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# Power series distributions in clan structure analysis: new observables in strong interactions

## 1 Introduction

The phenomenological analysis of many-particle final states in hadron-hadron collisions in the GeV region has been successfully carried out using a two-component model: each event is assigned to one of two classes, called ‘soft’ and ‘semi-hard’, which correspond to events without mini-jets and events with mini-jets, respectively. We also assume that the multiplicity distribution (MD) in each class is described by a negative binomial (Pascal) distribution (NBD), of course with different parameters $`\overline{n}`$, $`k`$ in each class. This model was successful in describing the shoulder in MD’s, the oscillations of high rank moments thereof and also forward backward multiplicity correlations. There are also experimental indications that the two classes behave differently in the TeV region.

In order to extrapolate to the LHC region we have to make some assumptions on the behaviour of the parameters of the two NBD’s which we summarise as follows:

* The overall average multiplicity grows as $`\mathrm{ln}^2\sqrt{s}`$.
* The soft component average multiplicity grows as $`\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{s}`$ and the MD obeys KNO scaling (thus $`k_{\text{soft}}`$ is approximately constant.)
* The average multiplicity in the semi-hard component is approximately twice as large as in the soft one.
* Three scenarios have been examined for the behaviour of $`k_{\text{semi-hard}}`$:

1. same behaviour as for the soft component, i.e., it is constant (therefore KNO scaling is satisfied);
    2. $`k_{\text{semi-hard}}^1\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{s}`$, implying a strong violation of KNO scaling;
    3. it follows a QCD-inspired behaviour; KNO scaling is attained only asymptotically. This last scenario is intermediate between the first two.

Of course, using NBD’s means we can explore the clan structure: the average number of clans $`\overline{N}`$ and the average number of particles per clan are defined by

$$\overline{N}=k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{\overline{n}}{k}\right);\overline{n}_c=\frac{\overline{n}}{k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\overline{n}/k\right)}.$$
(1)
It turns out that the second and third scenarios show a number of clans which is rapidly decreasing with c.m. energy (accompanied by a fast increase of the average number of particles per clan). This is surprising, and in this paper we try to understand the implications of this result at parton level using thermodynamical concepts.

To connect the hadronic and partonic levels we use the generalised local parton-hadron duality (GLPHD), which says that all inclusive distributions are proportional at the two levels of investigation:

$$Q_{n,\text{hadrons}}(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)=\rho ^nQ_{n,\text{partons}}(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n),$$
(2)
which corresponds for NBMD parameters to

$$k_{\text{hadron}}=k_{\text{parton}},\overline{n}_{\text{hadron}}=\rho \overline{n}_{\text{parton}}.$$
(3)
GLPHD will be applied separately to soft and semi-hard components.

## 2 A new thermodynamical approach

The thermodynamical approach to multiparticle production has a long history which cannot be summarised here. We would just like to attract the reader’s attention to the result that, to leading order in the allowed rapidity range, the generating function (GF) for the MD has the form of an infinitely divisible distribution (IDD).

Keeping in mind this result, we propose the following approach.

The partition function in the canonical ensemble, $`Q_n(V,T)`$, for a system with $`n`$ particles, volume $`V`$ and temperature $`T`$, is linked to the partition function in the grand-canonical ensemble with fugacity $`z`$, $`𝒬(z,V,T)`$, by the well known relation

$$𝒬(z,V,T)=\underset{n}{}z^nQ_n(V,T).$$
(4)
Quite in general, in the grand-canonical treatment the probability of finding $`n`$ particles in a system is given by

$$p(n)=\frac{z^nQ_n(V,T)}{𝒬(z,V,T)}.$$
(5)
That is to say, for a thermodynamical system the MD belongs to the class of power series distributions (PSD’s), and is characterised indeed by the following form:

$$p(n)=\frac{a_nb^n}{\gamma (b)},$$
(6)
with constants $`a_n`$, $`b`$.

We therefore propose, given a MD in power series form, the following correspondence with Eq. (5):

$`z`$ $`b,`$
$`Q_n`$ $`a_n,`$ (7)
$`𝒬`$ $`\gamma (b)=p(0)^1.`$
When the PSD is also IDD, then we know it can be cast in the form of a compound Poisson distribution, such that

$$p(0)=e^{\overline{N}}.$$
(8)
In a two-step approach, $`\overline{N}`$ is average number of objects (clans) generated in the first step. This way of describing the partonic cascade is well known: the ancestors (first step) are independent intermediate gluon sources; it is their thermodynamic properties which we want to explore.

In our thermodynamical approach, $`\overline{N}`$ becomes of fundamental importance since Eq.s (7) and (8) imply

$$\overline{N}=\mathrm{ln}p(0)=\mathrm{ln}𝒬;$$
(9)
all thermodynamical properties can be obtained by differentiating $`\overline{N}`$.

From the standard relation $`PV=k_BT\mathrm{ln}𝒬`$, we obtain the equation of state

$$PV=\overline{N}k_BT,$$
(10)
which says that clans form a classical ideal gas.

The negative binomial (Pascal) distribution belongs to both classes, power series and IDD. The standard form, from which the correspondence with the partition function can be obtained, is the following:

$$p(n)=\frac{k(k+1)\mathrm{}(k+n1)}{n!}\left(\frac{\overline{n}}{\overline{n}+k}\right)^n\left(\frac{k}{\overline{n}+k}\right)^k.$$
(11)
The identification we propose in our approach is

$`a_n`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{k(k+1)\mathrm{}(k+n1)}{n!}},`$
$`b`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{n}}{\overline{n}+k}},`$ (12)
$`\gamma (b)`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{\overline{n}+k}}\right)^k.`$
Notice that $`k(V,T)`$ is the canonical partition function for a system with 1 particle; it is in our approach an unknown function of $`V`$ and $`T`$.

Finally notice that $`b`$ is the fugacity $`z`$:

$$z=\frac{\overline{n}}{\overline{n}+k}.$$
(13)
When the ancestors are created early in the evolution, at larger virtualities and with higher temperature, they tend to follow a quasi-classical behaviour, as the production of a new ancestor is competitive with the increase in gluon population within each clan. This results in a relatively large value of the $`k`$ parameter, i.e., a small amount of aggregation. When the number of partons per clan is very small (close to 1; $`k`$ is very large) then essentially each parton is a clan, and the equation of state reduces basically to that of an ideal gas (quasi-classical behaviour):

$$PV\overline{n}k_BT.$$
(14)
Via GLPHD, we expect a similar situation to hold at hadron level. This behaviour is qualitatively close to that of soft events as well as of scenario-1 semi-hard events.

When the ancestors are created later in the evolution, at lower virtualities and with lower temperature, they tend to remember their quantum nature, as newly produced gluons prefer to stay together with other clan members rather than initiate a new clan. This results in a relatively small value of the $`k`$ parameter, i.e., a larger aggregation and larger two-particle correlations. When the number of partons per clan begins to grow, the equation of state for partons becomes more and more different (quasi-quantum behaviour), but that for clans remains that of an ideal gas.

$$PV=\overline{N}k_BT=k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\overline{n}/k\right)k_BT.$$
(15)
Via GLPHD, at hadron level we recognise the behaviour of scenario-2 and scenario-3 semi-hard events.

It is interesting now to calculate some thermodynamical quantities.

The Helmholtz free energy can be rewritten in a form symmetric in $`\overline{n}`$ and $`k`$:

$$\frac{A}{k_BT}=\overline{n}\mu PV=\overline{n}\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{k}{\overline{n}}\right)+k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{\overline{n}}{k}\right).$$
(16)
The average internal energy is

$$\frac{U}{k_BT}=k_BT^2\left(\frac{\overline{N}}{T}\right)_{b,V}=\overline{N}\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}k}{\mathrm{ln}T}\right)_V.$$
(17)
The entropy is

$$S=\frac{UA}{T}=k_B\left\{\frac{A}{k_BT}+T\left(\frac{k}{T}\right)_V\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{\overline{n}}{k}\right)\right\}.$$
(18)
which coincides with $`A/T`$ in the limit of $`(k/T)_V0`$, since also $`U0`$.

For further discussion of thermodynamical quantities, see Ref. .

## 3 Clan behaviour as a function of fugacity

Relying on GLPHD, we analyse first experimental data on the fugacity and the related $`a`$ parameter: the NBD satisfies the recurrence relation

$$\frac{(n+1)p(n+1)}{p(n)}=a+bn,$$
(19)
where

$$a=\frac{\overline{n}k}{\overline{n}+k};b=\frac{\overline{n}}{\overline{n}+k}.$$
(20)
From Eq. (12) it is seen that $`b`$ is the fugacity. In Figure 1 we show for each component and each scenario the energy variation of the parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$. The points come from NB fits to experimental MD’s, the lines show the predictions from the extrapolation mentioned in the introduction.

The $`a`$ parameter corresponds to the average multiplicity for a classical (Poisson) system. The relative behaviour of $`b`$ and $`a=kb`$ as the c.m. energy increases can be considered an indication of the relative importance of a behaviour closer to a quantum one, i.e. harder, with respect to a behaviour closer to a quasi-classical, i.e. softer, for a class of events. A very slow increase of $`b`$ with c.m. energy and an almost constant behaviour of $`a`$ is the main characteristic of the class of soft events and of scenario-1 semi-hard events. A very fast decrease of $`a`$ in scenarios 2 and 3 and larger values of the fugacity $`b`$ characterise harder events: the assumption of strong KNO scaling violation for the semi-hard component (an extreme point of view with respect to that of scenario 1) implies a completely new panorama.

Then we explore the dependence of clan parameters on the fugacity $`b`$, induced by its energy evolution:

$$\overline{N}=k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\frac{\overline{n}}{k}\right)=k\mathrm{ln}(1b);$$
(21)
$$\overline{n}_c=\frac{\overline{n}}{k\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\overline{n}/k\right)}=\frac{b}{(b1)\mathrm{ln}(1b)}.$$
(22)
Notice that the average number of particles per clan only depends on the fugacity $`b`$. In Figure 2 we show for each component and each scenario the clan parameters as a function of the fugacity. Again, the points come from fits to experimental data, the solid lines are our extrapolations. The dashed grey lines show the variation of clan parameters with $`b`$ at fixed $`k`$ (that is, at fixed $`V`$ and $`T`$) for the following values of $`k`$: 1 (lowest curve), 3, 7, 30 (highest curve); being $`\overline{n}_c`$ independent of $`k`$, only one dashed line is visible in the corresponding graphs.

For the soft and scenario-1 semi-hard components it is shown that $`\overline{N}`$ is a very slow growing function of the fugacity of the system throughout the ISR region ($`b<0.7`$), and then starts to grow quickly; $`\overline{n}_c`$ as a function of the fugacity has a similar behaviour from $`1.5`$ to $`3`$.

The decrease of the average number of clans in scenarios 2 and 3 leads again to the conclusion that this behaviour is closer to that of a quantum system than to a classical one, favouring as it does the production of larger clans and therefore of regions of higher particle density.

For a discussion of other parameters, like the void scaling function, see again Ref. .

## 4 Conclusions

By defining a new thermodynamical approach to multiparticle production at parton level we have given the physical meaning of *fugacity* to a parameter previously used only to describe deviations from Poisson behaviour in multiplicity distributions.

On this basis, we revisited our previous extrapolations to the TeV region of inelastic hadron-hadron collisions and examine the different behaviours of the two classes of events (‘soft’ and ‘semi-hard’).

In the first class, i.e., soft events, the ancestors of the clans are produced earlier, at higher virtuality and when the temperature is higher. Ancestors in these conditions generate little (clans are small). This results in a behaviour closer to that of a classical system (ideal gas).

In the second class, i.e., semi-hard events, the ancestors are produced later in the cascade, at lower virtualities and when the temperature is lower. Ancestors in these conditions are more prolific (clans become larger). This results in a behaviour closer to that of a quantum system (stimulated emission); high density regions exist.

Although we used explicitly in the illustration the NB(Pascal)MD, our result is extensible in principle to any infinitely divisible distribution which also belongs to the class of power series distributions.

The results discussed in this paper bring in the spotlight the concept of clans, which up to now was only applied in a statistical framework. At this point, it becomes important to investigate other physical properties of clans, in order to answer questions like the following ones: can clans be considered observable objects? if so, what are their quantum numbers? do they start to interact among themselves in the TeV region? how will this possibility modify the ideal gas equation of state?

Work in this direction has already begun by studying clan masses, with preliminary indications that the answer to the first question (observable clans) is positive. This can be extremely relevant for the new heavy ion machines where the standard examination of events with tens of thousands of particles may be very problematic.

## References


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# The Hadron Hose: Continuous Toroidal Focusing for Conventional Neutrino Beams

## 1 Introduction

The Hadron Hose is a current-carrying wire used to instrument the decay volume of a conventional neutrino beam with a toroidal focusing field for a sign-selected meson beam. Conventional neutrino beams are tertiary beams, with the primary proton beam producing $`\pi `$ and $`K`$ meson secondaries in a target. Beamline elements downstream of the target, called horns , produce a toroidal magnetic field to sign- and momentum- select the mesons, focusing them toward an evacuated or Helium-filled volume, where the mesons decay into the tertiary neutrino beam. Steel and earth shielding absorb remnant protons, mesons, and muons at the end of the decay volume (see Figure 1).

In conventional neutrino beams to date  the mesons freely propagate through the decay volume.111In some of the beamlines, the mesons are first focused by quadrupole or horn magnets located just after the production target and before the decay volume, while other beams have been ’bare target’ beams where the mesons from the target directly enter the decay volume without focusing. The toroidal field of the Hadron Hose provides continuous focusing of the secondary meson beam throughout the decay volume. Mesons spiral around the hose wire and are drawn away from the decay volume walls where they might interact before decaying. A pion orbit in the NuMI beamline with the Hadron Hose is shown in Figure 2. The spiraling motion randomizes the decay angles of the mesons, which reduces the need to model detector and beamline acceptances in Monte Carlo calculations of the expected neutrino fluxes at the detectors.

Toroidal magnetic fields have been used for plasma beams  and the possibility of using toroidal fields to focus charged particle beams was noted by Van der Meer . In this article, we study the utility of such a focusing system for neutrino beams and the technical feasibility of placing such a wire in an evacuated region with high particle fluences. While we have developed this device for the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) project, such a system might be of utility at future neutrino facilities such as the JHF  or conventional neutrino “super beams” .

This article procedes as follows: We discuss the focusing properties of the hose in Sections 2 \- 3. Sections 4-7 present the mechanical and electrical design which was proposed for NuMI. Sections 8 through 12 discuss some of the hardware studies to demonstrate that the hose wire can survive in the radiation field of a neutrino beamline without significant failure of wire segments. Section 13 concludes.

## 2 NuMI Beamline

For NuMI, 120 GeV protons will be extracted from the Main Injector  and focused downward by 58 mRad, to strike a 0.94 m long graphite target. The bunch length is $`8.6\mu `$sec, and the cycle time $`1.87`$ sec. The beamline is designed for $`3.7\times 10^{13}`$ protons/pulse and $`3.8\times 10^{20}`$ protons/year.

NuMI will have two focusing horns  pulsed at 200 kA after the target. The secondary hadrons enter a 675 m long, 1 m radius evacuated decay volume. MINOS  is a 2-detector neutrino experiment. A 980 ton near detector measures the neutrino energy spectrum and rate produced at Fermilab. A 5400 ton far detector is located in the Soudan mine in Minnesota, 735 km from Fermilab. The NuMI beam can be adapted to produce a low ($`E_\nu ^{peak}3`$ GeV), medium ($`E_\nu ^{peak}6`$ GeV), or high ($`E_\nu ^{peak}12`$ GeV) energy neutrino event spectrum. Figure 3 shows the expected spectra in the two detectors for the low-energy and high-energy beam options assuming no new physics resulting in neutrino disappearance. In Figure 3, the vertical axis is the number of expected charged current neutrino interactions expected per kiloton of detector mass per $`4\times 10^{20}`$ protons on target ($``$1 NuMI year).

The neutrinos in the peaks of the spectra of Figure 3 come from pions focused by the horns, whereas the neutrinos in the high energy tail come from poorly focused pions (pions that travel through the necks of the horns). The high energy tail is nonetheless important to the experiment because it provides us a control sample to demonstrate a region without oscillation effects.222In the MINOS experiment, a $`\nu _\mu \nu _X`$ oscillation with $`\mathrm{\Delta }m^2=35\times 10^3`$ eV2 results in a depletion of neutrinos centered around 1.8-3.0 GeV, while the spectrum above 10 GeV is unchanged. It is important to make the best prediction of the far-field energy spectrum to search for any kind of spectral distortions.

It is desirable to have the neutrino energy spectra at the two detector sites as similar as possible so that the near detector site strongly constrains the calculation of the spectrum at the far site. Any relative difference observed at the far detector is evidence for new physics such as neutrino oscillations. In practice, the two detector spectra are not identical: the vastly different solid angles subtended by the two detectors results in an energy-dependent acceptance difference. This difference is evident in the neutrino spectra of Figure 3.

The acceptance difference between the two detectors is accounted for in the “far-to-near ratio”, which is the factor by which the near detector spectrum must be multiplied to predict the far detector spectrum. It is defined as:

$$N_{\text{far}}^i=_{FN}N_{\text{near}}^i.$$
(1)
where $`N_{\text{near}}^i`$ is the observed number of events in the $`i^{\text{th}}`$ energy bin in the near detector, and $`N_{\text{far}}^i`$ is the predicted number of events in the $`i^{\text{th}}`$ bin in the far in the absence of new physics. Uncertainties in the calculation of $`_{FN}`$ lead to systematic uncertainties in the predicted far detector spectrum which limit the ultimate reach of physics searches.

The calculation of $`_{FN}`$ is complicated by the extended length and finite aperture of the neutrino beam geometry. If the neutrinos were produced from a point source, then $`_{FN}`$ could be estimated by $`_{FN}=Z_{near}^2/Z_{far}^2`$, where $`Z_{near}`$ ($`Z_{far}`$) is the distance from the target to the near (far) neutrino detector. Considering that neutrino beamlines are an extended source, one could weight this extrapolation factor by the pion lifetime along the length of the decay tunnel:

$$_{FN}=\frac{_{z=0m}^{z=725m}e^{\frac{0.43m_\pi z}{E_\nu c\tau }}\frac{1}{(Z_{far}z)^2}𝑑z}{_{z=0m}^{z=725m}e^{\frac{0.43m_\pi z}{E_\nu c\tau }}\frac{1}{(Z_{near}z)^2}𝑑z}$$
(2)
where the integral is over the length of the decay tunnel (725 m in the case of the NuMI beamline) and the substitution $`E_\pi E_\nu /0.43`$ has been made.

However, even this estimate of the near-far extrapolation is a simplification: not all decaying pions produce neutrinos within the finite acceptances of the two detectors and not all pions are able to decay before interacting along the decay pipe walls. Furthermore, the correct relation between the pion and neutrino energy is

$$E_\nu =\frac{0.43E_\pi }{1+\gamma ^2\theta ^2}$$
(3)
where $`\gamma `$ is the pion relativistic boost and $`\theta `$ is the decay angle of the pion. In fact, because low-momentum pions tend to enter the decay volume at wider angles and decay far upstream in the decay volume, while high-momentum pions tend to propagate much further, the acceptance of the near detector for high momentum neutrinos is larger than for low-momentum neutrinos. The acceptance correction $``$FN given in Equation 2 is incorrect in an energy-dependent manner because of the correlation in Equation 3. A more detailed extrapolation of the measured near spectrum to the far detector requires a Monte Carlo calculation which tracks secondary hadrons produced in the target through the beamline optics. A comparison of the naive calculation of Equation 2 to a GEANT  simulation of the NuMI beamline is shown in Figure 4.

## 3 Hadron Hose

The Hadron Hose consists of a wire at the center of the decay tunnel and carries a 1000 A peak current pulse. The current provides a toroidal magnetic field which continually focuses positive particles back toward the center of the decay pipe. A typical meson executes 2-3 orbits around the wire over the length of the decay pipe.

The hadron hose contributes three essential features. First, $`\pi `$’s and $`K`$’s that otherwise diverge out to the decay pipe walls and interact before they decay are given a restoring force back to the decay pipe center. Thus, $`\pi `$’s/$`K`$’s travel farther and have a greater chance to decay, so the neutrino event rate in the far detector is increased (see Table 1). Second, the pion decay distribution along the beamline direction more nearly follows a simple exponential, which reduces the difference in acceptance of the near detector to low-momentum vs. high-momentum pions. Thus, the extrapolation factor $``$FN more closely follows that given by the pion lifetime in Equation 2, as can be seen in Figure 4. Third, the pion orbits effectively randomize the decay angle between the pion direction and the neutrino that hits the MINOS near and far detectors. This randomization washes out the kinematic correlation between neutrino energy and decay angle in Equation 3, which otherwise always produces a softer spectrum in the near detector than the far detector. The difference is especially visible at the high energy edge of the high energy beam in Figure 3. The randomization is a larger effect for the high energy beam because the Lorentz boost at high energy otherwise increases the sensitivity to the decay angle in Equation 2. The effect is also demonstrated in Figure 5, which plots the ratio of neutrino energies in the near and far detector that would arise from the decay of a given pion in the low-energy or high-energy NuMI beam configurations.

By minimizing acceptance effects of the detectors to the beam, the hose reduces the experiment’s sensitivity to input data to the Monte Carlo. The largest systematic uncertainty in $`_{FN}`$ for NuMI are the cross sections for production of $`\pi `$’s/$`K`$’s in the target, $`d^2\sigma /dx_Fdp_T`$. These have been measured , but gaps in these data sets in the $`x_F`$ and $`p_T`$ range relevant for NuMI, 10-20% disagreements between data sets, and systematic uncertainties in scaling these invariant cross sections to the NuMI beam energy and target material complicate efforts to model or parameterize the data for all $`x_F`$ and $`p_T`$. Using several parameterizations , 20-30% variations are found in neutrino flux predictions for the near and far detectors, and more importantly, up to 5% variations are predicted in the F/N ratio (see Figure 4). These variations are reduced with hose focusing.

Besides minimizing the experiment’s sensitivity to variations in pion productions cross sections, the Hadron Hose loosens accuracy criteria for other beamline components. For NuMI, the potential benefits include increasing the allowed eccentricity of the inner conductor of the first focusing horn from $`<`$0.08 mm at its neck position to $`<`$0.12 mm if hose focusing is implemented. In addition, the spatial alignment of the first horn transverse to the beamline is relaxed from $`\pm 0.8`$ mm to $`\pm 1.0`$ mm. Relative current variations between the two horns can be as large as $`\pm 1.5`$% (c.f. $`\pm 1.0`$%). Finally, the alignment of the NuMI decay pipe, previously required to be within 2 cm all along its 675 m length, would be relaxed to 3 cm.

The Hadron Hose alters the backgrounds from $`\overline{\nu }_\mu `$, $`\nu _e`$, and $`\overline{\nu }_e`$ in the beam, as shown in Figure 6. The $`\overline{\nu }_\mu `$ backgrounds, which come from $`\pi ^{}\mu ^{}\overline{\nu }_\mu `$ decays, are reduced because the hose field defocuses $`\pi ^{}`$. The $`\nu _e`$ and $`\overline{\nu }_e`$ backgrounds are enhanced because $`\mu ^+`$ daughters from $`\pi ^+`$ decay are also focused by the hose field. In the case of NuMI, the factor of 2 increase in $`\nu _e`$ does not have a serious impact on $`\nu _\mu \nu _e`$ searches, since the putative signal would also go up by a factor of 30%, so signal/$`\sqrt{\text{background}}`$ is unchanged. For other experiments, the increase might be less because the NuMI decay pipe is quite long.

A Hadron Hose could also be designed to operate at currents of 1.5, 2.0, or even 4.0 kA. Such a design would be more ambitious than the NuMI proposal, requiring faster current power supplies for a shorter current pulse with equivalent $`i^2r`$ heating, or perhaps using several parallel wires running down the decay pipe. We found that a 2 kA current produces 20% more neutrinos in the NuMI low-energy peak than a 1 kA hose. The 2 kA hose doubles the ’high energy tail’ of the beam, however, so such an ambitious design would be more appropriate for a future, off-axis beamline where the high energy tail is suppressed. In any case, a 1 m radius decay pipe with the active focusing of the hose at 1 kA produces the same flux as does a beamline with a passive 2 m radius decay volume, and at a reduced cost.

## 4 Hose Wire Material Requirements

The choice of wire radius and material must be optimized for several considerations. First, larger radius wire tends to reduce neutrino event rates because of pions scattering in the wire. Second, larger wire can be better cooled in the near-vacuum of the decay pipe because both radiative and gas cooling grow with surface area of the wire. Furthermore, the heating of the wire is less for larger radius wire because the electrical resistance is reduced and so is $`i^2r`$ electrical heating.333For the current pulse shape chosen, the skin depth is of order the wire radius. Third, while higher conductivity metals such as Copper improve electrical resistivity, low $`Z`$ is desirable to reduce pion scattering and neutrino event rate losses. We have chosen Aluminum alloy 1350, whose conductivity is $`80\%`$ that of Copper, and a radius of 1.15 mm, as discussed in this section. The subject of the following sections will be to demonstrate that this wire, when anodized to improve its emissivity, can survive the environment of the NuMI decay tunnel.

To study the effects of wire material, simulations were made using no wire material, as well as aluminum, copper and tungsten. The charged-current (CC) event spectrum at the far detector calculated under these conditions are compared in Figure 7. The addition of the material results in a 3-6% decrease in the event rate below 10 GeV. Figure 7 also shows the change in the $`\nu _\mu `$ CC event rate at the far detector as a function of the atomic number of the wire material. In each case the wire radius was 2.8 mm. As much as a 9% decrease in the event rate below 12 GeV is seen for the highest $`Z`$ material.

The change in event rate is plotted in Figure 8 as a function of wire radius. The event rates are compared to simulations using no wire material. All simulations used aluminum wire. The event rate below 6 GeV is most strongly affected by the wire radius with roughly a 5% decrease at a radius of 1.4 mm. To reduce the loss of neutrino events due to scattering in the wire material, we chose a wire radius of 1.15 mm.

## 5 Hose Mechanical Design

The proposed design is to build 72 sections of wire, each 8.94 m in length and each of which is an independent circuit (see Figure 9). In this way, the voltage drop across a wire segment is reduced and the potential risk is reduced to the loss of a single segment in the event of a wire failure. In addition to the 72 segments, a 2 m long segment at the beginning of the decay pipe acts as a partial shield for the rest of the hose from the fraction of the proton beam which does not react in the target. The 1.15 mm radius Aluminum 1350 alloy wire is anodized with a Type II aluminum oxide layer 17 $`\mu `$m in thickness to increase its emissivity.444This is the maximum thickness recommended by Alumat, Inc., the manufacturer. Studies with thicker anodization coatings showed that the wire would in fact experience surface cracking in the aluminum when the wire expands under heat. Each hose segment is separated by 20 cm from its neighboring segment.

The hose is supported at the center of the decay pipe by 0.5 mm diameter Invar support wires at intervals of 1.1 m along the hose wire’s length. Three Invar wires are plasma-welded to a small Invar loop which encircles the hose wire, constraining its position in the vertical and horizontal directions. Invar is chosen because of its low thermal expansion coefficient, so that it maintains hose wire alignment even with beam heating. The hose wire slides inside the loop with a 0.5 mm clearance, which allows the wire to elongate under heating without misalignment. The clearance contributes to the alignmnent error of the wire.

The Invar wire is mounted to the decay pipe wall with an insulating swivel mount, shown in Figure 10. A screw in this mount allows for fine positioning and alignment of the hadron hose wire. The insulator is chosen to be aluminum oxide ceramic and is located at the walls to reduce material at the center of the decay volume which can scatter hadrons. The choice of materials that can be used as the insulator is limited by radiation levels, ranging from 1011 Rad/year expected at the decay pipe center to 109 Rad/year expected at the walls of the decay pipe. A spring inside the lower two mounts tensions the Invar wire at 0.2 N. The inset to Figure 10 shows the three-fold Invar supports at one point along the hose wire’s length.

At the end of each hose wire segment, a 1.0 cm long, 1.0 cm outer diameter, 2.9 mm inner diameter, hollow aluminum cylinder is crimped on to the hose wire. Invar wires loop around this aluminum cylinder and are stretched to springs mounted on the decay pipe wall. These springs tension the hose wire to take up the expansion of the wire and reduce wire sag. The tensioning springs are mounted to the decay pipe wall using the same assembly as the guide wires. Since gravitational sag of the wire is a form of misalignment, the 1.1 m spacing between guide wire supports suggests that the required tension can be derived from $`\delta =480L^2/\sigma `$, where $`\delta `$2 mm is the wire sag, $`L=1.1`$ m, $`\sigma `$ is the wire tension per unit area in pounds per square inch (PSI), and the mass density for aluminum has been assumed. We find $`\sigma =290`$ PSI, or 2 lbs=0.9 N tension on a 1.2 mm radius aluminum wire.

The current is delivered through the decay pipe wall by a feedthrough constructed of zirconium oxide insulator and Swagelok compression fittings (see Figure 11). A pin passing through the hollow 1.9 cm diameter insulator is welded on the inside to the hose wire segment which is bent out to the decay pipe wall, and on the outside is welded to the transmission line. The insulator is sealed to the wall by a bulkhead Swagelok fitting welded to the wall, and is sealed to the pin with a 3/4”-to-1/4” Swagelok reducing union. A feedthrough is connected to each end of each 9 m long section.

The effect of misalignment of the Hadron Hose wire was tested in two manners. First, random error was studied by introducing random displacements of the wire ends in ($`x,y`$ and $`z`$) in the Monte Carlo simulation. RMS misalignment of the wire by 3 mm results in approximately a 2.5% decrease in the event rate at the far detector below 6 GeV, and grows to 7% for misaligments of 5 mm. We therefore chose a 2 mm misalignment tolerance. Second, systematic misalignmnents were studied by misaligning the entire hadron hose wire with respect to the central beam axis defined by the proton beam, target, and horns. In this case, we found that the pion beam orbits follow the misaligned hose direction. Thus, collinear offsets of the hose wire result in no change in the neutrino flux, while an angular misalignments actually result in an off-axis neutrino beam energy spectrum  for the on-axis detectors. Other systematic effects of shorter length scale, such as ’bowed’ placement of the hose wire along the decay tunnel, or even gravitational wire sag (see Figure 13), tend to result in neutrino flux loss similar to the random misalignments because of the similar length scale as the random misalignments studied.

The performace of the Hadron Hose has been simulated under various failure conditions. In the first study, a pessimistic failure rate of 10% of the wire segments was assumed and random segments were selected for failure. This failure rate causes roughly a 10% decrease in the near and far detector events rates. Simulations were also made assuming failure of the first two segments. As these segments receive the most beam heating they are perhaps more likely to fail. Failure of the first two segments results in roughly a 3% decrease in the event rate below 8 GeV. Robustness and the ability to operate with a few broken segments is important because the decay volume will become radioactivated, making replacement of a wire impossible.

## 6 Full Scale Prototype Section

We have built a 14 m long prototype of the NuMI decay pipe and instrumented it with a full-length hadron hose wire segment, as well as two dummy segments at either end. In addition to practicing installation procedures, we investigated whether the wire vibrated at all during electrical pulsing, given that the leads of adjacent hose segments could, in principle, exert forces on one another of $`\mu _0I^2/2\pi r2`$ N. We observed the wire through an optical telescope during pulsing of the wire. No effect as large as our sensitivity of 25 $`\mu `$m was observed. Furthermore, the wire was observed to remain centered during various tests to simulate expansion of the wire under heating or creep: pulling on one end of the wire segment, the spring tensioning on the opposite end of the segment expanded, while the support/alignment wires kept the opposite end centered. The Invar loop which constrains the hose wire properly allowed the wire to slide along the beamline direction, but maintained radial alignment.

The hose wire was aligned by first using a laser tracker to locate all of the support posts which were welded to the pipe walls. A 1/4” hole diameter at the top of each post provided a precision reference point. The laser tracker located all the posts within a 10 m span of the pipe, and was then moved down the pipe to survey an additional, overlapping 10 m span. These data were then used to define a set of coordinates for the center of each Invar support with respect to the tooling ball locations in the posts, and the Invar supports were set in place to these coordinates using the laser tracker. After sliding the wire through all the Invar support loops and attaching the tensioning springs, a stick micrometer was used to confirm the relative location of the hose wire to the tooling balls mounted on the posts. The results of the after-installation survey are shown in Figure 13. As can be seen, the horizontal displacements of the wire from the ideal centerline are within 1 mm, and in the vertical direction the supports are located to within 1 mm as well. In the vertical, the observed $`2`$ mm displacements of the wire from the centerline which occured between the invar suuports agree with our expectations for wire sag.

## 7 Hose Electrical Design

The electrical design of the hadron hose must optimize for three factors. First, the current pulse of 1000 A must be long compared to the beam spill length (8.6 $`\mu `$sec for NuMI) and consistent from wire segment to wire segment. Second, the pulse must be fast to reduce $`i^2r`$ heating of the wire. Third, the pulse must be slow enough so that the inductive voltage drop does not cause voltage break down of the wire in vacuum. This section describes the electrical design that meets the voltage drop and heating requirements described in Sections 8 and 11.

### 7.1 Circuit Parameters

The design of the power supply and transmission line to deliver the current pulse to the hose wires is determined largely by the ciruit parameters for each segment. The current pulse will be of order 0.5 msec in duration each 1.8 sec, and runs down the wire and returns through the iron of the decay pipe wall.

The circuit inductance for the hose is dominated by the vacuum between the wire and the decay pipe. The inductance of the wire is $`L_{wire}=\frac{\mu _0}{8\pi }=5\times 10^2\mu \mathrm{henry}/\mathrm{m}`$. The inductance per meter of the vacuum space between the inner and outer conductors is

$$L_{vac}=\frac{\mu _0}{2\pi }\mathrm{ln}(\frac{r_{pipe}}{r_{wire}})=1.34\times 10^6\mathrm{henry}/\mathrm{m}$$

for the radii $`r_{wire}=1.2`$ mm and $`r_{pipe}=1`$ m. The inductance per meter of the outer conductor, i.e.: the decay pipe iron, is small given the skin depth at a frequency of 1500 Hz (the fundamental frequency of the current pulse for the hose). The decay pipe iron inductance may be calculated from

$$L_{iron}=\frac{1}{4\pi ^2\rho \delta fr_{pipe}}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}(x)\mathrm{sin}(x)}{\mathrm{cosh}(x)\mathrm{cos}(x)}$$

, where $`\rho =1.2\times 10^7`$ m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$/m is the resistivity of the iron, $`\delta =1/\sqrt{\rho \pi f\mu _{rel}\mu _0}`$ is the skin depth of the iron, and $`x=2d/\delta `$, with $`d`$ the thickness of the pipe. Taking a range of values $`\mu _{rel}=`$ 500 to 5000, we find $`L_{iron}=0.030.1\mu `$Henry/m.

The electrical resistance of the circuit is dominated by the hose wire. The electrical resistivity of Aluminum alloy 1350 is $`2.96\mu \mathrm{\Omega }`$-cm, giving a series resistance of $`R=83`$ m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for the 894 cm long segments plus 2 one-meter leads when at room temperature. During beam operation the temperature of some segments will be as much as 150C (see Section 11), increasing the segments’ resistance to $`R=120`$ m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The resistance per meter of the iron is

$$R_{pipe}=\frac{1}{2\pi r_{pipe}\delta \rho }\frac{\mathrm{sinh}(x)+\mathrm{sin}(x)}{\mathrm{cosh}(x)\mathrm{cos}(x)},$$

which we calculate to be $`R_{pipe}0.10.2`$ m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$/m, which is 1000 times smaller than the hose wire.

Because the decay volume is embedded in 2.5-3.0 m of concrete, it is necessary to have long leads from the power transmission line to the hadron hose feedthroughs. These leads consist of parallel flat copper sheets, and contribute an additional 2.5 $`\mu `$Henry inductance and 5 m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ resistance in series with the hose segments.

### 7.2 Hose Circuit

Each hose segment is connected in parallel to a transmission line that runs down the side passageway of the decay tunnel. The transmission line is energized to 5000 V. The hose wire segments are connected through 73 3:1 transformers, with the upstream end of a hose segment center-tapped to the same transformer as the downstream end of the preceding hose segment. Dummy impedance loads are connected to the first and last transformers (see Figure 14). Current tranformers around the hose wire leads on the hose side of the transformer are used to monitor the current through each hose section and check for wire shorts or breaks.

The center-tapping of the transformers accomplishes three objectives. First, the voltage of any wire relative to the grounded vacuum decay pipe is cut by a factor of two, reducing the risk of voltage breakdown. Second, all the hose segments are effectively in series and receive the same currents to within 1 A according to simulations. Third, if a hose segment should fail and sever during operation, all the current is bypassed through the transmission line to the next hose segment.

### 7.3 Transmission Line

Because of the ambient conditions of the decay tunnel passage, we designed a coaxial transmission line made of 2 inch and 3 inch outer diameter concentric tubes of commercially available copper tubing. The center hot conductor is spaced from the outer return by circular standoffs spaced every meter along the transmission line. The standoffs are made of Peek plastic. With this design, no protection from ambient water or humidity is necessary. Measurements made on several prototype segments indicate that commercially available copper tubing (schedule ’K’) has a resistance of 1.6 m$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ per 9 m length and the concentric tubes have an inductance 900 $`\mu `$H. We also found that poor-quality weld joints can dominate the resistance of each 9 m transmission line segment. A schematic drawing of the transmission line design is shown in Figure 15.

### 7.4 Circuit Simulation

We have simulated the hadron hose circuit using Spice, including the inductance and resistance of the hose wire segments, penetration leads through the concrete, and transmission line. Furthermore, the Spice model included variations in the series resistance between hose wire segments due to the different temperatures of the hose wires at different positions along the beamline. A schematic of the simulated circuit is shown in Figure 14.

The results of the simulation,shown in Figure 16, have 3 important features. First, the variation of the delivered current during the beam spill is 1 Amp, or 0.1 %. Second, the voltage of the input ($`V_{\text{input}}`$ in Figure 16) is no more than 150 V anywhere, and the voltage difference between input and output ends ($`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$ in Figure 16) is no more than 250 V. This means that the most challenging location for voltage breakdown is restricted to the 20 cm gap between hose wire segments. Third, while the temperatures of the hose segments in the decay volume vary from 80 C at the downstream end to 150 C near the upstream end of the decay tunnel (see Section 11), it is seen that the segments’ currents vary by less than 1 Amp.

## 8 Voltage Breakdown

The hose wire will have a voltage drop across each segment of 250 Volts. This voltage inside the 0.1 - 1.0 Torr vacuum of the NuMI decay pipe poses two potential problems. First, if the potential drop is too large then electrical breakdown could occur between the hose segments, which are separated by $``$ 20 cm. As shown in Figure 17, the Paschen curve  reaches a minimum of 400 Volts in the pressure range of 0.1 - 1.0 Torr relevant for the NuMI decay volume. Limiting the voltage drops inside the decay volume to 250 V provides a margin of safety against voltage breakdown.

The second problem is the ionization of gas in the decay pipe from charged particles in the beam. This residual gas ionization could result in an electrical breakdown or in a current deposited on the wire which modifies the expected current pulse. Assuming the particle flux through the decay pipe is $`6\times 10^{13}`$ particles/spill, an energy deposition of $`dE/dx_{min}=1.82`$ MeV/(g/cm2) in air, and scaling for the 0.17-1.7 mg/l density of air at the 0.1-1.0 Torr decay pipe pressure, the potential current collected on a 9 m hose wire segment is in the range between 9 to 90 Amp, ignoring effects of ion mobilities, recombination, etc.

We measured the ion current collected on a hose wire segment from ionized residual gas in a beam test at the Fermilab Booster Accelerator. An 8 GeV proton beam was passed through a vacuum chamber with 75 $`\mu `$m thick Ti entrance and exit windows. Inside the vacuum chamber, segments of hose wire segments were placed at spacings of 20 cm and 10 cm apart from one another, representing the distance between hose segments in NuMI before and after 10 years’ worth of creep. The beam passed directly between two wires, so that ionization between the wires would drift to the two electrodes, one at voltage and the other at ground. The data presented here were taken at 4.4$`\times 10^{12}`$ particles per 1.56 $`\mu `$sec spill, with $`10`$% variation between spills. The beam spot size was approximately 1 cm RMS, as measured by profile chambers which were retracted for most of the run. The ionization current was measured using a Pearson model 4100 current readout toroid around the high voltage leads to the chamber and read out in a digitizing scope.

Figure 18 shows two typical events at different vacuum chamber pressures from the beam test taken at 400 V potential difference between the 10 cm-separated wires. The 1.56 $`\mu `$sec beam spill occurs between 1.75-3.25 $`\mu `$sec. The sign of the current is positive for electron flow back to the power supply from the hose wire, consistent with what would be expected for electron current flow from the gas to a positive voltage wire and ion current flowing to the grounded wire. In Figure 19, the total charge is integrated over the 1.56 $`\mu `$sec spill time and over the 25 $`\mu `$sec oscilloscope sweep time for each event. Data at several potential differences and pressures was recorded. It is perhaps interesting to note that the 200 V data shows no particular accentuated behaviour at moderate pressures, while an increasingly large charge is collected at moderate pressure for larger voltages. This effect perhaps indicates the onset of electrical breakdown consistent with the Paschen curve.

The data from Figure 19 may also be compared to the naive calculation of expected ionization current in air. Using the same numbers as above and the 66 cm path length of the beam through the vacuum chamber, we would expect 0.42 $`\mu `$Coulomb of charge released in the residual gas at 100 mTorr. This estimate agrees roughly with our data for 500 V, but is invalid at higher pressures or lower voltages, indicating that recombination effects are important. Furthermore, only 10% of the collected charge arrives during the beam spill time (evidently the drift time is long). Extrapolating this data to the NuMI beam conditions, the current deposited on the hose wire during the NuMI beam spill will be 0.02-0.2 Amps, which is well below the pulsed current of 1000 Amps.

## 9 Wire Creep

At temperatures of order 1/3 the melting point, many materials under strain experience plastic flow, or ’creep’. The melting point of pure aluminum is 640C, suggesting that creep is a concern for the hose wire at temperatures near 200C. The effect of creep can be detrimental to the hadron hose for two reasons: (1) it can lead to the failure of a hose wire segment which cannot be replaced after the beam has run; (2) the hose wire segments could break down electrically to adjacent segments if creep causes the wires to stretch too close to neighboring wires. We have performed two measurements of creep of anodized Aluminum alloy 1350 wires and determined a maximum desirable operating temperature of 150C.

The two measurements of Al creep rates were performed by heating aluminum wires under tension. The wires were heated by placing them inside concentric steel tubes which were separated by high temperature plastic. The inner tube was wrapped in heating tape, and the outer wrapped in fiberglass insulation. Thermocouples monitored the interior chambers. Wires suspended inside the tube were fixed at one end and at the other protruded outside the oven to a brass weight which kept the wire under tension. Dial indicators tracked the location of the weights over time. The first setup consisted of 1 m long ovens which were operated for 1 year. The second setup was a 13 m oven containing 30 wires and operated for one month. In the small ovens, anodized wire with 10 $`\mu `$m thick Aluminum oxide coating was tested. In the large oven, wires with both 10 $`\mu `$m and 17 $`\mu `$m thick anodization layers were tested. The large oven was used as well to straighten segments of hose wire for installation in the NuMI beamline, by annealing out the coil from the spool.

Figures 20 shows the data collected from all the 1 m tubes. In the small oven, large creep rates were measurable for temperatures greater than 180C, the data below this temperature were consistent with zero creep. Better sensitivity was achieved with the large oven, in which a creep rate of 1.8$`\times 10^4`$/year was observed with the 17-$`\mu `$m thick coatings at 290PSI = 4 MPa tension at 145C. The thicker anodization appeared to have a factor of 5 or more smaller creep rate than the 10$`\mu `$m anodization.

## 10 Hose Thermal Measurements

Heat dissipates from the hose wire mainly by blackbody radiation and by conduction through the residual decay pipe atmosphere to the outer decay pipe wall. We performed measurements of heat dissipation from the hose wire via both of these mechanisms. These measurements serve as inputs to a detailed thermal model of the hose wire during beam operation.

The thermal measurements of hose wire heat dissipation are performed using a vacuum chamber (see Figure 21) in which a known current is passed through a hose wire segment suspended under tension at its central axis. The inside walls of the vacuum chamber are lined with black plastic. The controlled $`i^2r`$ power input is balanced by blackbody radiation to the walls, by conduction through the wire to its ends, and (possibly) by conduction through the chamber gas to the walls. The wire comes to equilibrium at a temperature which is monitored by its elongation. Viewports to the vacuum chamber allow monitoring of the elongation through an optical telescope.

To interpret the experimental data on wire elongation, a thermal model of the vacuum chamber and the wire is developed. The temperature rise of the wire in a small time interval $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ is

$$\mathrm{\Delta }T=\frac{1}{mC_p}(P_{in}P_{out}^{rad}P_{out}^{gas}P_{out}^{cond})\mathrm{\Delta }t,$$
(4)
where $`P_{out}^{rad}`$ is the blackbody radiated power, $`P_{out}^{gas}`$ is the power conducted through the chamber gas (=0 at sufficiently low pressures), $`P_{out}^{cond}`$ is power conducted through the wire material to the ends, $`m`$ is the wire mass, and $`C_p`$ is its heat capacity.

The input power to the wire $`P_{in}=i^2\rho l/A_{wire}`$, where $`i`$ is the applied current, $`l=580`$ cm is the length and $`A_{wire}=0.042`$ cm2 is the wire cross sectional area, and $`\rho =2.96\mu \mathrm{\Omega }`$-cm is our measured value of the resistivity of Al1350 at 20C. The resistivity slope is $`0.010\mu \mathrm{\Omega }`$-cm/C. We used our measured value for the coefficient of thermal expansion of the anodized wire, $`2.25\times 10^5`$.555Our measurement for the CTE is lower than the value of $`2.4\times 10^5`$ for Aluminum 1350 , presumably because of the 17 $`\mu `$m thick anodization layer on the wire.

The blackbody power radiated is described by

$$P_{out}^{rad}=\sigma _BA_{wire}F_{12}(T_{wire}^4T_{wall}^4),$$
(5)
where $`\sigma _B`$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, $`A_{wire}=2\pi r\mathrm{\Delta }l`$ is the surface area, $`T_{wire}`$ ($`T_{wall}`$) is the temperature of the wire (vacuum chamber wall). The factor $`F_{12}`$ is given by

$$\frac{1}{F_{12}}=\frac{1}{\epsilon _{wire}}+\frac{A_{wire}}{A_{wall}}(\frac{1}{\epsilon _{wall}}1),$$
(6)
where $`\epsilon _{wire}`$ is the wire emissivity to be measured in this study, $`A_{wall}`$ is the surface area of the vacuum chamber walls, and $`\epsilon _{wall}`$ is the wall emissivity. Because $`A_{wire}/A_{wall}0.01`$, we placed a black polyethelene liner inside the vacuum chamber to keep $`F_{12}\epsilon _{wire}`$ to within $`0.5`$%. The plastic liner caused imperfect thermal contact of the walls with the room, so that $`T_{wall}`$ was not simply room temperature. $`T_{wall}`$ was measured using thermocouples placed inside the vacuum chamber and on the wire ends (see Figure 21).

Four measurements were made with $`i=7.5,10,15,`$ and 20 Amps, yielding emissivity values of $`\epsilon =`$0.61, 0.59, 0.60, and 0.61, respectively. The results of the measurements with $`i=15`$ and 7.5 Amps are shown in Figure 22. The systematic uncertainties on this measurement include a $`\pm 0.01`$ uncertainty from the 1% measurement uncertainty in the coefficient of thermal expansion and a $`\pm 0.01`$ uncertainty from the 1% measurement uncertainty in the electrical resistivity. The simulation indicates that the thermal conductivity and heat capacity uncertainties lead to negligible uncertainty on $`\epsilon _{wire}`$. We quote $`\epsilon _{wire}=0.61\pm 0.03`$ for the wire tested with 17$`\mu `$m anodization layer.

The same chamber was used to measure the effect of gas cooling. Figure 23 shows several measurements of wire elongation at different currents and vacuum chamber pressures. Apparently gas cooling is important above $`10^5`$ Torr, and the term $`P_{out}^{gas}`$ in Equation 4 must be included. We assume a form of

$$P_{out}^{gas}=\frac{2\pi k}{ln(r_{wall}/r_{wire})}\mathrm{\Delta }l(T_{wire}T_{wall}),$$
(7)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }l`$ is the length of an element of the wire into which the wire is divided, and $`k`$ is the heat conduction coefficient of air, which is 0.024 W/cm/oC at atmospheric pressure. We use the data in Figure 23 to derive $`k`$ as a function of pressure, setting $`\epsilon _{wire}=0.61`$. This is shown in Figure 24. The rise of our apparent value for $`k`$ above 0.0239 W/cm/C at 10 Torr may indicate that convection is additionally important as the pressure increases. These values for $`k`$ are used to simulate the cooling of the hose in the NuMI decay pipe.

## 11 Hose Wire Thermal Modelling

During operation of the beam, the energy deposited in the Hadron Hose wire comes from $`i^2r`$ heating and from particle interactions in the hose wire. The hose wire dissipates heat primarily through blackbody radiation and cooling from the residual gas in the decay volume. Measurements of these two effects were presented in the previous section. Cooling via conduction to the wire ends also occurs, but to only small effect. In this section we calculate the final equilibrium temperature of the wire during beam operation. Assuming a 150C upper limit for the operating temperature temperature of the wire to limit the effects of long-term creep, we calculate the maximum current pulse length acceptable to be 0.6 ms.

In one pulse, the current deposits a heat load of $`\mathrm{\Delta }Q=i(t)^2r𝑑t`$ delivered to the wire, which grows linearly with the pulse duration. For an RMS current duration of 310 (620) $`\mu `$sec, the simulation of the hadron hose circuit indicates that $`i(t)^2𝑑t=215`$ (430) Amp2-sec. At room temperature, this value for the energy deposited would correspond to 18 (36) J deposited in one 9 m long hose segment per beam spill, corresponding to 1 (2) Watt/meter.

Energy deposition in the hose wire is dominated by interactions of primary protons that did not interact in the target. These protons enter the decay pipe with a mean scattering angle of 0.25 mrad with respect to the nominal beam direction. These protons are focused by the hose field directly into the wire. Because the protons leave the target travelling radially, all unreacted protons are eventually focused into the wire. An analytical calculation of the distance at which protons strike the hose wire  yields an energy deposition of 3.5 Watt/meter inside the first 30 m of hose wire.

We confirmed this calculation using the MARS beamline Monte Carlo package . This simulation includes the NuMI target, focusing horns, and all material upstream of the hose such as the target shielding and vacuum decay pipe window. Thus, the simulation includes energy deposited in the wire from protons as well as by any other showering particles that are created in secondary interactions upstream in the beamline. The result of this simulation, shown as a function of position along the hose wire, is shown in Figure 25. The peak at zero meters arises from protons travelling along the beam axis which interact in the 2 m unpulsed section of the hose, while the energy deposited downstream results from protons which multiple scatter in the target and are brought back to the beam axis by the hose field. Not suprisingly, the simulation indicates that with the hose field turned off, this second component disappears. The additional deposited energy compared to the analytic calculation indicates the magnitude of energy deposition from showering particles created in upstream material in the beamline.

The expectation for the hose wire temperature in the NuMI beam is calculated using the thermal model of Section 10, with the addition of the beam heating and of gas cooling. The beam heating term is taken from Figure 25. The temperature of the NuMI decay pipe wall at $`r_{wall}=100`$ cm is set to $`T_{wall}=55^{}`$C, based on a MARS simulation of the energy deposited in the decay pipe. We assume a value of the heat transfer coefficient of $`k=0.0239`$W/cm/C at 0.1-1.0 Torr from Figure 24. Thermal conduction is allowed to the end of each 9 m hose segment, which are also constrained to 55C. In the calculation, each hose segment is subdivided into three parts: a central 9 m segment which receives both $`i^2r`$ and beam heating, and two 1 m ’leads’ which bring the hose current in from the decay pipe walls to the center of the pipe which receive only $`i^2r`$ heating (no beam heating).

The results of the calculation are shown in Figure 26. In the figure, the basic shape of the temperature distribution follows the beam energy deposition calculated in Figure 25, as may be expected. Based on this calculation of wire heating, a pulse length of 600 $`\mu `$sec is acceptable, assuming a wire emissivity $`\epsilon 0.60.7`$ as achieved for 17$`\mu `$m anodization.

## 12 Radiological Issues

The NuMI beam produces large numbers of hadrons, neutrons, gammas, and other particles which can cause activation of the surrounding earth and rock. This activation affects underground aquifers in the vicinity of the beamline. The NuMI decay volume and the target hall are shielded from the surrounding rock by poured concrete or stacked steel blocks, respectively. The thickness of target hall steel is $``$ 2 m and the decay volume concrete shield ranges from 3 m at the upstream end to 2 m at the downstream end. In addition a hadron beam stop, consisting of a $`2\times 2`$ m2 by 3 m longitudinal depth Aluminum core surrounded by a 2 m thick layer of stacked steel blocks, is located at the end of the decay volume

We studied whether the hose could increase the radioactivation of the surrounding earth. Such an increase could result, in principle, from interactions of the remnant proton beam with the hose wire. These interactions occur along the full length of the decay pipe, including the most downstream sections where the shielding is thinnest. Without the hose, much of this component of the beam power is absorbed in the hadron stop.

We used the MARS beamline Monte Carlo  to simulate any increase in activation of the surrounding rock resulting from such proton interactions in the wire. All particles above 100 MeV were tracked in the simulation, except neutrons, for which the threshold was 10 MeV. The radioactivation measure is the density of ’stars’ in the surrounding rock per proton on target. A star is a nuclear interaction above 50 MeV in the rock caused by particles from the beam. The density of stars is tabulated in Table 2, and is averaged over the 1 m layer of rock surrounding the shielding. For reference, NuMI will deliver $`4\times 10^{20}`$ protons on target per year. According to the simulation, operation of the Hadron Hose does increase the star densities in different regions around the NuMI beamline. These results indicate that the shielding planned for the NuMI beam line can accomodate inclusion of the Hadron Hose without modification.

## 13 Conclusions

We have investigated the potential impact of a new focusing system, the Hadron Hose, for conventional neutrino beams. This system was developed for the NuMI beam at Fermilab, and may be of benefit to future conventional ’super beams’ because of its increase in neutrino event yield and ability to control systematic uncertainties due to particle production in the target or imperfections in the rest of the neutrino beam elements.

## 14 Acknowledgements

We thank our NuMI and MINOS colleagues, particularly Karol Lang, Doug Michael, and Stan Wojcicki, for discussions and encouragement. We thank Ron Dimelfi, John Hall, Nikolai Mokhov, Howie Pfeffer, Steve Sansone, and Sergei Striganov for helpful consultations. We acknowledge the valuable contributions of the University of Texas Physics Department mechanical support shops, the Fermilab Particle Physics, Beams, Survey/Alignment, and Mechanical Support Divisions, and in particular Virgil Bocean, Cary Kendziora, Stephen Pordes, Bob Webber, and James Lackey. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-AC02-76CH3000, DE-FG03-93ER40757 and DE-FG02-91ER40654, the National Science Foundation, NSF/PHY-0089116, and the Fondren Foundation.