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# Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics at CIPANP 2003

## 1 The Standard Cosmology

In recent months the WMAP satellite has provided the clearest picture of temperature fluctuations in cosmic microwave background (CMB) to date wmap . The power spectrum of these fluctuations is a sensitive function of the cosmological parameters, such as the total energy density, matter density, baryon density, Hubble constant and others. The emerging model was convincingly confirmed: the universe is spatially flat, consisting mostly of “dark energy” that behaves like a cosmological constant, about 23% dark matter, and about 4% baryons. The sum of the neutrino masses is limited to be less than 0.7 eV, much more strict than the bound from terrestrial laboratories. The Compton scattering optical depth implies an early reionization at redshift $`17`$. These results will improve, as the WMAP team plans to take at least 4 years of data.

Several profound questions arise from these results. To start, the nature of the dark matter and the dark energy are completely unknown. We understand the 4% in baryons, but the other 96% is a mystery. Furthermore, there is an indication of a deficit of power on the largest scales (in e.g. the quadrupole and octupole moments), but the meaning of this unclear. A finite universe is one among many unlikely possibilities.

The SNAP satellitesnap  has been proposed to study the nature of the dark energy by measuring the Hubble diagram (redshift – distance relation) using type Ia supernovae (SNIa) as standard candles, as has been done from the ground. Ground based measurements of this kind have already shown that there is a large density of dark energy. The SNAP team hopes to study the equation of state $`w:(p=w\rho )`$ of this material. A satellite is required to significantly extend the ground–based results, as a large number of SNIa with redshifts $`z>1`$ is required: this tests the universe in its decelerating phase. The wavelengths of interest are redshifted into the infrared, thus the necessity of a space–based instrument. Furthermore, the exact nature of the progenitors of SNIa is unknown. A large sample can be split into many subsamples to study systematic effects. SNAP is fundamentally a large survey telescope, and should have a broad science reach.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)bbn  tries to explain the primordial abundances of light elements, in particular the stable isotopes of hydrogen, helium and lithium. As a function of only the baryon to photon ratio, these abundances can be calculated by tracking the network of nuclear reactions in the hot big bang. The primordial abundance of deuterium depends sensitively on the one free parameter, thus deuterium measurements can provide an accurate assessment of the cosmological baryon density. Lyman-$`\alpha `$ clouds obscuring distant quasars presumably consist of predominantly unprocessed gas, and thus reflect primordial abundances. With the right column depth of hydrogen (not so small that deuterium is unobservable, and not so large so that the damping wings of hydrogen cover the deuterium line), the primordial deuterium abundance is measured. At present, the implied baryon density is fully consistent with the WMAP value, with comparable errors. To go further, many more such systems would be needed. Suitable systems are currently found at the rate of one per year, so for now progress on the baryon density will come from CMB measurements.

Cosmological observations have the potential to probe Planck-scale physicstransplanck . Inflationary theories usually predict that observable wavelengths (e.g. galaxy and cluster scales) originated during inflation as sub-Planck fluctuations. Thus, inflation can in principle probe quantum theories of gravity such as superstring theory. With not overly optimistic assumptions, a 1% modulation of the CMB fluctuations might be produced by Planck-scale physics during inflation, detectable in the next decade or two.

## 2 Dark Matter Searches

The Standard Cosmological Model requires that 23% of the energy density in the universe is some form of non–baryonic nearly collisionless clustering matter. A new stable particle would fit the bill, as has been known for several decades. In this regard the dark matter problem is more tractable than the dark energy problem — dark matter “looks like” something we understand, while dark energy is completely mysterious.

Two possible candidates for dark matter have survived numerous tests and remain viable. The first is the lightest superpartner in supersymmetric extensions to the Standard Model, which is naturally stable, weakly interacting, and electrically neutral. The second is the axion, arising in a compelling solution to the strong CP problem.

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), such as those in supersymmetric models can be detected in sensitive low–background experiments by their rare scattering from atomic nuclei. The nuclear recoil deposits energy, which in principle is detectable. Two such detectors currently running are CDMS and DAMA.

CDMScdms  uses germanium and silicon detectors. These are sensitive to both phonons and ionization. The ratio of these two signals powerfully discriminates against background, as nuclear recoils exhibit much lower ionization that most backgrounds (electrons and gamma rays). CDMS-I ran in a shallow site at Stanford, and the final WIMP exclusion results are now available. CDMS-II is currently running in the Soudan mine, with new results anticipated by the end of 2003.

The DAMAdama  detector uses NaI scintillators. They do not have the background rejection capabilities of CDMS, but instead rely on the annual modulation of the WIMP signal: as the Earth orbits the Sun, its relative velocity with respect to the WIMP “wind” is modulated by several tens of km s-1, leaving a rate modulation of a few percent. In the 4-year data such a modulation is seen, though the implied mass and cross section are nearly ruled out by other experiments (CDMS, EDELWEISS, ZEPLIN). Three more years of data have been released since the conference, and the modulation signal is strengthened. Furthermore, the successor experiment LIBRA is being installed now.

The future of WIMP searches requires that ton-scale detectors be constructed. The XENON proposalxenon  to use a two-phase detector for both scintillation light and ionization is a promising possibility for scalability to a one ton target mass. Background can again be rejected by the lower levels of ionization from nuclear recoils relative to electronic processes. Small prototypes are currently being tested. The construction of a 10 kg prototype is well underway. The goal is to build a 100 kg module; with this a ton-scale detector could feasibly be built in the next decade.

Axions in the range micro- to milli-eV remain a viable dark matter candidate. They require a vastly different experimental approach: conversion to microwave photons in a magnetic field. These photons are then detected with with what is essentially a very sensitive radio receiver. The axion dark matter experiment ADMX is ongoing, already scanning deep in the allowed model rangeaxion . Upgraded receivers using SQUID amplifiers are on the way. As light pseudoscalars, axions have a bounded parameter space, as their interactions are essentially the same as neutral pions. The lowest allowed axion-photon couplings are within reach.

## 3 Cosmic Rays

Energetic cosmic ray nuclei are an important probe of high energy processes in astrophysicsCRtheory . Supernova blast waves are capable of accelerating protons to energies of 1015 eV, the “knee” in the spectrum where the power law shifts to a steeper value. Very puzzling are the ultra high energy cosmic rays with energies in excess of 1020 eV. Various acceleration mechanisms have been proposed, involving FR II galaxies, interacting galaxies, jets in radio sources (with Lorentz factor 10), gamma ray bursts (with Lorentz factor 300), and others. Top-down models have also been considered: UHECRs may arise in the decay chains of supermassive particles. Whichever mechanism produces UHECRs, they must originate cosmologically nearby, within roughly 100 Mpc. The GZK cutoff operates for nuclei above 1020 eV / A, where the threshold for pion photoproduction on the CMB is exceeded. UHE photons have a similar cutoff at lower energy, at the pair production threshold. The nature of the observed events above 1020 eV is unknown, and difficult to determine experimentally. Nuclei such as iron, protons, photons, and neutrinos are all possibilities.

The experimental situation in UHECRs is quite promising. The HiRes experimenthires  consists of two air fluorescence detectors situated 12.6 km apart, allowing stereoscopic viewing of the air showers induced in the atmosphere. The dataset exhibits the GZK cutoff, though at low significance. The data are in agreement with AGASA, the Japanese particle detector, and the AGASA data does not exhibit the cutoff. The relative calibration between air fluorescence and particle detectors is uncertain; the FLASH collaborationflash  at SLAC expects to measure this to better than 10% accuracy. HiRes does not see the clustering visible in the AGASA data, though again the experiments are consistent. This of course dilutes the AGASA evidence for clustering. The collaboration expects three more years of data to be taken, which may clear up the situation.

The plan for the Pierre Auger projectauger  is to use both particle detectors (with 100% duty cycle) and air fluorescence detectors (with 10% duty cycle). The project promises greatly enhanced statistics and cross-correlation between the two methods. Two sites are planned: one in Argentina to be fully operational in 2004, and one in the northern hemisphere. 3000 events per year per site above 1019 eV are expected, with 30 per year per site above $`10^{20}`$ eV. The comparison of the two detector types will allow more accurate energy measurements, and furthermore the identification of the primary will be more certain (e.g. proton vs. Fe). At the southern site, a mountain range will act as a neutrino converter for low altitude primaries, so UHE neutrinos can be studied as well.

At energies below 1 TeV, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)ams  will measure the spectra of cosmic ray species with higher accuracy that has been possible. Of particular interest are several exotic possibilities, including antinuclei, dark matter, and quark matter “strangelets”. AMS-01, which flew on the space shuttle, placed limits on the antihelium to helium ratio of $`10^6`$. AMS-02 will be installed on the international space station as early as 2005. With three years of data, the sensitivity to antihelium will be improved to $`10^9`$. AMS is sensitive to dark matter since annihilations in the galactic halo may produce anomalous levels of antiprotons and positrons at low to moderate energies, though very low energy particles are difficult to study because of the geomagnetic cutoff. AMS will have some sensitivity to photons in the sub-TeV range as well. A final possibility is the search for stable strangelets. They would be easily identified by their anomalous charge to mass ratios. Overall, AMS is a high statistics cosmic ray experiment, and will advance our knowledge considerably.

## 4 Neutrino Astrophysics

The advent of large neutrino telescopes is exciting for high energy astrophysics. AGNs, GRBs, microquasars, and dark matter annihilations are all interesting possible sources of neutrinos at GeV energies and higher.

The AMANDA arrayamanda  at the south pole uses strings of photomultipliers (PMTs) deep in the ice to detect the tracks from (primarily muon) neutrinos. At 200m in diameter and 400m tall, it detects about 4 neutrinos per day, primarily atmospheric. From the 2000 dataset, no point sources were detected, but the photon flux limit was reached (based on the expected relationship between photon and neutrino fluxes from hadronic processes). With timing information, GRBs are within a single order of magnitude of detectability. Over the next decade, AMANDA will be upgraded to IceCube, with 80 strings totaling 4800 PMTs, with an effective volume of a cubic km. Neutrino energies from 50 GeV to more than a PeV will be studied. At high enough energies, the three neutrino flavors can be disentangled: electron from the shower characteristics, and tau from the “double bang” signature of the the recoil track and subsequent decay. IceCube will be installed starting in 2004, with completion expected in 2010.

ANTARESantares  is a complementary neutrino telescope to be built at the floor of the Mediterranean. 12 cables totaling 1000 PMTs will cover 0.1 km2, spaced at intervals of 60m. Seawater has a longer scattering length but a shorter absorption length than ice. Thus, the PMTs must be closer together, but the angular resolution is superior: above 10 TeV, a resolution of $`0.2^{}`$ is expected. Between AMANDA / IceCube and ANTARES, most of the sky will be covered. One string is currently running, and completion is planned for 2005. The design for a km3 upgrade is also underway.

The Super KamiokandesuperK  neutrino detector has also begun to do extra-solar neutrino astronomy. A search for the diffuse neutrino background from supernovae has been performed, and interesting limits have already been set.

## 5 Future Outlook

The future of nuclear and particle astrophysics looks bright. We have a Standard Cosmological Model, but we understand very little about its matter and energy contents. We have observed very high energy processes, beyond the reach of terrestrial accelerators, but the results are puzzling. Several programs of extra-solar neutrino astronomy are underway. The level of experimental activity is very encouraging. We fully expect many new and interesting results to be reported at CIPANP 2006.

We thank all of the speakers in the nuclear and particle astrophysics session of CIPANP 2003 for such interesting and informative talks, and we thank the organizers for putting on such a good conference.


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# An atlas of line profile studies for SU UMa type cataclysmic variablesPartly based on observations at ESO telescopes,Figs. 5, 6, and 11 to 25 are only available in electronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org

## 1 Introduction

Cataclysmic variables (CVs) are close interacting binaries with a white dwarf as primary and a late-type main-sequence star as secondary component. The latter fills its critical Roche lobe and thus enables mass transfer through the inner Lagrangian point into the Roche volume of the primary. In the absence of strong magnetic fields, the gas stream from the secondary star dissipates and forms an accretion disc around the white dwarf over which the mass transfer takes place.

The accretion disc is the dominant light source in these systems. It is also the primary origin of the strong emission lines especially of the H and He series, which are characteristic for a CV spectrum (e.g. Smak smak81b (1981); Horne & Marsh hornmars86 (1986); Horne horn95 (1995)). In most CVs, the disc is too bright to allow the detection of the absorption features of the primary and the secondary. The emission lines thus represent the major source of information on the orbital motion. Furthermore, the assumption of a Keplerian velocity law allows the derivation of several system parameters like masses and inclination. These parameters are, of course, vital for an understanding of the physics in these systems, and furthermore represent the only means to test theoretical models on CV evolution (see, e.g. Warner warn95 (1995) for a comprehensive overview on CVs).

This approach is only feasible if the emission lines originate in a region moving with the same mean velocity vector as the primary star. Only in this case do they track its orbital motion. However, several examples show that, additionally to the disc-borne emission, other emission components distort the originally symmetric line profile (e.g. Stover stov81a (1981)). The most prominent sources of this emission are the region around the bright spot (the place where the gas stream impacts on the disc), the gas stream from the secondary star, or an irradiated part on the surface of the latter, but also apparently enhanced emission regions in the accretion disc, which, in a number of cases, make a physical explanation difficult (Tappert tapp99 (1999); North et al. nort+01 (2001)). All these regions have in common that they are ‘isolated’ in the sense that they are not centred symmetrically on the white dwarf. Consequently, they have both different velocity amplitudes and phasing with respect to the primary. The radial velocity parameters of the combined line profile as a whole thus will not reflect the motion of the white dwarf, leading to erroneous system parameters. We will call these asymmetric emission regions in the following ‘isolated emission sources’ (IES).

Fortunately, in most cases, the distorting components are confined to the line centre.111The high velocity wings in SW Sex systems are an important exception (e.g. Hoard et al. hoar+00 (2000), and references therein). A careful examination of the line profile is thus usually able to separate the influences of additional components and allows the determination of the system parameters with some confidence. Furthermore, a recent statistical study showed that the additional components represent more than just a mere obstacle in the derivation of the system parameters, but in principle provide valuable information on the physical processes in CVs (Tappert & Hanuschik tapphanu01 (2001)). Last, not least, the discovery of spiral shocks in CV discs by the means of Doppler tomography (Steeghs et al. stee+97 (1997)) proves the importance of line profile analyses for the understanding of accretion physics.

Kaitchuck et al. (kait+94 (1994)) were the first to re-analyse a large sample of ‘old’, i.e. already elsewhere published, CV spectra with a newly developed technique. Their atlas of Doppler maps allowed a direct comparison of the various types of emission distribution. The atlas included 18 systems, 3 of them with an orbital period shorter than 3 hours.

In a similar spirit, the scope of the present paper is to apply a sequence of techniques of line profile analysis to a sample of CVs. Our concentration on short-period dwarf novae allows us to study the variety of phenomena presented by systems which can be assumed to have very similar physical properties, i.e. a low mass ratio $`q=M_2/M_10.3`$ and low mass-transfer rates of the order $`\dot{M}10^{11}M_{}/\mathrm{yr}`$. Furthermore, according to standard CV evolution theory, low mass transfer rates imply optically thin discs. These are strong line emitters and could reveal structural details more easily than optically thick discs.

The present atlas also provides a significant increase of Doppler maps for short-period CVs, whose number of available line-profile analyses is in strong mismatch with respect to the number of known systems, compared with long-period CVs (Tappert & Hanuschik tapphanu01 (2001)). This is basically due to the fact that for these faint systems the orbital period is easily accessible for small telescopes through the superhump phenomenon, while detailed studies need large telescopes. The latter therefore usually concentrate on a few ‘interesting’ objects, like WZ Sge (e.g., Skidmore et al. skid+00 (2000); and references therein). Our present sample instead is not part of this ‘selection effect’, as none of the systems has (yet) been the subject of a more detailed investigation involving the necessary large telescopes. It therefore adds to a more ‘unbiased’ view of the properties of SU UMa stars.

Following our goal of direct comparison, we restrict our analysis to the H$`\alpha `$ profile, which also represents the most accessible emission line.

## 2 The sample

The systems in question are the seven SU UMa type dwarf novae AK Cnc, WX Cet, AQ Eri, VW Hyi, RZ Leo, TU Men, and HS Vir. With the exception of VW Hyi, the data were not taken with the intention to perform a line-profile analysis, but to determine the orbital period. The observational background and the properties of the data have been published elsewhere, together with the results of the initial analysis. In Table 1 we therefore present only a summary of the basic parameters of the data sets, and refer the reader to the respective publications listed in the table for further details.

The available data on HS Vir actually consists of more than the one set covered here. However, the system showed large, apparently erratic, variations from one set to another, and also within individual data sets. A more detailed analysis is required in this case, which is beyond the scope of the present paper, since it aims at a uniform treatment of the data. We have therefore included only the ‘most well behaved’ data set of this object as an example.

## 3 Analysis sequence

The following sequence of analysis techniques is applied to each data set:

1. Visual inspection: Apart from the changes due to the orbital motion and/or to additional emission sources, the emission-line profile is also affected by luminosity changes of the system. Roughly, the strength of the disc-borne emission lines is expected to decrease with increasing disc brightness, due to the increasing optical thickness of the accretion disc. Additional emission components, however, might be affected quite differently by such a variation, so that their influence becomes stronger (e.g., emission from the secondary star) or weaker (e.g., emission from the bright spot). Line profiles of the same CV in different states thus usually show quite different phenomena (compare, e.g., Martínez-Pais et al. mart+94 (1994), mart+96 (1996), for SS Cyg in quiescence and outburst, respectively). A visual comparison of line profiles of different data sets therefore provides a first hint as to whether a combination of these data is possible in order to increase the phase resolution, or if each set has to be treated individually.

Similarly, in high inclination systems, the brightness variation due to the orbital motion can affect the line profile at specific orbital phases. This is especially true for eclipsing systems, where also the line emission source is partly or completely obscured (e.g. Kaitchuck et al. kait+98 (1998)). These parts of the data sets usually have to be excluded from the line profile analysis.

2. Diagnostic diagram: This method makes use of the double-Gaussian convolution with the line profile (Schneider & Young schnyoun80 (1980); Shafter 1983b ), which allows to measure radial velocities of different parts of the line. These velocities $`v_r(\phi )`$ can be fitted with a sinusoidal function

$$v_r(\phi )=\gamma K_{\mathrm{em}}\mathrm{sin}(2\pi (\phi \phi _0)),$$
(1)
to yield the systemic velocity $`\gamma `$, the semi-amplitude $`K_{\mathrm{em}}`$, and the fiducial phase corresponding to superior conjunction of the primary star $`\phi _0`$. When these parameters are plotted as a function of the separation $`d`$ of the two Gaussians, a so-called diagnostic diagram is obtained, which illustrates the variation of the parameters as different parts of the line are measured (Shafter 1983a ). In order to evaluate the significance of the resulting variation, the corresponding error of the semi-amplitude $`\sigma (K_{\mathrm{em}})/K_{\mathrm{em}}`$ is included in the plot. A sharp increase of this value at large separations indicates the point beyond which the noise begins to dominate the signal from the line wings and the parameters become unreliable. The values belonging to the largest separation $`d_{\mathrm{max}}`$ before this happens are usually chosen as the best possible approximation to the correct ones, so that $`K_{\mathrm{em}}=K_1`$, i.e. the true semi-amplitude of the orbital motion of the primary.

A second criterion is based on the expectation that the parameters should (again) approach constant values at large separations when additional emission sources cease to influence the line profile. This is usually the stronger criterion, as the first one is often ambiguous.

The diagnostic diagram furthermore allows us to fix the fiducial phase, which is a prerequisite for the evaluation of the subsequent Doppler mapping.

3. Doppler tomography:

This technique, introduced by Marsh & Horne (marshorn88 (1988)) to the realm of interacting binaries, interprets the one-dimensional snapshots represented by a spectrum taken at a specific orbital phase as projections of a two-dimensional emission distribution. The latter is reconstructed as a map in velocity space via an inversion of these projections (see Marsh mars01 (2001) for a recent review).

In this work, the implementation of Spruit (spru98 (1998)) has been used. We have replaced the original IDL routines by a corresponding MIDAS interface, but still use the FORTRAN core program (version 2.3.1), to run the computation on a Linux PC. The input spectra have first been continuum subtracted, the extracted line profiles have then been normalised in flux (in order to avoid too small numbers for the Doppler routine, the total line flux has been set to 100) to minimise artefacts due to intensity variations. A smearing kernel of 2 pixels was used to compute the Doppler maps, which were subsequently smoothed with a $`3\times 3`$ pixel ($`11\times 11`$ in the case of VW Hyi) averaging filter for noise reduction. Tests with larger kernels showed that the visual information content of the resulting map basically remains the same, but that the profile comparison (see step 4) suffered from too strong smoothing. A kernel size of 1 pixel, on the other hand, in almost all cases led to infinite iteration loops due to the noise becoming dominant. All other input parameters for the Doppler routine were set to default values (Spruit spru98 (1998)).

The $`\gamma `$ velocity resulting from the diagnostic diagram was taken as a first guess for correcting the input line to its rest wavelength. It was then iteratively adjusted by comparing the reconstructed and original average spectra.

The resulting Doppler maps are orientated as usual, i.e. the fiducial phase is at $`v_x`$ = 0 and $`v_y>`$ 0 and increases in clockwise direction. If the phase corresponds to the orbital motion this results in the white dwarf being located at ($`v_x`$,$`v_y`$) = (0,$`K_1`$) and the secondary star at (0,$`K_2`$).

4. $`V/R`$-plot: Perhaps the simplest way to examine a line profile for asymmetry is to compare its blue part to its red one. This has been done in the past for double-peaked profiles by computing the ratio between the intensity of the blue (violet) peak and the one of the red peak, the so-called $`V/R`$ ratio (e.g., Mennickent menn94 (1994)). In order to apply this method also to single-peaked profiles, one can define a different, but equivalent, $`V/R`$ as (Tappert tapp99 (1999))

$$V/R=\mathrm{log}\frac{F(V)}{F(R)},$$
(2)
where $`F(V)`$ is not the peak intensity but the flux of the blue part and $`F(R)`$ the corresponding one of the red part. The point which separates both halves, $`\lambda _c`$, is chosen as the centre of the line flanks at a specific intensity value which has to be low enough to avoid being affected by the central valley in double-peaked profiles, and high enough to avoid the noise-dominated extreme line wings. The sigma of the individual $`V/R`$ value is computed by a Monte Carlo simulation which adds a random value, uniformly distributed within an interval determined by the S/N, to each data point in the spectrum, and measures the $`V/R`$ for a thousand of such newly computed data sets.

We here use the $`V/R`$ plot to compare the original spectrum with the reconstructed one from the Doppler map. In this way it can be quantitatively evaluated if the Doppler tomography has been able to reproduce the general shape of the individual line profiles.

In the atlas presented in Appendix A, we furthermore include two-dimensional greyscale plots of the original and the difference data, the latter being computed by subtracting the reconstructed spectrum from the original one. In this way, also possible intensity deficits (black features in the plot) or excesses (white features) of the reconstructed data become visually clear.

## 4 Results

### 4.1 Splitting of data sets

For all objects, the analysis methods were first conducted on each individual data set (i.e., corresponding to one night of observation; see Table 1). Where no significant differences were found, the analysis was repeated on the combined set in order to minimise noise.

The data of AQ Eri represent a special case. Here, the line profiles proved to vary both in strength and in shape on non-orbital timescales (compare especially phases 0.1 and 0.8 in the upper plot of Fig. 11). We therefore split the set in three parts 1a, 1b, 1c, with each set covering one full orbit. Set 1b overlaps with the other two (it includes 4 spectra from set 1a and 3 from set 1c), but sets 1a and 1c are independent of each other.

The appearance of the line profiles of HS Vir (upper plot of Fig. 24) suggests a similar treatment. However, here the phase distribution of the data did not allow a division into independent sets which would cover a complete orbit. We conducted the analyses for different subsets, but did not find any significant differences with respect to results or residuals.

### 4.2 Diagnostic diagrams

The diagnostic diagrams proved to be robust with respect to the differences between the individual data sets. With the exception of RZ Leo, where the insufficient precision of the orbital period does not allow for an interpolation of the phases, we therefore used the combined data sets.

In the present application of the diagnostic diagram we are mostly interested in determining the zero point of the orbital phase, on which depends the interpretation of the subsequent Doppler maps. For the majority of the objects in our sample, this choice was unambiguous, as after clearing distortions due to structure in the line core this parameter remained constant over a large range of Gaussian separations. We therefore based our choice of the maximum separation $`d_{\mathrm{max}}`$ on the stability of the other parameters (of $`\gamma `$ in the case of AK Cnc and WX Cet, $`\gamma `$ and $`K_{\mathrm{em}}`$ for TU Men) where the noise parameter $`\sigma (K_{\mathrm{em}})/K_{\mathrm{em}}`$ appeared not to be reliable, on a combination of the noise and the constancy criteria (AQ Eri), or (for HS Vir) only on the noise behaviour. In the cases of VW Hyi and RZ Leo, $`\phi _0`$ does not reach constancy within the allowed range with respect to the noise criterion. We here chose the values corresponding to the largest separation within this range. Judging from the appearance of the variation of $`\phi _0`$ at the separations before this point (slight monotonic decline), we do not expect the error in the determination of the fiducial phase to be larger than $``$0.1 orbits.

For completeness, we have listed the parameters corresponding to our choice of $`d_{\mathrm{max}}`$ in Table 2.

### 4.3 Doppler maps

The general appearance of the Doppler maps is a rather noisy one. This is due to the fact that the S/N of the data could not be improved in the majority of our systems by co-adding phases of different orbits because of the observed short- and long-term variations. For the same reason also the phase coverage often stays incomplete and/or non-uniform. All this gives rise to artefacts in the Doppler maps, and one has therefore to be careful not to over-interpret certain features.

Nevertheless, the tests by the means of the trailed spectrograms and the $`V/R`$ plots show that the reconstructed spectra produced by the Doppler fitting agree fairly well with the original data, with the exception of HS Vir (see Sect. 4.3.7). Differences in the $`V/R`$ values (e.g., lower plots for WX Cet, Figs. 8 and 10; RZ Leo, Fig. 21) can largely be attributed to noise in the original spectra and to the fact that due to the Doppler smoothing (or smearing) the S/N in the reconstructed spectra is often up to 5 times higher. We therefore conclude that the line profiles themselves have been well reproduced. As shown by the trailed spectrograms, in general the same can be said for the intensity behaviour, with a few notable exceptions which are discussed below for the respective systems.

#### 4.3.1 AK Cnc

The Doppler map shows a symmetric emission distribution (Fig. 6). AK Cnc therefore appears to be one of the few systems which show no presence of any IES; the survey of Tappert & Hanuschik (tapphanu01 (2001)) found only 4 such objects in a sample of 68 CVs (not including AK Cnc). Unfortunately, the system was not observed in quiescence, but in decline from outburst. It thus remains unclear if the absence of IES is caused by a still optically thick disc (i.e. if this is only a temporary absence), or simply due to the low inclination of the system.

#### 4.3.2 WX Cet

The Doppler maps for the WX Cet are amongst those with the most noisy appearance (Figs. 8-10). The low S/N of the data is probably also responsible for the fact that the clear signature of disc emission, i.e. a ring-shaped emission distribution centred on the primary, is not seen, although the line profiles are double-peaked (Fig. 7). Instead all maps show a rather spotty emission distribution, however, with a maximum on the leading side (i.e. $`v_x>0`$) as a common feature.

The low S/N and the non-uniform phase distribution make the WX Cet data sets the ideal test case to examine the significance of the features in the Doppler map. For this, we established a set of model spectra using the line profile prescription by Smak (smak81b (1981)). We adjusted the model parameters until a visually good agreement with the shape and quality of the original WX Cet data was reached. The model data were displaced in wavelength according to Eq. (1), using the phases of the WX Cet data and the parameters obtained by the application of the diagnostic diagram ($`K_1`$ = 59 km s-1) and the Doppler tomography ($`\gamma `$ = 260 km s-1). Fig. 1 gives an example of the resulting model spectrum.

These spectra represent a symmetric disc emission, without any additional component. The corresponding Doppler maps (Fig. 2), however, show the same spotty appearance as for the original data set, with the ring-shaped disc signature being only slightly more evident. The low intensity arcs and blobs in many of the Doppler maps (see also the VW Hyi data, especially Fig. 17) can also be explained by the data quality. It even appears not improbable that the individual maps of WX Cet could be simply reproduced by noisy spectra without the need to invoke an additional component (compare especially the map for model set 2 with the WX Cet data). However, the fact that all WX Cet maps show an emission maximum on the leading side of the disc indicates that this represents a real feature.

#### 4.3.3 AQ Eri

The maps for the individual data sets show significant differences (Figs. 12-14), with an emission maximum close to the possible position of the secondary star at $`(0,K_2)`$ moving to a position in the lower left quadrant of the Doppler map. However, the important difference to the behaviour in other systems (e.g. VW Hyi) is that this evolution takes place over $``$2.5 orbits, i.e. on very short timescales. It is therefore doubtful if the maps in this case are representative of the emission distribution at all, or if the timescales of the profile variations in AQ Eri are shorter than even one orbit. The fact that the comparison between the original and the reconstructed data shows evidence of systematic differences (especially the grey scale plot for set 1b and the $`V/R`$ plot for set 1c), seems to indicate the latter.

#### 4.3.4 VW Hyi

The maps show an evolution of the emission distribution from a combined secondary star / gas stream location in set 1 to a dominating bright spot in set 3 (Figs. 16-18). The ring-shaped disc signature is present, but – like in WX Cet – distorted due to the low S/N.

While the $`V/R`$ plot comparison of the original and the reconstructed data are in good agreement with each other, there are some systematic differences to be seen in the trailed spectrograms especially for set 1. This concerns a narrow emission component that is stronger in the reconstructed data from phases 0.7 to 1.2 and weaker during the other phases. We attribute this to an occultation effect of this emission component, the latter coming most probably from the gas stream or the secondary star (which shows us its non-irradiated backside around phase 0.0). This violates one of the prerequisites for Doppler mapping, specifically that all emission sources have to be visible at all phases. We find a similar phenomenon for TU Men (Section 4.3.6).

While we did not detect any systematic variation in the H$`\alpha `$ equivalent widths, the continuum – i.e. the optically thick emission – shows a hump at phases 0.75-1.0 – probably from the gas stream –, followed by a shallow eclipse up to phase 1.2 (Fig. 3).222The uncertainties in the determination of the continuum (which was measured with a graphics cursor) are hard to quantify, but the fact that all three data sets show the same basic features at identical phases proves the reality of this variation. Although the behaviour of the continuum may be different from that of the emission line, this indicates that the inclination of the system is high enough for occultation effects. Also the fact that the differences in the trailed spectrograms decrease from set 1 to set 3, while at the same time the Doppler maps show that emission from the secondary star becomes less dominant in this sequence, supports the interpretation that the narrow emission component originates from the secondary star and is occulted during the corresponding phases.

The data presented here have been taken 21 days after maximum of a normal outburst, with the system apparently being in a long, slow decline (Fig. 4). The phenomena reported here might therefore either represent a continuous evolution from the outburst to the quiescent state, or a short-term fluctuation (timescale of a few days).

#### 4.3.5 RZ Leo

Both data sets yield very similar emission distributions in the form of two maxima on the leading and on the trailing side of the disc (Figs. 20 and 21), with the latter maximum being the stronger one. The intensity difference appears to be more pronounced in data set 2, but it remains unclear if this variation is significant or due to noise.

In view of the spotty appearance of other Doppler maps in this atlas (WX Cet, VW Hyi) it is justified to ask if the spots in RZ Leo might be artefacts as well. However, in this case, also the trailed spectrograms show the unambiguous presence of an additional component. At least the spectrogram for data set 1 furthermore shows evidence in the form of a double wave for a second component. While the second spot (on the leading side) in data set 2 might therefore be questionable, in set 1 the strength of this feature appears to exclude an artificial origin.

#### 4.3.6 TU Men

The Doppler map of TU Men shows a strong emission feature from the secondary star and otherwise pure disc emission (Fig. 23). The differences between the reconstructed and the original data which can be seen in the grey scale plots affect the same phases as in the case of VW Hyi (Section 4.3.4). Also the explanation is the same: if an emission feature is not visible at all phases (i.e. in violation of one of the prerequisites for Doppler tomography), the Doppler fit will smear the signal over all phases. The feature will therefore be artificially enhanced during the phases when it is absent in the original data (here: phases 0.8–1.2), and it will be reconstructed with diminished strength in the phases where it is visible (here: 0.3–0.7).333An extension of the Doppler tomography method to account for emission components with variable strength has been very recently proposed by Steeghs (stee03 (2003)).

However, while for TU Men the residuals are more positive than negative, the VW Hyi data set 1 shows the opposite behaviour. In other words, in TU Men the IES feature is diminished rather than enhanced, while in VW Hyi the enhancement is stronger.

A possible reason could be a much stronger obscuration in VW Hyi. Indeed the differences in the strength of the emission feature at the respective phases appear to be more pronounced in VW Hyi than in TU Men. Unfortunately, the TU Men data had not been flux-calibrated so that the strength of a possible obscuration effect in TU Men cannot be compared to that in VW Hyi.

#### 4.3.7 HS Vir

The Doppler fitting resulted in a dominant emission feature in the upper left quadrant of the map (Fig. 25). However, both in strength and in shape there are significant residuals when comparing the reconstructed with the original data. Possible reasons are either an obscuration effect like in VW Hyi (Section 4.3.4) or sub-orbital variations like probably in AQ Eri (Section 4.3.3). A comparison of the line profiles of the individual phase bins (Fig. 24) makes the second possibility appear more probable. A good example is phase 0.15, where the line profile over two orbits (left and right plot) has changed both in its general shape and even in the width of its wings. Furthermore, Howell et al. (howe+90 (1990)) found strong variations on non-orbital time scales in the light curve of HS Vir, that could not be explained by flickering. In this case, Doppler mapping with respect to the orbital period yields no representative image of the emission distribution. It might be possible that this technique can be applied successfully, if a very large data set is used, so that non-orbital variations are averaged out.

## 5 Discussion

The systems analysed in this paper have in common that they are all of the SU UMa subclass, i.e. they are dwarf novae with orbital periods (in this case) ranging between 1.4 and 2.8 h, and they have low mass-transfer rates resulting in comparatively faint, optically thin, accretion discs. Excluding the extremely long periodic system TU Men, the period range spanned by the systems even amounts to only 27 min. It is therefore rather surprising that in these 7 systems with supposedly common basic properties we are confronted with almost the complete variety of isolated emission sources (IES).

One can now attempt to look for specific differences between the systems regarding their parameters. In general, there appears to be a slight dependence for the IES on the inclination $`i`$ of the CV, in that emission from the trailing side of the disc ($`v_x<0`$; bright spot, etc.) is more likely to be present in high-inclination systems, and emission from the leading side is more frequent in low-inclination objects (Tappert & Hanuschik tapphanu01 (2001)). Other possibly interesting parameters are the mass ratio $`q=M_2/M_1`$, which contains information on the stellar components, and the outburst recurrence time $`t_{\mathrm{rec}}`$, which is related to the transfer and accretion process. Most of these parameters directly or indirectly affect the equivalent width $`W_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }`$ of the line. If the same mixture of effects is also responsible for the emission distribution, one should see a corresponding correlation. Finally, the orbital period $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ is indicative of the mass of the secondary star.

We have listed these parameters together with the detected IES types in Table 3. With the range in $`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ being rather narrow, we do not expect it to play an important role in the IES distribution for the current sample. Instead the equivalent width seems to qualify as a better sorting criterion. It is influenced by a mixture of system (e.g. inclination) and disc (e.g. accretion rate) dependent parameters, which is likely to be also the case for the emission distribution. As all data sets for a specific system show in general similar additional emission components, we have sorted the data in Table 3 according to the average equivalent width of a system.

Still, there does not appear to exist any clear correlation with the IES type. For example, emission from the trailing side ($`v_x<0`$) is observed almost over the whole range of $`W_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }`$, while emission from the secondary star (TU Men) is right in the middle of our sample. However, we note that emission from the leading side is only present in two systems with $`W_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }>100`$ Å (RZ Leo & WX Cet). A look at the only other parameter that is roughly known for all the systems, the recurrence time, seemingly strengthens this tendency, since these two WZ Sge related systems represent the only ones that exclusively show superoutbursts. However this very probably is an artifical effect due to the smallness of our sample. IES on the leading side have also been at least suspected444Doppler tomography has been published for none of these systems, so that the evidence on their emission distribution is only secondary. This emphasises the need for more detailed line-profile studies for short period CVs. e.g. in SU UMa (Thorstensen et al. thor+86 (1986)) and CY UMa (Martínez-Pais & Casares martcasa95 (1995)), which both show also normal outbursts and have recurrence times much less than one year (Ritter & Kolb rittkolb98 (1998)).

For the other parameters the list is largely incomplete. This is basically due to the fact that the calculation of $`i`$ and $`q`$ needs some knowledge about the secondary star, the latter being difficult to detect in short-period CVs. Furthermore, those parameters are usually rather uncertain with 1$`\sigma `$ errors in the order of 10 to 20%.

An additional problem is that we are always dealing with a combination of parameters, and a sample of 7 systems is certainly too small to provide significant statistics in order to separate the individual influences. So, while the variety of the phenomena detected here might come as a surprise, the lack of a clear correlation with the system parameters probably should not.

Perhaps the only system whose emission distribution can be fixed to a parameter is TU Men, which shows a strong contribution from the secondary star in its quiescent state. In SU UMa systems this phenomenon has been hitherto observed only in outburst. It appears that in this respect TU Men already qualifies as a long-periodic system, whose disc is bright enough to induce emission on the surface of the secondary star.

Finally, we would like to point out that at least in one system the variations between different data sets are not irregular. The analysis of spectra from subsequent nights of VW Hyi show a clear long-term evolution from almost pure gas-stream emission to a dominant bright spot. At the time of the observations, the system apparently is in a state of a prolonged, slow decline (with a rate of roughly 1 mag in 40 days) about 20 days after a normal outburst and $``$35 days before a superoutburst (Fig. 4). The long-term variations in the line-profile therfore take place during a period where the overall brightness of the system is barely changing. Apparently even variations on small scales – in the sense that they are not accompanied or immediately followed by large photometric variations (i.e., outbursts) – of the mass-transfer rate and/or in the disc itself yield significant changes in the line profile.

## 6 Conclusions

The here presented atlas of line-profile analyses for 7 SU UMa-type dwarf novae increases the number of available Doppler tomographies for such systems by almost 100 %. Our maps certainly suffer from the low quality of the data with respect to spectral resolution and low S/N. The reason for the former is that the data were not taken with the aim to perform this kind of analysis, but rather to derive the most basic parameter for CVs, the orbital period. Nevertheless, they still served to gain a basic idea on the occurrence of isolated emission sources (IES) in these systems.

The noisy appearance of the maps, on the other hand, is mostly due to the fact that several systems showed non-orbital variations of the emission distribution, with the consequence that the respective data sets could not be combined in order to improve the S/N, thus actually representing one of the results of our study. Apart from that we can draw the following conclusions:

1. There is a large variety of IES phenomena present even in systems with in principle very similar physical properties.
2. With HS Vir and probably also AQ Eri we find two systems which show sub-orbital variations in their line profile. Consequently, Doppler tomography does not yield a representative image of the emission distribution in these cases. Very large data sets, where this type of variation can be averaged out, might be needed for this purpose. These systems also represent interesting targets for the recently introduced approach to map the emission line flickering (Diaz diaz01 (2001)).
3. On the other hand, the non-orbital variations in VW Hyi occur on long-term timescales and therefore represent a trend in the evolution of the emission distribution. Here, long-term monitoring of the inter-outburst state via Doppler mapping has the potential to provide important clues on the outburst mechanisms (e.g. the role of irradiation).
4. TU Men can now claim the record of being the CV with the shortest orbital period (and the only SU UMa dwarf nova) to show emission from the secondary star in quiescence.555Emission from the secondary star has possibly also been detected in the SU UMa dwarf nova OU Vir ($`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ = 1.75 h) by Mason et al. (maso+02 (2002)). However, the authors are very cautious with their interpretation due to the problematic definition of the fiducial phase in this system. Previously, this was the nova-like DW UMa ($`P_{\mathrm{orb}}`$ = 3.28 h), which showed this type of emission in its low state (Dhillon et al. dhil+94 (1994)).
5. The re-examination of ‘old’ data with new techniques is important and meriting, even if only to motivate more detailed studies on the respective systems.

###### Acknowledgements.

We thank an anonymous referee for careful reading and thoughtful comments, which helped to improve this paper. We also thank Marcos Diaz for enlightening discussions on line-profile variations. The VW Hyi data were taken by Walter Wargau ($``$1996). RM acknowledges support by FONDECYT 1000324.

## Appendix A The atlas


text:
# Origin of PSRs with 0.1 < P < 0.3 s and 5×105 < 𝜏 < 107 yr after the second Supernova explosion in HMXBs.

## 1 Introduction

As known the first High Mass X-ray Binary (HMXB), Scorpion X-1, was discovered in 1962 (Giacconi et al., 1963). Large number of HMXBs was discovered with rockets before the launch of the first X-ray satellite UHURU in 1971. This is understandable since the angular resolution of the rocket observations being low make the uncertainties in the coordinates of the X-ray sources as high as 5 degrees and massive stars can easily be observed for identification in optic band. After UHURU started to operate many X-ray sources with low fluxes were also discovered. Their origin is considered to be extragalactic. The population of Low Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs), their Nova type explosions, and also the light curves of them were predicted (Amnuel et al., 1973; Amnuel et al., 1974) from the data analysis of the sources which were detected by UHURU (Giacconi et al., 1973) and also using the poor data of Nova Cen X-2 (Harriees 1967; Rao et al., 1969) and of Cen X-4 (Evans et al., 1970). Investigations of LMXBs led to very important results not only for X-ray astronomy, but also for understanding the population of radio pulsars and the evolution of their magnetic field. Large characteristic times for the magnetic field decay and the alignment of magnetic and rotation axes were understood. Bisnovatyi-Kogan & Komberg (1974 and 1976) showed that accretion of matter in LMXBs must lead to the strong decay of magnetic field of neutron stars. They also predicted the spinning up of the neutron stars in LMXBs and the existence of millisecond radio pulsars (PSRs) with magnetic field B$`<`$3$`\times `$1010 G.

During the last $``$ 40 years the evolution of single PSRs has been studied on the spin period versus time derivative of the spin period (P-Ṗ) diagram. Today we may roughly explain the locations of PSRs on different parts of the P-Ṗ diagram. However, it is still difficult to understand why a large number of PSRs have periods in the interval 0.1-0.3 sec and magnetic field between 1011 G and 1012 G. We assert that part of these PSRs may appear after a second Supernova explosion in HMXBs. After the explosion of the massive component, X-ray pulsar must turn into a radio pulsar.

## 2 Testing the origin of the pulsars with magnetic fields between 1011-1012 G and periods between 0.1-0.3 sec.

A P-Ṗ diagram is plotted in Figure 1 for the PSRs which have period derivatives between 10-13 s/s and 10-16 s/s and distances up to 5 kpc. These restrictions were chosen in order to deal only with a sample of single pulsars and to see clearly the regions where the examined PSRs are located. We had to put a limit on distance values since the farther the PSRs are the larger the errors in their distances are. This was necessary if we also take into consideration that in the recent surveys many distant pulsars were discovered in the plane of the Galaxy in a narrow latitude interval (for the complete data see ATNF Pulsar Catalogue 2003; Guseinov et al., 2002 and the references therein). There is no search with similar sensitivity for most of the parts of the sky.

As it is seen in Figure 1, all the PSRs with ages up to $`10^5`$ years have magnetic fields larger than $`10^{12}`$ G. From this figure we can say that PSRs are practically always born with such magnetic field values. All 23 PSRs which have genetic connections with Supernova remnants (Manchester et al., 2001; Guseinov et al., 2003) are located on this part of the P-Ṗ diagram. Therefore, without any doubt PSRs are mostly born in this region of the P-Ṗ diagram. But this does not mean that right after a Supernova explosion some PSRs can not have several times smaller magnetic field values at birth.

As seen in Figure 1, the number of pulsars which are located in between the constant magnetic field lines $`10^{11}10^{12}`$ G and have ages up to 5$`\times `$105 yr is very small, whereas the number of pulsars having the same magnetic field values with larger ages is high. In contrast we do not see a similar situation in $`10^{12}<B<10^{13}G`$ interval. As magnetic fields of single PSRs with ages 5$`\times `$105-107 yr practically do not change, their evolutionary tracks must be parallel to the constant magnetic field lines. Therefore, part of the PSRs with $`B10^{11}10^{12}G`$ may be born in the region with $`P0.10.3sec`$ directly with large value of $`\tau `$. This may be due to the second Supernova explosion in HMXBs. In this way, after the explosion in the massive binary, X-ray pulsar becomes a radio pulsar. If we compare a pulsar having such origin with a single born pulsar, the former must have several times smaller magnetic field compared to the single born pulsar even though both of them have the same initial magnetic field strengths, because there occurs magnetic field decay due to the accretion during the HMXB phase. This process is similar to the one that takes place during disk accretion in LMXBs (Bisnovatyi-Kogan and Komberg 1974; Bisnovatyi-Kogan and Komberg 1976).

Kinematic ages of these PSRs on average must be smaller than the kinematic ages of the single born pulsars with the same values of characteristic times ($`\tau `$). This is reasonable since the space velocities of the single born pulsars are considerably larger than the center of mass velocity of HMXBs. We should also take into account that the radio pulsar which is born after the second Supernova explosion continues to move with its orbital velocity, but on average the orbital velocities are also smaller than the space velocities of single born PSRs. Therefore, PSRs which appear after the second Supernova explosion may have on the average several times smaller distances from the Galactic plane ($``$z$``$).

In order to test this idea we have chosen two groups of PSRs with similar characteristic ages. The number of PSRs in each group is almost the same. In the P-Ṗ diagram the boundary of the first group is determined as $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, $`5\times 10^5<\tau <10^7`$ yr and the second group has the boundaries $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`6\times 10^5<\tau <10^7`$ yr and $`\dot{P}>3\times 10^{15}`$ s/s. It is necessary to note that we specially restricted the groups we are working on, so that, the pulsars in the first and the second groups have different bands of evolutionary tracks on the P-Ṗ diagram and their number versus age distributions are similar.

For our pulsar samples the $``$z$``$-$`\tau `$ diagrams are represented in Figures 2a and 2b. As it is seen, there is no considerable increase in $``$z$``$ with increasing $`\tau `$ for the first group of PSRs. At a smaller value of $`\tau `$, $``$z$``$ increases approximately with $`\tau `$, but there is no linear proportionality similar to the one seen in the second group of PSRs (Figure 2b). As it is seen in Figure 2a, at every value of $`\tau `$ there is a large number of PSRs with small $``$z$``$ values. Due to their high velocities the part of single born PSRs which are near the Galactic plane must decrease as we go towards higher $`\tau `$ values (see Figure 2b). From Figure 2a we noticed that PSRs in the first group have definitely smaller average $``$z$``$ values compared to the PSRs of the second group (see Figure 2b). This should be related to the appearance of newborn PSRs in the first group with different values of $`\tau `$. These PSRs are directly placed in the low-$`B`$-large-$`\tau `$ part of the P-Ṗ diagram.

For the sake of safety we checked PSRs with $`10^7<\tau <10^8`$ years and saw the same tendency. However, at such ages the changes in the beaming factor and the decrease in the pulsar voltage start to affect the pulsar population creating uncertainties. Naturally, this may have influence on the average value of the deviation from the Galactic plane.

Do the important differences that we saw in Figure 2a and in Figure 2b between the PSRs in the first and in the second groups depend on selection effects? Can it be true that different velocities and average $``$z$``$ values are due to other parameters of these PSRs being different? Even though this idea has a low probability of occurrence let us investigate other parameters of PSRs in both groups in order not to leave any suspects. Can the locations of the PSRs in the first group with respect to the Sun be responsible for their small $``$z$``$ values when compared to the $``$z$``$ values of the PSRs in the second group? In Figure 3a and in Figure 3b the distance from the Sun (d) versus the galactic longitude (l) of these two samples are plotted. From these figures we deduce that PSRs in the second group are a little bit farther away from the Sun than the PSRs in the first group. Thus, the distances have no effect on our results.

In general it is known that radio luminosities of PSRs depend very weakly on their locations on the P-Ṗ diagram. In Figure 1, the locations of the PSRs in both of the groups slightly, but not significantly, differ. Therefore, PSRs in both groups must have similar fluxes and luminosities. On the other hand, conditions for PSR observation depend on the directions in the Galaxy. This is expected since in different directions of the Galaxy pulsar searches with varying accuracies and sensitivities were performed at different frequencies. Luminosities at 400 MHz versus Galactic longitude are shown in Figure 4a and in Figure 4b whereas luminosities at 1400 MHz versus Galactic longitude are represented in Figure 5a and in Figure 5b for our samples. As seen from these figures there is no difference for both groups in their directions, luminosities and fluxes. Therefore, the differences in the average values of $``$z$``$ for both groups of PSRs are not related to the selection effects.

## 3 The difference in space velocities of the pulsars in the groups

Now let us discuss data about the space velocities of some PSRs from both of the groups. Some data for 5 PSRs from the first group and for 12 PSRs from the second group for which proper motions are known are given in Table 1. As the table indicates PSRs from the first group not only have considerably small $``$z$``$ values but also have small space velocities. The space velocity of each pulsar may roughly be estimated using the proper motion (Harrison et al., 1993; Fomalont et al., 1997; Lyne et al., 1982; Bailes et al., 1990) and distance values (Guseinov et al., 2002). Therefore, we saw that kinematic characteristics of these two groups of pulsars are actually different.

## 4 Examination of the X-ray data of the pulsars in both groups

After the Supernova explosion, as the X-ray component in HMXB may directly show itself in the regions where $`\tau `$ values are high, it may have significantly large X-ray luminosity compared to other pulsars with similar characteristic times. Because the time it has spent as a radio pulsar is smaller than the value of its characteristic time.

Lists of PSRs from which X-ray radiation was observed in 0.1-2.4 keV and in 2-10 keV bands were published by Becker and Trumper (1997), Becker and Aschenbach (2002) and Possenti et al., (2002). As seen in these lists, from PSRs J1057-5226, J0358+ 5413, J0538+2817 and J1932+1059 X-ray radiation was detected. All of these PSRs belong to our first group and there is no other pulsar with $`\tau `$ in the interval $`5\times 10^510^7yr`$ from which X-ray radiation was observed. In the mentioned lists there are yet two PSRs, namely J0826+2637 and J0953+0755, with several times larger characteristic times. Both of these pulsars are directly located in the belt along which PSRs from the first sample evolve. Yet 3 PSRs, namely J1952+3252, J0117+5914 and J1302-6350, which radiate X-rays, are located on the P-Ṗ diagram right in front of the first sample of pulsars, as they have 105$`<`$$`\tau `$$`<`$5$`\times `$105 yr. Only Geminga pulsar which has a magnetic field about 1.7$`\times `$1012 G is located in the boundary of the second sample of PSRs. All other PSRs with larger ages from which X-ray radiation have been observed are old millisecond pulsars. These deductions strongly justify what we have suggested about the origin of a great deal of the PSRs that are born with magnetic fields between $`10^{11}10^{12}`$ G and characteristic ages between $`5\times 10^510^7`$ years.

## 5 Conclusions

Part of the PSRs with $`10^{11}<B<10^{12}`$ G and with $`P<0.3`$ sec appears after the second Supernova explosion in HMXBs. These PSRs, before the second explosion, were X-ray components of HMXBs. As a result of accretion onto these pulsars, there occurs magnetic field decay. These PSRs must conserve their orbital and center-of-mass velocities, the sum of which is on average smaller than the space velocity of single born pulsars. On the other hand, distances of HMXBs from the plane of Galaxy are not large and real ages of the discussed pulsars may be smaller than their characteristic times. Therefore, these PSRs must have small space velocities and their distances from Galactic plane must also be smaller than the single born pulsars with the same values of $`\tau `$. On the other hand, they must have significantly larger X-ray luminosity than the single born PSRs with similar values of $`\tau `$. The observational data confirm all these expectations.

Figure Captions

Figure 1: The $`P\dot{P}`$ diagram for all pulsars that have distances up to 5 kpc with 10-16$`<`$$`<`$10-13 s/s. Pulsars that form our first sample are shown with ’+’ sign in the figure. They have $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, 5$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr. The second sample that we consider appear with a ’$``$’ sign. These pulsars have $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`\dot{P}`$ $`>`$ 3$`\times `$10-15 s/s, 6$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr.

Figure 2a: $``$z$``$-$`\tau `$ diagram for the pulsars with $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, 5$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 2b: $``$z$``$-$`\tau `$ diagram for the pulsars with $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`\dot{P}`$ $`>`$ 3$`\times `$10-15 s/s, 6$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 3a: The d versus l diagram for the pulsars with $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, 5$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 3b: The d versus l diagram for the pulsars with $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`\dot{P}`$ $`>`$ 3$`\times `$10-15 s/s, 6$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 4a: The luminosity at 400 MHz $`L_{400}`$ versus l diagram for the pulsars with $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, 5$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 4b: The luminosity at 400 MHz $`L_{400}`$ versus l diagram for the pulsars with $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`\dot{P}`$ $`>`$ 3$`\times `$10-15 s/s, 6$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 5a: The luminosity at 1400 MHz $`L_{1400}`$ versus the galactic longitude l diagram for the first sample in which the pulsars have $`0.1<P<0.3`$ sec, 5$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.

Figure 5b: The luminosity at 1400 MHz $`L_{1400}`$ versus l diagram for the pulsars with $`0.6<P<1.3`$ sec, $`\dot{P}`$ $`>`$ 3$`\times `$10-15 s/s, 6$`\times `$105 $`<`$ $`\tau `$ $`<`$ 107 yr and $`d5`$ kpc.