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# What the resonance peak does.

New address: \]Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

## Abstract

High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission with variable excitation energies is used to disentangle bilayer splitting effects and intrinsic (self-energy) effects in the electronic spectral function near the ($`\pi `$,0)-point of differently doped (Pb,Bi)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. In contrast to overdoped samples, where intrinsic effects at the ($`\pi `$,0) point are virtually absent, we find in underdoped samples intrinsic effects in the superconducting-state ($`\pi `$,0) spectra of the antibonding band. This intrinsic effect is present only below the critical temperature and weakens considerably with doping. Our results give strong support for models which involve a strong coupling of electronic excitations with the resonance mode seen in inelastic neutron scattering experiments.

The sharp magnetic resonance peak observed in inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments Rossat ; Tranquada ; Fong ; Dai , is unanimously considered to be one of the most striking features of the high temperature superconducting cuprates which suggests an important role of magnetism in the mechanism of the HTSC Kee ; Abanov . It has been argued Norman ; Abanov  that the emergence of the resonance below the critical temperatures ($`T_c`$) has a strong feedback effect on the electronic properties of the cuprates, leading to the appearance of the peak-dip-hump (PDH) features in the angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) spectra near ($`\pi `$, 0)-points Dessau , kinks in the dispersion along the nodal direction BKJ  and a dip at characteristic energies in the SIS tunneling conductance Zasad  or in the optical conductivity Basov . Such spectroscopic evidence for the sensitivity of the charge dynamics to the spin-excitations below $`T_c`$ strongly supports a model of magnetically-mediated superconductivity based on spin-fluctuation exchange Chubukov . Indeed, there are even proposals which consider the resonance mode as a boson which mediates the pairing itself Carbotte . From another point of view, however, the resonance is only a measure of pairing and phase coherence Dai  and due to its small spectral weight is not able to be the ”glue” in any conventional pairing theory Abanov . In extreme case the resonance is argued not even beeing able to account for the anomalies observed in ARPES and optical absorption data Kee .

To complicate matters further, recent ARPES data appear to weight in on both sides of the debate. On the one hand, it has been shown that for overdoped HTSC the famous PDH line shape of the superconducting-state ($`\pi `$, 0) ARPES spectrum cannot be taken as a signature of the coupling to the resonant mode, but is rather due to the superposition of two bilayer-split bonding and antibonding bands KordPRL . On the other hand, the renormalisation of the electronic dispersion near the ”antinodal” points of the normal state Fermi surface (located some $`18\%`$ of the ($`\pi `$, 0)-($`\pi `$, $`\pi `$) distance away from the ($`\pi `$, 0)-point) in the superconducting state in overdoped samples has been suggested to be a sign of strong coupling of the electronic system to the magnetic resonance mode Gromko1 ; Gromko2 . The former observation does not contradict the latter Eschrig\_Norman  since at the ($`\pi `$, 0)-point in the overdoped case the antibonding band is too close to the Fermi level to be strongly influenced by the mode. Such situation naturally focuses one’s attention on the underdoped compounds where the saddle point of the antibonding band is known to be at higher binding energies Kord\_gap . Considering that it is the ($`\pi `$, 0)-point where the electron density of states is maximal and equivalent points are separated by a ($`\pi `$, $`\pi `$)-vector, the coupling to the magnetic resonance mode is expected to be the strongest there and it is imperative that feedback effects on the spectral function of underdoped systems are examined in detail in this region. If a similar picture regarding the origin of the PDH line shape of the ($`\pi `$, 0)-spectrum as in overdoped compounds is observed in underdoped compounds, then the concept of spin-mediated pairing looses one of its strongest supporting arguments coming from the experiment.

In this Letter we show that the situation in the underdoped regime is different. While spectra using low (19–22.4 eV) photon energies are complicated by a superposition of bilayer splitting effects and possible intrinsic effects, the spectra with virtually no contribution from the bonding band (e.g. $`h\nu `$ = 29 or 50 eV), i.e. representing purely antibonding component, demonstrate a clear evidence for an intrinsic anomaly which cannot be accounted for by a simple spectral function but could be well explained by taking into account self energy effects originating from the coupling of electrons to a sharp collective mode. Furthermore, extracted from our experimental data characteristics of the mode, such as its momentum, temperature and doping dependencies as well as energy match the characteristics of the resonance peak observed in INS.

The ARPES experiments were carried out using radiation from U125/1-PGM beam line and angle-multiplexing photoemission spectrometer (SCIENTA SES100) at BESSY synchrotron radiation facility. The total energy resolution ranged from 8 meV (FWHM) at $`h\nu =`$ 17–25 eV to 22.5 meV at $`h\nu =`$ 65 eV. Data were collected on under- ($`T_c`$=77K) and overdoped ($`T_c`$=69K) single crystals of Pb-Bi2212 Footnote\_PbDoping . All ($`\pi `$,0) energy distribution curves (EDCs), unless other is specified in the text, were measured at a temperature of 30K - deep in the superconducting state.

We begin with presenting ($`\pi `$, 0)-spectra measured using different excitation energies in Fig. 1(a). At first glance, a comparison of these experimental data with analogous data from overdoped Pb-Bi2212 in Ref.KordPRL,  immediately suggests a similar scenario - the PDH line shape is strongly excitation energy dependent and therefore cannot be considered as originating from a single spectral function. One easily notes the varying relative intensity of the low-energy (peak) and the high-energy (hump) features which could be naturally assumed to be the consequence of the different emission probability (matrix elements) from the separate bands. Moreover, the excitation energy dependence of the relative intensity qualitatively agrees with the one observed in the overdoped regime, as one can intuitively expect for the split pair of bands of the same atomic character.

However, a closer inspection of Fig. 1(a) reveals that there is an important and noticeable difference with respect to the data from overdoped crystals KordPRL . While the overdoped datasets were characterised by the fact that a significant number of spectra exhibited no dip in the lineshape at all, such smooth, ’dip-less’ spectra are remarkable by their absence in the underdoped data. Every spectrum in Fig. 1(a) possesses either a dip or a plateau feature (e.g. $`h\nu =`$29 eV and $`h\nu =`$50 eV spectra) which separates the high and low energy parts of the spectral profile. We now move beyond this qualitative description by fitting the ($`\pi `$, 0)-spectra with three features (plus a background), as was done for the overdoped case KordPRL ; gap . In Fig. 1(c) we plot the photon energy dependence of the intensity prefactors of each of the three components of the fit, $`M_a`$, $`M_b`$ and $`M_c`$, together with data from overdoped Pb-Bi2212 \[Ref. KordPRL, \] in Fig. 1(b).

There is a global agreement between the behavior of the matrix elements of the ’hump’ and ’peak’ in the underdoped and overdoped samples. This immediately indicates that all arguments issued in Ref. KordPRL,  regarding the assignment of these features to the bonding and antibonding bands in overdoped regime are fully applicable here: on the ”large scale” PDH line shape is due to the superposition of these two components. What is really different between Figs. 1(b) and 1(c) is the behavior of the third feature of the fit (Mc). While in the upper panel Mc is relatively small and its energy dependence barely tracks that of either of the other two features, in the lower panel we see the striking similarity between $`M_a`$ and $`M_c`$, i.e. between the peak and the third feature. Such a close similarity implies that these two features are components of the same, single spectral feature which possesses a more complex lineshape. Moreover, it is easy to see from the Fig. 1(c) that considering the third feature and the peak as constituents of the antibonding spectral function one gains better quantitative agreement between their total spectral weight and the spectral weight of the antibonding band in the overdoped case (see Fig. 1(b)).

Given such detailed photon energy dependent data, an attractive possibility now is to try and identify conditions for which the emission from one of the bilayer split bands is negligibly weak, thus offering access to the intrinsic line shape of the other band (plus background). As can be seen from Fig. 1, the matrix element from the bonding band has a local minimum for both doping levels at h$`\nu `$=29 eV and 50 eV. Keeping in mind that the bonding band lies much deeper in energy (260 meV) than the antibonding band, this effect is further multiplied by the strong broadening induced by the (frequency-dependent) self-energy. Thus, for 29 and 50 eV photon energies, the contribution of the bonding band to the ($`\pi `$,0) spectral line shape is vanishingly small. We replot the relevant spectra from the UD77K sample in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) and compare them with the h$`\nu `$ =50 eV OD76K spectrum in Fig. 2(c). The difference between the spectra from the two doping regimes is subtle yet very clear: both EDCs from the underdoped system possess plateau or dip-like features, whereas the overdoped sample evidently exhibits a single component lineshape. We stress that as the effects of the bilayer splitting have been effectively excluded for these conditions, the lineshape seen in Figs. 2(a) and (b) is an intrinsic property of the spectral function of the antibonding CuO band. Single spectral function peak-dip-hump lineshapes are generally discussed in terms of coupling between the electrons and a collective mode Norman ; Abanov ; Schrieffer ; Scalapino , whereby anomalies are expected in the electronic spectrum at energies where the probability for boson-mediated scattering of the electrons is maximal. In general, the mode energy can be read off from the energetic separation between the peak and ’dip’ (or plateau) in the ARPES lineshape Campuzano . In this case the mode energy is between 38-40 meV and thus, bearing in mind the k-space location involved ($`\pi `$,0), one naturally begins to suspect the sharp resonance observed in INS as the role of the mediator of the scattering Norman .

Returning to Fig. 2(a-c), it would, of course, be tempting to conclude that the EDCs imply a strong doping dependence of the mode or of the coupling strength. However, as mentioned before, energetic locations of the bonding and antibonding bands change with doping. This brings with it the consequence that the antibonding band is simply too close to the Fermi level to be strongly influenced Gromko2 , implying in turn that the mode itself is sharply localised in energy. In order to be able to analyse the feedback effects as a function of doping we include into the consideration the bonding band. We show in Fig. 2 (d)-(l) energy distribution maps (EDMs) taken along ($`\pi `$, $`\pi `$) – ($`\pi `$, 0) – ($`\pi `$,-$`\pi `$) cuts in the Brillouin zone. It is convenient to refer to Fig. 1(b,c) when trying to identify the spectral features on the presented EDMs. As discussed above (see Fig. 1(b,c)), for h$`\nu `$=50-55 eV (right-hand column in Fig. 2) the data reflect predominantly the behavior of the antibonding band. For the other photon energies, the relative contribution from the bonding band can be much larger, which is particularly the case for h$`\nu `$=38 eV photons (center column of Fig. 2).

The collection of EDMs shown in Fig. 2 is an important and completely new set of ARPES data as they cover the ($`\pi `$,0) region of both the overdoped and underdoped regimes for photon energies which differingly select the two bilayer-split bands. First, we mention that for the overdoped regime, the bilayer split bands are clearly visible in panels (d) and (e) giving rise to the ’large scale’ ($`\pi `$,0) PDH. On going to the underdoped crystals, a qualitatively different picture emerges. The data from the superconducting state (middle row) appear to look very puzzling, with hardly any sign of the individual bilayer split bands, but rather a weakly dispersing, sharp feature located at $``$ 20-30 meV followed by an interval between 60 and 70 meV in which the spectral weight is strongly suppressed. Data collected above $`T_c`$ (bottom row) substantially clarify the situation: the picture is now remarkably similar to that of the overdoped case, with the two bilayer-split components being clearly seen to vary in relative intensity as the excitation energy changes, with the bonding band decreasing in strength on going from panel (k) to (j) to (l).

So now we return to the question: what happens to the electronic bands in the underdoped sample below $`T_c`$? Closer inspection of the low temperature EDMs reveals that considerable depletion of the spectral weight occurs for both the bonding and antibonding bands. What is also different from the overdoped case is that the two bands merge into one sharp and dispersionless feature above the energy of the ’dip’ and are no longer distinguishable. We attribute such a difference in behaviour to the larger value of the gap and apparent stronger renormalization of the bonding band in the underdoped regime, both of which hamper the visual resolution of the bilayer splitting in this region of k-space. Changes in the dispersion of the bonding band have been observed before in overdoped samples Gromko1 ; kink , but this is the first time the wholesale ’wipe-out’ of spectral weight at energies some 30-40 meV below the peak feature near ($`\pi `$,0) has been shown in underdoped HTSC. Essentially this dramatic difference in the spectra corresponding to the bonding band argues for a strong doping dependence of the feeback effects caused by the bosonic mode and thus for the anomalous enhancement of the coupling strength upon underdoping.

The next step, then, is to determine whether the observed anomaly is linked to being in the superconducting state. To this end, we consider two cases in detail. Firstly, we show in the left panel of Fig. 3 the temperature dependence of the ($`\pi `$,0) spectrum from an underdoped sample recorded using the photon energy at which intrinsic feature is seen. The dip (plateau) disappears approximately at $`T_c`$, which confirms its intimate relation with superconductivity. The right panel of the same figure shows the temperature dependence of the ’classic’ PDH from the overdoped sample recorded using traditional h$`\nu `$ =21 eV. Upon overdoping, the PDH lineshape persists well above the $`T_c`$, which is fully consistent with both other experiments Gromko2 ; Yusof  and our interpretative framework in which the overdoped PDH is caused by a superposition of the bonding and antibonding bands KordPRL .

Taking the ARPES data presented here in its entirety, we can now make a detailed inventary of the properties of the bosonic mode causing feedback effects in the electronic states. The ’fingerprints’ of the mode are: its energy is about 38-40 meV; it only causes strong self-energy effects in the superconducting state; the mode coupling is maximal around ($`\pi `$,0) in momentum space and, finally, its influence is strongly doping dependent, being greatly enhanced in the underdoped regime. Considering the profile of the bosonic mode summarised in the preceeding, it is clear that it has to be identified with the sharp magnetic resonance mode observed in inelastic neutron scattering experiments, thus re-establishing the earlier arguments Norman ; Abanov ; Chubukov  and rebutting recent doubts Kee  in this regard.

In conclusion, we have presented a high resolution ARPES study of the interplay between bilayer splitting and intrinsic self energy effects near ($`\pi `$,0) in underdoped bilayer cuprate superconductors. The self energy effects are consistent with the interaction of electronic excitations with a sharp bosonic mode. By utilising a wide range of excitation energies, we are able to efficiently decouple the complicating effects of the bilayer splitting, thus enabling the identification of the key characteristics of the mode to which the electronic states most intimitely involved with high Tc superconductivity couple. The boson mode - which makes itself felt via a wipe-out of spectral weight giving rise to an intrinsic peak-dip-hump EDC lineshape - couples in significantly only below Tc and does so much more strongly in the underdoped than in the overdoped regime. Furthermore, its location in energy (ca 38-40 meV) and k-space (at and near to \[$`\pi `$,0\]), taken together with the doping and temperature dependence unambiguously identify the boson as the magnetic resonance mode seen in inelastic neutron scattering.

We acknowledge stimulating discussions with Ilya Eremin, Dirk Manske and technical support from R. Hübel. HB is grateful to the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique and MSG to FOM for support.


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# Driven Dynamics: A Probable Photodriven Frenkel-Kontorova Model

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Discussions with all members of the Center for Nonlinear Studies at HKBU are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by grants from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) and the Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Grant (FRG). J.Y.Z was also supported from the National Basic Research Project “Nonlinear Science”, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10075025.

Caption of figures

Fig.1: Velocity of the centre of mass $`v_c`$ of chain as a function of time $`t`$. For different parameters, the system turns quickly into a steady-going locked state ((a)-(c)) or a steady-going running state ((d),(e)) passing through a transitory relaxation.

Fig.2: Average velocity of the centre of mass $`<v_c>`$ of chain as a function of the amplitude $`b`$.

Fig.3: Average velocity of the centre of mass $`<v_c>`$ of chain as a function of the driving frequency $`\omega `$.

Fig.4: Average velocity of the centre of mass $`<v_c>`$ of chain as a function of $`\lambda _2/\lambda _1`$ that denotes the ratio of the optical wavelength to the period of the substrate potential. (Although the relation $`N/M=\lambda _2/\lambda _1`$ is not satisfied everywhere, the result is still credible with the large system size of $`N=1000`$.)

Fig.5: Dynamical phase diagram in the ($`\omega ,\lambda _2/\lambda _1`$) plane for the photo-driven one-dimensional FK model. Here parameters are fixed at $`b=0.3,`$ $`\eta =0.1`$ and $`k=1,`$ respectively. And the particle-number $`N`$ is chosen in $`450550`$ to ensure that $`M`$ waves ($`M`$ is an integer, $`N`$ and $`M`$ satisfy the relation: $`N/M=\lambda _2/\lambda _1`$) can be inserted into the commensurate background structure of $`N`$-particle system from first to last.


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# New Ground State of Relaxor Ferroelectric Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3

## I Introduction

Relaxor ferroelectric materials with extremely high piezoelectric responses are of great interest to both the scientific and industrial communities Park and Shrout (1997). Among those the lead perovskite system (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-xPT) has been studied extensively, due to its extraordinary piezoelectric properties near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) Kuwata et al. (1982, 1981); Cox et al. (2001); La-Orauttapong et al. (2002); Uesu et al. (2002) (see Inset of Fig. 1). For PZN-xPT, the piezoelectric response reaches maximum at $`x=8\%`$, which is located on the rhombohedral (R) side of the MPB Park and Shrout (1997). As shown in Fig. 1, the pure PZN system has been reported to undergo a cubic (C) to rhombohedral (R) phase transition at $`T_C=410`$ K Kuwata et al. (1981). In the lower portion of Fig. 1, a schematic of the rhombohedral angle $`\alpha `$ vs temperature is shown Lebon et al. (2002).

The properties of relaxor ferroelectrics have been most commonly described in terms of the formation of polar nanoregions (PNR) Smolensky (1970); Cross (1987). It was found that in relaxor ferroelectric systems, PNR start to form at the Burns temperature Burns and Dacol (1983) and persist below $`T_C`$. Neutron diffuse scattering measurements La-Orauttapong et al. (2001); Hirota et al. (2002) have provided direct evidence on the existence of PNR. In pure PZN, diffuse scattering intensity due to local atomic shifts starts to appear at 450 K and keeps growing when the temperature reaches below $`T_C=410`$La-Orauttapong et al. (2001) (see Fig. 1 for a schematic of the neutron diffuse scattering intensity vs temperature). It was widely accepted that these PNR create random fields under zero external fields and form ferroelectric micro crystals (MC), which leads to local rhombohedral symmetry.

The structures of PZN-xPT single crystals have been studied before, but only with electric field pre-poled crystals. Measurements with electric field along the crystallographic (111) direction Forrester et al. (2001) confirm a rhombohedral phase at room temperature in the pre-poled system. Nevertheless, no structural study of unpoled PZN single crystals has been reported in the last twenty years to our knowledge. Only until recently, Lebon et al. studied the single crystal of unpoled PZN using x-ray diffraction Lebon et al. (2002) with Cu Kβ x-ray (8.9 keV), and observed the rhombohedral splitting for temperature below $`T_C`$ as previously believed.

Recently, Ohwada et al. performed neutron diffraction measurements on the $`x=8\%`$ PZN-xPT system Ohwada et al. (2002) in order to study phase transitions in the system with both field-cooling (FC) and zero-field-cooling (ZFC). Surprisingly, they did not obtain the rohombohedral (R) phase during the zero-field cooling process, but discovered a new, unidentified phase (X). This new phase differs from the rhombohedral phase by having nearly cubic lattice with a slightly different $`c`$axis. It is therefore interesting to further investigate the ground state of unpoled PZN single crystal at room temperature to obtain the real crystal structure.

In our preliminary measurements with 32 keV x-rays on unpole PZN single crystals, rhombohedral splittings similar to that obtained in Lebon’s paper was also observed for peak (111) at room temperature. However, the bulk property probed by high energy x-ray (67 keV) at room temperature show a very different structure which is not the widely believed rhombohedral phase. Instead, the new ground state is an unidentified phase, which has a nearly cubic lattice with small tetragonal distortions, and closely resembles phase X found in the $`x=8\%`$ system. We believe that measurements performed at lower x-ray energies only show the properties of the system near its surface. We will discuss this surface phase shortly below, but the main purpose of this paper is to describe the new phase X discovered in the bulk of the crystal.

## II Experiment

Single crystals of PZN were grown by spontaneous nucleation from high temperature solution using PbO as flux, as described in Ref. Zhang et al., 2000. Two crystal plates of triangular shape (with 3 mm edges and 1 mm thick) were cut with large surfaces parallel to (111) cubic plane from one and the same as-grown bulk crystal. The (111) cubic faces of both samples were mirror polished using a series of diamond pastes down to 3 mm. The (111) cubic faces of one sample were sputtered with gold layers. Two gold wires were attached to one corner as electrodes using silver paste. It was then heated to about 200 C (above TC), poled by applying an electric field of 20 kV/cm and cooled down to room temperature with the field kept on. The other sample was not poled or thermally treated, therefore a larger mechanical strain may remain in the crystal.

Previous experiments by Noheda et al. Noheda et al. (2002a, 2001) show that x-ray diffraction results on PZN-xPT single crystals have a strong dependence on the surface structures. It is therefore important to use a high energy x-ray beam preferable in transmission (Laue) mode in order to probe the bulk property of the crystal. Our primary measurements were performed using 67 keV x-rays at X17B1 beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The beamline is equipped with a super-conducting wiggler source (4.2 Tesla) providing a synchrotron x-ray beam with a critical energy of 22 keV. A monochromatic x-ray beam of 67 keV, with an energy-resolution of 10-4 ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$E/E), was produced by a sagittal-focusing double-crystal monochromator using silicon  reflection with both crystals in asymmetric Laue mode Zhong et al. (2001). The energy of the incident beam was calibrated by 4-$`\theta `$ method using a strain-free float-zone silicon crystal. A perfect-crystal silicon analyzer was used with the symmetric Laue reflection . The focused beam on the sample was 0.5 mm by 0.5 mm, with a horizontal and vertical divergence of 50 and 10 micro-radians, respectively. The diffraction plane for the sample and analyzer was in the vertical plane. For comparison, as discussed later, we also performed x-ray diffraction measurements on beam line X-22A at the NSLS with lower incident photon energies (32 keV and 10.7 keV).

## III Skin Effect

In Fig. 2 we show longitudinal scans along the pseudocubic (111) direction of the unpoled PZN single crystal with different x-ray energies. The instrument resolution curves measured using the (111) reflection of a perfect Ge crystal are plotted as dashed lines in the figure. The x-ray penetration length and lattice parameters extracted from the data are listed in Table 1.

For x-ray energy of 10.7 keV, the scan shows a broad peak along (111) direction. This can be a result of a collection of micro crystal domains contributing to the total diffraction intensity. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the broad peak is $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }=0.0084`$ Å-1, corresponding to an the average size of the micro crystal domains of $`L=0.94\pi /\mathrm{\Gamma }700`$ Å Warren (1990). When probed with 32 keV x-rays, the pseudocubic (111) reflection splits into two peaks. Both peaks have widths slightly larger than the resolution width. If this splitting is related to a rhombohedral distortion, and the two peaks are indeed the (111) and ($`\overline{1}`$11) reflections from different domains, the rhombohedral angle $`\alpha `$ can be determined from the positions of the two peaks (Table 1). The result ($`\alpha =89.916^{}`$) is in agreement with previous measurements (Fig. 1). Yet the scan with 67 keV shows only one sharp, resolution-limited peak at (111). No rhombohedral splitting was observed. Also line broadening due to finite (micro) crystal size effect diminishes at 67 keV.

Lattice parameters of the different phases, marked as X, Y, and Z in Fig. 2, can be determined by assuming cubic lattice for phase X and Z, and rhombohedral lattice for phase Y (Table 1). The inconsistency between data sets taken at different x-ray energies indicates that the skin effect plays an important role in our measurements. Our diffraction measurements with lower energy x-rays were all performed in a reflection mode, because the low energy x-rays were not able to penetrate the 1-mm thick sample; but with 67 keV x-rays, all the measurements were taken in the transmission mode where the x-ray beams were going through the bulk of the sample. At 67 keV, the x-ray penetration length is an order of magnitude larger than that at 10.7 and 32 keV, and is therefore probing more deeply into the bulk of the crystal. Among the different phases observed, the Y and Z phases are more surface structure related. They have distinct features due to inhomogeneities and the microscopic strain caused by boundary conditions near the crystal surface. The X phase, on the other hand, describes the bulk structure of the system at room temperature.

## IV Bulk Properties - Phase X

67 keV x-ray diffraction results from the poled PZN single crystal are shown in the top panel of Fig. 3. Mesh scans in reciprocal space around the pseudocubic (111) and ($`\overline{1}`$11) reflections were performed, by doing a series of $`\theta `$ scans at a set of $`2\theta `$ values around the pseudocubic {111} reflections. As expected for a rhombohedral structure, (111) and ($`\overline{1}`$11) reflections occur at different 2$`\theta `$s, i.e. $`d_{111}`$ and $`d_{\overline{1}11}`$ are different due to the rhombohedral distortion. Based on the positions of (111) and ($`\overline{1}`$11) reflections, the rhombohedral lattice parameters can be obtained: $`a=4.0608`$ Å, and $`\alpha =89.935^{}`$. Weak (111) peak is likely due to a small part of the skin which is not fully poled. The position of the weak peak in the (111) mesh does not match exactly with that of the ($`\overline{1}`$11) peak shown in the other mesh scan. Based on this splitting in the (111) scan, one can extract a different set of rhombohedral lattice parameters: $`a=4.0551`$ Å, and $`\alpha =89.901^{}`$. The likely cause of this discrepancy is the skin effect of imperfect poling near the crystal surface.

Results from the unpoled PZN single crystal are, however, entirely different. In the lower panel of Fig. 3, we show four mesh scans at the pseudocubic (111),($`\overline{1}`$11),($`\overline{1}\overline{1}`$1), and ($`\overline{1}1\overline{1}`$) reflections for the unpoled PZN single crystal, using high energy (67 keV) x-rays. The peak intensities, positions and widths are almost identical in all four scans. The lack of diffraction geometry dependence confirms that it is the bulk structure, instead of the surface states, that was being probed with the 67 keV x-ray beams. Analysis of the data show that all four {111} reflections have similar d-spacings within $`0.05\%`$ (Table 2). The four {111} mesh scans provide the key evidence that the structure of the unpoled PZN single crystal is not rhombohedral as previously believed. To further identify this phase, we performed similar mesh scans at the pseudocubic (100), (010), and (001) reflections. Our results (Table 2) show that the $`c`$-axis is about $`0.1\%`$ longer than the $`a`$\- and $`b`$-axes. However, we did not observe any peak splitting at the {100} reflections corresponding to the tetragonal distortion. This suggests a tetragonal (T) type distortion but the true symmetry can only be determined by detailed measurements and analysis of Bragg peak intensities. The small tetragonal distortion may be due to the remaining mechanical stress caused by polishing of the sample. In this paper we refer to this new unidentified phase of PZN as phase X.

Our results suggest that the ground state of PZN, namely the phase X, be nearly cubic with a slight tetragonal distortion of 1.001, characterized by its lattice constants shown in Table 2. However, the true symmetry of this phase is not fully known yet. For this purpose, it is essential to study the changes of Bragg intensities through $`T_C`$ of 410 K. It is known that the (200) peak shows a large increase through $`T_C`$, and it is interpreted as the reduction of extinction effect by the formation of micro ferroelectric state below $`T_C`$. This is consistent with the large mosaic observed (see Inset of Fig. 2) in our measurements despite of the sharp longitudinal width. We plan to carry out more detailed studies on Bragg line widths, intensities, as well as lattice constants on the unpoled PZN crystal at temperatures through $`T_C`$.

## V Discussion

The big puzzle at present is why such a sharp Bragg profile is observed below $`T_C`$ where it has already been demonstrated that a large volume of the crystal is occupied by the PNR as indicated by the increasing diffuse intensities through $`T_C`$ (see Inset of Fig. 1). We can visualize a scenario describing our results: as shown in Fig 1, polar nano regions exist in the crystal with spontaneous polarizations below $`T_C`$, but they are incapable of merging and forming ferroelectric micro crystals (MC) with rhombohedral symmetry as previously expected; and the whole system still retain in average a nearly cubic lattice. The average nearly cubic lattice gives strong and sharp Bragg peaks at the pseudocubic reflections. When an electric field is applied to the crystal during the cooling process, the PNR align with the external field, thus making the overall system symmetry rhombohedral instead. The important question in this scenario is what is preventing the PNR from forming ferroelectric micro crystals. Recently Hirota et al. Hirota et al. (2002) demonstrated that a uniform displacement of the PNR along their polar direction relative to the surrounding unpolarized cubic matrix is required. This phase shifted condense mode properly reconciles the neutron diffuse scattering intensities as well as the soft TO phonon intensities in another prototypical lead perovskite relaxor system Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) Ye (1998). We believe that this uniform phase shift may be playing a key role in answering the previously raised question. When the PNR are shifted with respect to their surrounding environments, the lattice distortion could cause a higher energy barrier for the PNR to reorient, therefore “freezing” the PNR at their local polarizations; and makes it harder for them to merge into larger polar crystals which eventually lead to a long range ferroelectric phase below $`T_C`$.

It is also important to realize that in the other relaxor system PMN, similar behavior has been observed below $`T_C`$. It was also found that with zero electric field cooling, PMN undergoes a transition into a random-bond-driven glassy state instead of a ferroelectric state Bobnar et al. (2000). This system has been intensively investigated in recent years Naberezhnov et al. (1999); Vakhrushev et al. (1989), and a more detailed description on this compound can be found in the review article by Ye Ye (1998). Until recently the accepted picture was that PMN remain cubic through its apparent $`T_C`$ of 220 K. The recent neutron scattering paper by Wakimoto et al. Wakimoto et al. (2002) has changed the picture. The soft mode energy square increases linearly with temperature below $`T_C`$, as expected for ordered ferroelectric phase. Our discovery of phase X in PZN hints that the “cubic” phase of PMN below $`T_C`$ might be the phase X. Further experiments are needed to confirm this speculation as well as the phase X in the rhombohedral region of PMN-xPT Noheda et al. (2002b).

## VI Conclusions

In summary, we have performed detailed high energy x-ray diffraction measurements on single crystals of the relaxor ferroelectric PZN. A new phase (X) was discovered at room temperature having nearly cubic lattice with a slight tetragonal distortion. At temperature below $`T_C`$, the system does not transform into a long range ferroelectric phase. Instead, the system is best described by a collection of local polar nanoregions embedded in an overall nearly cubic lattice. The PNR do not merge into large polar domains with long range ferroelectric order. The discovery of phase X in both pure PZN and $`8\%`$ PZN-PT Ohwada et al. (2002) indicates that the ground state of the previously believed rhombohedral (R) side of the MPB need to be modified. We also believe that a similar phase exists in the other prototypical lead perovskite relaxor ferroelectric PMN as well. This disordered ground state would change the whole picture of the phase diagram of the relaxor system, and provide new exciting challenges for future theoretical and experimental work. In addition, our preliminary studies on the skin effect of the crystal show very interesting results. Different profiles (Y and Z) have been observed from the surface of the crystal under different conditions. These surface states are very important but not fully understood yet. Further studies are being carried out to better identify these surface states and their origins.

## VII Acknowledgments

We would like to thank W. Chen, D. Cox, J. Hill, K. Hirota, B. Noheda, B. Ocko, K. Ohwada, and R. Werner for stimulating discussions. Financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886, U.S. Office of Naval Research Grant No. N00014-99-1-0738, and the Natural Science and Research Council of Canada (NSERC) is also gratefully acknowledged.


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# ADP-02-85/T524 FLIC-Overlap Fermions and Topology

## 1 SPECTRAL FLOW

Overlap fermions  are a realisation of chiral symmetry on the lattice. Given some reasonable Hermitian-Dirac operator $`H`$, we can deform $`H`$ into a chiral action through the overlap formalism,

$$D_o=\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\gamma _5ϵ(H)\right),ϵ(H)=\frac{H}{\sqrt{H^2}},$$
(1)
and $`H`$ will be referred to as the overlap kernel.

Examinations of the spectral flow of the overlap kernel can shed considerable light on the nature of the associated overlap operator. Consider for example the spectral flow of Figure 1 for overlap fermions based on the standard Wilson kernel, reproduced from Ref. . As the regulator-mass parameter of the Wilson kernel is varied over the doubler-free region ($`0<m<2`$ at tree level) zero crossings occur, signaling the point at which the associated overlap operator becomes sensitive to the topology giving rise to the zero mode. The sign of the slope of the kernel flow at the zero crossing indicates the sign of the topological charge giving rise to the zero mode. As such the flow should only cross zero once.

The position of the zero crossing reflects the size of the underlying topological object . Smaller objects give rise to zero crossings at larger regulator mass $`m`$.

## 2 SPURIOUS DOUBLE CROSSINGS

In our examinations of the spectral flow of the standard Wilson kernel  and the correlation of the eigenmodes with their underlying topological gauge field structures, we encountered a few configurations in which the spectral flow of a single mode would cross zero twice in the doubler free region. Figure 2 illustrates the low-lying eigenmode spectrum for two configurations which display a double crossing in one of the modes. The relation between the hopping parameter $`\kappa `$ and the regulator mass of Fig. 1 is $`\kappa =1/(2m+8r)`$ such that the tree-level doubler-free region is $`1/8<\kappa <1/4`$ for $`r=1`$. The $`SU(3)`$ gauge-field configurations are generated on a $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice with a mean-field improved plaquette plus rectangle action at $`\beta =4.60`$ providing a lattice spacing of 0.122(2) fm. Modes are tracked in the spectral flow by examining their position in space-time. Modes belonging to the same underlying topological structure are plotted with a common symbol in the spectral flow plots. Our experience is that about one in five configurations displays such a double crossing.

Figure 3 displays the spectral flow for the same configurations but this time evaluated with the Fat-Link Irrelevant Clover (FLIC)-fermion kernel  constructed with four-sweep APE-smeared fat links with a smearing fraction  of $`\alpha =0.7`$. FLIC fermions provide an effective alternative to the Wilson kernel as they have an improved condition number which gives rise to a factor of two reduction in compute time. Here the double crossing is removed for one configuration but survives for the other.

The plaquette-based clover estimate of the lattice field-strength tensor $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ is known to be rather poor. The associated topological charge typically differs from integer values by 10%, even on very smooth configurations . Since the irrelevant operators of FLIC fermions are constructed from APE-smeared links, one may use highly-improved $`𝒪(a^4)`$-improved definitions of the lattice field strength tensor ; $`𝒪(g^2a^2)`$ errors are removed in the APE-smearing process. Figure 4 illustrates the spectral flow obtained from FLIC fermions incorporating a three-loop $`𝒪(a^4)`$-improved definition of the lattice field strength tensor . The spurious double crossings are eliminated. It is perhaps interesting to note that the double-crossings can be eliminated with the Wilson kernel provided the irrelevant Wilson term is constructed with fat links. However, a factor of two speedup is not realized for the fat-Wilson kernel.

## 3 CONCLUSION

We have been successful in creating spectral flows with a spurious double crossing  by cooling t’Hooft-ansatz instantons on the lattice until their topological charge is reduced to 0.4. This suggests to us that the observed double crossings seen with the standard Wilson kernel are simply lattice artifacts associated with dislocations. The fact that the zero crossings always occur at very large values of the regulator parameter further confirms that these double crossings are spurious lattice artifacts due to physics at the scale of the lattice spacing and should be removed. The three-loop improved FLIC fermion kernel achieves this goal.


text:
# QCD effects to Bjorken unpolarized sum rule for 𝜈𝑁 deep-inelastic scattering

## References


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The simplest instances of the phenomenon of optical activity, or gyrotropy, are (i) the Faraday rotation, i.e., the rotation of the polarization plane for a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in a medium, and (ii) birefringence, for left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves . Optical activity appears in materials which show linear spatial dispersion of light, as in the case of some crystals . Indeed, of the 32 symmetry classes of crystals only 15 admit optical activity, and have been studied theoretically and experimentally . Phenomenological models of optical activity - are of great importance in applications to optics .

Following Landau and Lifshitz , the gravitational field in vacuum can be considered as a specific sort of medium. An example of this, and as first shown by Drummond and Hathrell , vacuum interacting with curvature produces birefringence for an electromagnetic wave propagating in a curved spacetime. A glamourous consequence, is the gravitational rainbow considered by Lafrance and Myers . Other effects related to quantum electrodynamics in background fields (either gravitational or electromagnetic) show that the propagation of light depends on various factors, such as, photon polarization, photon frequency (temporal dispersion), direction of propagation, and spacetime location -. As has been accepted recently (see, e.g.  and references therein), the one-loop gravitationally corrected Maxwell equations appear to be mathematically equivalent to the classical electrodynamic equations for the model of a linear, anisotropic, nonhomogeneous media. In this context the influence of the curvature on the electromagnetic waves has been described in terms of spacetime dependent electric and magnetic permeability tensors (see  and -).

In this paper, we focus on the phenomenon of optical activity induced by the curvature of spacetime. First, our description of optical activity is phenomenological. The interaction constants, i.e., the gyration parameters, considered in our model are not derived from quantum electrodynamics. Nevertheless, the approach is motivated by the same principles, related to quantum corrections to Maxwell equations in a curved background -. The modeling of optical activity is of interest not only from a microscopic point of view, but also as a phenomenological set up . Second, we choose a pp-wave as the background spacetime. It is a background well suited for our purposes, since it is an exact solution of Einstein field equations and has an explicit time dependence. It has attracted much attention in the recent literature in connection to the fact that it is the Penrose limit of any spacetime . The main goal of the paper is to present an exact solvable model describing the optical activity induced by curvature, along the line of papers -. The results show that the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the background curvature (a pp-wave here) produces a Faraday rotation of the polarization vector, as in the classical theory of optical activity. The rotation frequency happens to be a function of the electromagnetic wave frequency and the Riemann tensor.

## 2 Two-parameter model of optical activity

### 2.1 The three-dimensional classical prototype

Maxwell equations in a dielectric medium with vanishing current of free charges are

$$\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{D}=0,\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{B}=0,\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E}=\frac{\stackrel{}{B}}{ct},\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{H}=\frac{\stackrel{}{D}}{ct}.$$
(1)
These equations include as usual the three-vectors $`\stackrel{}{D}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ (the electric and magnetic induction vectors, respectively), as well as the three-vectors $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{H}`$ (the electric and magnetic fields, respectively). $`\stackrel{}{}`$ is the standard three-dimensional differential vector operator. In the framework of linear electrodynamics, Landau and Lifshitz  connect the $`\stackrel{}{D}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ three-vectors as follows,

$$D^a=\epsilon ^{ab}E_b+\gamma ^{abc}_bE_c,$$
(2)
where $`\epsilon ^{ab}`$ is the electric permeability tensor, $`\gamma ^{abc}`$ is the optical activity tensor of rank three (it describes the gyration properties of the material), and $`_b`$ denotes partial derivative. In this subsection latin indices $`a,b,c`$ are Euclidean indices running from 1 to 3. When the medium is isotropic or has cubic symmetry, the $`\gamma ^{abc}`$ tensor reduces to a pseudo-scalar $`f`$

$$\gamma ^{abc}=\frac{c}{\omega }fe^{abc},$$
(3)
where $`\omega `$ is a constant with units of frequency, and $`e^{abc}`$ is the three-dimensional totally skew Levi-Civita symbol . The pseudo-scalar $`f`$ is the gyration parameter (it has no units). Thus, for the case of isotropic medium the relation (2) has the three-vector form

$$\stackrel{}{D}=\epsilon \stackrel{}{E}+\frac{cf}{\omega }\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E},$$
(4)
where the standard definition of the vector product $`\left[\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E}\right]^ae^{abc}_bE_c`$ has been used, as well as the representation of the electric permeability tensor $`\epsilon _{ab}=\epsilon \delta _{ab}`$, which is valid for the isotropic case. $`\delta _{ab}`$ is a Kronecker delta with Euclidean indices.

When one puts the standard condition $`B^a=\mu ^{ab}H_b`$, where $`\mu ^{ab}`$ is the magnetic permeability, one obtains the so-called non-symmetric Landau-Lifshitz’s model for optical activity (see, e.g. ). More generally, one can represent the dependence of $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ in $`\stackrel{}{H}`$ by the equation, (see, e.g. )

$$B^a=\mu ^{ab}H_b+\overline{\gamma }^{abc}_bH_c,$$
(5)
where the tensor $`\overline{\gamma }^{abc}`$ describes the magnetic aspects of the optical activity. Analogously to the relation (4), in an isotropic medium one obtains

$$\stackrel{}{B}=\mu \stackrel{}{H}+\frac{c\overline{f}}{\omega }\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{H},$$
(6)
where $`\mu `$ is the magnetic permeability of the isotropic medium and $`\overline{f}`$ is a new parameter, playing the same role for the magnetic field as $`f`$ plays for the electric one. Finally, using the simplest model for the description of the properties of optically active media (see, e.g. ), one can replace $`\epsilon `$ and $`\mu `$ by their values in vacuum ($`\epsilon =1`$ and $`\mu =1`$). Introducing two new gyration parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$, defined by $`a\frac{cf}{\omega }`$ and $`b\frac{c\overline{f}}{\omega }`$, we obtain the three-dimensional form of the two-parameter model describing the optical activity,

$$\stackrel{}{D}=\stackrel{}{E}+a\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E},\stackrel{}{B}=\stackrel{}{H}b\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{H}.$$
(7)
It will be better, for what follows, when we discuss the covariant generalization of equations (7), to have $`\stackrel{}{H}`$ as a function of $`\stackrel{}{B}`$. Thus, inverting the second equation in (7) and keeping only up to first order terms in $`b`$ one obtains

$$\stackrel{}{D}=\stackrel{}{E}+a\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E},\stackrel{}{H}=\stackrel{}{B}+b\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{B}.$$
(8)
This two-parameter set of equations has three important one-parameter special cases. For $`a=b`$ one obtains a model showing optical activity, which is fully integrable in the covariant analysis in a gravitational pp-wave background, (see section 3.3.1). For $`b=0`$ and $`a=b`$ one obtains models not fully integrable but which can be dealt in the short wavelength approximation. The $`b=0`$ model is called the Landau-Lifshitz model (see equation (2) and paragraph before equation (5), see also the first part of section 3.3.2). The $`a=b`$ model, or Fedorov model, is very special indeed, since the constitutive relations preserve the duality invariance between $`(\stackrel{}{E},\stackrel{}{H})`$ and $`(\stackrel{}{D},\stackrel{}{B})`$ already present in the Maxwell equations in the non-conducting and non-charged media when one also includes magnetic monopole source terms  (see the second part of section 3.3.2).

### 2.2 Covariant representation of the three-dimensional classical prototype in Minkowski spacetime

If we want to have a covariant model of optical activity we should rely on the covariant equations of electrodynamics of continuous media ,

$$_kH^{ik}=0,$$
(9)
$$_kF^{ik}=0,$$
(10)
where $`_k`$ is the covariant derivative, $`H^{ik}`$ is the electric-magnetic induction tensor, and $`F^{ik}`$ is the tensor dual to the Maxwell tensor $`F_{mn}`$, i.e.,

$$F^{ik}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{g}}ϵ^{ikls}F_{ls}.$$
(11)
Here, $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}ϵ^{ikls}`$ is the four-dimensional Levi-Civita tensor and $`ϵ^{ikls}`$ is the completely anti-symmetric four-dimensional symbol with $`ϵ^{0123}=ϵ_{0123}=1`$. Latin indices $`i,j,k,\mathrm{}`$ run from 0 to 3.

The constitutive equations, connecting the induction tensor $`H^{ik}`$ with the Maxwell tensor $`F_{mn}`$ can be written in the following form

$$H^{ik}=C^{ikmn}F_{mn}+_s(D^{iksmn}F_{mn}),$$
(12)
where the so-called material tensor $`C^{ikmn}`$ describes the properties of the linear response (it includes the electric and magnetic permeabilities, as well as the magneto-electric coefficients), and the $`D^{iksmn}`$ tensor includes the coefficients of the linear dispersion. These tensors have similar symmetry properties with respect to indices transposition, namely,

$$C^{ikmn}=C^{kimn}=C^{iknm}=C^{mnik},$$
(13)
$$D^{iksmn}=D^{kismn}=D^{iksnm}.$$
(14)
Nevertheless, the $`D^{iksmn}`$ tensor is not in general symmetric with respect to the transposition of the pairs $`(ik)`$ and $`(mn)`$. The last term on the right hand side of equation (12) is a covariant generalization of the three-dimensional constitutive equations (2) and (5).

In order to construct explicitly the tensor $`D^{iksmn}`$ for the two-parameter model of the optical activity we recall, first, that the electric induction, magnetic field, electric field and magnetic induction four-vectors are covariantly defined as

$$D^i=H^{ik}U_k,H^i=H^{ik}U_k,E^i=F^{ik}U_k,B^i=F^{ik}U_k,$$
(15)
respectively. These vectors are spacelike and orthogonal to the velocity four-vector $`U^i`$,

$$D^iU_i=0=E^iU_i,H^iU_i=0=B^iU_i.$$
(16)
For $`U^i`$ timelike and normalized to unity, one can represent the Maxwell tensor in the form

$$F_{mn}=\delta _{mn}^{pq}E_pU_qϵ_{mnls}\sqrt{g}B^lU^s=E_mU_nE_nU_m\eta _{mnl}B^l,$$
(17)
where $`\delta _{mn}^{ik}`$ is the generalized 4-indices Kronecker delta, and $`\eta _{mnl}`$ is an anti-symmetric tensor orthogonal to $`U^i`$ defined as

$$\eta _{mnl}\sqrt{g}ϵ_{mnls}U^s,\eta ^{ikl}\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}ϵ^{ikls}U_s.$$
(18)
The tensor $`\eta _{mnl}`$ is a covariant generalization of three dimensional Levi-Civita symbol $`e^{abc}`$. The identity

$$\frac{1}{2}\eta ^{ikl}\eta _{klm}=\delta _{ms}^{ij}U_jU^s$$
(19)
will be important in what follows.

Analogously to the $`F_{mn}`$ decomposition (17) one can represent the induction tensor $`H_{ik}`$ in the form

$$H_{ik}=\delta _{ik}^{pq}D_pU_qϵ_{ikls}\sqrt{g}H^lU^s=D_iU_kD_kU_i\eta _{ikl}H^l.$$
(20)
Taking into account the following covariant form of the relations (8)

$$D^i=E^i+a\eta ^{iml}_mE_l,H^i=B^i+b\eta ^{iml}_mB_l,$$
(21)
as well as using the definitions (15), we obtain from (17) and (20) the covariant constitutive equations for the two-parameter model

$$H^{ik}=F^{ik}+\frac{1}{2}\delta _{pq}^{ik}_s\left\{\frac{ϵ^{qjmn}}{\sqrt{g}}U_jF_{mn}\left[aU^pU^s+b\mathrm{\Delta }^{ps}\right]\right\}.$$
(22)
Comparing (12) and (22) one sees that the $`D^{iksmn}`$ tensor takes the explicit form

$$D^{iksmn}=\frac{1}{2}\delta _{pq}^{ik}\left\{\frac{ϵ^{qjmn}}{\sqrt{g}}U_j\left[aU^pU^s+b\mathrm{\Delta }^{ps}\right]\right\}.$$
(23)
Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{ps}g^{ps}U^pU^s`$ is a projector.

## 3 Curvature generalization of the two-parameter model of optical activity

### 3.1 Generalization of the model

The curvature generalization of the model of optical activity can be obtained by replacing in the relation (22) the Levi-Civita tensor $`ϵ^{qjmn}/\sqrt{g}`$ by the dual Riemann tensor

$$R^{qjmn}\frac{1}{2}R_{ls}^{qj}\frac{ϵ^{lsmn}}{\sqrt{g}}.$$
(24)
This replacement can be motivated as follows. Hehl and Obukhov  state that a good linear ansatz for the constitutive relation between the induction tensor $`H_{ij}`$ and the Maxwell tensor $`F_{kl}`$ is

$$H_{ij}=F_{ij}+\sqrt{g}ϵ_{ijmn}\chi ^{mnkl}F_{kl},$$
(25)
where $`\chi ^{mnkl}`$ is a constitutive tensor with the same symmetries as the Riemann tensor. Now, the work of Drummond and Hathrell , on the corrections to quantum electrodynamics induced by curvature, tells us that a natural candidate to $`\chi ^{mnkl}`$ is precisely the Riemann tensor $`R^{mnkl}`$. Thus we can replace one for the other in (25) and obtain

$$H_{ij}=F_{ij}+\chi R_{ij}^{kl}F_{kl},$$
(26)
where $`\chi `$ is some phenomenological coefficient. Let us summarize the following ideas discussed above: (i) the idea that the one-loop gravitationally corrected Maxwell equations are mathematically equivalent to the classical electrodynamic equations in the presence of a linear, anisotropic, non-homogeneous media, is a generally accepted idea; (ii) the phenomenological approach to the modifications of Maxwell equations plays an important auxiliary role in an analysis of the effects induced by curvature; (iii) when the spacetime curvature influences the photons as a sort of anisotropic, non-homogeneous, non-stationary medium, one can expect that there exist the analogues of the corresponding phenomena in classical electrodynamics, indeed, the optical activity, as a well-known effect of linear dispersion, has to be considered among them; (iv) formally, the models describing the effects induced by curvature can be formulated by the following way: the tensor coefficients from the classical constitutive equations have to be replaced by the tensor coefficients containing the Riemann tensor.

Following this line, we can take the covariant constitutive equations (22), describing the classical optical activity, and replace $`ϵ^{qjmn}/\sqrt{g}`$ by the dual Riemann tensor $`R^{qjmn}`$. This procedure yields

$$H^{ik}=F^{ik}+\frac{1}{2}\delta _{pq}^{ik}_s\left\{R^{qjmn}U_jF_{mn}\left[\overline{a}U^pU^s+\overline{b}\mathrm{\Delta }^{ps}\right]\right\},$$
(27)
where now the gyration parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$ have been replaced by new phenomenological curvature gyration parameters $`\overline{a}`$ and $`\overline{b}`$, respectively. The units of $`\overline{a}`$ and $`\overline{b}`$ are $`a\mathrm{length}^2`$ and $`b\mathrm{length}^2`$. To simplify the notation we drop the bars from now on on $`a`$ and $`b`$. Now the Maxwell equation (9) takes the form

$$_kF^{ik}+\frac{1}{2}\delta _{pq}^{ik}_k_s\left\{R^{qjmn}U_jF_{mn}\left[aU^pU^s+b\mathrm{\Delta }^{ps}\right]\right\}=0.$$
(28)
As usually, we represent the Maxwell tensor $`F_{ik}`$ by

$$F_{ik}=_iA_k_kA_i,$$
(29)
where $`A_i`$ is the four-vector potential. With this definition equation (10) is trivially satisfied.

### 3.2 Equations for optical activity induced by a gravitational pp-wave

The previous sections contain the description of the model for an arbitrary spacetime metric. It is of interest to study this model in a particular background. The pp-wave solution is a background well suited for our purposes, and incidentally has attracted much attention in the literature, notably in the gravitational fields generated within string theory, due to the fact that it is the Penrose limit of any spacetime . The pp-wave, a gravitational wave, is an exact solution of General Relativity and has an explicit time dependence. The pp-wave is described by the metric

$$ds^2=2dudvL^2\left[e^{2\beta }(dx^2)^2+e^{2\beta }(dx^3)^2\right],$$
(30)
where

$$u=\frac{ctx^1}{\sqrt{2}},v=\frac{ct+x^1}{\sqrt{2}},$$
(31)
are the retarded and the advanced time, respectively. The functions $`L`$ and $`\beta `$ depend on $`u`$ only, and are coupled by the equation

$$L^{^{\prime \prime }}+L(\beta ^{^{}})^2=0.$$
(32)
A prime denotes generically the derivative of the function with respect to its own argument, in particular here the derivatives of $`L(u)`$ and $`\beta (u)`$ with respect to the retarded time $`u`$. One can assume $`\beta (u)`$ as an arbitrary function of $`u`$ and then solve for $`L`$. The curvature tensor has two non-zero components

$$R_{u2u}^2=R_{u3u}^3=L^2\left[L^2\beta ^{^{}}\right]^{^{}}.$$
(33)
As for the dual Riemann tensor, it has also two nonvanishing components

$$R_{2u3u}^{}=R_{3u2u}^{}=L^2R_{u3u}^3.$$
(34)
The Ricci tensor $`R_{ik}`$ and the curvature scalar $`R`$ are equal to zero.

For a medium (or an observer) at rest in the chosen frame of reference one has

$$U^i=(\delta _u^i+\delta _v^i)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}.$$
(35)
Calculating the components of the induction tensor $`H_{ik}`$ (27) one obtains

$$H_{uv}=F_{uv},$$
(36)
$`H_{v\sigma }=F_{v\sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{a+b}{2\sqrt{2}}}_v\left(R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{ab}{2\sqrt{2}}}\left[_u\left(R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\right)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\lambda u}^\lambda R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\sigma u}^\gamma R_{\gamma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \lambda }F_{\lambda v}\right],`$ (37)
$`H_{u\sigma }=F_{u\sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{a+b}{2\sqrt{2}}}_u\left(R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{ab}{2\sqrt{2}}}\left[_v\left(R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\right)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\lambda u}^\lambda R_{\sigma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \gamma }F_{\gamma v}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\sigma u}^\gamma R_{\gamma u\rho u}^{}g^{\rho \lambda }F_{\lambda v}\right],`$ (38)
$$H_{23}=F_{23}+\frac{b}{2\sqrt{2}}g^{\gamma \rho }\left[R_{3u\gamma u}^{}_2F_{\rho v}R_{2u\gamma u}^{}_3F_{\rho v}\right],$$
(39)
where Greek indices take the values $`2`$ and $`3`$ only, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{kl}^i`$ are the Christoffel symbols. These $`H_{ik}`$ satisfy the following equations (see (9) for the metric (30))

$$_vH_{vu}+g^{\gamma \sigma }_\gamma H_{v\sigma }=0,$$
(40)
$$\frac{1}{L^2}_u\left(L^2H_{uv}\right)+g^{\gamma \sigma }_\gamma H_{u\sigma }=0,$$
(41)
$$\frac{1}{L^2}_u\left(L^2g^{\alpha \beta }H_{\beta v}\right)+g^{\alpha \beta }_vH_{\beta u}+g^{\alpha \beta }g^{\gamma \sigma }_\gamma H_{\beta \sigma }=0.$$
(42)
Let us focus now on specific exact solutions of the Maxwell equations given by (36)-(42).

### 3.3 Solutions to the modified Maxwell equations

Consider electromagnetic waves traveling along the $`x^1`$ axis. For such a case the general solution of the electromagnetic potential $`A_i`$ can be written as

$$A_2=A_2(u,v),A_3=A_3(u,v),A_u=0,A_v=0.$$
(43)
This means that the non-zero components of the Maxwell tensor are,

$$F_{u\alpha }=_uA_\alpha ,F_{v\alpha }=_vA_\alpha .$$
(44)
For this case the equations (40), (41) become trivial. Introducing the new functions $`M_2(u,v)`$ and $`M_3(u,v)`$ by

$$A_2=e^\beta M_2(u,v),A_2=e^\beta M_3(u,v),$$
(45)
and after some manipulations, one can reduce the two components in (42) to the two following coupled equations

$`_u_v\left[M_2+{\displaystyle \frac{a+b}{2\sqrt{2}}}_v\left(R_{u3u}^3M_3\right)\right]+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ab}{4\sqrt{2}}}\left[\left(_u^2+_v^2\right)+\left({\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}\beta ^{}\right)\left(_u+_v\right)\left((\beta ^{})^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}\right)^2+\beta ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}\right)\right]_v\left(R_{u3u}^3M_3\right)=0,`$ (46)
$`_u_v\left[M_3+{\displaystyle \frac{a+b}{2\sqrt{2}}}_v\left(R_{u3u}^3M_2\right)\right]+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ab}{4\sqrt{2}}}\left[\left(_u^2+_v^2\right)+\left({\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}+\beta ^{}\right)\left(_u+_v\right)\left((\beta ^{})^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}\right)^2\beta ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{L^{}}{L}}\right)\right]_v\left(R_{u3u}^3M_2\right)=0.`$ (47)
Note that the equation (47) can be obtained from (46) by interchanging the indices 2 and 3, as well as $`\beta `$ with $`\beta `$.

Now, a simple model is obtained when $`a=b`$. In this case, the second part in equations (46) and (47) are zero, one has a D’Alembertian operator alone, and the model is integrable in terms of elementary functions. The other cases are represented generically by $`ab`$. We will discuss two interesting particular cases, the Landau-Lifshitz model with $`b=0`$, and the Fedorov model with $`a=b`$.

#### 3.3.1 Exact integrable one-parameter model with $`a=b`$

In the framework of this one-parameter model equations (46) and (47) reduce to two D’Alembert type equations

$$_u_v\left[M_2+Q(u)_vM_3\right]=0,$$
(48)
$$_u_v\left[M_3+Q(u)_vM_2\right]=0,$$
(49)
where

$$Q(u)\frac{a}{\sqrt{2}L^2}R_{2u3u}^{}=\frac{a}{\sqrt{2}}R_{u3u}^3.$$
(50)
Solving equations (48) and (49) we obtain

$$M_2(u,v)+Q(u)_vM_3(u,v)=\mathrm{\Phi }_2(u)+\mathrm{\Psi }_2(v),$$
(51)
$$M_3(u,v)+Q(u)_vM_2(u,v)=\mathrm{\Phi }_3(u)+\mathrm{\Psi }_3(v),$$
(52)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\alpha (u)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (v)`$ are arbitrary functions of their arguments. The standard procedure of the integration of such a system is the following. First, one substitutes the $`M_2(u,v)`$ function given in equation (51) into equation (52), and obtains a second order differential equation for $`M_3(u,v)`$,

$$M_3(u,v)Q^2(u)_v^2M_3(u,v)=\mathrm{\Phi }_3(u)+\mathrm{\Psi }_3(v)Q(u)_v\mathrm{\Psi }_2(v).$$
(53)
Since the coefficients in (53) depend on $`u`$ only, one can use the Fourier transforms of $`M_\alpha (u,v)`$ and other functions defined below, in order to find the solutions of the respective equation. The relation between a Fourier transform quantity $`𝒯(u,k)`$ and the function $`T(u,v)`$ is given by

$$T(u,v)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{2\pi }𝒯(u,k)e^{ikv}.$$
(54)
Applying a Fourier transformation to the quantity $`M_3(u,v)`$, one obtains from equation (53), for the Fourier transform $`_3(u,k)`$, the formula

$$_3(u,k)=\frac{(u,k)}{1+k^2Q^2(u)},$$
(55)
where

$$(u,k)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑ve^{ikv}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_3(u)+\mathrm{\Psi }_3(v)Q(u)_v\mathrm{\Psi }_2(v)\right].$$
(56)
This is valid for arbitrary initial functions $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\alpha (u)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (v)`$. Let us consider now a special set of initial functions, which yield an exact solution in terms of elementary functions. We choose $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (v)`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_2(v)=\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)\mathrm{cos}(kv+\phi _0),\mathrm{\Psi }_3(v)=\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)\mathrm{sin}(kv+\phi _0).$$
(57)
We also search for $`M_\alpha (u,v)`$ in the form

$$M_\alpha (u,v)=\mathrm{\Phi }_\alpha (u)+X_\alpha (u)\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (v).$$
(58)
The functions $`X_\alpha (u)`$ have to be found from the equations (51) and (52). These equations yield

$$\frac{1X_2(u)}{Q(u)X_3(u)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3^{}(v)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(v)}=k\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)},$$
(59)
and

$$\frac{1X_3(u)}{Q(u)X_2(u)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^{}(v)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(v)}=k\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)},$$
(60)
where the right hand side in equations (59) and (60) were put equal to a constant of separation of variables, as usual in partial differential equations. These constants were chosen in accord the initial conditions given in equation (57). The solutions to $`X_\alpha (u)`$ can be obtained from (59) and (60) and have the form

$$X_2(u)=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)(1+k^2Q^2(u))},X_3(u)=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)+kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)(1+k^2Q^2(u))}.$$
(61)
Thus, from (45), (58), and (61), we obtain for the potentials

$$A_2=e^\beta \left[\mathrm{\Phi }_2(u)+\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)}{1+k^2Q^2(u)}\mathrm{cos}(kv+\phi _0)\right],$$
(62)
$$A_3=e^\beta \left[\mathrm{\Phi }_3(u)+\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)+kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)}{1+k^2Q^2(u)}\mathrm{sin}(kv+\phi _0)\right].$$
(63)
The electromagnetic field represented by the formulae (62) and (63) consists of a mixture of electromagnetic waves traveling in the same direction and in opposite direction to the gravitational pp-wave direction.

For $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (v)=0`$, the electromagnetic wave is a function of the retarded time $`u`$ only, and therefore travels in the direction of the pp-wave. In this case there is no optical activity (see, (62) and (63)), since the electromagnetic wave does not couple with the curvature (see, also, ).

Thus, let us study the case of electromagnetic waves traveling in an opposite direction to the gravitational wave. First, we assume

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_2(u)=\mathrm{\Phi }_3(u)=0.$$
(64)
Then, eliminating the variable $`v`$ in equations (62) and (63) one obtains the equation for the ellipse of polarization

$$\frac{(A_2)^2}{(e^\beta X_2(u))^2}+\frac{(A_3)^2}{(e^\beta X_3(u))^2}=1,$$
(65)
where the quantities $`e^\beta X_2(u)`$ and $`e^\beta X_3(u)`$ play the role of semi-axes for this ellipse. The instantaneous position of the polarization vector can be characterized by the angle $`\phi (u,k)`$, which satisfy the relationship

$$\mathrm{tan}\phi (u,k)=\frac{X_3(u)}{X_2(u)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)+kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)}{\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)kQ(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)}.$$
(66)
We see, that the polarization vector is rotating. The frequency of rotation, $`\nu (u,k)`$, is equal to

$$\nu (u,k)\frac{d}{ds}\phi (u,k)=\frac{}{u}\phi (u,k)\frac{du}{ds}=\frac{}{u}\phi (u,k)U^u=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{}{u}\phi (u,k).$$
(67)
Thus,

$$\nu (u,k)=\frac{kQ^{^{}}(u)}{\sqrt{2}(1+k^2Q^2(u))}.$$
(68)
The initial values $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2(0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_3(0)`$ are arbitrary. Defining $`\omega _{\mathrm{em}}`$ as the initial frequency of the electromagnetic wave, one has $`k=\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/c`$. From (50), $`Q(u)`$ is proportional to the Riemann tensor component. Thus, from equation (68), we find that there is rotation of the polarization vector. This means there is a net Faraday effect, induced by curvature in this instance.

#### 3.3.2 Solutions for $`ab`$

For $`ab`$ there are many possible models. We select two.

(i) The Landau-Lifshitz model: $`b=0`$

In contrast to the case $`a=b`$, the models with $`ab`$ do not admit a representation of the solution in terms of elementary functions. However, for a small enough ratio of $`\omega _{\mathrm{GW}}/\omega _{\mathrm{em}}`$, where $`\omega _{\mathrm{GW}}`$ is the gravitational wave frequency, one can apply the Fourier transformation (54) to the equations (46) and (47). This is a case that occurs in astrophysical situations of interest (see, e.g, )). Putting $`b=0`$ in equations (46) and (47) and taking into account the leading terms in $`k=\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/c`$, one obtains the following equations for the Fourier transforms $`_2(u,k)`$ and $`_3(u,k)`$

$$_u_2(u,k)=\frac{k^2a}{4\sqrt{2}}R_{u3u}^3_3(u,k),_u_2(u,k)=\frac{k^2a}{4\sqrt{2}}R_{u3u}^3_2(u,k).$$
(69)
The solution of (69) is

$`_2(u,k)=_2(0,k)\mathrm{cosh}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k)+_3(0,k)\mathrm{sinh}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k),`$
$`_3(u,k)=_3(0,k)\mathrm{cosh}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k)+_2(0,k)\mathrm{sinh}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k),`$ (70)
where

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k)\frac{k^2a}{4\sqrt{2}}_0^u𝑑uR_{u3u}^3(u).$$
(71)
One sees from (70) and (71) that the plane of polarization of each Fourier component, with fixed $`k0`$, is rotating, the rotation being hyperbolic. A particular case, worth of comment, is when the electromagnetic wave is polarized at $`u=0`$ in the $`x^2`$direction, and the Fourier amplitude $`_3(0,k)`$ is set to zero, $`_3(0,k)=0`$, also at $`u=0`$. Then, from equation (70), one finds that the $`_3(u,k)`$ component becomes nonvanishing at $`u>0`$, since we have assumed $`_2(0,k)0`$. In this particular case, the angle of rotation $`\phi (u,k)`$, defined by $`\mathrm{tan}\phi (u,k)_3(u,k)/_2(u,k)`$, is equal to $`\phi (u,k)=\mathrm{arctan}(\mathrm{tanh}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k))`$. The corresponding frequency of the rotation of the polarization plane, $`\nu (u,k)`$ has the form

$$\nu (u,k)=\frac{\frac{}{u}\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k)}{\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cosh}2\mathrm{\Theta }(u,k)}.$$
(72)
(ii) The Fedorov model: $`a=b`$

In classical electrodynamics the Fedorov model possesses the same duality invariance, as the Maxwell equations (1). Applying the transformation (see, e.g., )

$`\stackrel{}{E}=\stackrel{}{E}^{}\mathrm{cos}\xi +\stackrel{}{H}^{}\mathrm{sin}\xi ,\stackrel{}{H}=\stackrel{}{E}^{}\mathrm{sin}\xi +\stackrel{}{H}^{}\mathrm{cos}\xi ,`$
$`\stackrel{}{D}=\stackrel{}{D}^{}\mathrm{cos}\xi +\stackrel{}{B}^{}\mathrm{sin}\xi ,\stackrel{}{B}=\stackrel{}{D}^{}\mathrm{sin}\xi +\stackrel{}{B}^{}\mathrm{cos}\xi `$ (73)
with arbitrary constant $`\xi `$ to the Maxwell equations (1), one obtains the same equations for the quantities with primes. Analogously, applying the transformations (73) to the equations (7) one sees that these equations are duality invariant when $`a=b`$ only, i.e. in the Fedorov model.

Let us consider now the curvature generalization of the Fedorov model and solve the equations (46) and (47) in the case $`a=b`$. In a leading order approximation in $`k=\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/c`$ (see part (i) of this subsubsection) one can see that the solutions coincide with the solutions describing the Landau-Lifshitz model, but instead of $`a`$ one has to insert $`2a`$. In other words, this model also describes a Faraday rotation of the polarization plane with double rotation frequency as comparison to the model $`b=0`$ (see equation (72)).

#### 3.3.3 Orders of magnitude for the Faraday rotation

It is interesting to compare the frequencies of rotation of the polarization vector in the model $`a=b`$ on one hand, and the models $`b=0`$, $`a=b`$ on the other hand, when $`aR_{u3u}^3`$ is small. In this case, formula (68) for the model $`a=b`$ yields a frequency

$$\nu _{\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}}=\frac{1}{2}ka(R_{u3u}^3(u))^{}.$$
(74)
For the Landau and Lifshitz model formula (72) gives

$$\nu _{\mathrm{b}=0}=\frac{1}{8}k^2aR_{u3u}^3(u),$$
(75)
and for the Fedorov model one finds

$$\nu _{\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}}=2\nu _{\mathrm{b}=0}.$$
(76)
One sees that the ratios $`\nu _{\mathrm{b}=0}/\nu _{\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}}`$ and $`\nu _{\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}}/\nu _{\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}}`$ are of the same order of magnitude as the ratio of $`\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/\omega _{\mathrm{GW}}`$. In other words, for $`\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/\omega _{\mathrm{GW}}>>1`$, the rate of rotation of the polarization vector induced by curvature, predicted in the Landau-Lifshitz and Fedorov models, is much faster than the rotation rate predicted in the model with $`a=b`$.

Let us estimate numerically the typical magnitude of the effect of the rotation of the polarization vector induced by the curvature on the example of the Fedorov model. One obtains from (71), (33) and (76) that in the weak gravity field approximation

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(u^{},k)=\frac{k^2a}{2\sqrt{2}}\left[\beta ^{}(u^{})\beta ^{}(0)\right].$$
(77)
Consider now the simple model in which the electromagnetic signal emitted by some astrophysical source passes through the environment of the pulsar PSR J0534+2200 in the CRAB nebula and arrives at the Earth. The parameters of this pulsar are well-known (e.g. ): the period of rotation is $`T_{\mathrm{rot}}=33.4\mathrm{ms}`$, the frequency of the gravitational radiation is $`\nu _{\mathrm{GW}}=60\mathrm{Hz}`$, the distance is equal to $`d=6.2\times 10^{21}\mathrm{cm}`$, and the optimistic estimation of the amplitude of the gravitational wave on the Earth surface is $`h=9.5\times 10^{25}`$.

One can consider the moment of the retarded time $`u=u^{}`$ as the moment of the arrival of the signal on Earth. As for $`u=0`$, it can be considered as the moment when the electromagnetic signal passes in the vicinity of the pulsar. Taking into account that the amplitude of the gravitational wave decreases reciprocally to the distance from the source, and the gravitational wave field is modeled to be periodic with the frequency $`\omega _{\mathrm{GW}}=2\pi \nu _{\mathrm{GW}}`$, one can represent the leading term in (77) in the following form

$$|\mathrm{\Theta }(u^{})|=\frac{a\beta _0\omega _{\mathrm{em}}^2\pi \nu _{\mathrm{GW}}}{c^3},$$
(78)
where $`\beta _0`$ is the amplitude of the gravitational wave at the minimal distance from the pulsar (it is of the order of the neutron star radius $`R_0=10^6\mathrm{cm}`$), and $`kc=\omega _{\mathrm{em}}`$. Putting

$$\beta _0=h\frac{d}{R_0}5.9\times 10^9,$$
(79)
we obtain the following estimate for the angle of rotation of the polarization vector induced by curvature

$$|\mathrm{\Theta }(u^{})|41\mathrm{rad}\left(\frac{a}{1\mathrm{m}^3}\right)\left(\frac{\beta _0}{5.9\times 10^9}\right)\left(\frac{\omega _{\mathrm{em}}/2\pi }{5\times 10^{15}\mathrm{Hz}}\right)^2\left(\frac{\nu _{\mathrm{GW}}}{60\mathrm{Hz}}\right).$$
(80)
In order to estimate the parameter $`a`$ one can mention that for a crystal of quartz the standard gyration coefficient $`\gamma ^{123}`$ (see (2)) for the frequency $`\nu _{\mathrm{em}}=5\times 10^{15}\mathrm{Hz}`$ is equal to $`\gamma ^{123}=1.2\times 10^{10}\mathrm{cm}`$ (see, e.g. ). This means that the ratio $`\xi _{\mathrm{quartz}}\frac{\gamma ^{123}}{\lambda _{\mathrm{em}}}`$, where $`\lambda _{\mathrm{em}}`$ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, is of the order of $`10^6`$. Analogously, we can introduce a new dimensionless parameter $`\xi _{\mathrm{GW}}`$ using, for example, the following relation

$$a=\xi _{\mathrm{GW}}\lambda _{\mathrm{em}}\lambda _{\mathrm{GW}}^2\xi _{\mathrm{GW}}\times 10^{13}\mathrm{cm}^3,$$
(81)
where $`\lambda _{\mathrm{GW}}\frac{c}{\nu _{\mathrm{GW}}}5\times 10^8\mathrm{cm}`$ is the wavelength of gravitational radiation. Thus, the estimation for the angle rotation yields

$$|\mathrm{\Theta }(u^{})|41\mathrm{rad}\times (10^7\times \xi _{\mathrm{GW}}),$$
(82)
where $`\xi _{\mathrm{GW}}<<\xi _{\mathrm{quartz}}<10^6`$ has to be estimated experimentally.

## 4 Conclusions

We have established a model with two gyration parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$, for optical activity induced by curvature. Within this two-parameter model we have studied three models, namely, $`a=b`$, $`b=0`$, and $`a=b`$. It was shown that the $`a=b`$ model is exactly integrable, while for the models $`b=0`$ (the Landau-Lifshitz model) and $`a=b`$ (the Fedorov model) the solutions are presented in the short wavelength approximation. The solutions show that the optical activity induced by curvature leads to Faraday rotation, i.e., the rotation of the plane of polarization of the electromagnetic wave traveling in the gravitational wave background. The frequency of the rotation is deter nd. The frequency of the rotation is determined by the value of the Riemann tensor and by the phenomenological gyration parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$.

Acknowledgments This work was partially funded by the Portuguese Science Foundation, FCT, through project PESO/PRO/2000/4014.


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# On Order-Disorder (L2₁ → B2') Phase Transition in Ni2+xMn1-xGa Heusler Alloys

## Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) No. 11695038 from the Japan Society of the Promotion of Science and by Grant-in-Aid of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 99-02-18247.