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# UV Properties and Evolution of High-redshift Galaxies

## 1. Introduction

The exploration of galaxies at cosmological distances has sensibly changed the current perspective of optical astronomy, as the effect of redshift is to allow the study of the restframe ultraviolet (UV) emission of distant objects. The lack of a reliable overlap with local galaxy templates (mainly due to the atmosphere absorption), and the possible effect of evolution, require however a more accurate modelling of galaxy spectral energy distribution (SED) at short wavelength in order to consistently match high-redshift observations (Buzzoni 2002a).

Sampling of integrated UV emission from the galaxy population at increasing distances has revealed to be in principle a powerful tool to track cosmic star formation at the different cosmological epochs (Madau 1998). For its relevance, this method has received special attention in a number of works, considering the possible bias sources in the data interpretation. This included the effect of dust (Steidel et al. 1999; Massarotti et al. 2001), and the incomplete sampling of galaxy luminosity function at faint magnitudes (Connolly et al. 1997). In any case, as far as evolution is taken into account, important changes are to be expected for galaxies beyond $`z1`$, both in their apparent morphology and UV emission. In this contribution, I would like to briefly assess both issues and their possible influence in the interpretation of deep observations.

## 2. UV Emission and Star Formation Rate

UV luminosity is known to be a fairly accurate tracer of actual star formation (Kennicutt 1998). This relationship basically derives from a selective contribution of the brightest main sequence (MS) stars to the integrated luminosity of a stellar aggregate. This is shown in Fig. 1, by comparing the theoretical c-m diagram of a simple stellar population (SSP) in two different photometric bands. As far as 2000 Å luminosity distribution is concerned (left panel in the figure), one sees that a substantial fraction of the SSP luminosity is provided by turn off (TO) stars in the brighter magnitude bin of the MS region. Quite remarkably, giant stars nearly disappear in the ultraviolet, while on the contrary they extensively contribute to the integrated luminosity at optical and infrared wavelength (right panel). As a consequence of this selective mechanism, the integrated UV luminosity directly relates, at any time, to the actual star formation rate, once linking the youngest component of high-mass stars to the size of the stellar population as a whole, through an appropriate IMF. In case of a Salpeter IMF, with stars in the mass range between 0.1 and 120 M, a theoretical calibration for the 2800 Å luminosity (Buzzoni 2002b) is:

$$\mathrm{SFR}[\mathrm{M}_{}/\mathrm{yr}]=\frac{L_{2800}}{\mathrm{4.8\hspace{0.17em}10}^{27}}[\mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{sec}/\mathrm{Hz}],$$
(1)
quite insensitive to the details of past star formation history (see Fig. 2).

## 3. UV Morphology of High-redshift Galaxies

Another important issue that should be considered, when tackling the study of the high-redshift galaxy population, is the possible morphological evolution. Apart from dynamical arguments (that deal, for instance, with the “monolithic” or “hierarchical” formation hypothesis), the apparent effect of redshift on the sampled SED, and the different photometric evolution of the galaxy sub-systems (i.e. bulge, disk and halo) likely tend to change the apparent look of galaxies with changing distance. The are basically two “competing” effects, in this sense, that could introduce an important bias in the morphological classification with increasing $`z`$.

From one hand, in case of late-type systems, UV luminosity especially enhances the presence of star-formation regions across the disk. When shifted to optical wavelength (i.e. for galaxies at $`z1`$ or beyond) this makes the disk plot much more knotty and irregular, compared with low-redshift templates (and this, in spite of any intrinsic evolution…). Simulations actually show that outstanding local galaxies, like M33 or M51, could hardly be recognized at the distance of the Hubble Deep Field (Burgarella et al. 2001; Kuchinski et al. 2001). When compared with local morphological studies, the net effect of sampling the galaxy UV spectral range is therefore in the sense of artificially increasing the number of irregular (interactive?) systems at high redshift (van den Bergh et al. 2000; Kajisawa & Yamada 2001). To some extent, this trend could even be reinforced by the abrupt disappearence of early-type systems beyond $`z1.5`$, mainly as a consequence of the disfavoring action of the k-correction.

On the other hand, we should also consider the effect of photometric evolution when moving to large look-back times. We know that bulge stellar population in spirals closely resembles that of ellipticals (e.g. Jablonka et al. 1996), and consistently matches the theoretical case of a SSP. This means that bulge luminosity is expected to fade with time, as a consequence of the increasing number of dead stars and a prevailing dominance of low-mass stars. On the contrary, the disk undergoes more or less continual stars formation allover galaxy’s life, and its luminosity is therefore dominated at any time by fresh (high-mass) stars.

Therefore, when looking back in time, we should in general expect a more prominent contribution of the bulge over the disk, and high-redshift spirals (and ellipticals) should more likely appear as sharply nucleated objects, compared to their low-redshift homologues. This would explain the apparent lack of grand-design spirals (i.e. Sb-Sc systems) in the galaxy population at large distances (e.g. van den Bergh et al. 1996). The effect is quantified in the two panels of Fig. 3, where we computed the relative contribution of the spheroid component (i.e. bulge+halo) to galaxy luminosity at red/infrared and ultraviolet wavelength (Johnson $`U`$ band). When accounting for expected photometric evolution, according to Buzzoni’s (2002b) template galaxy models, one sees that later-type spirals (Sc-Sd types) at 1 Gyr might closely look like present-day S0-Sa systems.

## 4. Expected Evolution of Galaxy Luminosity Function

The combined action of the morphological and photometric evolution is expected to sensibly modulate the galaxy luminosity function at high redshift. A main issue, in this regard, concerns the shape of the faint-end tail of the Schechter (1976) function, sizing the contribution of dwarf systems. This problem has at least a twofold impact on the cosmological theory as i) faint galaxies might provide a large fraction of the UV cosmological background (Adelberger and Steidel 2000), thus sensibly increasing the estimated cosmic star formation according to the Madau (1998) plot; ii) low-mass systems could play a key role in the physical mechanisms that led to formation of the high-mass galaxies (White et al. 1987).

As a first plain approach to the problem, we relied on the work of Marzke et al. (1998), who investigated the dependence of the local galaxy luminosity function on morphology using a wide sample of over 5,000 low-redshift galaxies. The Marzke et al. luminosity function, obtained in the Johnson $`B`$ band, is displayed in the left panel of Fig. 4, together with the relative contributions from bona fide “elliptical”, “spiral”, and “irregular” galaxies. The faint-end slope of the data distribution (i.e. the power-law index $`\alpha `$ of the Schechter function) is found to be $`\alpha =1.12`$ for the whole sample over the observed magnitude range, but irregular galaxies clearly dominate at fainter magnitudes with a steeper slope ($`\alpha =1.81`$). Starting from this partition, and accounting for the mean $`U_{20}B`$ color as from the Buzzoni (2002b) template models, in the middle panel of Fig. 4 we report the inferred luminosity function at the 2000 Å restframe wavelength. The main feature, in this regard, is the dramatic fading of elliptical galaxies, as a consequence of their exceedingly “red” $`U_{20}B`$ color due to a vanishing star formation at present time. Quite interestingly, this makes the faint-end slope of the Schechter function even steeper ($`\alpha <1.8`$ ?), as ellipticals will now reinforce the Im contribution at faint magnitudes.

On the other hand, if we let galaxies evolve back in time and consider the luminosity partition for 5 Gyr models (this is roughly the expected scenario for $`z13`$ galaxies, depending on the cosmological model), then the restframe $`U_{20}`$ luminosity function will match observations along the $`BI`$ bands (cf. right panel of Fig. 4). Again, while the bright galaxy population is clearly dominated by late-type systems, and the Im galaxy component moves to fainter magnitudes (because of a lower contribution of unevolved low-mass stars), ellipticals partially recover due to the age effect. Our guess is therefore that deep optical observations should point to a steeper slope for the faint-end tail of the luminosity function, compared to the local framework (cf. the solid line in the right panel of Fig. 4, for reference), with a value of $`\alpha `$ eventually comprised between $`1.2`$ and $`1.8`$.

This trend could even be strenghtened as far as the effect of dust or the c-m galaxy drift is taken into account, in a more sophisticated approach. Both effects lead in fact to predict redder (i.e. UV fainter) galaxies at brighter magnitudes, and this is in the sense of steepening the faint-end tail of the UV galaxy luminosity function.

### Acknowledgments.

I am pleased to acknowledge financial support from the Italian MURST under grant COFIN’00 02-016.

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# Studies of New Vector Resonances at the CLIC Multi-TeV 𝑒⁺𝑒⁻ Collider

## 1 Introduction

While the core of the physics program of a TeV-class linear collider (LC) can be already largely defined on the basis of what we know today, the signals from new physics which could be probed by a multi-TeV collider, such as Clic  at 1 TeV$`<\sqrt{s}<`$ 5 TeV, belong to a significantly broader domain. Still, one of the most striking manifestation of new physics will come from the sudden increase of the $`e^+e^{}f\overline{f}`$ cross section indicating the s-channel production of a new particle. There are several theories which predict the existence of such a resonance. In this paper we study the sensitivity of Clic to scenarios including new vector boson resonances. A first class consists of models with extra gauge bosons such as a new neutral $`Z^{}`$ gauge boson. This is common to both GUT-inspired $`E_6`$ models and to Left-Right (LR) symmetric models. They are discussed in Section 2. Models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking also predict the existence of new resonances in the TeV region. In particular, we consider the degenerate BESS (D-BESS) model, which describes a pair of narrow and nearly degenerate vector and axial-vector states , in Section 3. Additional resonances are also introduced by recent theories of gravity with extra dimensions in the form of Kaluza-Klein graviton and gauge boson excitations. A five dimensional extension of the Standard Model (SM) is discussed in Section 4. Beyond discovery, it will be essential to accurately measure their masses, widths, production and decay properties to determine their nature and identify which kind of new physics they manifest. The recently proposed little Higgs models, a new approach to the hierarchy problem, predict also new vector bosons in the TeV range, see for instance . Their possible signature at a multi-TeV collider deserves further study. Clic will also be sensitive to new vector gauge bosons at mass scales much beyond the kinematic threshold. In Section 5 we discuss the statistical accuracy for the determination of the cross sections, $`\sigma _{f\overline{f}}`$, and forward-backward asymmetries, $`A_{FB}^{f\overline{f}}`$, for $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$, $`b\overline{b}`$ and $`t\overline{t}`$ at $`\sqrt{s}`$ = 3 TeV. These accuracies will be used to establish the sensitivity reach to indirect effects of new vectors as $`Z^{}`$ gauge bosons and Kaluza-Klein excitations of the photon and of the $`Z^0`$ boson.

## 2 $`Z^{}`$ Boson studies

One of the simplest extensions of the SM is to introduce an additional $`U(1)`$ gauge symmetry, whose breaking scale is close to the Fermi scale. This extra symmetry is predicted in some grand unified theories and in other models. For example, in $`E_6`$ scenarios we have the following additional $`U(1)`$ current

$$J_{Z^{}\mu }^f=J_{\chi \mu }^f\mathrm{cos}\theta _6+J_{\psi \mu }^f\mathrm{sin}\theta _6$$
(1)
with different models parameterised by specific values of the angle $`\theta _6`$. The $`\chi ,\psi `$ and $`\eta `$ models correspond to the values $`\theta _6`$=0, $`\theta _6=\pi /2`$ and $`\theta _6=\mathrm{tan}^1\sqrt{5/3}`$ respectively. In the LR models, the new $`Z_{LR}`$ boson couples to the current

$$J_{Z^{}\mu }=\alpha _{LR}J_{3R\mu }\frac{1}{2\alpha _{LR}}J_{(BL)\mu }$$
(2)
with $`\alpha _{LR}=\sqrt{g_R^2/g_L^2\mathrm{cot}^2\theta _W1}`$. The vector and axial-vector couplings of the $`Z^{}`$ boson to the SM fermions, for $`E_6`$-inspired and for LR models, are given in Table 1, assuming:

$$J_{Z^{}\mu }^f=\overline{f}\left[\gamma _\mu v_f^{}+\gamma _\mu \gamma _5a_f^{}\right]f$$
(3)
and the parametrisation $`\theta _2=\theta _6+\mathrm{tan}^1\sqrt{5/3}`$.

Finally, a useful reference is represented by the so-called sequential standard model (SSM), which introduces an extra $`Z^{}`$ boson with the same couplings of the SM $`Z^0`$ boson.

There exist several constraints on the properties of new neutral vector gauge bosons. Direct searches for a new $`Z^{}`$ boson also set lower limits on the masses . These are summarised in Table 2 for various models. An extra $`Z^{}`$ naturally mixes with the SM $`Z^0`$ boson. The present precision electroweak data constrain the mixing angle, $`\theta _M`$, within a few mrad, and the masses as shown in Table 2 .

A third class of constraints is derived from atomic parity violation (APV) data. We update here the bounds obtained in  and based on the 1999 result of weak charge $`Q_W`$ in the Cesium atomic parity experiment , which indicated a $`2.6\sigma `$ discrepancy w.r.t. the SM prediction. A series of theoretical papers have since improved the prediction of $`Q_W`$, by including the effect of the Breit interaction among electrons  and by refining the calculation of radiative corrections . A complete re-analysis of the parity non conserving amplitude for the $`6S7S`$ transition in Cesium has been performed , which improves on the theoretical uncertainties. In addition the self-energy and vertex QED radiative corrections have been shown to yield a large negative contribution to the parity non conserving amplitude , bringing the result on the extraction of $`Q_W`$ from the Cesium data to:

$$Q_W=72.71\pm 0.29_{\mathrm{exp}}\pm 0.39_{\mathrm{theor}}$$
(4)
The corresponding SM prediction, obtained for $`m_t`$=175.3$`\pm `$4.4 GeV and $`M_H`$=(98$`{}_{35}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+51}`$) GeV, is $`Q_W^{(\mathrm{SM})}=73.10\pm 0.03`$. Here we inflate the uncertainty to $`\pm 0.13`$ to account for the hadronic-loop and other uncertainties. The new result given in eqs. (4) agrees well with the SM prediction. Models involving extra neutral vector bosons can modify the $`Q_W`$ value significantly. Assuming no $`Z^0Z^{}`$ mixing, the contribution to the weak charge due to the direct exchange of the $`Z^{}`$ is given by

$$\delta _NQ_W=16a_e^{}[(2Z+N)v_u^{}+(Z+2N)v_d^{}]\frac{M_Z^2}{M_Z^{}^2}$$
(5)
where $`Z=55`$, $`N=78`$ for Cs and $`a_f,v_f,a_f^{},v_f^{}`$ are the $`Z^0`$ and $`Z^{}`$ couplings to fermions (see Table 1). For $`E_6`$-inspired models, bounds on $`M_Z^{}`$ are derived as function of the angle $`\theta _6`$, by comparing the predicted value for the weak charge with that in eq. (4) (see Figure 1). The lower limits on $`M_Z^{}`$ are less stringent than, or comparable to those in Table 2. However, as these bounds are very sensitive to the actual value of $`Q_W`$ and its uncertainties, further determinations may improve the situation.

In the case of the LR model, neglecting mixing and $`W^{}`$ contributions, we get $`\delta _NQ_W=(M_Z^2/M_Z^{}^2)Q_W^{(SM)}`$ , corresponding to the 95% C.L. bound, $`M_{Z_{LR}}>665`$ GeV.

Finally, for the SSM $`Z^{}`$ boson we get a contribution $`\delta _NQ_W=(M_Z^2/M_Z^{}^2)Q_W^{(SM)}`$ , leading to the 95% C.L. bound, $`M_{Z_{SSM}^{}}>1010`$ GeV.

The Lhc hadron collider will push the direct sensitivity to new vector gauge bosons beyond the TeV threshold. With an integrated luminosity of 100 fb-1, Atlas and Cms are expected to observe signals from $`Z^{}`$ bosons for masses up to 4-5 TeV depending on the specific model .

Extra-$`U(1)`$ models can be accurately tested at a future linear $`e^+e^{}`$ collider, operating in the multi-TeV region, such as Clic. With an expected effective production cross section $`\sigma (e^+e^{}Z_{SSM}^{})`$ of $``$ 15 pb, including the effects of ISR and luminosity spectrum, a $`Z^{}`$ resonance will tower over a $`q\overline{q}`$ continuum background of $``$ 0.13 pb. While the observation of such signal is granted, the accuracy that can be reached in the study of its properties depends on the quality of the accelerator beam energy spectrum and on the detector response, including accelerator induced backgrounds. One of the main characteristics of the Clic collider is the large design luminosity, $`L=10^{35}`$ cm-2 s-1 at $`\sqrt{s}`$ = 3 TeV for its baseline parameters, obtained in a regime of strong beamstrahlung effects. The optimisation of the total luminosity and its fraction in the peak has been studied for the case of a resonance scan. The Clic luminosity spectrum has been obtained with a dedicated beam simulation program  for the nominal parameters at $`\sqrt{s}`$ = 3 TeV. In order to study the systematics from the knowledge of this spectrum, the modified Yokoya-Chen parametrisation  has been adopted. In this formulation, the beam energy spectrum is described in terms of $`N_\gamma `$, the number of photons radiated per $`e^\pm `$ in the bunch, the beam energy spread in the linac $`\sigma _p`$ and the fraction $``$ of events outside the 0.5% of the centre-of-mass energy. Two sets of parameters have been considered, obtained by modifying the beam size at the interaction point and therefore the total luminosity and its fraction in the highest energy region of the spectrum: CLIC.01 with $``$=1.05$`\times 10^{35}`$ cm-2 s-1 and $`N_\gamma `$=2.2 and CLIC.02 with $``$=0.40$`\times 10^{35}`$ cm-2 s-1 and $`N_\gamma `$=1.2. The $`Z^{}`$ mass and width can be determined by performing either an energy scan, like the $`Z^0`$ line-shape scan performed at Lep/Slc, and also foreseen for the $`t\overline{t}`$ threshold, or an auto-scan, by tuning the collision energy just above the top of the resonance and profiting of the long tail of the luminosity spectrum to probe the resonance peak. For the first method both di-jet and di-lepton final states can be considered, while for the auto-scan only $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$ final states can provide with the necessary accuracy for the $`Z^{}`$ energy. $`e^+e^{}Z^{}`$ events have been generated for $`M_Z^{}`$ = 3 TeV, including the effects of ISR, luminosity spectrum and $`\gamma \gamma `$ backgrounds, assuming SM-like couplings, corresponding to a total width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_{SSM}^{}}`$ 90 GeV. The resonance widths for extra-$`U(1)`$ models as well as for other SM extensions with additional vector bosons are shown in Figure 2 as a function of the relevant model parameters.

A data set of 1 ab-1 has been assumed for the CLIC.01 beam parameters and of 0.4 ab-1 for CLIC.02, corresponding to one year (107 s) of operation at nominal luminosity. This has been shared in a five point scan (see Figure 3) and $`M_Z^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z^{}/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^0}`$ and $`\sigma _{peak}`$ have been extracted from a $`\chi ^2`$ fit to the predicted cross section behaviour for different mass and width values (see Table 3. The dilution of the analysing power due to the beam energy spread is appreciable, as can be seen by comparing the statistical accuracy from a fit to the pure Born cross section after including ISR and beamstrahlung effects. Still, the relative statistical accuracies are better than 10-4 on the mass and $`5\times 10^3`$ on the width. In the case of wide resonances, there is an advantage in employing the broader luminosity spectrum, CLIC.01, which offers larger luminosity. Sources of systematics from the knowledge of the shape of the luminosity spectrum have also been estimated. In order to keep $`\sigma _{syst}\sigma _{stat}`$ it is necessary to control $`N_\gamma `$ to better than 5% and the fraction $``$ of collisions at $`\sqrt{s}<0.995\sqrt{s_0}`$ to about 1% .

## 3 Study of the D-BESS model

Present precise electroweak data are consistent with the realization of the Higgs mechanism with a light elementary Higgs boson. But as the Higgs boson has so far eluded the direct searches, it remains important to assess the sensitivity of future colliders to strong electroweak symmetry breaking (SSB) scenarios. SSB models are based on low energy effective Lagrangians which provide a phenomenological description of the Goldstone boson dynamics. Possible new vector resonances produced by the strong interaction responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking can be introduced in this formalism as gauge bosons of a hidden symmetry. A description of a new triplet of vector resonances is obtained by considering an effective Lagrangian based on the symmetry $`SU(2)_LSU(2)_RSU(2)_{local}`$ . The new vector fields are a gauge triplet of the $`SU(2)_{local}`$. They acquire mass as the $`W^\pm `$ and the $`Z^0`$ bosons. By enlarging the symmetry group of the model, additional vector and axial-vector resonances can be introduced.

The degenerate BESS model (D-BESS)  is a realization of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking with decoupling. The D-BESS model introduces two new triplets of gauge bosons, which are almost degenerate in mass, ($`L^\pm `$, $`L_3`$), ($`R^\pm `$, $`R_3`$). The extra parameters are a new gauge coupling constant $`g^{\prime \prime }`$ and a mass parameter $`M`$, related to the scale of the underlying symmetry breaking sector. In the charged sector the $`R^\pm `$ fields are not mixed and $`M_{R^\pm }=M`$, while $`M_{L^\pm }M(1+x^2)`$ for small $`x=g/g^{\prime \prime }`$ with $`g`$ the usual $`SU(2)_W`$ gauge coupling constant. The $`L_3`$, $`R_3`$ masses are given by $`M_{L_3}M\left(1+x^2\right),M_{R_3}M\left(1+x^2\mathrm{tan}^2\theta \right)`$ where $`\mathrm{tan}\theta =g^{}/g`$ and $`g^{}`$ is the usual $`U(1)_Y`$ gauge coupling constant. These resonances are narrow (see Figure 2) and almost degenerate in mass with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{L_3}/M0.068x^2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{R_3}/M0.01x^2`$, while the neutral mass splitting is: $`\mathrm{\Delta }M/M=(M_{L_3}M_{R_3})/M\left(1\mathrm{tan}^2\theta \right)x^20.70x^2`$. This model respects the present bounds from electroweak precision data since the $`S,T,U`$ (or $`ϵ_1,ϵ_2,ϵ_3`$) parameters vanish at the leading order in the limit of large $`M`$ due to an additional custodial symmetry. Therefore, electroweak data set only loose bounds on the parameter space of the model. We have studied these bounds by considering the latest experimental values of the $`ϵ`$ parameters coming from the high energy data :

$$ϵ_1=(5.4\pm 1.0)10^3,ϵ_2=(9.7\pm 1.2)10^3,ϵ_3=(5.4\pm 0.9)10^3$$
(6)
We have included radiative corrections, taken to be the same as in the SM, with the Higgs mass as a cut-off . For $`m_t=175.3`$ GeV and $`m_H=1000`$ GeV one has : $`ϵ_1^{\mathrm{rad}}=3.7810^3`$, $`ϵ_2^{\mathrm{rad}}=6.6610^3`$, $`ϵ_3^{\mathrm{rad}}=6.6510^3`$. The 95% C.L. bounds on the parameters of the D-BESS model are shown in Figure 4. Comparable bounds come from the direct search at the Tevatron .

The Lhc can discover these new resonances, which are produced through a $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation through their leptonic decay $`q\overline{q}^{}L^\pm ,W^\pm (e\nu _e)\mu \nu _\mu `$ and $`q\overline{q}L_3,R_3,Z,\gamma (e^+e^{})\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$.

The relevant observables are the di-lepton transverse and invariant masses. The main backgrounds, left to these channels after the lepton isolation cuts, are the Drell-Yan processes with SM gauge bosons exchange in the electron and muon channel. The study has been performed using a parametric detector simulation . Results are given in Table 4 for the combined electron and muon channels for $`=100`$ fb-1, except for $`M=`$ 3 TeV where 500 fb-1 are assumed.

The discovery limit at Lhc, with $`=100`$ fb-1, is $`M2`$ TeV for $`g/g^{\prime \prime }=0.1`$. Beyond discovery, the possibility to disentangle the characteristic double peak structure depends strongly on $`g/g^{\prime \prime }`$ and smoothly on the mass.

The LC can also probe this multi-TeV region through the virtual effects in the cross-sections for $`e^+e^{}L_3,R_3,Z,\gamma f\overline{f}`$, at centre-of-mass energies below the resonances. Due to the presence of new spin-one resonances the annihilation channel in $`f\overline{f}`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ has a better sensitivity than the fusion channel.

In the case of the D-BESS model, the $`L_3`$ and $`R_3`$ states are not strongly coupled to $`W`$ pairs, making the $`f\overline{f}`$ final states the most favourable channel for discovery. Analysis at $`\sqrt{s}=`$ 500 GeV and $`\sqrt{s}=`$ 800 GeV is based on $`\sigma _{\mu ^+\mu ^{}}`$, $`\sigma _{b\overline{b}}`$, $`A_{FB}^{\mu \mu }`$ and $`A_{FB}^{bb}`$. We assume identification efficiencies of $`ϵ_\mu =95\%`$ and $`ϵ_b=60\%`$ and systematic uncertainties of $`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\mu /ϵ_\mu =0.5\%`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_b/ϵ_b=1\%`$ as.

The sensitivity contours obtained for $`=`$ 1 ab-1 are shown in Figure 4. The 3 TeV LC indirect reach is lower or comparable to that of the Lhc. However, the QCD background rejection essential for the Lhc sensitivity still needs to be validated using full detector simulation and pile-up effects.

Assuming a resonant signal to be seen at the Lhc or indirect evidence to be obtained at a lower energy LC, Clic could measure the width and mass of this state and also probe its almost degenerate structure . This needs to be validated when taking the luminosity spectrum and accelerator induced backgrounds into account. The ability to identify the model distinctive features has been studied using the production cross section and the flavour dependent forward-backward asymmetries, for different values of $`g/g^{\prime \prime }`$. The resulting distributions are shown in Figure 5 for the case of the narrower CLIC.02 beam parameters. A characteristic feature of the cross section distributions is the presence of a narrow dip, due to the interference of the $`L_3`$, $`R_3`$ resonances with the $`\gamma `$ and $`Z^0`$ and to cancellations of the $`L_3`$, $`R_3`$ contributions. Similar considerations hold for the asymmetries. In the case shown in Figure 5, the effect is still visible after accounting for the luminosity spectrum. In this analysis, the beam energy spread sets the main limit to smallest mass splitting observable. With realistic assumptions and 1 ab-1 of data Clic will be able to resolve the two narrow resonances for values of the coupling ratio $`g/g^{\prime \prime }>`$ 0.08, corresponding to a mass splitting $`\mathrm{\Delta }M`$ = 13 GeV for $`M=`$ 3 TeV, and to determine $`\mathrm{\Delta }M`$ with a statistical accuracy better than 100 MeV (see Table 4).

## 4 Kaluza-Klein excitations in theories with Extra-Dimensions

Theories of quantum gravity have considered the existence of extra-dimensions for achieving the unification of gravity at a scale close to that of electroweak symmetry breaking. String theories have recently suggested that the SM could live on a $`3+\delta `$ brane with $`\delta `$ compactified large dimensions while gravity lives on the entire ten dimensional bulk. The corresponding models lead to new signatures for future colliders ranging from Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of the gravitons  to KK excitations of the SM gauge fields with masses in the TeV range .

Among the models with extra dimensions we consider here a five-dimensional extension of the SM with fermions on the boundary. This predicts KK excitations of the SM gauge bosons with fermion couplings $`\sqrt{2}`$ larger compared to those of the SM . Masses of KK excitations of $`W`$, $`Z^0`$ and $`\gamma `$ are given by $`M_nnM`$, for large value of the fifth dimension compactification scale, $`M`$.

Indirect limits from electroweak measurements already exist and are derived by considering the modifications in the electroweak observables at the $`Z^0`$ peak and at low energy . We discuss here the bounds derived from recent determination of the $`ϵ`$ parameters, given on eq. (6), and from the APV results discussed in Section 2.

The contribution of the KK excitations of $`W^\pm `$, $`Z^0`$ and $`\gamma `$ to the $`ϵ`$ parameters is given by:

$$ϵ_{1N}=c_\theta ^2X[1+s_\beta ^2\frac{s_\theta ^2}{c_\theta ^2}(1+c_\beta ^2)],ϵ_{2N}=c_\theta ^2X,ϵ_{3N}=2c_\theta ^2s_\beta ^2X$$
(7)
where $`X=\pi ^2M_Z^2/(3M^2)`$, the effective $`\theta `$ angle is defined through $`G_F/\sqrt{2}=e^2/(8s_\theta ^2c_\theta ^2M_Z^2)`$ and $`\beta `$ parametrises the mixing between the KK excitations and the SM gauge bosons . Contributions from radiative corrections are included assuming SM values. Additional radiative correction terms could originate from the additional charged and neutral Higgs bosons. These are not included here.

The $`95\%`$ C.L. lower bounds on the scale $`M`$ at fixed $`s_\beta `$, coming from the $`ϵ`$ observables, are given by the upper curves in Figures 6. The two curves correspond to $`m_t=175.3`$ GeV and $`m_H=98`$ GeV and $`m_H=180`$ GeV. We have used : $`ϵ_1^{\mathrm{rad}}(98)=5.6610^3`$, $`ϵ_2^{\mathrm{rad}}(98)=7.5610^3`$, $`ϵ_3^{\mathrm{rad}}(98)=5.0710^3`$ and $`ϵ_1^{\mathrm{rad}}(180)=5.3910^3`$, $`ϵ_2^{\mathrm{rad}}(180)=7.4110^3`$, $`ϵ_3^{\mathrm{rad}}(180)=5.4910^3`$

Bounds can be also obtained from low energy neutral current experiments. An effective current-current interaction Lagrangian was derived in . From this expression we compute the relevant low energy observables. The atomic weak charge $`Q_W`$ is given by

$$Q_W=Q_W^{(\mathrm{SM})}[1+s_\theta ^2X(s_\beta ^21)^2]4\frac{s_\theta ^2c_\theta ^2}{c_{2\theta }}\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{\Delta }$$
(8)
where $`Q_W^{(\mathrm{SM})}`$ has the SM expression for $`Q_W`$ , Z is the atomic number and $`\mathrm{\Delta }=c_\theta ^2X(12s_\beta ^2s_\beta ^4s_\theta ^2/c_\theta ^2)`$. By using the determinations for the weak charge of the Cs nucleus, given in eq. (4), and its SM prediction of $`73.10\pm 0.13`$, as in Section 2, we derive 95% C.L. bounds which results significantly below the corresponding high energy limits and are shown by the lower curves in Figure 6.

Non observation of deviations in lepton pair production at Lhc can set limits on the compactification scale $`M`$. For example by considering an effective luminosity of 5 fb-1 one gets a bound of $`M=6.7`$ TeV .

At Clic, the lowest excitations $`Z^{(1)}`$ and $`\gamma ^{(1)}`$ could be directly produced. Their widths are shown in Figure 2. Since the KK excitations of the photon do not mix with the other gauge vectors, the $`\gamma ^{(1)}`$ width does not depend on $`\beta `$. The $`Z^{(1)}`$ width has only a small correction, $`\frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{(1)}}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{(1)}}}=2\mathrm{sin}^2\beta \frac{m_Z^2}{M^2}`$ which is not visible in the Figure.

Results for the $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$ cross sections and forward-backward asymmetries at the Born level and after folding the effects of the CLIC.02 beam spectrum are shown in Figure 7. For comparison, we also present curves corresponding to the case where only the $`Z^{(1)}`$ excitation is present.

## 5 Electroweak observables and sensitivity to $`Z^{}`$ Boson and KK excitations

The design energy of the Clic collider generally matches the Lhc sensitivity to new gauge vector bosons, allowing to systematically study their properties after their initial observation at the Cern hadron collider.

Precision electroweak measurements performed in multi-TeV $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions can push the mass scales sensitivity, for these new phenomena, beyond the 10 TeV frontier. We consider here the $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$, $`b\overline{b}`$ and $`t\overline{t}`$ production cross sections $`\sigma _{f\overline{f}}`$ and forward-backward asymmetries $`A_{FB}^{f\overline{f}}`$. At the Clic design centre-of-mass energies, the relevant $`e^+e^{}f\overline{f}`$ cross sections are significantly reduced and the experimental conditions at the interaction region need to be taken into account in validating the accuracies on electro-weak observables. Since the two-fermion cross section is of the order of only 10 fb, it is imperative to operate the collider at high luminosity. This can be achieved only in a regime where beam-beam effects are important and primary $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions are accompanied by several $`\gamma \gamma \mathrm{hadrons}`$ interactions. Being mostly confined in the forward regions, this $`\gamma \gamma `$ background reduces the polar angle acceptance for quark flavour tagging and dilutes the jet charge separation using jet charge techniques. These experimental conditions require efficient and robust algorithms to ensure sensitivity to flavour-specific $`f\overline{f}`$ production. The statistical accuracies for the determination of $`\sigma _{f\overline{f}}`$ and $`A_{FB}^{f\overline{f}}`$ have been studied using a realistic simulation. $`b\overline{b}`$ final states have been identified based on the sampling of the decay charged multiplicity of the highly boosted $`b`$ hadrons at Clic energies . Similarly to Lep analyses, the forward-backward asymmetry for $`b\overline{b}`$ has been extracted from a fit to the flow of the jet charge $`Q^{jet}`$ defined as $`Q^{jet}=\frac{_iq_i|\stackrel{}{p}_i\stackrel{}{T}|^k}{_i|\stackrel{}{p}_i\stackrel{}{T}|^k}`$, where $`q_i`$ is the particle charge, $`\stackrel{}{p}_i`$ its momentum, $`\stackrel{}{T}`$ the jet thrust unit vector, $`k`$ a positive number and the sum is extended to all the particles in a given jet. Here the presence of additional particles, from the $`\gamma \gamma `$ background, causes a broadening of the $`Q^{jet}`$ distribution and thus a dilution of the quark charge separation. The track selection and the value of the power parameter $`k`$ need to be optimised as a function of the number of overlayed bunch crossings. Results for the $`e^+e^{}\overline{t}t`$ channel have been obtained using a dedicated top tagging algorithm . This uses an explicit reconstruction of the $`tbW`$ decay and also includes the physics and machine induced backgrounds. For $`t\overline{t}`$ forward backward asymmetries the sign of the lepton from the $`W^\pm \mathrm{}^\pm \nu `$ decay has been used. The results are summarised in terms of the relative statistical accuracies $`\delta 𝒪/𝒪`$ in Table 5.

However, it is important to stress that at the energy scales considered here, electroweak virtual corrections are strongly enhanced by Sudakov double logarithms of the type $`\mathrm{log}^2(s/M_W^2)`$. Until a complete two-loop result will settle the problem, a theoretical error on the cross section of the order of a percent could be considered . We have not included it in the present analysis.

At the LC, the indirect sensitivity to the $`Z^{}`$ mass, $`M_Z^{}`$, can be parametrised in terms of the available integrated luminosity $``$, and centre-of-mass energy, $`\sqrt{s}`$. In fact a scaling law for large $`M_Z^{}`$ can be obtained by considering the effect of the $`Z^{}\gamma `$ interference in the cross section. For $`s<<M_Z^{}^2`$ and assuming that the uncertainties $`\delta \sigma `$ are statistically dominated, we get the range of mass values giving a significant difference from the SM prediction:

$$\frac{|\sigma ^{SM}\sigma ^{SM+Z^{}}|}{\delta \sigma }\frac{1}{M_Z^{}^2}\sqrt{s}>\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }\chi ^2}$$
(9)
and the sensitivity to the $`Z^{}`$ mass scales as:

$$M_Z^{}(s)^{1/4}$$
(10)
This relationship shows that there is a direct trade-off possible between the centre-of-mass energy, $`\sqrt{s}`$, and the luminosity, $``$, which should be taken into account when optimising the parameters of a high energy $`e^+e^{}`$ linear collider.

The $`\sigma _{f\overline{f}}`$ and $`A_{FB}^{f\overline{f}}`$ ($`f=\mu ,b,t`$) values have been computed, for 1 TeV $`<\sqrt{s}<`$ 5 TeV, both in the SM and including the corrections due to the presence of a $`Z^{}`$ boson with 10 TeV $`<M_Z^{}<`$ 40 TeV, with couplings defined by the models discussed in Section 2. Predictions have been obtained by implementing these models in the Comphep program . Relative statistical errors on the electroweak observables are obtained by rescaling the values of Table 5 for different energies and luminosities. The sensitivity has been defined as the largest $`Z^{}`$ mass giving a deviation of the actual values of the observables from their SM predictions corresponding to a SM probability of less than 5%. The SM probability has been defined as the minimum of the global probability computed for all the observables and that for each of them, taken independently.

This sensitivity has been determined, as a function of the $`\sqrt{s}`$ energy and integrated luminosity $``$ and compared to the scaling in eq. (5.2). Results are summarised in Figure 8. For the $`\eta `$ model the sensitivity is lower: for example to reach a sensitivity of $`M_Z^{}`$=20 TeV, more than 10 ab-1 of data at $`\sqrt{s}`$=5 TeV would be necessary.

In the case of the 5D SM, we have included only the effect of the exchange of the first KK excitations $`Z^{(1)}`$ and $`\gamma ^{(1)}`$, neglecting that of the remaining excitations of the towers, which give only small corrections. The scaling law for the limit on $`M`$ can be obtained by considering the interference of the two new nearly degenerate gauge bosons with the photon in the cross section and taking the $`s<<M^2`$ limit. The result is the same as eq. (10). The analysis closely follows that for the $`Z^{}`$ boson discussed above. In Figure 9 we give the sensitivity contours as a function of $`\sqrt{s}`$ for different values of $`M`$. We conclude that the sensitivity achievable on the compactification scale $`M`$ for an integrated luminosity of 1 ab-1 in $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions at $`\sqrt{s}`$ = 3-5 TeV is of the order of 40-60 TeV. Results for a similar analysis, including all electro-weak observables, are discussed in .

An important issue concerns the ability to probe the models, once a significant discrepancy from the SM predictions would be observed. Since the model parameters and the mass scale are a priori arbitrary, an unambiguous identification of the scenario realised is difficult. However, some informations can be extracted by testing the compatibility of different models while varying the mass scale. Figure 10 shows an example of such tests. Taking $`M`$=20 TeV, $``$ = 1 ab-1 of Clic data at $`\sqrt{s}`$=3 TeV could distinguish the SSM model from the $`E_6`$ $`\chi `$ model at the 86% C.L. and from the 5D SM at the 99% C.L. For a mass scale of 40 TeV, $``$ = 3 ab-1 of Clic data at $`\sqrt{s}`$=5 TeV, the corresponding confidence levels become 91% and 99% respectively. Further sensitivity to the nature of the gauge bosons could be obtained by studying the polarised forward-backward asymmetry $`A_{FB}^{pol}`$ and the left-right asymmetry $`A_{LR}`$ colliding polarised beams.

## 6 Conclusions

New neutral vector gauge bosons characterise several extensions of the Standard Model and may represent the main phenomenology beyond 1 TeV. Their existence and properties can be precisely studied at a multi-TeV $`e^+e^{}`$ collider. Present bounds are derived from precision electro-weak data and typically constrain the masses of these new bosons to be heavier than 1 TeV. At these scales, they may be first observed at the Lhc and subsequently studied at Clic. Accuracies achievable for the determination of their fundamental properties are discussed for different classes of models, using realistic assumptions for the experimental conditions at Clic. Even beyond the kinematical reach for s-channel production, a multi-TeV $`e^+e^{}`$ collider could probe the existence of new vector resonances up to scales of several tens of TeV by studying the unpolarised electroweak observables. Some information regarding the nature of these new resonances could still be gained and further sensitivity would be provided by the use of polarised beams.

During the completion of this work two papers have confirmed the results on the relevance of the QED self energy and vertex corrections in the calculation of atomic parity violation .

It is a pleasure to thank R. Casalbuoni, A. De Roeck, J. Hewett, S. Riemann, T. Rizzo, L. Salmi and D. Schulte for discussion and suggestions on several of the topics presented in this paper.


text:
# Multi-symbolic Rees algebras and strong F-regularity

## 1 Introduction

In Wa  K.-i. Watanabe raised the issue whether for a divisorial ideal $`I`$ of a strongly F-regular ring $`A`$, the symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I)=_{n0}I^{(n)}U^n`$ is Cohen-Macaulay whenever it is Noetherian. Watanabe showed that this is true when $`I`$ is an anti-canonical ideal i.e., an ideal of pure height one which represents the inverse of the class of the canonical module of $`A`$ in the divisor class group $`Cl(A)`$. In this paper we work in the more general setting of multi-symbolic Rees algebras and as a corollary of our main result, Theorem 5.1, we obtain the following positive answer to Watanabe’s question:

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a strongly F-regular ring with canonical ideal $`\omega `$. Given an ideal $`I`$ of $`A`$ of pure height one, choose $`J`$ of pure height one such that $`[I]+[J]+[\omega ]=0`$ in $`Cl(A)`$. If the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I,J)`$ is finitely generated over $`A`$, then $`_s(I)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay.

The hypothesis that $`A`$ is strongly F-regular is indeed used in an essential way: Watanabe has constructed an example of an F-rational ring $`A`$ with a divisorial ideal $`I`$ such that the symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I)`$ is not Cohen-Macaulay, see (Wa, , Example 4.4).

In general, of course, the symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I)`$ for a divisorial ideal $`I`$ of a normal ring $`A`$ need not be Noetherian, e.g., if $`A`$ is the coordinate ring of an elliptic curve, and $`I`$ is a prime ideal of height one, which has infinite order in the divisor class group, $`Cl(A)`$. However if we specialize to the case when $`A`$ is F-rational, a two-dimensional example is easily ruled out since, by a result of J. Lipman, Li , the divisor class group of a two dimensional rational singularity (and hence by Sm (2) of a two dimensional F-rational ring) is a torsion group. In dimension three the hypothesis that $`A`$ has rational singularities is no longer sufficient: S. D. Cutkosky has shown that a symbolic Rees algebra over a three dimensional ring with rational singularities need not be Noetherian, see (Cu, , Theorem 6). It should be noted that if $`A`$ is a Gorenstein ring of dimension three over $``$ with rational singularities, then symbolic Rees algebras at divisorial ideals of $`A`$ are finitely generated by (Ka, , Theorem 6.1).

## 2 Preliminaries

Throughout our discussion all rings are commutative and have a unit element. Unless stated otherwise, we shall assume our rings contain a field $`K`$ of characteristic $`p>0`$. We use the letter $`e`$ to denote a variable nonnegative integer, and $`q`$ to denote the $`e`$th power of $`p`$. We denote by $`F`$ the Frobenius endomorphism of $`A`$, i.e., $`F(a)=a^p`$. For a reduced ring $`A`$ of characteristic $`p>0`$, $`A^{1/q}`$ shall denote the ring obtained by adjoining all $`q`$th roots of elements of $`A`$. The ring $`A`$ is said to be F-finite if $`A^{1/p}`$ is module-finite over $`A`$. Note that a finitely generated algebra $`A`$ over a field $`K`$ is F-finite if and only if $`K^{1/p}`$ is a finite field extension of $`K`$.

In the notation $`(A,m)`$, the ring $`A`$ is either a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal $`m`$, or an $``$-graded ring with homogeneous maximal ideal $`m=_{i>0}A_i`$ which is finitely generated over a field $`A_0=K`$.

By a normal domain, we shall mean a Noetherian domain which is integrally closed in its field of fractions.

Our references for the theory of tight closure are HH (1), HH (2), HH (3), and HH (4). We next recall some definitions and well known facts.

###### Definition 1

A ring $`A`$ is said to be F-pure if for all $`A`$-modules $`M`$, the Frobenius homomorphism $`F:MF(M)`$ is injective.

An F-finite domain $`A`$ is strongly F-regular if for every nonzero element $`cA`$, there exists $`q=p^e`$ such that the $`A`$-linear inclusion $`AA^{1/q}`$ sending $`1`$ to $`c^{1/q}`$ splits as a map of $`A`$-modules.

Regular rings are strongly F-regular, and strongly F-regular rings are Cohen-Macaulay. If $`B`$ is a strongly F-regular ring and $`A`$ is a subring which is a direct summand of $`B`$ as an $`A`$-module, then $`A`$ is also strongly F-regular.

Let $`(A,m)`$ be an F-finite local domain, and let $`E=E_A(A/m)`$ denote the injective hull of the residue field $`A/m`$. K. E. Smith has shown that $`A`$ is strongly F-regular if and only if the zero submodule of $`E`$ is tightly closed, see (Sml, , Proposition 7.1.2). Hence if $`\zeta E`$ is a socle generator, $`A`$ is strongly F-regular if and only if for every nonzero element $`cR`$, there exists a positive integer $`e`$ such that $`cF^e(\zeta )0`$.

###### Definition 2

Let $`A`$ be a normal domain and $`I`$ an ideal of pure height one. Then $`I^{(n)}`$ denotes the $`n`$th symbolic power of the ideal $`I`$, i.e., the reflexive hull of $`I^n`$. If $``$ is the set of minimal primes of $`I`$, we have

$$I^{(n)}=(\underset{P}{}I^nA_P)A.$$

## 3 Multi-symbolic Rees algebras

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a Noetherian normal local domain, and $`I`$ an ideal of pure height one. The symbolic Rees algebra

$$_s(I)=\underset{n0}{}I^{(n)}U^nA[U]$$

is an object that has been studied extensively. We generalize this construction to a finite family of ideals $`I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k`$, each of pure height one, by defining

$$_s(I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k)=\underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}{}(I_1^{n_1}I_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_k})^{}U_1^{n_1}U_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}U_k^{n_k}$$

as a subring of the polynomial ring $`A[U_1,\mathrm{},U_k]`$. Here  denotes the dual $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(,A)`$. In this notation $`(I_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_k})^{}`$ is the reflexive hull of $`I_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_k}`$.

###### Proposition 1

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a normal domain and $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ be ideals of $`A`$ of pure height one. Then the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`B=_s(I_1,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ is a Krull domain. Hence the ring $`B`$ is a normal domain whenever it is Noetherian.

###### Proof

Let $``$ be the set of all minimal prime ideals of $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$. We then have

$$_s(I_1,\mathrm{},I_k)=(\underset{P}{}A[I_1A_PU_1,\mathrm{},I_kA_PU_k])A[U_1,\mathrm{},U_k]$$

which, being a finite intersection of Krull domains, is a Krull domain. ∎

###### Proposition 2

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a normal domain, and $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ be ideals of $`A`$ of pure height one such that the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`B=_s(I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_{k1})`$ is Noetherian. Let $`\stackrel{~}{I}_k=(I_kB)^{}`$ denote the reflexivization of $`I_kB`$ as a $`B`$-module, i.e.,  denotes $`\mathrm{Hom}_B(,B)`$. Then there is a natural isomorphism

$$_s(\stackrel{~}{I}_k)=B\stackrel{~}{I}_k\stackrel{~}{I}_k^{(2)}\mathrm{}_s(I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k).$$

###### Proof

There is a natural inclusion

$$BI_kU_kBI_k^2U_k^2B\mathrm{}_s(I_1,\mathrm{},I_k).$$

To obtain the isomorphism asserted, we need to verify that a reflexive $`B`$-module is reflexive when considered as an $`A`$-module. For this it suffices to verify that $`B`$ is a reflexive $`A`$-module, but this follows since $`B`$ is a direct sum of reflexive $`A`$-modules. ∎

This gives us the immediate corollary:

###### Corollary 1

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a normal domain, and $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ ideals of $`A`$ of pure height one such that $`B=_s(I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ is Noetherian. Then $`B`$ arises by a successive construction of symbolic Rees algebras starting with the ring $`A`$.

###### Theorem 3.1

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a normal domain, and $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ be ideals of $`A`$ of pure height one such that the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`B=_s(I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ is Noetherian. Then the inclusion $`AB`$ satisfies Samuel’s PDE condition, i.e., for a height one prime $`PSpecB`$, we have $`height(PA)1`$. This gives a natural map of divisor class groups, $`i:Cl(A)Cl(B)`$, which is an isomorphism.

Furthermore if $`A`$ and $`B`$ are homomorphic images of regular local rings and $`\omega _A`$ and $`\omega _B`$ denote the canonical modules of $`A`$ and $`B`$ respectively, we have the relation

$$[\omega _B]=i([\omega _A]+[I_1]+\mathrm{}+[I_k]).$$

###### Proof

The corresponding statements for symbolic Rees algebras (i.e., the case $`k=1`$) are covered by (GHNV, , Lemma 4.3 (2), Proposition 4.4, Theorem 4.5), see also (ST, , Proposition 2.6). The assertions here follow by combining these results with Corollary 1 above. ∎

Determining when symbolic Rees algebras are Cohen-Macaulay is a subtle issue: as remarked earlier, Watanabe has constructed examples where $`A`$ is a ring with rational singularities and $`I`$ is an anti-canonical ideal, but the symbolic Rees ring $`_s(I)`$ is not Cohen-Macaulay. However if the divisorial ideals $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ have finite order as elements of the divisor class group $`Cl(A)`$, we have the following extension of (GHNV, , Theorem 4.1):

###### Theorem 3.2

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a normal domain, and $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ be ideals of pure height one which have finite order as elements of the divisor class group $`Cl(A)`$. Then the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`B=_s(I_1,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if for all $`n_i`$ the ideals $`(I_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_k})^{}`$ are maximal Cohen-Macaulay $`A`$-modules.

###### Proof

Let $`a_i`$ denote the order of $`[I_i]`$ in $`Cl(A)`$, and fix elements $`x_i`$ such that $`I_i^{(a_i)}=x_iA`$, for $`1ik`$. The elements $`x_1U^{a_1},\mathrm{},x_kU^{a_k}`$ form part of a system of parameters for $`B`$, and it is easily verified that this is a regular sequence on $`B`$. Next note that

$$B/(x_1U^{a_1},\mathrm{},x_kU^{a_k})=\underset{0n_{ij}<a_i}{}(I_1^{n_{1j}}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_{kj}})^{}U_1^{n_{1j}}\mathrm{}U_k^{n_{kj}}$$

and so $`B`$ is a Cohen-Macaulay ring if and only every system of parameters for $`A`$ is a regular sequence on the ideals $`(I_1^{n_1}I_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}I_k^{n_k})^{}`$ for all $`n_1,\mathrm{},n_k`$. ∎

## 4 Examples

###### Example 1

Consider the subring $`A=K[ax,ay,bx,by]`$ of the polynomial ring $`K[a,b,x,y]`$ and the height one prime ideals $`P_i=(ax,ay)`$ and $`Q_j=(ax,bx)`$ where $`1in`$ and $`1jm`$. Then the multi-symbolic Rees algebra

$$B=A(P_1,\mathrm{},P_n,Q_1,\mathrm{},Q_m)$$

is isomorphic to the Segre product of two polynomial rings,

$$K[X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n+2}]\mathrm{\#}K[Y_1,\mathrm{},Y_{m+2}].$$

We have $`Cl(A)=Cl(B)=`$, and

$$[\omega _B]=i(n[P]+m[Q])=i((nm)[P]).$$

In particular, $`B`$ is Gorenstein if and only if $`n=m`$.

###### Example 2

Let $`A=K[X_1,\mathrm{},X_m]^{(n)}`$ denote the $`n`$th Veronese subring of the polynomial ring $`K[X_1,\mathrm{},X_m]`$. We compute all multi-symbolic Rees algebras over the ring $`A`$. The divisor class group of $`A`$ is $`Cl(A)=/n`$ and we fix as a generator, the height one prime ideal

$$P=(X_1K[X_1,\mathrm{},X_m])A$$

Divisorial ideals of $`A`$ are of the form $`P^{(i)}`$ up to isomorphism, and the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`A(P^{(\alpha _1)},\mathrm{},P^{(\alpha _k)})`$ is determined by the $`k`$-tuple of integers $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k`$. We claim that $`A(P^{(\alpha _1)},\mathrm{},P^{(\alpha _k)})`$ is isomorphic to the $`n`$th Veronese subring of the polynomial ring

$$K[X_1,\mathrm{},X_m,X_1^{\alpha _1}U_1,\mathrm{},X_1^{\alpha _k}U_k]$$

where the variables $`U_1,\mathrm{},U_k`$ have weight zero. To see this, note that by definition we have

$$A(P^{(\alpha _1)},\mathrm{},P^{(\alpha _k)})=\underset{n_i0}{}P^{(n_1\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+n_k\alpha _k)}U_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}U_k^{n_k}$$

and that a monomial in $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_m`$ is an element of $`P^{(n_1\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+n_k\alpha _k)}`$ precisely if it is a multiple of $`X_1^{n_1\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+n_k\alpha _k}`$ whose degree is a multiple of $`n`$.

## 5 An application to tight closure theory

Let $`(A,m)`$ be a strongly F-regular domain with canonical module $`\omega `$. In Wa  Watanabe showed that the anti-canonical symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay (in fact, strongly F-regular) whenever it is Noetherian, and raised the question whether this is true for an arbitrary ideal $`I`$ of pure height one. As an application of the construction of multi-symbolic Rees algebras, we show that $`_s(I)`$ is strongly F-regular, and in particular is Cohen-Macaulay, whenever a certain auxiliary algebra is finitely generated over $`A`$. Our main theorem is:

###### Theorem 5.1

Let $`(A,m)`$ be an F-finite normal ring with canonical ideal $`\omega `$. Given an ideal $`I`$ of $`A`$ of pure height one, choose $`J`$ of pure height one such that $`[I]+[J]+[\omega ]=0`$ in the divisor class group $`Cl(A)`$. Assume that the multi-symbolic Rees algebra $`_s(I,J)`$ is finitely generated over $`A`$. If $`A`$ is F-pure, then the rings $`_s(I)`$ and $`_s(I,J)`$ are also F-pure. If $`A`$ is strongly F-regular, then $`_s(I)`$ and $`_s(I,J)`$ are strongly F-regular, and in particular, are Cohen-Macaulay.

###### Proof

Let $`B=_s(I)=_{i0}I^{(i)}U^i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{J}=(JB)^{}`$ where  denotes $`\mathrm{Hom}_B(,B)`$. If $`R=_s(I,J)A[U,V]`$, by Proposition 2 we have

$$R=_s(\stackrel{~}{J})=B\stackrel{~}{J}\stackrel{~}{J}^{(2)}\mathrm{}$$

Setting $`d=dimA`$, we have $`dimR=d+2`$. Consider the maximal ideal of $`B`$,

$$𝔪=m+IU+I^{(2)}U^2+\mathrm{}$$

and the maximal ideal of $`R`$,

$$𝔐=𝔪+\stackrel{~}{J}V+\stackrel{~}{J}^{(2)}V^2+\mathrm{}.$$

In (Wa, , Theorem 2.2) Watanabe has computed the highest local cohomology module of a symbolic Rees ring, and furthermore determined the Frobenius action on it. Using this we have

$$H_𝔐^{d+2}(R)\underset{j<0}{}H_𝔪^{d+1}(\stackrel{~}{J}^{(j)})V^j.$$

Again using Watanabe’s result we get

$$H_𝔐^{d+2}(R)\underset{i<0,j<0}{}H_m^d(I^{(i)}J^{(j)})U^iV^j.$$

By Theorem 3.1 and the fact that $`[I]+[J]+[\omega ]=0`$ in $`Cl(A)`$ we see that $`R=A(I,J)`$ is quasi-Gorenstein, i.e., has a trivial canonical module. Hence $`H_𝔐^{d+2}(R)`$ is the injective hull of $`R/𝔐`$, and so the strong F-regularity or F-purity of $`R`$ can be determined by studying the action of the Frobenius on $`H_𝔐^{d+2}(R)`$.

Let $`\zeta `$ be a socle generator of $`H_m^d(\omega )`$. Then the socle of $`H_𝔐^{d+2}(R)`$ is generated by $`\zeta U^1V^1`$. If $`A`$ is F-pure, then $`F(\zeta )0`$ and so

$$F(\zeta U^1V^1)=F(\zeta )U^pV^p0,$$

by which $`R`$ is F-pure. Consequently $`B=_s(I)`$, being a direct summand of $`R`$, is also F-pure.

Next assume that $`A`$ is strongly F-regular. Let $`cU^nV^mR`$ be a nonzero element where $`c(I^nJ^m)^{}`$. To show that $`R`$ is also strongly F-regular, it suffices to show that $`(cU^nV^m)F^e(\zeta U^1V^1)0`$ for some positive integer $`e`$. Choosing a suitable multiple, if necessary, we may assume that $`n=m`$. We may choose a canonical module $`\omega `$ for $`A`$ such that $`(IJ)^{}=\omega ^{(1)}`$. Then $`c(I^nJ^n)^{}=\omega ^{(n)}`$. Since $`A`$ is strongly F-regular we may choose $`e`$ such that $`q=p^e>n`$ and $`cF^e(\zeta )0`$ in $`H_m^d(\omega ^{(q)})`$. But then $`cF^e(\zeta )0`$ as an element of $`H_m^d(\omega ^{(qn)})`$. Hence

$$cU^nV^nF^e(\zeta U^1V^1)=cF^e(\zeta )(UV)^{nq}H_m^d(\omega ^{(qn)})(UV)^{nq}$$

is nonzero, and so $`R`$ is strongly F-regular. Hence its direct summand $`B`$ is also strongly F-regular, and therefore is Cohen-Macaulay. ∎

## 6 Rees rings

So far in our discussion, we had been considering symbolic Rees rings at ideals of pure height one. In this section we switch to the other extreme and consider the Rees ring at the homogeneous maximal ideal $`m`$ of an $``$-graded normal ring $`(A,m)`$. (In this case the Rees ring $`R=A[mT]`$ agrees with the symbolic Rees ring $`_s(m)`$.) Although the relation between the properties of $`A`$ and those of $`R=A[mT]`$ seems to be very mysterious, there is one case where easy answers are available:

###### Proposition 3

Let $`(A,m)`$ be an $``$-graded normal ring which is generated by its degree one elements over the field $`A_0=K`$. Consider the Rees ring $`R=A[mT]`$. If $`A`$ is strongly F-regular, F-pure, or a ring of characteristic zero with rational singularities, then the same is true for $`R`$.

###### Proof

Note that $`R=A[mT]`$ is isomorphic to the Segre product $`A\mathrm{\#}B`$ where $`B=K[S,T]`$ is a polynomial ring in two variables. Consequently $`R`$ is a direct summand of $`A[S,T]`$. If $`A`$ has rational singularities, then so does $`A[S,T]`$, and consequently $`R`$ has rational singularities (in characteristic $`0`$) by Boutot’s result, Bo . Similarly if $`A`$ is strongly F-regular or F-pure, the same is true for $`A[S,T]`$, and its direct summand, $`R`$. ∎

In the following example $`A`$ is a normal monomial ring, i.e., a normal subring of a polynomial ring which is generated by monomials. Consequently $`A`$ is strongly F-regular but we shall see that the Rees ring $`A[mT]`$ fails to be normal.

###### Example 3

Consider the monomial ring

$$A=K[W^3X,X^3Y,Y^3Z,Z^3W,W^2X^2Y^2Z^2]K[W,X,Y,Z]$$

where $`K`$ is a field. It is not difficult to see that $`A`$ is isomorphic to the the hypersurface

$$K[U_0,U_1,U_2,U_3,U_4]/(U_0^2U_1U_2U_3U_4)$$

and is a normal ring. Consequently by the main result of Ho , $`A`$ is a direct summand of a regular ring, and so is strongly F-regular. Take the Rees ring be $`R=A[mT]`$. The element $`W^2X^2Y^2Z^2T^2`$ is in the fraction field of $`R`$, although it is not in $`R`$ itself. However

$$(W^2X^2Y^2Z^2T^2)^2=(W^3XT)(X^3YT)(Y^3ZT)(Z^3WT)R$$

and so $`R`$ is not normal. Furthermore, when the characteristic of the field $`K`$ is $`2`$, it is easily verified that $`R`$ is not F-pure, although the ring $`A`$ is F-pure.

In the next example $`A`$ is an F-rational hypersurface, but the Rees ring $`A[mT]`$, while being Gorenstein and normal, is not F-rational.

###### Example 4

Let $`A=K[W,X,Y,Z]/(W^2+X^3+Y^6+Z^7)`$. Then $`A`$ is F-rational whenever the characteristic of K is $`p7`$. We show that the Rees ring $`R=A[mT]`$, while being Gorenstein and normal, is not F-rational.

First note that the Rees ring $`R`$ is Gorenstein. This holds, for example, by (GS, , Theorem 1.2) since the associated graded ring

$$\underset{m}{gr}(R)K[W,X,Y,Z]/(W^2)$$

is Gorenstein with $`a`$-invariant $`a(gr_m(R))=2`$.

We next examine $`R`$ on the punctured spectrum. For $`fm`$, the localization $`R_fA_f[T]`$ is a polynomial ring over $`A_f`$. For an element $`fT`$ with $`fm`$, note that

$$R_{fT}K[\frac{w}{f},\frac{x}{f},\frac{y}{f},\frac{z}{f},f,fT,\frac{1}{fT}].$$

Examining these localizations as $`f`$ ranges through the set $`\{w,x,y,z\}`$, we can see that $`R`$ is indeed normal.

To see that $`R`$ is not F-rational, take $`f=z`$ above and let $`U_1=\frac{w}{z}`$, $`U_2=\frac{x}{z}`$ and $`U_3=\frac{y}{z}`$. Then $`R_{zT}S[zT,1/zT]`$ where

$$S=K[U_1,U_2,U_3,Z]/(U_1^2+U_2^3Z+U_3^6Z^4+Z^5).$$

It suffices to show that $`S`$ is not F-rational. Consider the grading on $`S`$ where the variables $`U_1,U_2,U_3,Z`$ have weights $`15,8,1,6`$ respectively. The $`a`$-invariant of $`S`$ is easily computed to be $`a(s)=0`$, and so $`S`$ cannot be F-rational.

###### Acknowledgements.

It is a pleasure to thank Mel Hochster for several valuable discussions.