent with a competitively coexistence in the form of an inhomogeneous mixture of superconducting regions and AF regions. The present study shows the importance of underlying AF ground state which is locally substituted for the superconducting state with help of small perturbations.

We thank Y. Endoh, M. Fujita, H. Hiraka, C. H. Lee, M. Matsuda, G. Shirane, J. M. Tranquada, H. Yamase, and K. Yamada, for stimulating discussions. This work was supported in part by aGrant-In-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists (13740198, 2001) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, and by the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation.

###### Acknowledgements.


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# Quantum Lens Spaces and Principal Actions on Graph 𝐶^∗-Algebras

## 0 Introduction

Classical complex projective spaces may be defined as orbit spaces of free actions of the circle group on odd-dimensional spheres. This idea can be extended to the noncommutative world. Namely, the $`C^{}`$-algebras $`C(P_q^{n1})`$ of the quantum complex projective spaces are defined as fixed-point algebras for certain $`𝕋`$-actions on the quantum odd-dimensional spheres $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ . (Note that according to a recent result of Hawkins and Landi , the Vaksman-Soibelman quantum spheres coincide with the ones defined by Reshetikhin, Takhtadzhyan and Faddeev .) Similarly, classical (generalized) lens spaces may be defined as orbit spaces of free actions of finite cyclic groups on odd-dimensional spheres. This construction was extended to noncommutative setting in . Therein, natural $`_p`$-actions on the odd-dimensional quantum spheres are considered whose fixed-point algebras constitute the $`C^{}`$-algebras of continuous functions on the quantum lens spaces. This definition gives rise to algebras which are in general non-isomorphic with the ones constructed earlier by Matsumoto and Tomiyama .

In this note, we show that the above-mentioned actions on noncommutative $`C^{}`$-algebras are principal in the sense of Ellwood . Special cases include the $`𝕋`$-action on $`C(SU_q(2))`$ yielding the standard Podleś sphere $`C(S_{q0}^2)`$ , and the $`_2`$-actions on $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ giving rise to the quantum odd-dimensional real projective spaces $`C(P_q^{2n1})`$ .

In order to smoothly handle $`C^{}`$-algebraic complications we make use of the machinery of Cuntz-Krieger algebras of directed graphs. In fact, even though the $`C^{}`$-algebras under consideration are defined via complicated relations, all of them are isomorphic to certain graph $`C^{}`$-algebras . This makes the determination of their ideal structure and $`K`$-theoretic invariants a matter of routine calculations (cf. ). It also greatly simplifies the proofs of principality of the actions. Indeed, both the $`_p`$-actions giving the $`q`$-lens spaces and the $`𝕋`$-actions giving the quantum complex projective spaces are defined via very simple formulae when transported to the graph algebras. In fact, the latter become nothing else but the canonical gauge actions of the corresponding graph algebras. This last observation motivates our brief discussion of principality of the gauge actions on arbitrary graph algebras.

## 1 Graph $`C^{}`$-algebras

We briefly recall the concept of a graph $`C^{}`$-algebra. (For more details we refer the reader to  and .) Let $`E`$ be a countable graph with the set of vertices $`E^0`$ and the set of directed edges $`E^1`$. (If $`eE^1`$ then $`s(e)`$ is the source of $`e`$ and $`r(e)`$ is its range.) For simplicity sake we assume that every vertex in $`E`$ emits only finitely many edges. Then $`C^{}(E)`$ is defined as the universal $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by partial isometries $`\{S_e|eE^1\}`$ with mutually orthogonal ranges and by projections $`\{P_v|vE^0\}`$ such that

$`S_e^{}S_e`$ $`=`$ $`P_{r(e)}\text{ for each }eE^1,`$ (1)
$`P_v`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s(f)=v}{}}S_fS_f^{}\text{ for each }vE^0\text{ emitting at least one edge.}`$ (2)
These graph algebras generalize and contain as a subclass the classical Cuntz-Krieger algebras .

According to the general Cuntz formula valid for graph algebras (cf. \[14, Theorem 3.2\]), the $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}(E)`$ can be calculated as follows. Let $`E_+^0`$ be the set of those vertices of $`E`$ that emit at least one edge, and let $`E^0`$ and $`E_+^0`$ be the free abelian groups with generators $`E^0`$ and $`E_+^0`$, respectively. Let $`A_E:E_+^0E^0`$ be the map defined by

$$A_E(v)=\left(\underset{s(e)=v}{}r(e)\right)v.$$
(3)
Then

$$K_0(C^{}(E))\mathrm{coker}(A_E),K_1(C^{}(E))\mathrm{ker}(A_E).$$
(4)
For an arbitrary graph $`E`$ it is now also possible to determine the ideal structure of $`C^{}(E)`$ and, in particular, its primitive ideal space .

## 2 Quantum lens spaces

In , Vaksman and Soibelman defined and analyzed $`q`$-analogues of the odd-dimensional spheres, as homogeneous spaces of the quantum special unitary groups of Woronowicz . For $`q(0,1]`$, the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ is therein identified with a universal $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by $`n`$ elements $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$, subject to certain relations. In the classical case $`q=1`$, these generators $`\{z_j\}`$ are the coordinate functions for $`S^{2n1}^n`$. Hence the elements of the $``$-algebra $`\mathrm{Pol}(S_q^{2n1})`$, generated algebraically by $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$, play the role of polynomials on the quantum sphere $`S_q^{2n1}`$. As $`C^{}`$-algebras, $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ are all isomorphic for $`q(0,1)`$. The Vaksman-Soibelman relations make sense for $`q=0`$ as well and lead to an isomorphic $`C^{}`$-algebra.

Imitating the classical construction one can define quantum analogues of (generalized) lens spaces as follows . Choose an integer $`p2`$ and integers $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_n`$ relatively prime to $`p`$. Let $`\theta =e^{2\pi i/p}`$. There exists an order $`p`$ automorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ of $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ determined by

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(z_i):=\theta ^{m_i}z_i.$$
(5)
The $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C(L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n))`$ of continuous functions on the quantum lens space $`L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)`$ is, by definition, the fixed-point algebra for $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$:

$$C(L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)):=C(S_q^{2n1})^{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}.$$
(6)
Thus, if $`p=2`$ (and necessarily $`m_1=\mathrm{}=m_n=1`$ and $`\theta =1`$) then the such defined quantum lens spaces coincide with the quantum real projective spaces studied in . The polynomial algebra on $`L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)`$ is defined as the fixed-point algebra of the restriction of $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ to $`\mathrm{Pol}(S_q^{2n1})`$.

## 3 Relation with graph algebras

The odd-dimensional quantum spheres of Vaksman and Soibelman correspond to graph $`C^{}`$-algebras, as follows. Let $`L_{2n1}`$ be the directed graph with vertices $`\{v_1,\mathrm{},v_n\}`$ and edges $`\{e_{i,j}|i=1,\mathrm{},n,j=i,\mathrm{},n\}`$, with $`s(e_{i,j})=v_i`$ and $`r(e_{i,j})=v_j`$. An explicit (on generators) isomorphism

$$\varphi :C(S_q^{2n1})C^{}(L_{2n1})$$
(7)
is given in \[7, Theorem 4.4\]. Thus $`\mathrm{\Lambda }:=\varphi \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\varphi ^1`$ is an automorphism of $`C^{}(L_{2n1})`$ such that the fixed-point algebra $`C^{}(L_{2n1})^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is isomorphic via $`\varphi `$ to $`C(L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n))`$. This isomorphism allows one to study our quantum lens spaces with the help of the extensively developed machinery of Cuntz-Krieger algebras. In particular, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a quasi-free automorphism of the graph algebra $`C^{}(L_{2n1})`$ determined by

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(S_{e_{i,j}})=\theta ^{m_i}S_{e_{i,j}}.$$
(8)
It turns out (cf. \[8, Theorem 2.5\]) that $`C^{}(L_{2n1})^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (and hence $`C(L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n))`$) is itself isomorphic to a certain graph algebra. Furthermore, the same is true about the crossed product $`C^{}(L_{2n1})_\mathrm{\Lambda }_p`$. Indeed, by virtue of the results of , this crossed product is naturally $``$-isomorphic to the $`C^{}`$-algebra of the skew-product graph $`L_{2n1}\times _c_p`$. Here $`c`$ is a $`_p`$-valued labeling of the edges of $`L_{2n1}`$ such that $`c(e_{i,j})=m_i`$. The corresponding skew-product graph has vertices $`L_{2n1}^0\times _p`$ and edges $`L_{2n1}^1\times _p`$, with $`s(e_{i,j},m)=(v_i,mm_i)`$ and $`r(e_{i,j},m)=(v_j,m)`$. Since the action $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is saturated , the fixed-point algebra and the crossed product are strongly Morita equivalent. Consequently,

$$C(L_q(p;m_1,\mathrm{},m_n))_MC^{}(L_{2n1}\times _c_p).$$
(9)
## 4 Principal actions

As expected, the $`_p`$-action $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ defining our quantum lens spaces has nice properties resembling those of its classical counterpart. In particular, it is principal in the sense of Ellwood . In the present article we only consider actions of compact groups, which are automatically proper. Thus an action of a compact group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝒜`$ is principal in the sense of \[5, Definition 2.4\] if and only if the linear map

$`\mathrm{\Phi }:𝒜_{\mathrm{alg}}𝒜`$ $``$ $`𝒜C(\mathrm{\Gamma }),`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }:xy`$ $``$ $`(xI)\delta (y),`$ (10)
has norm-dense range. Here $`\delta :𝒜𝒜C(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the corresponding coaction.

###### Proposition 1

The action $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ of $`_p`$ on $`C(S_q^{2n1})`$ defined by (5) is principal.

Proof. It sufficies to prove that the action $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ of $`_p`$ on $`C^{}(L_{2n1})`$ defined by (8) is principal. The corresponding coaction $`\delta :C^{}(L_{2n1})C^{}(L_{2n1})C(_p)`$ is given on the generators by

$$\delta (S_{e_{i,j}})=S_{e_{i,j}}\chi ^{m_i},$$
(11)
where $`\chi `$ is the character of $`_p`$ such that $`\chi (d)=\theta ^d`$. Since $`\theta `$ is a $`p^{\mathrm{th}}`$ primitive root of unity, this unitary element $`\chi `$ generates the algebra $`C(_p)`$ of functions on $`_p`$.

For each $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(S_{e_{i,i}}^kS_{e_{i,i}}^k)=(S_{e_{i,i}}^kI)(S_{e_{i,i}}^k\chi ^{km_i})=P_{v_i}\chi ^{km_i}.$$
(12)
Since $`m_i`$ is relatively prime to $`p`$, by assumption, (12) implies that the range of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ contains $`P_{v_i}C(_p)`$. Thus, it also contains $`IC(_p)`$, since in $`C^{}(L_{2n1})`$ we have $`I=_iP_{v_i}`$. Consequently, the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is surjective. $`\mathrm{}`$

If $`m_1=\mathrm{}=m_n=1`$ then the action $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ coincides with the restriction of the gauge action to the group of $`p^{\mathrm{th}}`$ roots of unity. Recall that for an arbitrary graph $`E`$ the gauge action $`\gamma :𝕋\mathrm{Aut}(C^{}(E))`$ is defined by

$$\gamma _t(S_e)=tS_e,\gamma _t(P_v)=P_v,$$
(13)
for all $`eE^1`$, $`vE^0`$ and $`t𝕋`$. The $`𝕋`$-action on $`C(S_q^{2n1})=C^{}(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ such that $`tz_i=tz_i`$ yields the fixed-point algebra $`C(P_q^{n1})`$ . Under the isomorphism $`C(S_q^{2n1})C^{}(L_{2n1})`$ of \[7, Theorem 4.4\] this action is transported into the gauge action $`\gamma `$ on $`C^{}(L_{2n1})`$. This observation motivates our next proposition.

###### Proposition 2

If $`E`$ is a directed graph such that each vertex emits finitely many edges, each vertex emits at least one edge and receives at least one, then the gauge action $`\gamma :𝕋\mathrm{Aut}(C^{}(E))`$ is principal.

Proof. Let $`z`$ denote the canonical generator of $`C(𝕋)`$. Then the coaction $`\delta :C^{}(E)C^{}(E)C(𝕋)`$, corresponding to the gauge action $`\gamma `$, is defined by

$$\delta (S_e)=S_ez,\delta (P_v)=P_vI,$$
(14)
for all $`eE^1`$, $`vE^0`$. Since the powers of $`z`$ span a dense subspace of $`C(𝕋)`$ and finite sums of projections of the form $`P_v`$, $`vE^0`$, give rise to an approximate unit for $`C^{}(E)`$, it sufficies to show that the image of the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ (defined in (10)) contains $`P_vz^k`$ for each $`vE^0`$, $`k`$. To this end, fix a vertex $`v`$ and a positive integer $`k`$. Since each vertex of $`E`$ receives at least one edge it follows that there exists a path $`\alpha =\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k`$, with $`\alpha _iE^1`$, which ends in $`v`$. For $`S_\alpha =S_{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}S_{\alpha _k}`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(S_\alpha ^{}S_\alpha )=(S_\alpha ^{}I)\delta (S_\alpha )=(S_\alpha ^{}I)(S_\alpha z^k)=P_vz^k.$$
(15)
Since each vertex of $`E`$ emits finitely many edges and at least one, an inductive application of (2) yields

$$P_v=\underset{s(\beta )=v,|\beta |=k}{}S_\beta S_\beta ^{}.$$
(16)
The summation in (16) extends over all paths of length $`k`$ in $`E`$ which begin at $`v`$. Thus we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\underset{s(\beta )=v,|\beta |=k}{}S_\beta S_\beta ^{}\right)=\underset{s(\beta )=v,|\beta |=k}{}(S_\beta I)(S_\beta ^{}z^k)=P_vz^k.$$
(17)
Combining (14), (15) and (17) we conclude that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ satisfies the required property. $`\mathrm{}`$

On the other hand, one can show that if $`E`$ contains a vertex which does not emit any edges then the gauge action is not principal.

###### Corollary 3

The $`𝕋`$-action on $`C(S_q^{2n1})=C^{}(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ such that $`tz_i=tz_i`$, whose fixed-point algebra is $`C(P_q^{n1})`$ , is principal.

Proof. Combine Proposition 2 above with \[7, Theorem 4.4 and §4.3\]. $`\mathrm{}`$

In the case $`n=2`$, the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C(S_q^3)C(SU_q(2))`$ is isomorphic to $`C^{}(L_3)`$, corresponding to the following graph (cf. ):

$``$$``$......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................$`L_3`$........................................................................................................................................................
The gauge action $`\gamma `$ on $`C^{}(L_3)`$ is principal, with the fixed-point algebra isomorphic to the minimal unitization of the compacts. Differently interpreted, this setting corresponds on one hand to the quantum bundle $`𝕋S_q^3P_q^1`$ of , and on the other hand to $`𝕋SU_q(2)S_{q0}^2`$ of .

Acknowledgements. I would like to thank Piotr M. Hajac for several very useful conversations on principal actions and other topics. I am grateful to the European Commission for partial support of my travel to Warsaw for this school/conference. It is a pleasure to thank Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Bonn) and the Research Grants Committee (Newcastle) for their financial support. I would also like to thank Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach, where this note was completed during my stay under the Research-in-Pairs programme.