text:
# Photometric study of new southern SU UMa-type dwarf novae and candidates: V877 Ara, KK Tel and PU CMa

## 1 Introduction

Dwarf novae are a class of cataclysmic variables (CVs), which are close binary systems consisting of a white dwarf and a red dwarf secondary transferring matter via the Roche-lobe overflow (for recent reviews, see Warner (1995a); Hellier (2001a)). There exists a class of dwarf novae, called SU UMa-type dwarf novae. All SU UMa-type dwarf novae show superhumps during their long, bright outbursts (superoutbursts). \[For a recent review of dwarf novae and SU UMa-type dwarf novae, see Osaki (1996) and Warner (1995b), respectively.\] Superhumps are 0.1–0.5 mag modulations which have periods (superhump period: $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$) a few percent longer than the system orbital period ($`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$). The difference between $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ and $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ is understood as a consequence of the apsidal motion (Osaki, 1985; Molnar & Kobulnicky, 1992) of a tidally induced eccentric accretion disk (Whitehurst, 1988; Hirose & Osaki, 1990; Lubow, 1991). The origin of superhumps is explained as increased viscous dissipation around periodic conjunctions between the major axis of the elongated accretion disk and the secondary star. This explanation has been recently confirmed with more detailed hydrodynamical simulations (Murray, 1996, 1998, 2000). Truss et al. (2000, 2001) indeed succeeded in reproducing the light curves of dwarf novae with hydrodynamical simulations within the thermal-tidal disk instability model (Osaki, 1989, 1996).

Early development in study of SU UMa-type dwarf novae largely owed to southern bright objects (VW Hyi, Z Cha, OY Car etc. see e.g. Vogt (1974, 1980); Vogt et al. (1981); Vogt (1982, 1983a, 1983b); Warner & Brickhill (1974); Warner (1974, 1975, 1985); Cook & Warner (1981, 1984); O’Donoghue (1986); Smak (1979, 1985); Bailey & Ward (1981)) with dedicated telescopes. The recent advent of the wide availability of CCDs, however, has opened a new window to study of SU UMa-type dwarf novae. Excellent examples include (a) an extension to faint objects (e.g. Howell & Szkody (1988); Howell et al. (1990); Howell et al. (1991); Mukai et al. (1990); Szkody et al. (1989)) and (b) timely observations of SU UMa-type outbursts. These new techniques have produced a number of striking discoveries or new concepts: e.g. recognition of a class of short-period, rarely outbursting SU UMa-type dwarf novae (Howell et al., 1995), establishment the concept of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae (Kato et al., 1996; Kato et al., 1997, 2001; Howell et al., 1996; Patterson et al., 1996; Patterson et al., 1998; Nogami et al., 1997; Matsumoto et al., 1998; Ishioka et al., 2001), discovery of peculiar ER UMa-type stars (Kato & Kunjaya, 1995; Robertson et al., 1995; Nogami et al., 1995a; Nogami et al., 1995b; Patterson et al., 1995; Kato et al., 1996), and discovery of ultra-short period SU UMa-type dwarf novae breaking the standard evolutionary sequence of short-period CVs (Uemura et al., 2002a; Skillman et al., 2002). These discoveries have dramatically changed our understanding of CVs. In recent years, Woudt & Warner (2001) applied a technique of time-resolved CCD photometry, which was largely introduced by Howell & Szkody (1988); Szkody et al. (1989), to the previously unexploited field of faint southern CVs, and has indeed proven the high productivity of such a study.

In the most recent years, the advent of the Internet, wide availability of CCDs and a global network of observers, best exemplified by the VSNET Collaboration111 http://www.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/vsnet/. has enabled a rapid circulation of outburst alerts and opened a new window to globally and timely study the novel field of transient object astronomy. Combined with the established technique of time-resolved CCD photometry of outbursting dwarf novae, this kind of global collaboration has become a breakthrough in study of CVs (a wealth of scientific highlights is presented on the VSNET webpage). In this paper, we present the very first result of this global network on newly discovered outbursts of southern CVs.

## 2 CCD Observation

The observers, equipment and reduction software are summarized in Table 1. The Kyoto observations were analyzed using the JavaTM-based PSF photometry package developed by one of the authors (TK). The other observers performed aperture photometry. The observations used unfiltered CCD systems having a response close to Kron-Cousins $`R_\mathrm{c}`$ band for outbursting dwarf novae, except for the $`V`$-band observation by SK. The errors of single measurements are typically less than 0.01–0.03 mag unless otherwise specified.

Barycentric corrections to the observed times were applied before the following analysis.

## 3 V877 Ara = NSV 08383

### 3.1 Introduction

V877 Ara was originally discovered as a suspected variable star (CSV 7612 = NSV 08383). The star was selected as a possible dwarf nova in Vogt & Bateson (1982). From the finding chart presented in this literature, Lopez (1985) provided astrometry of the proposed quiescent counterpart at 17h 16m 58s.96, $``$65 33 00′′.2 (precessed to J2000.0). The star has been intensively monitored by members of the VSNET Collaboration. The first outburst was detected by B. Monard on 1999 February 27 at visual magnitude 14.2 (vsnet-alert 2715)222 http://www.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/vsnet/Mail/alert2000/
msg00715.html. . Monard further noticed that the outbursting object is different from the proposed quiescent counterpart (vsnet-alert 2727)333 http://www.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/vsnet/Mail/alert2000/
msg00727.html. . Although no detailed time-resolved photometry was performed, the overall behavior of the 1999 February–March outburst resemble that of a superoutburst of an SU UMa-type dwarf nova (vsnet-alert 4110)444 http://www.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/vsnet/Mail/alert4000/
msg00110.html. .

### 3.2 Long-term Light Curve

Figure 1 shows the long-term visual light curve of V877 Ara. Four major outbursts occurring at JD 2451236, 2451805, 2452129 and 2452433 are clearly seen. As shown in section 3.4, the major outburst around JD 2452433 is a superoutburst as demonstrated by the secure detection of superhumps, thereby establishing the SU UMa-type nature of V877 Ara. The earlier three outbursts had durations longer than 5 d (section 3.6), and comparable maximum magnitudes to that of the JD 2452433 outburst. Since all well-observed long (more than 5 d) outbursts of SU UMa-type dwarf novae have been confirmed to be superoutbursts (Vogt, 1980; Warner, 1985), we can safely conclude that these outbursts are indeed superoutbursts. Two shorter outbursts were detected between these outbursts. These outbursts are most likely normal outbursts. The overall characteristics of the long-term light curve is that of a typical SU UMa-type dwarf nova.

### 3.3 The 2002 June Superoutburst

The 2002 June outburst was detected by R. Stubbings on June 7 at visual magnitude 13.8. The object was reported to be below the detection limit on the previous night; the outburst must have been caught during its earliest stage. We undertook time-resolved CCD photometry campaign. The magnitudes were measured relative to GSC 9060.112, whose constancy during the observation was confirmed by a comparison with GSC 9060.610. The log of observations is given in Table 2.

Figures 2 and 3 are the overall and nightly light curves of V877 Ara. Gradually decaying superhumps are clearly visible on all nights; this confirms the SU UMa-type nature of V877 Ara. The overall light curve shows a linear decline with a rate of 0.12 mag d-1. This value is quite characteristic of a normal SU UMa-type dwarf nova. The dip-like structure near the end of the June 17 run may have been a result of slightly unfavorable observing condition.

### 3.4 Superhump Period

Figure 4 shows the result of a period analysis using Phase Dispersion Minimization (PDM: Stellingwerf (1978)) applied to the entire data set after removing the linear decline trend. The selection of the correct period among possible aliases was performed using an independent analysis of the longest run (June 11), which yielded a period of 0.0853(4) d.555The quoted error from a single-night observation should be regarded as an approximation rather than the true error, since an estimated of such a period may have been affected by an uncorrected systematic variation of the observing condition or an intrinsic variation in the waveform. We therefore regard that the seeming difference between nightly-based periods on June 10 and June 11 is not significant. This error, however, safely rejected the longer possible alias by at least 6$`\sigma `$.  This selection was also confirmed by a comparison with the independently obtained period (0.0842 d) communicated from S. Walker based on his June 10 observation. The adopted mean period during the superoutburst is 0.08411(2) d. A relatively large difference between the mean period and a period on a single-night basis may be ascribed to the large superhump period change described later. Figure 5 shows the phase-averaged profile of superhumps. The rapidly rising and slowly fading superhump profile is characteristic of an SU UMa-type dwarf nova (Vogt, 1980; Warner, 1985).

We extracted the maxima times of superhumps from the light curve by eye. The averaged times of a few to several points close to the maximum were used as representatives of the maxima times. The errors of the maxima times are usually less than $``$0.002 d. The resultant superhump maxima are given in Table 3. The values are given to 0.0001 d in order to avoid the loss of significant digits in a later analysis. The cycle count ($`E`$) is defined as the cycle number since BJD 2452434.961. A linear regression to the observed superhump times gives the following ephemeris:

$$\mathrm{BJD}(\mathrm{maximum})=2452434.9715(31)+0.084025(47)E.$$
(1)
Figure 6 shows the ($`OC`$)’s against the mean superhump period (0.084025 d) from a linear regression (equation 1). The diagram clearly shows the decrease in the superhump period throughout the superoutburst plateau. The times of the superhump maxima in this interval can be well represented by the following quadratic equation:

$`\mathrm{BJD}`$ $`(\mathrm{maximum})=2452434.9633(18)+0.084659(92)E`$ (2)
$`6.12(87)\times 10^6E^2.`$
The quadratic term corresponds to $`\dot{P}`$ = $``$12.2$`\pm `$1.7 $`\times `$ 10-6 d cycle-1, or $`\dot{P}/P`$ = $``$14.5$`\pm `$2.1 $`\times `$ 10-5. This measured quadratic term is one of the extremely negative values among all SU UMa-type dwarf novae (Kato et al., 2001).

### 3.5 Astrometry and Quiescent Counterpart

Astrometry of the outbursting V877 Ara was performed on CCD images taken by R. Santallo and B. Monard. An average of measurements of seven images (UCAC1 system, 60 – 150 reference stars; internal dispersion of the measurements was $``$0′′.03) has yielded a position of 17h 16m 53s.936, $``$65 32 51′′.49 (J2000.0). The position agrees with the USNO$``$A2.0 star at 17h 16m 53s.926, $``$65 32 51′′.80 (epoch 1979.891 and magnitudes $`r`$ = 17.8, $`b`$ = 19.1), which is most likely the quiescent counterpart of V877 Ara (Figure 7). Comparing with the USNO$``$A2.0 position and the DSS 1 images (epoch = 1975 – 1978), no apparent proper motion was detected; its upper limit is deduced to be 0′′.04 yr-1. No counterpart is recorded in GSC$``$2.2, UCAC and 2MASS catalogs.

### 3.6 V877 Ara as an SU UMa-type Dwarf Nova

Table 4 lists the recorded outbursts of V877 Ara. The durations of outbursts have a clear bimodal ($``$2 d or $``$5 d) distribution, which is very characteristic of an SU UMa-type star (Vogt, 1980; Warner, 1985). The observed intervals between superoutbursts implies the existence of a missed superoutburst around the solar conjunction between JD 2451236 and JD 2451805. The intervals between superoutbursts (supercycle length) are thus 285–374 d. The observed number of normal outbursts between superoutbursts does not seem to be exceptionally low for an SU UMa-type star (Warner, 1995b; Nogami et al., 1997) considering the faintness (14.2–14.6 mag) of normal outbursts, which is close to the detection limit. Future deep monitoring is encouraged to determine the true cycle length of normal outbursts.

## 4 KK Tel

### 4.1 Introduction

KK Tel is a dwarf nova discovered by C. Hoffmeister. Vogt & Bateson (1982) provided a finding chart. Howell & Szkody (1990) suggested that KK Tel may be a member of high galactic latitude CVs, which were then considered to be a new population of CVs with large outburst amplitudes (Howell et al., 1995). Howell et al. (1991) obtained CCD time-resolved photometry of KK Tel in quiescence, and recorded regularly recurring humps with a period of 0.084 d. Among the CVs studied by Howell et al. (1991), KK Tel showed most prominent humps, which resembled those of a high-inclination eclipsing CV, DV UMa (Howell et al., 1987; Howell et al., 1988; Howell & Blanton, 1993). The characteristics of the humps in KK Tel was further discussed in Howell et al. (1996). Zwitter & Munari (1995) obtained a spectrum in quiescence, and confirmed the presence of Balmer emission lines. This observation spectroscopically confirmed the CV nature of KK Tel. Since the reported period strongly suggests the SU UMa-type nature, we undertook a photometric campaign.

### 4.2 The 2002 June Superoutburst

The 2002 June outburst was detected by R. Stubbings on June 17 at visual magnitude 13.8. Due to a 4-d gap of observation before this detection, the exact epoch of the start of the outburst was not determined. We started a CCD photometric campaign following this detection. Each observer measured relative magnitudes against a constant star in the same field. Since different observers used different comparison stars and the accurate adjustment of the zero point is difficult because of the presence of a close visual companion to KK Tel, we simply subtracted a nightly average from each runs and the combined data were subject to period analyses. The log of observations is given in Table 5.

### 4.3 Superhump Period

Figure 8 shows nightly light curves of KK Tel. Superhumps are clearly visible on all nights. This observation has finally established the SU UMa-type nature of KK Tel. The relatively large scatter on June 20 may have been caused by an interference by the nearby companion. Figure 9 shows the result of PDM period analysis. The selection of the correct period among possible aliases was performed using an independent analysis of the longest run (June 20), which yielded a period of 0.0878(10) d. The identification of the superhump period is also confirmed by a comparison with the quiescent photometric period of 0.084 d (Howell et al., 1991). No other alias gives a reasonable match with this quiescent period. The best determined mean $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ is 0.08808(3) d.

We extracted the maxima times of superhumps from the light curve just as in section 3.4. The resultant superhump maxima are given in Table 6. A linear regression of the observed times is given in equation 3.

$$\mathrm{BJD}(\mathrm{maximum})=2452444.0072(50)+0.08801(18)E.$$
(3)
The times of the superhump maxima in this interval can be well represented by the following quadratic equation:

$`\mathrm{BJD}`$ $`(\mathrm{maximum})=2452444.0018+0.08880E`$ (4)
$`1.69\times 10^5E^2.`$
Nominal errors of the fit are not shown because of the small degree of freedom in the data. Although further detailed observations are needed to exactly determine the period derivative, the presently measured period change corresponds to $`\dot{P}`$ = $`3.3\times 10^5`$ d cycle-1, or $`\dot{P}/P`$ = $`3.7\times 10^4`$. Even if we allow most pessimistic measurement errors of 0.01 d (14 min) for superhump maxima, the period derivative varies only by $``$ 10%. We thereby adopted $`\dot{P}/P`$ = $`3.7(4)\times 10^4`$ for KK Tel.

### 4.4 Astrometry and Quiescent Counterpart

Astrometry of the outbursting KK Tel was performed on CCD images taken by P. Nelson and T. Richards. An average of measurements of two images (UCAC1 system, 26 – 70 reference stars; internal dispersion of the measurements was $``$0′′.3) has yielded a position of 20h 28m 38s.51, $``$52 18 45′′.0 (J2000.0, epoch=2002.461). The position agrees with the USNO$``$A2.0 star at 20h 28m 38s.471, $``$52 18 45′′.34 (epoch 1982.057 and magnitudes $`r`$ = 17.8, $`b`$ = 18.6), and the GSC$``$2.2 star at 20h 28m 38s.456, $``$52 18 45′′.17 (epoch 1976.637 and magnitude $`B_j`$ = 19.24). This identification has confirmed a large outburst amplitude inferred by Howell et al. (1991).

### 4.5 KK Tel as an SU UMa-type Dwarf Nova

Figure 10 shows the long-term visual light curve of KK Tel. Table 7 lists the observed outbursts. Four well-defined superoutbursts (JD 2450870, 2451259, 2451682, 2452443) with durations longer than 5 d are unambiguously identified (cf. section 3.2). From the relatively regular intervals between superoutbursts, we obtained a mean supercycle length of 394 d. This supercycle length is relatively long among long-$`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ SU UMa-type dwarf novae (e.g. Nogami et al. (1997)).666 We generally refer to systems with $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ longer than $``$0.08 d as long-$`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ SU UMa-type dwarf novae in this paper. These periods are close to the lower edge of the CV period gap, in which the number density of the observed CVs is markedly decreased (Warner, 1995a), and the properties of the systems with these periods are considered to most strongly reflect their evolutionary stages among the SU UMa-type dwarf novae (Podsiadlowski et al., 2001).  The long supercycle implies a low mass-transfer rate (Ichikawa & Osaki, 1994; Osaki, 1996), which is consistent with the relatively large ($``$5.4 mag) outburst amplitude.

The present secure superhump detection has confirmed the identification by Howell et al. (1991) that the 0.084 d period is the orbital period. By adopting $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ = 0.084 d and the mean $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ = 0.08808 d, we obtain a fractional superhump excess ($`ϵ=P_{\mathrm{SH}}/P_{\mathrm{orb}}1`$) of $``$5%. Although the exact determination of the orbital period would require additional observations,777 Our independent estimate from the extracted values from the figures in Howell et al. (1991) has confirmed that the suggested period is likely to be correct to $``$1%.  the fractional superhump excess is not unusual for an SU UMa-type dwarf nova with this $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ (Molnar & Kobulnicky, 1992; Patterson, 1998).

The appearance of strong hump features in quiescence suggests that KK Tel would have a high orbital inclination. This possibility is further strengthened by the presence of broad Balmer emission lines (Zwitter & Munari, 1995). A close examination of the light curves obtained during the present superoutburst, however, did not reveal the presence of eclipses. With a likely high inclination, KK Tel would be a promising target to precisely determine physical parameters of a long-period SU UMa-type dwarf nova. There would also be a possibility of observing a beat phenomenon between $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ and $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ during superoutbursts (e.g. Ishioka et al. (2001)), although a short baseline of the present observation did not allow us to confirm this phenomenon.

## 5 PU CMa = RX J0640$``$24

RX J0640-24 (=1RXS J064047.8-242305) is a ROSAT-selected cataclysmic variable, normally at $`B`$ = 15.4. Based on the detection at mag 11 on one ESO B plate, the object has been suspected to be a dwarf nova (cf. Downes et al. (1997)). The object is located at 06h 40m 47s.691, $``$24 23 14′′.04 (GSC$``$2.2, J2000.0, epoch=1996.131, $`r`$ = 14.87, $`b`$ = 16.17). The object was monitored by one of the authors (PS) using an AP-8 CCD camera attached to the 50-cm reflector at the Iowa Robotic Observatory (IRO). Schmeer (2000, vsnet-alert 3956)888 http://www.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/vsnet/Mail/alert3000/
msg00956.html.  finally discovered a new outburst on 2000 January 6.348 UT at unfiltered CCD magnitude of 11.5, and established the dwarf nova classification. Upon this alert, we started time-resolved CCD photometry at Kyoto (TK and MU) and Tsukuba (SK). The Tsukuba observation further covered the later part of the 2000 February outburst, which was detected by one of the authors (R. Stubbings).

The magnitudes of Kyoto CCD observations were determined relative to GSC 6512.166 (Tycho-2 magnitude: $`V=12.43\pm 0.17`$, $`BV=+0.91\pm 0.34`$). The magnitudes of Tsukuba observations were determined relative to GSC 6512.908 (Tycho-2 magnitude: $`V=9.10\pm 0.01`$, $`BV=+1.31\pm 0.03`$). The constancy of comparison star during the run was confirmed by comparison with GSC 6508.1168 at both observatories. The log of observations is given in Table 8. BM obtained another set of time-series photometry on 2002 May 27 (during the 2002 May long outburst). Because of the different comparison star system, average magnitude of BM’s observation is not listed in Table 8.

The upper panel of Figure 11 shows the light curve of the 2000 January outburst drawn from the Kyoto data. The light curve shows a rapid initial decline at a rate of $``$1.0 mag d-1. The decline became slower as the object approached its minimum magnitude. The object returned to quiescence within 4 d of the initial detection of the rise. The object was observed at quiescence (15.4 mag) two days before the outburst detection. Such rapid evolution of the outburst suggests a normal outburst of an SU UMa-type dwarf nova. The lower panel of Figure 11 shows an enlarged light curve of the 2000 January outburst, drawn from Kyoto and Tsukuba observations. The Tsukuba observation on January 8 were shifted by 2.966 mag in order to get the best match. A smooth, slow modulation was observed on the first night (January 7), while it became more irregular on January 8. The time scale of the January 7 variation looks slightly longer than the observing run (1.3 hr), which may reflect some sort of a hump-like feature (e.g. orbital humps).

The upper panel of Figure 12 shows an enlarged light curve of the 2000 February outburst, drawn Tsukuba observations. Periodic-looking modulations were observed on February 25, with a likely period of 0.032–0.033 d. Although the origin of the modulation is not clear, it may be related to some harmonic of the orbital period. The lower panel of Figure 12 shows a time-resolved light curve taken on 2002 May 27, the unique photometric run during a long outburst. Although there is a suggestion of $``$0.1 mag modulation, the unfavorable photometric condition and the short seasonal visibility make it difficult to draw a conclusion on the existence of superhumps.

Figure 13 depicts a long-term light curve of PU CMa, based on visual observations (R. Stubbings, AP, BM, TW), as a part of VSNET Collaboration. All observers used $`V`$-band comparison stars. In addition to short outbursts as observed in 2000 January and February, three long outbursts \[JD 2451677 (2000 May), 2452056 (2001 June), 2452418 (2002 May)\] were detected. The overall characteristics of outbursts are very reminiscent of an SU UMa-type dwarf nova. The interval of long, bright outburst (likely superoutbursts) was 362–391 d, which may be the supercycle of this star. If this periodicity continues, superoutbursts in the immediate future will be difficult to observe.

We also note that the second and third long outbursts were preceded by a precursor 13 d and 11 d, respectively, before each outbursts. Such appearance of precursors are relatively common in SU UMa-type superoutbursts (e.g. Marino & Walker (1979); Kato (1997)), and is naturally explained to reflect two-step ignitions (thermal instability and tidal instability) within the framework of the disk-instability model (Osaki, 1989, 1996). If PU CMa would turn out to be an SS Cyg-type dwarf nova rather than an SU UMa-type dwarf nova, such a feature should require a different mechanism.

Although definitive classification requires further time-resolved photometry, we propose that PU CMa to be an excellent candidate for an SU UMa-type dwarf nova. This indication is also strengthened by the recently reported orbital period of 0.05669(4) d (Thorstensen & Fenton, 2002). This period is one of the shortest periods among the known SU UMa-type dwarf novae (Thorstensen et al., 2002). Most of the systems with similar orbital periods show significant deviations (either related to WZ Sge-type dwarf novae or ER UMa-type dwarf novae) from normal SU UMa-type dwarf novae. PU CMa, with its outburst properties strongly resembling a normal SU UMa-type dwarf nova (Vogt, 1980; Warner, 1985), may be the first object filling the gap between the extreme WZ Sge-type and ER UMa-type systems.

## 6 Superhump Period Changes in Long-Period Systems

We have shown that V877 Ara has a definitively large decrease of the superhump period. Even allowing for unusually large measurement errors of superhump times, an even more striking decrease is inferred in KK Tel. The periods of “textbook” superhumps in usual SU UMa-type dwarf novae have been known to decrease during a superoutburst (e.g. Warner (1985); Patterson et al. (1993)). Warner (1985); Patterson et al. (1993) showed that the period derivative ($`P_{\mathrm{dot}}=\dot{P}/P`$) has a rather common negative value ($`5\times 10^5`$). This period change has been generally attributed to decreasing apsidal motion due to a decreasing disk radius (Osaki, 1985) or inward propagation of the eccentricity wave (Lubow, 1992). Kato et al. (2001) systematically studied $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$ in SU UMa-type dwarf novae. Within the survey by Kato et al. (2001), most of long-$`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ SU UMa-type dwarf novae have been confirmed to show a “textbook” decrease of the superhump periods. On the other hand, short-period systems or infrequently outbursting SU UMa-type systems have been found to predominantly show an increase in the superhump periods.

In recent years, some long-period SU UMa-type stars (V725 Aql: Uemura et al. (2001); EF Peg: K. Matsumoto et al, in preparation) have been known to show zero or marginally positive $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$. While this finding seems to give an impression that $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$ makes a minimum around the period of 0.07–0.08 d, the discovery of a large negative $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$ in long-period systems (V877 Ara and KK Tel) more implies a previously neglected diversity of $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$ in long-period SU UMa-type systems. Figure 14 shows $`\dot{P}/P`$ versus $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ for SU UMa-type dwarf novae. This diagram clearly shows the present of different populations (i.e. systems with $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$0 and systems with definitely negative $`P_{\mathrm{dot}}`$) in long-period ($`P_{\mathrm{SH}}>`$ 0.08 d) systems.

The origin of different $`\dot{P}/P`$ among SU UMa-type dwarf novae was first attributed to different tidal torques in different binary mass ratios ($`q=M_2/M_1`$) \[i.e. short-$`P_{\mathrm{SH}}`$ WZ Sge stars have the lowest $`q`$, which could explain the small tidal effect on the accretion disk (Patterson et al., 1993)\]. Kato et al. (1998) further proposed an idea that a large disk radius in superoutbursting WZ Sge-type dwarf novae (cf. Osaki & Meyer (2002)) enables outward propagation of eccentricity waves, which is responsible for positive $`\dot{P}/P`$ in WZ Sge-type stars. Recent discoveries of nearly zero $`\dot{P}/P`$ in long-period, low mass-transfer rate ($`\dot{M}`$) systems (EF Peg and V725 Aql), however, seem to more favor a new interpretation that $`\dot{P}/P`$ more reflects $`\dot{M}`$ (see also Kato et al. (2001) for more discussion). If the latter possibility is the origin of different $`\dot{P}/P`$, the present discovery of a diversity of $`\dot{P}/P`$ provides new evidence of a wide variety of $`\dot{M}`$ in long-period SU UMa-type dwarf novae. In short-period SU UMa-type dwarf novae (and related systems), there is a well-established diversity \[WZ Sge-type stars and ER UMa stars, permanent superhumpers (Dobrzycka & Howell, 1992; Skillman & Patterson, 1993; Ringwald et al., 1996)\]. There have been two recent attempts to interpret this diversity by introducing an inner truncation of the accretion disk and irradiation on the secondary star (Buat-Ménard et al., 2001; Buat-Ménard & Hameury, 2002) and by considering a decoupling between the thermal and tidal instabilities in low $`q`$ systems (Hellier, 2001b). Both models are expected to show smaller effects in long-period SU UMa-type stars (e.g. $`P_{\mathrm{SH}}>`$ 0.08 d), and we probably need a different explanation. Further measurements of $`\dot{P}/P`$ in a larger SU UMa-type sample would become a key in solving this still puzzling phenomenon. There is a recently established and addressed diversity in short-period SU UMa-type systems (Warner, 1998; Nogami, 1998), which has led to new insights into fundamental problems of accretion disks (Osaki, 1995a, b; Buat-Ménard et al., 2001; Buat-Ménard & Hameury, 2002; Hellier, 2001b). The present discovery of a diversity in long-period SU UMa-type systems would become an additional step toward full understanding the dwarf nova and CV phenomenon.

## Acknowledgments

This work is partly supported by a grant-in aid \[13640239 (TK), 14740131 (HY)\] from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Part of this work is supported by a Research Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists (MU). The CCD operation of the Bronberg Observatory is partly sponsored by the Center for Backyard Astrophysics. The CCD operation by Peter Nelson is on loan from the AAVSO, funded by the Curry Foundation. P. Schmeer’s observations were made with the Iowa Robotic Observatory, and he wishes to thank Robert Mutel and his students. This research has made use of the Digitized Sky Survey producted by STScI, the ESO Skycat tool, the VizieR catalogue access tool.


format: text

text:
# Calculation of Shock Hugoniot Curves of Precompressed Liquid Deuterium

## References


text:
# Betweenness centrality correlation in social networks

## Abstract

Scale-free (SF) networks exhibiting a power-law degree distribution can be grouped into the assortative, dissortative and neutral networks according to the behavior of the degree-degree correlation coefficient. Here we investigate the betweenness centrality (BC) correlation for each type of SF networks. While the BC-BC correlation coefficients behave similarly to the degree-degree correlation coefficients for the dissortative and neutral networks, the BC correlation is nontrivial for the assortative ones found mainly in social networks. The mean BC of neighbors of a vertex with BC $`g_i`$ is almost independent of $`g_i`$, implying that each person is surrounded by almost the same influential environments of people no matter how influential the person is.

Recently there have been considerable efforts to understand complex systems in terms of random graph, consisting of vertices and edges, where vertices (edges) represent constituents (their interactions) review1 ; review2 . An interesting feature emerging in such complex networks is a power-law degree distribution, $`p_d(k)k^\gamma `$, where the degree $`k`$ is the number of edges incident upon a given vertex www ; huberman . Networks displaying the power-law degree distribution are called the scale-free (SF) networks. Barabási and Albert (BA) introduced an evolving model illustrating such a SF network ba . The degree distribution of the BA model follows a power-law $`p_d(k)k^3`$. While the BA-type models are meaningful as the first step to generate SF network, they are too simple to accord with real-world networks, exhibiting nontrivial degree-degree and other correlations.

SF networks can be grouped into three types according to the behavior of the degree-degree correlation coefficient newman ; newman2 . They are the ones exhibiting the assortative, dissortative, and neutral mixing on their degree. For the network of the assortative (dissortative) mixing, called the assortative (dissortative) network, a vertex with large degree tends to connect to vertices with large (small) degree, while for the network of the neutral mixing, there is no such tendency. The assortative network can be found in social networks such as the coauthorship network, the actor network and so on, and the dissortative network in information networks such as the Internet and the World-wide Web, and in biological networks such as protein interaction networks and neural networks. While such assortative and dissortative networks appear in real world, the neutral network, $`i.e.`$, the network of the neutral mixing on their degree, appears in in silico networks such as the BA model and the copying model copying  with $`\gamma =3`$.

While degree is a fundamental quantity describing the topology of the SF network, it was shown that the betweenness centrality (BC) is another important quantity to characterize how influential a vertex is in communications between each pair of vertices freeman ; newman1 . To be specific, let us suppose communication paths between a pair of vertices $`(i,j)`$ are the shortest pathways and let the number of such pathways denoted by $`c(i,j)`$. Among them, the number of the shortest pathways running through a vertex $`k`$ is denoted by $`c_k(i,j)`$ and the fraction by $`g_k(i,j)=c_k(i,j)/c(i,j)`$. Then the BC of the vertex $`k`$ is defined as the accumulated amount of $`g_k(i,j)`$ over all pairs, $`i.e.`$, $`g_k=_{\{(i.j)\}}c_k(i,j)/c(i,j)=_{\{(i,j)\}}g_k(i,j)`$. The BC distribution follows a power law for SF networks, $`p_b(g)g^\eta `$, where $`g`$ means BC and the exponent $`\eta `$ turns out to be robust as either $`\eta 2.2`$ or $`\eta =2.0`$, independent of the degree exponent as long as $`2<\gamma 3`$ load ; class .

For the BA-type model, it was shown that the BC is related to the degree via the relation load

$$gk^{(\gamma 1)/(\eta 1)}.$$
(1)
Thus the vertices with larger degree are much more influential to others in communications. Due to this relation, one may think that the BC-BC correlation would behave similarly to the degree-degree correlation. In this paper, we report that while for the dissortative and neutral network, the BC-BC correlation coefficients behave similarly to the degree-degree correlation coefficients, for the assortative network, the degree-BC relation Eq. (1) is nontrivial, leading to that the BC-BC correlation is very weakly assortative, i.e., the mean BC of neighbors of a certain vertex with BC $`g_i`$ is almost independent of $`g_i`$.

The degree-degree correlation redner ; serguei  was investigated in terms of the correlation function between the remaining degrees of the two vertices on each side of an edge, where the remaining degree means the degree of that vertex minus one newman . First one defines the joint probability $`e_d(j,k)`$ that the two vertices on each side of a randomly chosen link have $`j`$ and $`k`$ remaining degrees, respectively. Then the normalized correlation coefficient is defined as

$$r_d=\frac{1}{\sigma _d(q)^2}\underset{j,k}{}jk\{e_d(j,k)q_d(j)q_d(k)\},$$
(2)
where $`q_d(k)`$ is the normalized distribution of the remaining degree $`q_d(k)=(k+1)p_d(k+1)/_jjp_d(j)`$, and $`\sigma _d(q)^2=_kk^2q_d(k)[_kkq_d(k)]^2`$. Recently Newman called this quantity the degree assortativity coefficient newman2 . For the assortative (dissortative) networks, $`r_d`$ is positive (negative), and for the neutral networks, $`r_d=0`$. On the other hand, the degree-degree correlation was also investigated in terms of the mean degree of neighbors of a vertex with degree $`k`$, denoted by $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}(k)`$ vespignani . For the assortative (dissortative) networks, $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}(k)`$ increases (decreases) with increasing $`k`$, while the neutral networks, $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}(k)`$ is independent of $`k`$.

To study the BC-BC correlation, we introduce the BC-BC correlation coefficient, called the BC assortativity coefficient, in analogy with Eq.(2) as

$$r_b=\frac{1}{\sigma _b(q)^2}\underset{\mathrm{},m}{}\mathrm{}m\{e_b(\mathrm{},m)p_b(\mathrm{})p_b(m)\},$$
(3)
where $`e_b(\mathrm{},m)`$ is the joint probability that the BCs of the two vertices of a link are $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m`$ and $`\sigma _b(q)^2=_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}^2p_b(\mathrm{})[_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}p_b(\mathrm{})]^2`$. Moreover, similarly to $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}`$, we define the mean BC of neighbors of a vertex with BC $`g`$, denoted by $`g_{\mathrm{nn}}(g)`$, through which we can check if the BC-BC correlation is assortative or dissortative.

We first check the BC-BC correlation for the network of the Internet on the level of autonomous systems as of January 2000 as  and the so-called non-degenerate configuration model with $`\gamma =3`$ config ; serguei ; definition , which belong to the dissortative and the neutral network, respectively. For these networks, $`r_b`$ is $`0.16`$ ($`<0`$) and 0.02, respectively, which is close to their $`r_d`$ values of $`0.18`$ and $`0.01`$, respectively. Moreover, $`g_{\mathrm{nn}}(g)`$ behaves similarly to $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}(k)`$ as shown in Fig.1a and b. However for the assortative networks, the coauthorship network for example, $`r_b`$ is considerably smaller than $`r_d`$ often by one order of magnitude and is close to zero. The comparison of $`r_b`$ and $`r_d`$ for various social networks are tabulated in Table 1. The mean BC $`g_{\mathrm{nn}}(g)`$ of neighbors of a vertex with BC $`g`$ increases with increasing $`g`$, however, the increasing rate is very low compared with that of $`k_{\mathrm{nn}}(k)`$, $`i.e.`$, it depends on $`g`$ very weakly (Fig.1(c)). Such a behavior appears in other social networks too. Since BC is regarded as a good measure of centrality, it implies that the mean influence of neighbors of a person is almost the same regardless of the influence of the centered person. So a person is surrounded by almost the same influential people on average no matter how influential the centered person is, although a person who acquaints many people is likely to connect to people who also acquaint many others.

To understand the abnormal behavior of the BC-BC correlation in detail, we examine the degree-BC relation. In Fig.2, we compare the degree-BC relation $`g(k)`$ for the three types. While the relation of Eq.(1) holds for the dissortative and the neutral networks, it breaks down for large $`k`$ for the assortative networks. Rather the BCs of large $`k`$ vertices cover wide range of values. Since the vertices with large degree are located next to each other in the assortative network, the shortest pathways between a certain pair of vertices do not necessarily pass through such nearby hubs at the same time. Thus the BCs of the vertices with large $`k`$ fluctuate and the degree-BC correlation is nontrivial. Next, we compare the clustering coefficient $`C(k)`$ as a function of degree $`k`$ with that $`C(g)`$ as a function of BC $`g`$ in Fig.3. Again for the assortative and the neutral network, the two functions almost overlap, however, for the assortative network, the two functions are distinct.

To compare the contributions of degree and BC to the robustness of networks, we also study the relative size of the giant cluster $`S`$ as a function of the fraction of removed vertices $`f`$ cohen . We measure $`S`$ in the two ways of vertex removal following the order of (i) degree and (ii) BC for an assortative network. Fig. 4 shows the data for the coauthorship network in the neuroscience field. The relative size $`S`$ by the vertex removal in BC order decreases faster than in degree order up to $`f0.15`$, however, for $`f>0.15`$, the two data sets almost overlap. That is because the degree-BC relation of Eq. (1) holds up to roughly $`g^{}8`$ and breaks down beyond $`g^{}`$, which corresponds to $`k^{}15`$. The fraction of vertices having degree $`k>k^{}`$ is roughly $`f0.15`$. We note that from the point of view of intentional attack, attack in BC order is more efficient than in degree order.

In conclusion, we have examined the BC-BC correlation for the three types of scale-free networks, the dissortative, the neutral, and the assortative network. While the BC-BC correlation behaves similarly to the degree-degree correlation for the first two types, the BC-BC relation is nontrivial for the last type, and the mean BC of neighbors of a vertex with BC $`g_i`$ increases with increasing $`g_i`$ but very weakly, being almost independent of $`g_i`$. Such a behavior arises from the fact that the BC of the vertex with large degree is not always high, but takes rather widely ranged values.

The work is supported by Grant No. R01-2000-000-00023-0 from the BRP program of the KOSEF.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Both collinear and $`k_T`$ factorizations are the fundamental tools of perturbative QCD (PQCD), where $`k_T`$ denotes parton transverse momenta. For inclusive processes, such as deeply inelastic scattering (DIS) of a hadron, collinear ($`k_T`$) factorization applies when the process is measured at a large (small) Bjorken variable $`x_B`$  (). For exclusive processes, collinear factorization was developed in , in which a physical quantity is written as the convolution of a hard amplitude with hadron distribution amplitudes in parton momentum fractions $`x`$. In the inclusive case the range of a momentum fraction $`xx_B`$ is experimentally controllable. In the exclusive case the range of a momentum fraction is not controllable, and must be integrated over between 0 and 1. Hence, one must deal with the end-point region with a small $`x`$. If a hard amplitude does not develop an end-point singularity, collinear factorization works. If such a singularity occurs, collinear factorization breaks down, and $`k_T`$ factorization  should be employed.

Based on the concepts of collinear and $`k_T`$ factorizations, the PQCD  and QCD factorization (QCDF)  approaches to exclusive $`B`$ meson decays have been developed, respectively. The soft-collinear effective theory is a systematic framework for the study of collinear factorization . As applying collinear factorization to the semileptonic decay $`B\pi \mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ at large recoil, an end-point singularity from $`x0`$ was observed . According to the above explanation, we conclude that exclusive $`B`$ meson decays demand $`k_T`$ factorization . As shown in , predictions for exclusive processes derived from $`k_T`$ factorization are gauge-invariant. In the PQCD approach the $`Bh_1h_2`$ decay amplitude is written as the convolution ,

$`A=\varphi _BH^{(6)}\varphi _{h1}\varphi _{h2}S,`$ (1)
where the six-quark amplitude $`H^{(6)}`$ corresponds to the diagrams with a hard gluon emitted from the spectator quark , and $`S`$ denotes the Sudakov factor.

Once parton transverse momenta $`k_T`$ are included , the end-point singularities from small momentum fractions in exclusive $`B`$ meson decays are smeared. The resummation of the resultant double logarithms $`\alpha _s\mathrm{ln}^2(Pb)`$, where $`P`$ denotes the dominant light-cone component of a meson momentum, and $`b`$ is the variable conjugate to $`k_T`$, leads to a Sudakov form factor $`\mathrm{exp}[s(P,b)]`$. This factor suppresses the long-distance contributions from the large $`b`$ region with $`b1/\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, where $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}M_Bm_b`$, $`M_B`$ ($`m_b`$) being the $`B`$ meson ($`b`$ quark) mass, represents a soft scale. The suppression renders $`k_T^2`$ flowing into the hard amplitudes of $`O(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}M_B)`$. The off-shellness of internal particles then remain of $`O(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}M_B)`$ even in the end-point region, and the singularities are removed. Since the end-point singularities do not exist , the arbitrary cutoffs introduced in QCDF  are not necessary. Therefore, factorizable, nonfactorizable and annihilation amplitudes can be estimated in a more consistent way in PQCD than in QCDF.

## 2 CP Asymmetries

Phenomenological consequences for two-body nonleptonic $`B`$ meson decays derived from collinear and $`k_T`$ factorizations are quite different. Here we mention only the predictions for the CP asymmetry in the $`B_d^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ decay. According to the QCDF power counting rules  based on collinear factorization, the factorizable emission diagram gives the leading contribution of $`O(\alpha _s^0)`$, since the $`B\pi `$ form factor is not calculable. Because the leading contribution is real, the strong phase arises from the factorizable annihilation diagram, being of $`O(\alpha _sm_0/M_B)`$, and from the vertex correction to the leading diagram, being of $`O(\alpha _s)`$. For $`m_0/M_B`$ slightly smaller than unity, the vertex correction is the leading source of strong phases. In $`k_T`$ factorization the power counting rules change . The factorizable emission diagram is calculable and of $`O(\alpha _s)`$. The factorizable annihilation diagram has the same power counting as in QCDF. The vertex correction becomes of $`O(\alpha _s^2)`$. Therefore, the annihilation diagram contributes the leading strong phase. This is the reason the strong phases derived from PQCD and from QCDF are opposite in sign, and the former has a large magnitude. The detailed reason is referred to . As a consequence of the different power counting rules, QCDF prefers a small and positive CP asymmetry $`C_{\pi \pi }`$ , while PQCD prefers a large and negative $`C_{\pi \pi }30\%`$ . In the near future the two approaches to exclusive $`B`$ meson decays, collinear and $`k_T`$ factorizations, could be distinguished by experiments .

Significant CP asymmetries are also expected in the $`BK\pi `$ , $`BKK`$  and $`B\rho K`$, $`\omega K`$  decays. The last two modes are especially sensititve to the annihilation contributions. It has been pointed out  that contribution from intrinsic charms, one of the higher $`B`$ meson Fock states, reduces the magnitude but does not flip the sign of the CP asymmetries in the $`BK\pi `$ decays. It implies that PQCD has caught the correct leading picture of exclusive $`B`$ meson decays.

## 3 Penguin Enhancement

The leading factorizable contributions involve four-quark hard amplitudes in QCDF, but six-quark hard amplitudes in PQCD. This distinction also implies different characteristic scales in the two approaches: the former is characterized by $`m_b`$, while the latter is characterized by the virtuality of internal particles of order $`\sqrt{\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}M_B}1.5`$ GeV . It has been known that to accommodate the $`BK\pi `$ and $`\pi \pi `$ data, penguin contributions must be large enough. In QCDF one relies on the chiral enhancement by increasng the chiral symmetry breaking scale to a large value $`m_03`$-4 GeV . Because of the renormalization-group evolution effect of the Wilson coefficients, the lower hard scale leads to the dynamical penguin enhancement in PQCD.

Whether the dynamical enhancement or the chiral enhancement is responsible for the large $`BK\pi `$ branching ratios can be tested by measuring the $`B\varphi K`$ modes . In these modes penguin contributions dominate, such that their branching ratios are insensitive to the variation of the unitarity angle $`\varphi _3`$. Because the $`\varphi `$ meson is a vector meson, the mass $`m_0`$ is replaced by the physical mass $`M_\varphi 1`$ GeV, and the chiral enhancement does not exist. If the branching ratios of the $`B\varphi K`$ decays are around $`4\times 10^6`$ , the chiral enhancement may be essential for the penguin-dominated decay modes. If the branching ratios are around $`10\times 10^6`$ as predicted in PQCD , the dynamical enhancement may be essential. However, it should be mentioned that the infrared cutoffs in QCDF have been assumed to be different in the $`BPP`$ and $`VP`$ decay amplitudes . Introducing two independent sets of free parameters for the $`BPP`$ and $`VP`$ modes, the $`B\varphi K`$ branching ratios can be fit without increasing the $`BK\pi `$ branching ratios. Nevertheless, the $`B\varphi K`$ branching ratios are enhanced by large annihilation contributions , which seem to violate the QCDF power counting rules.

## 4 $`BD^0\pi ^0`$

The PQCD formalism for $`BD^{()}`$ transitions has been developed , which holds under the hierachy,

$`M_BM_{D^{()}}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }},`$ (2)
with $`M_{D^{()}}`$ being the $`D^{()}`$ meson mass. The relation $`M_BM_{D^{()}}`$ justifies perturbative evaluation of the $`BD^{()}`$ form factors at large recoil and the definition of light-cone $`D^{()}`$ meson wave functions. The relation $`M_{D^{()}}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ justifies the power expansion in the parameter $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}/M_{D^{()}}`$. We have calculated the $`BD^{()}`$ form factors as double expansions in $`M_{D^{()}}/M_B`$ and in $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}/M_{D^{()}}`$, and found that the leading PQCD factorization formulas respect the heavy-quark symmetry.

Based on the power counting rules constructed in , it can be shown that the relative importance of the different topologies of diagrams for the $`BD\pi `$ decays is given by

$`\mathrm{emission}:\mathrm{nonfactorizable}=1:{\displaystyle \frac{M_D}{M_B}},`$ (3)
which approaches $`1:\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}/M_B`$ as the $`D`$ meson mass $`M_D`$ reduces to the pion mass of $`O(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})`$. Since the factorizable and nonfactorizable diagrams contribute to the parameters $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ in PQCD, respectively, the ratio $`|a_2|/a_10.5`$ is obtained. Moreover, the imaginary nonfactorizable amplitudes determine the relative phase of the factorizable and nonfactorizable contributions, which is about $`57^o`$. The PQCD predictions for the $`BD\pi `$ branching ratios ,

$`B(B^{}D^0\pi ^{})5.5\times 10^3,`$
$`B(\overline{B}^0D^+\pi ^{})2.8\times 10^3,`$
$`B(\overline{B}^0D^0\pi ^0)2.6\times 10^4,`$ (4)
are consistent with the experimental data, including those recently observed for the $`\overline{B}_dD^{()0}\pi ^0`$ decay . Hence, we are not convinced by the conclusion drawn from the factorization assumption that the $`BD^0\pi ^0`$ data hint large final-state interaction  (see also ).

## 5 Three-body Decays

Three-body nonleptonic $`B`$ meson decays have been observed recently . Viewing the experimental progress, it is urgent to construct a reliable framework for these modes. Motivated by its theoretical self-consistency and phenomenological success, we have generalized PQCD to three-body nonleptonic $`B`$ meson decays . A direct evaluation of the hard amplitudes, which contain two virtual gluons at lowest order, is, on one hand, not practical due to the enormous number of diagrams. On the other hand, the region with the two gluons being hard simultaneously is power-suppressed and not important. Therefore, a new input is necessary in order to catch dominant contributions to three-body decays in a simple manner. The idea is to introduce two-meson distribution amplitudes , by means of which the analysis is simplified into the one for two-body decays (number of diagrams is greatly reduced). Both nonresonant contributions and resonant contributions through two-body channels can be included. Moreover, the application of this formalism to three-body baryonic decays  is straightforward.

Here we pick up the leading term in the complete Gegenbauer expansion of the two-pion distribution amplitudes $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,\zeta ,w^2)`$ :

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_v(z,\zeta ,w^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3F_\pi (w^2)}{\sqrt{2N_c}}}z(1z)(2\zeta 1),`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s,t}(z,\zeta ,w^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3F_{s,t}(w^2)}{\sqrt{2N_c}}}z(1z),`$ (5)
where the subscripts $`v`$, $`s`$ and $`t`$ stand for the vector, scalar and tensor components, respectively. The variable $`z`$ ($`\zeta `$) is the parton (pion) momentum fraction, and $`F_{\pi ,s,t}(w^2)`$ the time-like pion electromagnetic, scalar and tensor form factors with $`F_{\pi ,s,t}(0)=1`$. That is, the two-pion distribution amplitudes are normalized to the time-like form factors.

To calculate the nonresonant contribution, we propose the parametrization,

$`F_\pi ^{(nr)}(w^2)={\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{w^2+m^2}},F_{s,t}^{(nr)}(w^2)={\displaystyle \frac{m_0m^2}{w^3+m_0m^2}},`$ (6)
where the the parameter $`m=1`$ GeV is determined by the fit to the experimental data $`M_{J/\psi }^2|F_\pi (M_{J/\psi }^2)|^20.9`$ GeV2 , $`M_{J/\psi }`$ being the $`J/\psi `$ meson mass. To calculate the resonant contribution, we parametrize it into the time-like form factors,

$`F_{\pi ,s,t}^{(r)}(w^2)={\displaystyle \frac{M_V^2}{\sqrt{(w^2M_V^2)^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_V^2w^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{M_V^2}{w^2+M_V^2}},`$ (7)
with $`M_V`$ ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }_V`$) being the mass (width) of the resonance meson $`V`$. The subtraction term renders Eq. (7) exhibit the features of resonant contributions: the normalization $`F_\pi ^{(r)}(0)=0`$ and the asymptotic behavior $`F_\pi ^{(r)}(w^2)1/w^4`$, which decreases at large $`w`$ faster than the nonresonant parametrization in Eq. (6). Equation (7) is motivated by the pion time-like form factor measured at the $`\rho `$ resonance .

For the $`B^+\rho ^0(770)K^+`$ and $`B^+f_0(980)K^+`$ channels, we choose $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\rho =150`$ MeV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{f_0}=50`$ MeV . The nonresonant contribution $`0.61\times 10^6`$ to the $`B^+K^+\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ branching ratio is obtained. Our results $`1.8\times 10^6`$ and $`13.2\times 10^6`$ are consistent with the measured three-body decay branching ratios through the $`B^+\rho (770)K^+`$ and $`B^+f_0(980)K^+`$ channels, $`<12\times 10^6`$ and $`(9.6_{2.31.50.8}^{+2.5+1.5+3.4})\times 10^6`$ , respectively. Since the $`f_0`$ width has a large uncertainty, we also consider $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{f_0}=60`$ MeV, and the branching ratio reduces to $`10.5\times 10^6`$. The resonant contributions from the other channels can be analyzed in a similar way. For example, the $`K^{}(892)`$ resonance can be included into the $`K`$-$`\pi `$ form factors by choosing the width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_K^{}=50`$ MeV.

## 6 Conclusion

I have briefly reviewed the PQCD approach to two-body nonleptonic $`B`$ meson decays. This approach is based on the rigorous $`k_T`$ factorization theorem, in which both meson wave functions and hard amplitudes can be constructed in a gauge-invariant way. The predictions for the branching ratios and the CP asymmetries of varous modes are in agreement with the experimental data . The $`BK\eta ^{}`$ data are an exception, which may indicate a significant gluon content of the $`\eta ^{}`$ meson . The charm penguin contribution could be significant, and requires more investigation . The generalization to three-body nonleptonic decays seem to be successful. In the future we shall work out the next-to-leading-order and next-to-leading-power corrections, which are expected to be more essentail for the $`B\pi \pi `$ decays.

I thank members in the PQCD working group for useful discussions. The work was supported in part by the National Science Council of R.O.C. under the Grant No. NSC-91-2112-M-001-053, by the National Center for Theoretical Science of R.O.C., and by Theory Group of KEK, Japan.