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# 1 A schematic of the VME part of the E–791 DA system [5]. Two complete VME crates are shown, with the Event Fifo Buffers (EFBs) and data paths from the digitizers at the base. Each VME crate was attached to each FIFO to form a 6×8 switching matrix. Six events could thus be built in parallel. Each of the eight FIFOs was attached to two controllers which shared an RS–485 data path. Of the 16 controllers, three were DYCs.

Description of the Damn Yankee Controller (DYC)

Steve Bracker

Box 1290, Enderby, British Columbia V0E 1V0 Canada

s\_bracker@hotmail.com

Sten Hansen

Fermilab, Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510 USA

hansen@fnal.gov

ABSTRACT

Versions of the Damn Yankee Controller (DYC) have been used to read out digitizers on the Fermilab E–791, E–835, FOCUS, SELEX, and KTeV experiments. The DYC accepts 16-bit data and control signals from 10 MHz Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) PORT digitizing modules such as LeCroy CAMAC PCOS latches and FERA Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs). Data is packed into First In First Out (FIFO) memories as 32-bit longwords. Complete events including data, a leading word count, and an Event Synchronization Number are transmitted to a data destination. The DYC described here was meant to be simple and fast and was designed and built in a period of three weeks.

INTRODUCTION

In the Fermilab E–791 charm hadroproduction experiment, there are three Damn Yankee Controllers (DYCs) in the digitizing logic. Each is associated with a particular digitizing system:

1. The LeCroy CAMAC 4300B FERA1 ADC system
2. The LeCroy CAMAC 4300B FERA2 ADC system
3. The LeCroy CAMAC 2731A PCOS LATCH system

The LeCroy PCOS latches digitized 10 planes of proportional wire chambers in 4 $`\mu `$S including readout. The LeCroy  Fast Encoding and Readout ADCs (FERAs) digitized two Cherenkov counters , an electromagnetic calorimeter , and a hadronic calorimeter  in 30 $`\mu `$S including readout. The simplicity of CAMAC was retained, while exploiting the vastly increased speeds of the PCOS and FERA modules front 10 MHz ECLPORT with a simple token passing, sequential readout. The increased speed was a key to the recording of 20 billion events with the E–791 data acquisition system  during Fermilab’s 1991-1992 fixed target run. The resulting 50 Terabyte data set was reconstructed using large computing farms at four sites  and yielded 200 000 fully reconstructed charmed hadrons. Parts of each of these 20 billion events passed through DYCs designed and built in May 1991.

Each of the three E–791 DYCs stands between a DIGITIZING SYSTEM and a DATABUS leading to an EVENT FIFO BUFFER (for details of the EFB see references  and  and Figure 1). THE EFBs were originally used as a Video Data Acquisition System (VDAS). Data produced by the digitizing system is received by the DYC and retransmitted over the databus to the Event Fifo Buffer. More than one data source may deliver data to the EFB over the databus; thus the data sources must coordinate their use of the databus.

In E–791, one databus (to EFB7) is shared by a DYC serving a FERA ADC system and another DYC serving the PCOS system. A second databus (to EFB8) is shared by a DYC serving a FERA ADC system and a camac Smart Crate Controller (SCC) .

The Damn Yankee Controller is intended to fulfill the same function as the previous University of Mississippi Controller (UMC). It…

* accepts 16-bit data and control signals from ECLPORT digitizing modules (ADCs and PCOS latches)
* latches 4-bit Event Synchronization Number (ESN) for the event
* accumulates the data word count for the event
* reformats the data received into 32-bit longwords
* transmits a header longword (word count and ESN) to a data destination such as an Event Fifo Buffer
* transmits the data previously received and reformatted to the data destination

The DYC can share the data destination (and the bus to it) with other data transport modules which adhere to the same protocol. In particular, it is compatible with Camac Smart Crate Controllers.

In addition to its initial use on E–791 , versions of the DYC have subsequently been built and used to make discoveries on the Fermilab E–835 , FOCUS , SELEX , and KTeV  experiments.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE UMC AND THE DYC

The differences between the DYC and the UMC are:

1. The DYC provides true token-passing bus arbitration using the same protocol as the camac Smart Crate Controller.
2. A variety of RESET mechanisms are provided, including:

* a dataway Z on the camac crate containing the DYC
    * an F9 camac command directed to the DYC
    * a reset signal sent to the DYC through a front panel LEMO connector
    * pushing a RESET pushbutton switch on the DYC front panel

A jumper is provided which instructs the DYC to set, clear the arbitration token upon reset.
3. The DYC provides a separate LATCH ESN strobe input to ensure that the ESN is always latched when it is valid. Use of this signal or the BUSY IN signal to latch the ESN is Programmable Array Logic (PAL) selectable.
4. Five front panel lights indicate various activities and states in the DYC – reading data, writing data, fifo has data, output bus enabled, arbitration token present.
5. The DYC can transport data to the EFB at 100 ns per 32-bit word, twice the speed of the UMC. At high data rates, this will lead to increased total throughput (decreased effective deadtime), though not by anywhere near a factor of 2.
6. Improved termination and signal conditioning for the INPUT DATA PORT and the INPUT DATA STROBE are provided. This may enhance data integrity, especially when the incoming data is transported a long distance.
7. Improved fast-slew drivers are used for the RS-485 outputs (OUTPUT DATA PORT and OUTPUT DATA STROBE). The same type ICs are used for data bits and the output strobe to minimize differential propagation delay.
8. All of the control logic for the device is subsumed into three PALs, one for the camac functions (new), one for the word count, and one for the overall sequencing. All sequencing is synchronous with a 25 ns clock; no state-machine timings are determined by one-shots.

PHASES OF DYC OPERATION

There are three basic phases to DYC operations:

IDLE The state logic is held in its ”reset” state. No input data is accepted. No output data is transmitted. No data is present in the DYC fifo memory.

DATA INPUT Incoming data is accepted by the DYC. The data is stored in the DYC fifo memory. The incoming word count is accumulated in the DYC. The ESN is latched in the DYC. No output data is transmitted.

DATA OUTPUT Incoming data is not accepted by the DYC. The header longword - word count and ESN - is output, followed by the data stored in the DYC fifo memory.

The DYC is held in the IDLE state by default. The DYC enters the DATA INPUT phase when the asserted edge of BUSY IN is received. The DYC enters the DATA OUT phase when the negated edge of BUSY IN is received, though no data is actually transmitted until the PERMIT token is received, authorizing the DYC to drive the output bus. Upon completion of data transmission, the DYC releases the output bus and places itself back in the IDLE state to await the next event.

No overlapping of phases is permitted. The DYC cannot accept data from the next event until it is completely finished transmitting the data from the previous event. A digitizing system attached to a DYC may accept and digitize another event while the DYC is still transmitting the last one, but the digitizer cannot transfer any data to the DYC until the previous event has been completely transmitted by the DYC. The INHIBIT OUT signal is provided by the DYC to notify digitizers as to when a BUSY IN assertion and incoming data can be accepted by the DYC.

INPUTS TO THE DYC

The INPUT DATA PORT (J1) is a 34-pin ribbon cable which accepts data in differential ECL (FERABUS) format. The incoming signal pairs are terminated by 100 ohm resistors across the pair and 820 ohm bias resistors that set the input port to 0 when no cable is connected. Four 10125 ICs convert the incoming signal pairs to Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL). The 16 TTL signals are connected to both halves of the 32-bit wide DATA FIFO BUFFER.

The INPUT DATA STROBE (DSTRB) is a NIM input. It is terminated by 51 ohms to ground. An NE521 is used to convert the signal to TTL; the signal can optionally be integrated by the NE521 to remove high frequency noise. The threshold of the signal can be set by resistors; by default it is set to 0.3 volts. The TTL data strobe is sent to both halves of the data fifo buffer.

The ESN INPUT PORT (J2) is a 10-pin ribbon cable which accepts a four-bit Event Synchronization Number in RS-485 format. The incoming signal pairs are terminated by 120 ohm resistors across the pair and 1000 ohm bias resistors that set the inputs to 0 when no cable is connected. A 96173 is used to convert the ESN to TTL. The four TTL signals are connected to a latch (74HC574) which remembers them until they are needed when the header longword is output.

The ESN DATA STROBE (LATCH ESN) is a NIM input through a front-panel LEMO connector. It is terminated by 51 ohms to ground. An NE521 is used to convert the signal to TTL (CLKESN). It clocks the ESN latch. A short (20 ns or so) NIM pulse should be transmitted to ESN DATA STROBE to latch the ESN; it should occur:

* after the trigger for the current event
* before the BUSY from the current event has been removed
* after the header longword for the previous event has been transmitted

Alternatively, the ESN can be latched on the asserted edge of BUSY IN; the present DYC PALs do this, so ESN DATA STROBE is unused.

BUSY IN is a NIM input through a front panel LEMO connector. It is terminated by 51 ohms to ground. It is converted to TTL (BSYIN) by an NE521. The transition voltage of the input is -0.3 volts. BUSY IN should normally be negated (0 volts). It should be asserted at least 100 ns prior to arrival of data from each event. It should be held asserted until all data from the event has arrived, and should then be negated promptly. The assertion of BUSY IN permits incoming data to be stored in the data fifo buffer. The negation of BUSY IN initiates the data output phase of the DYC.

RESET is a NIM input through a front panel LEMO connector. It is terminated by 51 ohms to ground. It is converted to TTL (NIMRST) and used to initiate a full reset of the DYC at startup time. When the NIMRST (or any other reset) is asserted, the data fifo buffer is cleared, the word count register is zeroed, and the DYC’s state logic is initialized. The arbitration token is either cleared (module not first to transmit) or set (module is first to transmit) according to whether the FIRST jumper is installed or not.

PERMIT IN is a TTL input through a front panel LEMO connector. It is pulled up by 1000 ohms to +5 volts. The signal should normally be held high. A downgoing pulse of at least 50 ns duration should be transmitted to PERMIT IN to transfer the arbitration token to the DYC. The DYC will maintain the token until it has transmitted an event; it then clears its token and passes a signal to the next module to receive it through PERMIT OUT.

Various CAMAC DATAWAY signals are received from the card edge connector including the five FUNCTION (F) lines, the MODULE SELECTED (N) line, the CRATE INITIALIZE (Z) line, and the SECOND STROBE (S2) line. They are received and decoded by a PLS153, and combined with other reset mechanisms (NIMRST, BDRST) to produce a SYSTEM RESET (SYSRST) signal to the CY7C330 sequencer.

+6 volt and -6 volt DC power is taken from the camac dataway. Three power supplies are generated from these power sources: +5 volts for most of the digital logic, -5.2 volts for ECL power and NIM bias voltages, and -2 volts for differential ECL terminations. Fuses, transient absorbers, and filter capacitors are provided.

OUTPUTS FROM THE DYC

The OUTPUT DATA PORT (J4) is a 64-pin ribbon cable which transmits data to the Event Fifo Buffer. The signals are RS-485 signal pairs, driven by eight 96172 high speed RS-485 drivers. Because the DYC may share the output bus with other devices, the drivers are tri-state enabled only when the DYC possesses the arbitration token. The output port is not terminated; the two ends of the RS-485 bus must be properly terminated externally to the DYC. Data is transmitted through the OUTPUT DATA PORT at the rate of one word every 100 ns. The data is valid for 70 ns of the 100 ns cycle.

The OUTPUT DATA STROBE is a single signal pair transmitted on pins 1 and 2 of a 10-pin ribbon cable. The strobe is normally high. When data is present at the output data port, the strobe is set low for 50 ns and then returned high for at least 50 ns. The receiving module should latch the data at the RISING (TRAILING) EDGE of the clock. Data at the output data port is guaranteed valid for 35 ns before and 25 ns after the rising edge of the strobe.

INHIBIT OUT is a TTL signal transmitted through a front panel LEMO connector. Normally low, the signal is raised soon after the assertion of BUSY IN initiates processing of an event, and is held high until all the data from the event has been transmitted and the token has been passed. When the DYC is ready to receive another BUSY IN, it lowers the INHIBIT OUT signal again.

PERMIT OUT is a TTL signal transmitted through a front panel LEMO connector. Normally high, the signal is pulsed down for 50 ns to indicate that the DYC has tri-state disabled its output drivers and is passing control of the output bus to the module receiving PERMIT OUT.

TIMING REQUIREMENTS OF THE DYC

The digitizer must not assert a new BUSY IN while INHIBIT OUT is asserted by the DYC. The existing BUSY IN must remain asserted until all data words from this event have been transferred from the digitizer to the DYC.

The first active edge of INPUT DATA STROBE from the digitizer must follow the asserted edge of BUSY IN from the digitizer by at least 25 nanoseconds.

The negation of BUSY IN by the digitizer must not precede the asserted edge of the last INPUT DATA STROBE from the digitizer.

The active edges of successive INPUT DATA STROBES must not be closer than 100 nanoseconds to each other.

Another device sharing the output bus with a DYC must not assert PERMIT IN until it has tri-state disabled all of its drivers on the OUTPUT DATA BUS and the OUTPUT DATA STROBE. Once having disabled its drivers and passed the permit flag to the DYC, it must not reassert its drivers nor emit another PERMIT IN to the DYC until the DYC has transmitted a PERMIT OUT.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DYC CIRCUIT

Consult the FERA BUS TO VDAS INTERFACE schematic in Figures 2 and 3. VDAS  is the original name for an Event Fifo Buffer (EFB). Trace the following major elements:

The primary data path:

INPUT DATA PORT (J1) to the

DIFFERENTIAL ECL TO TTL CONVERTERS (U3, U4, U6, U7) to the

DATA FIFO BUFFERS (U16, U17, U18, U19) to the

TTL TO RS-485 CONVERTERS (U21, U22 . . . U28) to the

OUTPUT DATA PORT (J4)

The ESN data path:

ESN INPUT PORT (J2) to the

RS-485 TO TTL CONVERTER (U13) to the

ESN LATCH REGISTER (U12) to the

TTL TO RS-485 CONVERTER (U23) to the

OUTPUT DATA PORT (J4)

The word count data path:

INPUT DATA STROBE (DSTRB) to the

NIM TO TTL CONVERTER (U2) becoming the FERADS signal, to the

WORD COUNT PAL (U20), where FERADS increments the count for each input data word, to the

TTL TO RS-485 CONVERTERS (U21, U22, U24) to the

OUTPUT DATA PORT (J4)

The camac and reset PAL (U9) accepts:

CAMAC FUNCTION LINES (F1, F2, F4, F8, F16)

THIS\_MODULE\_SELECTED LINE (N)

CRATE INITIALIZE LINE (Z)

CAMAC STROBE 2 (S2)

RESET SIGNAL FROM THE FRONT PANEL RESET LEMO (NIMRST)

POWER UP AND FRONT PANEL PUSHBUTTON RESET SIGNAL (BDRST)

The camac and reset PAL produces:

SYSTEM RESET SIGNAL (SYSRST), which is asserted when a reset is required by camac command, front panel signal, reset pushbutton, or power up.

CAMAC X AND Q SIGNALS, which are asserted whenever the module receives a legal camac command. The only legal camac command is reset: F9 . Ax . N.

The word count, fifo write enable and ESN latch strobe PAL (U20) accepts:

CLEAR WORD COUNT signal (CLRWC) which zeros the word count upon reset and upon completion of processing for each event

INPUT DATA STROBE (FERADS) which increments the word count for each input word received

BUSY IN (BSYIN) which makes sure that no data is written to the data fifo buffers unless the DYC is in its input phase, and may be used to clock the ESN latch

LATCH ESN from the front panel connector (LESN) which may be used to clock the ESN latch instead of BYSIN.

The word count, fifo write enable and ESN latch strobe PAL (U20) produces:

WORD COUNT OUTPUTS (Q0, Q1 . . . Q11) which transmit the word count to the data output port when the header word is output

FIFO WRITE ENABLE LINES (WENLO and WENHI) which enable input data to be clocked into the lower or upper half of the data fifo buffer, depending on the word count

ESN LATCH CLOCK, the leading edge of which causes the ESN to be latched into the ESN latch register.

The master sequencer PAL (U10) is the state machine which controls the overall operation of the DYC. It accepts:

SYSTEM RESET (SYSRST) which is pulsed high upon receipt of any reset

PERMIT IN (/PMTIN) which is pulsed low when the DYC receives the permit token from another module with which it shares the output bus.

FIFO EMPTY FLAG (/EFHI) which is low when the data fifo buffer is completely empty

BUSY IN (BSYIN) which is asserted by the digitizer when data is about to be sent to the DYC, and negated by the digitizer when all data from the event has arrived at the DYC

FIRST MODULE JUMPER (FIRST). The jumper is inserted (FIRST is low) when this module is to be the first on the output bus to transmit its data. The jumper is removed (FIRST is high) when this module must await PERMIT IN to transmit its first event after a reset.

The master sequencer produces most of the signals which control the DYC:

INHIBIT OUT (/INHOUT) is raised as soon as the DYC receives BUSY IN; it forbids the digitizing module to send another BUSY IN until INHOUT is negated. The DYC negates INHOUT after the current event is completely processed, and the DYC is ready to accept another event.

FIFO READ CLOCK (FRDCLK) strobes the data fifo buffers, forcing them to deliver the next word of data to be output.

OUTPUT DATA STROBE (485STRB) transmits a strobe pulse through the OUTPUT STROBE when the data in the OUTPUT DATA PORT is valid.

PERMIT FLAG (/PMT) is low if the DYC has the permit token which allows it to drive the output bus, high if it does not have control of the bus until another PERMIT IN arrives.

PERMIT OUT (/PMTOUT) transmits a short downgoing pulse through the PERMIT OUT front panel connector to transfer the permit token to the next module to deliver data on the output bus.

OUTPUT ENABLE (/OE) tri-state enables the OUTPUT DATA PORT and OUTPUT STROBE RS-485 drivers. The drivers are enabled when /OE is low. The drivers must not be enabled unless the DYC has the permit token.

FIFO ENABLE OUTPUT (/FIFOEN) allows the data fifo buffer to transfer a word data from its memory to the OUTPUT DATA PORT.

HEADER ENABLE OUT (/HDREN) allows the word count PAL and the ESN latch to transfer the header word to the OUTPUT DATA PORT.

CLEAR WORD COUNT (/CLRWC) instructs the word count register to clear itself to zero during resets and at the end of each event.

FIFO RESET (/FRST) instructs the data fifo buffers to clear themselves during resets and at the end of each event.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DYC SEQUENCER PAL

Consult the PAL program listing in Appendix B for the DYC sequencer. It is divided into several sections:

In the first section, signal names are assigned to pins and internal PAL registers, and aliases for certain signal names are defined.

In the second section, all of the states of the state machine are defined and given a state number. There are sixteen states defined; the DYC cycles though 15 of them (all but RESET) each time it processes an event.

In the third section, the rules for changing state are given. Each 25 ns clock, the sequencer moves to a new state. The new state is dependent on the old state, the current value of the input lines, and the current value of the output lines.

In the fourth section, the values of the output lines are defined in terms of the state and the value of the input lines.

In the fifth section, a long list of test vectors is given. The test vectors specify a list of state changes that the sequencer should make; each vector specifies the output list as a function of state and input list. The PAL compiler checks to ensure that the PAL program as written (sections 1-4) will produce the results specified. An error message is output if that is not true.

NOTES ON THE DYC SEQUENCER STATES

RESET: In response to any reset command, zero the word count, initialize the data fifo buffer, and initialize the state machine. Then go wait for a BUSY IN.

WAITBSYHI: Wait for BUSY IN to be asserted, signaling that data from a new event is about to begin. When BUSY IN does occur, advance to…

WAITSEND: Start the input phase of the DYC. Wait for BUSY IN to be negated, signaling that all data from this event has arrived. During the WAITSEND state, any data to be delivered by the digitizing module arrives at the INPUT DATA PORT accompanied by INPUT STROBES (DSTRB, FERADS) which clock the data into one section of the data fifo buffer. The timing of the incoming data is asynchronous with respect to the DYC clock.

HDRSTRBLO0: Start the output phase of the DYC. HDSTRBLO0 is the first of four states which control the output of the header longword. HDRSTRBLO0 lasts 50 ns (two clock cycles), and then advances to…

HDRSTRBLO1: The second state controlling output of the header longword. It lasts 25 ns (one clock cycle), then advances immediately to…

HDRSTRBHI0: The third state controlling output of the header longword. It lasts 25 ns (one clock cycle), then advances immediately to…

HDRSTRBHI1: The fourth state controlling output of the header longword. It lasts 25 ns (one clock cycle), then advances immediately to…

OEGAP: Pause to ensure that the header data is no longer being sent to the drivers of the OUTPUT DATA PORT. After this short delay, check to see if there is any data in the fifo. If there is, go to FIFOCLKHI0 to start transmitting data through the OUTPUT DATA PORT. If there is no data, skip ahead to PERMITGAP to complete processing of the event.

FIFOCLKHI0: The first state of four that transfer one longword of data from the fifo data buffer to the OUTPUT DATA PORT. This state and the three that follow are repeated for each longword to be transferred until the fifo buffers are completely empty. Advance immediately to…

FIFOCLKHI1: The second state of four that transfer a longword from the fifo data buffer to the OUTPUT DATA PORT. Advance immediately to…

FIFOCLKLO1: The third state of four that transfer a longword from the fifo data buffer to the OUTPUT DATA PORT. Advance immediately to…

FIFOCLKLO1: The last state of four that transfer a longword from the fifo data buffer to the OUTPUT DATA PORT. If the fifo is not empty yet, return to FIFOCLKHI0 to transfer the next longword. If the fifo is empty, then data output is complete; advance to…

PERMITGAP: A pause to ensure that the output drivers of the OUTPUT DATA PORT are disabled before a PERMIT OUT pulse is generated to pass control to another device sharing the output bus. Advance to:

PMTOUTLO0: The first of two states that reset the fifo buffers, zero the word count register, and transmit a PERMIT OUT pulse. Advance immediately to…

PMTOUTLO1: The second of two states that reset the fifo buffers, zero the word count register, and transmit a PERMIT OUT pulse. Advance immediately to…

INHIBITGAP: A brief pause to ensure that the DYC is ready to accept another event; then the INHIBIT OUT signal is negated. The digitizer may now transmit another event. Return to WAITBSYHI for the assertion of BUSY IN that signals the beginning of the next event….

Any RESET command will force the DYC to enter the RESET state; any data transfers in progress will be lost. Aside from this, the DYC always proceeds through the states in the prescribed order, looping only to transmit all the words in the fifo buffer.

A few points to note in the state flow diagram:

By default, each state lasts 25 nanoseconds. In a few cases, states last until specified input conditions are true. In other cases, states need to last 50 nanoseconds (two cycles). This is done by choosing a data output altered by the state, and advancing to the next state only after the data line has assumed its new value. All this could be avoided by defining a few more states.

At WAITSEND, the state machine cannot advance until BUSY IN has been negated and until the PERMIT token is present. These are the prerequisite conditions for starting to transmit through the OUTPUT DATA PORT.

At HDRSTRBLO0, if header enable is not asserted, then remain in this state for one more cycle. Header enable will be asserted during the first cycle; hence control will pass to the next state after the second HDRSTRBLO0 cycle.

At OEGAP, if BUSY IN has been negated and there is still no data in the fifo, then this is an empty event. The header has already been transmitted, but there is no data in the fifo, so go immediately to cleanup processing at PERMITGAP. In the normal case, when there is data present, go to FIFOCLKHI0 to start transmitting it.

At FIFOCLKLO1, if the fifo buffer is empty and the output strobe is asserted, then remain in this state for one more cycle. The output strobe (/485STRB) will be negated during the first cycle; hence control will pass to the next state after the second FIFOCLKLO1 cycle. If the fifo is not empty, go back to transfer another longword at FIFOCLKHI0.

At PERMITGAP, if output enable (to the OUTPUT DATA PORT drivers) is asserted, then stay in this state for one more cycle. Output enable will be negated in the first cycle; hence control will pass to the next state after the second PERMITGAP cycle.

NOTES ON THE OUTPUT LINE DEFINITIONS:

/FRST: Send a reset pulse to the fifo buffers during a reset, or for 50 ns during the PMTOUTLO states near the end of processing for each event.

/CLRWC: Send a pulse to zero the word counter during a reset, or for 50 ns during the PMTOUTLO states near the end of processing for each event. At this time, /FRST and /CLRWC adhere to the same timing.

/HDREN: Gate the header information (word count and ESN) onto the output drivers for the OUTPUT DATA PORT during all four HDRSTRB cycles near the start of the output phase. The header should be enabled for a total of 125 nanoseconds.

/FIFOEN: Gate the data words from the data fifo buffer onto the output drivers for the OUTPUT DATA PORT during all four FIFOCLK cycles. These four cycles are repeated (and /FIFOEN is held) until the fifo buffer is empty. Fifo enable for each longword output lasts 100 nanoseconds.

/PMTOUT: Transmit a PERMIT OUT pulse to the next module to use the output bus. The pulse is 50 ns long.

/PMT: This is the ”I have the permit token” flipflop. Set the flipflop (/PMT is low) if a PERMIT IN pulse arrives or upon RESET if the FIRST jumper is installed. Clear the flipflop (/PMT is high) at PERMITGAP (immediately after the last data word is transmitted) or upon RESET if the FIRST jumper is removed.

/OE: This signal is low if the RS-485 output drivers are tri-state enabled. It has the same timing as /PMT. If the permit token is present, then the output lines are driven, even if the DYC is not presently transmitting anything. If the permit token is absent, it is illegal for the DYC to drive the output lines.

/485STRB: Transmit a 50 ns OUTPUT STROBE for the header longword and for every data longword.

FRDCLK: On the rising edge of this signal, clock out the next longword of data from the fifo. If this is the last longword in the fifo, the /EFHI line (empty fifo) line is also asserted (set low). FRDCLK and /485STRB are so related in time that the asserted (rising, trailing) edge of the OUTPUT DATA STROBE occurs about in the middle of a 70 ns data validity interval on the OUTPUT DATA PORT.

INHOUT: Arrival of the next event is forestalled until the DYC is done processing the current event. INHOUT is asserted immediately following the assertion of a BUSY IN, and remains asserted until the very end of event processing, when the DYC returns to the WAITBSYHI state.

COMMENTARY ON LOGIC ANALYZER SCREENS

SCREEN 1: The DYC is reset. The fifo and the word count are marked empty (/CLRWC and /FRST). The FIRST jumper is removed (FIRST is high) so the /PMT flag is high (token not present).

The digitizer asserts BUSY IN. The input phase begins. The DYC immediately asserts INHIBIT OUT (INHOUT) to make sure that another event is forestalled until the DYC is ready to receive it. Data from the current event are not inhibited. Twelve words of data arrive at the INPUT DATA PORT (not shown). While data is still arriving, the PERMIT IN signal arrives; the DYC immediately sets its /PMT flag low and enables the output drivers. No output is produced until all the input data has arrived; this is signified by the negation of BUSY IN.

The negation of BUSY IN begins the output phase. The header information (word count and ESN) are gated to the OUTPUT DATA PORT, and the OUTPUT STROBE is pulsed (first 485STB). The header information is disabled and the fifo data (one longword at a time) is gated to the OUTPUT DATA PORT by /FIFOE. Output words are clocked from the fifo by FRDCLK. When the data is valid, OUTPUT STROBEs are produced (all but the first 485STB). When the fifo is empty (/EFHI is low), data output ends. The output drivers are disabled, and soon thereafter the word count is cleared, the fifos are cleared, and a PERMIT OUT pulse is set to hand over the output bus to the next device to use it. When all of this has been done, and the DYC is ready to receive a new event, INHIBIT OUT is removed. The DYC now idles, waiting for the next event.

SCREEN 2: The same as SCREEN 1, except that PERMIT IN arrives before the input phase begins. This is fine; the DYC accepts the permit token, turns on its output drivers, and waits for the next event. All remaining processing proceeds as above. Eleven data words arrive at the INPUT DATA PORT (not shown), producing six longwords of output, preceded by the header longword.

SCREEN 3: The same as SCREEN 1, except that PERMIT IN is delayed until after all of the data from this event has arrived, and BUSY IN has been negated. Output is delayed until the permit token arrives; it then proceeds as above. Eighteen data words arrive at the INPUT DATA PORT (not shown), producing nine longwords of output, preceded by the header longword.

SCREEN 4: The same as SCREEN 1, except that no data arrives from the digitizer (/EFHI stays low). The permit token arrives, and later the negated edge of BUSY IN marks the end of data transmission; none has arrived. The header is output, producing a single data strobe. No data output cycles are performed. The cleanup phase proceeds as above.

USER’S GUIDE TO THE DYC FRONT PANEL

The DYC front panel has seven LEMO connectors, four ribbon cable connectors, five lights, and one pushbutton.

RESET pushbutton Pushing the reset button aborts any operation in progress and prepares the DYC to process the next event.

EMPTY light (yellow) On when the fifo data buffer is empty. During the spill, the empty light will be partially on. If the data rate is very high, then the fifo will usually have data in it, and the light will be dim. At very low data rates, the light may blink perceptibly. During the interspill, the empty light should always be on.

IN STROBE light (red) Pulsed on whenever a data word arrives at the INPUT DATA PORT. During the spill, the light will be lit whenever input data arrives. At very low data rates, the light may blink perceptibly. During the interspill, the IN STROBE light should always be off.

OUT STROBE light (green) Pulsed on whenever a data word is transmitted from the OUTPUT DATA PORT. During the spill, the light will be lit whenever output data is being sent to the Event Fifo Buffer. At very low data rates, the light may blink perceptibly. During the interspill, the OUT STROBE light should always be off.

PERMIT light (yellow) On whenever the module has the PERMIT TOKEN, and is thereby authorized to drive the output bus. After a reset (and before any other control signals have been asserted), the PERMIT light should be on if the FIRST jumper is installed, and off if the FIRST jumper is removed. (The FIRST jumper is installed if this DYC is the first device to transmit data for each event.) The PERMIT light will always be on during data transmission, though at very low data rates it may be too faint to see clearly. The light will be turned out when the PERMIT TOKEN is passed to another module, and turned back on when a PERMIT IN arrives, passing the token back. During the interspill, the PERMIT light should be on if the FIRST jumper is installed, otherwise off.

OUTPUT ENABLE light (yellow) At the present time, this light follows the PERMIT light exactly; refer to the paragraph above for a description of its operation.

DSTRB input connector Receives a short NIM pulse for each data word received at the INPUT DATA PORT.

BSY IN input connector Receives a long NIM pulse which is asserted before each event’s data starts arriving, and negated after the event’s data has all been transmitted.

ESN CLK input connector Not used in E–791; can receive a short NIM pulse to latch the data at the ESN PORT into the DYC. In E–791, the ESN is latched at the asserted edge of BSY IN.

RESET input connector Receives a NIM pulse which will reset the DYC (same as the pushbutton).

PMT IN input connector Receives a short active low TTL pulse which moves the PERMIT TOKEN to the DYC from the module that previously had it.

PMT OUT output connector

INH OUT output connector

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to Dan Kleinert, George Wolf, and Stephen Pordes for their roles in this endeavor. Also a special thanks to Barry Lasker for an introduction to data acquisition . This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-76CHO3000).

REFERENCES

1. http://www.lecroy.com/lrs/dsheets/4300b.htm
2. D. Bartlett et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A260 (1987) 55.
3. V. K. Bharadwaj et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 155 (1978) 411; A228 (1985) 283; D. J. Summers, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A228 (1985) 290.
4. J. A. Appel et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A243 (1986) 361.
5. S. Amato et al., The E791 Parallel Architecture Data Acquisition System, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A324 (1993) 535.
6. Steve Bracker et al. (Fermilab E–791), A Simple Multiprocessor Management System for Event Parallel Computing, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 43 (1996) 2457.
7. A. E. Baumbaugh et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 33 (1986) 903; K. L. Knickerbocker et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 34 (1987) 245.
8. S. Hansen et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 34 (1987) 1003; M. Bernett et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 34 (1987) 1047; R. Vignoni et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 34 (1987) 756; C. Gay and S. Bracker, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 34 (1987) 870.
9. E. M. Aitala et al. (Fermilab E–791), Experimental Evidence for a Light and Broad Scalar Resonance in $`D^+\pi ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ Decay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 770; E. M. Aitala et al. (Fermilab E–791), Branching Fractions for $`D^0K^+K^{}`$ and $`D^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, and a Search for CP Violation in $`D^0`$ Decays, Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 405.
10. M. Ambrogiani et al (Fermilab E–835), Study of the $`\chi _{c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}(1^3P_0)`$ State of Charmonium Formed in $`\overline{p}p`$ Annihilations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 2902; M. Ambrogiani et al (Fermilab E–835), Study of the Angular Distributions of the Reactions $`\overline{p}p\chi _{c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}},\chi _{c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}J/\psi \gamma e^+e^{}\gamma `$, Phys. Rev. D65 (2002) 052002.
11. J. M. Link et al. (Fermilab FOCUS), A Measurement of the Lifetime Differences in the Neutral D Meson System, Phys. Lett. B485 (2000) 62; J. M. Link et al. (Fermilab FOCUS), Search for CP Violation in $`D^0`$ and $`D^+`$ Decays, Phys. Lett. B491 (2000) 232.
12. S. Y. Jun et al. (Fermilab SELEX), Observation of the Cabibbo Suppressed Decay $`\mathrm{\Xi }_c^+pK^{}\pi ^+`$, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 1857; A. Kushnirenko et al. (Fermilab SELEX) Precision Measurements of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_c^+`$ and $`D^0`$ Lifetimes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 5243.
13. A. Alavi–Harati et al. (Fermilab KTeV), Observation of Direct CP Violation in $`K_{S,L}\pi \pi `$ Decays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 22; A. Alavi–Harati et al. (Fermilab KTeV), Measurement of the Branching Ratio and Form Factor of $`K_L\mu ^+\mu ^{}\gamma `$, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 111802.
14. Hewlett Packard 1651A Logic Analyzer, 100 MHz, 32 channels.
15. Barry M. Lasker, Stephen B. Bracker, and William E. Kunkel, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 85 (1973) 109.

APPENDIX A

TESTS MADE TO VERIFY THE DYC DESIGN

1. PERMIT OUT from the SCC was checked. It is normally high, and lowered for about 300 ns when the token is passed.
2. INHIBIT OUT from a working DYC was checked. It is normally low, and raised for 20-40 microseconds while the DYC is busy processing an event.
3. The time from assertion of BUSY IN to the first data strobe was measured for all three systems; it is at least 300 ns for all systems.
4. The time from the last data strobe to the negation of BUSY IN was measured for all systems; it is at least 64 ns for all systems.

APPENDIX B

DYC SEQUENCER PAL PROGRAM LISTING: FBSEQ.ABL

```
Module Sequencer              flag ’-r4’

title ’Controls transmission of FIFO data in response to Busy In.
       Responsible for receiving Permit in and Sending Permit Out
       and Inhibit Out.

       Sten Hansen             Fermilab               5-7-91’

       FbSeq                  device                 ’P330’;

"Inputs:                        location                 U10
Clk1     "Macro Cell clock"      pin  1;
Clk2     "Input register clock"  pin  2;

SysRst,PmtIn,EFHi                pin  4,5,6;
BsyIn,First                      pin  7,9;

" Outputs:
FRst,ClrWC,HdrEn,FifoEn,OE       pin  28,27,26,25,24;
PmtOut,Pmt,_485Strb              pin  23,20,19;
FRDClk,InhOut                    pin  18,17;

"Buried state registers
S3,S2,S1,S0                    node 34,33,32,31;

"Shorten Signal names to allow 1 page width test vectors
BI,PI,EF,FR,CW,HEn,FEn,PO,TS,FC,InhO,Rst = BsyIn,PmtIn,EFHi,FRst,ClrWC,
                        HdrEn,FifoEn,PmtOut,_485Strb,FRDClk,InhOut,SysRst;

"Simplify don’t care and clock terms..
C,X  = .C.,.X.;

"Group related signals into sets..
Mode = [S3,S2,S1,S0];

"Avoid any false transitions by making only 1 bit state changes
"in response to external asynchronous signals..

Reset      = ^b0000;
WaitBsyHi  = ^b0001;
WaitSend   = ^b0101;
HdrStrbLo0 = ^b0100;
HdrStrbLo1 = ^b0110;
HdrStrbHi0 = ^b0111;
HdrStrbHi1 = ^b1111;
OEGap      = ^b1110;
FifoClkHi0 = ^b1100;
FifoClkHi1 = ^b1101;
FifoClkLo0 = ^b1001;
FifoClkLo1 = ^b1000;
PermitGap  = ^b1010;
PmtOutLo0  = ^b1011;
PmtOutLo1  = ^b0011;
InhibitGap = ^b0010;

@if 0
{
Note:
     There are 2 feedback paths on the IO pins. Feedback from the pin goes
     through an input register. Direct feedback from the !Q output of the
     output register is specified with an OutputName.Q extension. ABEL does
     not automatically invert the sense of the feedback however. Therefore
     all references to a .Q output are really references to a .!Q output and
     must be used as an active low signal, regardless of the polarity of the
     output.
}

state_diagram Mode

 state      Reset: if !SysRst then WaitBsyHi else Reset;

 state  WaitBsyHi: if BsyIn & !SysRst then WaitSend
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else WaitBsyHi;

 state   WaitSend: if !BsyIn & !SysRst & Pmt.Q then HdrStrbLo0
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else WaitSend;

 state HdrStrbLo0: if !SysRst & HdrEn.Q then HdrStrbLo1
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else HdrStrbLo0;
 state HdrStrbLo1: if !SysRst then HdrStrbHi0 else Reset;

 state HdrStrbHi0: if !SysRst then HdrStrbHi1 else Reset;
 state HdrStrbHi1: if !SysRst then OEGap      else Reset;

 state      OEGap: if !EFHi & !SysRst then PermitGap
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else FifoClkHi0;

 state FifoClkHi0: if !SysRst then FifoClkHi1 else Reset;
 state FifoClkHi1: if !SysRst then FifoClkLo0 else Reset;
 state FifoClkLo0: if !SysRst then FifoClkLo1 else Reset;

 state FifoClkLo1: if !EFHi & !_485Strb.Q & !SysRst then PermitGap
                   else if !EFHi & _485Strb.Q then FifoClkLo1
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else FifoClkHi0;

 state  PermitGap: if !SysRst & OE then PmtOutLo0
                   else if SysRst then Reset
                   else PermitGap;

 state  PmtOutLo0: if !SysRst then PmtOutLo1  else Reset;
 state  PmtOutLo1: if !SysRst then InhibitGap else Reset;

 state InhibitGap: if !SysRst then WaitBsyHi  else Reset;

equations

"For now, there is no difference between Fifo Reset and Clear Word Count
!FRst    := (Mode == Reset) # (Mode == PmtOutLo0) # (Mode == PmtOutLo1);

!ClrWC   := (Mode == Reset) # (Mode == PmtOutLo0) # (Mode == PmtOutLo1);

!HdrEn   := (Mode == HdrStrbLo0) # (Mode == HdrStrbLo1)
          # (Mode == HdrStrbHi0) # (Mode == HdrStrbHi1);

!FifoEn  := (Mode == FifoClkHi0) # (Mode == FifoClkHi1)
          # (Mode == FifoClkLo0) # (Mode == FifoClkLo1);

!PmtOut  := (Mode == PmtOutLo0) # (Mode == PmtOutLo1);

"If the jumper is in  (First low)    set Pmt on Reset
"If the jumper is out (First High) clear Pmt on Reset
!Pmt     := !PmtIn # SysRst & !First
        # Pmt.Q & !((Mode == PermitGap) # SysRst & First);

"For now RS-485 OE is the same as Pmt..
!OE      := !PmtIn # SysRst & !First
        # Pmt.Q & !((Mode == PermitGap) # SysRst & First);

"Baumbaugh buffers clock on the rising edge, but need a default state of high
"in order to reset properly..
!_485Strb := (Mode == HdrStrbLo0) & HdrEn.Q # (Mode == HdrStrbLo1)
           # (Mode == FifoClkHi1) # (Mode == FifoClkLo0);

FRDClk    := (Mode == FifoClkHi0) # (Mode == FifoClkHi1);

InhOut    := BsyIn # !InhOut.Q & !(Mode == WaitBsyHi);

test_vectors
([Clk1,Clk2,Rst,BI,PI,EF,First]->[Mode,CW,HEn,FEn,PO,Pmt,TS,FC,InhO]);
"Read sequence with ’First’ jumper out..
[ C   , C  , 1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,0 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 0  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,0 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];"5
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];"10
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];"15
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 5  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 4  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 4  ,1 ,0  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 6  ,1 ,0  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 7  ,1 ,0  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1  ];"20
"Clk1,Clk2,Rst,BI,PI,EF,First]->[Mode,FR,HEn,FEn,PO,Pmt,TStb,FClk,InhO]);
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 15 ,1 ,0  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 14 ,1 ,0  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 12 ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 13 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,1 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 9  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,1 , 1  ];"25
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 8  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 12 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 13 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,1 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 9  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,1 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 8  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1  ];"30
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 12 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,  1  ]->[ 13 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,1 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 9  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,1 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 8  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 8  ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];"35
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 10 ,1 ,1  , 0 ,1 , 0 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 10 ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 11 ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 3  ,0 ,1  , 1 ,0 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 2  ,0 ,1  , 1 ,0 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];"40
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 1  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  1  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  0  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];
[ C   , C  , 0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,  0  ]->[ 1  ,1 ,1  , 1 ,1 , 1 ,1 ,0 , 0  ];"45
"Clk1,Clk2,Rst,BI,PI,EF,First]->[Mode,FR,HEn,FEn,PO,Pmt,TStb,FClk,InhO]);

End  Sequencer
^Z

```

APPENDIX C

DYC WORD COUNT PAL PROGRAM LISTING: FBCOUNT.ABL

```
Module  Address_Counter

Title   ’Increments address counter with each Fera Data strobe
         Alternates Fifo enables with each strobe

        Sten Hansen       Fermilab Physics Dept.        5-3-91’

        FBCOUNT                device          ’E0600’;

       "Location                                 U20

        Clk1,ClkESN,Clk2            pin    1,10,13;
        HdrEn,ClrWC,BsyIn           pin    2,14,23;

        Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5           pin    22,21,20,19,18,17;
        Q6,Q7,Q8,Q9,Q10,Q11         pin    16,15,3,4,5,6;
        EnFLo,EnFHi                 pin    7,8;

N = 211;  "Set to the desired number of cycles run in the test vectors

Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6,Q7,Q8,Q9,Q10,Q11           IsType ’Reg_T,Feed_Reg’;

Q0.RE,Q1.RE,Q2.RE,Q3.RE,Q4.RE,Q5.RE,Q6.RE,
Q7.RE,Q8.RE,Q9.RE,Q10.RE,Q11.RE                 IsType ’Eqn’;

C,Z,X = .C.,.Z.,.X.;
Count = [Q11..Q0];

Equations

"For the time being clock the ESN latch with the leading edge of Busy In
 ClkESN  =  BsyIn;

"A 12 bit counter constructed from T FF’s
"If the quantity on the right side of the equation is true, the FF toggles

 Q0 := BsyIn;
 Q1 :=                                                    Q0;
 Q2 :=                                               Q1 & Q0;
 Q3 :=                                          Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q4 :=                                     Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q5 :=                                Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q6 :=                           Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q7 :=                      Q6 & Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q8 :=                 Q7 & Q6 & Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
 Q9 :=            Q8 & Q7 & Q6 & Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
Q10 :=       Q9 & Q8 & Q7 & Q6 & Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;
Q11 := Q10 & Q9 & Q8 & Q7 & Q6 & Q5 & Q4 & Q3 & Q2 & Q1 & Q0;

"Clear all FFs to 0 with ClrWC
 [Q0.RE,Q1.RE,Q2.RE,Q3.RE,Q4.RE,Q5.RE,Q6.RE,Q7.RE,Q8.RE,
  Q9.RE,Q10.RE,Q11.RE] = !ClrWC;

"Turn tri-states on with !HdrEn
 [Q0.OE,Q1.OE,Q2.OE,Q3.OE,Q4.OE,Q5.OE,Q6.OE,Q7.OE,Q8.OE,
  Q9.OE,Q10.OE,Q11.OE] = !HdrEn;

EnFHi = !Q0 & ClrWC & BsyIn;
EnFLo =  Q0 & ClrWC & BsyIn;

Test_Vectors

([Clk1,Clk2,HdrEn,ClrWC,BsyIn]->[Count,EnFHi,EnFLo,ClkESN]);
 [ X  , X  ,  0  ,  0  ,  X  ]->[  0  ,   0 ,   0 ,  X];
 [ X  , X  ,  0  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  0  ,   0 ,   0 ,  0];
 [ C  , C  ,  1  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  Z  ,   0 ,   0 ,  0];
 [ C  , C  ,  1  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  Z  ,   0 ,   0 ,  0];
 [ 0  , 0  ,  0  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  0  ,   0 ,   0 ,  0];
@repeat N
{
 [ C  , C  ,  1  ,  1  ,  1  ]->[  Z  ,   0 ,   1 ,  1];
 [ C  , C  ,  1  ,  1  ,  1  ]->[  Z  ,   1 ,   0 ,  1];
}
 [ 0  , 0  ,  0  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  2*N,   0 ,   0 ,  0];
 [ C  , C  ,  1  ,  1  ,  1  ]->[  Z  ,   0 ,   1 ,  1];
 [ 0  , 0  ,  0  ,  1  ,  0  ]->[  2*N+1, 0 ,   0 ,  0];
 [ 0  , 0  ,  0  ,  0  ,  0  ]->[  0  ,   0 ,   0 ,  0];

end Address_Counter

```

APPENDIX D

DYC CAMAC AND RESET PAL PROGRAM LISTING: FBCAM.ABL

```
Module  CamacClear

Title   ’Responds to Camac Z and F9 by sending a Reset pulse

         Sten Hansen       Fermilab Physics Dept.        5-3-91’

        FBCAM                device          ’F153’;
"       Location                               U9
"Inputs..
        F16,F8,F4,F2,F1         pin      1,2,3,4,5;
        S2,Z,N                  pin      6,7,8;

"Outputs
        Q,X,SysRst              pin      9,11,19;
        NimRst,BdRst            pin      18,17;

"Group Camac F lines into a set
 FCode = [!F16,!F8,!F4,!F2,!F1];

C,z = .C.,.Z.;

Equations

SysRst  = !N & (FCode == 9) & !S2 # !Z & !S2 # BdRst # NimRst;

!X      = !N & (FCode == 9);
 X.OE   = !N & (FCode == 9);

!Q      = !N & (FCode == 9);
 Q.OE   = !N & (FCode == 9);

Test_Vectors

([N,F16,F8,F4,F2,F1,S2,Z,NimRst,BdRst]->[Q, X, SysRst])
 [1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,1,  0   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    0  ];
 [1, 1 , 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,1,  0   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    0  ];
 [0, 1 , 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,1,  0   ,  0  ]->[0, 0,    1  ];
 [0, 1 , 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,1,  0   ,  0  ]->[0, 0,    0  ];
 [1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,0,  0   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    0  ];
 [1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,0,  0   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    1  ];
 [1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,0,  0   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    0  ];
 [1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,1,  1   ,  0  ]->[z, z,    1  ];
 [1, 1 , 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,1,  0   ,  1  ]->[z, z,    1  ];

end CamacClear
^Z

```


format: text

text:
# Transverse Flow and Hadro-Chemistry in Au+Au Collisions at √𝑠_NN=200 GeV

## I Introduction

During its second year of operation, RHIC (the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory) has collided 197Au nuclei at center-of-mass ($`CM`$) energies of 200 GeV per nucleon pair to create strong interaction matter at high energy densities in the laboratory. To identify signals of a possible phase transition from low-energy nuclear to deconfined quark-gluon matter, a large amount of data was analyzed and recently presented for the first time .

In the present article we investigate single particle spectra of various hadronic species within a hydrodynamic framework for the reaction dynamics, which assumes rapid thermalization in the reaction volume and a subsequent expansion according to the conservation of energy, momentum, entropy and baryon-number (for details of the approach, which resides on explicit longitudinal boost invariance, cf. Ref. ). At $`CM`$ energies of 130 $`A`$GeV, the successful description of observed single-particle transverse momentum ($`p_\mathrm{T}`$) spectra and their azimuthal modulation in non-central collisions have validated this approach down to decoupling temperatures of $``$ 130 MeV, at which hadronic interactions have been assumed to cease instantaneously . As an alternative to entirely hydrodynamic simulations, especially for the late, more dilute stages in a heavy-ion collision, hybrid models have been developed  which treat the hadronic phase in sequential-scattering models, propagating hadrons individually. While the momentum-space observables are in good agreement with experiments at RHIC in both descriptions, the freezeout geometry persists to be inconsistent with the data in either approach. Hydrodynamic evolutions appear to be too long-lived but too small in radial extent , whereas hybrid calculations produce an emission cloud which appears to be too large .

Concerning global particle production, it was soon realized  that, also at RHIC energies, measured hadron ratios reflect a chemical composition of the fireball which corresponds to a temperature close to the expected QCD phase boundary, $`T_{chem}`$ 170-180 MeV $`T_c`$. Thus, in a thermodynamic description of the cooling process from chemical to thermal freezeout, the conservation of the relative hadronic abundances requires the introduction of (effective) chemical potentials  for species that are stable on the scale of typical fireball lifetimes. In particular, it was pointed out in Ref.  that the conservation of antibaryons plays an important role at collider energies. Despite their large annihilation cross sections, their finally observed abundance is in complete agreement with chemical-freezeout systematics (for a possible microscopic explanation of this fact, based on multi-meson fusion reactions to maintain detailed balance, cf. Ref. ). This implies the build-up of large antibaryon chemical potentials, $`\mu _{\overline{\mathrm{N}}}^{\mathrm{eff}}`$, defined via $`\mu _{\overline{\mathrm{N}}}=\mu _\mathrm{N}+\mu _{\overline{\mathrm{N}}}^{\mathrm{eff}}`$. Towards thermal freezeout this, in turn, entails rather large baryon chemical potentials ($`\mu _N350`$ MeV), and is at the origin of appreciable pion chemical potentials ($`\mu _\pi `$ 80-100 MeV). The influence of chemical potentials on the hydrodynamic evolution and resulting observables has been investigated in Ref.  for $`CM`$ energies of 130 $`A`$GeV. In addition to conserving $`\pi `$-, $`K`$-, $`\eta `$\- and $`\eta ^{}`$-numbers, we here explicitly distinguish chemical potentials of baryons and antibaryons along the lines of Ref.  to correctly account for the finite net-baryon density at full RHIC energy (200 $`A`$GeV). For consistency with previous analyses  we assume a phase transition from quark-gluon to hadron matter at $`T_c=165`$ MeV with a latent heat of $`e_{\mathrm{lat}}=1.15`$ GeV/fm3 and a hadronic resonance gas equation-of-state (EoS) as before. At $`T_c`$ the hadronic phase starts in chemical equilibrium to (approximately) reproduce the measured particle ratios , see above. To improve on previous analyses, the subsequent hadronic evolution is now constructed incorporating effective meson and (anti-) baryon chemical potentials as in Ref.  to preserve the correct (absolute) particle abundances.

As a second new aspect of the present manuscript, we present an attempt to refine the initial conditions of the hydrodynamic evolution. More specifically, we will explore ramifications of pre-equilibrium collective behavior by introducing appropriate radial velocity profiles at the time of complete thermalization. Such effects can be associated with pre-thermal re-interactions, a free-streaming period, or a combination thereof, and turn out to generally improve the description of transverse momentum spectra of the produced particles.

Our article is organized as follows. In Sects. II and III we analyze the impact (and interplay) of off-equilibrium hadro-chemistry and modified initial collisions on transverse momentum spectra of pions, kaons and (anti-) protons, both for central and more peripheral collisions in comparison to preliminary data at 200 $`A`$GeV. Pertinent predictions for azimuthal anisotropies in non-central collisions are presented in Sect. IV. We furthermore comment on implications for the freezeout geometry in Sect. V, and summarize in Sect. VI.

## II Particle spectra – central collisions

Let us start by briefly discussing the initial conditions of our hydrodynamic calculations. According to the $``$ 15% larger hadron multiplicity at midrapidity in central collisions at 200 $`A`$GeV  as compared to 130 $`A`$GeV, we increase the maximum entropy-density parameter from $`s_0=95`$ fm-3  to 110 fm-3 (keeping the equilibration time fixed at $`\tau _0=0.6`$ fm/$`c`$ to facilitate the interpretation of observed changes). The correct baryon admixture is obtained by adjusting the entropy-per-baryon to $`S/B=s_0/n_0=250`$, constant throughout the evolution ($`s_0`$ and $`n_0`$ are the initial entropy- and baryon-density in the center of the collision, $`S`$ and $`B`$ the total entropy and net baryon number). The thermodynamic fields in the transverse plane are set to scale with a combination of wounded nucleon and binary collision profiles as elaborated in Refs. , which allows for a geometrical prescription to reproduce the multiplicity in collisions at finite impact parameter $`b`$.

The results of our calculations with improved hadro-chemistry are compared to (preliminary) data for $`\pi ^{}`$, $`K^{}`$ and antiproton $`p_\mathrm{T}`$-spectra from central Au+Au collisions at 200 $`A`$GeV  in Fig. 1 (the experimental centrality selection of 5 % is approximated by using an average impact parameter $`b=2.4`$ fm). Compared to particle spectra in standard (i.e., chemical-equilibrium) hydrodynamics we find a better description of the overall curved shape of the hadronic spectra, in particular for low-$`p_\mathrm{T}`$ pions. This is a result of the meson chemical potentials ($`\mu _\pi `$ 80-100 MeV at freezeout), which amplify the Bose-statistics effect. In addition, the population of heavy resonances also increases after inclusion of chemical potentials which entails larger contributions at low $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ from their decay products. At large transverse momenta the hydrodynamic calculations deviate from the data which is suggestive for the onset of the hard scattering regime. At exactly which values of $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ this occurs, and how this transition depends on the particle species, are among the major questions to be clarified. E.g., high energy partons evolving within a hydrodynamic background can be introduced to study the particle spectra beyond the collective behavior .

As was already observed in Ref. , the expansion of the chemically non-equilibrated hadron gas leads to slopes for pion spectra that are almost insensitive to the decoupling temperature. Proton spectra, on the contrary, clearly favor a freezeout at $`T100`$ MeV (thick solid line), which corresponds to an energy density $`e0.075`$ GeV/fm3 (which is about the same as in previous calculations). The thin lines in Fig. 1 correspond to decoupling at the phase transition (recall that the multiplicity of the individual particle species is independent of freezeout due to the chemical potentials).

The experimental pion spectra in the 1-2 GeV range appear flatter than what follows from the flow generated by hydrodynamic expansion with our given initial configuration (at transverse momenta $`p_\mathrm{T}2`$ GeV this is conceivably due to additional perturbative hard scattering contributions). To a lesser extent, this is also true for the heavier kaons and protons, even at the low freezeout temperature of 100 MeV.

The data thus seem to exhibit somewhat stronger collective expansion than developed subsequent to an equilibration time of $`\tau _0=0.6`$ fm/$`c`$. Additional radial flow could be generated by assuming still shorter equilibration times, e.g., $`\tau _0=0.2`$ fm/$`c`$ . It is, however, hard to imagine that particles are ‘born’ into thermal equilibrium without allowing for some relaxation time with rescattering. But even the other extreme, i.e., a period of free streaming, induces a non-vanishing radial velocity profile due to a separation of originally random particle velocities . A realistic situation is probably in between the two extremes, essentially pre-equilibrium in character with associated rather complicated structures of the generated flow-field and energy-density distributions (more exotic phenomena such as sphaleron explosions  could also play a role). As an exploratory study, we here introduce a simplistic initial ‘seed’ transverse velocity according to $`v_\mathrm{T}(r)=\mathrm{tanh}(\alpha r)`$, where $`r`$ is the radial distance from the origin, superimposed on the original fields at $`\tau _0=0.6`$ fm/$`c`$. For a value of $`\alpha =0.02`$ fm-1 the initial velocity field for $`r_{}6`$ fm/c is similar in magnitude (although less parabolic) to both ($`i`$) starting the hydrodynamic evolution at earlier time ($`\tau _0=0.2`$ fm/$`c`$ as in Ref. ) and evolving it to $`\tau _0=0.6`$ fm/$`c`$, as well as ($`ii`$) free streaming from $`\tau =0.2`$ to 0.6 fm/$`c`$. The essential difference between ($`i`$) and ($`ii`$) lies in the azimuthal distribution at $`\tau _0=0.6`$ fm/$`c`$, to which we will come back to in Sect. IV. It should also be noted that stronger transverse flow due to larger transverse pressure is expected if the longitudinal expansion is not fully thermalized .

The results with our simple ansatz are represented by the dashed lines in Fig. 1, and are found to improve the agreement with experiment, up to $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ 2(3.5) GeV for pions and kaons (antiprotons). We note that when increasing $`\alpha `$ to 0.05, the proton spectra become much flatter than experimentally observed.

## III Particle spectra – non-central collisions

In Fig. 2 we compare preliminary spectra of positive pions  to our hydrodynamic results at $`T_{\mathrm{dec}}=100`$ MeV in 3 different centrality bins (‘central’, $`b=2.4`$ fm, $`N_{\mathrm{part}}=343.8`$; ‘semi-central’, $`b=7`$ fm, $`N_{\mathrm{part}}=170.8`$; ‘peripheral’, $`b=9.6`$ fm, $`N_{\mathrm{part}}=76.6`$). Again, we display calculations with an initial transverse boost by dashed lines. As expected, the prerequisites for a hydrodynamic approach (strong rescattering and a sufficiently large system size) are increasingly invalidated at large impact parameters, reflected by an onset of deviations from experiment at smaller transverse momenta (higher-momentum particles can rapidly escape the fireball without thermalizing). For peripheral collisions the agreement between theory and experiment holds for $`p_\mathrm{T}1`$ GeV, which, nevertheless, still accounts for more than 96% of the emitted particles.

Fig. 3 shows experimental  and calculated proton spectra which are of particular interest in the present context as they acquire the largest chemical potentials (e.g., around thermal freezeout $`\mu _\mathrm{N}=380`$ MeV and $`\mu _{\overline{\mathrm{N}}}=343`$ MeV implying $`\mu _{\overline{\mathrm{N}}}^{\mathrm{eff}}=723`$ MeV, which yields an antiproton-to-proton ratio of 0.72 consistent with experiment ), and are most sensitive to collective expansion. We find good agreement of theory and experiment at a freezeout temperature of 100 MeV up to $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ 3.5 GeV in the central, but only up to $``$ 2 GeV in the peripheral sample. The additional transverse ‘kick’ in the initial state as described above (dashed lines) is particularly significant for central collisions.

Despite the fact that particle densities in the later hadronic stage of the expansion are moderate, we conclude that rescattering is strong enough to allow for a hydrodynamic description until thermal decoupling. The correct chemical composition of the hadronic gas is maintained by the generation of large chemical potentials, which (at given temperature) provide an increased number of scattering partners with larger cross sections as compared to a chemically equilibrated environment.

We have focused here on positively charged pions and protons. The corresponding results for $`\pi ^{}`$, $`K^+`$, $`K^{}`$ and $`\overline{p}`$ in non-central collisions are of similar quality. The multiplicities and mean transverse momenta of these particles are collected in Table 1.

|  |  |  | $`\alpha =0.00`$ |  | $`\alpha =0.02`$ fm-1 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|  | $`\frac{dN}{dy}`$ | 280.8 | 134.3 | 57.84 | 282.3 | 134.6 | 57.82 |
| $`\pi ^+`$ | $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ | 0.398 | 0.392 | 0.375 | 0.419 | 0.405 | 0.383 |
|  | $`\frac{dN}{dy}`$ | 50.18 | 23.99 | 10.33 | 50.43 | 24.05 | 10.33 |
| $`K^+`$ | $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ | 0.619 | 0.608 | 0.572 | 0.660 | 0.634 | 0.589 |
|  | $`\frac{dN}{dy}`$ | 28.08 | 13.44 | 5.798 | 28.13 | 13.44 | 5.794 |
| $`p`$ | $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ | 0.880 | 0.861 | 0.802 | 0.949 | 0.906 | 0.831 |

Table 1: Multiplicities and mean transverse momenta (in GeV) of different particles for 3 centrality selections (1=central, 3=peripheral) at $`y=0`$. The $`\overline{p}`$/$`p`$ ratio is 0.72; $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ of antiprotons is within 1% of the proton value.

## IV Elliptic flow

For the same impact parameters as considered above we proceed by studying the azimuthal anisotropies of particle spectra , i.e., the momentum dependence of elliptic flow as defined by $`v_2(p_\mathrm{T};b)=\mathrm{cos}(2\varphi )`$, where the average is taken over the angular distribution of particles, $`dN/dyp_\mathrm{T}dp_\mathrm{T}d\varphi `$.

Flow anisotropy is generated during the earliest stages of the collision, at which the spatial eccentricity of the thermodynamic fields and the anisotropies in the pressure gradients are the largest. The matter is set into anisotropic motion as larger forces are acting along the ‘short’ radius of the initial (overlap) ellipse. This motion rapidly reduces the spatial anisotropies, thereby bringing further generation of momentum anisotropy (i.e., $`v_2`$) to a stall . If the system evolves in chemical equilibrium, the dominant particle species at freezeout are pions, which carry the generated anisotropy in their momentum distribution. Their differential elliptic flow, $`v_2(p_\mathrm{T})`$, is then almost independent of the decoupling temperature $`T_{\mathrm{dec}}`$ . Heavier particles, on the other hand, do exhibit some dependence on $`T_{\mathrm{dec}}`$, mainly because of the continuously increasing radial flow which shifts the generated anisotropy towards larger transverse momenta. In the presence of effective chemical potentials the contribution of protons to the total anisotropic flow (of all particles) is still small; however, the contribution of their number to the particle yield is more significant. The anisotropic flow must thus be absorbed by the pions (which, due to their small masses, adjust their momentum distribution easier). Through this effect their elliptic flow now also becomes sensitive to the decoupling temperature, as found in Ref. . In addition, the influence of resonance decays is enhanced in the chemical off-equilibrium formulation. The heavy resonances, which at large transverse momentum carry rather large elliptic flow, decay and transfer their elliptic flow to pions at relatively low transverse momentum.

In Fig. 4 we show results for elliptic flow of pions (left panel) and protons (right panel) from the hydrodynamic calculation under inclusion of chemical potentials. The initial transverse boost as defined in Sect. II shifts the anisotropy to larger transverse momenta which implies a reduction of $`v_2`$ at given $`p_\mathrm{T}`$. The development of anisotropic flow is additionally hindered since it has to form on top of the isotropic initial boost field which we have employed here. The value $`ϵ_p`$ at which the anisotropy of the energy-momentum tensor of the fluid $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ saturates during the evolution , is about 25% smaller than without the initial ‘kick’.

It is instructive to compare these results to the scenario where the equilibration time is set to very small values ($`\tau _0=0.2`$ fm/$`c`$ for the dashed-dotted curves in Fig. 4). As elucidated in Sect. II, this generates as much radial flow as the superimposed profile at $`\tau _0=`$ 0.6 fm/$`c`$ does. However, the elliptic flow is larger than in the former case, but not significantly different from using an equilibration time of 0.6 fm/$`c`$ without initial kick. This is due to the fact that, without initial kick, $`v_2`$ saturates for either equilibration time at approximately the same value ***Note that this is no longer true for significantly larger $`\tau _0`$, e.g. 2 fm/$`c`$, for which $`v_2`$ is significantly reduced and underpredicts the data already at 130 $`A`$GeV.

The experimentally observed elliptic flow reaches a limiting maximal value as a function of transverse momentum. The PHENIX collaboration has pointed out  that this saturation is reached at smaller transverse momenta for pions than for protons, and that the saturation value appears to be larger for the latter. Within the hydrodynamic framework this reflects the earlier breakdown of the strong rescattering assumption for pions, which for protons remains valid up to higher $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ due to larger (average) scattering cross sections ($`\overline{\sigma }_{\pi N}>\overline{\sigma }_{\pi \pi }`$). This is corroborated by the description of the single-particle spectra which extends to larger $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ for (anti-) protons than for pions. The different $`v_2`$-saturation momenta for mesonic and baryonic elliptic flow are also consistent with the formation of hadrons via quark-coalescence . Within this picture one similarly expects a larger saturation value of $`v_2`$ for protons than for pions.

## V Freeze-out geometry

Let us finally comment on the implications of our results for the freezeout geometry of the hadronic system. In Ref.  it was pointed out that the relation between energy density and pressure, $`e(p)`$, for the hadronic equation of state is barely modified by the introduction of chemical potentials. Therefore, the space-time evolution of the system, which is largely driven by this relation, is not substantially altered either. A large change, however, occurs in the relation between temperature and energy density, $`T(e)`$, which thus influences the construction of the freezeout hypersurface and the thermal properties of the fluid on this surface. E.g., in chemical equilibrium the energy density at $`T=130`$ MeV corresponds to a temperature of only 100 MeV in the presence of large chemical potentials, since the latter increase particle and energy densities approximately by pertinent fugacity factors $`\mathrm{e}^{\mu /T}`$. Therefore, the freezeout hypersurface of the hydrodynamic calculations in chemical off-equilibrium is not much different from the hypersurface of previous calculations if freezeout is performed at a comparable energy density (i.e., the freezeout temperature is adapted accordingly). In both cases, the fireball decouples at about 15 fm/$`c`$ after equilibration (in central collisions) and has about the same spatial extent. Only after inclusion of the initial radial flow profile is the lifetime shortened by $``$ 15%, and the transverse expansion increases by about the same percentage. For observables, this entails smaller longitudinal correlation radii (which reflect the system’s lifetime) but only slightly larger sideward radii. This effect reduces the discrepancies between calculated and measured Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) radii by a few percent , but is not sufficient by itself. Additional effects, such as viscosity , large partonic cross sections in the early phases , or a refined treatment of hadronic rescattering  and freezeout  (including, e.g., a large $`\rho `$-meson width as predicted in Ref. ), seem to be required to fully resolve the ”HBT puzzle”.

## VI Summary

Based on a resonance gas equation of state which explicitly incorporates hadrochemical freezeout by employing chemical potentials for (stable) mesons and baryons in the hadronic evolution, we have performed hydrodynamic simulations of heavy ion-collisions at full RHIC energy. We have compared the results for pion, kaon, and proton $`p_\mathrm{T}`$-spectra to preliminary data from 200 $`A`$GeV Au+Au collisions at different centralities. Our investigations indicate the necessity of an initial (pre-hydrodynamic) transverse flow to better account for the slopes of the observed spectra. Good agreement with preliminary data for transverse momentum spectra in central collisions is obtained up to $``$ 1.5-2 GeV for pions, and up to at least 3 GeV for protons. We further studied the influence of hadrochemistry and initial flow on elliptic flow and source geometry. The former has been presented as a prediction for pions and protons for upcoming experimental analyses. For the latter, some improvement with respect to the discrepancy between model and data has been found, but additional effects remain mandatory.

Acknowledgments:
We thank U. Heinz and E.V. Shuryak for fruitful discussions and critical remarks on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant No. DE-FG02-88ER40388. PFK acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor-Lynen Fellowship.


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# Mixed-Mode Calculations in Nuclear Physics

## Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support from the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-9970769 and Cooperative Agreement No. EPS-9720652 that includes matching from the Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund. V. G. Gueorguiev is grateful to the Theoretical Nuclear Physics Group of the Department of Theoretical Physics in the Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences for financial help to attend the XXI International Workshop on Nuclear Theory held June 10-15, 2002 in Rila Mountains, Bulgaria.


text:
# A note on Szpiro’s inequality for curves of higher genus

Let $`f:XB`$ be a semi-stable family of curves of genus $`g`$ over a smooth projective curve $`B`$ of genus $`\gamma `$ over the complex numbers. Assume that the family is relatively minimal in that there are no $`(1)`$ curves contained in the fibers and that it is non-isotrivial. Let $`\delta `$ be the number of singular points in the fibers and $`s`$ the number of singular fibers, i.e., the singular values of the map. A. Beauville  has pointed out the following inequality

$$\delta <(4g+2)(2\gamma 2+s)$$

which generalizes the ‘conductor-discriminant inequality’ for elliptic curves whose significance was pointed out by Szpiro .

This inequality is a quick consequence of the Bogomolov-Miyaoka-Yau inequality and an inequality of Xiao

$$\delta (8+4/g)\text{deg}(f_{}(\omega _{X/B}))$$

where $`\omega _{X/B}`$ is the relative dualizing sheaf of the fibration.

The purpose of this note is to point out the following variant:

###### Theorem 1

Let $`g_0`$ be the dimension of the constant part of the Jacobian fibration of $`X/B`$. Then

$$\delta (gg_0)(4+2/g)(2\gamma 2+s)$$

Note that when $`g_0=0`$, this reduces to a slightly weaker version of Beauville’s inequality (in that it is not strict). Even though this is just a minor variation on Beauville’s result we judged it worth stating since the B-M-Y inequality is not used in the proof. On the one hand, this makes it more likely to be extended to positive characteristic. On the other, the ideas involved may be more likely to fit into the current interest in finding an‘arithmetic’ Kodaira-Spencer map. That is, the proof is similar to Beauville’s except we replace the B-M-Y inequality by the following inequality

$$\text{deg}(f_{}(\omega _{X/B}))((gg_0)/2)(2\gamma 2+s)$$

We recall briefly the proof of this inequality, referring to op. cit. for details. There it is stated for abelian varieties, so it is useful to quickly point out the direct (and easier) argument for curves.: We have the logarithmic Kodaira-Spencer map of the fibration

$$KS:f_{}(\omega _{X/B})R^1f_{}(𝒪_X)\mathrm{\Omega }_B^1(S)$$

where $`SB`$ denotes the divisor of singular values. By duality, one has

$$R^1f_{}(𝒪_X)(f_{}(\omega _{X/B}))^{}$$

On the other hand, if $`K`$ denotes the kernel of $`KS`$, a simple computation using the constancy of the duality pairing w.r.t. the Gauss-Manin connection shows that

$$Im(KS)[f_{}(\omega _{X/B})/K]^{}$$

So we have a full-rank map

$$f_{}(\omega _{X/B})/K[f_{}(\omega _{X/B})/K]^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_B^1(S)$$

and hence, taking determinants, a non-zero map

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda }^{(gg_0)}(f_{}(\omega _{X/B})/K)]^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_B^1(S))^{(gg_0)}$$

¿From this, we get the inequality

$$\text{deg}[f_{}(\omega _{X/B})/K][(gg_0)/2](2\gamma 2+s)$$

However, $`\text{deg}(K)=0`$. One proves this by showing that this kernel is preserved by the Gauss-Manin connection. This implies that its top exterior power also carries a connection. But since the Gauss-Manin connection is unipotent near $`S`$, we get that the connection on the top exterior power is actually regular on all of $`B`$. Therefore, the determinant of $`K`$ must have vanishing first Chern class.

These considerations give us the desired inequality for $`\text{deg}[f_{}(\omega _{X/B})]`$. By combining this with Xiaos’ inequality, we get

$$\delta (8+4/g)\text{deg}[f_{}(\omega _{X/B})](8+4/g)[(gg_0)/2](2\gamma 2+s)$$

which is the stated inequality.

Acknowledgement: I am grateful to Professor Beauville for a quick reponse to an e-mail inquiry that prompted this note.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON, AZ 85721, EMAIL: kim@math.arizona.edu and KOREA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, 207-43 CHEONGRYANGRI-DONG, DONGDAEMUN-GU, SEOUL, KOREA 130-012


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# String effects in Polyakov loop correlators.

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The effective string picture of confinement describes the quantum fluctuations of the color flux tube that joins confined color sources in gauge theories. By assuming that such fluctuations are described by a bosonic string theory one obtains quantitative predictions about gauge invariant correlation functions in the confined phase, that can be compared to the results of Monte Carlo simulations of gauge theories in the confining regime to obtain a stringent test of the validity of such an effective description (see Ref. for references to the original literature).

The three-dimensional $`Z_2`$ gauge theory is an ideal testing ground for the effective string description of confinement: on one hand, its configuration space is very small compared to the one of four dimensional Yang-Mills theories, so that high precision Monte Carlo results can be obtained with comparatively small computational effort; on the other hand it is widely believed that the effective string theory that describes confinement is to a large extent universal, that is independent from the gauge group and the dimensionality of spacetime. Therefore many results obtained in the context of $`Z_2`$ gauge theory are likely to be valid with little or no modification in Yang-Mills theories as well.

In this contribution we compare the predictions of the effective bosonic string theory of confinement to Monte Carlo results obtained in three dimensional $`Z_2`$ gauge theory at finite temperature. The gauge-invariant quantity of interest is the correlation function of two Polyakov loops in the confined phase. The effective string theory predicts the dependence of this correlation function from the temperature, the distance between the Polyakov loops, and the zero temperature string tension. Our aim is to compare such predictions to Monte Carlo results. First, however, a careful discussion of the physical regime in which the string picture is expected to hold is in order: in particular we will discuss what region in the parameter space is expected to be described by a free bosonic string theory, and where one should instead expect corrections to this picture.

For a more detailed discussion of all these issues, see Ref.. Note however that the numerical data reported in the present contribution are much more precise than the ones reported in Ref., being obtained with a new algorithm for the computation of Polyakov loop correlators that will be described in a forthcoming publication.

## 2 FREE STRING PREDICTIONS AND THEIR RANGE OF VALIDITY

Suppose the quantum fluctuations of the color flux tube are modelled by a free bosonic string theory. Then if we are interested in Polyakov loop correlation functions, such a string lives on a world sheet that is bounded by the two loops in the space-like direction, and periodic in the time like direction. The partition function of such a string can be computed, for example, using $`\zeta `$-function regularization. The prediction for the Polyakov loop correlation function is

$$P(0)P^{}(R)=\mathrm{exp}\left[F(R,L)\right]$$
(1)
where $`L=1/T`$ is the spatial size of the lattice, and $`F(R,L)`$, the free energy of the string, is made of a classical and a quantum contribution: in three spacetime dimensions

$`F_{\mathrm{cl}}(R,L)`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _0LR+k(L)`$ (2)
$`F_\mathrm{q}(R,L)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}\eta (\tau )`$ (3)
where $`\sigma _0`$ is the zero temperature string tension at the same coupling, $`k(L)`$ is a non universal constant depending on $`L`$ only, $`\eta `$ is the Dedekind function, and $`\tau `$ is the modular parameter $`\tau iL/2R`$.

Physical considerations allow us to determine the range of physical parameters where we expect the free string picture to hold: in particular, both distances $`R`$ and $`L`$ appearing in Eq.1 must be large in the following sense:

* large $`R`$: the picture of a thin, free string is certainly an idealization, since we know that the actual flux tube has a non zero width of order $`1/T_c`$ where $`T_c`$ is the deconfinement critical temperature. Therefore we do not expect the prediction embodied by Eqs.(1-3) to hold for distances $`R<1/T_c`$.
* large $`L`$: if one assumes the free string picture to be valid at all temperatures up to $`T_c`$, one obtains a prediction for the value of such temperature which is very far from the actual value obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The free string picture must break down for temperatures close to $`T_c`$.

## 3 CORRECTIONS TO THE FREE STRING PICTURE: THE NAMBU-GOTO STRING

The free string described in the previous section is the infrared limit of a large class of models having in common the bosonic character of the field describing the fluctuations of the color flux tube (see ). Among these various models, the Nambu-Goto string is the best candidate to describe the short distance corrections to the free string picture that, as discussed above, must be present in the effective description of confinement.

There are at least two reasons for choosing this particular model: first, it gives a prediction for the dimensionless ratio $`T_c/\sqrt{\sigma _0}`$ which is in good agreement with Monte Carlo results for several gauge models. Second, the Nambu-Goto string accurately describes interface fluctuations in the three-dimensional Ising model , which is related by duality to the $`Z_2`$ gauge theory. For these reasons, we will use the Nambu-Goto string to model short distance corrections to the free string picture.

For Polyakov loop correlators, the Nambu-Goto string predicts a correction to the free string behavior that has been computed in  using $`\zeta `$-function regularization at two-loop level, (the loop expansion parameter being $`1/(\sigma _0LR)`$) and is given, in three dimensions, by:

$$F_q^{(NLO)}=\frac{\pi ^2L}{1152\sigma _0R^3}\left[2E_4(\tau )E_2^2(\tau )\right]$$
(4)
in terms of the Eisenstein functions $`E_2`$ and $`E_4`$. Note that these corrections do not involve any free parameters.

## 4 RESULTS

The comparison between the string predictions described above and Monte Carlo data for Polyakov loop correlation functions is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. They refer to the same value of the coupling $`\beta =0.75180`$, corresponding to a critical temperature $`T_c=1/8a`$ , where $`a`$ is the lattice spacing. The size $`L`$ of the lattice for the two figures is 24 and 16, so that the temperatures are respectively $`T_c/3`$ and $`T_c/2`$. The Monte Carlo data plotted correspond to the quantity

$$Q_q(R,L)=\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{G(R)}{G(R+1)}\right)\sigma _0L$$
(5)
as a function of $`z=2R/L`$; the zero-temperature string tension $`\sigma _0`$ is taken from previously published high precision measurements  taken in the dual Ising model.

This quantity is compared to the free string prediction and to the Nambu-Goto prediction. The figures show that:

* As predicted, the free string picture describes the data better at $`T=T_c/3`$ than at $`T=T_c/2`$
* With the high precision of our data, even at temperatures as low as $`T_c/3`$ there are sizable corrections to the free string picture.
* Such corrections are very well modeled, both at $`T_c/3`$ and $`T_c/2`$, by the Nambu-Goto string action at next-to-leading order

## 5 CONCLUSIONS

Confinement in the three dimensional $`Z_2`$ gauge theory is mediated by a flux tube which fluctuates like a bosonic string. This fact was established for the zero temperature case by studying finite size effects in Wilson loop expectation values : the results presented here show that this is the case also at finite temperature. Moreover, we have established that corrections to the free string behavior are present, as expected, at high temperatures, and are well modeled by a Nambu-Goto string action.