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# Coherent bubble-sum approximation for coupled-channel resonance scattering

## I Introduction

Analyticity is numerically the hardest problem to keep track of in a scattering problem. Both the singularities from on-shell states, which yield imaginary parts and the effects of thresholds require careful analysis. This is one of the main hurdles for the development of unitary models for coupled-channel scattering.

In this short paper a set of consistent approximations that yield unitary and analytical results for coupled channel problems is described. It is accompanied by the open source program BUBBLEGUM, which yield numerical $`T`$-matrix results, together with the corresponding $`K`$-matrix approximation, New66  Breit-Wigner approximation, Fes92 ; Fel69  and the perturbative results. The general purpose of both the paper and the computer program is threefold. First, to show that approximations that violate unitarity or analyticity will generally deviate considerably BH98  from exact results in the case of strong interactions and thresholds close to resonance values. Second, to show that the exact results can be derived straightforwardly with a reasonable effort, in a manner that can improved be systematically. Third, to show that scattering data do not only contain pole information of the resonances but also the non-perturbative matrix elements between asymptotic, or scattering states, and resonances. Extraction of these matrix elements from the scattering data might lead to better constraints on models for hadrons.

Furthermore, substantial energy shifts occur through coupling of resonances with asymptotic states, or decay channels, which can only be analyzed in a fully analytic approach. Since hadrons are composite particles, they have form factors that suppress high-energy processes. These form factors and the energy shifts are related and should be treated consistently, which neither the $`K`$-matrix approach nor the Breit-Wigner approximation can do. Depending on the large energy behavior of the form factor, the shift can vary substantially. In the case of suppression at high energy, the shift will change sign as scattering energy increases, from negative to positive.

It is common folkore that bare masses have no meaning. It stems from renormalizable field theory, where indeed masses can undergo abritrary shifts through finite renormalization. However, in hadron theory constituent quark models and other hadronic models yield the bare states with the bare masses and their couplings to the decay channels. In this case a comparison between scattering data and these models should incorporate the energy shifts through the non-perturbative coupling of bare states and decay channels.

## II Theory

The simplest process contributing to $`s`$-channel scattering is the tree diagram, where the two-particle state $`j`$, in a particular partial wave, forms a resonance state $`b`$ which decays into a two-particle state $`i`$. The transition amplitude is given by:

$$T_{ij}^{(0)}=g_{ib}f_i(E)\sqrt{\rho _i(E)}\frac{1}{EM_b+iϵ}\sqrt{\rho _j(E)}f_j(E)g_{jb}^{},$$
(1)
where $`g_{ib}`$ and $`g_{jb}`$ are the coupling constants, $`\rho (E)`$ is the phase space for each state, $`f(E)`$ the form factors, $`M_b`$ the mass of the state $`b`$, and $`E`$ the scattering energy.

This lowest order diagram is a poor approximation Dir30  to the actual scattering process, especially for hadron dynamics. First, the coupling constant is large, therefore, during scattering, the initial state $`j`$ goes, on average, through several intermediate states, before ending up in the final state $`i`$. Second, for scattering energies $`E`$ close to the resonance mass $`M`$, the interaction is strong due to the small energy denominators, even if the coupling is small. Hence, the simple tree diagram, which corresponds to the lowest order perturbative expansion, fails here. If the problem would be solved consistently, the resonance will acquire a width, which corresponds to the shift of the pole into the complex plane.

Solving the scattering problem consistently means iterating the elementary scattering processes such that it reaches a fixed point. There are many more or less equivalent ways to find the self-consistent solution. In this paper we will use the Lipmann-Schwinger equation Fes92 ; GW64 :

$$T_{ca}=T_{ca}^{(0)}+\underset{d}{}T_{cd}^{(0)}\frac{1}{EE_d+iϵ}T_{da},$$
(2)
which can be written down in many other forms. In practice, this equation determines the transition amplitude $`T`$, which is the sum over all possible processes, with different numbers of intermediate states.

For the case of two coupled channels the matrix Lipmann-Schwinger equation will look like:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}t_{11}& t_{12}\\ t_{21}& t_{22}\end{array}\right)=X+X\left(\begin{array}{cc}iW_1+\stackrel{~}{W}_1& 0\\ 0& iW_2+\stackrel{~}{W}_2\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}t_{11}& t_{12}\\ t_{21}& t_{22}\end{array}\right),$$
(3)
where

$$X=\left(\underset{a}{}\frac{1}{EM_a}\left(\begin{array}{cc}|g_{1a}|^2& g_{1a}g_{2a}^{}\\ g_{1a}^{}g_{2a}& |g_{2a}|^2\end{array}\right)\right).$$
(4)
The reduced transition amplitudes $`t`$ are defined as:

$$T_{ij}(E)=|it_{ij}(E)j|,$$
(5)
with the states $`|i`$ given by:

$$|i=𝑑E\sqrt{\rho _i(E)}f_i(E)|\varphi _i(E).$$
(6)
$`|\varphi _i(E)`$ is the asymptotic state $`i`$ with energy $`E`$.

The solution for this case of two coupled channels can still be given in a simple closed form:

$`t_{11}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_{11}\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_2}{1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2}},`$ (7)
$`t_{22}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_{22}\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1}{1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2}},`$ (8)
$`t_{12}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_{12}}{1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2}},`$ (9)
$`t_{21}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_{21}}{1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2}},`$ (10)
where $`𝒲_j`$ is defined as: $`𝒲_j=iW_j(E)+\stackrel{~}{W}_j(E)`$, and the functions $`W`$ are defined through the following integrals:

$`W_i(E)`$ $`=`$ $`\pi {\displaystyle 𝑑E^{}\varphi _i(E^{})|\varphi _i(E)\rho _i(E)f_i(E)^2}=\pi \rho _i(E)f_i(E)^2,`$ (11)
$`\stackrel{~}{W}_i(E)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{PV}{\displaystyle 𝑑E^{}\frac{\rho _i(E^{})f_i(E^{})^2}{EE^{}}},`$ (12)
where PV stands for a principal value integral, and the asymptotic states are orthonormal: $`\varphi _i(E^{})|\varphi _i(E)=\delta (E^{}E)`$. It is clear that these results can easily be extended to incorporate an arbitrary number of channels.

Both $`\rho `$ and $`f`$ are real; any phase information is to be incorporated in the coupling constants. In the absence of a form factor $`f`$ the second integral generally does not converge. It requires regularization, and possibly a motivation for this regularization through renormalization. Subtracted dispersion integrals effectively correspond to regularization through local subtractions. Another option is to set $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ to zero, and only use the phase space for the imaginary part, which is known as the $`K`$-matrix method.

For a general case the dispersion integral Eq. (12) cannot be solved analytically. However, since the form factor is rather arbitrary, it can be chosen such that $`\rho _i(E)f_i(E)^2`$ has a known solution for the dispersion integral. An expansion in a set of these functions, allows one to determine $`\rho (E)f(E)^2`$ as part of the analysis of scattering data of resonances. This quantity can, and should, be compared to models of hadrons since the function $`\rho (E)|gf(E)|^2`$ is the square of the transition matrix element of the Hamiltonian:

$$\rho (E)|gf(E)|^2=|\varphi (E)|H|M|^2,$$
(13)
where $`M`$ is the bare resonance state. The transition matrix element is expected to fall-off at higher energies, due to the composite nature of hadrons.

Another constraint on $`W(E)`$ is given by general covariance, which requires that $`W(E)`$ is analytic in $`s=E^2`$ with all the cuts on the real axis associated with decay channels, or asymptotic states. In Feynman perturbation theory covariance is the result of summing the different time-ordered diagrams. In the language of states, these different time orderings correspond to different states, which often correspond to decay channels that will be of little significance in the kinematical region of interest. However, as restoring covariance comes at little cost, we replace the energy dispersion relation with:

$$\stackrel{~}{W}(E^{})=𝑑E\frac{W(E)}{E^{}E}𝑑s\frac{W(\sqrt{s})}{E^2s},$$
(14)
would yield generally a small difference in $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$. This, however, includes the second time ordering and restores analyticity in $`s`$, which is a consequence of full covariance. Moreover, analyticity in $`s`$ implies a restriction on possible approximations for $`\stackrel{~}{W}(E)`$, i.e., there should not be a cut at $`s=0`$. In $`W(E)`$ itself the second time ordering is not included, as it would correspond to a different decay state which is generally of little consequence, however, would yield additional singularities to keep track of. This feature of manifest relativistic invariant formulation makes the evaluation of higher order Feynman diagrams in Minkowski space complicated. The advantage of the one-state-one-singularity approach advocated here is that the singular structure of the perturbative kernel of the Lipmann-Schwinger equation $`T^{(0)}`$ is near to trivial. Characterizing states by their energy simplifies the equations to such an extent that a greater part of the calculations can be performed analytically, as we will see below. Note, when the kinematical domain of validity is restricted to the energies where only the designated states, that appear as channels in the Lipmann-Schwinger equation, can go on shell, the result is fully covariant with the replacement Eq. (14).

Given a particular threshold behavior $`n`$, associated with a partial wave, we use as leading order approximation for $`W(E)`$:

$$W^{(0)}(\sqrt{s})=\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{th}}}\frac{(s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1)^{n/2}}{(s/s_{\mathrm{th}})^{[n/2]+1}}\theta (s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1),$$
(15)
where $`s_{\mathrm{th}}`$ is the threshold energy squared, and $`[i]`$ is the integer part of $`i`$. The power $`n`$ is not only related to the partial wave, but also to kinematical factors which are different for a heavy-light system like $`\pi N`$ and an equal mass system, like $`\pi \pi `$. Furthermore, it depends as well on the kinematical range of the threshold, i.e., if the threshold extends to where the masses are comparable to the energy, it would yield a different threshold behavior. For example, in the $`\pi N`$ scattering in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ region, the real threshold behavior stops at about 50 MeV above the threshold.

An additional expansion to model or fit the function $`W`$ away from threshold is given by a polynomial $`P_m`$ of order $`m`$ in $`\xi =(ss_{\mathrm{th}})/s`$:

$`W(\sqrt{s})`$ $`=`$ $`\theta (s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1){\displaystyle \frac{s_{\mathrm{th}}^{[n/2]n/2+3/2}}{s^{[n/2]n/2+1}}}\xi ^{n/2}P_m(\xi )`$ (16)
$`=`$ $`\theta (s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1)\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{th}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{m}{}}}c_i{\displaystyle \frac{(s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1)^{n/2+i}}{(s/s_{\mathrm{th}})^{[n/2]+i+1}}}`$ (17)
$``$ $`\theta (s/s_{\mathrm{th}}1)\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{th}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{m}{}}}c_iw_{(n/2+i)([n/2]+i+1)},`$ (18)
such that $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ is analytical in $`s=0`$ and has the dimension of energy. The first coefficient $`c_0=1`$ such that the threshold behavior is determined solely by the power $`n`$ and the coupling constant. The coupling constants $`g_{ib}`$ are dimensionless. Note, that no additional dimensionful quantities are introduced beside the threshold energy, which makes a good candidate for a normalized description of resonance scattering, which is up to now littered with different form factors with all kind of dimensionful quantities with little meaning. If any dimensional quantities, such as the QCD scale, pion decay constant, or the pion mass, are relevant the can be expressed as a number times the threshold energy $`\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{th}}}`$.

Each of these terms in the polynomial expansion has a closed form solution for the dispersion integral, where we distinquish integer and half-integer values for $`n`$ in $`w_{nk}`$:

$`w_{nk}`$ $`=`$ $`\theta (\widehat{s}1)\pi {\displaystyle \frac{(\widehat{s}1)^n}{\widehat{s}^k}}`$ (19)
$`\stackrel{~}{w}_{nk}`$ $`=`$ $`(1𝒯_0){\displaystyle \frac{(\widehat{s}1)^n\mathrm{log}|1\widehat{s}|}{\widehat{s}^k}}`$ (20)
$`w_{\frac{2n+1}{2}k}`$ $`=`$ $`\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Re}(\widehat{s}1)^{(2n+1)/2}}{\widehat{s}^k}}`$ (21)
$`\stackrel{~}{w}_{\frac{2n+1}{2}k}`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^n(1𝒯_0)\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Re}(1\widehat{s})^{(2n+1)/2}}{\widehat{s}^k}}`$ (22)
where $`𝒯_0`$ refers to a Taylor-Laurent expansion of all the singular terms in $`s^1`$, and $`\widehat{s}=s/s_{\mathrm{th}}`$. The function $`\xi ^m/\widehat{s}`$ Eq. (16) peaks at $`s=(m+1)s_{\mathrm{th}}`$, while $`\xi ^m/\sqrt{\widehat{s}}`$ peaks at $`s=(2m+1)s_{\mathrm{th}}`$, such that every higher order term in $`P_m(\xi )`$ extend the range of energies over which $`W(E)`$ can be fitted. The polynomials form a $`L^1`$ basis for $`W`$ on $`0<1/(1+\xi )<1`$.

The real part $`\stackrel{~}{w}`$ can be derived in closed form by expanding the series and resumming the terms, analogous to the calculation in Lig00 . However, since the singularity at $`s=0`$ has to cancel, and the difference can only be meromorphic functions that fall off at infinity, it is simple to see that the real part is restricted to the trivial analytical continuation and the Laurent series. The functions $`\stackrel{~}{w}`$ generally have a large negative value, leading to a negative mass shift. This is mainly due to the large high-energy tail $`\stackrel{~}{w}_{\frac{2n+1}{2}k}1/\sqrt{s}`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{w}_{nk}1/s`$. This leading order behavior is necessary to be able to fit arbitrary $`W(E)`$ dependence, however, might be suppressed in the actual scattering, with an equal reduction of the mass shift.

Using these functions to solve the Lipmann-Schwinger equation in closed form effectively means making a simultaneous, or coherent, bubble sum approximation in each of the decay channels for each of the resonances. Therefore we refer to this method as the Coherent Bubble Sum Approximation. Single bubble sum approximations have been used widely. It corresponds to dressing the propagator of the resonance with its single or multiple decay channels. However, the case of an unitary, analytical, and covariant approach with channel mixing has only appeared at the heart of a few coupled-channel analyses with fixed form factors. CFHK79 ; VDL ; Surya  In the case of a single resonance, the bubble sum can be seen as a dressing of the resonance particle; a change in the particle properties. In the case of coupled channels such an interpretation does not exist. In this case only the physical observables in the scattering experiment are free of ambiguities in the interpretation. In simple terms, the resonance properties are intertwined and co-dependent.

Solving the Lipmann-Schwinger equation Eq. (2) reduces to solving the algebraic equation Eq. (3), and determining the Laurent-Taylor expansions, which is automated in the BUBBLEGUM code.

## III Mass shifts

The $`K`$-matrix method leaves the real part of the resonance pole in the same position. The coherent bubble sum shifts the pole in order to satisfy analyticity contraints. These shifts can be substantial. However, the word “mass shifts” suggest that all effects can be reabsorbed in shifting the mass such that it accounts for main differences between $`K`$-matrix and $`T`$-matrix results. This is generally not the case. In a coupled channel problem, the mass shifts differ from channel to channel. In the $`K`$-matrix the real part of the pole, i.e., the position where the real part of the amplitude crosses the axis, is at the same location in every channel as long as the coupling constant is not too large. Only for large coupling constants unitary yields stringent constraints for the $`K`$-matrix, which can shift theses locations independently. For the exact result this does not hold. The isobar model, Fel69  which implies resonance properties independent of the decay channels, is therefore flawed from the start. The procedure of finite mass renormalization is not unique.

However, in order to make the comparison between $`K`$-matrix and exact results more meaningful for the $`K`$-matrix method, one can make a global mass shift $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_a`$ for resonance $`a`$, which, in some way, averages the shifts in each of the channel:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }M_a=\underset{EM_a}{lim}\frac{(EM_a)(1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2)}{\frac{}{M_a}(EM_a)(1X_{11}𝒲_1X_{22}𝒲_2+\mathrm{det}[\mathrm{X}]𝒲_1𝒲_2)},$$
(23)
where the expression is given by the common denominator in all of the $`T`$-matrix channels, Eq. (7-10). The term in the denominator corresponds to the appropriate wave function renormalization. In the case of small coupled-channel effects and small overlap of the resonances the real part of the shifted pole positions coincide with the expected channel-independent pole position. However, in the case large couplings or coupled-channel effects this independent resonance mass shift breaks down, i.e., linear approximation of the denominator around the pole is no longer valid. In that case an iterative optimizing scheme to recover the mass shifts is required. However, as the mass shift is not an invariant quantity, the results from such a scheme would have no real significance. Eventually one has to accept that the scattering data and the bare properties and couplings are the only well-defined quantities. However, the bare masses must always be given in combination with the coupling constants and the form factors.

## IV $`t`$-exhange without open channels

This method of comparing scattering data to resonance properties can also serve as an approximate method for handling additional $`t`$-exchange processes. For low and medium energy scattering, $`t`$-exchange diagrams will not go on-shell, i.e., there is no imaginary part associated with the perturbative diagram $`T_{\mathrm{exch}}^{(0)}`$. However, the real part is a direct consequence of the energies at which the $`t`$-exchange diagram goes on-shell and strength in the channel. Therefore, the contributions can be approximated by a single resonance:

$`\mathrm{Im}T_{\mathrm{exch}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \mu (E^{})𝑑E^{}g_{ix}f_i(E,E^{})\sqrt{\rho _i(E)}\pi \delta (EE^{})\sqrt{\rho _j(E)}f_j(E,E^{})g_{jx}^{}}`$ (24)
$``$ $`\overline{\mu }g_{ix}f_i(E,M_{\mathrm{eff}})\sqrt{\rho _i(E)}\pi \delta (EM_{\mathrm{eff}})\sqrt{\rho _j(E)}f_j(E,M_{\mathrm{eff}})g_{jx}^{},`$
$`T_{\mathrm{exch}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\mu }g_{ix}f_i(E,M_{\mathrm{eff}})\sqrt{\rho _i(E)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{EM_{\mathrm{eff}}+iϵ}}\sqrt{\rho _j(E)}f_j(E,M_{\mathrm{eff}})g_{jx}^{},`$ (25)
where $`\mu (E^{})`$ is a measure of the kinematical range over which the $`t`$-exchange diagram can go on shell, and $`M_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is the mean of that measure:

$`{\displaystyle \mu (E^{})𝑑E^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\mu },`$ (26)
$`{\displaystyle \mu (E^{})𝑑E^{}E^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`M_{\mathrm{eff}}.`$ (27)
In the case where the $`t`$-exchange diagram has an imaginary part in the kinematical range of interest, this approximation will not hold. More appropriate methods for this problem are under investigation and will be reported later.

In effective field theory highly virtual intermediate states are replaced by effective contact interactions. The effective resonance described here does more than that. The effective resonance that replaces the virtual $`t`$-exchange incorporates also the leading energy dependence of the $`t`$-exchange contribution.

## V $`S_{11}`$ resonances

The $`S_{11}`$ resonances at 1.535 GeV and 1.65 GeV are a good test case for the coupled channel analysis of overlapping resonances as the threshold of the $`\eta N`$ channel is in the same region. However, there is only limited data available for the $`\eta N`$ channel. We fit the data between threshold and 1.77 GeV with minimal model of two bare masses and four coupling constants. Beyond the resonance region there is still a substantial amplitude, and little data in other than the $`\pi N`$ channel, which might indicate the importance of $`\pi \pi N`$ final states, and $`t`$-channel exchanges. A kink in the $`\pi N\pi N`$ data at 1.3 GeV is a further indication of $`\pi \pi N`$ states. For the clarity of the example we do not include the high-energy region and work with the minimal parameter set of six parameters. We use the GWU-VPI partial wave dataASWP  for the $`\pi N`$ elastic amplitude and the results from the Pitt-ANL analysisVDL  for the $`\pi N\eta N`$ channel. Standard fitting algorithms do not work properly as the variables are highly correlated in a non-trivial manner due to the unitarity and analyticity conditions. Instead we performed a global search, with an increasing mesh, zooming in on the optimal fit.

In Figure 1 we compare the exact $`T`$-matrix results with the $`K`$-matrix and Breit-Wigner approximations. The top left figure shows real part of the $`\pi N\pi N`$ transition amplitude, while the imaginary part appears on the right. The bottom row is the same combination for the $`\pi N\eta N`$ transition amplitude. The bare masses are 1.60 GeV and 1.79 GeV, while the renormalized masses come to 1.51 GeV and 1.71 GeV. The latter are used for the $`K`$-matrix and the Breit-Wigner approximations. Without these mass shifts Eq. (23), the approximate results would have no resemblance with the data. The dotted line and the circles are the Pitt-ANL and GWU-VPI partial waves for the $`\eta N`$ and the $`\pi N`$ channels respectively. The deviation for the $`\eta N`$ partial wave is due to the large error uncertainty, which led to the dominance of the $`\pi N`$ channel in the fit. However, varying the relative importance of the $`\eta N`$ data, with respect to the $`\pi N`$ data, did not significantly altered the results. It seems that the Pitt-ANL and GWU-VPI partial wave analysis, which include background terms, lead to an inconsistent $`\eta N`$ amplitude that cannot be fitted with with a resonance-only model like the coherent bubble sum approximation. With the current $`\eta N`$ data it is not possible to determine the nature of the deviations, and whether the data favors a background contribution. However, there seems to be no natural explanation for a background contribution. The background should model some degrees of freedom, or states, that are important yet virtual, i.e., not associated with open channels, such as, perhaps, the $`\rho `$-exchange between the $`\pi N`$ pair.

Including the first term $`c_1`$ in the expansion Eq. (18) of the form factors halves the mean square deviation between the data and the fit. Notably, it increases the effective width of the $`\pi N`$ form factor, while it decreases the effective width of the $`\eta N`$ form factors, corresponding, respectively, to a positive and a negative expansion coefficient $`c_1`$.

Note that it would be possible to obtain better fits in the $`K`$-matrix approximation and the Breit-Wigner approximation. However, the purpose of this paper is to point out the differences which are solely the result of the approximations made, keeping the model identical. In this case it is clear that the first resonance $`S_{11}(1535)`$ is overestimated in both approximations. The coupling constants are $`g_{1,\pi N}=0.11`$, $`g_{2,\pi N}=0.175`$, $`g_{1,\eta N}=0.10`$, and $`g_{2,\eta N}=0.11`$.

## VI conclusions

The $`K`$-matrix approximation does not require the solution of the dispersion integral. Therefore, it is often used to incorporate more complex interactions. In the Coherent Bubble Sum Approximation it correspond to setting $`\stackrel{~}{W}_i`$ to zero. The Breit-Wigner approximation is generally not a well-defined procedure. Eventually it boils down to replacing the complex interaction by a sum of Breit-Wigner forms with partial widths for each of the decay channels in each of the resonances:

$$T_{ij}=\underset{b}{}\frac{g_{ib}\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(E)\mathrm{\Gamma }_j(E)}g_{jb}^{}}{EM_b|g_{ib}|^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(E)},$$
(28)
where, in principle, each of the coupling constants and $`\rho _i`$’s are unknown and should be recovered from the analysis. However, given the $`W(E)`$’s and the coupling constants, the closest general analogy is given by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(E)=W_i(E)`$. From the example of the $`S_{11}`$ resonances, where the coupling strength is moderate, it is clear that both the $`K`$-matrix and the Breit-Wigner approximation leads to significant deviations in the transition amplitudes.

A feature of scattering data where approximate methods such as Breit-Wigner and $`K`$-matrix approximations yield erroneous results is the interaction between thresholds and subthreshold resonances. A resonance with a strong coupling to a channel with a threshold at a higher energy might lead to anomalous threshold behavior. Once a resonance has an energy close enough to the threshold energy, it might get attracted into the channel, giving either a full circle in the Argand plot, or a sharp spike in the real part of the transition amplitude. Neither feature is properly reproduced in the Breit-Wigner or the $`K`$-matrix method.

In this paper the form of $`W(E)`$ is not derived. Only simple assumptions about its threshold behavior are made. The energy dependence can be modeled by a polynomial in the variable $`(ss_{\mathrm{th}})/s`$. This freedom is an essential part of the Coherent Bubble Sum Approximation. If possible, the data should determine the function $`W(E)`$. Its value should be extracted from the scattering data without model dependence. It was only assumed that $`W(E)`$ falls off at infinity, which is considered realistic for composite hadronic systems. Analyzing resonance scattering data and modeling transition matrix elements of hadronic states are two separate problems and should be treated as such. In future studies we will examine $`t`$-exchange, multi-particle final states, and field-theoretical approaches which require renormalization.


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# The impact of the early stages of radio source evolution on the ISM of the host galaxies

## 1 Introduction

Although in the recent years important progress has been made in the understanding of the physics of AGN, a number of main questions still remain open. One of them is the early evolution of powerful radio galaxies. To know more about this phase is important not only from the point of view of the detailed phenomenology of these objects, but also for understanding the evolution of massive galaxies. In general, galaxies in their early stage of radio activity are likely to have their nuclear regions enshrouded in a cocoon of material left over from the accretion event(s) that trigger the activity. As the activity evolves, and the radio jets expand, the ISM and dust along the radio axis will be swept from the nuclear regions by jet-cloud interactions and/or quasar-induced winds. Thus, outflows of gas can be significant in this phase. These processes have been suggested to profoundly affect even the star formation history in luminous galaxies (Silk & Rees 1998). Thus, the study of the early-phase of radio activity and its effect on the galaxy medium has broad implications.

As described in many contributions in these Proceedings, both neutral and ionized gas are clearly present around young radio sources. The study of this gas has a key role in the investigation of the evolutionary scenario described above. Spectral line observations can, in fact, provide information on the gas kinematics where signatures of interaction with the radio plasma can be found. Here we present the results (some still preliminary) obtained in the study of the HI in three compact radio sources (PKS 1549–79, 4C12.50 and PKS 1814–63) and one intermediate-size radio galaxy (3C 459). While the HI detected in compact radio sources is very often interpreted as due to a circum-nuclear disk/torus, it is now clear that more complicated situations are present (see e.g. Morganti 2002 and ref. therein) and that neutral gas can also trace the presence of (sometimes extreme) interactions. The objects described here are also part of a detailed study of their ionized gas. This information is crucial for the correct interpretation of the kinematics of the neutral hydrogen, as it will be illustrated below.

## 2 The case of PKS 1549–79

In the above context, we have recently studied the southern radio galaxy PKS 1549–79. This is a compact radio source with a one-sided jet on the VLBI scale (see Fig. 1). The overall size is about 350 pc 111We use here $`H_{}=50`$ km/s Mpc-1 and $`q_{}=0`$. The radio structure suggests that the radio jet axis is aligned close to our line of sight (King 1996). Because of these characteristics, it was quite surprising to detect HI absorption in this object (Morganti et al. 2001). The absorption has a peak optical depth of $`2`$% (see Fig. 1) and a column density of $`4\times 10^{20}T_{\mathrm{spin}}/100K`$ cm-2.

The optical spectrum of PKS 1549–79 is rich in strong emission lines (Tadhunter et al. 2001). Interestingly, the high ionisation (\[OIII\], \[NeIII\] and \[NeV\]) lines are unusually broad (FWHM $`1200`$ km $`\mathrm{s}^1`$) and blue-shifted by 600 km $`\mathrm{s}^1`$ relative to the much narrower low ionisation (i.e. \[OII\] and \[OI\]) lines. The remarkable result is that the velocity of the HI absorption agrees quite well with that derived from the low ionisation optical lines (see Fig. 1).

Our interpretation of all this (Tadhunter et al. 2001) is that the low ionisation emission lines and HI absorption are associated with the extended, but relatively quiescent, dusty cocoon surrounding the nucleus, whereas the \[OIII\] lines are associated with the region of interaction between the radio plasma and the ISM and indicating a fast outflow from the canter. We cannot yet fully exclude the possibility of starburst or AGN winds as responsible for the interaction. However, the common presence of broad (forbidden) lines in young, powerful radio sources (Gelderman & Wittle 1994) seems to point to the radio jet as the likely candidate to produce the interaction. A cartoon of the proposed model is presented in Fig. 3 in Holt et al. (these Proceedings) and described in more details in Tadhunter et al. (2001). The interaction of the radio plasma with this gas would explain also the larger FWHM of the high ionisation lines.

## 3 The gas outflow in 4C 12.50

One other object known to have optical characteristics similar to PKS 1549–79, i.e. two redshift systems and very broad optical lines, is the GigaHertz Peaked galaxy 4C 12.50 (see Grandi 1977). New optical spectra obtained for this object are described in detail in Holt et al. (these Proceedings). Three gaussian components are needed to fit the strong \[OIII\] lines. One of them is a low ionisation component and it is cantered on the systemic velocity (that is derived by Grandi (1977) from the stellar absorption lines). The other two components show much higher ionisation and are highly blue-shifted. The situation appears, therefore, similar to PKS 1549–79.

The presence of HI absorption in this galaxy was already known from Arecibo observations (Mirabel 1989). However, new WSRT observations show that this absorption is actually much broader than previously known. As shown in Fig. 2, an extremely broad absorption system is detected together with a (relatively) narrow and deeper component. This (relatively) narrow absorption ($`\tau 0.01`$, column density $`2\times 10^{20}T_{\mathrm{spin}}/100K`$ cm-2) has a velocity similar to the systemic velocity detected from the stellar component and similar to the low ionisation component. Also in HI the situation appears, therefore, similar to PKS 1549–79. On the other hand, the overall system of shallower HI absorption ($`\tau 0.002`$, column density $`10^{20}T_{\mathrm{spin}}/100K`$ cm-2) is about 2000 km/s broad with a very large blue-shifted wing (more than 1000 km $`\mathrm{s}^1`$) as well as a redshifted wing of few hundred km $`\mathrm{s}^1`$. This broad absorption may represent an outflow of gas due to the interaction of the radio plasma with the dense ISM (e.g. gas in a cocoon around or entrained by the radio jet?). The blue-shifted component would be then associated to the jet pointing toward us (and the opposite for the redshifted component). VLBI observations have now been obtained for 4C 12.50 to investigate the detailed morphology of the HI absorption on the pc scale. The range of velocity of the broad HI absorption appears consistent with one of the high ionisation components found in the emission lines (see Holt et al. these Proceedings). In this galaxy, therefore, the gas outflow would be seen both in the ionized and in the neutral gas. The scenario presented for PKS 1549-79 appears to explain also what is observed in 4C 12.50 with the radio plasma being in the process of clearing its way through the rich ISM. It is however not yet clear how gas associated to such a fast outflow can remain neutral and not fully ionized. A fast outflow seen in neutral hydrogen is, however, not unique to 4C 12.50. We have at least an other case in the radio-loud Seyfert 2 galaxy IC 5063 (Oosterloo et al. 2000). In this case, the radio plasma ejected from the nucleus is believed to interact directly with a molecular cloud.

## 4 A promising case: PKS 1814–63?

An other promising case is the compact (steep-spectrum) radio galaxy PKS 1814–63. HI absorption was detected from low-resolution observations (Morganti et al. 2001) and then followed up by LBA observations. Thus, unlike the sources described above, for PKS 1814–63 the distribution of the HI on the VLBI scale is known. On this scale, we detect HI absorption against the entire radio source (about 350 pc, see Fig.3). Unfortunately, the optical redshift is still quite uncertain (two of the values found in the literature are indicated in Fig.3) due to the poor quality of the available optical spectra. However, new high-quality optical spectra have been obtained very recently (but not yet fully analysed) and they show a complex kinematics of the ionized gas. Until, more information from the optical spectra is obtained, the interpretation of the kinematics of the neutral gas is still ambiguous.

The deep absorption (that has a very high value of optical depth $`\tau 0.2`$, Morganti et al. 2001) could be due to a large-scale gas system. The fact that this absorption seems to have more components and their relative ratio changes for different positions against the radio source, could be connected with the presence of sub-structures in the gas screen. However, if the redshift of 19350 km $`\mathrm{s}^1`$ is confirmed (drawn line in Fig. 3, see Morganti et al. 2001 for a discussion), this gas could also be undergoing a mild outflow perhaps connected to the expansion of the source in the surrounding medium. If this is the case, we expect to see kinematical signatures also in the optical spectrum (like in PKS 1549–79 or 4C 12.50). Finding the actual systemic velocity will also help us in interpreting the shallow, broader component. This is detected only against the norther part of the radio source and could be due to a circumnuclear-disk structure, although it is not clear yet from the available radio data whether this component actually correspond to the core.

Finally, it is clear that in the study of PKS 1814–63 we are strongly limited in the interpretation of the HI absorption by the lack of more detailed optical information.

## 5 The intermediate scale: 3C 459

The above examples indicate that, at least in some cases, the obscuring material may cover large fraction of the sky as seen by the central source. As the radio source evolves, any obscuring material along the radio axis is likely to be swept aside and dissipated by jet-cloud interactions or quasar-induced winds until, eventually, cavities are hollowed out on either side of the nucleus. Such cavities have been detected, for example, in the powerful extended radio source Cygnus A (Tadhunter et al. 1999). Before this stage is reached a substantial amount of material may be present along the radio axis, but at larger distances from the nucleus.

An intermediate case that we are studying in some detail is 3C 459. This is a small and very asymmetric radio source. Its total size ($`40`$ kpc) is much larger than the typical CSS. HI absorption has been detected in this source (Morganti et al. 2001) and new higher resolution observations (A-array VLA) tentatively show that most of the absorption could be located against the eastern radio lobe (see Fig. 4) at about 9 kpc from the radio core. Thus, this could be a case of intermediate-size object where we can study the evolution of the gas after the most compact phase of the CSS is past but when the source still has a galactic size. Furthermore, there could also be a relationship between the small size of the eastern component and the presence of a large amount of gas on that side of the source.

It is important to point out that the two compact objects mentioned above (PKS 1549–79 and 4C 12.50) as well as 3C 459 are far-IR bright galaxies and show, in their optical spectra, the presence of a young stellar population (we have no yet information about PKS 1814-63). This is a particularly interesting class of objects where HI absorption is often detected. This could therefore point to the possibility that these objects are actually “special” because of their particularly rich ISM.

## 6 Summary

We have shown as (at least some) compact radio galaxies can have different gas components with very different kinematics. The neutral hydrogen does not appear to be associate only to circum-nuclear disk/tori (as often claimed), but instead there is evidence of the presence of more diffuse and quiescent halos in which these young sources are embedded. The radio jets are expected to clear their way through the rich ISM. As indication of this, high speed outflow are detected not only in the ionized gas but, quite surprisingly, also in neutral hydrogen in the case of 4C 12.50.

The kinematics of the neutral hydrogen alone can be sometimes difficult to be unambiguously interpreted. However, it can provide crucial information on the condition, morphology and kinematics of the gas in the central regions of radio sources once it is combined with the results from the ionized gas. This has been clearly shown for the case of the third radio galaxy presented, PKS 1814-63. Despite the complex and intriguing HI absorption detected, the interpretation is still uncertain due to the lack of high quality optical spectra. Finally, we have presented a case of intermediate-size radio source (3C 459) where we may witness the next step of the evolution of the source.

In how many young radio sources do we expect to see the effect of the radio plasma making its way through the ISM and producing gas outflows? We do not have yet enough information available, especially in the optical (e.g. accurate measurement of the redshift), to estimate this in a reliable way. The group of radio galaxies that are far-IR bright and that show a young stellar population in their optical spectra seems, however, to be the most likely to show these extreme effects and outflows.

## References

Axon D.J., Capetti A., Fanti R., Morganti R. et al. 2000, AJ 120, 2284;

Gelderman R., Whittle M. 1994, ApJS 91,491;

Grandi S.A. 1977, ApJ, 215, 446;

King E. 1996 PhD Thesis Univ. of Tasmania;

Maloney P.R., Hollenbach D.J., Tielens A.G.G.M. 1996, ApJ 466, 561;

Mirabel I.F. 1989, ApJ, 340, L13

Morganti R., Oosterloo T., Tadhunter C.N., van Moorsel, Killeen N., Wills K.A. 2001, MNRAS 323, 331

Oosterloo T.A., Morganti R., Tzioumis A. et al. 2000, AJ 119, 2085;

Silk J., Rees M.J. 1998, A&A 331, L1

Spinrad H., Djorgovski S., Marr J., Aguilar L. 1985, PASA 97, 932

Tadhunter C.N., Wills K.A., Morganti R., Oosterloo T., Dickson R. 2001 MNRAS 327, 227

Tadhunter C.N. et al. 1999, ApJL 512, L91


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# Flat-fielding of ACS WFC grism data

## 1 Available WFC flat-fields

New ACS in-orbit filter flat-fields, were recently constructed using globular cluster observations (Mack et al., 2002). These flat-fields show that there is a significant amount of large scale structure which varies from one broad band filter to another (i.e with wavelength). Flat-fielding ACS G800L grism data is therefore required in order to be able to derive a unique G800L sensitivity curve which is the same at all positions on the detector. We have used these flat-fields and have fitted them using a 3rd order polynomial as a function of wavelength and at each pixel. The result of this fit was the creation of a data cube enabling aXe, the ST-ECF Slitless Extraction Software (Pirzkal et al., 2001), to compute the proper flat-fielding coefficient at any pixel position and wavelength. Unfortunately, the in-orbit LP flats do not offer an ideal sampling of the wavelength dependence of the flat-field because: 1) they are broad; 2) only a limited number of filters are available; and, 3) there is no filter which reaches wavelengths beyond 8500Å (while the G800L grism mode remains sensitive to about 10,000Å).

## 2 Observations

Two white dwarfs have been observed using the WFC G800L grism mode: GD153 during the ACS SMOV campaign and G191B2B during the Cycle 11 Interim Calibration. GD153 was observed at five different positions which were read-out using ACS subarrays. Unfortunately, the target position did not always end up at the center of the subarray and this resulted in only two useful positions where the first order spectra were completely within the subarray. The spectra at the other positions were truncated and did not contain all the flux from GD153 at each wavelength. G191B2B, was observed using the same technique but at 9 different positions, 5 in the top part of the detector (CHIP1) and 4 in the bottom part (CHIP2). The G191B2B spectra were all completely within each aperture and each position was observed twice for a total of 18 spectra across the detector. Figure 1 shows the positions and names associated with each of the G191B2B observations.

## 3 aXe extraction

### 3.1 No flat-fielding

A first extraction was performed using aXe and no flat-fielding. The extracted spectra of G191B2B were otherwise fully calibrated in physical flux units using the latest estimate of the G800L sensitivity curve. Figure 2 shows the fractional flux difference between the aXe extracted and calibrated spectra and a template spectrum of G191B2B. The spectra observed at the same positions agree with the template spectrum very closely even though they were obtained at different times. There is however an increasingly large observed discrepancy in the measured fluxes at wavelengths beyond 7500Å. This effect is both field, and wavelength dependent.

### 3.2 Direct LP-flat data cube

A second extraction of the G191B2B spectra was performed using the data cube fit of the new in-orbit flats mentioned above. The result of which is shown in Figure 3. A significant difference is apparent between different positions on the detector. This are several reasons why this should be expected. First, it is likely that the large scale flat (L-flat) characteristic of the G800L grism is different than that of the broad filter flats used to generate the flat-field data cube. A large scale L-flat correction to these broad band filters is hence understandable. Second, the broad band flat-fields are designed so that a direct image of the sky will look flat, even though the effective pixel size of the WFC varies significantly from one corner of the detector to another. Applying such a flat-field introduces a correction which is related to the geometric distortion and which should be corrected for differently in spectroscopic data. The effect of distortion and tilt between the grism assembly and the detector is accounted for by a field dependence of the dispersion properties of the G800L grism (Pasquali et al. 2002).

### 3.3 Corrected LP-flat data cube

The variation in observed fluxes between different positions on the detector was successfully fitted to a quadratic surface. This relation, essentially an G800L empirical L-flat correction, was used to generate a new, G800L-corrected flat-field data cube. Extracted G191B2B spectra using this new G800L-corrected flat-field curve are shown in Figure 4. Note that this flat-field cube only allows for a wavelength variation of the flat field at wavelengths ranging from 4350Å to 8500Å. Beyond this range, no gain in accuracy is expected as a constant flat-field coefficient was used. This new corrected flat-field cube produces spectra which reach flux calibration accuracies close to the $`1\%`$ level across a wide range of wavelengths, and across most of the detector. The same G800L-corrected flat-field cube was used to extract the two un-truncated SMOV observations of GD153, described earlier, and similar accuracy was achieved between the extracted and flux calibrated spectra and the template spectrum of GD153.

## 4 Conclusion

We have successfully constructed a G800L flat-field data cube which allows one to reach flux calibration accuracies of about $`1\%`$ at wavelengths ranging from 6000Å to 9000Å and across most of the WFC field of view . This modified G800L-corrected flat-field cube can be used directly by the extraction software aXe to extract un-drizzled, non-geometrically corrected grism observations. It will be made available from the ST-ECF ACS spectroscopy group at http://www.stecf.org/instrument/acs/ .

## References

Pasquali A., Pirzkal. A, Walsh A., 2002, this volume

Pirzkal N., Pasquali A., Demleitner M., 2001, ST-ECF Newsletter 29, p. 5

Mack J., Bohlin R., Gilliland R., et al., 2002, Instrument Science Report ACS 2002-008


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# A Photometric Method for estimating CNO Abundances in Globular Clusters

## 1. Introduction

The estimation of variations in CNO abundances within globular clusters yields information on the evolutionary history of the clusters, and possibly also on the physical processes involved in their formation. This paper describes some preliminary results from a new photometric method to estimate these variations. The method can be used for any globular cluster, but M22 was chosen for a first investigation because it is known (Richter, Hilker, & Richtler 1999) to exhibit large internal variations in CN absorption strength, and these variations, unlike in most clusters, are believed (Anthony-Twarog, Twarog, & Craig 1995) to be positively correlated with CH variations.

## 2. Details of the Method

The method uses the Stromgren indices v and b, the broad band index I, together with a new index, defined as p, which consists of the shorter wavelength half of the Stromgren v band. The v band includes the CN absorption band at 4215A, but the p band does not. The index 2(v-p), at a given I magnitude, is thus a measure of the CN absorption, and is independent of differential reddening effects. The colour index (p-I) provides a suitably wide wavelength baseline for estimates of colour temperature, and contains only little CN or CH absorption. A colour-magnitude diagram of I/(p-I) can be plotted, and a “p anomaly” can be defined as the displacement of an individual star parallel to the (p-I) axis from the mean CMD. A “b anomaly” is defined in the same way, using (b-I). Correlations between the CN index and the p anomalies can then be sought.

The evolutionary track of a star on the CMD depends on the molecular weight of the material of the star, and this depends primarily on the CNO abundances, together with a smaller dependence on the metal abundances. The ”p anomaly” is thus an overall measure, through the molecular weight, of variations in the CNO abundances. Since the p and I bands contain little CN or CH absorption, any correlation between CN absorption and p anomaly would be suggestive of primordial CNO variations, which have affected the subsequent evolutionary tracks through the molecular weight. Estimated abundances, defined as del(log Z) where Z is the usual mean abundance parameter for the cluster, can be derived from the p and b anomalies for each star observed, using theoretical isochrones for different chemical compositions. Relative CN abundances can be derived from the CN index, on the assumption that the logarithmic index is proportional to the product of the C and N abundances at a given value of I. Assuming the oxygen and metal abundances, it is then possible from the two observations of CN and del(log Z), to estimate the two unknowns, the C and N abundances.

## 3. Results

Results derived for a preliminary group, consisting of 26 giants and 29 subgiants in M22 were as follows:

(1) There are substantial variations of both CN strengths and p anomalies within the cluster, suggesting large variations of C and N abundances.

(2) There seem to be three possible groups of stars, each group showing a positive correlation between CN strength and p anomaly. The simplest explanation is that within each group there are carbon abundance variations, with increasing carbon abundance increasing both the CN strength and the molecular weight. This would favour a primordial origin for the abundance variations.

(3) The differences between the three groups are, we suggest, due to nitrogen abundance variations. However, the ”strong CN” stars show p anomalies broadly comparable to those of the ”weak CN” stars, suggesting that, for the molecular weights, increased nitrogen abundances are offset by decreased carbon abundances.

(4) Estimates of the relative nitrogen abundances in the three groups were made from simple isochrones and the spectroscopic assumption that the CN index is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the product of the C and N abundances. Results suggested log(N3/N1) = 1.3 & log(N2/N1) = 0.7, with errors 0.3 and 0.2 respectively, for the subgiants; and log(N3/N1) = 0.9 & log(N2/N1) = 0.5, with similar errors, for the giant stars. The errors arise from uncertainties in the evolutionary and spectroscopic models, as well as from uncertainties in the oxygen abundances which affect the molecular weights.

(5) It is possible that the relative nitrogen abundances in the three groups can be expressed in the form 1:k:k2, with k approximately 4 for the subgiants, and 3 for the giants. These relative abundances might be explained by postulating two processes of star formation after an initial burst - with CNO cycling synthesising nitrogen, subsequent ejection in supernovae outbursts, followed by star formation from the same material in a proto-cluster - each process increasing the nitrogen abundance by a factor k.

Further work will consist of analysis of a larger number of stars, and also of analysis of a photometric band measuring the strength of CH molecular absorption.

## References

Anthony-Twarog, B. J., Twarog, B. A., & Craig, J. 1995, PASP, 107, 32

Richter, P., Hilker, M., & Richtler, T. 1999, A&A, 350, 476


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# High Latitude Dust and the 617 MHz - 850 𝜇m relation in NGC 5775

## 1 Introduction

There is now considerable evidence for galactic halos, thick disks, and discrete connecting features between the disk and the halo in many star-forming spiral galaxies. Such features are best detected directly by observing edge-on galaxies with sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution. High-latitude (i.e. $``$ 1 kpc) emission has now been observed in every interstellar medium (ISM) tracer (cf. Dahlem 1997). NGC 5775 is an example of a galaxy in which every ISM component has been observed at high-latitudes (Lee et al. 2001).

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data of a sample of spiral galaxies showed the estimated ratio of their gas mass to dust mass, to be about 10 times larger than the average value for the inner region of the Galaxy (Devereux & Young 1990). It was suggested that this could be due to a large amount of cold dust in these galaxies that IRAS was not sensitive to. Observations with good spectral coverage and sensitivity were required to disentangle the warm and cold dust components. The Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) operating on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), which we have used for this project, allows astronomers to determine the distribution and quantity of such cold dust with high resolution. Currently, only a small number of quiescent and active edge-on spiral galaxies have had their dust distributions mapped using either SCUBA or the IRAM 30-m telescope; these include NGC 891 (Alton et al. 1998), NGC 3079 (Stevens & Gear 2000), NGC 4631 (Neininger & Dumke 1999), NGC 4565 (Neininger et al. 1996), NGC 5907 (Dumke et al. 1997) M82, NGC 253, NGC 4631 (Alton et al. 1999) and now NGC 5775.

In the 1970s a correlation was discovered between mid-infrared ($`10\mu `$m) and radio (1425 MHz) luminosities from the nuclei of Seyfert galaxies, and later normal spiral galaxies (van der Kruit 1971, 1973; Rieke 1978). In the 1980s the IRAS mission established a universal and tight correlation between the far infrared (FIR) and the radio continuum luminosities of galaxies, (de Jong et al. 1985; Helou et al. 1985). Recently a number of authors have investigated the FIR/radio correlation within the disks of nearby galaxies in an attempt to gather more detailed information on how the correlation works (Beck & Golla 1988; Bicay & Helou 1990, amongst others).

Presently, it is widely believed that the main reason behind the FIR/radio correlation, is that both emissions depend on the same recent star formation activity of that particular galaxy (Condon 1992). That is, hot young stars heat the dust, producing FIR emission, as well as ionize gas and provide a supply of SNe, producing the radio continuum emission. However, the situation may not be so clear cut. For example, in a detailed study of M31, Hoernes, Berkhuijsen & Xu (1998, hereinafter referred to as HBX), reported the discovery of a nonthermal-radio/cool-dust correlation, quite separate from the thermal-radio/warm-dust correlation that is linked through massive ionizing stars. It is worth noting that HBX did not find evidence of a correlation between either non-thermal radio with warm dust, or thermal radio with cool dust. Thermal emission from warm dust is the result of heating from massive stars ($`>20M_{}`$), while cool dust could be powered by intermediate mass stars (5-20 $`M_{}`$) and the interstellar radiation field. The nonthermal-radio/cool-dust correlation could not be explained through a dependence on the same energy source. HBX suggest a possible scenario involving coupling of gas, cold dust and magnetic fields.

In this paper we present the first detection of high-latitude dust for NGC 5775. Observing with SCUBA, we map the cold dust in the disk and halo. We also present radio continuum observations of the galaxy taken with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), which trace largely the non-thermal synchrotron emission. The observations from SCUBA and GMRT are spatially compared with one another in an effort to investigate whether a cold dust/non-thermal radio emission correlation exists in the disk and halo of this galaxy. NGC 5775 is an edge-on spiral galaxy at a distance of 24.8 Mpc (Ho=75 km s-1 Mpc-1), and with an inclination angle of 86 (Irwin 1994). NGC 5775 is found on the FIR/radio correlation at log P20cm = 22.32 W Hz-1 and log (LFIR/L) = 10.44. The results in this paper are the first ones of an ongoing project to investigate a possible sub-mm/metre wavelength correlation in the disks and halos of galaxies.

## 2 Observations and Data Reduction

### 2.1 Submillimetre

Observations of NGC 5775 were made on 2001 January 4 and 5, at the JCMT using SCUBA. SCUBA images a $`2.3^{}`$ region of sky simultaneously at 450 and 850 $`\mu `$m. Our observations provide fully sampled images by moving the secondary mirror in the 64pt jiggle map mode. We performed pointing checks every hour against a bright source. Skydip measurements were also made to determine the atmospheric transparency by change in elevation (opacity was about 0.27 at 850 $`\mu `$m and 1.67 at 450 $`\mu `$m). Mars was mapped twice each night for calibration of our source and to determine the beam shape. Our observations of NGC 5775 consisted of three exposures of 45 minutes each over two overlapping fields, since our galaxy is larger than the diameter of the region that the telescope can image.

The software package SURF was used to reduce the SCUBA data. All maps were reduced using typical reduction tasks. SURF was used to clean and flat-field the images. Dirty bolometers were removed and the image noise was reduced using a SURF task which compensated for spatially correlated emission. The pointing drifts were corrected and the images were calibrated using Mars. Finally all the observations were combined into a single map. The resulting map has a resolution of 14.6′′ and an rms noise of 4 mJy/beam.

### 2.2 Radio Continuum

NGC 5775 was observed with the GMRT on 2000 July 1 and 16 at 617 MHz using a bandwidth of 16 MHz. The GMRT consists of thirty steerable, 45-metre diameter antennas, of which 14 are located randomly in a central 1 km $`\times `$ 1 km diameter region referred to as the Central Square. The remaining antennas lie along 3 arms of an approximately ‘Y’ configuration, with each arm extending to a length of about 14 km. This provides $`uv`$ coverage for imaging both the compact and extended emission. A more detailed description of the GMRT can be found in Swarup et al. (1991). These observations were made during the commissioning phase of the GMRT and typically 25 to 27 antennas were available for each day. The source was observed on two different days for checking consistency of the images. The primary flux density calibrator was 3C286 while the phase calibrator was 3C298. The total time spent on the source was approximately 120 minutes on each observing day.

The analysis of the data was done using the Astronomical Image Processing System (AIPS) from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The data editing itself was done within the AIPS environment using the task UVFLG. However, the identification of bad data was done outside the AIPS environment with algorithms developed by J. Stil in a package called ‘borg’. The borg allows the user to define what constitutes bad data. For our data, borg identified all points that had near zero flux density at each channel for the flux density and phase calibrator. The routine also identified the spikes in the data while observing the calibrators by finding points that deviate more than, approximately 3 sigma from the modal amplitude for a particular baseline, channel and source. If any baseline had a significant number of points flagged, it was subsequently flagged from all sources. The borg package helped to ease the editing of the data because the GMRT did not have any automatic flagging of bad data, including bad antennas at the time of these observations.

The AIPS tasks CALIB, CLCAL and BPASS were used on the flagged data set to calibrate the source. The central 100 channels of the total of 128 channels were used in the analysis. The channels were averaged and Fourier inversion and cleaning were performed on the NGC 5775 data using IMAGR. A series of self-calibration and cleaning procedures were then conducted to produce two maps, one from each day of observations. After determining that the two maps were virtually identical we used the AIPS task DBCON to combine the UV plane data from each observation and produced a final single map to increase our signal-to-noise ratio. Using the brightest source visible in our observation and the rms noise of the map, 0.9 mJy/beam, we calculate a dynamic range of 112. Although the angular resolution using the entire GMRT is approximately 6 arcsec, we have tapered the GMRT images to 14.6′′ to be comparable with the 850 $`\mu `$m SCUBA map.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Submillimetre and radio maps

In Fig. 1 we show our final 850 $`\mu `$m map of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 5775. The 450 $`\mu `$m map (not shown) has a very similar disk morphology with poorer signal-to-noise ratio. SCUBA maps of NGC 5775 reveal a bright central source and a number of additional peaks of bright emission, approximately along the disk (Note that the figure-8 outline is an artifact due to combining the data from the two fields used.).

One of the most striking features of the map is the emission that rises from the disk of the galaxy into the halo. Clear evidence of emission is found at large distances from the disk; in three cases at latitudes of about 5 kpc. This is among the farthest from the plane that dust has been detected for any galaxy. Although the signal-to-noise ratio is modest, these features are visible in separate observations on different days, providing supporting evidence of their reality (Brar & Irwin 2002).

The 617 MHz radio-continuum map of NGC 5775 is presented in Fig. 2. A comparison of the GMRT image with a VLA 1400-MHz image with a similar angular resolution (Lee et al. 2001) shows the emission in the disk to be very similar, but the spurs of emission extending from the disk are more clearly discernible in the 617 MHz image. The disk of NGC 5775 in radio continuum emission is spatially very similar to the SCUBA image shown in Fig. 1. In particular, it possesses a central bright spot and a number of other bright areas of emission along the disk, including a secondary peak towards the lower half of the galaxy.

Radio emission too is detected at high-latitudes. The emission at 617 MHz, which is predominantly non-thermal, is observed above the disk along the entire galaxy, with the high-latitude features being particularly prominent on the northern side of the galaxy axis.

### 3.2 Comparison of maps

Fig. 3 is an optical image from the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) with the 850 $`\mu `$m contour plot overlayed on it. This overlay demonstrates the large distances that dust is detected away from the optical disk. Within the disk, the brightest regions of sub-mm emission do not correlate with the brightest regions of optical emission. In fact, even the central bright regions are slightly separated. In the southern half of the galaxy, the regions of high optical and dust emission appear to be anti-correlated, as expected if the dust is obscuring starlight.

Fig. 4 shows the GMRT map overlayed on the SCUBA map. The spatial correlation of the features in the disk is high. More surprisingly, we also find a similar correlation at high-latitudes. Note that the two lower streams (14h 54m 02s, 3 $`32^{}`$) in the SCUBA map do have corresponding emission in the GMRT map, but are at lower brightness levels than demonstrated in Fig. 4 and are displayed separately in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5 there is a single black contour level at 1.4 mJy/beam. Thus the contour located between the two features indicates a depression in radio emission.

In Fig. 6 we present z profiles of the JCMT and GMRT maps, both above and below the plane. A fairly typical profile was chosen to demonstrate the separation of the halo and disk, the exact positions of which are given in Fig. 6. Fig. 6 a) and b) profiles indicate evidence for a halo at about 13 arcsec above (north-east) the maximum intensity in the disk. Fig. 6 c) and d) profiles show halo evidence beginning at about 11 arcsec below (south-west) the plane. This translates into, evidence for a halo starting at between 1.32 and 1.56 kpc from the plane of NGC 5775. From these profiles and a galaxy inclination of 86 degrees, we can safely state that the features we are observing reside in the halo and not the disk.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 Correlation

The similarities between the sub-mm and radio maps demonstrate that a correlation exists between the radio continuum and sub-mm radiation in NGC 5775. A more quantitative demonstration is shown in Fig. 7, where we have plotted the flux densities at 850 $`\mu `$m against those at 617 MHz at identical independent positions for the entire disk and halo of NGC 5775. Fig. 8 shows the correlation for positions solely in the disk. It is clear that sub-mm and radio emission are highly correlated. The slope of the linear-least squares fit to the entire disk and halo is 0.26$`\pm `$0.01 (Fig. 7), while for the disk alone the slope is $`0.25\pm 0.03`$ (Fig. 8). The corresponding values for the north-eastern and south-western halos are $`0.31\pm 0.04`$ and $`0.26\pm 0.03`$ respectively (Fig. 9). Within the errors, the slopes for each section of the galaxy are similar, suggesting that the reason behind this correlation for different parts of the galaxy must also be similar. This result also suggests that the discrete kpc disk halo features originate in the disk of the galaxy. The fainter dotted line in Fig. 8 is the best fit of a power law regression, which is similar to the linear regression. The slope of the power law is $`0.85\pm 0.08`$. This value is very close to one, indicating the relationship is approximately linear. For comparison, the slopes typically found for the radio-FIR correlation are between 1.1 and 1.3.

The sub-mm observations map the cold dust, which emits predominantly longward of a couple of hundred $`\mu `$m (Sauvage 1997). The detection of cold dust was not a surprising finding since dust-to-gas mass ratio of external galaxies derived from IRAS were approximately 10 times lower than in our galaxy (cf. Devereux & Young 1990). The IRAS observations are largely sensitive to warm dust and helped establish the tight and universal correlation between FIR and radio continuum emission. While this correlation is attributed to the dependence of both emission processes on recent star formation activity, the 617 MHz/850 $`\mu `$m correlation demonstrated here is unlikely to be the result of a common energy source for the emission at the two wavebands. The cold dust in galaxies is heated not by massive ionizing or intermediate mass non-ionizing stars, but possibly by the general interstellar radiation field (Hippelein et al. 2000). Also, the radio map at 617 MHz, is almost entirely due to non-thermal synchrotron radiation. From Condon (1992) we estimate the ratio of thermal flux density to total flux density at 617 MHz in NGC 5775 to be approximately 0.06 using a spectral index of 0.93 (Irwin et al. 1999). The ratio of the thermal component is approximately twice the above value at 1420 MHz.

Further supporting evidence that the correlation is not due to a simple shared energy source, comes from the halo region of both maps. The overlay in Fig. 4 demonstrates that there is a spatial relation between the sub-mm and metre-wave radio emission in the halo region of the galaxy. This relation is more clearly shown in Fig. 9, which is similar to Fig. 7 except that only high-latitude emission ($`>`$ 1.5 kpc) is shown. The circles represent positions located in the halo on the north-eastern side of the galaxy axis, while the plus signs mark positions in the south-western halo. In these regions there is no evidence of significant star formation. The link between the two types of emission must be due to another factor.

Our findings lead us to suggest that the well-known FIR/radio correlation might be one aspect of a more fundamental relationship. These results on NGC 5775 not only demonstrate a relationship between the two types of emission, namely thermal emission from cold dust and non-thermal emission from relativistic electrons, but could provide clues towards understanding the distributions and relationships between gas, dust and magnetic fields. Studying the more abundant cold dust component, which could contribute approximately 80 to 95% of the dust in normal spiral galaxies (Sievers et al. 1994), has revealed a correlation between the non-thermal radio and sub-mm emission in NGC 5775. This could indicate a wider and more important relationship than one based on recent star-formation activity alone.

Currently a model that can perhaps explain the correlation presented in this paper is the magnetic field-gas coupling model described by HBX to explain the relationship between the non-thermal and cold-dust emission in M31. In this model the cold dust and the non-thermal radio continuum emission are linked through the magnetic field coupled to the neutral gas which is mixed with the cold dust. Using this model, HBX could explain the slope of $`0.80\pm 0.09`$ for the observed relationship between the non-thermal radio and cool dust emission in M31 (HBX). This slope is very close to our value of $`0.85\pm 0.08`$ for NGC 5775.

An investigation of the magnetic field in NGC 5775 was conducted by Tüllmann et al. (2000). An analysis of polarized radio continuum emission at 1.49 and 4.86 GHz indicated that the magnetic field in the halo has a strong component that is aligned with radio continuum spurs and are in a direction perpendicular to the disk of NGC 5775. The magnetic fields extend to sufficient latitudes from the disk and could provide an explanation of the extra-planar features presented above at 850 $`\mu `$m and 617 MHz. This supports the possibility that a magnetic field-gas coupling model may explain the cold dust non-thermal gas correlation we have found in NGC 5775.

It is interesting to note that NGC 5775 may be interacting with the nearby galaxy NGC 5774 (Lee et al. 2001), and enquire whether the dust which has been detected up to $``$5 kpc feeds the intergalactic medium. However, without an estimate of the the velocity of the dust we cannot be certain that these dust grains will escape NGC 5775’s gravitational well. However, a few of the high-latitude features appear to suggest that dust might be falling back towards the disk. This is interesting in light of observations by Lisenfeld et al. (2002) which show no dust in the halo of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569. The mass difference between dwarf galaxies and normal spirals may account for the missing dust, if the dust escaped into the intergalactic medium.

## 5 Summary

We have presented maps of NGC 5775 at 850 $`\mu `$m which are due to emission from cold dust and at 617 MHz where the emission is due to synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons. We detect dust at high-latitudes extending up to approximately 5 kpc, and spurs of non-thermal radio emission. The discrete high-latitude features originate in the disk of the galaxy. The non-thermal and sub-mm emission are correlated in the disk and as well as at high-latitudes. This correlation is unlikely to be due to the recent star formation activity in the galaxy, but possibly reflects a coupling of gas, dust and magnetic fields in the galaxy. This galaxy is the first one of an ongoing study that we are conducting on high-latitude emission from edge-on spiral galaxies. Other galaxies must be analyzed to determine whether the correlation observed in NGC 5775 is more widespread.

## Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jeroen Stil for creating the borg program, which assisted us in flagging GMRT data. We thank the staff of the GMRT that made these observations possible. GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. The JCMT is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of PPARC for the United Kingdom, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and the National Research Council of Canada.


text:
# Cosmological Constraints from a Combined Analysis of the Cluster Mass Function and Microwave Background Anisotropies.

## 1 Introduction

The last few years have seen a spectacular increase in the amount and quality of available cosmological data. The new results on the Cosmic Microwave Background angular power spectrum (Netterfield et al., 2001; Halverson et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2001; Pearson et al., 2002; Scott, et al., 2002; Benoit et al., 2002) have confirmed the theoretical prediction of acoustic oscillations in the primeval plasma and constrained theories of large-scale structure formation (see e.g. Wang, Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, 2001). At the same time, early data from the 2dFGRS (Percival et al., 2001) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (York et al., 2000; Stoughton et al., 2002) galaxy redshift surveys have provided an unprecedented view of the large-scale structure of the universe as traced by galaxies.

Combined analysis of these independent CMB and galaxy data sets are placing strong constraints on some of the fundamental cosmological parameters (Bahcall et al., 1999; Efstathiou et al., 2001; Lahav et al., 2002; Melchiorri & Silk, 2002). Together with the high-redshift supernovae results (Perlmutter et al., 1999; Filippenko & Riess, 2000), a concordance model of a flat, low-density Cold Dark Matter cosmology has become the current paradigm.

The goal of these analyses is to determine the precise values of the cosmological parameters of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-CDM model. Due to ’cosmic degeneracy’, the CMB data alone are unable to place tight constraints on several fundamental parameters, such as the r.m.s. amplitude of the mass fluctuations $`\sigma _8`$, the Hubble parameter $`h`$ and the optical depth of the universe $`\tau _c`$, even if one restricts the analysis to a flat universe.

In the present Letter we combine the most recent CMB anisotropies data with the constraints obtained from the mass function of clusters of galaxies determined from early commissioning imaging data of the SDSS (Bahcall et al., 2003) to break the degeneracy among the cosmological models, allowing a determination of the best-fit values for individual parameters.

## 2 Method

### 2.1 CMB data and analysis

We consider a template of flat, adiabatic, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-CDM CMB spectra computed with CMBFAST (Seljak & Zaldarriaga, 1996), sampling the various parameters as follows: the physical density in cold dark matter $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{cdm}h^2\omega _{cdm}=0.05,\mathrm{}0.40`$, in steps of $`0.02`$; the physical density in baryons $`\mathrm{\Omega }_bh^2\omega _b=0.009,\mathrm{},0.030`$, in steps of $`0.003`$; and the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.5,\mathrm{},0.95`$, in steps of $`0.05`$. For each set of these parameters, the scalar spectral index $`n`$ is varied over the relevant inflationary values of $`n=0.8,\mathrm{},1.2`$, in steps of $`0.02`$. The value of the Hubble constant is not an independent parameter, since $`h=\sqrt{(\omega _{cdm}+\omega _b)/(1\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$; we include a top-hat prior $`h=0.7\pm 0.2`$ (Freedman et al., 2001). Only models with age $`t_0>11`$ Gyrs are considered.

We allow for a reionization of the intergalactic medium by varying the Compton optical depth parameter $`\tau _c`$ in the range $`\tau _c=0.0,\mathrm{},0.45`$ in steps of $`0.05`$. High values of $`\tau _c`$ are in disagreement with recent estimates of the redshift of reionization $`z_{re}6\pm 1`$ (see e.g. Fan et al., 2001; Gnedin, 2001), which point towards $`\tau _c0.050.10`$. However, since the mechanism of reionization is still not clear, we allow this parameter to vary freely within the above conservative range. As shown below, the combination of the CMB and CMF data provides an independent constraint on this parameter.

For the CMB data, we use the recent results from the BOOMERanG-98 (Netterfield et al., 2001), DASI (Halverson et al., 2001), MAXIMA-1 (Lee et al., 2001), CBI (Pearson et al., 2002), VSA (Scott, et al., 2002) and Archeops (Benoit et al., 2002) experiments.

The power spectra from these experiments were estimated in $`19`$, $`9`$, $`13`$, $`14`$, $`10`$ and $`16`$ bins respectively. For the CBI, we use the data from the MOSAIC configuration (Pearson et al., 2002), spanning the range $`2\mathrm{}1500`$. We also use the COBE data from the RADPACK compilation (Bond, Jaffe & Knox, 2000).

For the Archeops, CBI, DASI, MAXIMA-I and VSA experiments we use the publicly available correlation matrices and window functions. For the BOOMERanG experiment we assign a flat interpolation for the spectrum in each bin $`\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)C_{\mathrm{}}/2\pi =C_B`$, and we approximate the signal $`C_B`$ inside the bin to be a Gaussian variable. The CMB likelihood for a given theoretical model is defined by $`2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}^{CMB}=(C_B^{th}C_B^{ex})M_{BB^{}}(C_B^{}^{th}C_B^{}^{ex})`$ where $`M_{BB^{}}`$ is the Gaussian curvature of the likelihood matrix at the peak.

We consider $`7\%`$, $`10\%`$, $`4\%`$, $`5\%`$, $`3.5\%`$ and $`5\%`$ Gaussian distributed calibration errors (in $`\mathrm{\Delta }T`$) for the Archeops, BOOMERanG-98, DASI, MAXIMA-1, VSA, and CBI experiments respectively and we include the beam uncertainties by the analytical marginalization method presented in Bridle, et al. (2001). Finally, we rescale the spectrum by a prefactor $`C_{10}`$, assumed to be a free parameter, in units of $`C_{10}^{COBE}`$.

In order to constrain a parameter $`x`$ we marginalize over the values of the other parameters $`\stackrel{}{y}`$. This yields the marginalized likelihood distribution

$$(x)P(x|\stackrel{}{𝒞}_B)=(x,\stackrel{}{y})𝑑\stackrel{}{y}.$$
(1)
The central values and $`1\sigma `$ limits are then found from the 16%, 50% and 84% integrals of $`(x)`$.

### 2.2 Cluster Mass Function Analysis

We use the cluster mass function (CMF) obtained from the early SDSS commissioning data (Bahcall et al., 2003). This CMF was derived from 294 clusters in the redshift range z = 0.1 - 0.2 selected by the Hybrid Matched Filter (HMF) method. The HMF mass function was compared with large scale cosmological simulations as well as with model predictions, as discussed in Bahcall et al. (2003). If the Hubble constant and spectral index are kept constant at $`h`$=0.72 and $`n`$=1, then the best-fit relation between amplitude and density can be summarized as $`\sigma _8\mathrm{\Omega }_m^{0.6}=0.33`$. The 68, 95, and 99% confidence contours (allowing $`h`$ and $`n`$ to vary as in the previous section) are shown by the dashed curves in Figure 1.

The shape of the cluster mass function only partially breaks the degeneracy between $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ and $`\sigma _8`$ in the above relation: low values of $`\sigma _8`$ yield a steeper CMF shape at the high-mass end (i.e., fewer high mass clusters) than do low $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ values (which produce a flatter CMF shape). The cluster mass function prefers a low value for the mass density parameter and a relatively high value for the amplitude $`\sigma _8`$: the best-fit parameters for the HMF clusters are $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$=0.18 and $`\sigma _8`$=0.92; similar results are obtained for SDSS clusters selected by the the maxBCG method (see Bahcall et al., 2003). The above $`\sigma _8\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ relation is consistent with recent results from the X-ray cluster temperature function (see Seljak, 2001), and from cosmic shear lensing observations (Ikebe et al., 2002; Reiprich & Bohringer, 2002; Hamana et al., 2002; Jarvis et al., 2002). It also implies that for a mass density of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$=0.3 the relevant amplitude is $`\sigma _8`$ = 0.7.

The observed CMB spectrum of fluctuations suggests a lower amplitude value for $`\sigma _8`$ (which is, however, degenerate with the optical depth parameter for CMB), and a somewhat larger value for the mass density parameter ($`\mathrm{\Omega }_m0.3`$ for $`h`$=0.72), than given by the cluster mass function above (see e.g. Lahav et al., 2002; Melchiorri & Silk, 2002, and references therein). However, the CMB and the cluster mass function results are consistent with each other within one sigma. Combining the CMB and CMF data will clearly result in intermediate values for the cosmological parameters, shifting the CMF constraints presented above towards a somewhat lower amplitude and higher mass density regime.

We combine the cluster mass function results with those of the CMB by multiplying the two likelihoods $`^{CMB}^{CMF}`$, using the same range of parameters ($`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$, $`\sigma _8`$, $`h`$, $`n`$) and marginalizing over the nuisance parameters as discussed in the previous section.

## 3 Results

The main result of our analysis is presented in Figure 1, where we plot likelihood contours in the $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m\sigma _8`$ plane for the two datasets, separately and combined. It can be seen that both the CMB and CMF datasets are affected by degeneracies between $`\sigma _8`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$. In the case of the CMF, an increase of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ results in a larger number of clusters, and $`\sigma _8`$ must be reduced to bring the predicted CMF back in line with observations. On the other hand, the CMB is only weakly sensitive to the tradeoff between density and amplitude, so models with higher $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ and $`\sigma _8`$ can be in agreement with CMB data. The degeneracy in the CMB dataset is therefore opposite to the one in the CMF data, and the two measurements complement each other. The combination of the two datasets provides the constraints: $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m=0.26_{0.07}^{+0.06}`$ and $`\sigma _8=0.76\pm 0.09`$ at $`1\sigma `$ confidence level, as shown in Figure 1.

The CMB+CMF combination can also break additional degeneracies. The optical depth $`\tau _c`$ and the Hubble parameter $`h`$ are better determined after the inclusion of the CMF data. From the combined analysis, we obtain (at $`1\sigma `$ C.L.) $`h=0.66_{0.06}^{+0.05}`$, $`n=0.96\pm 0.05`$ and $`\tau _c=0.07_{0.05}^{+0.07}`$; these values can be compared with $`h=0.70_{0.13}^{+0.11}`$, $`n=0.98_{0.07}^{+0.09}`$ and $`\tau _c<0.29`$ from the CMB-only analysis.

## 4 Conclusions

We combine the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy and SDSS cluster mass function data to produce constraints on several cosmological parameters. The complementary nature of the two data sets breaks existing degeneracies among cosmological parameters. The CMB data tend to indicate a higher $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ and a lower amplitude $`\sigma _8`$ than suggested by the cluster data; thus the combined result for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ is pulled to a lower value than suggested by the CMB alone, and the amplitude $`\sigma _8`$ is lower than suggested by the cluster data alone. We find the combined data suggest a mass density $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m=0.26_{0.07}^{+0.06}`$; a normalization of the matter power spectrum $`\sigma _8=0.76\pm 0.09`$; Hubble parameter $`h=0.66_{0.06}^{+0.05}`$; a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of primordial fluctuations $`n=0.96\pm 0.05`$; and an optical depth of the universe $`\tau _c=0.07_{0.05}^{+0.07}`$. We have restricted the analysis to flat universes; if this is the case, the density of mass-energy in the universe is dominated by a form other than ordinary matter.

We acknowledge a grant from the Oxford-Princeton Research Partnership Initiative. AM is supported by PPARC; PB is supported by the National Computational Science Alliance under NSF Cooperative Agreement ASC97-40300.