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# ϕ meson production in √𝑠_{𝑁𝑁} = 200 GeV Au+Au and pp collisions at RHIC

## 1 Introduction

Strangeness production in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions may provide detailed information on the collision dynamics . The enhanced production of strangeness in nucleus-nucleus collisions is predicted to be a signature that the collisions go through a deconfined stage - namely the quark gluon plasma (QGP) . The $`s\overline{s}`$ valence quark content for the $`\varphi `$ meson is of particular interest: The production of $`\varphi `$ meson may be sensitive to strangeness enhancement . The possible mass and decay width modification of $`\varphi `$ meson due to the expected partial chiral symetry restoration and in medium effect in the hot and dense matter has been a topic of both theoretical and experimental investigations . The $`\varphi `$ meson may retain the information from the early partonic stage of the collisions since it is expected that $`\varphi `$ meson interacts weakly with nonstrange hadrons during the hadronic stage . Finally, the comparison of the production of $`\varphi `$ meson in Au+Au and pp collisions at the same beam energy may yield knowledge on the production mechanisms of $`\varphi `$ meson and the evolution dynamics of the colliding system.

## 2 Experiment and Analysis

The results on $`\varphi `$ meson production at $`\sqrt{s_{NN}}`$ = 130 GeV from the STAR detector have been reported in . The data presented here was taken by the STAR detector  during the second run of RHIC collider in the year 2001. The main components of the STAR detector used in this analysis are a large acceptance Time Projection Chamber (TPC) , a Central Trigger Barrel (CTB) and two Zero Degree Calorimeters. The TPC is placed in an uniform magnetic field as the tracking device for charged particles. The CTB and ZDC are used for triggering. In this analysis about 2.1M events from minimum bias trigger data and 1.0M events from central trigger data in Au+Au collisions and 4M events from minimum bias trigger data in pp collisions are used after all event selection cuts .

The particle identification is achieved by correlating the measured energy loss ($`dE/dx`$) of the particle in the TPC gas with its momentum. In this analysis, a track is selected as a kaon candidate as long as its $`dE/dx`$ is within $`2\sigma `$ of the kaon Bethe-Bloch curve. Due to limited resolusion of the detector, the pion and kaon dE/dx bands merge at momentum greater than 0.7 GeV, resulting in the pion contamination in the kaon candidates. The centrality in Au+Au collisions is defined by the fraction of the total inelastic hadronic cross-section, i.e. by dividing the raw charged hadron multiplicity distribution into centrality classes.

The $`\varphi `$ signal is built by calculating the invariant mass of every selected $`K^+`$$`K^{}`$ pair. The shape of the combinatorial background is calculated by event mixing technique . For the Au+Au data analysis, each event is mixed with another event in the same centrality class, while each event is mixed with four other events in the pp data analysis in order to get a better description of the background with higher statistics.

## 3 Results and Discussion

The background subtracted $`K^+`$$`K^{}`$ pair invariant mass distribution averaged over 0.4 GeV/c $`p_T`$ 3.9 GeV/c is shown in Figure 1. The $`\varphi `$ peak is fit to a Breit-Wigner function plus a linear function representing the background in each $`p_T`$ bin. The measured mass for the $`\varphi `$ meson in both Au+Au and pp collisions is $`1019\pm 0.7`$ MeV/$`c^2`$, which is consistent with the $`\varphi `$ meson mass from the Particle Data Group . The measured width is also consistent with the $`\varphi `$ natural width convoluted with the resolution of the STAR detector. The residual background at mass region greater than 1.06 GeV/$`c^2`$ mainly comes from $`K_s^0`$ decay products when pions are misidentified as kaons. A small fraction of it may also come from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ decays where both of its decay daughters are misidentified as kaons.

In order to obtain the resonance yield, detector acceptance and efficiency corrections were applied to the uncorrected number of $`\varphi `$ for each centrality and $`p_T`$ bin. The acceptance and efficiency corrections were done by embedding simulated kaons from $`\varphi `$ decays into real events using GEANT, and by passing them through the full reconstruction chain . The corrected $`\varphi `$ invariant multiplicity distributions at mid-rapidity ($`|y|<`$ 0.5) as a function of $`m_Tm_\varphi `$ are depicted in Figure 2, where $`m_\varphi `$ = 1019.4 MeV/c2 is the average $`\varphi `$ mass reported in . The transverse momentum coverage for this measurement is 0.4 $`p_T`$ 3.9 GeV/$`c`$, which corresponds to 85$`\%`$ of the $`\varphi `$ yield at mid-rapidity. In Au+Au collisions, the spectra are fitted by an exponential function in $`m_Tm_\varphi `$ for all centrality bins. In pp collisions, the spectrum is better represented by a power law function in $`p_T`$. Thus the spectra shape changes from pp to Au+Au collisions. In Au+Au collisions, the inverse slopes extracted from the exponential function fit to the spectra do not depend strongly on the collision centrality.

The $`\varphi `$ yield ($`dN/dy`$) obtained from the fit to the spectra in Au+Au collisions as a function of rapidity is shown in Figure 3. The measured $`\varphi `$ dN/dy is flat as a function of rapidity within the errors, which is consistent with boost invariance for the $`\varphi `$ production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC energy in the measured rapidity range.

The $`\varphi `$ $`<p_T>`$ calculated from the fits to the spectra as a function of the number of charged particles is depicted in Figure 4, where the solid triangle and the solid circles sketch the measurements in pp and Au+Au collisions, respectively. In this figure, the $`<p_T>`$ of $`\pi ^{}`$, K- and $`\overline{p}`$ from  are also plotted, where the open triangles represent the $`<p_T>`$ obtained in pp interactions and the open circles correspond to the $`<p_T>`$ measured in Au+Au collisions for different centralities. The $`<p_T>`$ of $`\pi ^{}`$, K- and $`\overline{p}`$ increases from peripheral to central collisions and from lighter to heavier particles. The $`\pi ^{}`$ $`<p_T>`$ increase from pp and most peripheral Au+Au collisions to the most central Au+Au collisions is about 10$`\%`$. In the case of K- and $`\overline{p}`$, the increase is about 25$`\%`$ and 60$`\%`$, respectively. This behavior is expected from collective flow picture with hadronic rescattering. The $`\varphi `$ meson has a very different behavior: Its $`<p_T>`$ increases from pp collisions to Au+Au collisions. However, there is little increase from peripherial Au+Au to central Au+Au collisions although its mass is even higher than that of $`\overline{p}`$. Some hadronic hydrodynamic calculations, for example  predicts collective flow expansion in proportion to particle mass, such as those exhibited by $`\pi ^{}`$, $`K^{}`$ and $`\overline{p}`$. The centrality dependence of $`<p_T>`$ for the $`\varphi `$ meson shows a distintive difference from that for the $`\pi ^{}`$, $`K^{}`$ and $`\overline{p}`$. This may indicate that the evolution dynamics of the $`\varphi `$ meson is less sensitive to hadronic rescattering.

## 4 Summary

We have presented rusults on $`\varphi `$ meson production at mid-rapidity in Au+Au and pp collisions at $`\sqrt{s_{NN}}`$ = 200 GeV. The spectrum in pp collisions is significantly different from that in Au+Au collisions. The spectra in Au+Au collisions weakly depend on the collision centralities. The extracted $`\varphi `$ yield is flat as a function of rapidity, which is consistent with boost invariance for the $`\varphi `$ production in the measured rapidity range. The weak dependence of $`\varphi `$ $`<p_T>`$ on the centralities in Au+Au collisions is consistent with the expectation that $`\varphi `$ does not interact strongly with nonstrange hadronic matter.

We wish to thank the RHIC Operations Group and the RHIC Computing Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for their support. This work was supported by the Division of Nuclear Physics and the Division of High Energy Physics of the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, the United States National Science Foundation, the Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung of Germany, the Institut National de la Physique Nucleaire et de la Physique des Particules of France, the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil, the Russian Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Swiss National Science Foundation. This work has been partially supported by NSF grant PHY-03-11859.

## 5 References


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# 1 Abstract

## 1 Abstract

The random matrix ensembles (RME), especially Gaussian random matrix ensembles GRME and Ginibre random matrix ensembles, are applied to following quantum systems: nuclear systems, molecular systems, and two-dimensional electron systems (Wigner-Dyson electrostatic analogy). Measures of quantum chaos and quantum integrability with respect to eigenergies of quantum systems are defined and calculated.

The distribution function for the random matrix ensembles is derived from the maximum entropy principle. Information functional is defined as negentropy (opposite of entropy or minus entropy).

## 2 Introduction

Random Matrix Theory RMT studies quantum Hamiltonian operators $`H`$ which are random matrix variables. Their matrix elements $`H_{ij}`$ are independent random scalar variables . There were studied among others the following Gaussian Random Matrix ensembles GRME: orthogonal GOE, unitary GUE, symplectic GSE, as well as circular ensembles: orthogonal COE, unitary CUE, and symplectic CSE. The choice of ensemble is based on quantum symmetries ascribed to the Hamiltonian $`H`$. The Hamiltonian $`H`$ acts on quantum space $`V`$ of eigenfunctions. It is assumed that $`V`$ is $`N`$-dimensional Hilbert space $`V=𝐅^N`$, where the real, complex, or quaternion field $`𝐅=𝐑,𝐂,𝐇`$, corresponds to GOE, GUE, or GSE, respectively. If the Hamiltonian matrix $`H`$ is hermitean $`H=H^{}`$, then the probability density function of $`H`$ reads:

$`f_{}\left(H\right)=𝒞_{H\beta }\mathrm{exp}\left[\beta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}\left(H^2\right)\right],`$ (1)
$`𝒞_{H\beta }=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\pi }}\right)^{𝒩_{H\beta }/2},`$
$`𝒩_{H\beta }=N+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}N\left(N1\right)\beta ,`$
$`{\displaystyle f_{}\left(H\right)𝑑H}=1,`$
$`dH={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma =0}{\overset{D1}{}}}dH_{ij}^{\left(\gamma \right)},`$
$`H_{ij}=(H_{ij}^{\left(0\right)},\mathrm{},H_{ij}^{\left(D1\right)})𝐅,`$
where the parameter $`\beta `$ assume values $`\beta =1,2,4,`$ for GOE($`N`$), GUE($`N`$), GSE($`N`$), respectively, and $`𝒩_{H\beta }`$ is number of independent matrix elements of hermitean Hamiltonian $`H`$. The Hamiltonian $`H`$ belongs to Lie group of hermitean $`N\times N𝐅`$-matrices, and the matrix Haar’s measure $`dH`$ is invariant under transformations from the unitary group U($`N`$, F). The eigenenergies $`E_i,i=1,\mathrm{},N`$, of $`H`$, are real-valued random variables $`E_i=E_i^{}`$. It was Eugene Wigner who firstly dealt with eigenenergy level repulsion phenomenon studying nuclear spectra . RMT is applicable now in many branches of physics: nuclear physics (slow neutron resonances, highly excited complex nuclei), condensed phase physics (fine metallic particles, random Ising model \[spin glasses\]), quantum chaos (quantum billiards, quantum dots), disordered mesoscopic systems (transport phenomena), quantum chromodynamics, quantum gravity, field theory.

## 3 The Ginibre ensembles

Jean Ginibre considered another example of GRME dropping the assumption of hermiticity of Hamiltonians thus defining generic $`𝐅`$-valued Hamiltonian $`K`$ . Hence, $`K`$ belong to general linear Lie group GL($`N`$, F), and the matrix Haar’s measure $`dK`$ is invariant under transformations form that group. The distribution of $`K`$ is given by:

$`f_𝒦\left(K\right)=𝒞_{K\beta }\mathrm{exp}\left[\beta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}\left(K^{}K\right)\right],`$ (2)
$`𝒞_{K\beta }=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\pi }}\right)^{𝒩_{K\beta }/2},`$
$`𝒩_{K\beta }=N^2\beta ,`$
$`{\displaystyle f_𝒦\left(K\right)𝑑K}=1,`$
$`dK={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma =0}{\overset{D1}{}}}dK_{ij}^{\left(\gamma \right)},`$
$`K_{ij}=(K_{ij}^{\left(0\right)},\mathrm{},K_{ij}^{\left(D1\right)})𝐅,`$
where $`\beta =1,2,4`$, stands for real, complex, and quaternion Ginibre ensembles, respectively. Therefore, the eigenenergies $`Z_i`$ of quantum system ascribed to Ginibre ensemble are complex-valued random variables. The eigenenergies $`Z_i,i=1,\mathrm{},N`$, of nonhermitean Hamiltonian $`K`$ are not real-valued random variables $`Z_iZ_i^{}`$. Jean Ginibre postulated the following joint probability density function of random vector of complex eigenvalues $`Z_1,\mathrm{},Z_N`$ for $`N\times N`$ Hamiltonian matrices $`K`$ for $`\beta =2`$ :

$`P(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)=`$ (3)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi j!}}{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left|z_iz_j\right|^2\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left|z_j\right|^2\right),`$
where $`z_i`$ are complex-valued sample points ($`z_i𝐂`$).

We emphasize here Wigner and Dyson’s electrostatic analogy. A Coulomb gas of $`N`$ unit charges moving on complex plane (Gauss’s plane) C is considered. The vectors of positions of charges are $`z_i`$ and potential energy of the system is:

$$U(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)=\underset{i<j}{}\mathrm{ln}\left|z_iz_j\right|+\frac{1}{2}\underset{i}{}\left|z_i^2\right|.$$
(4)
If gas is in thermodynamical equilibrium at temperature $`T=\frac{1}{2k_B}`$ ($`\beta =\frac{1}{k_BT}=2`$, $`k_B`$ is Boltzmann’s constant), then probability density function of vectors of positions is $`P(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ Eq. (3). Therefore, complex eigenenergies $`Z_i`$ of quantum system are analogous to vectors of positions of charges of Coulomb gas. Moreover, complex-valued spacings $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1Z_i`$ of complex eigenenergies of quantum system:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^1Z_i=Z_{i+1}Z_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\left(N1\right),$$
(5)
are analogous to vectors of relative positions of electric charges. Finally, complex-valued second differences $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$ of complex eigenenergies:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i=Z_{i+2}2Z_{i+1}+Z_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\left(N2\right),$$
(6)
are analogous to vectors of relative positions of vectors of relative positions of electric charges.

The eigenenergies $`Z_i=Z\left(i\right)`$ can be treated as values of function $`Z`$ of discrete parameter $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. The ”Jacobian” of $`Z_i`$ reads:

$$\mathrm{Jac}Z_i=\frac{Z_i}{i}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^1Z_i}{\mathrm{\Delta }^1i}=\mathrm{\Delta }^1Z_i.$$
(7)
We readily have, that the spacing is an discrete analog of Jacobian, since the indexing parameter $`i`$ belongs to discrete space of indices $`iI=\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$. Therefore, the first derivative with respect to $`i`$ reduces to the first differential quotient. The Hessian is a Jacobian applied to Jacobian. We immediately have the formula for discrete ”Hessian” for the eigenenergies $`Z_i`$:

$$\mathrm{Hess}Z_i=\frac{^2Z_i}{i^2}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i}{\mathrm{\Delta }^1i^2}=\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i.$$
(8)
Thus, the second difference of $`Z`$ is discrete analog of Hessian of $`Z`$. One emphasizes that both ”Jacobian” and ”Hessian” work on discrete index space $`I`$ of indices $`i`$. The spacing is also a discrete analog of energy slope whereas the second difference corresponds to energy curvature with respect to external parameter $`\lambda `$ describing parametric “evolution” of energy levels . The finite differences of order higher than two are discrete analogs of compositions of ”Jacobians” with ”Hessians” of $`Z`$.

The eigenenergies $`E_i,iI`$, of the hermitean Hamiltonian $`H`$ are ordered increasingly real-valued random variables. They are values of discrete function $`E_i=E\left(i\right)`$. The first difference of adjacent eigenenergies is:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^1E_i=E_{i+1}E_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\left(N1\right),$$
(9)
are analogous to vectors of relative positions of electric charges of one-dimensional Coulomb gas. It is simply the spacing of two adjacent energies. Real-valued second differences $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2E_i`$ of eigenenergies:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^2E_i=E_{i+2}2E_{i+1}+E_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\left(N2\right),$$
(10)
are analogous to vectors of relative positions of vectors of relative positions of charges of one-dimensional Coulomb gas. The $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$ have their real parts $`\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$, and imaginary parts $`\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$, as well as radii (moduli) $`\left|\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i\right|`$, and main arguments (angles) $`\mathrm{Arg}\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$. $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2Z_i`$ are extensions of real-valued second differences:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^2E_i=E_{i+2}2E_{i+1}+E_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\left(N2\right),$$
(11)
of adjacent ordered increasingly real-valued eigenenergies $`E_i`$ of Hamiltonian $`H`$ defined for GOE, GUE, GSE, and Poisson ensemble PE (where Poisson ensemble is composed of uncorrelated randomly distributed eigenenergies) . The Jacobian and Hessian operators of energy function $`E\left(i\right)=E_i`$ for these ensembles read:

$$\mathrm{Jac}E_i=\frac{E_i}{i}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^1E_i}{\mathrm{\Delta }^1i}=\mathrm{\Delta }^1E_i,$$
(12)
and

$$\mathrm{Hess}E_i=\frac{^2E_i}{i^2}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^2E_i}{\mathrm{\Delta }^1i^2}=\mathrm{\Delta }^2E_i.$$
(13)
The treatment of first and second differences of eigenenergies as discrete analogs of Jacobians and Hessians allows one to consider these eigenenergies as a magnitudes with statistical properties studied in discrete space of indices. The labelling index $`i`$ of the eigenenergies is an additional variable of ”motion”, hence the space of indices $`I`$ augments the space of dynamics of random magnitudes.

## 4 The Maximum Entropy Principle

In order to derive the probability distribution in matrix space we apply the maximum entropy principle:

$$\mathrm{max}\{S_\beta \left(f_𝒳\right):1=1,_𝒳=U_\beta \},$$
(14)
which yields:

$$\mathrm{max}\{S_\beta \left(f_𝒳\right):f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X=1,_𝒳\left(X\right)f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X=U_\beta \},$$
(15)
where $`X=H`$ or $`X=K`$ for Gaussian or Ginibre ensembles, respectively, and $`_𝒳\left(X\right)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{Tr}\left(X^{}X\right)`$. The maximization of entropy $`S_\beta \left(f_𝒳\right)=\left(k_B\mathrm{ln}f_𝒳\left(X\right)\right)f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X`$ under two additional constraints of normalization of the probability density function, and of equality of its first momentum and intrinsic energy, is equivalent to the minimization of the following functional $`\left(f_𝒳\right)`$ with the use of Lagrange multipliers $`\alpha _1,\beta _1`$:

$`\mathrm{min}\left\{\left(f_𝒳\right)\right\},`$ (16)
$`\left(f_𝒳\right)={\displaystyle \left(k_B\mathrm{ln}f_𝒳\left(X\right)\right)f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X}+\alpha _1{\displaystyle f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X}`$
$`+\beta _1{\displaystyle _𝒳\left(X\right)f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X}.`$
It follows, that the first variational derivative of $`\left(f_𝒳\right)`$ must vanish:

$$\frac{\delta \left(f_𝒳\right)}{\delta f_𝒳}=0,$$
(17)
which produces:

$$k_B\left(\mathrm{ln}f_𝒳\left(X\right)+1\right)+\alpha _1+\beta _1_𝒳\left(X\right)=0,$$
(18)
and equivalently:

$`f_𝒳\left(X\right)=𝒞_{X\beta }\mathrm{exp}\left[\beta _𝒳\left(X\right)\right]`$ (19)
$`𝒞_{X\beta }=\mathrm{exp}\left[\left(\alpha _1+1\right)k_B^1\right],\beta =\beta _1k_B^1.`$
The variational principle of maximum entropy does not force additional condition on functional form of $`_𝒳\left(X\right)`$. The information functional $`I_\beta `$ is the opposite of entropy

$$I_\beta \left(f_𝒳\right)=S_\beta \left(f_𝒳\right)=\left(+k_B\mathrm{ln}f_𝒳\left(X\right)\right)f_𝒳\left(X\right)𝑑X.$$
(20)
Information is negentropy, and entropy is neginformation.


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# Correlations and scaling in one-dimensional heat conduction

## I Introduction

Heat conduction in one dimensional systems is a simple example of the general problem of singular transport coefficientsLieb . Apart from this theoretical significance, there is increasing experimental relevance due to the tremendous advances in nanotube technologyGrass2 ; bhatia , and the importance of understanding their thermal properties. It appears that the thermal conductivity $`\kappa (L),`$ as a function of the system size $`L,`$ diverges with increasing $`L`$ for one-dimensional momentum conserving systemsprosen ; Grass ; Casati ; ONSR . RecentlyONSR , a hydrodynamic description has been proposed, which obtained the analytic prediction of

$$\kappa (L)L^{1/3}$$
(1)
for such momentum conserving systemsGrass ; ONSR . Numerical results on various systems Grass ; Casati , most recently work on Sinai and Chernov’s pencase modelpencase  and the random collision (RC) modelDeutschNarayan , confirm this prediction.

Despite the numerical confirmation, there is reason to investigate the analytical predictions further. The hydrodynamic description makes detailed predictions about the dynamical behavior of all conserved quantities in the system: energy, momentum and mass. The heat conductivity is only a single, and rather indirect, verification of the theoretical picture. In addition, there are significant corrections to the scaling form predicted for $`\kappa (L),`$ so that it is appropriate to explore whether they are indeed simply corrections to scaling for small $`L,`$ or reflect a departure from the hydrodynamic description. Finally, the connection between conductivity and correlation functions through the Kubo formulaKubo , invoked in the analytical treatment ONSR , is worth further examination.

In this paper, we study the RC modelDeutschNarayan , which was recently introduced for one dimensional transport, and numerically obtain the full spatiotemporal form of all correlation functions between the conserved hydrodynamic variables. We find both propagating and dispersive modes, with a dispersion relation in agreement with the analytical result.

The autocorrelation function of the heat current, which can be obtained in terms of the primitive hydrodynamic quantities has a spatiotemporal structure that is not amenable to any simple scaling description for length and time scales much larger than (about thirty times) the interparticle spacing and collision time. However, as we will argue, the existence of larger corrections to scaling for the heat current is perhaps not surprising. Moreover, the continuity relation connects the heat current to the primitive hydrodynamic quantities, so these corrections must vanish on suitably large length and time scales. In accordance with this expectation, the autocorrelation function of the total heat current (integrated over the entire system), $`C_{JJ}(t),`$ is much better behaved. The integral

$$I(t)\frac{1}{L}_0^t𝑑t^{}C_{JJ}(t^{})$$
(2)
scales with $`t`$ with an exponent close to $`1/3,`$ although depending on the model parameters chosen $`L`$ can be as large as $`10000`$ before the asymptotic scaling behavior is seen.

The autocorrelation function $`C_{JJ}(t)`$ was measured with two different boundary conditions: open boundary conditions with heat baths at the ends, and periodic boundary conditions. In both cases, $`I(t)`$ looks the same at short times, and has oscillatory behavior for $`tL.`$ For open boundary conditions, the oscillations damp out rapidly, and therefore asymptote on a time scale $`L,`$ as assumed in the analytical treatment. Thus $`I(t\mathrm{}),`$ which is connected to the conductivity through the Kubo formula, scales as $`L^{1/3}.`$ On the other hand, with periodic boundary conditions, $`I(t)`$ continues to grow after the oscillations set in, and $`I(\mathrm{})L^{1/2}.`$ This dependence on boundary conditions, although highly unusual, is consistent with the analytical picture: the dynamical exponent of $`3/2`$ would normally convert a $`t^{1/3}`$ scaling to $`L^{1/2},`$ but with open boundary conditions the cutoff to the time integral is set by the modes propagating to the heat baths at the ends, i.e. at $`t`$ of $`O(L).`$

## II Earlier results

A large number of systems with dimension $`d=1`$ have been analyticallyExact ; Dhar ; LLP  or numericallyGrass2 ; LLP ; Numeric ; Grass ; Casati  found to have a singular heat conductivity, $`\kappa (L)L^\alpha `$ with $`\alpha >0.`$ Various values of $`\alpha `$ have been obtained for different models. Positive values of $`\alpha `$ are seen either when a model is integrable, when the value of $`\alpha `$ depends on the details of the model, or when the interparticle interactions in the model are momentum conserving.

For any non-integrable system, it is possible to construct a hydrodynamic description, where it is assumed that local thermal equilibrium is reachedforster ; ONSR . Since long range equilibrium is precluded in $`d=1`$, the hydrodynamic description is only in terms of conserved quantities: energy, number and (when momentum is conserved) momentum densities. This is the standard hydrodynamic treatment of a normal fluid. There are two propagating sound modes, and a diffusive mode for heat transport. The addition of thermal noise to the hydrodynamic equations leads to singular corrections when $`d<2.`$ The spreading of a sound pulse is now superdiffusive: the width $`l`$ is related to time $`t`$ as $`tl^z,`$ with a dynamic exponent $`z`$ exactly equal to 3/2 for $`d=1.`$ The heat diffusion mode is no longer diffusive: contributions to the heat current that are propagating and bilinear in the primitive hydrodynamic densities, that are inconsequential for $`d>2,`$ dominate (for long wavelength and low frequency) for $`d=1.`$ The autocorrelation function of the heat current decays as $`C_{JJ}(t)t^{2/3}.`$ If one integrates this function, with open boundary conditions and heat baths, the propagating nature of the modes cuts off the integral $`I(t)`$ at $`t`$ of $`O(L).`$ Using the Kubo formula, one obtains $`\kappa (L)L^\alpha `$ with $`\alpha =1/3.`$

## III The Model

There have been numerical studies of heat conduction in various one dimensional modelsGrass2 ; LLP ; Numeric ; Grass ; Casati . One of the simplest such models is that of a chain of point particles undergoing one dimensional elastic collisions, with heat baths at the two ends of the chain. The drawback of this model is that it is not chaoticGrass ; in fact, when the particles in the chain are all of equal mass, the model is integrable. As explained in the previous section, the hydrodynamic description that yields a universal value of $`\alpha =1/3`$ is only valid if the system reaches local thermal equilibrium. Even when the masses of the particles in the chain alternate, $`\alpha `$ is found to converge very slowly towards its asymptotic value, requiring system sizes of $`16,000`$ or larger.

To alleviate this problem, we recently introduced the random collision (RC) modelDeutschNarayan . This can be viewed as the limit of rough particles confined to a narrow tube, with the width of the tube sufficiently small that particles cannot pass each other, in the limit that the size of the particles (and the width of the tube) approach zero. In this limit, the particles move along a one dimensional line, but possess longitudinal as well as transverse momentum, both of which contribute to the particle energy. Interparticle collisions are elastic. Owing to the roughness of the particles, particles emerge from a collision with random momenta (respecting energy momentum conservation and detailed balance). The transverse degree of freedom effectively serves as a random source/sink of longitudinal kinetic energy in any collision, while strictly maintaining conservation of total energy. The extra randomization introduced by the transverse momentum is expected to equilibrate the system much more effectively. Numerically, the conductivity $`\kappa (L)`$ is found to scale much better, with $`L^\alpha `$ scaling observed for $`L100`$ to 1000. However, depending on the particle masses in the model, there is a slight variation in the measured $`\alpha ,`$ with $`\alpha =0.28`$ when all the particles have the same mass, and $`\alpha =0.33`$ when the particle masses alternate with a mass ratio of 2.62. This indicates that corrections to the asymptotic scaling form, although much reduced, have not been completely eliminated.

## IV Spatiotemporal correlations

In this section, we present numerical results for the spatiotemporal dependence of the correlation functions of the primitive hydrodynamic densities: energy, momentum and number. The motivation for carrying out this study has been discussed at the beginning of this paper.

Figure 1 shows the autocorrelation function of the momentum density, $`C_{vv}(x,t),`$ as a function of position $`x`$ and time $`t`$. The size of the system is $`L=512,`$ all particles have unit mass, and periodic boundary conditions in $`x`$ are used. One can clearly see two pulses propagating in opposite directions at constant speed, corresponding to the two sound modes. Even when the pulses collide with each other, they emerge essentially unaffected. The figure also shows a slight broadening of the pulses as $`t`$ is increased. To make this picture quantitative, Figure 2 plots $`C_{vv}(x,t)`$ as a function of $`x`$ for various values of $`t.`$

The lines going through the data points are fits to the functional form $`C_{vv}(x,t)=(A/t^{2/3})\mathrm{exp}[B(xct)^2/t^{4/3}],`$ with $`A,B`$ and $`c`$ as fitting parameters that are independent of $`t`$ background . The fitting form works surprisingly well. Although for spatial dimension $`d>2`$ one indeed expects a propagating Gaussian pulse, for $`d<2`$ the scaling theory only predicts that the pulse should spread out as $`t^{2/3},`$ and does not require a Gaussian form.

Similar results are shown in Figure 3 for the cross correlation function of the number and momentum densities, $`C_{nv}(x,t).`$

Figure 4 shows the autocorrelation function for the number density $`C_{nn}(x,t).`$ In addition to the propagating parts, one can see a peak near the origin. This peak comes from the heat transport mode, which is diffusive for $`d>2.`$ The same structure is observed in the autocorrelation function for the energy density $`C_{ee}(x,t).`$

In order to extract the heat transport mode, suppressing the sound modes, in Figure 5 we plot $`C_{qq}(x,t),`$ the autocorrelation function of

$$q(x,t)=e(x,t)(\overline{h}/\overline{n})n(x,t),$$
(3)
where $`\overline{h}`$ and $`\overline{n}`$ are the spatially averaged enthalpy and number density respectively. At long wavelengths and low frequencies, this corresponds to the heat transport mode forster . The peak broadens with time with a width $`t^{2/3},`$ but the fit is not as good as for the previous plots.

The scaling of $`C_{qq}(x,t)`$ requires careful consideration for $`d<2.`$ The hydrodynamic equation for $`q(x,t)`$ is

$$_tq+(v\delta q+va\delta e)=\kappa _0^2T+O(v^2)$$
(4)
where $`\kappa _0`$ is the bare heat conductivity, $`T`$ is the temperature, $`\delta q,\delta e`$ are the deviations of $`q,e`$ from their average values, and $`a=\overline{h}/\overline{e}1.`$ (For the RC model, $`a=1.`$) When fluctuations around average values are small, the second term on the left hand side of Eq.(4) is second order in the fluctuating fields and can be neglected, yielding diffusive transport for $`q.`$ However, for $`d<2,`$ one can see ONSR  that this advective contribution to the heat current, $`v\delta q+va\delta e,`$ dominates at long wavelengths and low frequencies. Thus one expects $`q`$ to propagate, with the propagating behavior becoming increasingly important at long length and time scales. This propagating behavior was used in Ref. ONSR  to argue for a cutoff of $`tL`$ for correlations in a system of size $`L`$ with heat baths at the ends. We will discuss this issue further in the next section.

## V Heat current

We have seen in the previous section that the conserved hydrodynamic quantities satisfy the predictions of the scaling theory: two propagating modes which disperse according to $`\delta xt^{2/3},`$ and a heat transport mode. We have also seen that the third mode, unlike for $`d>2,`$ is not a simple diffusing mode. We now turn to the autocorrelation function of the heat current. For momentum conserving systems, it can be shown on very general grounds mclennan  that this is the correlation function that is related to the thermal conductivity through the Kubo formula Kubo .

Figure 6 shows a grayscale plot of the autocorrelation function of the heat current, $`C_{jj}(x,t),`$ similar to that for $`C_{vv}`$ shown in the previous section. The current $`j(x,t)`$ is defined as

$$j(x,t)=\underset{i}{}\delta (x_ix)v_i[ϵ_i(\overline{h}/\overline{n})]$$
(5)
where the sum is over particles and $`ϵ_i`$ is the energy of the $`i`$’th particle. $`j(x,t)`$ is the current that corresponds to $`q;`$ its hydrodynamic form can be obtained from Eq.(4) as

$$j(x,t)=v[\delta q+\delta ϵ]\kappa _0T+O(v^2).$$
(6)
The propagating nature of the heat current can be seen by following the intensity peaks in the figure; the range in time over which this can be seen is not as large as for $`C_{vv},`$ because $`C_{jj}`$ decays much faster. As in the previous section, Figure 7 shows $`C_{jj}`$ as a function of $`x`$ for different values of $`t.`$

Although the peaks shift outwards and broaden with time, unfortunately no clear scaling of any form can be seen at small $`t`$. This result might seem disturbing, since the values of $`t`$ in Figure 7, though not large, are sufficient to see good scaling in the basic conserved quantities, as shown in the previous section. However, as seen in Eq.(6), the hydrodynamic form of the current has advective contributions that are bilinear in the primitive conserved quantities, which dominate at long length and time scales, and other dissipative contributions as well. In a diagrammatic field theoretic expansion, one expects relatively larger contributions from short wavelength modes, aggravated by the fact that although the first term on the right hand side of Eq.(6) dominates the asymptotic scaling behavior of $`j(x,t),`$ it is second order in fluctuations and will therefore have large corrections to scaling qomega . (The correlation function $`C_{jj}(x,t)`$ decays so quickly with $`t`$ that it is impossible to measure it for much larger $`t`$ than shown in the figure.)

Since we have argued that the lack of scaling seen for $`C_{jj}(x,t)`$ is a result of strong subleading corrections to its asymptotic behavior, it is reasonable to examine its spatial integral, i.e. $`C_{jj}`$ at zero wavevector. An added motivation is that, if $`J(t)=𝑑xj(x,t),`$ the Kubo formula obtains the conductivity as

$$\kappa =\frac{\beta ^2}{L}_0^t𝑑t^{}C_{JJ}(t^{})$$
(7)
where $`\beta `$ is the inverse temperature. From the definition of Eq.(2), the right hand side of this equation is $`\beta ^2I(t).`$ We first show the results for $`I(t)`$ for somewhat different conditions than those used so far in this paper.

Figure 8 is a log-log plot of $`I(t)/L^{1/3}`$ as a function of $`t/L`$ for different values of $`L.`$ Unlike the data shown before this, the system does not have periodic boundary conditions, but is terminated by heat baths (both at unit temperature) at both ends. Also, the masses of the particles are not all equal, but alternate between 1 and 2.62 caveat . The figure shows a power law rise for $`I(t)`$ with exponent $`t^{1/3},`$ which saturates at $`tL.`$ This is in accordance with the analytical prediction ONSR . There are a few damped oscillations at integer multiples of $`tL,`$ presumably corresponding to successive reflections from the ends of the system.

When all the particles in the chain are taken to have equal mass, there is a slight discrepancy from the analytical prediction. Figure 9 shows a log-log plot of $`I(t)`$ for this case. The power law growth of $`I(t)`$ has an exponent close to 0.25, but the saturation at $`tL`$ is still very clear. Taken at face value, this exponent would imply a conductivity exponent of $`\alpha =0.25,`$ in contradiction to the analytical prediction. However there are two reasons why this must be regarded simply as lack of complete convergence to the asymptotic form. Firstly, as seen in this paper, the dynamics of the primitive hydrodynamic variables do agree with the analytical predictions; a fit with $`\delta xt^{0.75}`$ does not work. Secondly, and more directly, simulations on much larger systems, with $`L=16000,`$ show an upward drift of the slope of $`\mathrm{ln}I(t)`$ versus $`\mathrm{ln}t,`$ towards $`1/3.`$ No such drift of the slope is seen for the unequal mass case shown in Figure 9. Note that there are also deviations from the asymptotic value of $`\alpha `$ for the equal mass chain when the conductivity is measured directly DeutschNarayan , which was in fact the motivation for the detailed spatiotemporal measurements reported in this paper.

The most unusual result for the the heat current autocorrelation function is obtained for $`I(t)`$ for the case of periodic boundary conditions.

Figure 10 is a log-log plot of $`I(t)/L^{1/3}`$ as a function of $`t/L.`$ As was the case with heat baths at the ends, $`I(t)`$ grows initially with the form $`t^{1/3},`$ has damped oscillations at $`tL,`$ and saturates for large $`t.`$ However, unlike the case with heat baths, $`I(t)`$ continues to grow even after the oscillations set in, and the eventual asymptotic value scales approximately like $`L^{1/2}.`$ In hindsight, this result is reasonable: without the heat baths, the dynamics are not cut off at the ends of the system, and the dynamic scaling exponent of $`z=3/2`$ saturates the $`t^{1/3}`$ growth at $`L^{1/2}.`$ Alternatively, the saturation of $`I(t)`$ is set by the time a pulse takes to spread across the system rather than propagate across it. It is not clear exactly why the spreading cuts off the growth of $`I(t),`$ though from a scaling viewpoint one could argue that in the absence of the propagation timescale, the only possibility is $`Lt^{2/3}.`$

## VI Discussion

We have seen that the dynamics of the primitive hydrodynamic quantities, mass, momentum and energy density, fit a scaling description with the predicted dynamic exponent. The scaling of the heat current autocorrelation function is more problematic. However, we have argued that this is to be expected, because the asymptotically dominant part of the current operator is bilinear in the primitive quantities and has a small bare value in the sense of the renormalization group compared to correction terms. The same slow convergence to asymptotic scaling that afflicts the heat current autocorrelation function has been noticed for the thermal conductivity and remarked on by various authors. However, the results for the primitive hydrodynamic quantities make it clear that this is indeed simply a case of slow convergence to the asymptotic limit rather than a discrepancy with the analytical prediction. Most remarkably, the large time limit of the spatiotemporal integral $`I(t)`$ of the heat current autocorrelation function scales with $`L`$ as $`L^{1/3}`$ for a system terminated with heat baths, and as $`L^{1/2}`$ for periodic boundary conditions. This implies that in applying the Kubo formula to systems with singular transport coefficients one must be careful about the boundary conditions being used.

## VII Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to acknowledge useful discussions with Abhishek Dhar and Sriram Ramaswamy.


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# Erratum: Incipient order in the 𝒕-𝑱 model at high temperatures

## Abstract

Previoisly, we reported calculations of the high-temperature series for thermodynamical susceptibilities towards a number of possible ordered states in the $`t`$-$`J`$-$`V`$ model. Due to an error in the calculation, the series for $`d`$-wave supeconducting and extended $`s`$-wave superconducting orders were incorrect. We give the replacement figures. In agreement with our earlier findings, we still find no evidence of any strong enhancement of the superconducting susceptibility with decreasing temperature. However, because different Pade approximants diverge from each other at somewhat higher temperatures than we originally found, it is less clear what this implies concerning the presence or absence of high-temperature superconductivity in the $`t`$-$`J`$ model.

Previoisly \[PKZ-2004, \], we reported calculations of the high-temperature series for thermodynamical susceptibilities towards a number of possible ordered states in the $`t`$-$`J`$-$`V`$ model. Due to an error in the calculation, the series for $`d`$-wave supeconducting ($`d`$-SC) and extended $`s`$-wave superconducting ($`s`$-SC) orders were incorrect. The first terms of the correct series are

$$\chi _{s\mathrm{SC}}^{(1)}=\chi _{d\mathrm{SC}}^{(1)}=\beta \frac{(1+x)(13x)}{8\mathrm{ln}((1x)/2x)}.$$

Here, $`\beta =1/T`$ is the inverse temperature, and the doping $`x`$ is the average number of holes per site. The SC susceptibilities at small $`x0`$ are suppressed not quadratically but only logarithmically in $`x`$. Note also that the value $`x=1/3`$ is not singular, as the zeros in the numerator and the denominator cancel.

We performed the corrected calculations of the series for thermodynamical susceptibilities with an extra order in powers of $`\beta `$ up to the term with $`\beta ^{10}`$. The coefficients of the corrected series are available upon request. Figs. 13 represent the analyzed results for the corrected series and should replace Figs. 2 and 3 in Ref. PKZ-2004, .

For physically plausible parameters, $`t>J`$, the tendency of the superconducting susceptibility to decrease with decreasing temperature is not quite as prominent as in our original work. The increased variance between different Padés relative to our former results indicate that the series can only be trusted down to temperatures $`TJ`$, whereas for $`t=2J`$, the mean susceptibility reaches a maximum at $`T/J`$ ranging from $`T/J1.2`$ at $`x=6\%`$ to $`T/J1.3`$ at $`x=26\%`$. Fig. 3 shows that at $`t=3J`$ the maximum is shifted up to temperatures $`T2J`$. We also note that the effect of the n.n. repulsion $`V`$ on the superconducting susceptibility is much less dramatic than we originally reported.

As a result, although the corrected series still suggest the absence of high-temperature superconductivity in the $`t`$-$`J`$-$`V`$ model at $`t2J`$, this conclusion cannot be drawn as strongly as in our original Letter PKZ-2004 .

We should also note the papers by Koretsune and Ogata koretsune-ogata-2005  and by Putikka and Luchini Putikka-2005  which appeared after Ref. PKZ-2004, . In these papers, the authors use a similar technique to study not the thermodynamical susceptibilities but the *equal-time* correlation functions for the $`t`$-$`J`$-$`V`$ model with the special value $`V=J/4`$. They computed the high-temperature series for both the uniform and real-space equal-time pairing correlation functions up to 12th order. These authors derive an instantaneous superconducting correlation length which increases with decreasing temperature, but which never grows as large as one lattice constant in the accessible range of $`T/J`$. Nevertheless, they interpreted their results as an indication that the $`t`$-$`J`$ model has a superconducting ground state. In our opinion, the failure of the thermodynamical susceptibility we have computed to show any strong tendency to grow with decreasing temperature in the accessible range, as well as the extremely short correlation lengths involved, call into question the strength of the conclusions drawn in Refs. koretsune-ogata-2005, ; Putikka-2005, .


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# Grid Based Monitoring on the Rutgers CDF Analysis Farm

## I HEX Farm at Rutgers

The HEX farm hexfarm  was developed for the High Energy Physics EXperimental group of Rutgers University. The group contains about 20 physicists participating in CDF, CMS and other experiments, with about 70The primary goal of the farm is to satisfy computing needs of the CDF group for physics data analysis.

HEX farm is a good example of a small analysis farm, as opposed to a big production farm, which serves a typical university group participating in a big HEP experiment.

## II Hardware configuration

The farm is based on dual CPU PCs running Fermi Linux frh . Due to lack of IP addresses on the university campus, 15 worker nodes111by conference time, recently upgraded to 23 workers are connected in a private network. Big IDE disks connected to the worker nodes are cross mounted on every node of the farm 222by conference time, a recently dedicated file server was also installed.

Three special ”portal” nodes are connected to both WAN and private networks:

* Farm header node. Users here interactively prepare and test their jobs. It also hosts home directories and experiment specific software, and runs NAT and NIS servers.
* Data transfer node. This is used to pass data between public and private networks. Traffic is mainly data exchange between Rutgers and Fermilab; this channel network bandwidth is about 100 Mbits/s.
* Analysis facility header node. It controls analysis load, runs SAM333more details about SAM in III.2, and hosts SAM data cache. This is the only fully kerberized node on the farm. It is connected to the Fermilab kerberos domain.

As most of the jobs running on the farm are related to the CDF experiment, the software and computer setup is mostly inherited from standard CDF installationscdf\_software .

## III Resource Management

To minimize compatibility issues, the HEX farm uses CDF approved components for resource management. CPU usage and data storage are farm resources essential to manage.

We installed batch system developed for and used on the CDF Central Analysis Facility (CAF) 444more details about CAF in III.3caf\_conf . The system is built on top of the FBSNG batch system fbsng  developed at Fermilab.

The HEX farm does not have its own mass storage system. Necessary data either sits in the local disk cache, some data locally created and some transferred from Fermilab, or can be accessed from the CDF central data handling system at Fermilab directly over the WAN.

Since the CDF Data Handling system is evolvingdcache , there are different data delivery and cataloging systems in use, both at the Fermilab and at Rutgers.

### III.1 Disk Inventory Manager (DIM) and Data File Catalog (DFC)

DIM is the original light weight CDF data cache systemdim . It is natively compatible with CDF software. Central DIM running at Fermilab accesses the central mass storage. The central DFC uses an Oracle database to store metadata; the HEX farm instance uses MSQL. The HEX farm instance of DIM is not connected to mass storage. Instead it can fetch data from the central data handling system. A very convenient feature of the DIM at Rutgers is the ability to synchronize a dataset replica with its master copy at Fermilab. It is important because CDF is a running experiment and new data are continuously added to datasets. Datasets interesting to Rutgers physicists are set up in such a way that when new files are added to the dataset at Fermilab and a user asks to read the dataset, the new files are automatically fetched to Rutgers and local metadata are updated accordingly. dCachedcache  data access is used for data delivery. The data transfer unit in this mode is one fileset, that is about 10 one-GB files.

### III.2 Sequential Data Access via Metadata (SAM)

SAM sam1 ; sam2 ; sam3  is a sophisticated baseline data handling solution for the D0 experiment at Fermilab. CDF is currently adopting SAM. This system uses a local data cache and centrally located metadata. Required data are delivered automatically from the closest available source including the central mass storage at Fermilab. SAM provides a native mechanism for cataloging and storing in the central mass storage system of new data produced on the local site.

SAM is still in trial use by CDF and is installed on several sites including the HEX farm. The SAM data cache disks are located on the SAM station and exported to worker nodes via NFS.

### III.3 Job Submission

The CAF batch system is used on the HEX farm. User identity is authenticated via Kerberos through the collection of collaboration CAF systems. This is the reason that the HEX farm head node is attached to the Fermilab kerberos domain. The CAF system decouples well data submission, job executing, and output delivery: the job is remotely submitted to the farm, executed there, and output is delivered to the specified remote destination.

This approach provides a good possibility for distributed computing. From user point of view, all CAF farms are identical providing user is authorized to submit jobs there. The same GUI can submit the same job to any of the available CAF farms. The following is assumed:

* baseline software is available on the farm
* job tarball created on the fly contains all files needed to run in the base environment

This system is naturally extendible for resource broker driven operation.

### III.4 GRID Approach

The Hex farm has also installed a prototype of the Job and Information Manager (JIM) jim . This tool provides resource brokering, job submission, and a monitoring suite. The system is built on top of Condor-G and uses SAM information about the availability of data files to select a destination for the job. JIM has an adapter to the local CAF submitter and uses LDAP based information providers and monitoring tools. The prototype operation was demonstrated at the SC2002 workshop, the HEX farm being one execution site.

## IV Monitoring

Both JIM and CAF have nice monitoring systems. Each one provides complete information about details of the system status, history etc. But the connection between these monitoring domains was broken when the JIM-CAF adapter submitted a job to the batch system. JIM operates in terms of a global universal job ID and CAF identifies the job by a local ID that is assigned when the job is released to the batch queue. This problem is general for any GRID system submitting jobs to local batch systems that are not “gridifyed”. A database driven solution was selected for JIM and is implemented on the HEX farm.

Figure 1 presents the method of monitoring. The job submitter delivers the sandbox to the GRID-Batch adapter on the local system. The adapter submits the job to the local queue and gets back the local ID of the job. The pair of global job ID and local job ID is put into the database together with ongoing status of the job. This database record works as a bridge between the global and local system and makes possible the requesting of the status of the local job by global ID. After the job is completed, the corresponding record may be removed from the database. A simple file based database was used to prove the principle and improve monitoring tools555by conference time, an XML based database was in use. Figure 2 demonstrates how information about matching between global and local IDs allows a user to follow the local status of a global job.

## V Operation Experience

In summary, the HEX farm has a variety of different data access and job submission systems installed. The farm is involved in essential CDF tests of frontier computing technologies. At the same time it is operating as a computing facility for a university group. This is an interesting test that can demonstrate the choice by physicists who are not enthusiastic about new computer technologies and who would rather use these computers to proceed with physics analysis. Experience shows that:

* 80% of data are about 25 static DIM datasets resident on the disk (some replicas of Fermilab datasets and some locally created). These data are intensively used for data analysis.
* Nearly 100% of big jobs are submitted via the standard CAF submitter.

The farm is used for analysis, therefore neither massive data production nor huge Monte Carlo jobs run there. Static datasets can easily be managed manually in the small community. Although SAM data handling is very sophisticated, the DIM has been in use by CDF for a long time and is more familiar to people. Our experience is that users prefer simple and reliable solutions. At the same time, simple solutions are usually less scalable and more sophisticated ones become simpler for use when the system grows.

The HEX farm already has one and half times more worker nodes and twice more computing power, than at conference time, so massive Monte Carlo generation can be reasonably performed on site. New generated data need to be transferred to the central CDF mass storage. Then the automated SAM solution becomes faster and simpler with respect to data transfer and cataloging on the central system; the SAM approach will be definitely appreciated by HEX farm users.

Concluding, in running an analysis farm for the Rutgers HEP experimental group we contribute to the development and testing of innovative computing technologies deployed for the CDF collaboration and keep innovations tuned for use by the physicists of the group.