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# The 𝑔_{𝑉𝜎𝛾}-coupling constants in hadron electrodynamics

## 1 Introduction

The coupling constants $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$, $`V=\rho `$ or $`\omega `$ are important ingredients for the theoretical analysis of many different hadronic electromagnetic processes. If $`m_\sigma <m_V`$, the decays $`V\sigma +\gamma `$ can occur directly-with radiation of electric dipole photons. In this respect, these decays are essentially different from the decays $`VP+\gamma `$, $`P=\pi ,`$ $`\eta `$, $`\eta ^{}`$ -with radiation of magnetic dipole photons. In the quark models, these last decays are induced by the quark magnetic moment, with transition $`S=1S=0`$, where $`S`$ is the total spin of the $`q\overline{q}`$-system (in the corresponding meson), whereas the decays $`V\sigma +\gamma `$ are induced by the internal motion of quarks, with transition $`S=1S=1`$ .

Let us mention the main applications of the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constants:

* The $`\sigma `$-exchange for the vector meson production  $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, near threshold.
* The electromagnetic transition $`\gamma ^{}\sigma +\omega `$, in the space-like region of the virtual photon $`\gamma ^{}`$four-momenta, enters in the calculation of meson exchange currents, in particular in the analysis of the deuteron electromagnetic form factors at large momentum transfer .
* The branching ratio of rare radiative decays of vector mesons as $`\rho ^0\pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$ and $`\omega \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$ are controlled by the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constants .
* The HERMES effect , concerning the inclusive electroproduction cross section on light nuclei can be explained under specific assumptions  about the absolute value of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ and $`g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constants and the corresponding electromagnetic form factors.
* The coupling constant of the $`\sigma \gamma \gamma `$-vertex, which can be calculated on the basis of the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$ couplings, is important for the analysis of real and virtual Compton scattering on nucleons .
* The exact value of the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant, in principle, allows one to constrain the $`g_{\sigma NN}`$-coupling, which describes the scalar exchange in the $`NN`$-potential .
* Finally, the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constants have an implicit theoretical interest, being fundamental coupling constants of hadron electrodynamics.

Attempts to estimate these coupling constants from $`QCD`$-sum rules, give relatively large absolute values . Phenomenological methods based on the existing experimental data about different electromagnetic processes need serious additional assumptions. For example, in the framework of $`\sigma `$-exchange for $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, it is possible to estimate the product $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }g_{\sigma NN}`$, assuming a definite form of the phenomenological form factors, which insure the correct behavior of the differential cross section $`d\sigma /dt`$, in the near-threshold region, and depend on ad-hoc cut-off parameters. Taking $`g_{\sigma NN}^2/4\pi =8`$, one obtains $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }=2.71`$ . Considering only $`\sigma `$-exchange in $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, the sign of this constant can not be determined, but some polarization observables are sensitive to this sign . Other possible contributions to the matrix element for the process $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, such as $`N^{}`$-excitation, $`N`$-exchange in $`s`$\- and $`u`$-channel are neglected in such oversimplified consideration .

Also the estimation of the discussed coupling constants done in framework of the HERMES effect  can not be considered as direct and model independent.

Another source of information about the $`\rho \sigma \gamma `$-vertex is the radiative decay $`\rho ^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma `$-with relatively large branching ratio . Namely this decay has been considered to favor large values of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ in comparison with $`g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }`$, because of the corresponding widths $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho \pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma )`$ . However it is necessary to point out that for the decay $`\rho ^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma `$ the bremsstrahlung mechanism dominates, therefore the $`\sigma `$-contribution, being of the order of the error bars, can not give the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ with good accuracy. Note also that the precise determination of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ depends essentially on the mass and the width of the $`\sigma `$-meson. In  different values of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ could been found, with the general conclusion that the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ value from $`\rho ^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma `$ is not in contradiction with the estimation done in .

Finally, having a definite value of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$, it is possible to estimate the branching ratio for $`\rho \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$, in framework of the effective Lagrangian approach. In this case, the absence of the bremsstrahlung mechanism results in the fact that the $`\sigma `$-exchange mechanism is important. But the predicted $`BR(\rho ^0\pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )(45200)10^5`$, with $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }=3÷5`$, were too large in comparison with other theoretical expectations for this decay .

Moreover, and this will be the important background of this paper, large values of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ contradict essentially the recent experimental results from Novosibirsk, concerning the direct measurement of the decay $`\rho ^0\pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$ :

$$Br(\rho \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )=(4.1_{0.9}^{+1.0}\pm 0.3)10^5,$$

$$Br(\rho \sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )=(1.9_{0.8}^{+0.9}\pm 0.4)10^5.$$

The main aim of this paper is to estimate the coupling constant $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ on the basis of these new important experimental data, which is, in our opinion, the most straightforward way.

## 2 The $`\sigma `$-contribution to the $`\rho \pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$-decay

A crude estimation of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant can be easily obtained from the experimental data about $`\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$ , under the assumption that the $`\sigma `$-mass is smaller than the $`\rho `$-meson mass, so that the decay $`\rho \sigma +\gamma `$ is allowed.

Neglecting for a moment the $`\sigma `$-width (which is an evident oversimplification of reality, as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =(0.6÷1)`$ GeV ), we can find:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )=\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma ),$$
(1)
taking into account the identity of the neutral $`\pi ^0`$-mesons, produced in $`\rho ^0\pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$, and the isotopic relation: $`g(\sigma \pi ^0\pi ^0)=g(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})`$.

The matrix element of the decay $`V\sigma +\gamma `$ can be written in the following form:

$$=\frac{eg_{V\sigma \gamma }}{M}\left(ϵ^{}Ukpϵ^{}pUk\right),$$
(2)
where $`ϵ_\mu (k)`$ and $`U_\mu (p)`$ are the four-vectors describing the vector polarization (four-momenta) of the photon and of the $`V`$meson.

Averaging over the $`V`$-meson polarizations and summing over the photon polarizations, one can find for the width of the decay $`V\sigma +\gamma `$ (still considering the $`\sigma `$-meson as a stable particle):

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(V\sigma \gamma )=\alpha \frac{g_{V\sigma \gamma }^2}{24}M\left(1\frac{m_\sigma ^2}{M^2}\right)^3231g_{V\sigma \gamma }^2\left(1\frac{m_\sigma ^2}{M^2}\right)^3\text{ keV},$$
(3)
where $`M(m_\sigma )`$ is the mass of the $`V(\sigma )`$-meson. The numerical estimation (3) is done for M=0.77 GeV ($`\rho `$-meson). Evidently, at a given value of the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constant, the value of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(V\sigma \gamma )`$ depends essentially on the value taken for the $`\sigma `$-meson mass, which can be in a wide range: $`m_\sigma =(0.4÷1.2)`$ GeV . In Table 1 we report the values of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )`$, calculated for the values of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$-constant and $`m_\sigma `$ from Refs.  and . Such estimations for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )`$ are almost two orders of magnitude larger than the value given by the experiment :

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )=(2.85_{1.2}^{+1.4}\pm 0.6)\text{keV}.$$
(4)
Note that the predictions of QCD sum rules  are also in serious disagreement with the direct experimental estimation (4).

This crude preliminary estimation leads to a conclusion which is inconsistent with the suggested interpretation of the HERMES effect  and the description of threshold behavior of the cross section for $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$ . Therefore let us estimate more precisely the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant on the basis of the decay $`\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$, removing the hypothesis taken above, i.e. taking into account the finite value of the $`\sigma `$-width, and the possibility that in some cases it is possible to have $`m_\sigma >M`$.

Considering the sequence of decays $`\rho ^0\sigma +\gamma \pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$, one can find, for the effective $`\pi ^0+\pi ^0`$-mass distribution, the following formula (see Appendix):

$$\frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dw^2}=\frac{e^2g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2}{288\pi ^2}M\left(1\frac{w^2}{M^2}\right)^3\frac{\beta _w}{\beta _\sigma }\frac{m_\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma }{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma ^2m_\sigma ^2},$$
(5)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma `$ is the total width for the $`\sigma `$-meson, and:

$$\beta _\sigma =\sqrt{1\frac{4m_\pi ^2}{m_\sigma ^2}},\beta _w=\sqrt{1\frac{4m_\pi ^2}{w^2}}.$$

For the estimation of the coupling constant $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2`$ on the basis of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )`$ the following formula can be used:

$$g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )72\pi }{M\alpha }\frac{1}{r_1r_2f(r_1,r_2)}$$
(6)
with

$$f(r_1,r_2)=_a^1𝑑x\frac{(1x)^3}{(xr_1^2)^2+r_1^2r_2^2}\left(\frac{1a/x}{1a/r_1^2}\right)^{1/2},r_1=\frac{m_\sigma }{M},r_2=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma }{M},a=\frac{4m_\pi ^2}{M^2}.$$

Using the experimental information for the branching ratio for the radiative decay $`\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$ , with the help of Eq. (6), one can deduce the constant $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ as a function of the $`\sigma `$-meson parameters, its mass and its width (Fig. 1). One can see a strong dependence of the value of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ on the two coordinates $`r_1`$ and $`r_2`$, which vary in the wide interval suggested by . Moreover, in the whole region of parameters $`r_1`$ and $`r_2`$ one can see that $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^22.5`$; for example, for $`m_\sigma =0.5`$ GeV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =0.6`$ GeV, we find $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2=0.196`$.

## 3 Estimation of $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$ couplings from $`\sigma 2\gamma `$

Another source for an independent estimation of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant, which confirms our previous finding, is the radiative decay $`\sigma 2\gamma `$. In principle it is possible to estimate the width of this decay analyzing the $`\sigma `$-contribution in the amplitude of the elastic scattering of photons by nucleons, in the framework of the $`t`$channel exchange, Fig. 2a, or in the two-photon production of a $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ or $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$-pair in $`\gamma \gamma `$-collisions, Fig. 2b, in the corresponding region of the $`\pi \pi `$-effective mass .

Following the VDM approach, (Fig. 3), the matrix element for $`\sigma 2\gamma `$ can be written in terms of the $`g_{V\sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constants, as follows:

$$(\sigma 2\gamma )=e^2(g_\rho g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }+g_\omega g_{\omega \sigma \gamma })\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_2m_\sigma ^2/M,$$
(7)
where $`\stackrel{}{e}_1`$ and $`\stackrel{}{e}_2`$ are the three-vectors of polarization for the two produced photons. The coupling constant $`g_V`$ determines the width of the $`V`$-meson leptonic decay $`Ve^+e^{}`$ (through one-photon exchange): $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(Ve^+e^{})=\alpha ^2g_V^2M{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{3}}`$. Note that this formula holds for zero lepton mass. The existing data about $`\rho (\omega )e^+e^{}`$ decays  allow to estimate $`g_\rho `$ and $`g_\omega `$ with good accuracy: $`g_\rho ^20.04,g_\omega ^20.09g_\rho ^2`$.

As both couplings $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ and $`g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }`$ enter in Eq. (7), we assume, for simplicity, the validity of the $`SU(3)`$ relation: $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }/g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }3`$. The width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )`$ can be written as:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )=\pi \alpha ^2\frac{m_\sigma ^3}{M^2}g_\rho ^2g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2\left(1+\frac{g_\omega }{3g_\rho }\right)^213.7g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2\left(\frac{m_\sigma }{1\text{ GeV}}\right)^3\text{ keV}.$$
(8)
Taking $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }3`$ , one finds

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )=123\text{ keV},\text{for}m_\sigma =1\text{GeV}.$$
(9)
The same or even larger numbers for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )`$ follow from the QCD-sum rule estimation for $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$  or from the value deduced from the analysis of $`\rho ^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma `$-decays . These numbers contradict the corresponding experimental estimations:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )=10.6\text{ keV }\text{[20]},\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )=(3.8\pm 1.5)\text{ keV }\text{[24]}.$$
(10)
And, again, the discrepancy is large, up to one order magnitude. The situation is even worse, taking the value of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ from Ref. , which leads to

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )=(340÷490)\text{ keV}.$$
(11)
On the other hand, taking the experimental data about the $`\sigma 2\gamma `$-decay, (10), one can deduce directly a value

$$0.28g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2\left(\frac{m_\sigma }{1\text{ GeV}}\right)^30.78,$$
(12)
in evident contradiction with the previous large $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ values , but in good agreement with the present estimation, based on the new data about the decay $`\rho \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$ .

## 4 Discussion and conclusions

Let us discuss the possible consequences of a smaller value of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant; more precisely, let us consider the case $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^21`$. Here this range is derived from two independent sources: the radiative decay of the $`\rho ^0`$-meson, $`\rho ^0\sigma \gamma \pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$, on one side, and the radiative decay of the $`\sigma `$-meson: $`\sigma 2\gamma `$, from another side. Both these decays can be described in a relative simple and transparent theoretical framework: the $`\sigma `$-dominance for the first one and the VDM approach for the second one. Note that the VDM model gives a good description of the different numerous radiative decays involving vector and pseudoscalar mesons. The coupling constants $`g_\rho `$ and $`g_\omega `$ (for the $`\gamma V^0`$-transition), which enter in our consideration of the decay $`\sigma 2\gamma `$, are well known from the experimental data about the decays $`V\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$, which have quite good accuracy. Therefore, the main uncertainty in the determination of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ on the basis of the existing data on $`\sigma 2\gamma `$, derives from the relatively large interval for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma 2\gamma )`$. The parameters of the $`\sigma `$-meson also do not affect very much this estimation: there is no dependence on the $`\sigma `$-width, and only a cubic dependence on the $`\sigma `$meson mass, so that:

$$g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2=(g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2)_0\left(\frac{m_\sigma }{1\text{GeV}}\right)^3,$$
(13)
where$`(g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2)_0`$ is the value of the considered coupling constant for $`m_\sigma `$=1 GeV. From this scaling law it follows the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ constant gets smaller for higher $`\sigma `$-masses.

The estimation of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2`$ on the basis of the decay $`\rho ^0\sigma +\gamma \pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$ depends essentially on the mass and width of the $`\sigma `$-meson, only, without additional unknown coupling constants. We can build a two-dimensional representation on $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2`$, with non trivial dependence on $`m_\sigma `$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma `$. It turns out that, for the ’standard’ value $`m_\sigma `$ =0.5 GeV, in the interval $`0.6\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma 1`$ GeV, one has the following limits:

$$0.19g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^20.30,$$
(14)
definitely smaller than the values used in  and . On the other hand, the interval (14) is in agreement with the interval (12). We must stress that the value $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2=9`$ in the consideration of the process $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$ , has been found for $`m_\sigma `$=0.5 GeV, which has been chosen quite arbitrarily. The $`\sigma `$-exchange amplitude and the corresponding estimation of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ depend essentially on $`m_\sigma `$. For example, in the near-threshold conditions for $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, another scaling law holds for $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$:

$$\frac{g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2}{(m_\sigma ^2+a)^2}=const,$$
(15)
where $`a=M^2m_N/(m_N+M)`$ 0.32 GeV2 ($`m_N`$ is the nucleon mass). This relation shows a large correlation between $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ deduced from the data about $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$ and the $`\sigma `$-mass, in such a way that larger value of $`m_\sigma `$ correspond to larger value of the coupling constant.

Moreover, the differential cross section for $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$, calculated in framework of $`\sigma `$-exchange, contains a strong dependence on the $`\sigma `$-mass, through the phenomenological form factor, which has to be introduced here to improve the $`t`$behavior of the differential cross section $`d\sigma (\gamma pp\rho ^0)/dt`$ at large $`|t|`$. To deduce a definite value of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ coupling constant from a fit of the differential cross section data, it is also necessary to assume a definite value for the $`g_{\sigma NN}`$-coupling. Typically this value is determined from the $`NN`$-potential.

The estimation of $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ from the data about $`\rho ^0\pi ^++\pi ^{}+\gamma `$, which suggests the large value: $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^2>10`$, can not be considered very precise, as the possible $`\sigma `$-exchange is hidden by the large contribution of bremsstrahlung (photon radiation by charged pions). Therefore the coupling $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ derived by this decay, results in a very large width for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho ^0\pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma )`$, in strong contradiction with the experiment and and with the other theoretical estimations of this width.

The HERMES-effect can not be considered a reliable source of information about the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constant. It is more correct to say, that, in order to explain this effect in the framework of the model , one needs large values, which are difficult to justify on the basis of what is known from the radiative decays $`V\pi \pi \gamma `$. For example, the large value of $`g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }`$ was justified in  by taking the lower limit for $`\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma `$ from , instead of a much smaller and more precise value from $`\omega \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma `$. Following selection rules, the relation $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\omega \pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma )=2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\omega \pi ^0\pi ^0\gamma )`$  is correct independently on the decay mechanism. One deduces, for $`g_{\omega \sigma \gamma }`$, a value which is two orders of magnitude lower then in Ref. .

If the small values for the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constant, as we suggest in the present paper are correct, the interpretation of the following different electromagnetic processes has to be revised:

* The explanation of the near-threshold cross section for $`\gamma +pp+\rho ^0`$ in frame of the $`\sigma `$-model can not work, because the $`\sigma `$-contribution has to be small. The $`\sigma `$-contribution, taking $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }^21`$, turns out to be one order of magnitude smaller than necessary for the explanation of the existing data. In principle, one can recover by increasing correspondingly the $`g_{\sigma NN}`$-coupling constant, but this would seriously modify the $`NN`$-potential. Moreover, such increase would change the scale of the $`\sigma `$-contribution to the differential cross section of $`\gamma +pp+\omega `$, in the near threshold region, making the $`\sigma `$ and $`\pi `$-exchanges of the same order. So other contributions, such as Pomeron and (or) $`f_2`$-exchanges, which have been extrapolated up to threshold, have to be taken into account. This allows to decrease $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$ up to unity .
* The explanation of the HERMES effect, in terms of coherent contribution of mesons, does not hold anymore.
* The predictions of these constants in the framework of the $`QCD`$-sum rules do not hold.

## 5 Acknowledgment

We thank J. M. Laget for useful discussions on the problem of the $`g_{\rho \sigma \gamma }`$-coupling constant in different electromagnetic processes. One of us (M.P.R.) acknowledges the kind hospitality of Saclay, where this work was completed.

## 6 Appendix

In this Appendix we discuss the effect of the $`\sigma `$-width on the decay $`\rho \pi +\pi +\gamma `$.

The matrix element, corresponding to this diagram (Fig. 4) can be written as:

$$=(V\sigma ^{}\gamma )\frac{1}{w^2m_\sigma ^2}m_\sigma g_{\sigma \pi \pi },$$
(16)
where $`(V\sigma ^{}\gamma )`$ is the matrix element for the decay $`V\sigma ^{}+\gamma `$, with production of a virtual $`\sigma `$-meson, which mass $`w`$ (different from the mass of the $`\sigma `$-meson, $`m_\sigma `$), coincides here with the effective mass of the produced $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$-system, $`m_\sigma m_\sigma i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma /2`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma `$ is the total width of the $`\sigma `$-meson.

Taking the expression for $`(V\sigma ^{}\gamma )`$, Eq.(2), (where the $`g_{V\sigma ^{}\gamma }`$ coupling constant does not depend, following our assumption, on the virtuality of the $`\sigma `$-meson), one can find, after summing over the photon polarizations and summing over the polarization of the $`V`$meson:

$$|\overline{(V\sigma ^{}\gamma )}|^2=e^2\frac{g_{V\sigma ^{}\gamma }^2}{6}\frac{(M^2w^2)^2}{M^2}.$$
(17)
We are interested here in the $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }/dw^2`$-distribution (integrated over the effective $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$-mass) for the decay $`V^0\pi ^++\pi ^{}+\gamma `$ (we are considering here $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$-production to have different final pions):

$$d\mathrm{\Gamma }=\frac{|\overline{}|^2}{2M}(2\pi )^4\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^32E_\gamma }\frac{d^3k_1}{(2\pi )^32E_1}\frac{d^3k_2}{(2\pi )^32E_2}\delta (qkk_1k_2).$$

As $`|\overline{}|^2`$ depends only on the variable $`w^2`$, it can be taken outside the integration, so that:

$$d\mathrm{\Gamma }=\frac{|\overline{}|^2}{2^9\pi ^5M}\frac{d^3k}{E_\gamma },$$
(18)
where $``$ is the result of an invariant integration (which has to be done in the CMS of the produced $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$-system):

$$=\frac{d^3k_1}{E_1}\frac{d^3k_2}{E_2}\delta (qk_1k_2)=2\pi \frac{p^{}}{E^{}},E^{}=\frac{w}{2},p^{}=\sqrt{\frac{w^2}{4}m_\pi ^2}$$
(19)
So $`=2\pi \beta _w`$, where $`\beta _w={\displaystyle \frac{p^{}}{E^{}}}=\sqrt{14m_\pi ^2/w^2}`$ is the velocity of the pion produced in the decay of the virtual $`\sigma `$-meson, $`\sigma ^{}\pi ^++\pi ^{}`$, with mass $`w`$. It is the energy of the photon, produced in the decay $`V\pi ^++\pi ^{}+\gamma `$, which determines the effective mass of the produced $`\pi ^++\pi ^{}`$-system, through the following relation:

$$M^2=w^2+2ME_\gamma $$
(20)
which holds in the rest system of the decaying $`V`$meson. Therefore we can write:

$$\frac{d^3k}{E_\gamma }4\pi E_\gamma dE_\gamma =\pi \left(1\frac{w^2}{M^2}\right)dw^2.$$
(21)
Substituting Eqs. (19) and (21) in (17) one can find:

$$\frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dw}=\frac{|\overline{}|^2}{2^8\pi ^3M}\left(1\frac{w^2}{M^2}\right)\sqrt{14\frac{m_\pi ^2}{w^2}}$$

$$=\frac{e^2g_{V\sigma ^{}\gamma }}{3\pi ^32^9}M\left(1\frac{w^2}{M^2}\right)^3\sqrt{14\frac{m_\pi ^2}{w^2}}g_{\sigma ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^{}}^2\frac{m_\sigma ^2}{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)^2}$$
(22)
The coupling constant $`g_{\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{}}`$ can be related to the total width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma `$ of the $`\sigma `$-meson, assuming that $`\sigma 2\pi `$ is its main decay: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})+\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^0\pi ^0).`$ In terms of the coupling constant $`g=g_{\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{}}=g_{\sigma \pi ^0\pi ^0}`$ (on the basis of isotopic invariance), one can write:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})=\frac{|\overline{(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})}|^2}{8\pi m_\sigma }q=\frac{g^2}{16\pi }m_\sigma \beta _\sigma ,$$
(23)
where $`\beta _\sigma =\sqrt{14m_\pi ^2/m_\sigma ^2}`$ is the velocity of the pion produced in the decay of the real $`\sigma `$-meson, with mass $`m_\sigma `$. Taking into account the relation: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})=2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^0\pi ^0)`$, due to the identity of the two neutral pions in the decay $`\sigma \pi ^0\pi ^0`$, one can write:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma \pi ^+\pi ^{})=\frac{3}{32}\frac{g^2}{\pi }m_\sigma \beta _\sigma ,$$
(24)
Substituting Eq. (24) in (22) one obtains:

$$\frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dw^2}=\frac{e^2g_{V\sigma ^{}\gamma }}{144\pi ^2}M\left(1\frac{w^2}{M^2}\right)^3\frac{\beta _w}{\beta _\sigma }\frac{m_\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma }{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma ^2m_\sigma ^2}$$
(25)
So, for the full width of the decay $`V\pi ^++\pi ^{}+\gamma `$, the following formula holds:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(V\pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma )=_{4m_\pi ^2}^{M^2}\frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dw^2}𝑑w^2.$$
(26)
For the decay $`V\pi ^0+\pi ^0+\gamma `$, Eq. (26) holds, divided by a coefficient 2 - due to the identity of pions in the final state.

Let us test the validity of these formulas, considering the limit of zero width, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma 0`$, i.e. considering the $`\sigma `$-meson as a stable particle. We use the following symbolic relation:

$$\left|\frac{1}{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma m_\sigma }\right|^2=\frac{1}{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)+i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma m_\sigma }\frac{1}{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma m_\sigma }\stackrel{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma 0}{}$$

$$=\frac{1}{(w^2m_\sigma ^2)+i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma m_\sigma }\left[\frac{1}{w^2m_\sigma ^2}+i\pi \delta (w^2m_\sigma ^2)\right]\frac{\pi }{m_\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma }\delta (w^2m_\sigma ^2)$$

This $`\delta `$-function allows one to integrated easily Eq. (26), getting the following result:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(V\sigma \gamma \pi ^+\pi ^{}\gamma )=\frac{\alpha }{36}g_{V\sigma \gamma }^2M\left(1\frac{m_\sigma ^2}{M^2}\right)^3.$$
(27)
To find the radiative width for the radiative decay $`V\sigma \gamma `$, taking into account both possibilities, $`\sigma \pi ^++\pi ^{}`$ and $`\sigma \pi ^0+\pi ^0`$, we have to introduce a factor 3/2, so that:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(V\sigma \gamma )=\frac{\alpha }{24}g_{V\sigma \gamma }^2M\left(1\frac{m_\sigma ^2}{M^2}\right)^3$$

in agreement with the direct calculation, see Eq. (3).


format: text

text:
# Generalized Divisors and Biliaison

## 0. Introduction

In this paper we generalize further the theory of generalized divisors introduced in  by partially removing the Gorenstein hypotheses. This, we feel, puts the theory in its natural state of generality. The main difference is that instead of requiring the sheaves of ideals defining a generalized divisor to be reflexive, we require only the condition $`S_2`$ of Serre. If a scheme $`X`$ satisfies $`G_1`$ and $`S_1`$, then a coherent sheaf is reflexive if and only if it satisfies $`S_2`$ \[5, 1.9\]. Here we show that if $`X`$ satisfies $`S_1`$ only, then a coherent sheaf satisfies $`S_2`$ if and only if it is $`\omega `$-reflexive: this means that the natural map $`om(om(,\omega ),\omega )`$ is an isomorphism, where $`\omega `$ is the canonical sheaf. With this weaker condition we are able to establish a theory of generalized divisors on schemes $`X`$ satisfying only the condition $`S_2`$.

We apply this theory to define a notion of generalized biliaison for schemes in projective space. Let $`D`$ be a (generalized) divisor on an ACM scheme $`X`$ in $`_k^n`$. If $`D^{}D+mH`$, meaning $`D^{}`$ is linearly equivalent to $`D`$ plus $`m`$ times the hyperplane section $`H`$ of $`X`$, we say $`D^{}`$ is obtained by an elementary biliaison from $`D`$. We call biliaison the equivalence relation generated by the elementary biliaisons.

If we do biliaisons using only complete intersection schemes $`X`$ in $`^n`$, the resulting notion of biliaisons is equivalent to even complete intersection liaison (CI-liaison) \[5, 4.4\]. If we do biliaisons using an ACM scheme $`X`$ satisfying $`G_0`$, we will show $`(3.5)`$ that any such biliaison (called $`G`$-biliaison) is an even Gorenstein liaison. We do not know if the converse is true. If we use arbitrary ACM schemes $`X`$, we obtain a notion of biliaison that is possibly more general than $`G`$-biliaison. Note that even this more general type of biliaison preserves the Rao modules up to shift $`(3.2)`$.

As an application we give a new proof $`(4.1)`$ of the theorem of KMMNP–Gaeta \[10, Sec. 3\] using biliaisons. I would like to thank Marta Casanellas for explaining the old proof and helping to discover the new proof given here.

Examining the proof of $`(3.5)`$ we see that the Gorenstein linkages there are all of a special kind: they use only arithmetically Gorenstein schemes of the form $`M+mH`$ on some ACM scheme satisfying $`G_0`$ (cf. $`3.3`$). These we call strict Gorenstein linkages, and so $`(3.5)`$ actually tells us that every $`G`$-biliaison is an even strict Gorenstein liaison. In section 5 we prove a partial converse: Every even strict Gorenstein liaison of codimension $`3`$ subschemes of $`^n`$ is a Gorenstein biliaison $`(5.1)`$.

## 1. $`\omega `$-Reflexive modules

We will need some well-known results about the canonical module, or dualizing module as it is sometimes called, of a ring or scheme. We restrict our attention to equidimensional embeddable noetherian rings and schemes. For a ring $`A`$, this means that it is a quotient of a regular ring. For a scheme $`X`$, it means that it can be embedded as a closed subscheme of a regular scheme. This includes all quasiprojective schemes over a field, which will be our most common application.

An equidimensional embeddable ring or scheme always has a canonical module or sheaf unique up to isomorphism. It is finitely generated (resp. coherent). Its formation commutes with localization, and with completion of a local ring. If the ring $`A`$ is a quotient of a regular ring $`P`$, and $`r`$ is the difference of dimensions, then the canonical module $`\omega `$ of $`A`$ can be obtained as $`\omega =\text{Ext}_P^r(A,P)`$, and similarly for a closed subscheme $`X`$ of a regular scheme $`P`$. If $`A`$ is a Cohen–Macaulay ring, then $`\omega `$ is a Cohen–Macaulay module of the same dimension as $`A`$, and for any maximal Cohen–Macaulay module $`M`$, the natural map $`M\text{Hom}_A(\text{Hom}_A(M,\omega ),\omega )`$ is an isomorphism. For references see  for the case of Cohen–Macaulay rings; \[3, II.7\] for the case of projective schemes; and see also .

We will expand these results somewhat by weakening their hypotheses to suit our situation. We define a module $`M`$ over a ring $`A`$ (as above) to be $`\omega `$-reflexive if the natural map $`M\text{Hom}_A(\text{Hom}_A(M,\omega ),\omega )`$ is an isomorphism. Sometimes we will denote by $`M^\omega `$ the module $`\text{Hom}_A(M,\omega )`$, and call it the $`\omega `$-dual of $`M`$.

Lemma 1.1. If $`A`$ is a local ring of dimension $`0`$, every finitely generated module $`M`$ is $`\omega `$-reflexive.

Proof. Since $`A`$ is Cohen–Macaulay, this follows from \[9, 6.1\]. It also follows from the local duality theorem, which says in this case that $`M^\omega `$ is the dual of $`H_𝔪^0(M)=M`$, so that $`M^{\omega \omega }`$ is the double dual, which is isomorphic to $`M`$.

Lemma 1.2. For any local ring $`A`$, the module $`\omega _A`$ satisfies the condition $`S_1`$ of Serre.

Proof. Write $`A`$ as a quotient of a regular local ring $`P`$ of codimension $`r`$. Then $`\omega _A=\text{Ext}_P^r(A,P)`$. By reason of dimension and local duality on $`P`$, the functor $`\text{Ext}_P^r(,P)`$ is contravariant and left-exact on $`A`$ modules. If $`dimA=0`$, there is nothing to prove. If $`dimA1`$, let $`x𝔪_A`$ be an element such that $`dimA/xA<dimA`$. Then from the sequence

$$A\stackrel{x}{}AA/xA0$$

we obtain

$$0=\text{Ext}_P^r(A/xA,P)\omega _A\stackrel{x}{}\omega _A.$$

Thus $`\omega _A`$ has depth $`1`$. Since formation of $`\omega `$ commutes with localization, we conclude that $`\omega _A`$ satisfies $`S_1`$.

Lemma 1.3. If a local ring $`A`$ satisfies $`S_1`$, then $`\omega _A`$ satisfies $`S_2`$.

Proof. Write $`A`$ as a quotient of a regular local ring $`P`$ of codimension $`r`$, as before. Let $`x𝔪_A`$ be a non-zero-divisor so that $`B=A/xA`$ has dimension one less. Then from the exact sequence

$$0A\stackrel{x}{}AB0$$

and $`(1.2)`$ we obtain

$$0\omega _A\stackrel{x}{}\omega _A\text{Ext}_p^{r+1}(B,P)=\omega _B.$$

Since $`\omega _B`$ satisfies $`S_1`$ by $`(1.2)`$, we see that if $`dimA2`$, then $`\omega _A`$ has depth $`2`$. Hence $`\omega _A`$ satisfies $`S_2`$.

Lemma 1.4. Let $`A`$ be a one-dimensional local Cohen–Macaulay ring. Then a finitely generated module $`M`$ is $`\omega `$-reflexive if and only if it has depth $`1`$.

Proof. Since $`\omega `$ has depth $`1`$ $`(1.2)`$ so does the $`\omega `$-dual of any module. If $`M`$ is reflexive, it is the $`\omega `$-dual of $`M^\omega `$ and so has depth $`1`$. The converse is \[9, 6.1\].

Proposition 1.5. Let $`A`$ be a local ring satisfying $`S_1`$. A finitely generated module $`M`$ is $`\omega `$-reflexive if and only if it satisfies $`S_2`$.

Proof. First we show that the $`\omega `$-dual of any module $`N`$ will satisfy $`S_2`$. Write $`N`$ as a cokernel of a map of free modules

$$L_1L_0N0.$$

Taking $`\omega `$-duals and the image of the second map, we obtain

$$0N^\omega L_0^\omega K0$$

where $`K`$ is a submodule of $`L_1^\omega `$. Now $`L_0^\omega `$ and $`L_1^\omega `$ are direct sums of copies of $`\omega `$, so satisfy $`S_2`$ by $`(1.3)`$. Hence $`K`$ satisfies $`S_1`$, and then from the exact sequence it follows that $`N^\omega `$ satisfies $`S_2`$. In particular, any $`\omega `$-reflexive module satisfies $`S_2`$.

Conversely, suppose $`M`$ satisfies $`S_2`$. The map $`\alpha :MM^{\omega \omega }`$ is an isomorphism in codimension $`0`$, by $`(1.1)`$, so the kernel of $`\alpha `$ must have support of codimension $`1`$. Since $`M`$ satisfies $`S_1`$, there is no kernel. Thus we can write

$$0M\stackrel{\alpha }{}M^{\omega \omega }R0.$$

Now, since $`\alpha `$ is an isomorphism in codimension $`1`$, by $`(1.4)`$, the module $`R`$ must have support of codimension $`2`$. Since both $`M`$ and $`M^{\omega \omega }`$ satisfy $`S_2`$, this is impossible (cf. proof of \[5, 1.9\]) so $`R=0`$ and $`\alpha `$ is an isomorphism.

Corollary 1.6. Let $`A`$ satisfy $`S_1`$. The $`\omega `$-dual of any module is $`\omega `$-reflexive.

Proof. This follows from the first step of the proof of $`(1.5)`$.

Corollary 1.7. If $`A`$ itself satisfies $`S_2`$, then the natural map $`A\text{Hom}_A(\omega ,\omega )`$ is an isomorphism.

Remark 1.8. Using the same arguments as in \[5, 1.11,1.12\] we see that if $``$ is a coherent sheaf satisfying $`S_2`$ on a scheme $`X`$ satisfying $`S_1`$, then $``$ is normal in the sense of Barth \[4, 1.6\], namely for any open set $`U`$ and any closed subset $`YU`$ of codimension $`2`$, the restriction map $`(U)(UY)`$ is bijective. In fact this condition characterizes $`S_2`$, if we assume $`S_1`$.

If $``$ is a coherent sheaf satisfying $`S_1`$ only, then it is easy to see that the set $`Y`$ of points of $`X`$ where it does not satisfy $`S_2`$ is a closed subset of codimension $`2`$, and that the double $`\omega `$-dual $`^{\omega \omega }`$ can be identified with $`j_{}(|_{XY})`$ where $`j:XYX`$ is the inclusion. Thus the double $`\omega `$-dual can be regarded as the $`S_2`$-ification of the sheaf.

It also follows naturally that for $`YX`$ closed of codimension $`2`$, the category of coherent sheaves satisfying $`S_2`$ on $`X`$ is equivalent by restriction to the analogous category on $`XY`$.

Remark 1.9. To see the connection between the properties reflexive and $`\omega `$-reflexive, note that the proof of \[5, 1.9\] shows that a reflexive module over a ring $`A`$ satisfying $`S_2`$ also satisfies $`S_2`$. So we see that if $`A`$ satisfies $`S_2`$, then a reflexive module is also $`\omega `$-reflexive. The converse is not true without the $`G_1`$ hypothesis. For example, if $`X`$ is the union of the three coordinate axes in $`𝔸^3`$, a scheme that satisfies $`G_0`$ but not $`G_1`$, the canonical sheaf $`\omega `$ is $`\omega `$-reflexive by $`(1.4)`$, but is easily seen not to be reflexive. On the other hand, the proof of \[5, 1.9\] does show that if $`X`$ satisfies $`S_2`$, and $``$ satisfies $`S_2`$ and is reflexive in codimension $`1`$, then $``$ is reflexive.

## 2. Generalized divisors

Let $`X`$ be a noetherian, equidimensional, embeddable scheme satisfying the condition $`S_2`$ of Serre. We develop the theory of generalized divisors as in \[5, §2\], noting the differences in our more general setting.

Let $`𝒦_X`$ be the sheaf of total quotient rings on $`X`$ \[5, 2.1\]. A fractional ideal is a subsheaf $`𝒦_X`$ that is a coherent sheaf of $`𝒪_X`$-modules. It is nondegenerate if for each generic point $`\eta X`$, $`_\eta =𝒦_{X,\eta }`$.

Definition. Let $`X`$ be a scheme (as above) satisfying $`S_2`$. A generalized divisor on $`X`$ is a nondegenerate fractional ideal $``$ satisfying the condition $`S_2`$ as a sheaf of $`𝒪_X`$-modules. It is effective if $`𝒪_X`$. We say the generalized divisor $``$ is principal if $`=(f)`$ for some global section $`f𝒦_X`$. We say it is Cartier if $``$ is an invertible $`𝒪_X`$-module. We say it is almost Cartier if there exists a closed subset $`ZX`$ of codimension $`2`$ so that $`|_{XZ}`$ is Cartier. We say it is reflexive if $``$ is a reflexive $`𝒪_X`$-module.

Note that $``$ is Cartier if and only if it is locally principal \[5, 2.3\]. Note that an almost Cartier divisor is reflexive $`(1.9)`$ and that the sheaf $``$ being reflexive implies the condition $`S_2`$.

Proposition 2.1. With $`X`$ satisfying $`S_2`$, as above, the effective generalized divisors are in one-to-one correspondence with closed subschemes $`YX`$ of pure codimension one with no embedded points.

Proof. Let $`Y`$ be a closed subscheme of $`X`$, defined by a sheaf of ideals $``$, so that we have an exact sequence

$$0𝒪_X𝒪_Y0.$$

To say that $``$ is nondegenerate is equivalent to saying $`Y`$ has codimension $`1`$. Since $`X`$ satisfies $`S_2`$, to say that $``$ satisfies $`S_2`$ is equivalent to saying that every associated prime of $`Y`$ has codimension $`1`$ (cf. \[5, 1.10\]), i.e., that $`Y`$ is of pure codimension $`1`$ with no embedded points.

Definition. For any coherent sheaf $``$ of $`𝒪_X`$-modules, let us denote $`^{}`$ its double $`\omega `$-dual, so that $`^{}`$ satisfies $`S_2`$, where $`\omega `$ is the canonical sheaf on $`X`$ $`(1.8)`$. If $`𝒦_X`$ is a fractional ideal, then naturally $`^{}`$ is also a fractional ideal, and will satisfy $`S_2`$. We may often denote a generalized divisor $``$ by a letter $`D`$, and call $``$ the ideal of $`D`$. Given two (generalized) divisors $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$, with corresponding ideal sheaves $`_1,_2`$, we define the sum $`D_1+D_2`$ by the fractional ideal $`(_1_2)^{}`$. We define the negative $`D`$ by $`(^1)^{}`$, where $`^1=om(,𝒪_X)`$. We denote the divisor with ideal $`=𝒪_X`$ by $`0`$.

Proposition 2.2. Let $`X`$ satisfy $`S_2`$.

* Addition of divisors is associative and commutative.
* $`D+0=D`$ for all $`D`$.
* $`(D)=D`$ if and only if $`D`$ is reflexive.
* $`D+(D)=0`$ if and only if $`D`$ is almost Cartier.
* If $`D`$ is any divisor, and $`E`$ is almost Cartier, then $`(D+E)=(D)+(E)`$.

Proof. (a) and (b) are obvious. (c) follows from the fact $`^1^{}`$ as $`𝒪_X`$-modules \[5, 2.2\]. For (d) we follow the proof of \[5, 2.5\], noting that at a point of codimension $`1`$, every ideal is $`\omega `$-reflexive $`(1.4)`$, so that the condition says $`^1=𝒪_X`$, which implies $``$ reflexive there \[5, 2.3\]. For (e) it is the same proof as \[5, 2.5\].

Corollary 2.3. The set of almost Cartier divisors forms a group, containing the subgroups of Cartier divisors and of principal divisors. This group acts on the set of all divisors.

Definition. We say two divisors are linearly equivalent if one is obtained from the other by adding a principal divisor. We denote the equivalence classes by the group $`\text{Pic }X=`$ Cartier divisors mod linear equivalence; the group $`\text{APic }X=`$ almost Cartier divisors mod linear equivalence, and the set $`\text{GPic }X=`$ generalized divisors mod linear equivalence.

Proposition 2.4. Two divisors $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ are linearly equivalent if and only if their ideal sheaves $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ are isomorphic as $`𝒪_X`$-modules. Every coherent $`𝒪_X`$-module that satisfies $`S_2`$ and is locally free of rank $`1`$ at every generic point of $`X`$ is isomorphic to the ideal of some divisor.

Proof. Indeed, an isomorphism $`\phi :_1_2`$ of sheaves of $`𝒪_X`$-modules extends to $`_1𝒦_X_2𝒦_X`$. Each of these is isomorphic to $`𝒦_X`$, so the map is given by multiplication by a global section $`f𝒦_X`$. If $``$ is coherent satisfying $`S_2`$ and locally free of rank $`1`$ at every generic point, then $`𝒦_X𝒦_X`$ and the natural map $`𝒦_X`$ makes $``$ into a nondegenerate fractional ideal.

Warning 2.5. The usual theory of the sheaf $`(D)=^1`$ associated to a divisor $`D`$ \[5, 2.8\] does not extend to divisors that may not be reflexive. However, we can get an analogue of \[5, 2.10\] using the sheaf $`(D)=om(,\omega )`$. Note that $`(D)`$ is $`\omega `$-reflexive by $`(1.6)`$ and therefore satisfies $`S_2`$.

Proposition 2.6. Let $`X`$ be a Cohen–Macaulay scheme with canonical sheaf $`\omega `$, and for any divisor $`D`$, corresponding to an ideal sheaf $``$, let $`(D)=om(,\omega )`$. If $`D`$ is an effective divisor, denoting also by $`D`$ the associated closed subscheme, there are two natural exact sequences

$$0𝒪_X𝒪_D0$$

and

$$0\omega _X(D)\omega _D0.$$

Proof. The first is the defining sequence of $`D`$. The second is obtained by applying $`om(,\omega _X)`$ to the first and noting (since $`X`$ is Cohen–Macaulay) that $`\omega _Dxt_{𝒪_X}^1(𝒪_D,\omega _X)`$.

Definition–Remark 2.7. Even though $`X`$ has a canonical sheaf $`\omega _X`$, it may not have a canonical divisor. By canonical divisor we mean a generalized divisor $`K`$ whose ideal satisfies $`_K^1\omega _X`$. Since the ideal of any divisor is locally free at the generic points, the existence of a canonical divisor implies that $`X`$ satisfies $`G_0`$. In this case we see also that $`\omega _X`$ must be reflexive, by \[5, 1.8\]. Since there are schemes satisfying $`G_0`$ and $`S_2`$ on which $`\omega `$ is not reflexive $`(1.9)`$, we conclude that $`G_0`$ and $`S_2`$ are not sufficient conditions for the existence of a canonical divisor.

However, if $`X`$ satisfies $`G_0`$ and $`S_2`$, then $`\omega _X`$ is locally free of rank $`1`$ at every generic point, so is isomorphic to a fractional ideal. We choose and fix an embedding $`\omega _X𝒦_X`$, and call the corresponding divisor $`M_X`$ the anticanonical divisor. As a divisor it depends on the choice of embedding $`\omega _X𝒦_X`$, but is unique up to linear equivalence. If $`X`$ satisfies in addition $`G_1`$, then $`\omega `$ is invertible in codimension $`1`$, so we can define a canonical divisor $`K=M`$, which will be an almost Cartier divisor.

Definition. For any two divisors $`D_1,D_2`$, we define $`D_1(D_2)`$ to be the divisor whose sheaf of ideals is $`om(_2,_1)^{}`$. In general, this operation may not be well-behaved, but we do have the following.

Proposition 2.8. The operation $`D_1(D_2)`$ has the following properties.

* $`0(D_2)=D_2`$ and $`D_1(0)=D_1`$.
* If $`E`$ is almost Cartier, $`(D_1+E)(D_2)=D_1((D_2E))=D_1(D_2)+E`$.
* In particular, if either $`D_1`$ or $`D_2`$ is almost Cartier, then $`D_1(D_2)=D_1+(D_2)`$.
* If $`X`$ satisfies $`G_0`$, and $`D_1M+E`$, where $`M`$ is the anticanonical divisor and $`E`$ is almost Cartier, then $`D_1(D_1(D_2))=D_2`$ for any $`D_2`$.

Proof. (a), (b), (c) are immediate, since an almost Cartier divisor is invertible in codimension $`1`$, and equality of divisors can be tested in codimension $`1`$. (d) corresponds to the fact that any divisor has an ideal sheaf satisfying $`S_2`$, and hence is $`\omega `$-reflexive $`(1.5)`$.

Remark 2.9. We take this opportunity to point out an error in \[5, 2.9\]. Assuming that $`X`$ satisfies $`G_1`$ and $`S_2`$ as in that paper, it is true that every nondegenerate section $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,(D))`$ gives rise to an effective divisor $`D^{}`$ in the complete linear system $`|D|`$, and all $`D^{}`$ arise in this way. Two sections $`s_1`$ and $`s_2`$ give rise to the same divisor $`D^{}`$ if and only if they differ by an isomorphism of $`(D)`$. If $`D`$ is almost Cartier, the isomorphisms of $`(D)`$ are given by sections of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,𝒪_X^{})`$ as stated there. So in the familiar case of $`X`$ integral projective, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,𝒪_X^{})=k^{}`$ and $`|D|`$ is simply the projective space associated to the vector space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,(D))`$.

Suppose, however, that $`D`$ is not almost Cartier. Then there may be more isomorphisms of $`(D)`$ and the statement of \[5, 2.9\] is not correct. For example, let $`X=L_1L_2`$ be the union of two lines in $`^2`$ meeting at a point $`P`$, and let $`D`$ be the divisor $`P`$. Then one can verify that $`dim\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,(D))=2`$, and $`\text{Isom}(,)=k^{}k^{}`$, so that the complete linear system $`|D|`$ consists just of the single divisor $`D`$, as we expect. (Cf. \[5, 3.3\] for a relevant calculation.)

How does this discussion extend to the case of the present paper, where $`X`$ is only assumed to satisfy $`S_2`$? We cannot use the sheaf $`(D)`$. Instead, for each effective divisor $`D^{}D`$, we take $`\omega `$-duals of $`_D^{}𝒪_X`$ to get $`\omega _Xom(_D^{},\omega _X)(D)`$, and this gives a section $`s`$ of the sheaf $`𝒩(D)=om(\omega _X,(D))`$. Conversely, nondegenerate sections of $`𝒩(D)`$ give effective divisors $`D^{}D`$ by reversing the process. The ambiguity of $`s`$ is again in $`\text{Isom}(𝒩(D),𝒩(D))\text{Isom}(_D,_D)`$.

## 3. Biliaison

In this section we generalize the notion of biliaison introduced in \[5, §4\] and \[11, §5.4\]. Note that the word biliaison is not a synonym for even liaison. We also generalize the results of \[10, §5\] so as to remove the $`G_1`$ hypotheses. In fact, it was the attempt to put those results in a more natural context that led to this paper.

Definition. Let $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ be equidimensional closed subschemes of dimension $`r`$ of $`_k^n`$. We say that $`V_2`$ is obtained by an elementary biliaison of height $`h`$ from $`V_1`$ if there exists an ACM scheme $`X`$ in $`^n`$, of dimension $`r+1`$, containing $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$, and so that $`V_2V_1+hH`$ as generalized divisors on $`X`$, where $`H`$ denotes the hyperplane class. The equivalence relation generated by elementary biliaisons will be called biliaison.

If we restrict the schemes $`X`$ in the definition all to be complete intersection schemes, we will speak of CI-biliaison. If we restrict the schemes $`X`$ to be ACM schemes satisfying $`G_0`$, will speak of Gorenstein biliaison or G-biliaison.

Remark 3.1. As was shown in \[5, 4.4\] the relation of CI-biliaison is equivalent to even CI-liaison in the usual sense.

Proposition 3.2. Suppose $`V_2`$ is obtained from $`V_1`$ by an elementary biliaison of height $`h`$ on $`X`$, with $`dimV_1=dimV_2=r`$.

* Then reciprocally, $`V_1`$ is obtained from $`V_2`$ by an elementary biliaison of height $`h`$.
* The higher Rao modules $`M_V^i=H_{}^i(_{V,^n})`$ are related as follows:

$$M_{V_2}^iM_{V_1}^i(h)\text{ for }1ir.$$
* The Hilbert polynomials are related by

$$\chi (𝒪_{V_2}(m))=\chi (𝒪_X(m))\chi (𝒪_X(mh))+\chi (𝒪_{V_1}(mh)).$$

Proof. a) If $`V_2V_1+hH`$ then $`V_1V_2hH`$.

b) and c) have the same proof as \[5, 4.5\] since only the ACM property of $`X`$ was used there.

Lemma 3.3. Let $`X`$ be an ACM scheme satisfying $`G_0`$ in $`^n`$. Let $`YX`$ be an effective divisor, $`YM+mH`$, where $`M`$ is the anticanonical divisor and $`H`$ is the hyperplane divisor. Then $`Y`$ is an arithmetically Gorenstein (AG) scheme in $`^n`$.

Proof. Let $`X`$ be of dimension $`r+1`$ so that $`Y`$ is of dimension $`r`$. To show that $`Y`$ is AG is equivalent to showing that $`Y`$ is ACM and $`\omega _Y𝒪_Y(\mathrm{})`$ for some $`\mathrm{}`$.

First to show $`Y`$ is ACM, we must show $`H_{}^i(_{Y,^n})=0`$ for $`1ir`$. From the exact sequence

$$0_{X,^n}_{Y,^n}_{Y,X}0$$

and the fact that $`X`$ is ACM, so that $`H_{}^i(_{X,^n})=0`$ for $`1ir+1`$, it is equivalent to show $`H_{}^i(_{Y,X})=0`$ for $`1ir`$. Now $`YM+mH`$ by hypothesis, so $`_{Y,X}\omega _X(m)`$. By Serre duality on $`X`$, $`H_{}^i(\omega _X(m))`$ is dual to $`H_{}^{r+1i}(𝒪_X(m))`$. These latter are $`0`$ for $`1ir`$ since $`X`$ is ACM. Hence $`Y`$ is ACM.

To study the canonical sheaf $`\omega _Y`$, we use the second exact sequence of $`(2.6)`$, namely

$$0\omega _X(Y)\omega _Y0.$$

Now since $`_Y\omega _X(m)`$, we have $`\omega _X_Y(m)`$ and $`(Y)=om(_Y,\omega _X)𝒪_X(m)`$. Thus $`\omega _Y𝒪_Y(m)`$ and $`Y`$ is arithmetically Gorenstein.

Remark 3.4. An algebraic version of this result was given in \[10, 5.2\], and a geometric version with the added hypothesis $`G_1`$ in \[10, 5.4\].

Definition. Two subschemes $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ of $`^n`$, equidimensional of the same dimension and without embedded components are linked by a scheme $`Y`$ if $`Y`$ contains $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ and $`_{V_i,Y}om(𝒪_{V_j},𝒪_Y)`$ for $`i,j=1,2,ij`$. If $`Y`$ is a complete intersection, it is called a CI-linkage; if $`Y`$ is arithmetically Gorenstein, it is a Gorenstein linkage. If $`Y`$ is an arithmetically Gorenstein scheme of the form $`M+mH`$ on some ACM scheme $`X`$ satisfying $`G_0`$ (as in $`(3.3)`$ above), then we will say it is a strict Gorenstein linkage. (This is a slight generalization of the terminology of \[6, §1\], where we required that $`X`$ should satisfy $`G_1`$.)

The equivalence relation generated by CI-linkages is CI-liaison, by Gorenstein linkages, Gorenstein liaison, and by strict Gorenstein linkages, strict Gorenstein liaison. If the liaison can be accomplished by an even number of linkages, then it is an even CI-liaison (resp. Gorenstein liaison, resp. strict Gorenstein liaison).

Theorem 3.5. Suppose that $`V_2`$ is obtained from $`V_1`$ by an elementary biliaison on an ACM scheme $`X`$ satisfying $`G_0`$. Then $`V_2`$ can be obtained from $`V_1`$ by two strict Gorenstein linkages.

Proof. The proof is almost the same as \[5, 4.3\], transposed into our context. We assume that $`V_2V_1+hH`$. Thus there is a principal divisor $`(f)`$ such that $`V_2=V_1+hH+(f)`$. Taking $`M`$ to be the anticanonical divisor and using $`(2.8)`$, we can write

$$M(V_1)=M(V_2)+hH+(f).$$

Now by \[5, 2.11\], which still holds in our case, we can find an effective Cartier divisor $`EmH`$ such that $`W=E+M(V_1)=(M+E)(V_1)`$ is effective. Now let $`Y=M+E`$. Then $`Y`$ is an effective divisor that is arithmetically Gorenstein by $`(3.4)`$, and I claim that $`V_1`$ and $`W`$ are Gorenstein linked by $`Y`$. Indeed, the same argument as in the proof of \[5, 4.1\] shows that $`_{W,Y}om(𝒪_{V_1},𝒪_Y)`$. Since by $`(2.8)`$ we also have $`V_1=(M+E)(W)`$, we obtain the reverse isomorphism $`_{V_1,Y}om(𝒪_W,𝒪_Y)`$, so $`V_1`$ and $`W`$ are linked by $`Y`$.

We also have $`W=E+M(V_2)+hH+(f)`$, so if we let $`Y^{}=E+M+hH+(f)`$, then $`Y^{}`$ will also be an effective divisor that is an arithmetically Gorenstein scheme, and as above, we see that $`W`$ and $`V_2`$ are linked by $`Y^{}`$. Thus $`V_2`$ is obtained from $`V_1`$ by two strict Gorenstein linkages.

Corollary 3.6. Every Gorenstein biliaison is an even strict Gorenstein liaison.

Remark 3.7. This theorem was proved for a trivial elementary biliaison $`V_2=V_1+hH`$ (with no linear equivalence) in \[10, 5.10\], and with the extra hypothesis $`G_1`$ in \[10, 5.14\].

Remark 3.8. In section 5 below we will prove a converse to this theorem in codimension $`3`$.

Example 3.9. Let $`P`$ be a point in $`^3`$, and let $`X`$ be the union of three non-coplanar lines through $`P`$. Then $`X`$ satisfies $`G_0`$ but not $`G_1`$. If $`H`$ is a hyperplane section of $`X`$ containing $`P`$, then $`V=P+H`$ is the divisor defined by the square of the ideal of $`P`$. Thus $`P`$ and $`V`$ are related by one $`G`$-biliaison, and hence are evenly $`G`$ linked. Cf. \[10, 4.1\], where this was proved by a different method.

## 4. The theorem of Gaeta

To illustrate the theory of biliaison, we give a new proof the theorem of KMMNP–Gaeta \[10, 3.6\]. The statement given there is that every standard determinantal scheme is glicci. We prove a slightly stronger result.

Theorem 4.1. Every standard determinantal scheme in $`^n`$ can be obtained from a linear variety by a finite number of ascending Gorenstein biliaisons. In particular, it is glicci by $`(3.3)`$.

Proof. We follow the terminology and notation of \[10, 3.6\]. Let $`V^n`$ be a standard determinantal scheme, i.e., a scheme of codimension $`c+1`$ whose ideal $`I_V`$ is generated by the $`t\times t`$ minors of a $`t\times (t+c)`$ homogeneous matrix $`A`$ for some $`t>0`$. Let $`B`$ be the matrix obtained by omitting the last column of $`A`$. Then $`V`$ is contained in the determinantal scheme $`S`$ defined by the $`t\times t`$ minors of $`B`$. By Step I of the proof of \[10, 3.6\], $`S`$ is good determinantal. Hence it is generically a complete intersection \[10, 3.2\], and so satisfies $`G_0`$.

Let $`A^{}`$ be the matrix obtained by omitting the last row of $`B`$. Then $`V^{}`$, defined by the $`(t1)\times (t1)`$ minors of $`A^{}`$, is also contained in $`S`$. We will show that $`VV^{}+mH`$ on $`S`$ for some $`m>0`$, so that $`V`$ is obtained by an ascending elementary Gorenstein biliaison from $`V^{}`$. Continuing in this manner, after a finite number of $`G`$-biliaisons, we reduce to the case $`t=1`$, when $`V`$ is a complete intersection. From these one can perform descending $`CI`$-biliaisons to a linear variety.

Let $`R`$ be the homogeneous coordinate ring of $`^n`$, and let $`R_S=R/I_S`$ be the homogeneous coordinate ring of $`S`$. The ideal of $`V`$ in $`S`$ is generated by the images in $`R_S`$ of the $`t\times t`$ minors of $`A`$ that include the last column. The $`t\times t`$ minors that do not include the last column are just the generators of $`I_S`$. On the other hand, the ideal of $`V^{}`$ in $`S`$ is generated by the images of the $`(t1)\times (t1)`$ minors of $`A^{}`$. So there is a one-to-one correspondence between generators $`N`$ of $`V`$ in $`S`$ and generators $`N^{}`$ of $`V^{}`$ in $`S`$, obtained by omitting the last row and column of the corresponding $`t\times t`$ matrix. We will show that the quotient $`N/N^{}`$ of corresponding generators is an element of $`H^0(𝒦_S(m))`$, independent of the choice of $`N`$, where $`𝒦_S`$ is the sheaf of total quotient rings of $`S`$, and $`m`$ is the difference in degrees of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$. This will show that $`_{V,S}_{V^{},S}(m)`$, and so we have the desired biliaison. Note that $`m`$ is the degree of the element in the lower right-hand corner of the original matrix $`A`$.

To show that $`N/N^{}`$ is independent of the choice of $`N(\text{mod }I_S)`$, it will be sufficient to compare two such that differ by one column only. So let $`M`$ be a $`t\times t`$ minor of $`B`$, let $`N_1`$ be obtained by deleting the first column of $`M`$ and adding the last column of $`A`$; let $`N_2`$ be obtained by deleting the second column of $`M`$ and adding the last column of $`A`$. Then $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ are two generators of $`I_V`$, and the corresponding generators $`N_1^{},N_2^{}`$ of $`I_V^{}`$ are just $`M_{t1}`$ and $`M_{t2}`$, where $`M_{ij}`$ denotes the minor of $`M`$ obtained by deleting the $`i^{th}`$ row and the $`j^{th}`$ column. We need to show that $`N_1/N_1^{}=N_2/N_2^{}\text{ mod }I_S`$. By making general row and column operations on $`A`$ at the beginning, we may assume that all the $`N_i^{}`$ are non-zero-divisors in $`R_S`$. So we must show that $`N_1N_2^{}N_2N_1^{}I_S`$.

Let the last column of $`A`$ be $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_t`$. We will expand $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ along this last column. The coefficient of $`u_t`$ in $`N_1N_2^{}N_2N_1^{}`$ is just $`N_1^{}N_2^{}N_2^{}N_1^{}=0`$. For $`it`$, the coefficient of $`u_i`$ is $`M_{i1}M_{t2}M_{i2}M_{t1}`$. The proof is then completed by the following identity among determinants, since $`MI_S`$.

Lemma 4.2. Let $`M`$ be a $`t\times t`$ matrix, let $`M_{ij}`$ denote the minor obtained by deleting the $`i^{th}`$ row and the $`j^{th}`$ column; let $`M_{ik,jl}`$ denote the minor obtained by deleting the $`i^{th}`$ and $`k^{th}`$ rows and the $`j^{th}`$ and $`l^{th}`$ columns. Then the determinants satisfy

$$M_{ij}M_{kl}M_{il}M_{kj}=\pm M_{ij,kl}M.$$

Proof. \[12, p. 132ff\].

Example 4.3. The $`4\times 4`$ minors of a general $`4\times 6`$ matrix of linear forms in $`^4`$ define an irreducible smooth curve $`C`$ of degree $`20`$ and genus $`26`$ which, according to the theorem, can be obtained by ascending Gorenstein biliaisons from a line. However these curves are not general in the Hilbert scheme, and it is known that a general smooth curve of degree $`20`$ and genus $`26`$ is ACM, but cannot be obtained by ascending biliaisons from a line. It is unknown whether it is glicci \[6, 3.9\].

## 5. Strict Gorenstein liaison

The main result of this section is a converse to $`(3.6)`$ in codimension $`3`$.

Theorem 5.1. For subschemes of codimension $`3`$ in $`^n`$ (equidimensional and without embedded components), any even strict Gorenstein liaison is a Gorenstein biliaison.

Proof. Suppose $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ of codimension $`3`$ in $`^n`$ are related by even strict Gorenstein liaison. Then there is a sequence

$$V=V_0,V_1,V_2,\mathrm{},V_{2k}=V^{}$$

for some $`k`$, where each $`V_i`$ is related to $`V_{i+1}`$ by a strict Gorenstein linkage. By composition of biliaisons, it will be sufficient to treat the case $`k=1`$, i.e., when there is just one intermediary scheme $`Z`$, and $`V`$ to $`Z`$ is a strict Gorenstein linkage by $`Y`$ of the form $`M+mH`$ on an ACM scheme $`X`$ satisfying $`G_0`$, and $`Z`$ to $`V^{}`$ similarly is linked by a $`Y^{}`$ of the form $`M^{}+m^{}H^{}`$ on an ACM scheme $`X^{}`$ satisfying $`G_0`$.

Since $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are both ACM of codimension $`2`$ in $`^n`$, they are in the same CI-biliaison class, by the classical Gaeta’s theorem \[11, 6.1.4\]. Thus we can apply Lemma $`5.2`$ (below) and find a chain

$$X=X_0,X_1,\mathrm{},X_r=X^{}$$

of ACM schemes satisfying $`G_0`$ and each containing $`Z`$, such that each $`X_i`$ is directly CI-linked to $`X_{i+1}`$, and $`X_i`$ and $`X_{i+1}`$ have no common components.

Now for each $`i=1,\mathrm{},r`$, let $`D_i=X_{i1}X_i`$. By Lemma $`5.3`$ (below), $`D_i`$ is an AG scheme of the form $`M+mH`$ on $`X_{i1}`$ and on $`X_i`$. Since the $`X_i`$ all contain $`Z`$, so do the $`D_i`$. For each $`i=1,\mathrm{},r`$, let $`W_i`$ be the scheme linked to $`Z`$ by $`D_i`$. We consider the chain of strict Gorenstein linkages

$$V=W_0,Z,W_1,Z,W_2,Z,\mathrm{},W_r,Z,V^{}=W_{r+1}.$$

Here, for each $`i=0,\mathrm{},r`$, the two links $`W_i,Z,W_{i+1}`$ are both strict Gorenstein links on the same ACM scheme $`X_i`$. Now, as in the proof of \[5, 4.1\] we see that $`W_i`$ being linked to $`Z`$ by $`M+mH`$ on $`X_i`$ is equivalent to saying $`Z(M+mH)(W_i)`$ on $`X_i`$. Similarly, $`Z`$ linked to $`W_{i+1}`$ by $`M+m^{}H`$ on $`X_i`$ says $`W_{i+1}(M+m^{}H)(Z)`$. Substituting the first expression for $`Z`$ in the second expression for $`W_{i+1}`$, we find using $`(2.8)`$ that $`W_{i+1}W_i+(m^{}m)H`$ on $`X_i`$, which is a single Gorenstein biliaison.

Thus $`V`$ is joined to $`V^{}`$ by the chain of Gorenstein biliaisons

$$V=W_0,W_1,\mathrm{},W_r,W_{r+1}=V^{}.$$

Lemma 5.2. Suppose given $`X,X^{}`$ locally Cohen–Macaulay subschemes of codimension $`2`$ in $`^n`$, both satisfying $`G_0`$, and both containing a given closed subscheme $`Z`$ of codimension at least $`3`$ in $`^n`$, and with $`X,X^{}`$ in the same CI-liaison class in $`^n`$. Then there exists a chain

$$X=X_0,X_1,\mathrm{},X_r=X^{}$$

of locally Cohen–Macaulay subschemes of $`^n`$, each containing $`Z`$, such that each $`X_{i+1}`$ is obtained by a single geometric CI-linkage from $`X_i`$. In particular, $`X_i`$ and $`X_{i+1}`$ will have no common components, so each will be generically locally complete intersection and therefore will satisfy $`G_0`$.

Proof. Note first that the hypothesis $`G_0`$ implies that $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are generically locally complete intersection, since they are in codimension $`2`$. If $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$ is an odd liaison, we can make a single general geometric liaison from $`X^{}`$ to a new $`X^{\prime \prime }`$ also containing $`Z`$, and thus reduce to the case of an even liaison. Then, since $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are in the same even liaison class, by Rao’s theorem, they have $`𝒩`$-type resolutions with stably equivalent sheaves $`𝒩_i`$ up to twist. By adding dissocié sheaves, we can write $`𝒩`$-type resolutions

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccc}0& & & & 𝒩& & _X(a)& & 0& \\ 0& & ^{}& & 𝒩& & _X^{}(a^{})& & 0& \end{array}$$

with the same locally free sheaf $`𝒩`$ in the middle, and $`,^{}`$ dissocié.

Now we will follow the plan of the proof of \[2, 3.1\] to obtain a chain

$$X=X_0,X_2,X_4,\mathrm{},X_{2k}=X^{}$$

of locally Cohen–Macaulay subschemes containing $`Z`$, such that for each $`i`$, $`X_{2i}`$ and $`X_{2i+2}`$ have no common components and are related by a single elementary CI-biliaison on a hypersurface $`S_i`$.

Write $`=_i`$ with $`_i`$ invertible, $`i=1,\mathrm{},t`$. Since $`X`$ is generically locally complete intersection, the rank of the map

$$(\xi )𝒩(\xi )$$

is $`t1`$ for each generic point $`\xi `$ of $`X`$. Thus, reordering if necessary, we define $``$ by

$$0\underset{i2}{}_i𝒩0$$

and $``$ will be torsion-free of rank $`2`$, and locally free at each generic point $`\xi `$ of $`X`$. Now choose $`b0`$ so that $`_Z𝒩(b)`$ is generated by global sections and take $`s_1H^0(_Z𝒩(b))`$ a sufficiently general section. Let $`Y_1`$ be defined by

$$0𝒪(b)\stackrel{s_1}{}_{Y_1}(a_1)0.$$

Then $`Y_1`$ contains $`Z`$, and $`Y_1`$ has no component in common with $`X`$, and $`Y_1`$ is obtained from $`X`$ by a single CI-biliaison \[2, 3.3\]. Furthermore, we can lift $`s_1`$ to $`𝒩`$ in such a way that $`s_1(\xi _1)0`$ in $`𝒩(\xi _1)`$ for each generic point of $`Y_1`$. In terms of $`𝒩`$ we now have

$$0𝒪(b)\underset{i2}{}_i𝒩_{Y_1}(a_1)0.$$

We repeat this process with each $`_i`$ in turn, obtaining a sequence of biliaisons $`X,Y_1,Y_2,\mathrm{},Y_t`$, each one containing $`Z`$ and having no components in common with its neighbors.

We do the same thing with $`X^{}`$, obtaining a similar sequence $`X^{},Y_1^{},\mathrm{},Y_t^{}`$. Then we observe that one can take the same $`b`$ in both cases, and since the sections $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_t,s_1^{},\mathrm{},s_t^{}`$ are all sufficiently general, we can take $`s_i=s_i^{}`$ for each $`i`$, and thus $`Y_t=Y_t^{}`$. This connects $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ by biliaisons, all containing $`Z`$. Now just relabel $`Y_i`$ and $`Y_i^{}`$ as $`X_{2j}`$ to get the sequence of biliaison above.

To conclude, let $`X_2`$ and $`X_4`$ for example be a biliaison on a hypersurface $`S`$, where $`X_2,X_4`$ both contain $`Z`$ and have no common component. Then $`X_2`$ and $`X_4`$ are both generically Cartier divisors on $`S`$. When we link them both to a divisor $`X_3`$ on $`S`$, as in the proof of $`(3.5)`$, we can take $`X_3`$ to have no component in common with $`X_2`$ and $`X_4`$, and by adding a complete intersection on $`S`$ containing $`Z`$ if necessary, we may assume $`X_3`$ contains $`Z`$. Thus the sequence of biliaisons connecting $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ can be filled in to a sequence of geometric liaisons as required.

Lemma 5.3. Let $`X_1,X_2`$ be ACM schemes in $`^n`$ that have no common component and are directly linked by an AG scheme $`S`$. Then $`D=X_1X_2`$ is arithmetically Gorenstein; moreover, it is of the form $`M+\mathrm{}H`$ on each of $`X_1,X_2`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the integer for which $`\omega _S𝒪_S(\mathrm{})`$.

Proof (cf. \[11, 4.2.1\]). The fact that $`D`$ is ACM follows from the exact sequence

$$0𝒪_S𝒪_{X_1}𝒪_{X_2}𝒪_D0.$$

Since $`S`$ is AG, its dualizing sheaf $`\omega _S`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒪_S(\mathrm{})`$ for some $`\mathrm{}`$. Because of the linkage, $`_{X_1,S}om(𝒪_{X_2},𝒪_S)`$. Note that $`_{X_1,S}=_{D,X_2}`$ by a standard isomorphism theorem for ideals. Since $`\omega _{X_2}=om(𝒪_{X_2},\omega _S)`$, we find that $`_{D,X_2}\omega _{X_2}(\mathrm{})`$. This says $`DM+\mathrm{}H`$ on $`X_2`$. The same argument shows that $`DM+\mathrm{}H`$ on $`X_1`$ also.

## 6. Conclusion

If we reflect on the outstanding problem whether every ACM subscheme of $`^n`$ is glicci, we can appreciate the usefulness of the extended notion of generalized divisors in this paper. It has allowed us to prove the theorem of KMMNP–Gaeta in a strengthened form, namely that any standard determinantal scheme in $`^n`$ can be obtained by ascending Gorenstein biliaisons from a linear space. This also makes clear the special nature of determinantal schemes, since there are known examples of other ACM schemes that cannot be obtained by ascending Gorenstein biliaisons from a linear space, even though it is still unknown whether they are glicci or not (for curves in $`^4`$, see \[6, 3.9\], and for points in $`^3`$ see \[8, 7.2\]).

We also observe that in most known proofs that some class of ACM schemes is glicci (such as the theorem of KMMNP–Gaeta discussed here) the proof could be accomplished using Gorenstein biliaisons, hence using only strict Gorenstein liaisons. Since there are AG schemes in $`^n`$ not of the special form $`M+mH`$ on some ACM scheme of one dimension higher (for curves in $`^4`$, see \[7, 3.6, 3.11\] and for points in $`^3`$ see \[8, 3.4, 6.8\]), this suggests that it would be worthwhile to investigate more deeply what kind of $`G`$-liaisons can be accomplished using AG schemes not of this special form.


text:
# Detection of crystalline silicates around the T Tauri star Hen 3-600ABased on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

## 1 Introduction

Silicate is one of the main components of dust in the Universe. In the interstellar medium (ISM), it is believed to be completely amorphous as implicated by the spectra with broad silicate absorption features and no evidence for crystalline silicate has been indicated in the ISM. Since the ISM material is the starting material for the star formation, the presence of amorphous silicate in most YSOs is a natural consequence. However, some Herbig Ae/Be stars (Hanner et al., 1995; Malfait et al., 1998; Sitko et al., 1999; Bouwman et al., 2001) and the Vega-like star $`\beta `$Pic (Knacke et al., 1993) exhibit the spectra which clearly deviates from the amorphous silicate features. Their spectra show crystalline silicate features and indicate the presence of large grains, which demonstrates dust processing in the protoplanetary disks. By studying the dust composition of these YSOs, one can derive the physical processes occurring in, and the evolution of the circumstellar disks. In addition, these YSO spectra resemble cometary spectra. Comets often shows crystalline silicates (Hanner et al., 1994; Crovisier et al., 1997), preserving the record of the dust processing in the early phase of the proto solar nebula, suggesting that similar processes occurred in the early history of the solar system as are now observed in the YSOs.

However, most studies of dust processing so far made for YSOs are limited to Herbig Ae/Be stars, which might be similar to, but are obviously more massive than the solar-type stars. It is thus important to investigate the dust processing in T Tauri stars, which are supposed to be a good example of the early stage of the solar-type stars, to understand the history of the solar system. To date, among low-mass YSOs, there is no firm detection of crystalline silicates, which is a typical indicater of dust processing. Most mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of dust in low-mass YSOs showed the amorphous silicate emission or absorption features (e.g. Natta et al., 2000). Hanner et al. (1995, 1998) also concluded that the amorphous silicate emission accounts for their observed emission features of T Tauri stars and FU Ori stars and that the 11.2 $`\mu `$m feature seen in some objects can be attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission. On the other hand, an unusually broad silicate emission feature was reported for HD98800 (K5V; Skinner et al., 1992; Sylvester et al., 1996), a $``$10 Myr old pre-main sequence star (PMS) in the TW Hya Association (TWA). Such a broad silicate emission feature was thought to be the evidence for dust growth (Skinner et al., 1992; Sylvester et al., 1996), while Koener et al. (2000) claimed that crystalline silicates may account for it. TW Hya (K7Ve) is also a member of TWA, and is assumed to be an old classical T Tauri star (CTTS). Its mid-infrared spectrum was first presented by Sitko et al. (2000). They could not detect the crystalline olivine feature at 11.2 $`\mu m`$, and concluded that its silicate emission feature is similar to many other young pre-main sequence stars. However, Weinberger et al. (2002) claimed hints for a crystalline olivine feature at 11.2$`\mu `$m in their N-band spectrum of TW Hya with a high S/N ratio and spectral resolution (R$``$120).

Since unusual silicate emission features were reported for old low-mass YSOs, such as TW Hya and HD98800, it would be a good strategy to investigate old low-mass YSOs from the view point of silicate dust evolution. However, most old low-mass YSOs tend to be faint in the mid-infrared. Efforts to search for the evidence for crystalline silicates in low-mass YSOs have so far been hampered by the faintness of the objects. The COoled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer (COMICS) on the 8.2m Subaru Telescope provides the higher sensitivity and enough spectral resolution (R$``$250) to solve this issue. Therefore, we carried out the mid-infrared spectroscopic survey of low-mass YSOs, focusing on relatively old (5$``$10 Myr) objects.

In this Letter, we present the results of mid-infrared N-band spectroscopic observations of Hen3-600 from our mid-infrared spectroscopic survey with COMICS. It is a multiple system consisting of the spectroscopic binary primary star A (M3) and the secondary star B (M3.5), with a separation of 1.4′′. It is a member of the TWA, whose age is estimated to be 1$``$10Myr old (see discussions of Jayawardhana et al., 1999). Muzerolle et al. (2000) derived the mass accretion rate of Hen3-600A to be 5 $`\times 10^{11}`$ M yr-1 from optical spectroscopy, which is by 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the average rate in one-Myr old objects, suggesting the significant disk evolution and aging of the system. Mid-infrared imaging observations by Jayawardhana et al. (1999) showed that the the primary A has most of the circumstellar dust emission in this system. They also pointed out a possibility of the inner hole in the circumstellar disk from the SED of Hen3-600A. The present letter reports the clear detection of crystalline silicate features in old low-mass YSOs for the first time.

## 2 Observations and Data Analysis

We observed Hen 3-600 with the COoled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer (COMICS; Kataza et al., 2000; Okamoto et al., 2002) mounted on the 8.2m SUBARU Telescope on Dec 27 2001. COMICS is an instrument for imaging and long-slit spectroscopy in the 10 and 20 $`\mu `$m atmospheric windows. N-band low-resolution (R$``$250) spectroscopic observations were performed with a 0.33” wide slit that was set to run through Hen3-600A and B (The position angle was $`215^{}`$). Imaging observations in the 8.8 $`\mu `$m ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$=0.8$`\mu `$m) and 12.4$`\mu `$m ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$=1.2$`\mu `$m) bands were also made for the calibration of the absolute flux of the spectra. To cancel the high background radiation, the secondary mirror chopping was used at a frequency of 0.50Hz with a 10” throw and a direction to the position angle of $`215^{}`$. The total on-source integration time was 598sec. We selected HD123123 (Cohen et al., 1999) as a rationing star for the correction of the atmospheric absorption and a flux standard star for aperture photometry. The observation parameters are summarized in Table 1.

For the data reduction, we used our own reduction tools and IRAF. For the imaging data, the standard reduction procedure and aperture photometry were applied. For the spectroscopic data, the standard chopping subtraction and flat-fielding by thermal spectra of the telescope cell-cover were made and the distortion of the spectral image on the detector was corrected. Then the spectra of Hen3-600A and of HD123123 were extracted. Due to the low chopping frequency, sky emission was not completely canceled out. Therefore we derived the blank sky average level from the same object frame, and subtracted it as an offset from each extracted spectrum. The wavelength was calibrated by atmospheric emission lines. After we divided the Hen3-600A spectrum by the HD123123 spectrum for the correction of atmospheric absorption, we multiplied the resultant spectrum by the template of HD123123 (Cohen et al., 1999). Finally we calibrated the absolute flux of the spectrum of Hen3-600A by the photometric data in the 8.8 $`\mu `$m and 12.4 $`\mu `$m bands. The statistical uncertainty in the flux at each wavelength was estimated from the noise in the blank sky and shown in Figure 1. The ozone absorption has increased the uncertainty in 9.3 – 10.0 $`\mu `$m due to the airmass mismatch between the objects and the standards. We estimate the uncertainty at the wavelength of strongest ozone absorption (9.6 $`\mu `$m) to be at most 7%.

## 3 Results

Figure 1 shows the observed 8-13 $`\mu `$m spectrum of Hen 3-600A. A broad silicate emission feature is clearly seen, whose profile is much broader than that of amorphous silicate frequently seen for a variety of astronomical objects. In addition, it shows multiple local peaks located at 9.2 $`\mu `$m, 10.1 $`\mu `$m, 10.5 $`\mu `$m, 10.9 $`\mu `$m, 11.2 $`\mu `$m and 12.5 $`\mu `$m.

To analyze it further, we made the following spectral model fitting. We considered 4 dust species in our spectral model as described below. The spectral profiles of these dust species are presented in Figure 2.

1. Glassy olivine: For a representative of amorphous silicate, which is often observed in the spectra of many YSOs, we used the optical constants of glassy olivine by Dorschner et al. (1995). Amorphous olivine grains show little dependence on the grain shape, however, it depends on grain size (Bouwman et al., 2001). To take grain size effect into account, we calculated the mass-absorption coefficient using the Mie theory for 0.1 $`\mu `$m and 2.0 $`\mu `$m spherical particles (van de Hulst, 1957; Matsumura & Seki, 1986). The 0.1 $`\mu `$m glassy olivine causes a narrow structure-less feature peaking at 9.8 $`\mu `$m in the 10 $`\mu `$m region, while that of the 2.0 $`\mu `$m has a broad trapezoidal structure-less feature (see Figure 2).
2. Crystalline forsterite: For the candidate for the observed structured features, we used the mass-absorption coefficient of crystalline forsterite (Koike et al., 2000a). In the 8-13 $`\mu `$m region, forsterite has emissivity peaks at 10.06 $`\mu `$m, 10.42 $`\mu `$m, 11.24 $`\mu `$m (strong), and 11.89 $`\mu `$m.
3. Crystalline orthoenstatite: Pyroxene is one of the typical silicates as well as olivine. We used the mass-absorption coefficient of crystalline orthoenstatite (Koike et al., 2000b). Crystalline orthoenstatite of synthetic pure material has emissivity peaks at 9.34 $`\mu `$m, 9.87 $`\mu `$m, 10.70 $`\mu `$m, and 11.68 $`\mu `$m in the 10 $`\mu `$m region. Both the optical data of forsterite and orthoenstatite were obtained by the absorption measurements of small particles. Their shapes are rather random and may be represented by the continuous distribution of ellipsoids (Koike et al., private communication).
4. Silica: Laboratory studies show that thermal annealing transforms the amorphous Mg silicate smokes into crystalline forsterite and crystalline/amorphous SiO2 (Fabian et al., 2000). We take into account silica and use the parameters of Spitzer & Kleinman (1961). The optical profile of silica is very sensitive to the grain shape. Small spherical particles can not account for the observed spectrum. We have therefore calculated the mass-absorption coefficient by assuming a continuous distribution of ellipsoids (CDE; e.g. Bohren & Huffman, 1983) in the Rayleigh limit. The calculated mass-absorption coefficient has peaks at $``$9.1 $`\mu `$m and $``$12.5 $`\mu `$m.

We did not consider PAH emission because PAH emission should be associated with the features at 7.7 $`\mu `$m, 8.6 $`\mu `$m, 11.3 $`\mu `$m, and 12.7 $`\mu `$m, which are not detected for Hen3-600A. The late spectral type (M3) of Hen3-600A is also consistent with the absence of PAH emission because it cannot supply enough UV photons to enhance PAH emission. Therefore, we consider only above 4 dust species in the following analysis.

In the model fit, we modified a case 2 model of Hanner et al. (1995, 1998). The model flux $`F_\lambda `$ consists of two components, featureless power-law continuum emission and optically thin emission of the dust features. A power-law source function is assumed. The model spectrum can be written by

$$\lambda F_\lambda =a_0(\frac{\lambda }{9.8\mu m})^n+(a_1Q_{a0.1}+a_2Q_{a2.0}+a_3Q_{forst}+a_4Q_{ensta}+a_5Q_{silica})(\frac{\lambda }{9.8\mu m})^m,$$

where $`Q_{a0.1},Q_{a2.0},Q_{forst},Q_{ensta},`$ and $`Q_{silica}`$ are the absorption efficiencies of 0.1 $`\mu `$m and 2.0 $`\mu `$m glassy olivine, crystalline forsterite, crystalline enstatite, and silica, respectively. They are shown in Figure 2. There are 8 free parameters (6 multiplication factors $`a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4`$ in $`10^{14}`$Wm-2 and 2 spectral indices of source function, $`n`$ and $`m`$). We employed a least-squares minimization method to determine the most likely parameters. Resulting best-fit parameters are $`a_0`$=1.8, $`a_1`$=0.4, $`a_2`$=0.0, $`a_3`$=0.3, $`a_4`$=0.2, $`a_5`$=0.4, $`n`$=0.2, and $`m`$=0.5. The best-fit model spectrum using the derived parameters are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 indicates that the 10 $`\mu `$m spectrum of Hen 3-600A is well reproduced by the model spectrum. The peaks at 10.1 $`\mu `$m, 10.5 $`\mu `$m, and 11.2 $`\mu `$m are attributed to forsterite. The 12.5 $`\mu `$m and 9.2 $`\mu `$m peaks can be owing to silica. The 10.9 $`\mu `$m peak is likely to come from orthoenstatite, though the observed peak is slightly different from the orthoenstatite peak at 10.7 $`\mu `$m. Other orthoenstatite features are not seen in the spectrum or located at the wavelengths that are disturbed by atmospheric ozone. Fe bearing pyroxene species can not account for the peak shift (Chihara et al., 2002). However, orthoenstatite is needed to fit the overall shape of model spectrum to the observed spectrum and as a candidate for the observed 10.9 $`\mu `$m feature. The best-fit result indicates that no 2.0 $`\mu `$m glassy olivine is required in the fitting and thus that the particle size effects do not account for the observed band shape. Based on these results, we conclude that a combination of glassy olivine, crystalline forsterite, silica and possibly crystalline orthoenstatite accounts for the observed spectrum.

## 4 Discussion

At present no evidence for crystalline silicates in the ISM has been found, and also the dust around many YSOs appears to be amorphous. Crystalline silicate features have so far been detected only in the intermediate mass YSOs, Herbig Ae/Be stars (Hanner et al., 1995; Malfait et al., 1998; Sitko et al., 1999; Bouwman et al., 2001), while no firm detection of crystalline silicates in T Tauri stars has been made to date. Our detection of crystalline silicate features in the spectrum of the T Tauri star Hen 3-600A indicates that the crystallization process does occur even in the circumstellar disk of a low-mass YSO in the T Tauri phase. Hen 3-600A is a TW Hya association member, and probably an old CTTS evolving into a WTTS. Other TWA members, such as TW Hya and HD98800, are also reported to show unusually broad silicate features, which indicate silicate dust evolution (Skinner et al., 1992; Weinberger et al., 2002). Among low-mass YSOs, silicate dust evolution is implicated only for objects in TWA. These results may be attributed to the old age of TWA members, or they may also be the characteristics specific to TWA. It is reported that crystalline silicate grains tend to be present in old YSOs (old Herbig Ae/Be stars) for intermediate-mass YSOs (Sitko et al., 1999). The present observations suggest that this trend may also hold for low-mass YSOs. A possible simple explanation for this tendency is that it takes a long time to produce an enough amount of crystalline silicate grains to be observable. Alternatively, the crystallization process starts when a YSO gets old enough. Further observational studies of a large sample are needed to investigate this tendency.

From our fitting results of the observed features of Hen 3-600A, we conclude that there are at least 4 dust species of glassy olivine, crystalline forsterite, silica, and possibly crystalline enstatite. Crystalline forsterite is a major component in the crystalline silicate observed to date. The presence of SiO2 is expected based on the laboratory thermal annealing experiment (Thompson et al., 2001, 2002; Fabian et al., 2000; Hallenbeck et al., 2000; Rietmeijer et al., 2002) and recent studies of Herbig Ae/Be by Bouwman et al. (2001). The presence of enstatite in the YSO is a matter of debate. Its presence is rare in the YSO (Bouwman et al., 2001), though it is more commonly found around the evolved stars. In this paper, we attribute the 10.9 $`\mu `$m feature of the Hen 3-600A spectrum to enstatite and it provides acceptable fitting results. However, Thompson et al. (2002) claimed that the 10 $`\mu `$m “enstatite” features are not sufficient evidence to confirm the presence of crystalline enstatite grains. While enstatite is so far the most favorite candidate to account for the observed 10 $`\mu `$m features, further investigations are clearly needed to confirm the presence of enstatite in Hen 3-600A. The derived mass ratio of these dust species (glassy olivine, forsterite, enstatite and silica) is estimated to be 14:10:7:2, assuming the same source function and mass distribution. Therefore crystalline silicate components consist of about 50% (forsterite 30%, enstatite 20%) of the total small silicate grains in the optically thin emitting region. The derived mass ratio of forsterite and silica is consistent with the studies of Herbig Ae/Be by Bouwman et al. (2001), which provided the constraint on the composition and structure of the amorphous material.

Low-mass YSOs are progenitors of our Solar system and crystalline silicate grains are probably produced by thermal annealing processes in the circumstellar disks. In the early Solar system, there is evidence for grain heating, such as the formation of chondrules found in primordial meteorites (Jones et al., 2000). Chondrules are thought to be made by flush heating in the solar nebula. There are several models for the formation of chondrules, such as nebular lightening, shock heating, and X-wind models (Jones et al., 2000). Such processes may also lead to annealing of amorphous silicate and prompt silicate dust crystallization. The present detection of crystalline silicates in the T Tauri star Hen3-600A suggests such heating process in the early Solar system may be common among low-mass YSOs.

We are grateful to all of the staff members of SUBARU Telescope for their support. We also thank Drs. Chiyoe Koike, Hiroki Chihara, Hiroshi Suto, and Koji Kawabata for providing us crystalline silicates spectra, calculation codes, and useful comments. Finally, we would like to express thanks to the referee Dr. J. Bouwman for helpful comments.