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# Lithium in the symbiotic Mira V407 Cyg

## 1 Introduction

### 1.1 Lithium in AGB stars

Lithium is one of the key elements related to stellar evolution and thermonuclear synthesis. It is both easily destroyed and easily produced at the temperatures found in stellar interiors. Lithium undergoes nuclear burning at temperatures above about $`2.5\times 10^6`$ K and primordial lithium is therefore destroyed in the convective atmospheres of late-type giants. Fresh lithium can be produced and brought to the surface of AGB stars via the beryllium transport mechanism proposed by Cameron & Fowler (1971). While the detailed determination of lithium abundances in AGB star atmospheres is difficult, due to heavy line blanketing and non-LTE effects, AGB stars with unusually high abundances of lithium (lithium rich $`\mathrm{log}\epsilon (\mathrm{Li})>1.0`$ and super lithium rich (SLR) $`\mathrm{log}\epsilon (\mathrm{Li})>4.0`$ stars) are known both in the Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds; although the two environments seem to produce lithium enrichment in different types of AGB star (see below).

In the Magellanic Clouds Smith et al. (1995) found 35 lithium-rich stars. The majority of these are S-type stars while a small fraction are C stars; the paucity of C-type SLR stars in the LMC compared to the Galaxy was recently confirmed by Hatzidimitriou et al. (2003). Most of the lithium-rich stars in the Magellanic Clouds lie in the luminosity range $`6>M_{bol}>7`$ mag and their enrichment can be explained as a consequence of hot bottom burning (HBB), in stars with initial masses of $`4<M_{}<6`$, as described by Sackmann & Boothroyd (1992). These SLR stars have rather thin dust shells (possibly a selection effect) and those which are also large amplitude variables have periods over 400 days and are more luminous than the Mira period-luminosity relation would predict (Whitelock et al. 2003).

A rather small number of SLR S (e.g. RZ Sgr, T Sgr, VX Aql, He 166) and C (e.g. T Ara, IY Hya, WZ Cass, WX Cyg) stars are known in the Galaxy, a much larger fraction of them being C stars than in the Magellanic Clouds and some are J-type C stars (i.e. they have high 13C/12C); see Catchpole & Feast (1971,1976) and Abia et al. (1991). The distances, and therefore the luminosities, of these galactic SLR stars are uncertain, but the evidence favours their evolving from lower mass progenitors than those of the HBB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. Abia & Isern (2000) discuss possible mechanisms for mixing lithium to the surface in low mass stars, but a full explanation for their enrichment remains elusive.

García-Lario et al. (1999) have reported preliminary results from a lithium survey of IRAS selected AGB variables which shows that lithium is preferentially found in stars with long periods, $`P>400`$ d, large expansion velocities, $`V>6`$ km s-1, and relatively thin dust shells, $`[12][25]<0`$ (although this is largely a selection effect as most of those with thicker shells could not be observed spectroscopically). Furthermore these are all oxygen-rich, although not S-type stars, and could be related to the HBB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. However, insufficient information is presented to judge their luminosities and or the level of their lithium enrichment.

Lithium is also found in the close binary systems HD 172481 and HD 190390 (Reyniers 2002) where its origin is not understood.

In this note we report on the LiI 6708 Å doublet identification in the spectrum of the symbiotic Mira V407 Cyg.

### 1.2 Symbiotic Miras

The symbiotic Miras are binary systems in which an asymptotic giant branch variable interacts with a white dwarf; these are rare objects, fewer than 28 are known in the Galaxy and LMC (Whitelock 1987, 2003). The AGB star looses mass to the white dwarf via its stellar wind, while a circumbinary nebulae reaches ionization levels comparable to those found in planetary nebulae. Their binary periods are assumed to be long, in excess of 10 years, while the pulsation periods of the AGB stars range from 275 to 745 days.

V407 Cyg was identified as symbiotic Mira by Munari, Margoni & Stagni (1990); at 745 days its pulsation period is the longest known in a symbiotic Mira. Most symbiotic Miras suffer from strong and variable circumstellar extinction. V407 Cyg is an exception, it has surprisingly low circumstellar extinction given its long period and symbiotic character. According to the intensity of the TiO 7055 Å band the Mira can be classified as M6-M7. VO absorption bands are also present in its spectrum. Therefore the cool component of V407 Cyg is oxygen rich (Kolotilov et al. 1998).

Note that if we accept that the late-type giant in V407 Cyg is a Mira variable then we must also accept that it is an AGB star. Mira variables obey a period-luminosity relation (e.g. Whitelock et al. 2003 and references therein) and even the short period Miras, found in globular clusters, have luminosities above the tip of the first giant branch (e.g. Feast & Whitelock 1987).

The kinematics of AGB variables shows that their pulsation periods are a function of the population to which they belong, with longer period stars being younger (e.g. Feast & Whitelock 2000). Not much is known about stars with periods over 700 days, but by analogy with Olivier, Whitelock & Marang (2001) we can estimate that an AGB star on the period-luminosity relation with a period of 745 days would have had a progenitor of around 2 $`M_{}`$. If, however, it is undergoing HBB then its initial mass could be quite different and presumably larger than this. Normal Miras, i.e. those not undergoing HBB, obey a period-luminosity relation which has proved useful for determining distances within the Galaxy. HBB Miras are over-luminous (Whitelock et al. 2003) and the PL relation will therefore underestimate their distances.

## 2 Lithium identification

High-resolution spectra ($`R=\lambda /\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda 18500`$) of V407 Cyg have been obtained with the Echelle spectrograph mounted at the Cassegrain focus of the 1.82m telescope which is operated by the Padova and Asiago Astronomical Observatories on Mt. Ekar (Asiago, Italy). The detector was a Thomson THX31156 CCD with 1024$`\times `$1024 19 $`\mu `$m pixels, and the slit width was set to 1.8 arcsec. The spectra cover the 4500-9000 Å range. The reduction and analysis of the spectra was performed in the standard fashion under IRAF.

Figure 1 illustrates a fraction of the V407 Cyg spectrum around the line we suspect to be lithium. Mindful of the possible confusion of the LiI doublet at 6707.76 Å and 6707.91 Å with CeII at 6708.099Å as discussed by Reyniers et al. (2002), the wavelength of the feature was checked in detail. The radial velocity of V407 Cyg was established for three spectra by cross-correlating a 200 Å continuum strip in the vicinity of the line in question with a similar region from HD 18884, an M2III radial velocity standard with $`V=25.8`$ km s-1; a few telluric lines were masked out. The measurements are accurate to about $`0.2`$ km s-1. Table 1 details the velocity derived for V407 Cyg from the continuum (column 3), and from the feature assuming it originates from the blended LiI doublet at 6707.812 Å (column 4) (Smith, Lambert & Nissen 1993), or from CeII (column 5). Column 6 shows the phase of the Mira, where phase 0.0 corresponds to maximum brightness in the $`R_C`$ band according to the ephemeris from Munari & Jurdana-Šepić (2002). The radial velocities will, of course, vary according to the pulsation phase.

The table shows a constant difference of $`3.0\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ between the radial velocity of the Mira and of the line, if the line is produced by the blended $`{}_{}{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}`$ doublet (assuming a negligible contribution from $`{}_{}{}^{6}\mathrm{Li}`$). If, however, the line is identified with CeII the difference in radial velocity with the Mira is $`15.6\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. This indicates that the LiI identification is to be preferred over CeII. The absence of any strong s-process lines in the spectrum (see below) also supports this conclusion.

The equivalent width of LiI 6708 Å is about 0.34 Å, relative to the line-blanketed local continuum. This is in the spectrum obtained on 30 July 1997, when the hot component was in an inactive state and the equivalent width of the H$`\alpha `$ emission line was only $`3`$ Å. The intensities of the absorption bands TiO 5448 Å and 7125 Å suggest a spectral type of M6-M7. Therefore, it is clear that, at least in this spectral region, the V407 Cyg radiation was dominated by the cool component. On other dates the hot component was in an active state which is reflected in a reduced equivalent width for the lithium line. Although, an intrinsic variability of the lithium line in the Mira atmosphere, depending, for instance, on the pulsation phase, cannot be excluded.

A rough estimate of the abundance of lithium may be obtained from the ratio of the equivalent widths of LiI 6708 Å to CaI 6573 Å (see Catchpole (1982) for a detailed discussion). The equivalent width of the calcium line in the spectrum of V407 Cyg is $`0.17`$Å. The equivalent width of the lithium line in V407 Cyg, 0.34 Å, is approximately the same as Boesgaard (1970) observed for the S stars: R CMi, SU Mon, R Cyg and HR 8714. Although the ratio of the equivalent width of LiI 6708 Å to CaI 6573 Å in V407 Cyg is about two which is slightly higher than in these late giants - possibly indicating a higher lithium abundance in V407 Cyg. A similar equivalent width for the lithium line is also found, for instance, in the S star HV 5584 in the LMC. Its effective temperature is $`3200`$ K, i.e. approximately that expected for an M6 giant. Smith et al. (1995) estimated the lithium abundance for HV 5584 as $`\mathrm{log}\epsilon (Li)2.8`$.

V407 Cyg is not an S star: the absorption bands of the ZrO molecule at 6474 Å and 5751 Å are not visible in our spectra. These bands arise from the ground state of the ZrO molecule and are used to classify S type stars in low-resolution spectra (Keenan, 1954). In this context it should be noted that the nearby TiO band 6479 Å is relatively strong and is clearly visible in the low-resolution spectra of V407 Cyg. It is worth emphasizing that the TiO absorption band is observed while ZrO is not, because at low-resolution it can be difficult to be certain which molecule is present.

In high-resolution spectra of the symbiotic star CH Cyg, which contains an M7 giant, Jurdana-Šepić & Kotnik-Karuza (2002) found weak ZrO bands at 5718 Å, 6412 Å, but not at 5551 Å, 6474 Å. In the spectrum of V407 Cyg at 5718 Å and 6412 Å weak absorption features are also present (Figure 2). Following Jurdana-Šepić & Kotnik-Karuza (2002) we can identify these as ZrO bands. In the spectrum of CH Cyg absorptions due to ionized rare-earth elements BaII and LaII are seen, in particular, the lines BaII 4334 Å and LaII 4827 Å. These absorption lines are also visible in the spectrum of V407 Cyg.

Thus V407 Cyg does show some weak enhancements of s-process elements which probably indicates that dredge-up has started. There also seems to be a close similarity between the spectra of the cool components in the symbiotic binaries V407 Cyg and CH Cyg, which have similar spectral types, although the giant in CH Cyg is not a Mira. There is, however, no lithium line in the spectrum of CH Cyg.

## 3 Discussion

A strong lithium LiI 6708 Å line has been identified for the first time in a symbiotic Mira. It is only the second identification of lithium in a Galactic Mira with a period of over 700 days, García-Lario et al. (1999) having already found lithium in an unnamed variable of comparable period.

There are three possible origins for the lithium which are discussed briefly below. First it could have been produced by the hot star when it was on the AGB, and deposited onto its companion during the mass-loss process which left it as a white dwarf. This would require the hot component to have undergone its AGB to white dwarf transition within about $`10^4`$ years of the present epoch; this being the time scale on which the lithium would be destroyed as convection takes surface material close to the high temperature core. This seems much less probable than the alternative explanations explored below.

Secondly, the lithium might have been produced more recently, as a product of the binary interaction, and deposited onto the surface of the AGB star. Arnould & Nørgaard (1975) and Starrfield et al. (1978) predict the formation of large quantities of lithium during hydrogen-burning thermonuclear runaways, and Hernanz et al. (1996) have predicted significant lithium production from some nova models, although it is not at all clear that these calculations will be applicable to symbiotic systems such as V407 Cyg. As mentioned in section 1.1 lithium is detected in binary systems where its presence is not understood.

Thirdly, we suggest that V407 Cyg is actually an intermediate mass star, and that the lithium originates from hot bottom burning, as it does in the long period S-type Miras in the Magellanic Clouds. Although we cannot rule out other mechanisms until our understanding of the production of lithium in galactic low mass AGB stars and in interacting binaries is on a much firmer footing. We also note that, if our explanation is correct, the surface enrichment of lithium apparently precedes the dredge of s-process elements in V407 Cyg as it does for the AGB variables discussed by García-Lario et al. (1999).

This discovery that a significant fraction of long period IRAS Miras are lithium rich (García-Lario et al., 1999), together with finding lithium in an example of the rare class of symbiotic Miras, suggests that surveys for lithium should be extended to more long period variables, both in the Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds.

## Acknowledgments

This research was partly supported by RFBR grant No. 02-02-16235 and KBN research grant No. 5 P03D 003 20, and by ASI grant I-R-050/02. We are grateful to an anonymous referee for his/her suggestions which improved the paper.


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# Some Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz Type Inequalities for Sequences of Operators in Hilbert Spaces

## 1. Introduction

Let $`(H;(,))`$ be a real or complex Hilbert space and $`B\left(H\right)`$ the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators that map $`H`$ into $`H.`$

We recall that a self-adjoint operator $`AB\left(H\right)`$ is positive in $`B\left(H\right)`$ iff $`(Ax,x)0`$ for any $`xH.`$ The binary relation $`AB`$ iff $`AB`$ is a positive self-adjoint operator, is an order relation  on $`B\left(H\right).`$ We remark that for any $`AB\left(H\right)`$ the operators $`U:=AA^{}`$ and $`V:=A^{}A`$ are positive self adjoint operators on $`H`$ and $`U=V=A^2.`$

In , the author has proved the following inequality of Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz type in the order of $`B\left(H\right).`$

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`A_1,\mathrm{},A_nB\left(H\right)`$ and $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n𝕂`$ $`(,).`$ Then the following inequality holds:

(1.1)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_i\right|^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_i^{}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_iA_i\right)\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_i}A_i^{}\right)0.$$

###### Proof.

For the sake of completeness, we give here a simple proof of this inequality.

For any $`i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ one has in the order of $`B\left(H\right):`$

$$\left(\overline{z_i}A_j\overline{z_j}A_i\right)\left(\overline{z_i}A_j\overline{z_j}A_i\right)^{}0,$$

that is,

$$\left(\overline{z_i}A_j\overline{z_j}A_i\right)\left(z_iA_j^{}z_jA_i^{}\right)0,$$

from where results

(1.2)
$$\left|z_i\right|^2A_jA_j^{}+\left|z_j\right|^2A_iA_i^{}\overline{z_i}z_jA_jA_i^{}+\overline{z_j}z_iA_iA_j^{}$$

for any $`i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$

If we sum (1.2) over $`i`$ from $`1`$ to $`n`$ we deduce

(1.3)
$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_i\right|^2\right)A_jA_j^{}+\left|z_j\right|^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_i^{}\right)z_jA_j\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_i}A_i^{}\right)+\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_iA_i\right)\overline{z_j}A_j^{},$$

for any $`j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$

If we sum (1.3) over $`j`$ from $`1`$ to $`n,`$ we deduce

(1.4)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_i\right|^2\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_jA_j^{}+\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_j\right|^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_i^{}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_jA_j\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_i}A_i^{}+\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_iA_i\right)\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_j}A_j^{}\right),\end{array}$$

that is,

(1.5)
$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_k\right|^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_kA_k^{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_k}A_k^{}=\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k\right)\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k\right)^{}0,$$

and the theorem is proved.

The following version of the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality for norms also holds .

###### Corollary 1.

With the assumptions in Theorem 1, one has

(1.6)
$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_k\right|^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_kA_k^{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k^2.$$

###### Proof.

The operators:

$$A:=\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_k\right|^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_kA_k^{},B:=\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k\right)\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{z_k}A_k\right)^{}$$

are obviously self-adjoint, positive and by (1.1), $`AB0.`$ Thus $`AB`$ and since,

$$A=\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_k\right|^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_kA_k^{}$$

and

$$B=\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_kA_k^2$$

the corollary is proved.

For other related results, see .

The main aim of this paper is to point out other inequalities similar to (1.6).

## 2. Norm Inequalities

The following result holds.

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n𝕂`$ and $`A_1,\mathrm{},A_nB\left(H\right).`$ Then one has the inequalities:

(2.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^2\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}\text{ if }p>1,\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1;\hfill \\ \\ \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill +\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}\hfill \\ \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2r}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right]\left(\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\hfill \\ \text{ if }r>1,\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=1;\hfill \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\right)^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right)\right]\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}A_iA_j^{},\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

where (2.1) should be seen as all the 9 possible configurations.

###### Proof.

We have

(2.2) $`0`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i\right)^{}=\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{\alpha _j}A_j^{}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _i\overline{\alpha _j}A_iA_j^{}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2A_iA_i^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{1ijn}{}}\alpha _i\overline{\alpha _j}A_iA_j^{}.`$
Taking the norm in $`\left(\text{2.2}\right)`$ and observing that $`UU^{}=U^2`$ for any $`UB\left(H\right),`$ one has the inequality

(2.3) $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2A_iA_i^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{1ijn}{}}\alpha _i\overline{\alpha _j}A_iA_j^{}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2A_iA_i^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{1ijn}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|A_iA_j^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2A_i^2+{\displaystyle \underset{1ijn}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|A_iA_j^{}.`$
Using Hölder’s inequality, we may write that:

(2.4)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2A_i^2\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{1ijn}{}A_i^2\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}\text{ if }p>1,\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1;\hfill \\ \\ \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2.\hfill \end{array}$$

Also, Hölder’s inequality for double sums produces

(2.10) $`{\displaystyle \underset{1ijn}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|A_iA_j^{}`$ $`\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{1ijn}{}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\left|\alpha _j\right|^r\right)^{\frac{1}{r}}\left(\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\hfill \\ \text{ if }r>1,\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=1;\hfill \\ \underset{1ijn}{}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}A_iA_j^{},\hfill \end{array}`$
(2.16) $`=\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}\hfill \\ \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2r}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right]\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_j^{}^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\hfill \\ \text{ if }r>1,\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=1;\hfill \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\right)^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right)\right]\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}A_iA_j^{},\hfill \end{array}`$
Using (2.3) and (2.4), (2.10) one deduces the desired inequality (2.1).

The following corollaries are natural consequences.

###### Corollary 2.

With the assumptions of Theorem 2, one has the inequality

(2.17)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left(\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_j^{}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

###### Proof.

Follows by the first line in (2.1) on taking into account that

$$\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2,$$

and

$$\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_iA_j^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^2+\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}.$$

###### Corollary 3.

With the assumptions in Theorem 2, one has the inequality:

(2.18)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\hfill \\ \hfill \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}+\left(n1\right)\left(\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}^q\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}\right],\end{array}$$

where $`p>1,`$ $`\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1.`$

###### Proof.

Using the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality for positive numbers

$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}a_i\right)^2n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}a_i^2$$

we may write that

$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^p\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}`$ $`n{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}`$
$`=\left(n1\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}.`$
Now, using the second line in (2.1) for $`r=p,`$ $`s=q,`$ we deduce the desired result (2.18).

###### Corollary 4.

With the assumptions in Theorem 2, one has the inequality

(2.19)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2+\left(n1\right)\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}A_iA_j^{}\right].$$

###### Proof.

Follows by the third line of (2.1) on taking into account that

$$\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\right)^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(n1\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2.$$

Another interesting particular case is embodied in the following corollary as well.

###### Corollary 5.

With the assumptions in Theorem 2, one has the inequality

(2.20)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2+\left(\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right].$$

###### Proof.

It is obvious that

$$\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right)^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^4\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2.$$

Thus, combining the third line in the first bracket in (2.1) with the second line for $`r=s=2`$ in the second bracket, the inequality (2.20) is obtained.

###### Remark 1.

If one is interested in obtaining bounds in terms of $`_{i=1}^n\left|\alpha _i\right|^2,`$ there are other possibilities as shown below. Obviously, since

$$\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2.$$

then, by (2.1), in choosing the third line in the first bracket with the first line in the second bracket, one would obtain

(2.21)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2+\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}\right].$$

Also, it is evident that

$$\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^2\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2r}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right]^{\frac{1}{r}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^{\frac{2}{r}}.$$

By the monotonicity of the power mean $`\left(\frac{1}{n}_{i=1}^na_i^m\right)^{\frac{1}{m}}`$ as a function of $`m`$, we have

$$\left(\frac{_{i=1}^n\left|\alpha _i\right|^r}{n}\right)^{\frac{1}{r}}\left(\frac{_{i=1}^n\left|\alpha _i\right|^2}{n}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},1<r2,$$

giving

$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^{\frac{2}{r}}n^{\frac{2}{r}1}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2.$$

Thus, using the third line in the first bracket of (2.1) combined with the second line in the second bracket for $`1r2`$ , $`\frac{1}{s}+\frac{1}{r}=1,`$ we deduce

(2.22)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i^2+n^{\frac{2}{r}1}\left(\underset{1ijn}{}A_iA_j^{}^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\right].$$

Note that for $`r=s=2,`$ we recapture (2.20).

The following particular result also holds.

###### Proposition 1.

Let $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n𝕂`$ and $`A_1,\mathrm{},A_nB\left(H\right)`$ with the property that $`A_iA_j^{}=0`$ for any $`ij,`$ $`i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$ Then one has the inequality;

(2.23)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_i\{\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{2p}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{2q}}\text{ if }p>1,\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1;\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}A_i.\hfill \end{array}$$

If by $`M(\alpha ,𝐀)`$ we denote any of the bounds provided by (2.1), (2.17), (2.18), (2.19), (2.20), (2.21) or (2.22), then we may state the following proposition as well.

###### Proposition 2.

Under the assumptions of Theorem 2, we have:

1. For any $`xH`$

(2.24)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_ix^2x^2M(\alpha ,𝐀).$$
2. For any $`x,yH,`$

(2.25)
$$\left|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_ix,y\right|^2x^2y^2M(\alpha ,𝐀).$$

###### Proof.

1. Obviously,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_ix^2`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i\right)\left(x\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _iA_i^2x^2`$
$`M(\alpha ,𝐀)x^2.`$
2. We have

$$\left|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_ix,y\right|^2=\left|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_ix,y\right|^2=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _iA_ix^2y^2,$$

which, by (i), gives the desired result (2.25).

## 3. Inequalities for Vectors in Hilbert Spaces

We consider the non zero vectors $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_nH.`$ Define the operators

$$A_i:HH,A_ix=\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i,i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.$$

Since

(3.1)
$$A_i=\underset{x=1}{sup}A_ix=\underset{x=1}{sup}\left|(x,y_i)\right|=y_i,i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}$$

then $`A_i`$ are bounded linear operators in $`H.`$ Also, since

(3.2)
$$(A_ix,x)=(\frac{(x,y_i)y_i}{y_i},x)=\frac{\left|(x,y_i)\right|^2}{y_i}0,xH,i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}$$

and

$`(A_ix,z)`$ $`=({\displaystyle \frac{(x,y_i)y_i}{y_i}},z)={\displaystyle \frac{(x,y_i)(y_i,z)}{y_i}},`$
$`(x,A_iz)`$ $`=(x,{\displaystyle \frac{(z,y_i)y_i}{y_i}})={\displaystyle \frac{(x,y_i)\overline{(z,y_i)}}{y_i}}={\displaystyle \frac{(x,y_i)(y_i,z)}{y_i}},`$
giving

(3.3)
$$(A_ix,z)=(x,A_iz),x,zH,i\{1,\mathrm{},n\},$$

we may conclude that $`A_i`$ $`\left(i=1,\mathrm{},n\right)`$ are positive self-adjoint operators on $`H.`$

Since, for any $`xH,`$ one has

$`\left(A_iA_j\right)\left(x\right)`$ $`=\left(A_i\right)\left(A_jx\right)=A_i\left({\displaystyle \frac{(x,y_j)y_j}{y_j}}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\left|(x,y_j)\right|}{y_j}}A_iy_j={\displaystyle \frac{\left|(x,y_j)\right|}{y_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left|(y_j,y_i)\right|y_j}{y_i}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\left|(x,y_j)\right|\left|(y_j,y_i)\right|}{y_i}},i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\},`$
we deduce that

(3.4)
$$A_iA_j=\underset{\alpha =1}{sup}\frac{\left|(x,y_j)\right|\left|(y_j,y_i)\right|}{y_i}=\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|;i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.$$

If $`\left(y_i\right)_{i=\overline{1,n}}`$ is an orthogonal family on $`H,`$ then $`A_i=1`$ and $`A_iA_j=0`$ for $`i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\},`$ $`ij.`$

The following inequality for vectors holds.

###### Theorem 3.

Let $`x,y_1,\mathrm{},y_nH`$ and $`\alpha _n,\mathrm{},\alpha _n𝕂`$. Then one has the inequalities:

(3.5)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2\hfill \\ \hfill x^2\times \{\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}y_i^2\hfill \\ \\ \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}y_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}\text{ if }p>1,\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1;\hfill \\ \\ \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}y_i^2\hfill \end{array}\\ \hfill +x^2\times \{\begin{array}{c}\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\left|\alpha _i\right|\left|\alpha _j\right|\right\}\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|\hfill \\ \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^r\right)^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2r}\right]^r\left(\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\hfill \\ \text{ if }r>1,\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=1;\hfill \\ \left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\right)^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\right]\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

###### Proof.

Follows by Theorem 2 and Proposition 2, (i) on choosing $`A_i=\frac{(,y_i)}{y_i}y_i`$ and taking into account that $`A_i=y_i,`$

$$A_iA_j^{}=\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|,i,j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.$$

We omit the details.

Using Corollaries 25 and Remark 1, we may state the following particular inequalities:

(3.6)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_ix\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}\left|\alpha _i\right|\left(\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|\right)^{\frac{1}{2}};$$

(3.7)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2\hfill \\ \hfill x^2\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\left[\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}y_i^{2q}\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}+\left(n1\right)\left(\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|^q\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}\right]\right],\end{array}$$

where $`p>1,`$ $`\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1;`$

(3.8)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2x^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}y_i^2+\left(n1\right)\underset{1ijn}{\mathrm{max}}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|\right];$$

(3.9)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2x^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}y_i^2+\left(\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right];$$

(3.10)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2x^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}y_i^2+\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|\right];$$

(3.11)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\frac{(x,y_i)}{y_i}y_i^2\hfill \\ \hfill x^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\alpha _i\right|^2\left[\underset{i=\overline{1,n}}{\mathrm{max}}y_i^2+n^{\frac{2}{r}1}\left(\underset{1ijn}{}\left|(y_i,y_j)\right|^s\right)^{\frac{1}{s}}\right],\end{array}$$

where $`1<r2,`$ $`\frac{1}{s}+\frac{1}{r}=1.`$

###### Remark 2.

The choice $`\alpha _i=y_i`$ $`\left(i=1,\mathrm{},n\right)`$ will produce some interesting bounds for

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(x,y_i)y_i^2.$$

We omit the details.