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# Theoretical X-ray Line Profiles from Colliding Wind Binaries

## 1 Introduction

Cherepashchuk (1976) and Prilutskii & Usov (1976) proposed that the collision of the winds in a binary of early-type stars should produce copious quantities of X-ray-producing gas. Pollock (1987) found that among the 48 Wolf–Rayet stars observed with Einstein, the binary systems tended to be a few times brighter in X-rays than single stars. There is a similar trend among the O stars observed with Einstein (Chlebowski, 1989). This provided early observational evidence for colliding wind X-ray emission.

Colliding wind binaries (CWBs) have also been studied extensively with numerical hydrodynamical simulations (e.g. Luo, McCray & Mac Low, 1990; Stevens, Blondin & Pollock, 1992; Pittard & Stevens, 1997; Pittard, 1998). These works investigated the broad-band X-ray properties, since the satellites in operation at that time had only poor spectral resolution (e.g. $`E/\mathrm{\Delta }E20`$ for the ASCA SIS). Nevertheless, by comparing the variable ASCA spectrum of $`\gamma ^2`$ Velorum with hydrodynamical models of the system, Stevens et al. (1996) were able to confirm that the system is indeed a CWB, and were also able to place constraints on the stars’ mass-loss rates and wind velocities. This technique has more recently been applied to the high-resolution Chandra grating spectrum of $`\eta `$ Carinae (Pittard & Corcoran, 2002).

The unprecedented spectral resolution offered by the Chandra LETGS and HETGS and the XMM–Newton RGS ($`E/\mathrm{\Delta }E100`$–1000) gives us the opportunity to study in detail the profiles of individual X-ray lines from CWBs, enabling us to probe the very hot shocked gas in the wind-wind interaction regions. Studies of X-ray line profiles from single early-type stars have already been used to test the standard wind-shock model of X-ray production, in which instabilities due to the line-driving force give rise to shocks distributed throughout the stellar wind (Lucy & White, 1980; Lucy, 1982; Owocki, Castor & Rybicki, 1988; Feldmeier, Puls & Pauldrach, 1997). Line profile calculations based upon such models (with X-ray production effectively distributed uniformly throughout a steady-state or accelerating stellar wind) generally predict broad, blueshifted and blue-skewed line profiles (Ignace, 2001; Owocki & Cohen, 2001). However, blueshifted lines have only been observed from $`\zeta `$ Puppis (Kahn et al., 2001; Cassinelli et al., 2001), while the lines observed from $`\delta `$ Orionis (Miller et al., 2002) and $`\tau `$ Scorpii (Cohen et al., 2003) are far narrower than is expected from the standard wind shock model.

An analogous study of X-ray line profiles from CWBs has not yet been made. Only relatively few observations of CWBs (or suspected CWBs) with high resolution spectrometers have been published; the best examples are $`\gamma ^2`$ Vel (Skinner et al., 2001) and $`\eta `$ Car (Corcoran et al. 2001; Pittard & Corcoran 2002; Leutenegger, Kahn & Ramsay 2003). In these works, very little attention has been paid to the line profile shapes. The Chandra HETGS spectrum of $`\gamma ^2`$ Vel is dominated by emission from H- and He-like ions of Ne, Mg, Si and S. The lines are broader than the expected thermal widths ($`\mathrm{HWHM}500`$–700$`\text{ km s}^1`$), and there are no significant wavelength shifts (Skinner et al., 2001). The lines in the Chandra HETGS spectrum of $`\eta `$ Car (from H-like ions of Mg, Si and S and He-like ions of Si, S, Ca and Fe) are also not significantly shifted (Corcoran et al., 2001). No mention is made of the widths of the lines. Similarly, no mention is made of line widths or shifts in the XMM–Newton RGS spectrum of $`\eta `$ Car (Leutenegger et al., 2003). However, there is evidence for orbital variation of line shifts in the Chandra HETGS spectrum of WR 140 (Pollock et al., in prep.) – this will be discussed further in §4.

We present here results of theoretical calculations of X-ray line profiles from such systems The model is described in §2. The calculated profiles are presented in §3, in particular showing how the profiles vary with wind parameters and the viewing orientation. The results are discussed in §4 and summarized in §5. The line profiles presented here will ultimately be compared with X-ray spectra of CWBs, and potentially offer another tool for placing constraints on the wind parameters of such systems, as well as providing new insights into the structure of the X-ray emitting regions.

## 2 The model

### 2.1 Hydrodynamic simulations

The hydrodynamic simulations of CWBs were carried out using vh-1, an implementation of the piecewise parabolic method (PPM; Colella & Woodward, 1984) developed by John Blondin and co-workers at the University of Virginia111http://wonka.physics.ncsu.edu/pub/VH-1.

The CWBs are characterized by the wind momentum ratio $``$, given by

$$=\sqrt{\frac{\dot{M}_\mathrm{A}v_\mathrm{A}}{\dot{M}_\mathrm{B}v_\mathrm{B}}}$$
(1)
where $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{B}`$ are the mass-loss rates of the stars and $`v_\mathrm{A}`$ and $`v_\mathrm{B}`$ are the terminal velocities of the winds (Stevens et al., 1992). By definition, star A (the primary) is the one with the more powerful wind (i.e. $`1`$).

Modelling the flow in a CWB is a three-dimensional problem. However, except in very close binaries, the orbital velocity of the stars is much less than the terminal velocity of the winds. Since we are not modelling close binaries, Coriolis forces are assumed to be negligible, and the problem reduces to a two-dimensional axisymmetric flow. This greatly reduces the amount of computer time needed to model the system.

It is important to note that the goal of this work is to gain insights into where different X-ray lines originate in the wind-wind collision zone, and how the profiles are affected by different wind parameters. As a result, rather than modelling specific CWBs, we have chosen wind parameters that are representative of typical systems. In particular, the stellar separation is fixed at $`2\times 10^{13}\text{ cm}`$ (287$`\text{ R}_{}`$) , mass-loss rates are typically $`10^6`$$`10^5\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$, and wind speeds are typically 2000$`\text{ km s}^1`$.

For these wind parameters the winds can be assumed to be adiabatic, because the cooling time $`t_{\mathrm{cool}}`$ is large compared with $`t_{\mathrm{esc}}`$, the escape time from the shock region; i.e. the cooling parameter $`\chi =t_{\mathrm{cool}}/t_{\mathrm{esc}}`$ (Stevens et al., 1992) is large. A few simulations were carried out with radiative cooling included self-consistently. The inclusion of cooling did not significantly affect the results, and so in general it was not included at all.

A further assumption is that the winds are at their terminal velocities ($`v_{\mathrm{}}`$) when they collide. This assumption is valid for wide systems, since the winds of early-type stars typically reach their terminal velocities within a few stellar radii of the stellar surface. This assumption may be relaxed in the future for models of specific close binary systems, using the method described in Pittard (1998).

Fig. 1 is an example snapshot from one of the hydrodynamical simulations, showing the temperature and density structure of a CWB with $`=\sqrt{5}`$ ($`\dot{M}_\mathrm{A}=5\times 10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$, $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{B}=1\times 10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$, $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=2000\text{ km s}^1`$). For these wind parameters, the cooling parameters (Stevens et al., 1992) are $`\chi _\mathrm{A}=4.2`$ and $`\chi _\mathrm{B}=11.2`$, and so the winds can indeed be assumed to be adiabatic. Note also that instabilities can be seen in the shocked gas, which may be due to either a difference in flow velocities along the two sides of the contact discontinuity between the two winds (Stevens et al., 1992) or numerical effects near the line of centres.

### 2.2 Line profile calculations

The method used for calculating X-ray line profiles from the hydrodynamic simulations simply involves calculating the line profile for each point on the grid and summing over the whole grid.

Thermal Doppler broadening is the dominant effect, and so each grid point is assumed to produce a Gaussian line profile whose height and width depend on the temperature of the gas at that point, and whose centre is blue- or redshifted according to the line-of-sight velocity of the gas, i.e.

$$I^i(v)=I_0^i\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{m(vv_{\mathrm{los}}^i)^2}{2kT^i}\right)$$
(2)
where $`I^i(v)\mathrm{d}v`$ is the intensity of the line from the $`i`$th grid point between a velocity shift of $`v`$ and $`v+\mathrm{d}v`$, $`m`$ is the ion mass, $`T^i`$ is the gas temperature, and $`v_{\mathrm{los}}^i`$ is the line-of-sight velocity of the gas.

The height of the Gaussian $`I_0^i`$ is calculated using the list of spectral lines available from the spex website222http://www.sron.nl/divisions/hea/spex/version1.10/line/
index.html. This list gives the emissivity $`Q`$ of a few thousand UV and X-ray lines over a range of temperatures. For an arbitrary temperature, the emissivity is calculated by interpolating between the tabulated values. If the temperature lies outside the range of temperatures for which there are data, the emissivity is assumed to be zero and the grid point is skipped over. The total line luminosity $`L_{\mathrm{line}}^i`$ for the $`i`$th grid point is obtained by multiplying these emissivities by $`n_\mathrm{e}^in_\mathrm{H}^iV^i`$, where $`n_\mathrm{e}^i`$ and $`n_\mathrm{H}^i`$ are the electron and hydrogen number densities and $`V^i`$ is the volume of the emitting gas at the grid point. $`L_{\mathrm{line}}^i`$ is equal to the integral of equation (2) over all $`v`$, and so

$$I_0^i=Q(T^i)n_\mathrm{e}^in_\mathrm{H}^iV^i\sqrt{\frac{m}{2\pi kT^i}}$$
(3)
Two major assumptions have to be made in order to use the data in the spex list of lines. Firstly, the plasma is assumed to be in collisional ionization equilibrium, and secondly both winds are assumed to have solar abundances. The latter is a valid assumption for O+O binaries, but not for WR+O binaries, in which the Wolf–Rayet wind has significantly non-solar abundances. This assumption will be relaxed in the future when specific WR+O binaries are modelled.

The line profile produced by each grid point is then attenuated by photoabsorption. The absorbing column to each emitting grid point is calculated by integrating the density numerically along the line-of-sight. The density is either obtained directly from the hydrodynamic grid, or by extrapolation when off the grid. The opacities used were calculated for a solar abundance plasma using xstar333http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/software/lheasoft/xstar/
xstar.html. For a given line, the opacity is assumed to be constant with wavelength across the width of the line profile. Most of the absorption takes place in the cool, unshocked winds surrounding the wind-wind collision region, which are both assumed to have a temperature of $`3\times 10^4\text{ K}`$. However, opacities have also been calculated for higher temperatures ($`10^5`$, $`10^6`$, $`10^7`$ and $`10^8\text{ K}`$). The opacity of hot, shocked gas of arbitrary temperature in the wind-wind collision region is taken into account by interpolating between these values, though in fact this gas makes only a small contribution to the overall absorption. When calculating the contribution of gas off the grid to the absorption, we assume its temperature is equal to the gas temperature at the point on the line-of-sight where we leave the grid. This tends to underestimate the absorption, as it sometimes assumes that gas off the grid is hotter than it actually is. The alternative is to assume that all the gas off the grid is cold ($`T=3\times 10^4\text{ K}`$), which would tend to overestimate the absorption. However, we have found that there is generally very little difference in the resulting profiles calculated by the two methods.

The resulting line profile from the CWB is the sum of all the profiles calculated by the above method for the entire grid. Results for a range of CWB parameters are shown in the following section.

## 3 Results

Line profiles were calculated for the Ly$`\alpha `$ lines from the abundant elements O, Ne, Mg, Si and S. These lines are in fact closely spaced doublets; both components were included in the calculations, but other nearby lines were ignored (as their emissivities are much lower than those of the Ly$`\alpha `$ lines). The wavelengths of the lines are shown in Table 1.

The O to S Ly$`\alpha `$ lines were chosen because they feature strongly in the X-ray grating spectra of many early-type stars (Schulz et al., 2000; Waldron & Cassinelli, 2001; Kahn et al., 2001; Cassinelli et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2002). They are also insensitive to the plasma density, unlike the fir (forbidden-intercombination-resonance) triplets from He-like ions. This greatly simplifies the calculations.

### 3.1 Location of the line-emitting plasma

Fig. 2 shows the fraction of the total unabsorbed line emission as a function of cylindrical distance $`p`$ from the line of centres for each of five lines (i.e. the figure shows the fractional line luminosity from a series of thin cylindrical shells whose symmetry axes lie along the line of centres). The results in Fig. 2(a) are from a simulation with $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{A}=5\times 10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$, $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{B}=1\times 10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$ and $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=2000\text{ km s}^1`$. The results in Fig. 2(b) are from a simulation with the same mass-loss rates, but with higher wind velocities (3000$`\text{ km s}^1`$). The simulations were carried out on an $`8\times 10^{13}\text{ cm}`$ square grid with a stellar separation $`D=2\times 10^{13}\text{ cm}`$. In all cases, the values of $`p`$ are normalized to $`D`$.

In both cases, one can clearly see that most of the Ly$`\alpha `$ emission from the lighter elements (e.g. O, Ne) originates a few times $`10^{13}\text{ cm}`$ from the line of centres, whereas that from heavier elements (e.g. S) originates much further in ($`1\times 10^{13}\text{ cm}`$ from the line of centres). This is exactly as expected, because the temperature of the plasma in the wind-wind collision region falls off with increasing $`p`$. In the inner regions it is too hot for O viii and Ne x to exist in large amounts (these elements are mostly fully ionized), whereas in the outer regions it is too cool to have significant amounts of H-like ions of heavier elements.

The main difference between Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) is that for the system with higher wind velocities, the line emission tends to originate from larger values of $`p`$. This is because the higher wind velocity results in a higher post-shock temperature.

For all the lines, the radius at which the emission peaks is smaller than the radius at which the plasma temperature equals the temperature of maximum emissivity. This is because the emissivity $`Q`$ of the lines varies fairly slowly with $`p`$. However, the $`n_\mathrm{e}^in_\mathrm{H}^iV^i`$ term in equation (3) varies as approximately $`p^2`$, except near the line of centres, where it turns over and tends to zero. As a result the emission originates from further in than one might naïvely expect from the temperature alone.

### 3.2 The profiles

Figs. 3 to 7 show theoretical Ly$`\alpha `$ line profiles for O viii, Ne x, Mg xii, Si xiv and S xvi, respectively. The profiles have been calculated from single snapshots from the hydrodynamical simulations. The model CWBs have $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{B}=1\times 10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$ and $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=2000\text{ km s}^1`$; the wind momentum ratio $``$ is adjusted by varying $`\dot{M}_\mathrm{A}`$. In all cases, profiles are shown for 3 values of $``$ and for 5 different viewing angles $`\theta `$, where $`\theta `$ is the angle between the line-of-sight and the line-of-centres, with $`\theta =0\mathrm{°}`$ corresponding to viewing the system from behind the secondary star. For a circular orbit, $`\theta `$ is related to the inclination $`i`$ and the orbital phase angle $`\varphi `$ by

$$\mathrm{cos}\theta =\mathrm{sin}i\mathrm{cos}\varphi $$
(4)
where $`\varphi =0\mathrm{°}`$ corresponds to the secondary being in front. Profiles with and without absorption by the stellar winds are shown. The wavelength shifts are calculated relative to the rest wavelength of the brighter component of the Ly$`\alpha `$ lines, and have been scaled to the wind velocity. The unabsorbed O viii Ly$`\alpha `$ line for $`=1`$ has been normalized such that its total luminosity is equal to unity. The other lines are normalized relative to this line, preserving the relative line luminosities.

The secondary components of the Ly$`\alpha `$ lines are only noticeable for the shorter wavelength lines. This is because the wavelength difference between the components (0.004–0.006 Å; see Table 1) corresponds to a larger velocity shift for these lines. In practice, after the lines have been folded with the instrumental response of the Chandra or XMM–Newton gratings, the two components would not be resolvable. However, including both components of the Ly$`\alpha `$ lines gives broader lines than one would get by considering only the brighter component.

### 3.3 Variation of line parameters with viewing angle and wind momentum ratio

Figs. 8 to 12 show how line parameters vary with viewing angle for each of the five lines. Each figure shows the variation of the mean scaled wavelength shift, the half width at half maximum (HWHM), and the normalized line luminosity for the unabsorbed and absorbed line profiles for three different values of $``$ (1, $`\sqrt{5}`$ and 3). The horizontal dashed lines on the HWHM graphs show the thermal Doppler widths at the temperature of maximum line emission (for comparison).

In the equal winds case ($`=1`$), the unabsorbed lines are approximately symmetrical and unshifted for all viewing angles. While some slight asymmetries can be seen, these are due to numerical effects. Theoretically, the unabsorbed lines for $`=1`$ must be purely symmetrical. For $`>1`$, the lines are blueshifted when the system is viewed from the side of the secondary ($`\theta <90\mathrm{°}`$) and redshifted when the system is viewed from the side of the primary ($`\theta >90\mathrm{°}`$). The maximum shifts occur when $`\theta =0\mathrm{°},180\mathrm{°}`$. This occurs because the shocked region is bent towards the secondary when $`>1`$. When the system is being viewed along the line of centres, the general motion of the shocked gas is either towards or away from the observer (depending on which end of the line of centres they are looking from), with a fairly small spread in line-of-sight velocities, resulting in quite narrow lines. However, for other viewing angles this will not be the case – some of the gas will be moving towards the observer, some will be moving tangentially to the line of sight, and some will be moving away from the observer. The result of this is broader lines with smaller shifts. The extreme case is when the system is at quadrature ($`\theta =90\mathrm{°}`$). The unabsorbed lines are very broad ($`\mathrm{HWHM}v_{\mathrm{}}`$), but symmetrical and unshifted, apart from the presence of the secondary component on the redward side. This is exactly as expected, owing to the cylindrical symmetry of the hydrodynamic simulation – for every ‘blob’ of plasma moving towards the observer there’s a corresponding blob on the far side of the system moving away at the same speed. For $`\theta 90\mathrm{°}`$, the velocity shift (towards the blue or the red, depending on the viewing orientation) increases with $``$, because the shocked region is bent more towards or away from the observer.

In all cases, the HWHMs are considerably larger than the typical thermal widths, indicating that the line broadening is due to a wide range of line-of-sight velocities in the bulk motion of the hot gas, rather than merely being due to simple thermal Doppler broadening.

The line luminosities increase with $``$, because a larger $`\dot{M}`$ leads to a denser X-ray emitting plasma. However, for a given $``$ the unabsorbed line luminosities do not vary with $`\theta `$, since these depend on the amount of hot plasma on the hydrodynamical grid, which is independent of viewing angle.

The above discussion pertains only to the unabsorbed line profiles. From the figures one can clearly see that absorption has a much more significant effect on the longer wavelength lines, such as the O viii and Ne x Ly$`\alpha `$ lines. This is because the continuum opacity in the cold stellar winds increases with wavelength. The opacity at the wavelength of the O viii Ly$`\alpha `$ line is 27.5 times that at the wavelength of the S xvi Ly$`\alpha `$ line. This outweighs the fact that the longer wavelength lines originate from the cooler shocked gas far from the line of centres, and so travel through less dense regions of the stellar winds.

In general, the inclusion of absorption results in blueward-skewed lines. This is because the gas that is moving away from the observer is generally on the far side of the system, and so suffers more absorption. Indeed, for $`\theta 0\mathrm{°},180\mathrm{°}`$, the velocity shift of the absorbed line is always more towards the blue than the corresponding unabsorbed line, though when the system is viewed from the side of the primary, the lines retain a mean redshift. This is because when the shocked region is bent away from the observer, there is very little blueshifted emission at all, and so the fact that redshifted emission is more strongly attenuated than blueshifted emission is less important. The range of viewing angles over which one expects to see redshifted emission is larger for the shorter wavelength lines, because absorption is less important for these lines. One would expect to see redshifted O viii Ly$`\alpha `$ emission for $`\theta 140\mathrm{°}`$, whereas the S xvi Ly$`\alpha `$ line is redshifted when $`\theta 90\mathrm{°}`$.

The HWHMs of the absorbed lines are generally either very similar to those of the corresponding unabsorbed lines, or considerably smaller (there is very little middle ground). The latter case generally occurs for the O viii line when $`\theta 45\mathrm{°}`$$`75\mathrm{°}`$ or $`\theta 90\mathrm{°}`$, and for the Ne x line when $`\theta 90\mathrm{°}`$ (though the HWHMs of the absorbed and unabsorbed lines are again very similar as $`\theta `$ approaches 180°). It also occurs to a lesser extent for the Mg xii line when $`\theta 110\mathrm{°}`$$`150\mathrm{°}`$. This narrowing of the absorbed lines occurs because of the higher opacity at the wavelengths of these lines. The profiles have their redward emission strongly attenuated, particularly when $`>1`$ and the system is being viewed through the dense wind of the primary ($`\theta 90\mathrm{°}`$). If it is attenuated to less than half the peak value of the blueward emission, only the blueshifted peak will contribute to the HWHM. This results in a considerably smaller HWHM, though the lines do have large redward tails. However, it is worth noting that in practice such redward tails may not by observable (they may be lost in the underlying continuum), and so the dominant observational signature would be a blueshift rather than a broadening. On the other hand, if the redward emission is not that strongly attenuated, the HWHM will be approximately equal to that of the unabsorbed line. This is generally the case for the Si xiv and S xvi lines.

The luminosities of the absorbed lines decrease with $`\theta `$ for $`>1`$. This is simply because as $`\theta `$ increases, one changes from observing the system through the wind of the secondary to observing it through the denser wind of the primary.

### 3.4 Lines from systems with different wind parameters but same $``$

Figs. 13 and 14 compare how the mean scaled wavelength shift and HWHM vary with angle for systems with $`=\sqrt{5}`$ but different wind parameters. Results are shown for the O viii and S xvi Ly$`\alpha `$ lines, which are at the two extremes of wavelength studied here.

Fig. 13 compares lines from systems with the same wind speeds but mass-loss rates that differ by an order of magnitude. For both lines there is no difference in the shapes of the unabsorbed profiles between the two systems, though the lines from the system with the larger mass-loss rates are brighter. However, the system with the higher mass-loss rates gives an absorbed O viii line that is narrower and more blueshifted. This is because this system has denser winds, and so the line suffers more attenuation (especially the redward emission). On the other hand the S xvi line is not as strongly affected by absorption, and so there is very little difference between the two systems.

For a given $``$, the effect of increasing the mass-loss rates on the observed (i.e. absorbed) line luminosities is a combination of two competing effects. The intrinsic line luminosity increases as $`\dot{M}^2`$, whereas the column density increases as $`\dot{M}`$. This means that the observed line luminosity scales as $`\dot{M}^2\mathrm{e}^{\alpha \dot{M}}`$, where $`\alpha `$ is a constant that depends on $`\theta `$ and the opacity for the line in question. For the systems described here, we find that the observed line luminosity always increases with increasing $`\dot{M}`$ (for all lines and for all $`\theta `$). However, for larger mass-loss rates (few times $`10^5\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$) the increasing absorption starts to dominate, and when $`\theta 180\mathrm{°}`$ (which is when the column density is largest) the observed luminosities of the longer wavelength lines start to decrease with increasing $`\dot{M}`$.

Fig. 14 compares the same two lines from systems with the same mass-loss rates but different wind velocities. Once the wavelength shift and the HWHM have been scaled to the wind velocity, there is very little difference between the two systems. The O viii line is generally slightly more blueshifted for the system with the lower wind velocity (since, for the same mass-loss rate, this results in a denser wind and so more absorption). On the other hand, the wavelength shift of the S xvi line (whether to the blue to the red) is smaller for the system with the lower wind velocity. This may be because the lower wind speed results in a lower post-shock temperature, and so the line forms nearer the line of centres for this system. The shocked region is less bent towards (away from) the observer near the line of centres, resulting in a smaller blueshift (redshift) as $`\theta `$ approaches 0° (180°).

### 3.5 Time variability

Eddies/swirls in the shocked gas are frequently seen in the hydrodynamical simulations of the CWBs used for this work. These travel from the line of centres to the edge of the grid (typically $`3.4\times 10^{13}\text{ cm}`$ from the line of centres) on a time-scale of $`200\text{ ks}`$. These swirls may be due to either instabilities along the contact discontinuity between the two winds (Stevens et al., 1992) or numerical effects near the line of centres.

In order to investigate whether these swirls have any significant effect on the results, we have compared line profiles generated from snapshots of the hydrodynamical simulations separated by $`25\text{ ks}`$. Over the course of 10 such snapshots, we find that the calculated wavelength shifts, HWHMs and line luminosities typically vary by only a few per cent. This suggests that any observed time variability in the line profiles will be due to changes in the viewing orientation (because of the orbital motion), rather than to instabilities, etc. in the shocked gas.

### 3.6 Simulations of observed profiles

We have carried out some Monte Carlo simulations of observed line profiles from CWBs. Firstly, a theoretical profile is convolved with a Gaussian, which is a good first order approximation to the Chandra HETGS line response function (Chandra Proposers’ Observatory Guide444http://asc.harvard.edu/proposer/POG/html/, ver. 5.0, §8.2.2). The width of the Gaussian used is appropriate for the wavelength of the line in question555The line resolving power data are taken from the file hetghegD1996-11-01res\_conN0002.rdb, available from http://space.mit.edu/HETG/caldb/ard\_stat\_hetg.html. This convolved profile is then used as a probability distribution function in the Monte Carlo simulations. For the purposes of these simple calculations, the background/continuum emission in the vicinity of the line is assumed to negligible.

Fig. 15 shows the results of simulated observed Mg xii Ly$`\alpha `$ line profiles from a CWB with $`=\sqrt{5}`$ for three different viewing angles ($`\theta =0\mathrm{°}`$, 45°, 90°). In each case there are assumed to be 200 photons in the line. The results have been binned up to 0.01 Å. These results indicate that the features described in §3.3 should easily be detectable by the Chandra HETGS: near conjunction ($`\theta =0\mathrm{°}`$ or 180°) the lines are narrow with measurable blue- or redshifts, whereas near quadrature ($`\theta =90\mathrm{°}`$) the profiles are very broad and fairly flat-topped with negligible wavelength shifts. Note that for this system $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=2000\text{ km s}^1`$, corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda =0.056\text{ Å}`$. Hence, near quadrature the HWHM of the observed line is an appreciable fraction of the wind velocity, as expected. Note also that the photon statistics and the instrumental response can result in an observed profile that is distinctly different from the theoretical profile for low counts: compare the middle panel of Fig. 15 with the appropriate profile in Fig. 5.

## 4 Discussion

We have seen that X-ray lines from CWBs show significant variation of wavelength shift and width as a function of viewing orientation, which is itself a function of orbital phase and inclination. The observation of phase-locked variation in the X-ray line profiles would therefore provide convincing evidence for X-ray emission from a colliding wind region. In this respect, an eclipsing binary would be the most interesting system, since during the course of its orbit the full range of viewing angles discussed above would be observed. In contrast, a system with an inclination of 0° would always be observed at $`\theta =90\mathrm{°}`$. Any phase-locked variation in this case would just be associated with a change in orbital separation and hence the density of the shocked gas. This would probably just manifest itself as a change in line luminosity, not as a change in line shift or width.

Line profiles that vary during the orbit of a CWB have already been observed in the Chandra spectra of WR 140 (Pollock et al., in prep.). The first observation was taken just before periastron at an orbital phase of 1.982 according to the ephemeris of Williams et al. (1990). At this phase the wind collision region is bent approximately towards the observer (see White & Becker (1995) for a diagram of WR 140’s orbit), and the lines are significantly blueshifted, as would be expected. The second observation was taken just after periastron at a phase of 2.027. Although there are considerably fewer counts in this second spectrum, the lines are clearly much broader, and there is also some evidence of redshifts. While we have not compared in detail our theoretical profiles with the spectra of WR 140, these observations seem to provide at least a qualitative confirmation of some of our general predictions.

A more detailed comparison of our model line profiles with observed high-resolution X-ray spectra of CWBs may enable us to place constraints on certain parameters of the system. In practice, one would just fit to the shifts and widths of the lines, and scale the luminosities of the theoretical lines to the observed luminosities. (This approach of fitting the line shapes, not the luminosities, has already been used by Kramer, Cohen & Owocki (2003) to model the line emission from the single O star $`\zeta `$ Pup.) For a CWB, the main parameters would be the wind momentum ratio $``$ and the viewing angle $`\theta `$, although it may also be possible to place constraints on the individual wind parameters. For this method to be effective, one would want to fit as many lines as possible simultaneously. While we have only presented results for Ly$`\alpha `$ lines here, the method described could be used for any line that is not affected by the density (e.g. Ly$`\beta `$ and Ly$`\gamma `$ lines, and the resonant component of the fir triplets from He-like ions).

The model presented here for calculating X-ray line profiles from CWBs is fairly simple, but it contains the essential physics and gives an overview of how the profiles vary with wind parameters and viewing angle. When the model comes to be applied to real systems, extra physics will be included in the calculations as is appropriate for the systems in question. This could include modifying the hydrodynamical simulations (e.g. radiative cooling for systems with small orbital separations and/or large mass-loss rates (Stevens et al., 1992) or radiative driving for close systems (Pittard, 1998)), or modifying the actual line profile calculations (e.g. taking into account non-solar abundances for WR+O binaries).

## 5 Summary

We have presented theoretical X-ray line profiles from model colliding wind systems for a range of mass-loss rates, wind velocities and viewing angles. A wide range of profile shapes is possible, varying with orbital inclination and phase.

For a high inclination binary with $`>1`$ there is a general blue/redshift at phases 0 and 0.5 (i.e. at the two conjunctions). The profiles are narrow ($`\mathrm{HWHM}0.1v_{\mathrm{}}`$) and approximately Gaussian. By contrast, at quadrature the profiles are generally very broad ($`\mathrm{HWHM}v_{\mathrm{}}`$), flat-topped and unshifted. Local absorption has a major effect on the observed profiles. When a system with relatively large mass-loss rates (few times $`10^6\text{ M}_{}\text{ yr}^1`$) is viewed through the dense wind of the primary, the lines are generally skewed towards the blue. This is because the redshifted emission is strongly attenuated. This effect is most noticeable for the lower energy lines ($`E1\text{ keV}`$). These blueward-skewed profiles generally have large redward tails. In practice these tails may not be observable, and so the line would be seen as fairly narrow and blueshifted, rather than broad and blueward-skewed.

A binary with a low orbital inclination will exhibit less orbital variation of line width and shift, the extreme case being a binary with $`i=0\mathrm{°}`$, for which we would expect no orbital variation in the line profile.

After the line shifts and widths have been scaled to the wind velocity, there is very little difference between the results from systems with $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=2000\text{ km s}^1`$ and with $`v_\mathrm{A}=v_\mathrm{B}=3000\text{ km s}^1`$. The former systems have denser winds for the same mass-loss rate, and hence absorption has a larger effect. However, it does not significantly affect the results.

Simple Monte Carlo simulations of observed X-ray line profiles show that the features discussed above will be detectable in good Chandra HETGS spectra of CWBs. Comparing our theoretical profiles with such spectra potentially offers another method for determining the wind parameters of CWBs, and may also give us new insights into the structure of the wind-wind collision regions.

## Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge funding from the School of Physics & Astronomy (DBH) and PPARC (IRS, JMP).


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The problems of group classification and exhaustive solutions of such problems are interesting not only from purely mathematical point of view, but is also important for applications. In physical models there often exist a priori requirements to symmetry groups that follow from physical laws (in particular, from Galilei or relativistic theory). Moreover, modelling differential equations could contain parameters or functions which have been found experimentally and so are not strictly fixed. (It is said that these parameters and functions are arbitrary elements.) At the same time mathematical models have to be simple enough to analyze and solve them. Solving the problems of group classification makes possible to accept for the criterion of applicability the following statement. Modelling differential equations have to admit a group with certain properties or the most extensive symmetry group from the possible ones.

In this paper we consider a class of variable coefficient nonlinear diffusion-convection equations of the form

$$f(x)u_t=(g(x)D(u)u_x)_x+K(u)u_x,$$
(1)
where $`f=f(x),`$ $`g=g(x),`$ $`D=D(u)`$ and $`K=K(u)`$ are arbitrary smooth functions of their variables, $`f(x)g(x)D(u)0.`$ The linear case of (1) ($`D,K=const`$) was studied by S. Lie  in his classification of linear second-order PDEs with two independent variables. (See also modern treatment of this subject in .) That is why we assume below that $`(D_u,K_u)(0,0),`$ i.e. (1) is a nonlinear equation.

Moreover, using the transformation $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,\stackrel{~}{x}=\frac{dx}{g(x)},\stackrel{~}{u}=u,`$ we can reduce equation (1) to

$$\stackrel{~}{f}(\stackrel{~}{x})\stackrel{~}{u}_{\stackrel{~}{t}}=(D(\stackrel{~}{u})\stackrel{~}{u}_{\stackrel{~}{x}})_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+K(\stackrel{~}{u})\stackrel{~}{u}_{\stackrel{~}{x}},$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{f}(\stackrel{~}{x})=g(x)f(x)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}(\stackrel{~}{x})=1.`$ (Likewise any equation of form (1) can be reduced to the same form with $`\stackrel{~}{f}(\stackrel{~}{x})=1.`$) That is why without loss of generality we restrict ourselves to investigation of the equation

$$f(x)u_t=\left(D(u)u_x\right)_x+K(u)u_x.$$
(2)
Apart from their own theoretical interest, equations (2) are used to model a wide variety of phenomena in physics, chemistry, mathematical biology etc. For the case $`f(x)=1`$ equation (2) describes vertical one-dimensional transport of water in homogeneous non-deformable porous media. When $`K(u)=0`$ this equation describes stationary motion of a boundary layer of fluid over a flat plate, an vortex of incompressible fluid in porous medium for polytropic relations of gas density and pressure. The outstanding representative of the class of equations (2) is the Burgers equation that is the mathematical model of a large number of physical phenomena. (For more detail refer to .)

Investigation of the nonlinear heat equations by means of symmetry methods started in 1959 with the Ovsiannikov’s work  where he studied symmetries of the equation

$$u_t=(f(u)u_x)_x.$$
(3)
In 1987 I.Sh. Akhatov, R.K. Gazizov and N.Kh. Ibragimov  classified the equations

$$u_t=G(u_x)u_{xx}.$$
(4)
V.A. Dorodnitsyn (1982, ) performed group classification of the equation

$$u_t=(G(u)u_x)_x+g(u).$$
(5)
A. Oron, P. Rosenau (1986, ) and M.P. Edwards (1994, ) presented the most extensive at the time list of symmetries of the equations

$$u_t=(G(u)u_x)_x+f(u)u_x.$$
(6)
The results of  were generalized by R.M. Cherniha and M.I. Serov (1998, ) who classified the nonlinear heat equation with convection term

$$u_t=(G(u)u_x)_x+f(u)u_x+g(u).$$
(7)
It should be noted that equations (1)–(7) are particular cases of the more general class of equations

$$u_t=F(t,x,u,u_x)u_{xx}+G(t,x,u,u_x).$$
(8)
Group classification of (8) is presented in . However, since the equivalence group of (8) is essentially wider than those for (1)–(7) the results of  cannot be directly used to symmetry classification of equations (1)–(7). Nevertheless, these results are useful to find additional equivalence transformations in the above classes.

Equations of form (2) have been also investigated from other than classic Lie symmetry points of view. For instance, potential symmetries of subclasses of (2) where e.g. either $`f=1`$ or $`K=0`$ were studied by C. Sophocleous .

Some symmetry properties of class (1) were considered in a recent paper . However, it does not present correct and complete results on the subject. A overwhelming majority of cases with nontrivial Lie symmetry were omitted, and there are mistakes in the cases that were adduced. Nevertheless the subject seemed very interesting, and we decided to study Lie symmetries of class (2).

The ultimate goal of this paper is to present an example of exhaustive solution of the group classification problem in quite a difficult case. After giving a precise definition and a discussion of this problem in general case, we performed the complete extended group classification, found additional equivalence transformations and exact solutions of equations (2). A lot of new interesting cases of extensions of maximal Lie symmetry group were obtained for these equations. For example, we determined the equations which have the density $`f`$ localized in the space of $`x`$ and are invariant with respect to $`m`$-dimensional ($`2m4`$) Lie symmetry algebras, that allows construction of new exact non-stationary solutions for them.

Problems of general group classification, except for really trivial cases, are very difficult. It can be illustrated by the multitude of papers where such general classification problem is solved incorrectly or incompletely. There are also many papers on “preliminary group classification” where authors list some cases with new symmetry but do not claim that the general classification problem is solved completely. For this reason finding an effective approach to simplification is essentially equivalent to feasibility of solving the problem at all. In this paper we develop and apply a simple and effective tool based on investigation of specific compatibility of classifying conditions. First it was proposed in  and then applied to solving a number of different group classification problems . The other tool is systematically to use additional (conditional and partial) equivalence transformations that allows us to put in order, verify and analyze the obtained results.

Our paper is organized as follows. First of all (Section 2) we describe the group classification method used here and introduce the notions of conditional and partial equivalence. Then (Sections 3) we significantly enhance the results of  and give the complete group classification of class (2). Since the case $`f(x)=1`$ has a great variety of applications and was investigated earlier by a number of authors, we collect results for this class together in Section 4. Section 5 contains the proof of the main theorem on group classification of the class (2). We attempted to present our calculations in most reasonable detail so as it would be feasible to verify that. Conditional equivalence transformations are considered in Section 6, where we also present four lemmas on possible local equivalence transformations between two arbitrary equations of form (2). The results of group classification are used to find exact solutions of equations from class (2) (Section 7).

## 2 Group classification method and additional equivalence

Let us describe the classical algorithm of group classification restricting, for simplicity, to the case of one differential equation of the form

$$L^\theta (x,u_{(n)})=L(x,u_{(n)},\theta (x,u_{(n)}))=0.$$
(9)
Here $`x=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_l)`$ denotes independent variables, $`u`$ is a dependent variable, $`u_{(n)}`$ is the set of all the partial derivatives of the function $`u`$ with respect to $`x`$ of order no greater than $`n,`$ including $`u`$ as the derivative of zero order. $`L`$ is a fixed function of $`x,`$ $`u_{(n)}`$ and $`\theta .`$ $`\theta `$ denotes the set of of arbitrary (parametric) functions $`\theta (x,u_{(n)})=(\theta ^1(x,u_{(n)}),\mathrm{},\theta ^k(x,u_{(n)}))`$ satisfying the conditions

$$S(x,u_{(n)},\theta _{(q)}(x,u_{(n)}))=0,S=(S_1,\mathrm{},S_r).$$
(10)
These conditions consist of $`r`$ differential equations on $`\theta `$, where $`x`$ and $`u_{(n)}`$ play the role of independent variables and $`\theta _{(q)}`$ stands for the set of all the partial derivatives of $`\theta `$ of order no greater than $`q`$. In what follows we call the functions $`\theta (x,u_{(n)})`$ arbitrary elements. Denote the class of equations of form (9) with the arbitrary elements $`\theta `$ satisfying the constraint (10) as $`L|_S.`$

Let the functions $`\theta `$ be fixed. Each one-parametric group of local point transformations that leaves equation (9) invariant corresponds to an infinitesimal symmetry operator of the form

$$Q=\xi ^a(x,u)_{x_a}+\eta (x,u)_u.$$

(here the summation over the repeated indices is understood). The complete set of such groups generates the principal group $`G^{\mathrm{max}}=G^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta )`$ of equation (9). The principal group $`G^{\mathrm{max}}`$ has a corresponding Lie algebra $`A^{\mathrm{max}}=A^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta )`$ of infinitesimal symmetry operators of equation (9). The kernel of principal groups is the group

$$G^{\mathrm{ker}}=G^{\mathrm{ker}}(L,S)=\underset{\theta :S(\theta )=0}{}G^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta )$$

for which the Lie algebra is

$$A^{\mathrm{ker}}=A^{\mathrm{ker}}(L,S)=\underset{\theta :S(\theta )=0}{}A^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta ).$$

Let $`G^{equiv}=G^{equiv}(L,S)`$ denote the local transformations group preserving the form of equations from $`L|_S.`$ (Sometimes one consider a subgroup instead the complete equivalence group.)

The problem of group classification consists in finding of all possible inequivalent cases of extensions of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$, i.e. in a listing all $`G^{equiv}`$-inequivalent values of $`\theta `$ that satisfy equation (10) and the condition $`A^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta )A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$.

In the approach used here group classification is application of the following algorithm :

1. From the infinitesimal Lie invariance criterion we find the system of determining equations for the coefficients of $`Q`$. It is possible that some of the determining equations does not contain arbitrary elements and therefore can be integrated immediately. Others (i.e. the equations containing arbitrary elements explicitly) are called classifying equations. The main difficulty of group classification is the need to solve classifying equations with respect to the coefficients of the operator $`Q`$ and arbitrary elements simultaneously.
2. The next step involves finding of the kernel algebra $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$ of principal groups of equations from $`L|_S.`$ After decomposing the determining equations with respect to all the unconstrained derivatives of arbitrary elements one obtains a system of partial differential equations for coefficients of the infinitesimal operator $`Q`$ only. Solving of this system yields the algebra $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$.
3. In order to construct the equivalence group $`G^{equiv}`$ of the class $`L|_S`$ we have to investigate the local symmetry transformations of system (9), (10), considering it as a system of partial differential equations with respect to $`\theta `$ with the independent variables $`x,u_{(n)}`$. Usually one considers only transformations being projectible on the space of the variables $`x`$ and $`u.`$ Although in the case when $`\theta `$ depends, at most, on these variables, it can be assumed the transformations of them depend on $`\theta `$ too. After restricting ourselves to studying of the connected component of unity in $`G^{equiv},`$ we can use the Lie infinitesimal method. To find the complete equivalence group (including discrete transformations) we are supposed to use a more complicated direct method.
4. If $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ is an extension of $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$ (i.e. when $`A^{\mathrm{max}}(L,\theta )A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$), then the classifying equations define a system of nontrivial equations for $`\theta `$. Depending on their form and number, we obtain different cases of extensions of $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$. To completely integrate the determining equations we have to investigate a large number of such cases. In order to avoid cumbersome enumeration of possibilities in solving the determining equations we can use, for instance, algebraic methods , a method which involves the investigation of compatibility of the classifying equations  or combined methods .

The result of application of the above algorithm is a list of equations with their Lie invariance algebras. The problem of group classification is assumed to be completely solved if

1. the list contains all the possible inequivalent cases of extensions;
2. all the equations from the list are mutually inequivalent with respect to the transformations from $`G^{equiv}`$;
3. the obtained algebras are the maximal invariance algebras of the respective equations.

Such list may include equations being mutually equivalent with respect to local transformations which do not belong to $`G^{equiv}.`$ Knowing such additional equivalences allows to simplify essentially further investigation of $`L|_S`$. Constructing them can be considered as the fifth step of the algorithm of group classification. Then, the above enumeration of requirements to the resulting list of classification can be completed by the following step:

1. all the possible additional equivalences between the listed equations are constructed in explicit form.

One of the ways for finding additional equivalences is based on the fact that equivalent equations have equivalent maximal invariance algebras. The second way is systematical study of conditional and partial equivalence transformations in the class $`L|_S.`$ Let us give definition of such transformations. Consider a system

$$S^{}(x,u_{(n)},\theta _{(q^{})}(x,u_{(n)}))=0,S^{}=(S_1^{},\mathrm{},S_r^{}^{}),$$
(11)
formed by $`r^{}`$ differential equations on $`\theta `$ with $`x`$ and $`u_{(n)}`$ as independent variables. Let $`G^{equiv}(L,(S,S^{}))`$ denote the equivalence group of the subclass $`L|_{S,S^{}}`$ of $`L|_S,`$ where the functions $`\theta `$ satisfy systems (10) and (11) simultaneously.

###### Notion 1.

We call the transformations from $`G^{equiv}(L,(S,S^{}))`$ a conditional equivalence transformations of class $`L|_S`$ (under the additional constraint $`S^{}`$). The local transformations which transform equations from $`L|_{S,S^{}}`$ to $`L|_S`$ are called partial equivalence transformations of the class $`L|_S`$ (under the additional constraint $`S^{}`$).

It is obvious that any conditional equivalence is a partial one under the same additional constraint and any local symmetry transformation of equation (9) for a fixed value $`\theta =\theta ^0(x,u_{(n)})`$ is a partial equivalence transformation under the constraint $`\theta =\theta ^0.`$ The problem of description of all the possible partial equivalence transformations in the class $`L|_S`$ is equivalent to that of local transformations between two arbitrary equations from $`L|_S.`$ Additional constraints on arbitrary elements never imply constraining sets of partial equivalences.

## 3 Results of classification

Consider a one-parameter Lie group of local transformations in $`(t,x,u)`$ with an infinitesimal operator of the form $`Q=\xi ^t(t,x,u)_t+\xi ^x(t,x,u)_x+\eta (t,x,u)_u,`$ which keeps equation (2) invariant. The Lie criterion of infinitesimal invariance yields the following determining equations for $`\xi ^t,\xi ^x`$ and $`\eta `$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \xi _x^t=\xi _u^t=\xi _u^x=0,\hfill \\ & D\eta _{uu}+D_u\eta _uD_u(2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t)+D_{uu}\eta \frac{f_x}{f}D_u\xi ^x=0,\hfill \\ & 2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t+\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x=\frac{D_u}{D}\eta ,f\eta _tK\eta _xD\eta _{xx}=0,\hfill \\ & K\left(\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x+\xi _x^x\xi _t^t\right)+D(\xi _{xx}^x2\eta _{xu})2D_u\eta _xK_u\eta f\xi _t^x=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
Investigating the compatibility of system (12) we obtain an additional equation $`\eta _{uu}=0`$ without arbitrary elements. With this condition system (12) can be rewritten in the form

$$\xi _x^t=\xi _u^t=\xi _u^x=0,\eta _{uu}=0,$$
(13)
$$2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t+\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x=\frac{D_u}{D}\eta ,$$
(14)
$$D\eta _{xx}+K\eta _xf\eta _t=0,$$
(15)
$$(D_uKK_uD)\frac{\eta }{D}K\xi _x^x2D_u\eta _x+D\xi _{xx}^xf\xi _t^x2D\eta _{xu}=0.$$
(16)
Equations (13) do not contain arbitrary elements. Integration of them yields

$$\xi ^t=\xi ^t(t),\xi ^x=\xi ^x(t,x),\eta =\eta ^1(t,x)u+\eta ^0(t,x).$$
(17)
Thus, group classification of (2) reduces to solving of classifying conditions (14)–(16).

Splitting of system (14)–(16) with respect to the arbitrary elements and their non-vanishing derivatives gives the equations $`\xi _t^t=0,`$ $`\xi ^x=0,`$ $`\eta =0`$ on the coefficients of operators from $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$ of (2). As a result, the following theorem is true.

###### Theorem 1.

The Lie algebra of the kernel of principal groups of (2) is $`A^{\mathrm{ker}}=_t.`$

The next step of algorithm of group classification is finding of equivalence transformations of class (2). To find these transformations, we have to investigate Lie symmetries of the system that consists of equation (2) and additional conditions

$$f_t=f_u=0,D_t=D_x=0,K_t=K_x=0.$$

Using the classical Lie approach, we find the invariance algebra of the above system that forms the Lie algebra of $`G^{equiv}`$ for class (2). Thus, we obtain the following statement.

###### Theorem 2.

The Lie algebra of $`G^{equiv}`$ for class (2) is

$$A^{equiv}=_t,_x,_u,t_t+f_f,x_x2f_fK_K,u_u,f_f+K_K+D_D.$$
(18)
Therefore, $`G^{equiv}`$ contains the following continuous transformations:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{~}{t}=te^{\epsilon _4}+\epsilon _1,\stackrel{~}{x}=xe^{\epsilon _5}+\epsilon _2,\stackrel{~}{u}=ue^{\epsilon _6}+\epsilon _3,\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{f}=fe^{\epsilon _42\epsilon _5+\epsilon _7},\stackrel{~}{D}=De^{\epsilon _7},\stackrel{~}{K}=Ke^{\epsilon _5+\epsilon _7},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\epsilon _1,\mathrm{},\epsilon _7`$ are arbitrary constants. For class (2) there also exists a nontrivial group of discrete equivalence transformations generated by four involutive transformations of alternate sign in the sets $`\{t,D,K\},`$ $`\{x,K\},`$ $`\{u\}`$ and $`\{f,D,K\}.`$ It can be proved by the direct method that $`G^{equiv}`$ coincides with the group generated by the both continuous and discrete transformations from the above list.

###### Theorem 3.

A complete set of inequivalent equations (2) with respect to the transformations from $`G^{equiv}`$ with $`A^{\mathrm{max}}A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$ is exhausted by cases given in Tables 3-3.

Table 1: Case $`D(u)`$

| N | $`K\left(u\right)`$ | $`f\left(x\right)`$ | Basis of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | $``$ | $``$ | $`_t`$ |
| 2a | $``$ | $`e^{\epsilon x}`$ | $`_t,\epsilon t_t+_x`$ |
| 2b | $`D`$ | $`e^{2x+\gamma e^x}`$ | $`_t,\gamma t_te^x_x`$ |
| 2c | $`D`$ | $`e^{2x}\left(e^x+\gamma \right)^\nu `$ | $`_t,\left(\nu +2\right)t_t\left(e^x+\gamma \right)e^x_x`$ |
| 2d | 0 | $`\left|x\right|^\nu `$ | $`_t,\left(\nu +2\right)t_t+x_x`$ |
| 2e | $`1`$ | $`x^1`$ | $`_t,e^t\left(_tx_x\right)`$ |
| 3a | 0 | 1 | $`_t,_x,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_x`$ |
| 3b | $`D`$ | $`e^{2x}`$ | $`_t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t_x,e^x_x`$ |

Here $`\gamma ,\nu 0,`$ $`\epsilon =0,1modG^{equiv},`$ $`\gamma =\pm 1modG^{equiv}.`$
Additional equivalence transformations:
1. 3b $``$ 3a ($`K=0,`$ $`\epsilon =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=\gamma e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
2. 3c $`(\nu 2)`$ $``$ 3a ($`K=D/(\nu +2),`$ $`\epsilon =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=(\nu +2)\mathrm{ln}|e^x+\gamma |,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
3c $`(\nu =2)`$ $``$ 3a ($`K=D,`$ $`\epsilon =0`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=\mathrm{ln}|e^x+\gamma |,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
3. 3d $`(\nu 2)`$ $``$ 3a ($`K=D/(\nu +2),`$ $`\epsilon =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=(\nu +2)\mathrm{ln}|x|,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
3d $`(\nu =2)`$ $``$ 3a ($`K=D,`$ $`\epsilon =0`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=\mathrm{ln}|x|,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
4. 3e $``$ 3a ($`K=D,`$ $`\epsilon =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=e^t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=\mathrm{ln}|x|+t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
5. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u.`$

Table 2: Case $`D(u)=e^{\mu u}`$

| N | $`\mu `$ | $`K\left(u\right)`$ | $`f\left(x\right)`$ | Basis of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | $``$ | $`e^{\nu u}`$ | $`\left|x\right|^\lambda `$ | $`_t,\left(\lambda \mu \lambda \nu +\mu 2\nu \right)t_t+\left(\mu \nu \right)x_x+_u`$ |
| 2 | $``$ | $`e^u`$ | 1 | $`_t,_x,\left(\mu 2\right)t_t+\left(\mu 1\right)x_x+_u`$ |
| 3 | 1 | $`u`$ | 1 | $`_t,_x,t_t+\left(xt\right)_x+_u`$ |
| 4 | 1 | $`\epsilon e^u`$ | $``$ | $`_t,t_t_u`$ |
| 5a | 1 | 0 | $`f^1\left(x\right)`$ | $`_t,t_t_u,\alpha t_t+\left(\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0\right)_x+\beta x_u`$ |
| 5b | 1 | $`e^u`$ | $`f^2\left(x\right)`$ | $`_t,t_t_u,\alpha t_t\left(\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x\right)_x+\beta e^x_u`$ |
| 5c | 1 | $`1`$ | $`x^1`$ | $`_t,x_x+_u,e^t\left(_tx_x\right)`$ |
| 6a | 1 | 0 | 1 | $`_t,t_t_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_x,_x`$ |
| 6b | 1 | $`e^u`$ | $`e^{2x}`$ | $`_t,t_t_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t_x,e^x_x`$ |
| 6c | 1 | $`e^u`$ | $`e^{2x}\left(e^x+\gamma \right)^3`$ | $`_t,t_t_u,\left(e^x+\gamma \right)e^x_x+_u,\left(e^x+\gamma \right)^2e^x_x+\left(e^x+\gamma \right)_u`$ |
| 6d | 1 | 0 | $`x^3`$ | $`_t,t_t_u,x_x_u,x^2_x+x_u`$ |

Here $`\lambda 0,`$ $`\epsilon \{0,1\}modG^{equiv},`$ $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _1,\gamma _0=const`$ and

$$f^1\left(x\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{3\beta x2\gamma _1+\alpha }{\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0}𝑑x\right\},f^2\left(x\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\beta e^x2\gamma _0e^x\alpha }{\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x}𝑑x\right\}.$$

Additional equivalence transformations:
1. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
2. 3c $``$ 3a ($`\alpha =\gamma _0=1,`$ $`\beta =\gamma _1=0,`$ $`f^1=x^1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=e^t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^tx,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
3. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
4. 3c $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=tsign(e^x+\gamma ),`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=1/(e^x+\gamma ),`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u\mathrm{ln}|e^x+\gamma |;`$
5. 3d $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=tsignx,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=1/x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u\mathrm{ln}|x|.`$

Table 3: Case $`D(u)=u^\mu `$

| N | $`\mu `$ | $`K\left(u\right)`$ | $`f\left(x\right)`$ | Basis of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | $``$ | $`u^\nu `$ | $`\left|x\right|^\lambda `$ | $`_t,\left(\mu +\lambda \mu 2\nu \lambda \nu \right)t_t+\left(\mu \nu \right)x_x+u_u`$ |
| 2 | $``$ | $`u^\nu `$ | 1 | $`_t,_x,\left(\mu 2\nu \right)t_t+\left(\mu \nu \right)x_x+u_u`$ |
| 3 | $``$ | $`\mathrm{ln}u`$ | $`1`$ | $`_t,_x,\mu t_t+\left(\mu xt\right)_x+u_u`$ |
| 4 | $``$ | $`\epsilon u^\mu `$ | $``$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u`$ |
| 5a | $``$ | 0 | $`f^3\left(x\right)`$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,`$ |
|  |  |  |  | $`\alpha t_t+\left(\left(1+\mu \right)\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0\right)_x+\beta xu_u`$ |
| 5b | $``$ | $`u^\mu `$ | $`f^4\left(x\right)`$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,`$ |
|  |  |  |  | $`\alpha t_t\left(\left(1+\mu \right)\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x\right)_x+\beta e^xu_u`$ |
| 5c | $`\mu 3/2`$ | $`1`$ | $`x^1`$ | $`_t,e^t\left(_tx_x\right),\mu x_x+u_u`$ |
| 6a | $`\mu 4/3`$ | 0 | 1 | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,_x,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_x`$ |
| 6b | $`\mu 4/3`$ | $`u^\mu `$ | $`e^{2x}`$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t_x,e^x_x`$ |
| 6c | $`1`$ | 0 | $`e^{\gamma x}`$ | $`_t,t_t+u_u,_x\gamma u_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_x\gamma xu_u`$ |
| 6d | $`1`$ | $`u^1`$ | $`e^{2x+\gamma e^x}`$ | $`_t,t_t+u_u,e^x_x+\gamma u_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t_x\gamma e^xu_u`$ |
| 6e | $`\mu 4/3,1`$ | 0 | $`\left|x\right|^{\frac{4+3\mu }{1+\mu }}`$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,\left(2+\mu \right)t_t\left(1+\mu \right)x_x,`$ |
|  |  |  |  | $`\left(1+\mu \right)x^2_x+xu_u`$ |
| 6f | $`\mu 4/3,1`$ | $`u^\mu `$ | $`\frac{e^{2x}}{\left(e^x+\gamma \right)^{\frac{4+3\mu }{1+\mu }}}`$ | $`_t,\mu t_tu_u,\left(2+\mu \right)t_t+\left(1+\mu \right)\left(e^x+\gamma \right)e^x_x,`$ |
|  |  |  |  | $`\left(1+\mu \right)\left(e^x+\gamma \right)^2e^x_x+\left(e^x+\gamma \right)u_u`$ |
| 6g | $`3/2`$ | $`1`$ | $`x^1`$ | $`_t,e^t\left(_tx_x\right),\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}3}x_x2u_u,e^t\left(x^2_x2xu_u\right)`$ |
| 7a | $`4/3`$ | 0 | 1 | $`_t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}4}t_t+3u_u,_x,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_x,x^2_x3xu_u`$ |
| 7b | $`4/3`$ | $`u^{4/3}`$ | $`e^{2x}`$ | $`_t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}4}t_t+3u_u,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t_x,e^x\left(_x+3u_u\right),e^x_x`$ |
| 8 | 0 | $`u`$ | 1 | $`_t,_x,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_xu_u,t_x_u,`$ |
|  |  |  |  | $`t^2_t+tx_x\left(tu+x\right)_u`$ |

Here $`\mu 0`$ for Cases 4–6. $`\epsilon =0,1modG^{equiv},`$ $`\lambda 0,`$ $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _1,\gamma _0=const`$ and

$$f^3\left(x\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\left(4+3\mu \right)\beta x2\gamma _1+\alpha }{\left(1+\mu \right)\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0}𝑑x\right\},f^4\left(x\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\left(2+\mu \right)\beta e^x2\gamma _0e^x\alpha }{\left(1+\mu \right)\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x}𝑑x\right\}.$$

Additional equivalence transformations:
1. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
2. 3c $``$ 3a ($`\alpha =\gamma _0=1,`$ $`\beta =\gamma _1=0,`$ $`f^1=x^1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=e^t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^tx,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
3. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u;`$
4. 3c $``$ 3a ($`\mu =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=e^{\gamma x}u;`$
5. 3d $``$ 3a ($`\mu =1`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=e^{\gamma e^x}u;`$
6. 3e $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=1/x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=|x|^{\frac{1}{1+\mu }}u;`$
7. 3f $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=1/(e^x+\gamma ),`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=|e^x+\gamma |^{\frac{1}{1+\mu }}u;`$
8. 3g $``$ 3a ($`\mu =3/2`$): $`\stackrel{~}{t}=e^t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^t/x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=|e^tx|^{\frac{1}{1+\mu }}u;`$
9. 3b $``$ 3a: $`\stackrel{~}{t}=t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}=e^x,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u.`$

In Tables 33 we list all possible $`G^{equiv}`$-inequivalent sets of functions $`f(x),`$ $`D(u),`$ $`K(u)`$ and corresponding invariance algebras. Numbers with the same arabic figures correspond to cases that are equivalent with respect to a local equivalence transformation. Explicit formulas for these transformations are adduced after the Tables. The cases numbered with different arabic figures are inequivalent with respect to local equivalence transformations. In order to simplify the presented results, in the case $`f(x)=1`$ we just use the conditional equivalence transformation $`\stackrel{~}{x}=x\epsilon t,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{K}=K+\epsilon `$ (the other variables are not transformed) from $`G_1^{equiv}`$ (see Section 4). Other conditional equivalence transformations are considered in Section 6.

Below for convenience we use double numeration T.N of classification cases and local equivalence transformations, where T denotes the number of table and N does the number of case (or transformation) in Table T. The notion “equation T.N” is used for the equation of form (2) where the parameter-functions take values from the corresponding case.

The operators from Tables 33 form bases of the maximal invariance algebras iff the corresponding sets of the functions $`f,`$ $`D,`$ $`K`$ are $`G^{equiv}`$-inequivalent to ones with most extensive invariance algebras. For example, in Case 3.1 $`(\mu ,\nu )(0,0)`$ and $`\lambda 1`$ if $`\nu =0.`$ And in Case 3.2 $`(\mu ,\nu )\{(2,2),(0,1)\}`$ and $`\nu 0.`$ Similarly, in Case 3.1 the constraint set on the parameters $`\mu ,`$ $`\nu `$ and $`\lambda `$ coincides with the one for Case 3.1, and we can assume that $`\mu =1`$ or $`\nu =1.`$ In Case 3.2 we consider $`\nu =1`$ immediately.

After analyzing the obtained results, we can state the following theorem.

###### Theorem 4.

If an equation of form (2) is invariant with respect to a Lie algebra of dimension no less than 4 then it can be reduced by means of local transformations to one with $`f(x)=1.`$

## 4 Group classification for subclass with $`𝒇\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}`$

Class (2) includes a subclass of equations of the general form

$$u_t=\left(D(u)u_x\right)_x+K(u)u_x.$$
(19)
(i.e. the function $`f`$ is assumed to be equal to 1 identically). Symmetry properties of equations (19) were studied in . But we are not aware of any paper containing correct and exhaustive investigation on the subject. Now let us single out the results of group classification of equations (19) from the above section.

###### Theorem 5.

The Lie algebra of the kernel of principal groups of (19) is $`A_1^{\mathrm{ker}}=_t,_x.`$

###### Theorem 6.

The Lie algebra of the equivalence group $`G_1^{equiv}`$ for the class (19) is

$$A_1^{equiv}=_t,_x,_u,u_u,t_x_K,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}t_t+x_xK_K,t_tD_DK_K.$$
(20)
Any transformation from $`G_1^{equiv}`$ has the form:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{~}{t}=t\epsilon _4^2\epsilon _5+\epsilon _1,\stackrel{~}{x}=x\epsilon _4+\epsilon _7t+\epsilon _2,\stackrel{~}{u}=u\epsilon _6+\epsilon _3,\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{D}=D\epsilon _5^1,\stackrel{~}{K}=K\epsilon _4^1\epsilon _5^1\epsilon _7,\hfill \end{array}$$
(21)
where $`\epsilon _1,\mathrm{},\epsilon _7`$ are arbitrary constants, $`\epsilon _4\epsilon _5\epsilon _60.`$

###### Theorem 7.

The complete set of $`G_1^{equiv}`$-inequivalent extensions of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ for equations (19) is given in Table 4.

## 5 Proof of Theorem 3

Our method is based on the fact that the substitution of the coefficients of any operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}}\backslash A^{\mathrm{ker}}`$ into the classifying equations results in nonidentity equations for arbitrary elements. In the problem under consideration, the procedure of looking for the possible cases mostly depends on equation (14). For any operator $`QA^{\mathrm{max}}`$ equation (14) gives some equations on $`D`$ of the general form

$$(au+b)D_u=cD,$$
(22)
where $`a,b,c=const`$. In general for all operators from $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ the number $`k`$ of such independent equations is no greater then 2 otherwise they form an incompatible system on $`D`$. $`k`$ is an invariant value for the transformations from $`G^{equiv}`$. Therefore, there exist three inequivalent cases for the value of $`k`$: $`k=0,`$ $`k=1,`$ $`k=2.`$ Let us consider these possibilities in more detail, omitting cumbersome calculations.

$`𝒌\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$ (Table 3). Then the coefficients of any operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ are to satisfy the system

$$\eta =0,2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t+\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x=0,K\xi _x^x+D\xi _{xx}^xf\xi _t^x=0.$$
(23)
Let us suppose that $`K1,D.`$ It follows from the last equation of the system (23) that $`\xi _x^x=\xi _t^x=0.`$ Therefore, the second equation is a nonidentity equation for $`f`$ of the form $`f_x=\mu f`$ without fail. Solving this equation yields Case 2a.

Now let $`K1,D,`$ i.e. $`K=\epsilon D+\beta `$ where $`\epsilon \{0,1\},`$ $`\beta =const.`$ Then the last equation of (23) can be decomposed into the following ones

$$\xi _{xx}^x=\epsilon \xi _x^x,\beta \xi _x^x+f\xi _t^x=0.$$

The equation $`(\xi ^x(f_x/f+2\epsilon ))_x=0`$ is a differential consequence of the reduced determining equations. Therefore, the condition $`f_x/f+2\epsilon =0`$ is a classifying one.

Suppose this condition is true, i.e. $`f=e^{2\epsilon x}modG^{equiv}.`$ There exist three different possibilities for values of the parameters $`\epsilon `$ and $`\beta `$:

$$\epsilon =1,\beta 0;\epsilon =1,\beta =0;\epsilon =0(\text{then}\beta =0modG_1^{equiv}),$$

which yield Cases 2a, 3b and 3a respectively.

Let $`\epsilon =0`$ and $`f_x/f0.`$ Then either our consideration is reduced to Case 2a or $`f=x^\mu modG^{equiv}`$ where $`\mu 0.`$ Depending on the value of the parameter $`\beta `$ ($`\beta =0`$ or $`\beta 0`$ and then $`\mu =1`$) we obtain Case 2d or Case 2e.

Let $`\epsilon =1`$ and $`f_x/f2.`$ Then $`\beta =0`$ and $`f_x/f=(C_1e^x+C_0)^12`$ where we assume $`C_10`$ to exclude Case 2a. Integrating the latter equation depends on whether $`C_0`$ vanishes or not, and results in Cases 2b and 2c.

$`𝒌\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{.}`$ Then $`D\{e^u,u^\mu ,\mu 0\}modG^{equiv}`$ and there exists $`QA^{\mathrm{max}}`$ with $`\eta 0.`$

Let us investigate the first possibility $`D=e^u`$ (Table 2). Equation (14) implies $`\eta _u=0,`$ i.e. $`\eta =\eta (t,x).`$ Therefore, equations (14)–(16) can be written as

$$\begin{array}{cc}& 2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t+\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x=\eta ,e^u\eta _{xx}+K\eta _xf\eta _t=0,\hfill \\ & (KK_u)\eta K\xi _x^xf\xi _t^x+e^u(\xi _{xx}^x2\eta _x)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(24)
The latter equation looks like $`K_u=\nu K+be^u+c`$ with respect to $`K`$, where $`\nu ,b,c=const`$. Therefore, $`K`$ is to take one of the following five values.

1. $`K=e^{\nu u}+\varkappa _1e^u+\varkappa _0modG^{equiv},`$ where $`\nu 0,1.`$ (Here and below $`\varkappa _i=const,`$ $`i=0,1.`$) Then $`\eta =const,`$ $`\varkappa _1=0,`$ and either $`\varkappa _0=0`$ if $`fconst`$ or $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ if $`f=const`$ that imply $`\xi _t^x=0,`$ $`\xi _{tt}^t=0,`$ therefore $`f=|x|^\lambda modG^{equiv}`$ (Cases 1 and 2).

2. $`K=u+\varkappa _1e^u+\varkappa _0.`$ In the way analogous to the previous case we obtain $`\varkappa _1=0,`$ $`f=1modG^{equiv},`$ $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ (Case 3).

3. $`K=ue^u+\varkappa _1e^u+\varkappa _0modG^{equiv}.`$ It follows from system (24) that $`\eta =0`$ for any operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}},`$ i.e. we have a contradiction to assumption $`\eta 0`$ for some operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}}.`$

4. $`K=e^u+\varkappa _0.`$ Then $`\eta ^1=\zeta ^1(t)e^x+\zeta ^0(t),`$ $`\xi ^x=\sigma ^1(t)e^x+\sigma ^0(t)\zeta ^1(t)e^x.`$ It can be proved that $`\zeta _t^1=\zeta _t^0=\sigma _t^1=\xi _{tt}^t=0,`$ either $`\varkappa _0=0`$ if $`fconst`$ or $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ if $`f=const,`$ and therefore $`\sigma _t^0=0.`$ The first equation of (24) implies that the function $`f`$ is to satisfy $`l`$ ($`l=0,1,2`$) equations of the form

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{\beta e^x\alpha 2\gamma _0e^x}{\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x}$$

with non-proportional sets of constant parameters $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _0,\gamma _1).`$ The values $`l=0`$ and $`l=1`$ correspond to Cases 4 ($`\epsilon =1`$) and 5b. An additional extension of $`A^{\mathrm{max}}`$ exists for $`l=2`$ in comparison with $`l=1`$ iff $`f`$ is a solution of the equation

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{\lambda _2e^x}{\lambda _1e^x+\lambda _0}2,$$

where either $`\lambda _2=0`$ or $`\lambda _2=3\lambda _10.`$ Integrating the latter equation gives Cases 6b and 6c.

5. $`K=\varkappa _0.`$ Then $`\eta ^1=\zeta ^1(t)x+\zeta ^0(t),`$ $`\xi ^x=\sigma ^1(t)x+\sigma ^0(t)+\zeta ^1(t)x^2.`$ It follows from compatibility of system (24) that $`\eta _t=\xi _t^x=0`$ if $`f\{x^1,1\}modG^{equiv}`$ or $`\varkappa _0=0.`$ The values $`f=x^1,`$ $`\varkappa _00`$ result in Case 5c. If $`f\{x^1,1\}modG^{equiv}`$ and $`\varkappa _0=0`$, we obtain Case 1 with $`\nu =0.`$ If $`f=const`$ then $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}.`$ Below $`\varkappa _0=0.`$ The first equation of (24) holds when the function $`f`$ is a solution of a system of $`l`$ ($`l=0,1,2`$) equations of the form

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{3\beta x+\alpha 2\gamma _1}{\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0}$$

with non-proportional sets of constant parameters $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _0,\gamma _1).`$ The values $`l=0`$ and $`l=1`$ correspond to Cases 4 ($`\epsilon =0`$) and 5a. Additional extensions for $`l=2`$ exist iff $`f`$ is a solution of the equation

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _1x+\lambda _0}.$$

where either $`\lambda _2=0`$ or $`\lambda _2=3\lambda _10.`$ These possibilities result in Cases 6a and 6d.

Consider the case $`D=u^\mu `$ (Tables 3). Equation (14) implies $`\eta ^0=0,`$ i.e. $`\eta =\eta ^1(t,x)u.`$ Therefore, system (14)–(16) can be written as

$$\begin{array}{cc}& 2\xi _x^x\xi _t^t+\frac{f_x}{f}\xi ^x=\mu \eta ^1,u^\mu \eta _{xx}^1+K\eta _x^1f\eta _t^1=0,\hfill \\ & (\mu KuK_u)\eta ^1K\xi _x^x+(\xi _{xx}^x2(\mu +1)\eta _x^1)u^\mu f\xi _t^x=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)
The latter equation looks with respect to $`K`$ similarly to $`uK_u=\nu K+bu^\mu +c,`$ where $`\nu ,b,c=const`$. Therefore, $`K`$ is to take one of the five values.

1. $`K=u^\nu +\varkappa _1u^\mu +\varkappa _0modG^{equiv},`$ where $`\nu 0,\mu .`$ Equations (25) imply $`\eta ^1=const,`$ $`\xi ^x=(\mu \nu )\eta ^1x+\sigma (t),`$ $`\varkappa _1\xi _x^x=0`$ (therefore, $`\varkappa _1=0`$ since $`\eta ^1=0`$), $`f=|x|^\lambda modG^{equiv},`$ $`\xi _t^t=(\mu +\lambda \mu 2\nu \lambda \nu )\eta ^1,`$ $`\lambda \sigma =0,`$ and either $`\varkappa _0=0`$ if $`\lambda 0`$ (Case 1) or $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ if $`\lambda =0`$ (Case 2).

2. $`K=\mathrm{ln}u+\varkappa _1u^\mu +\varkappa _0modG^{equiv}.`$ In the way analogous to the previous case we obtain $`\varkappa _1=0,`$ $`f=1modG^{equiv},`$ $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ (Case 3).

3. $`K=u^\mu \mathrm{ln}u+\varkappa _1u^\mu +\varkappa _0modG^{equiv}.`$ It follows from system (25) that $`\eta =0`$ for any operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}},`$ i.e. we have a contradiction to assumption $`\eta 0`$ for some operator from $`A^{\mathrm{max}}.`$

4. $`K=u^\mu +\varkappa _0modG^{equiv}.`$ Then $`\eta ^1=\zeta ^1(t)e^x+\zeta ^0(t),`$ $`\xi ^x=\sigma ^1(t)e^x+\sigma ^0(t)(\mu +1)\zeta ^1(t)e^x.`$ It can be proved that $`\zeta _t^1=\zeta _t^0=\sigma _t^1=\xi _{tt}^t=0,`$ either $`\varkappa _0=0`$ if $`fconst`$ or $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}`$ if $`f=const,`$ and therefore $`\sigma _t^0=0.`$ The first equation of (25) implies that the function $`f`$ is to satisfy $`l`$ ($`l=0,1,2`$) equations of the form

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{(\mu +2)\beta e^x\alpha 2\gamma _0e^x}{(\mu +1)\beta e^x+\gamma _1+\gamma _0e^x}$$

with non-proportional sets of constant parameters $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _0,\gamma _1).`$ The values $`l=0`$ and $`l=1`$ correspond to Cases 4 ($`\epsilon =1`$) and 5b. $`l=2`$ iff $`f`$ is a solution of the equation

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{\lambda _2e^x}{\lambda _1e^x+\lambda _0}2.$$

Looking for the inequivalent possibilities of integrating of this equation results in Cases 6b, 6d, 6f, 7b.

5. $`K=\varkappa _0.`$ Then $`\eta ^1=\zeta ^1(t)x+\zeta ^0(t),`$ $`\xi ^x=\sigma ^1(t)x+\sigma ^0(t)+(\mu +1)\zeta ^1(t)x^2.`$ It follows from compatibility of system (25) that $`\eta _t=\xi _t^x=0`$ if $`f\{x^1,1\}modG^{equiv}`$ or $`\varkappa _0=0.`$ The values $`f=x^1,`$ $`\varkappa _00`$ result in Cases 5c and 6g. If $`f\{x^1,1\}modG^{equiv}`$ and $`\varkappa _0=0`$, we obtain Case 1 with $`\nu =0.`$ If $`f=const`$ then $`\varkappa _0=0modG_1^{equiv}.`$ Below $`\varkappa _0=0.`$ The first equation of (25) holds when the function $`f`$ is a solution of a system of $`l`$ ($`l=0,1,2`$) equations of the form

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{(3\mu +4)\beta x+\alpha 2\gamma _1}{(\mu +1)\beta x^2+\gamma _1x+\gamma _0}$$

with non-proportional sets of constant parameters $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _0,\gamma _1).`$ The values $`l=0`$ and $`l=1`$ correspond to Cases 4 ($`\epsilon =0`$) and 5a. $`l=2`$ iff $`f`$ is a solution of the equation

$$\frac{f_x}{f}=\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _1x+\lambda _0}.$$

Looking for the inequivalent possibilities of integrating of this equation results in Cases 6a, 6c, 6e, 7a.

$`𝒌\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{.}`$ Assumption on two independent equations of form (22) on $`𝑫`$ yields $`𝑫\mathbf{=}𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭\mathbf{,}`$ i.e. $`𝑫\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}𝐦𝐨𝐝𝑮^{𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯}\mathbf{.}`$ $`𝑲_𝒖\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$ (otherwise, equation (2) is linear). Equations (14)–(16) can be written as

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{𝟐}𝝃_𝒙^𝒙\mathbf{}𝝃_𝒕^𝒕\mathbf{+}\frac{𝒇_𝒙}{𝒇}𝝃^𝒙\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}𝜼_{𝒙𝒙}\mathbf{+}𝑲𝜼_𝒙\mathbf{}𝒇𝜼_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}\hfill \\ & \mathbf{}𝑲_𝒖𝜼\mathbf{}𝑲𝝃_𝒙^𝒙\mathbf{+}𝝃_{𝒙𝒙}^𝒙\mathbf{}𝒇𝝃_𝒕^𝒙\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝜼_𝒙^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{.}\hfill \end{array}$$
(26)
The latter equation looks similarly to $`\mathbf{(}𝒂𝒖\mathbf{+}𝒃\mathbf{)}𝑲_𝒖\mathbf{=}𝒄𝑲\mathbf{+}𝒅`$ with respect to $`𝑲\mathbf{,}`$ where $`𝒂\mathbf{,}𝒃\mathbf{,}𝒄\mathbf{,}𝒅\mathbf{=}𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭`$. Therefore, to within transformations from $`𝑮^{𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯}`$ $`𝑲`$ is to take one from four values:

$$𝑲\mathbf{=}𝒖^𝝂\mathbf{+}\mathit{\varkappa }_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}𝝂\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{;}𝑲\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}𝒖\mathbf{+}\mathit{\varkappa }_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{;}𝑲\mathbf{=}𝒆^𝒖\mathbf{+}\mathit{\varkappa }_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{;}𝑲\mathbf{=}𝒖\mathbf{.}$$

Classification for these values is carried out in the way similar to the above. The obtained extensions can be entered in either Table 2 or Table 3.

The problem of the group classification of equation (2) is exhaustively solved.

## 6 Additional equivalence transformations

When we impose some restrictions on arbitrary elements we can find additional equivalence transformations named conditional equivalence transformations (see Notion 1). As mentioned above, the simplest way to find such equivalences between previously classified equations is based on the fact that equivalent equations have equivalent maximal invariance algebras. A more systematic way is to classify these transformations using the infinitesimal or the direct methods. Examples of conditional equivalence algebras calculated by the infinitesimal method are listed in Table 5.

To find the complete collection of additional local equivalence transformations including both continuous and discrete ones, we are to use the direct method. Moreover, application of this method allows us to describe all the local transformations that are possible for pairs of equations from the class under consideration. The problem of this sort was first investigated for wave equations by Kingston and Sophocleous . Now we state a number of simple but very useful lemmas containing preliminary results on solution of this problem. (We imply that the condition of nonsingularity is satisfied for all the transformations.)

###### Lemma 1.

 For any local transformation between two evolutionary second-order equations (i.e. equations of the form $`𝐮_𝐭\mathbf{=}𝐇\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{,}𝐮\mathbf{,}𝐮_𝐱\mathbf{,}𝐮_{𝐱𝐱}\mathbf{)}`$ where $`𝐇_{𝐮_{𝐱𝐱}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$) the transformation of the variable $`𝐭`$ depends only on $`𝐭\mathbf{.}`$

###### Lemma 2.

Any local transformation between two evolutionary second-order quasi-linear equations having the form $`𝐮_𝐭\mathbf{=}𝐅\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{,}𝐮\mathbf{)}𝐮_{𝐱𝐱}\mathbf{+}𝐆\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{,}𝐮\mathbf{,}𝐮_𝐱\mathbf{)}`$ where $`𝐅\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$ is projectible, i.e. $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐭}\mathbf{=}𝐓\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐱}\mathbf{=}𝐗\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐮}\mathbf{=}𝐔\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{,}𝐮\mathbf{)}\mathbf{.}`$

###### Lemma 3.

Any local transformation between two equations from class (2) is linear with respect to $`𝐮`$: $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐭}\mathbf{=}𝐓\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐱}\mathbf{=}𝐗\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝐮}\mathbf{=}𝐔^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{)}𝐮\mathbf{+}𝐔^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝐭\mathbf{,}𝐱\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ and up to transformations from $`𝐆^{𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯}`$ we can assume the coefficient $`𝐃`$ is not changed.

###### Lemma 4.

$`\mathbf{(}𝑼_𝒕\mathbf{,}𝑼_𝒙\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}`$ for a local transformation between two equations from class (2) only if $`𝐃\mathbf{}\mathbf{\{}𝐮^𝛍\mathbf{,}𝐞^𝐮\mathbf{\}}𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐆^{𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯}\mathbf{.}`$

As an example of discrete equivalence transformations we can give the involution

$$\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒕}\mathbf{=}𝒕\mathbf{,}\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒙}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{,}\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}\mathbf{=}𝒖\mathbf{+}𝜶𝒙$$

in the couple of equations

$$𝒇\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜶𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\text{and}𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜶𝒙}𝒇\mathbf{(}\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{)}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜶𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{.}$$

Moreover, this transformation is a discrete invariance transformation for the equation

$$𝒈\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜶𝒙\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜶𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{,}$$

iff $`𝒈`$ is an even function.

We also investigated some transformations into other classes of reaction-diffusion equations. So, using the discrete transformation $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒕}\mathbf{=}𝒕\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒙}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{,}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}\mathbf{=}𝒖\mathbf{+}𝒙\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}`$ we can reduce the equation

$$𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}𝒆^𝒖\mathbf{(}𝒖_{𝒙𝒙}\mathbf{+}𝒖_𝒙^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}$$

to the reaction-diffusion equation from the classification of Dorodnitsyn :

$$\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}}\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}_{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒙}}\mathbf{)}_{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒙}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}𝒆^{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒖}}\mathbf{.}$$

## 7 Exact solutions

We now turn to presentation of some exact solutions for (2). Using our classification with respect to all the possible local transformations (i.e. not only with respect to ones from $`𝑮^{𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯}`$), at first we can obtain solutions of simpler equations (e.g. 6a from Tables 2 or 3) by means of the classical Lie–Ovsiannikov algorithm or non-classical methods. Then we transform them to solutions of more complicated equations (such as 6b, 6c, …).

Let us note that the equations with $`𝒇\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}`$ are well investigated and the most of exact solutions given below were constructed before (see citations in ). However, at the best of our knowledge, there exist no works containing a systematic study of all the possible Lie reductions in this class, as well as the exhaustive consideration of integrability and exact solutions of the corresponding reduced equations. That is why we have decided to implement the relevant Lie reduction algorithm independently, especially since it is not a difficult problem.

So, let us consider equation 2.6a

$$𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙\mathbf{.}$$
(27)
Let us remind that for (27) the basis of $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐦𝐚𝐱}}`$ is formed by the operators

$$𝑸_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝒕\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{}\mathbf{}_𝒖\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{=}𝒙\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}_𝒖\mathbf{.}$$

The only non-zero commutators of these operators are $`\mathbf{[}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{=}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\mathbf{[}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{=}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{.}`$ Therefore $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐦𝐚𝐱}}`$ is a realization of the algebra $`\mathrm{𝟐}𝑨_{\mathbf{2.1}}`$ . All the possible inequivalent (with respect to inner automorphisms) one-dimensional subalgebras of $`\mathrm{𝟐}𝑨_{\mathbf{2.1}}`$  are exhausted by the ones listed in Table 6 along with the corresponding ansatzes and the reduced ODEs.

We succeeded in solving the equations 6.1–6.5. Thus we have the following solutions of (27):

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{|}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{|}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathbf{}𝒙^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}}{𝒕}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}𝝋\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{)}\text{where}\mathbf{}\frac{𝒆^𝝋}{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜺𝝋}𝒅𝝋\mathbf{=}𝝎\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{.}$$

Using them we can construct solutions for Cases 2.6b–2.6d easily. For example, the transformation 2.4 yields the corresponding solutions for the more complicated and interesting equation

$$\frac{𝒆^𝒙}{\mathbf{(}𝜸𝒆^𝒙\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟑}}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒆^𝒖𝒖_𝒙$$

having the localized density (Case 2.6c):

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{\left|}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right|}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒕}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\frac{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸}{𝒕}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{.}$$

A singular value of the parameter $`𝝁`$ for Case 3.6a is $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{.}`$ So, the equation

$$𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝒖_𝒙}{𝒖}\mathbf{\right)}_𝒙$$
(28)
is distinguished by the reduction procedure. It is remarkable that Cases 3.6c and 3.6d are reduced exactly to the equation (28). The invariance algebra of (28) is generated by the operators

$$𝑸_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝒕\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{+}𝒖\mathbf{}_𝒖\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{=}𝒙\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒖\mathbf{}_𝒖$$

and is a realization of the algebra $`\mathrm{𝟐}𝑨_{\mathbf{2.1}}`$ too. The reduced ODEs for are listed in Table 7.

After integrating Cases 7.1–7.4 we obtain the following solutions of (28):

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}{\mathrm{𝐜𝐨𝐬}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙}}{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathbf{}𝜺\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{)}}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{𝜺}{𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}{\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒕^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{.}$$

Analogously to previous case we obtain by means of transformations 3.5 exact solutions of equation 3.6d in the following forms:

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{\mathbf{(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸\mathbf{)}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜸𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}}{\mathrm{𝐜𝐨𝐬}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒆^{\mathbf{(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸\mathbf{)}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}}{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜸𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}}{\mathbf{}𝜺\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒆^{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{)}}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{𝜺𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜸𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}}{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕𝒆^{\mathbf{}𝜸𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙}}{\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒕^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{.}$$

Another example of equation with localized density is given by Case 3.6f. To look for exact solutions for it, at first we reduce it to the equation 3.6a

$$𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}𝒖^𝝁𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{\right)}_𝒙\mathbf{.}$$
(29)
As in the previous cases the invariance algebra of (29)

$$𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐦𝐚𝐱}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝒕\mathbf{}_𝒕\mathbf{}𝝁^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒖\mathbf{}_𝒖\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{,}𝑸_\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{=}𝒙\mathbf{}_𝒙\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒖\mathbf{}_𝒖\mathbf{}$$

is a realization of the algebra $`\mathrm{𝟐}𝑨_{\mathbf{2.1}}`$. The result of reduction (29) under inequivalent subalgebras of $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐦𝐚𝐱}}`$ is written down in Table 8.

For some of the reduced equations we can construct the general solutions. For other ones we succeeded to find only particular solutions. These solutions are following:

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{|}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{|}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{}𝜺𝝁\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{}𝜺𝒕\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\frac{\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{|}𝒕\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\frac{\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}^{\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{|}𝒕\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}}{\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{,}$$

All the results of Tables 78 as well as constructed solutions can be extended to equations 3.6b–3.6g using the local equivalence transformations. So for the equation

$$\frac{𝒆^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒙}}{\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝝁}{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝝁}}}𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}𝒖^𝝁𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{\right)}_𝒙\mathbf{+}𝒖^𝝁𝒖_𝒙$$
(30)
(Case 3.6f) the transformations 3.7 yield exact solutions in the form

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{|}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{|}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{,}𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝜺𝝁}{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸}\mathbf{+}𝜺^\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁𝒕\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{|}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}\mathbf{\left(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{|}𝒕\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{|}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{,}$$

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒕}\mathbf{\left(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\left(}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{𝝁}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{|}𝒕\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{𝝁\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}}{\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{|}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{|}^{\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝝁\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{,}$$

A number of exact solutions were constructed for equations from class (19) ($`𝒇\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}`$) by means of nonclassical methods. Starting from them and using local transformations of conditional equivalence, we can obtain non-Lie exact solutions for more complicate equations (Cases 6b, 6c, …).

So, N.K. Amerov  and J.R. King  suggested to look for solutions of the equation $`𝒖_𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒖^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}𝒖_𝒙\mathbf{)}_𝒙`$ (3.6a, $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}`$) in the form $`𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}𝒕\mathbf{+}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ where the functions $`𝝋^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝝋^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒙\mathbf{)}`$ satisfy the system of ODEs $`𝝋_{𝒙𝒙}^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{,}`$ $`𝝋_{𝒙𝒙}^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{=}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟎}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{.}`$ A particular solution of this system is

$$𝝋^\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟔}}{𝒙^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{,}𝝋^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{=}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒙^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝒄_\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒙^\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{.}$$

And the corresponding solution for the equation 3.6f with $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}`$ can be written down as

$$𝒖\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟔}𝒕\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}𝒄_\mathrm{𝟐}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒆^\mathbf{}𝒙\mathbf{+}𝜸\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟔}\mathbf{.}$$

## 8 Conclusion

In this paper group classification in the class of equations (2) is performed completely. The main results on classification are collected in Tables 33 where we list inequivalent cases of extensions with the corresponding Lie invariance algebras. Among the presented equations there exist ones which have the density $`𝒇`$ localized in the space of $`𝒙`$ and are invariant with respect to more abundant Lie algebras than $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐤𝐞𝐫}}`$. After the tables we write down all the additional equivalence transformations reducing some equations from our classification to other ones of simpler forms. (In fact, the equations of (2) have been classified with respect to two different equivalence relations generated by either the equivalence group or the set of all possible transformations.) For a number of equations from the list of the reduced ones we construct optimal systems of inequivalent subalgebras, corresponding Lie ansatzes and exact invariant solutions. By means of additional equivalence transformations the obtained solutions are transformed to the ones for the more interesting and complicated equations with localized densities.

We describe equivalence transformations within a class of PDEs (2) using the infinitesimal and direct methods. The direct method enables us to find the group of all the possible local equivalence transformations (i.e. not only continuous ones) in the whole class (2) as well as all the conditional equivalence transformations. Moreover, we begin to solve the general equivalence problem for any pair of equations from class (2) with respect to the local transformations (Lemmas 1–4).

We plan to continue investigations of this subject. For the class under consideration we plan to perform classification of potential and nonclassical (conditional) symmetries and finish studying all the possible partial equivalence transformations. We also intend to investigate existence, localization and asymptotic properties of solutions of initial and boundary-value problems for nonlinear convection-diffusion equations.

Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to Profs. V. Boyko, A. Nikitin, A. Sergyeyev, I. Yehorchenko and A. Zhalij for useful discussions and interesting comments.

The research of NMI was partially supported by National Academy of Science of Ukraine in the form of the grant for young scientists.