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# Non-Unitary Spin-Charge Separation in One-Dimensional Fermion Gas

## Abstract

In this Letter we report exact results on the infrared asymptotics of one-particle dynamical correlation function of the gas of impenetrable spin 1/2 fermions at infinitesimal temperature. The correlation function shows signs of spin-charge separation with scaling behavior in the charge part and exponential decay as a function of the space coordinate in the spin part. Surprisingly, the anomalous dimensions in the charge part do not correspond to any unitary conformal field theory. We find that the fermion spectral weight has a power law divergency at low energy with the anomalous exponent $`1/2.`$

Significant advance of the theory of strongly correlated one dimensional electron systems has been made possible by two important peculiarities of one dimensional physics: universality of low energy properties summarized by the conformal field theory (CFT) Tsvelik  and the existence of exactly solvable strongly coupled models like the Hubbard model or the Thirring model KBI . As far as their low energy properties are concerned, most physically important one dimensional electron systems belong to a certain universality class usually referred to as the Luttinger liquid (LL) Haldane . By bosonization the LL theory is mapped onto a theory of free massless compactified bosonic fields. The compactification radii play the role of phenomenological parameters defining the effective theory. Classification and phenomenology of such effective theories is often called g-ology Solyom . Due to a relatively simple analytic structure of the LL theory, g-ology is a powerful calculational tool relating all dynamical information about a strongly correlated system (such as its correlation functions, spectral weights, transport coefficients, stability with respect to perturbations etc.) to a few phenomenological constants, which can be obtained from e.g. its thermodynamical properties. For exactly solvable models this phenomenological constants are usually found from the analysis of thermodynamics by means of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz Haldane1 .

Despite the success of g-ology, a direct calculation of infrared asymptotics of correlation functions in exactly solvable models has so far been performed only for a few special cases Berkovich ; Ogata ; Parola ; Ha ; Gohmann ; KBI  and as a general problem still remains a challenge. Such direct calculations are important for two reasons. First, they provide a test bed for the hypotheses underlying the LL theory. Second, they give insight into the situations where the low energy physics is not described by the LL.

An interesting example of a physically relevant model, where exact calculation of dynamical correlation functions is possible is a model of non-relativistic impenetrable spin 1/2 fermions. This model is the infinite $`U`$ limit of the system of spin 1/2 fermions described by the Hamiltonian

$$H=𝑑x\left[\underset{\sigma =,}{}\psi _\sigma ^{}(x)_x^2\psi _\sigma (x)+Un_{}(x)n_{}(x)\right].$$
(1)
The model (1) can be viewed as a continuum limit of the Hubbard model and is the simplest example of interacting fermions in one dimension. This model has a long history. The eigenstates and the spectrum of Hamiltonian (1) for an arbitrary $`U`$ were found in Yang . Thermodynamics of this model was studied in Lai . Parameters of the low energy LL theory for the Hubbard model were calculated in Korepin .

The infinite $`U`$ limit of the model was studied in Ogata ; Shiba ; Parola ; Gohmann ; Anderson ; Berkovich ; Izergin . This is an interesting limit, where the ground state of the system becomes infinitely degenerate in spin and the CFT description fails. On the other hand, in this limit a specific factorization of Yang’s wave function occurs Ogata , opening the way to a direct calculation of spectral weights and correlation functions of the model through their Fredholm determinant representation Berkovich ; Izergin . Due to the above mentioned ground state degeneracy the limit $`U\mathrm{}`$ in correlation functions of the model is nontrivial in the sense that it does not commute with the limit of vanishing temperature $`T0`$. Indeed, taking the limit $`T0`$ first one obtains results Ogata ; Parola ; Shiba  consistent with a naive infinite $`U`$ limit of the corresponding CFT KBI ; Anderson . In particular, the one-particle momentum distribution function shows scaling behavior near the Fermi momentum $`k_F`$ with the anomalous exponent $`1/8`$ Ogata . On the other hand, the one-particle density matrix (i.e. the equal time one-particle correlation function) decays exponentially as a function of coordinate Berkovich  if one takes the $`U\mathrm{}`$ limit first. Due to this exponential decay the momentum distribution function shows no scaling near $`k_F.`$

In this Letter we report our results on the asymptotics of the one-particle dynamical correlation function

$$G(x,t)=\psi _{}^{}(x,t)\psi _{}(0,0)$$
(2)
when the limit $`U\mathrm{}`$ is taken before the limit $`T0`$. Due to the rotational invariance of Hamiltonian (1) the correlation function of spin down fermions coincides with (2).

We begin our discussion with first recalling how the infinite $`U`$ limit in correlation functions is taken at zero temperature and then we discuss the opposite order of limits qualitatively. Then we present our exact result for the asymptotics of the correlation function (2) and discuss its structure and physical meaning.

Assume that in the ground state of the system there is a finite fermion density $`n_c=n_{}+n_{},`$ controlled by the chemical potential $`\mu .`$ At any finite $`U`$ the low energy physics of this model can be described by the LL theory. According to this theory the low energy spectrum is described by the effective Hamiltonian

$$H_{\mathrm{eff}}=H_c+H_s$$
(3)
where $`H_c`$ describes charge fluctuations, $`H_s`$ describes spin fluctuations and $`[H_c,H_s]=0.`$ Independent dynamics of spin and charge is called spin-charge separation Tsvelik . Hamiltonians $`H_c`$ and $`H_s`$ are, in fact, Tomonaga-Luttinger Hamiltonians corresponding to $`c=1`$ conformal field theories with global $`U(1)`$ symmetry. Hamiltonian $`H_s`$ also possess global $`SU(2)`$ symmetry inherited from the rotational symmetry of (1). This additional constraint on $`H_s`$ fixes the structure of its spectrum completely up to a non-universal constant $`v_s`$, which is the spin propagation velocity depending on the microscopic parameters. The fermion operator in the LL theory is represented as a sum of anticommuting “left” and “right” fermion fields

$$\psi _\sigma (x)=\psi _{L,\sigma }(x)e^{ik_Fx}+\psi _{R,\sigma }(x)e^{ik_Fx},\sigma =,$$
(4)
where $`k_F`$ is the Fermi momentum. The “left” and “right” fermion fields are products of spin and charge vertex operators

$$\psi _{L,\sigma }=C_LS_{L,\sigma },\psi _{R,\sigma }=C_RS_{R,\sigma },$$
(5)
where the spin operators satisfy $`S_{L(R),}=S_{L(R),}^{}.`$ Operators $`S`$ and $`C`$ commute with each other and satisfy $`[S,H_c]=[C,H_s]=0.`$ Formulas (3), (4) and (5) only apply to the low energy properties of the system. That is, the energy must be much smaller than a certain cutoff scale $`\mathrm{\Lambda },`$ determined by $`\mu `$ and $`U.`$

At zero temperature, the correlation function (2) predicted by the Luttinger theory has the form

$`G(x,t)=𝒮(xv_st)𝒞(xv_ct,x+v_ct)e^{ik_Fx}`$
$`+𝒮(x+v_st)𝒞(x+v_ct,xv_ct)e^{ik_Fx}`$ (6)
where

$$𝒮(xv_st)=S_R^{}(x,t)S_R(0,0)=\frac{\mathrm{const}}{(xv_st)^{1/2}}$$
(7)
and

$`𝒞(xv_ct,x+v_ct)`$ $`=C_R^{}(x,t)C_R(0,0)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{const}}{(xv_ct)^{2\mathrm{\Delta }_c}(x+v_ct)^{2\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}_c}}},`$ (8)
where $`v_s`$ and $`v_c`$ are the propagation velocities of spin and charge excitations respectively. Correlation functions (7), (8) do not contain any length parameter. This reflects the scaling invariance of the LL theory. According to (7) the spin operator $`S_{R,\sigma }`$ is a right mover with fixed anomalous dimension 1/4. This is a consequence of the constraint imposed on the effective Hamiltonian $`H_s`$ by the global $`SU(2)`$ symmetry. At the same time, the correlation function of the ”right” charge operator $`C_R`$ splits into a product of left-moving (depending on $`x+v_ct`$) and right-moving (depending on $`xv_ct`$) parts with different positive anomalous dimensions $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}.`$ These dimensions are determined by the Luttinger parameter $`K,`$ which can be found from the charge compressibility $`\kappa =n_c/\mu `$ of the system as follows

$$K=\frac{\pi v_c}{2}\kappa .$$
(9)
One has Tsvelik

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_c`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left(\sqrt{K}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{K}}}\right)^2,`$
$`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}_c`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left(\sqrt{K}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{K}}}\right)^2.`$ (10)
For any finite $`U`$ parameters $`v_c`$ and $`\kappa `$ can be calculated from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. For infinite $`U`$ fermions become impenetrable, which from the point of view of thermodynamics means that they satisfy the Pauli principle independently of their spin orientation. For such a system parameters $`v_c`$ and $`\kappa `$ are calculated in the same way as for a system of spinless non-interacting fermions Shultz ; Anderson . Calculating the right hand side of (9) for spinless fermions one finds

$$K=\frac{1}{2}.$$
(11)
For the anomalous dimensions in the charge sector this gives

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_c=\frac{9}{32},\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}_c=\frac{1}{32}.$$
(12)
Correlation function for impenetrable fermions in the form (6) with anomalous exponents in the charge sector given by (12) was suggested in KBI . It was also discussed in Shiba , where the $`U\mathrm{}`$ limit was analyzed microscopically.

Next, consider the infinite $`U`$ limit taken at finite temperature. For large $`U`$ there happens a separation of energy scales in the problem. This separation is controlled by a small dimensionless parameter $`k_F/U.`$ While $`\mu `$ remains the characteristic cutoff energy in the charge sector, the characteristic cutoff energy in the spin sector becomes of the order of $`\mu k_F/U.`$ The same happens with the velocities. While the propagation velocity for the charge $`v_c2\sqrt{\mu }`$ as $`U\mathrm{},`$ the velocity of spin excitations vanishes, $`v_s0.`$ In the limit of infinite $`U`$ the spin degrees of freedom completely loose dynamics and the ground state of the system becomes infinitely degenerate with respect to spin flips. From the point of view of the low energy physics it is interesting to consider a situation where

$$\frac{\mu k_F}{U}T\mu $$
(13)
In this situation all spin configurations have equal statistical weight and the dynamics of the system is effectively averaged over spin configurations. At the same time, the charge degrees of freedom are not strongly affected by temperature, because the latter is much lower than the corresponding cutoff energy $`\mu .`$ Thus in the temperature range (13) correlation function (2) should not strongly depend on temperature and its behavior should be in this sense universal. The infinite $`U`$ limit of the correlation function taken at a fixed small temperature $`T\mu `$ thus corresponds to taking the infinite $`U`$ limit first and then taking the limit $`T0.`$ One can try to conjecture the structure of the one-particle correlation function (2) in this situation using formulas (7), (8) and the general results of the CFT. For finite temperatures and for $`x>v_s/T`$, the spin part of the correlation function predicted by the LL theory is

$$𝒮_R(xv_st)e^{\frac{2\pi T}{v_s}(xv_st)}.$$
(14)
This formula is valid for temperatures smaller than $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_s=\mu k_F/Uk_Fv_s,`$ that is when linear description of spin waves is appropriate. For $`|x\pm v_ct|<v_c/T`$ the charge part of correlation function is given by (8). For $`T>\mathrm{\Lambda }_s`$ all spin degrees of freedom become saturated and the spin part of the correlation function should become temperature independent. Thus, replacing the temperature $`T`$ in the right hand side of (14) by the crossover scale $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_s`$ we get a prediction for the correlation function at $`T>\mathrm{\Lambda }_s.`$ Making this substitution and taking the limit of vanishing $`v_s`$ we get for the fermion correlation function

$`G(x,t)=𝒮(x)𝒞(x+v_ct,xv_ct)e^{ik_Fx}`$
$`+𝒮(x)𝒞(xv_ct,x+v_ct)e^{ik_Fx},`$ (15)
where function $`𝒞`$ is given by (8) and

$$𝒮(x)=\mathrm{const}\times e^{\gamma k_Fx}.$$
(16)
Here $`\gamma `$ is a dimensionless constant. The problem of this picture is that it assumes spin-charge separation in the LL sense even though the spin degrees are strongly excited. To see that this is not the case, compare the correlation function of spin up fermions calculated in two different ground states. Let one ground state be the infinite $`U`$ limit of the ground state of Hamiltonian (1) and another be the fully polarized spin up ground state. Both states have the same statistical weight and equally contribute to the correlation function. In the first state the anomalous dimensions of charge part of fermion correlation function are given by (12). In the second state, due to the Pauli principle fermions do not feel the interaction and the anomalous dimensions are those of non-interacting fermions, that is $`\mathrm{\Delta }=1/2`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}=0.`$ It is not, therefore, clear whether after averaging over all spin configurations the anomalous dimensions in (15) should coincide with (12) or, even, whether the correlation function should have the structure (15) at all.

In paper Izergin  it was shown that the correlation function (2) can be expressed in terms of the Fredholm determinant of a linear integral operator $`\widehat{V}`$ via

$$G(x,t)=\frac{e^{ik_F^2t}}{8\pi i}_{|z|=1}\frac{dz}{z}F(z)B_{}(z)det(\widehat{I}+\widehat{V})(z).$$
(17)
The kernel

$$V(k,p)=\frac{e_+(k)e_{}(p)e_+(p)e_{}(k)}{kp}$$
(18)
of the operator $`\widehat{V}`$ is defined on the square $`[k_F,k_F]\times [k_F,k_F],`$ where $`k_F=\sqrt{\mu }.`$ Functions entering (18) are defined as follows ($`z=e^{i\eta }`$)

$`e_{}(k)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi }}}e^{\tau (k)/2},`$ (19)
$`e_+(k)={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\tau (k)/2}}{2\sqrt{\pi }}}[(1\mathrm{cos}\eta )e^{\tau (k)}E_0(k)+\mathrm{sin}\eta ],`$ (20)
$`E_0(k)=\text{p.v.}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑p{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\tau (p)}}{\pi (pk)}},`$ (21)
$`\tau (k)=ik^2tikx.`$ (22)
Function $`B_{}(z)`$ is

$$B_{}(z)=_{k_F}^{k_F}𝑑ke_{}(k)(\widehat{I}+\widehat{V})^1e_{}(k)$$
(23)
and

$$F(z)=1+\frac{z}{2z}+\frac{1}{2z1}.$$
(24)
We performed asymptotic analysis of Eq. (17) by asymptotically solving the corresponding Riemann-Hilbert problem Gohmann  by the techniques described in Deift . Detailed calculations are involved and will be presented elsewhere Us . Our main results for the correlation function (2) are as follows. For $`x,t+\mathrm{}`$ and $`x/t=\mathrm{const}0`$ we have

$`G(x,t)=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Xi }e^{k_Fx\mathrm{ln}2/\pi }e^{i(k_Fx\varphi _+)}}{(x2k_Ft)^{2\mathrm{\Delta }}(x+2k_Ft)^{2\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Xi }e^{k_Fx\mathrm{ln}2/\pi }e^{i(k_Fx\varphi _{})}}{(x+2k_Ft)^{2\mathrm{\Delta }}(x2k_Ft)^{2\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}}.`$ (25)
Here $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ is a constant, which is calculated explicitly in Us . The phases $`\varphi _\pm `$ are given by

$$\varphi _\pm =2\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\left[\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{i\mathrm{ln}2}{2\pi }\right)\right]+\frac{\mathrm{ln}2}{\pi }\mathrm{ln}(2k_Fx\pm 4k_F^2t)$$
(26)
and the anomalous dimensions are given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{8}\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}2}{\pi }\right)^2,\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}=\frac{1}{8}\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}2}{\pi }\right)^2.$$
(27)
This result (25) is consistent with the previously calculated equal time correlation function Berkovich . The case $`x=0`$ is special. In this case

$$G(0,t)=\frac{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}{\sqrt{t\mathrm{ln}(k_F^2t)}}$$
(28)
where $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ is a constant.

The form of the correlation function (25) is essentially the same as of (15) and shows clear signs of spin-charge separation. The exponentially decaying part can be attributed to the non-propagating spin mode. The algebraically decaying part of the correlation function only depends on combinations $`x2k_Ft`$ and $`x+2k_Ft`$ which correspond to propagation with velocity $`2k_F.`$ This is exactly the velocity of the charge propagation in the model.

Remarkably, the anomalous dimensions given by (27) are completely different from dimensions (12), obtained in the infinite $`U`$ limit of the LL theory. While the form of the correlation function (25) suggests that the fermion operator can be represented as a product of a spin operator and a charge operator, the emergence of a negative scaling dimension $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ in (27) indicates that the conformal field theory describing the charge sector should be non-unitary. Answering the question of whether such a CFT exists is a subject of further investigation. In particular, it would be interesting to calculate the three point correlation functions involving two fermion operators and the charge density or the spin density operator.

Note that the phases $`\varphi _\pm `$ (26) instead of being constant are logarithmic functions of the light cone coordinates $`x\pm v_ct.`$ A similar phenomenon occurs in the theory of classical non-linear wave equationsManakov .

While the exponential decay of the correlation function in $`x`$ direction smears the power law scaling of the momentum distribution function near the Fermi points, the power law scaling can be observed in the tunnelling density of states, which is given by

$$A(\omega )=\text{Re}\stackrel{~}{G}(0,\omega )$$
(29)
where tilde denotes the Fourier transform. From our result (28) we find

$$A(\omega )\omega ^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
(30)
The divergence of the tunnelling density of states at zero energy is similar to the one found in Shiba  but the numerical value of the tunnelling exponent $`1/2`$ is different from $`3/8`$ calculated in Shiba .

M.B. Zvonarev’s work was supported by the Danish Technical Research Council via the Framework Programme on Superconductivity.


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# Two-band Effects in the Angular Dependence of 𝐻_{𝑐2} of MgB2 Single Crystals

## Abstract

The angular dependence of the upper critical field $`H_{c2}`$ of MgB2 single crystals is studied at various temperatures by means of specific heat and transport measurements in magnetic fields up to 17 T. Clear deviations from Ginzburg–Landau behavior are observed at all temperatures and are explained by two-band effects. The angular- and temperature dependence of the deviations are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions based on band-structure calculations. Quantitative agreement is obtained with an interband coupling slightly stronger than the calculated, enabling band-structure anisotropies and interband coupling strength to be experimentally estimated. This provides a new pathway to the study of disorder and doping effects in MgB2.

MgB2, anisotropy, $`H_{c2}`$, specific heat, phase diagram, angular dependence, two-band effects

The emergence of new theoretical works with close experimental connections has significantly deepened the understanding of the properties of magnesium diboride (MgB2). Despite the fact that the superconducting properties of MgB2 with its fairly simple atomic structure were just recently discovered Nagamatsu01 , this phonon mediated s-wave superconductor has already been the subject of intense and numerous studies ReviewPhC  due to its exotic properties arising from a complex, disconnected, multi-band Fermi surface. Band-structure calculations have demonstrated that the Fermi surface is composed of pairs of three-dimensional $`\pi `$-bands and quasi-2D $`\sigma `$-bands Kortus01 . This effective two-band structure has been confirmed by de Haas–van Alphen measurements Yelland02  and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy Uchiyama02 .

The superconducting properties of the two sets of bands are quite different, due to the low overlap of the orthogonal $`\sigma `$\- and $`\pi `$-band wave functions. The superconducting gap ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 meV on the $`\pi `$-bands and from 5.5 to 8 meV on the strongly superconducting $`\sigma `$-bands Choi02 . This double-gap nature has been verified by tunneling experiments Giubileo01 ; Iavarone02 , heat capacity measurements Bouquet , and spectroscopy Chen01 ; Szabo01 ; Schmidt02 .

Theoretically, two-band superconductivity has a history starting well before MgB2 Suhl59 ; Golubov97 ; Shulga98 . Through theoretical advances, a fairly unified picture has emerged with predictions that can be experimentally substantiated Choi02 ; Liu01 ; Brinkman02 ; Kogan02 ; Miranovic03 ; Gurevich03 ; Dahm03 ; Golub-lam ; Golub-band ; Koshelev ; Golubov0303237 . One of the salient predictions associated with a pronounced two-band effect is a difference between the coherence length anisotropy $`\gamma _\xi =\xi _{ab}/\xi _c`$ Miranovic03 ; Gurevich03 ; Dahm03 ; Golubov0303237  and the penetration depth anisotropy $`\gamma _\lambda =\lambda _c/\lambda _{ab}`$ Kogan02 ; Golub-lam , both of which become temperature dependent with opposite tendencies. For MgB2, a strong decrease of $`\gamma _\xi =H_{c2}^{ab}/H_{c2}^c`$ from $`\gamma _\xi (0)5`$ to $`\gamma _\xi (T_c)2`$ is found experimentally Angst02 ; Welp03 ; Lyard02 ; Machida03 ; Zehetmayer02 ; Cubitt03 , while controversy remains about the experimental temperature dependence of $`\gamma _\lambda `$ Zehetmayer02 ; Cubitt03 ; LyardHc1 .

In this Letter we present evidence of clear deviations of the angular dependence of $`H_{c2}`$ from the anisotropic Ginzburg–Landau (GL) description. The $`H_{c2}(T,\theta )`$ transition of MgB2 single crystals was determined from resistivity measurements and specific heat with excellent agreement between the two. With a slight adjustment of some of the parameters supplied by band-structure calculations, good quantitative agreement is found between theory Golubov0303237  and experiment, yielding fundamental estimates of band-structure anisotropies and the interband coupling strength.

Several MgB2 crystals with typical dimensions 50 – 250 $`\mu `$m were obtained through a high pressure heat treatment of a mixture of Mg and B in excess Mg as described elsewhere Jung02 . The crystals had $`T_c`$ values of 34 – 36 K and a $`H_{c2}^c(0)3.5`$ T. Transport measurements were performed using standard AC techniques at 23 Hz with a resolution better than 0.5 nV. For specific heat measurements, the crystals were mounted on top of flattened 12.7 $`\mu `$m chromel/constantan thermocouple junctions. Small temperature oscillations of the sample were induced by either a resistive heater wire (Sample 1, Argonne) or by modulating the temperature of the copper base Graebner89  (Sample 2, Grenoble). The temperature oscillation was measured through the AC voltage across the junction, the absolute base temperature monitored by a Cernox thermometer, and the sample temperature offset obtained from the DC voltage of the thermocouple.

Figure 1 shows the transitions from resistivity (top) and specific heat (bottom) as a function of angle at $`T=27.5`$ K and $`T=25.0`$ K, respectively. The resistive transitions were measured at a relatively high current density to suppress the effects of surface superconductivity at the well-shaped crystal surfaces, as discussed in Rydh03 .

The value of $`H_{c2}(\theta )`$ was determined through a linear extrapolation of the steep drop to zero resistivity as shown by the nearly vertical dashed lines in the top panel. The appearance of the peak effect just below $`H_{c2}`$ for some angles is evident in the figure. The thermodynamic signature of $`H_{c2}`$ was defined from the midpoint of the specific heat transitions, as illustrated in the bottom panel. The choice of definition was checked not to be significant. It is interesting to note that the specific heat step height is fairly independent of the field direction. This is in agreement with GL theory, where the step height should scale with $`T(\mathrm{d}H_c/\mathrm{d}T)^2`$, where $`H_c`$ is the (isotropic) thermodynamic critical field. Possible deviations from a constant step height arising from two-band effects are too small to be resolved in the current data due to uncertainties in the experimental method.

Clear deviations from an anisotropic GL description are, however, seen in the angular dependence of $`H_{c2}`$. In Fig. 2, the $`H_{c2}(\theta )`$ curves are shown for two selected temperatures together with corresponding fits to the effective mass description $`H_{c2}^{\mathrm{GL}}(\theta )=H_{c2}^{ab}/(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta +\gamma _\xi ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta )^{1/2}`$.

The relative deviations are fairly small at 12.1 K as compared to 25.0 K. They are nevertheless clearly discernible at all temperatures and are reproducible between different measuring setups, samples, and methods. Resistive measurements by Eltsev et al. displayed similar deviations but were not analyzed in detail Eltsev02 . Deviations were also reported at 33 K using torque measurements Angst . The latter, however, suffer from the inability to measure $`H_{c2}`$ along the symmetry axes.

The deviations from GL behavior are illuminated by plotting the ratio $`𝒜=[H_{c2}(\theta )/H_{c2}^{\mathrm{GL}}(\theta )]^2`$ as a function of $`\mathrm{cos}^2\theta `$ as shown in Fig 3.

When the field is directed along the $`c`$ axis or within the basal plane there are no deviations, since the experimental $`H_{c2}^{ab}`$ and $`H_{c2}^c`$ were used as parameters for the GL-fit ($`𝒜=1`$) at each temperature. The shape of the deviations as a function of angle is similar for all temperatures, with a maximum amplitude at around $`\theta =20^{}`$$`30^{}`$, i.e., for $`\mathrm{cos}^2\theta 0.9`$. The theoretical curves are discussed below.

To investigate the temperature dependence of the deviations in more detail, the maximum amplitude of $`𝒜(\theta )`$ is plotted as a function of temperature in Fig. 4 (top). Good agreement is found between the transport and specific heat data from Argonne (Sample 1, measured on the same crystal, $`T_c=35.5`$ K) and specific heat measurements taken at Grenoble (Sample 2, $`T_c34`$ K), illustrating the fundamental and consistent nature of the deviations. The amplitude is relatively small at low temperatures and reaches a maximum slightly below $`T_c`$. By comparing the temperature dependence of $`𝒜_{\mathrm{max}}`$ with that of $`\gamma _\xi `$ (bottom panel) one can see that the maximum of $`𝒜_{\mathrm{max}}(T)`$ occurs at intermediate values of $`\gamma _\xi `$.

The general experimental features of $`H_{c2}(T,\theta )`$ can be excellently described by the recent theory of the angular dependence of dirty two-band superconductors Golubov0303237 . The two-band theory requires as input (i) the matrix of effective coupling constants $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha \beta }=\lambda _{\alpha \beta }\mu _{\alpha \beta }^{}`$, where $`\lambda _{\alpha \beta }`$ are the electron-phonon coupling constants and $`\mu _{\alpha \beta }^{}`$ are the Coulomb pseudopotentials ($`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are indices for the $`\sigma `$\- and $`\pi `$-bands), (ii) band anisotropies $`\gamma _\sigma `$ and $`\gamma _\pi `$, and (iii) a ratio of the diffusion constants in the two bands, e.g., $`r_z=𝒟_{\pi ,z}/𝒟_{\sigma ,z}`$. The theoretical dependencies of $`𝒜(T)`$ and $`\gamma _\xi (T)`$ obtained by using coupling constants and anisotropies supplied by band-structure calculations Golub-band ; Brinkman02  are illustrated by the dashed curves in Fig. 4. It is clear that, while qualitatively similar, the theoretical curves are displaced closer to $`T_c`$ and the predicted anisotropy is higher than the experimental one.

The shapes of the theoretical curves are sensitive to mainly two parameters, the interband coupling strength, expressed through the reduced parameter $`S_{12}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma \pi }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\pi \sigma }/\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma \sigma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\pi \pi }\right)^2`$ Golubov0303237 , and the ratio $`r_z`$. In particular, the overall change of anisotropy can be estimated as $`\gamma _\xi (T_c)/\gamma _\xi (0)1/\sqrt{1+S_{12}r_z}`$. We found that a quantitative description of the experimental data requires (i) a significantly increased relative interband coupling $`S_{12}`$, (ii) a somewhat decreased anisotropy $`\gamma _\sigma `$ of the $`\sigma `$-band, and (iii) an almost isotropic $`\pi `$-band. $`S_{12}`$ was increased by augmenting the two off-diagonal coupling constants by a factor $`1.9`$ from the values provided in Ref. \[Golub-band, \]. The set of parameters that gives the best description of the experimental data is listed in Table 1 together with the original parameters. The resulting fits are shown as solid curves in Figs. 3 and 4. We note that the fits in Fig. 4 allow for an independent determination of $`𝒟_{\sigma ,x}/𝒟_{\pi ,x}(\gamma _\sigma /\gamma _\pi )^2/r_z0.23`$, in good agreement with the observation of an enlarged vortex core Koshelev ; Eskildsen02 .

A possible source of the discrepancy between the theoretical calculations and the experiments is a theoretical overestimation of the off-diagonal Coulomb pseudopotentials (see discussion in Ref. \[MazinPhysC03, \]) resulting in too low values of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma \pi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\pi \sigma }`$. Unfortunately, no direct experimental probe of the off-diagonal coupling constants is available at present. On the other hand, the $`T_c`$ values of our single crystals are somewhat lower than for polycrystalline samples. Thus, it is also possible that the discrepancy is due to a slightly modified band-structure arising from a non-stoichiometric composition of the crystals. Another origin of $`T_c`$ suppression in single crystals could be interband impurity scattering. A natural question is how interband scattering affects the anisotropic properties. By analyzing the theoretical corrections to the components of the upper critical fields from the inclusion of weak interband scattering, we conclude that it is unlikely that this scattering is responsible for discrepancies between the calculated band-structure and experiment (e.g., for the lower value of $`\gamma _\sigma `$) 111In the main order with respect to the interband scattering rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\sigma \pi }`$, interband impurity scattering acts as a pair breaker, homogeneously suppressing $`T_c`$ and both components of $`H_{c2}`$ without modifying the anisotropy. The leading corrections to the anisotropy have the order $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\sigma \pi }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\pi \sigma }/\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma \sigma }`$ meaning that the relative change of anisotropy due to the interband scattering at any temperature has to be significantly smaller than the relative change of $`T_c`$. In addition, the correction to the basal-plane upper critical field has an extra small factor $`1/\sqrt{r_z}`$..

MgB2 single crystals are usually described as fairly clean, with the $`\sigma `$-band probably in the clean limit Yelland02 ; Eskildsen02 ; Quilty03 . This is supported by the low, reproducible value of $`H_{c2}^c(0)3.5`$ T. The temperature dependence of $`\gamma _\xi `$ has also been described successfully within the clean-limit formalism Dahm03 . However, this still requires similar modifications of coupling and band anisotropies from the predicted values. To our knowledge, a clean-limit calculation of the angular dependence of $`H_{c2}`$ has not yet been presented. One could expect deviations from the anisotropic GL dependence of $`H_{c2}`$ at low temperatures even for a clean $`\sigma `$-band due to Fermi surface effects. On the other hand, the theory Golubov0303237  for $`H_{c2}(\theta )`$ should remain valid even for a clean $`\sigma `$-band in the vicinity of $`T_c`$, where this band is described by GL theory and only the contribution from the $`\pi `$-band requires a microscopic approach.

In summary, we have studied the angular and temperature dependence of the upper critical field of MgB2 single crystals by means of heat capacity (specific heat) and transport measurements. Clear two-band effects are found in both $`H_{c2}(\theta )`$ and the temperature dependence of the upper critical field anisotropy $`\gamma _\xi (T)`$. The experiments are well explained by the theory Golubov0303237 , providing a deep understanding of the microscopic parameters describing the system. This work thus points out a new pathway to the study of disorder and doping effects in MgB2, with great implications for future applications.

Support was provided through the Fulbright program and the Sweden-America Foundation (A.R.), by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea, and by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. We thank A. A. Golubov for discussions and S. Hannahs, T. Murphy, and E. Palm for assistance with measurements at NHMFL.


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# PRECISION DRIFT CHAMBERS FOR THE ATLAS MUON SPECTROMETER

## 1 Introduction

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will explore the Higgs sector of the standard model as well as new physics at energy scales of 1-10 TeV. The ATLAS muon spectrometer provides a momentum resolution of 3-10% for momenta between 10 and 1000 GeV/c . This is achieved by the precise reconstruction of the muon trajectories with three stations of monitored-drift-tube (MDT) chambers in a typically 0.4 T toroidal magnetic field over distances of 6-10 m. The MDT chambers consist of 3 or 4 layers of cylindrical aluminum drift tubes of 30 mm diameter with only 0.4 mm wall thickness, on each side of an aluminum support frame. The tubes contain 50 $`\mu `$m diameter gold-plated W-Re sense wires. They are operated with Ar:CO2 (93:7) gas mixture at 3 bar pressure and a gas gain of 2$``$104. Each drift tube measures a track point with an average resolution of 100 $`\mu `$m. With this resolution, the required tracking precision is achieved provided the positions of the sense wires within the chamber are known with an accuracy of 20 $`\mu `$m (rms).

## 2 Construction of Monitored Drift Tube Chambers

The MDT chambers are assembled on a granite table with precise mechanical tools. The tube layers are glued consecutively to the support frame. The mechanical accuracy of the chambers is monitored with several monitoring techniques. As an example, we describe the chamber assembly at the Max Planck Institute für Physik . The sense wires are centered in the individual tubes with an accuracy of 7 $`\mu `$m (rms) as verified by X-ray measurement of each tube. The 72 tubes of a layer are then positioned with an accuracy of 5 $`\mu `$m on the assembly table. The positioning is verified with mechanical feeler gauges. The support frame is positioned on the table with an accuracy of 5 $`\mu `$m and glued to the tube layer on the table. The relative positioning of the glued tube layers is monitored with optical RASNIK  sensors. The gravitational deformations of the frame are measured by another RASNIK system and compensated during the gluing by computer-controlled pneumatic actuators. The monitoring techniques allow for the verification of the required wire-positioning accuracy of 20 $`\mu `$m for all chambers. In addition, for about 15% of the chambers, the wire positions are measuremed with an X-ray scanning device at CERN . The geometrical parameters of the wire grid, the wire pitch in the direction parallel ($`z`$) and vertical ($`y`$) to the assembly table and the distance between the triple layers (ML) are reproducible and in good agreement with the nominal values (see Fig. 1).

## 3 MDT Chamber Performance under LHC Operating Conditions

At the LHC, the chambers will be exposed to a high neutron and $`\gamma `$ background with counting rates of up to 100 Hz/cm2. The performance of an MDT chamber at LHC background count rates was tested under nominal operating conditions in the $`\gamma `$ irradiation facility at CERN with a 137Cs source and a 100 GeV muon beam. The spatial resolution of a single drift tube is computed as $`\sigma (r)=\sqrt{Var(rr_S)}`$ where $`r`$ is the impact radius measured in the drift tube and $`r_S`$ the position extrapolated from a silicon strip tracking detector, used as external reference. Fig. 2 shows the resolution of a drift tube as a function of $`r`$ and the average tube resolution by different $`\gamma `$ irradiation rates. The resolution is degraded with increasing irradiation due to the increasing effect of space charge fluctuations on the drift time (see ). However, even at the highest expected rate of 100 Hz/cm2, a high average spatial resolution of 114 $`\mu `$m - only 10 $`\mu `$m worse than without irradiation - is achieved. The single tube resolution is expected to improve with the final read-out electronics.


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# Comment on “Quantum waveguide array generator for performing Fourier transforms: Alternate route to quantum computing” [APL 79, 2823 (2001)]

In their letter Akis:01  Akis & Ferry propose a quantum waveguide array approach for performing quantum Fourier transforms (QFTs). The waveguide produces $`2^n`$ waves at its output with controllable relative phases; $`n`$ is the number of binary splits of the input wave. The interference pattern from these waves is recorded and implements a Fourier transform. The authors claim that their waveguide approach is “a more practical means” and an alternative to the “qubit paradigm that currently dominates the field of quantum computing” (double quotation marks are direct quotes from Akis:01 ). The main result claimed by the authors is an implementation of the QFT that is as efficient as that obtained using the standard paradigm. In their conclusions they say: “… it is unclear whether the promised speedup in certain computations arises from the quantum nature of the systems or from the highly parallel analog processing that is provided by the array of qubits. We have argued that it is the latter that is important, and that equal speedup is available using analog processing arrays whose operation is based on general wave principles.”

The arguments leading to this conclusion are unfortunately based on an incorrect assumption: that interference is sufficient to obtain a quantum speedup. The essence of the waveguide approach is quantum interference. Indeed, the authors claim: “Given that quantum mechanics is primarily a wave mechanics concept, these examples based on electromagnetic and acoustic waves suggest that there should be a more natural approach to quantum signal processing than that found in the existing quantum computing literature.”

It is by now well appreciated that the exponential speedup offered by quantum computers in computing the QFT is impossible without entanglement comment . Detailed discussions of this issue exist in the literature, e.g., Ekert:98 . Most recently, Jozsa and Linden proved that for any quantum algorithm operating on pure states, the presence of multi-partite entanglement, with a number of parties that increases unboundedly with input size, is necessary if the quantum algorithm is to provide an exponential speedup over classical computation (Theorem 1, Jozsa:02 ). Entanglement is a property that depends on the existence of a tensor product Hilbert space. This implies that it is possible to efficiently (i.e., with resources that scale polynomially in the number of qubits) construct local (e.g., single- and two-qubit) operators, even though such operators are represented by exponentially large matrices. It is further understood that approaches to quantum computing that rely on interference alone, always incur some form of exponential overhead (in energy, resolution, or number of building blocks of the quantum circuit) Meyer:00a ; Meyer:00 .

The waveguide approach of Akis & Ferry is no different: by relying on interference, without entanglement, the authors have eliminated a key ingredient of the quantum speedup. Their proposed devise is not equivalent to the standard qubit paradigm of quantum computing because it does not support a tensor-product Hilbert space. It is a multi-level quantum system, which has computational power equivalent to an experiment in classical wave mechanics. The exponential overhead they incur is in the size of their waveguide, as is immediately evident from Fig. 1(b) in their paper. Their waveguide has the shape of a binary tree; the distance between its nodes (the radiating elements) cannot be made arbitrarily small. Hence the overall size of the device must grow exponentially. This can certainly not qualify as a valid quantum computer.

Support from the DARPA-QuIST program (managed by AFOSR under agreement No. F49620-01-1-0468) is gratefully acknowledged.


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# Chapter 1 Asymmetries Observed In Giant Air Showers Using Water Cherenkov Detectors.

## Chapter 1 Asymmetries Observed In Giant Air Showers Using Water Cherenkov Detectors.

### Abstract

Evidence of azimuthal asymmetries in the time structure and signal size has been found in non-vertical showers as a function of zenith angle. These asymmetries arise because of the different paths traveled by particles in the upper and lower sides of the plane perpendicular to the shower axis to reach detectors at the same axial distances. The shower particles are differentially attenuated as they traverse the atmosphere. Furthermore, most particles are not propagating strictly in the shower direction but are on average going away from the axis. This geometrical projection effect also contributes to the final asymmetry. These novel observations must be understood for parameterisation of the lateral distribution function. Additionally, the asymmetry in time distributions offers a new possibility for the determination of the mass composition because its magnitude is strongly dependent on the fraction of electromagnetic signal at the observation level. The asymmetries found in data collected from the Engineering Array of the Auger Observatory will be compared with Monte Carlo data.

### 1. Introduction

One of the foremost issues in astrophysics today is the origin of the ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR). An important ingredient to understand the origin of these energetic particles is the chemical composition of the UHECR detected. The Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO), currently under construction in Province of Mendoza, Argentina, is an international effort to make a high statistics study of the upper-end of the cosmic ray spectrum. An “Engineering Array” (EA), consisting of 32 water Cherenkov detectors and two prototype fluorescence telescopes overlooking the ground detectors, has been operating in a steady state since January 2002.

In this paper we present a preliminary analysis of one aspect of the data collected by the ground array of the EA of the Auger Observatory at zenith angles smaller than 600. This is relevant for understanding azimuthal asymmetries observed in particle densities and arrival time distributions studies, which are evident when one considers non-vertical showers

### 2. Asymmetries in EAS showers: old ideas, new approach.

The circular symmetry of the observed particle densities from vertical showers is broken when considering inclined showers. At a given distance from the shower core, the density of particles in the shower plane is higher on the side before the shower core impact point (“early region”) than on the opposite side (“late region”), mainly for photons and electrons. There is a combination of effects which allow us to explain the asymmetries in the integrated signals of each detector in an event.

On the one hand particles hit detectors closer to the vertical in the “early” part of the shower due to the fact that they diverge at larger angles from the shower axis, compared to the detectors in the “late” region. The usual projection of the ground densities into the shower plane results in an asymmetry (geometrical effect). At moderate zenith angles ($`\theta `$ less than 40 degrees) the asymmetry is dominated by this purely geometrical projection effect which is largely compensated by the signal obtained from the particles hitting the side area of the detectors . On the other hand, there is an asymmetry arising from the evolution of the lateral distribution and the attenuation of the particles traveling longer paths in the atmosphere in the upper than the lower side of the plane perpendicular to the shower axis (attenuation effects), largely discussed in . The muon component in an EAS ($`E_\mu 1`$ GeV at ground level) is typically attenuated and scattered less than the electromagnetic component ($`E_{el}10`$ MeV at ground level). This attenuation of the electromagnetic particles leads to the observed asymmetries at large zenith angles. To illustrate: the path difference traveled by the particles in the “late” region at 1300 m from the shower core in the plane of the shower at $`\theta =40^{}`$ is estimated to be 300 g cm-2. Analysis of lateral distribution of $`10^{19}`$ eV proton showers at different atmospheric depths using Monte Carlo data (AIRES  with QGSJET01  convoluted with the response of Auger ground detectors), gives a rough indication of the attenuation in the atmosphere. The electromagnetic component (EM) at ground level is attenuated by a factor of 2 with respect to an observing level at 300 g cm-2 above ground. It is worth recalling at this point that the photon attenuation length in air for a 10 MeV photon, is estimated to be 45-50 g cm-2 .

The muon component tends to arrive earlier and over a shorter period of time than the electromagnetic one. To understand observed asymmetries in arrival distributions due to attenuation of electromagnetic particles in the “late” region, we have to take into account that, (i) the ratio of muon to EM components changes with primary composition and, (ii) it is dependent on distance from the core. We performed a preliminary analysis of the timing information of EAS using proton and iron simulation data to study the sensitivity of the Auger Observatory to these two components. We use typically three quantities: rise-time (time between 10% and 50% of the integrated signal), fall-time (time between 50% and 90%) and bulk-time (time between 10% and 90%). Functional fits to a linear cosine have been carried out to the timing variables as a function of azimuth angle in the shower plane ($`\zeta `$) at fixed range of core distances and the whole range for proton and iron shower at 35 and 60, as shown in Figure 1. The incoming direction of the shower is defined as $`\zeta =0^{}`$ ($`180^{}\zeta 180^{}`$). Shower fluctuations (resulting from fluctuations of the first interaction point), represented by the error bars in the plots, are smaller for iron than proton showers as expected. Analysis using larger Monte Carlo statistics as well as a study of variations of the fitted parameters from the functional form $`\tau =a+b\mathrm{cos}(\zeta )`$ are underway. A first analysis seems to indicate that the fall-time would be a better discriminating tool.

### 3. Preliminary analysis

We expect stronger asymmetries at intermediate core distances, where the electromagnetic components dominates. A detailed analysis of a 15-fold event #215819 has been performed, the zenith angle is $`60^{}`$ . The lateral distribution was determined fitting an NKG-like function with azimuthal dependence following the procedure in . This kind of analysis can be only done with high multiplicity stations events. In Figure 2(top-left) we show the fitted lateral distribution. The corresponding distribution in azimuth angle, $`\zeta `$, normalized to the value of the density at $`\zeta =\pi /2`$, where the signal density preserves the symmetry, in the range 500 to 2000 m from the shower axis is displayed at the bottom-left. Dots with error bars, correspond to the data while the open dots are the result of the fit. The $`\zeta `$ dependence of the signal is evident. The plot on the top-right of Figure 2 shows the mean rise-time as a function of $`\zeta `$ for events with energy above 1 EeV collected in the period May to November 2002, in the radial range 600-1400 m. The corresponding azimuth dependence of the fall-time is presented in the last plot. The asymmetry is larger in this latest case as pointed out in section 2.

All in all, the novel observations of asymmetries from the time distribution of the signals in the SD detectors promise rich information on the properties of EAS. This effect is important for determining the lateral distribution function and, additionally, it provides a new technique for primary mass separation.

### 4. References

1. Ave M. et al, Auger Note (GAP-2002-020), www.auger.org/admin

2. Billoir P. et al, Auger Note (GAP-2000-017/2002-074), www.auger.org/admin

3. Dova, M.T. et al, Astroparticle Physics 2003 18, 351

4. Sciutto S.J., astroph/9911331

5. Kalmykov N.N. et al, Yad.Fiz 1993, 56 105; Phys. Atom. Nucl. 1993, 56 346; Bull Russ. Acad.Sci (Physics) 1994, 58 1966.

6. Hagiwara K. et al, Review of Particle Physics, 2002, Phys. Rev. D66, 010001


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# The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS): The Final Band-merged Catalogue

## 1 Introduction

The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) was originally proposed in response to the first Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) call for open time proposals in 1995 by M.Rowan-Robinson and 11 co-investigators from 9 institutions (Rowan-Robinson et al 1999). Subsequently the collaboration has grown to a total of 77 investigators from 32 European institutions. The original concept was for a survey of 12 sq deg of sky at wavelengths of 15 and 90 $`\mu `$m. Subsequent awards of observing time allowed the survey to be extended to 6.7 $`\mu `$m and (in collaboration with the FIRBACK team led by J.-L.Puget) 175 $`\mu `$m. The ELAIS areas were also surveyed at 20 cm with the VLA and the AT.

The survey goals, selection of survey areas, and details of the ISO observations, were described by Oliver et al (2000), and a preliminary analysis of the 6.7 and 15 $`\mu `$m data was reported by Serjeant et al (2000) and of the 90 $`\mu `$m data by Efstathiou et al (2000). A new method of reduction of the 15 $`\mu `$m data, which incorporates a physical models of cosmic ray and transient effects, was given by Lari et al (2001), and a first application of this to the ELAIS S1 area was described by Gruppioni et al (2001). The final 15 $`\mu `$m reduction of the S1 area is reported by Lari et al (2004), of the S2 area by Pozzi et al (2003) and of the N1, N2 and N3 areas by Vaccari et al (2004) (see below for explanation of survey areas). The final reduction of the 90 $`\mu `$m data is reported by Héraudeau et al (2004) and of the FIRBACK-ELAIS 175 $`\mu `$m data by Dole et al (2002). A future paper by Rodighiero et al (2004, in preparation) will report results of applying the Lari method to the ELAIS 90 $`\mu `$m data. The reduction and analysis of the 20 cm data was described by Ciliegi et al (1999) for N1, N2 and N3, and by Gruppioni et al (1999) for S1 and S2.

Associated with the ELAIS survey there has also been an extensive program of ground-based optical and near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. The optical and spectroscopic follow-up of the S1 area has been presented by La Franca et al (2004), of the S2 area by Pozzi et al (2003), and of the N1 and N2 areas by Héraudeau et al (1999), Vaisanen et al (2002), Gonzalez-Solares et al (2004), Perez-Fournon et al (2004), Serjeant et al (2004), Verma et al (2004) and Afonso-Luis et al (2004).

Deeper surveys at 6.7 and 15 $`\mu `$m were also carried out by a subset of the ELAIS consortium in HDF-N (Serjeant et al 1997, Goldschmidt et al 1997, Oliver et at 1997, Mann et al 1997, Rowan-Robinson et al 1997) and in HDF-S (Oliver et al 2002, Mann et al 2002).

X-ray surveys have also been carried out in several ELAIS areas. Alexander et al (2001) reported Beppo-Sax observations over a large fraction of S1. Manners et al (2003) have reported Chandra observations in the central regions of N1 and N2, and some interpretation of these observations has been given by Willott et al (2003). ROSAT data were compared with the ELAIS Preliminary Catalogue by Basilakos et al (2002).

The present paper reviews the parameters of the ELAIS survey, gives a detailed account of the merging of the different individual wavelength surveys to generate a final catalogue, and discusses the populations present in the survey through colour-colour and colour-redshift diagrams, and spectral energy distributions.

## 2 Quality of the constituent infrared catalogues

The separate wavebands making up the ELAIS survey each comprise an independent survey and are discussed in separate papers. The present paper does not replace these analyses but pulls together those aspects which emerge from band-merging the surveys. For detailed discussion and analysis of the ELAIS sources, it is essential to refer back to these analyses of the individual constituent surveys. Table 1 defines the survey areas, wavelengths, characteristic depth, and source-densities.

The calibration, completeness and reliability of the ELAIS 15 $`\mu m`$ survey final analysis has been discussed by Lari et al (2001, 2003), Gruppioni et al (2001) and Vaccari et al (2003). In the Lari method (Lari et al 2003), the ISOCAM Handbook (Blommaert et al 1998) conversion factor from ISO instrumental units (ADU) to mJy of 1.96 is used, with full modelling of the detector stabilization. To achieve consistency with the IRAS Faint Source Catalog 12 $`\mu `$m calibration a multiplicative factor of 1.097 is applied to 15 $`\mu `$ fluxes, based on the analysis by Aussel and Alexander (2003, in preparation) of near infrared, ISO and IRAS fluxes for stars (Vaccari et al 2003). The IRAS 12 $`\mu `$m calibration has been tested by Aussel and Alexander for over 4000 stars detected by IRAS and by 2MASS. By contrast, the Preliminary Analysis (PA) of Serjeant et al (2000) used a direct conversion of 1.75 ADU/mJy, based on a comparison of ISO and IRAS fluxes for stars, without correction for detector stabilization. Subsequently Vaisanen et al (2002) used J and K observations of ISO stars to derive a corrected conversion factor for the PA Catalogue of 1.05 ADU/mJy. Figure 1 shows a plot of the final 15 $`\mu m`$ flux, $`S_{15}`$, versus the PA flux (in ADU) (Babbedge 2004), which supports the conclusions of Vaisanen et al (2002). The Final Analysis Catalogue goes significantly deeper than the PA Catalogue, but almost all PA sources are found to be real, though much of the scatter in Fig 1 must be attributed to lower accuracy of the PA fluxes.

It would also have been desirable to apply the Lari method to the 6.7 $`\mu `$m survey, but we have not been able to put together the very considerable resources needed to do this. As we will see in section 3.3 75 $`\%`$ of the 6.7 $`\mu `$m sources are stars so the scientific returns for the present, predominantly extragalactic, study did not seem great. We have relied on the analysis of Vaisanen et al (2002) which confirmed both the reality of the 6.7 $`\mu `$m Preliminary Analysis sources, and their flux calibration. The SIRTF-SWIRE survey (Lonsdale et al 2003) will allow comparison of the 6.7 $`\mu `$m ISO fluxes with SIRTF 8 $`\mu `$m fluxes, for sources in N2 and S1. The 6.7 $`\mu `$m PA Catalogue has duplicate entries where different rasters observed the same part of the sky and only the entry with lowest noise was included.

The calibration, completeness and reliability of the ELAIS 90 $`\mu m`$ survey final analysis has been discussed by Héraudeau et al (2004). Calibration of 90 $`\mu `$m photometry is based on a direct comparison of standard stars. Figure 2 shows a plot of the final 90 $`\mu m`$ flux, $`S_{90}`$, versus the PA flux (Babbedge 2004). Again, most of the PA sources are confirmed. The substantial scatter can be mainly attributed to the limitations of the PA processing.

The 175 $`\mu m`$ data analysis and identifications have been discussed by Dole et al (2002). A 5-$`\sigma `$ sensitivity of 223 mJy was achieved.

## 3 Final Band-merged Catalogue

### 3.1 Band-merging

We have proceeded with the band-merging of the multi-wavelength ELAIS catalogues in a sequential way, taking into account the different positional accuracies of the component catalogues. The 1-$`\sigma `$ positional uncertainties at 15 $`\mu `$m and 20cm have been estimated to be $``$ 1” (Lari et al 2004, Vaccari et al 2004, Gonzalez-Solares et al 2004, Ciliegi et al 1999, Gruppioni et al 1999), so sources at these wavelengths can be very reliably associated with optical counterparts, down to at least r’ $``$ 23 mag. We therefore first separately identify the 15 $`\mu `$m and 20 cm catalogues with optical sources, using the likelihood method of Mann et al (1997), as discussed by Gonzalez-Solares et al (2004). The latter have described detailed simulations of this association process, which show that the probability of spurious associations is $`<5\%`$ for r’ $`<`$ 20, rising to 20 $`\%`$ by r’ = 24. The 15 $`\mu `$m and 20 cm sources are then merged on the basis of their optical positions, using a search radius of 2”. If the optical positions agree to this accuracy, the radio flux and error are added to the 15 $`\mu `$m catalog entry. The percentages of 15 $`\mu `$m and 20 cm sources which found matches with the other wavelength were 8$`\%`$ and 11$`\%`$ respectively. A flag is set for sources for which there is more than one candidate identification (see below): the selected association is the one with the highest likelihood (Gonzalez-Solares et al 2004).

Radio sources which did not find a 15 $`\mu `$m match are then interleaved with the matched sources to give an RA-ordered list. Matched sources are given the 15 $`\mu `$m source name.

We next matched the 6.7 $`\mu `$m PA sources with the combined 15 $`\mu `$m-20 cm list, using a search radius of 5”. The larger search radius is required because of the poorer astrometry of the PA Catalogue, which is based on a single raster, with pixel size 3”. 30 $`\%`$ of 6.7 $`\mu `$m sources found a match with a Catalogue source.

Non-matched 6.7 $`\mu `$m sources were associated with optical counterparts where possible, and then interleaved to generate a combined 6.7-15 $`\mu `$m-20 cm source-list. The positions of all sources in this list which did not have 20 cm fluxes were examined in the ELAIS 20 cm data to see whether a source in the 3-5 $`\sigma `$ range might be present, and also in the VLA FIRST survey for areas not surveyed by ELAIS, and if so the flux was added to the Catalogue. Otherwise 3-$`\sigma `$ radio limits are given as negative entries in the Catalogue.

The 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m sources were then associated with this combined list using search radii of 30 and 60” respectively. Where a 90 or 175 $`\mu `$m source is matched with more than one Catalogue entry, the less probable associations are flagged and are not used in subsequent discussions of infrared colours or spctral energy distributions, i.e. all the flux is assigned to the most likely match. The non-matched 5-$`\sigma `$ 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m sources are retained as a separate supplementary catalogue, because of their much poorer positions. They were searched for optical counterparts of high likelihood using search radii of 45 and 90”. Because of the large positional uncertainties at 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m, optical counterparts have to be reasonably bright to have a high likelihood of being the correct association ($`r<19.0`$). 20 $`\%`$ of 90 $`\mu `$m sources and 1 $`\%`$ of 175 $`\mu `$ m sources, brighter than 5 $`\sigma `$, found matches neither with the combined 6-7-15 $`\mu `$m-20 cm source-list nor with optical counterparts. Most of these may be associated with galaxies fainter than r’ = 19. However we can not rule out the possibility that some of the unassociated 90 $`\mu `$m sources may be spurious.

Finally the combined 6.7-15-90-175 $`\mu `$m-20 cm Catalogue is searched for pairs within 5” and each of these is examined individually. In most, but not all, cases these pairs are believed to be the same object, split in two by the optical association process, and in these case the sources have been merged, with an appropriate flag set in the Catalogue.

### 3.2 Catalogue Description

The Final Band-merged Catalogue is given at http://astro.imperial.ac.uk/Elais/ . The Catalogue entries are : source name (for merged sources, in order of preference 15 $`\mu `$m, 20 cm, 6.7, 90, 175 $`\mu `$m ), source position (same order of preference for merged sources), 20 cm flux and error, 175 $`\mu `$m flux, error, S/N, positional offset, 90 $`\mu `$m flux, error, S/N, positional offset, 15 $`\mu `$m flux and S/N, 6.7 $`\mu `$m flux and error, 6.7 $`\mu `$m reliability flag (2 = high reliability, 3 = medium reliability), flag 1 (see below), flag 2, J mag and error, H mag and error, K mag and error, flag 3, position of optical association, WFS U, g’, r’, i’, Z magnitudes and errors, WFS star/galaxy flags (-1 for stellar image, 1 for extended image), Sextractor r’ mag and error, Sextractor star/galaxy classification (0.0 for galaxy, $`>`$ 0.7 for stellar image), positional offset of optical ID (total, RA, Dec), probability of optical association (threshold 0.8, see eqn (5) of Gonzalez-Solares et al (2004) for definition), reliability of optical association (see eqn (6) of Gonzalez-Solares et al (2004) for definition), photometric spectral energy distribution (sed) type, $`n_{typ}`$, and redshift ($`\mathrm{lg}_{10}(1+z_{phot})`$, derived assuming $`A_V`$ = 0), photometric sed type and redshift and $`A_V`$ (free fit for $`A_V`$), spectroscopic redshift $`z_{spect}`$, flag 4, flag 5, $`z_{best}`$ = $`z_{spect}`$ if available, = $`z_{phot}`$ otherwise, bolometric optical luminosity $`L_{opt}`$, ir sed type (1 = cirr, 2 = M82-sb, 3 = A220-sb, 4 = AGN dust torus, 5 = cooler cirrus, 6 = 2+4), bolometric (1-1000 $`\mu `$m) infrared luminosity $`L_{ir}`$, AGN dust torus luminosity $`L_{tor}`$ (if 15 $`\mu `$m emission is interpreted as due to dust torus emission).

where flag 1 = 1 if radio flux force-merged (15 $`\mu m`$ and radio positions within 5”), = 2 if 6.7 $`\mu m`$ flux force-merged, = 3 if 90 $`\mu m`$ association is not the most likely, where there are multiple associations, = 4 if 175 $`\mu m`$ association is not the most likely, where there are multiple associations, = 5 if second most probable optical association for 15 $`\mu m`$ has been preferred on basis of radio position, = 6 if source has an IRAS association, = 7 if 1 and 6 both set, = 8 if 3 and 4 both set, = 9 if 1 and 8 both set, or 4 and 5 both set;

flag 2 = 1 if source falls in gaps between WFS chips, so no optical data, = 2 if source falls near edge of WFS chip, so photometry may be unreliable, = 3 if source has multiple optical counterparts, = 4 if source is blank in optical (ie no optical counterpart with probability of association $`>`$ 0.7, within specified search radius), = 6 if there is an association in NED (non-ELAIS, non-2MASS, non-IRAS), = 7 if association is bright star, = 8 if flags 1 and 7 set, = 9 if flags 3 and 7 set;

flag 3 = 1 if J,H,K magnitudes from 2MASS, = 2 if J, K magnitudes from Vaisanen et al (2002), = 3 if K magnitudes from Rigopoulou et al (2004, in preparation), = 4 if K magnitude from Pozzi et al (2003a) = 5 if K magnitude from Sajina et al (2003);

flag 4, $`n_{ztyp}`$ (spectroscopic classification), = 1 (spiral) galaxy, = 2 emission-line, starburst, = 3 absorption line, early type, = 4 AGN, = 5 Sy1, = 6 Sy2, = 7 star, =8 liner;

flag 5, $`n_{zref}`$ = 1 Perez-Fournon et al (2003), = 2 Serjeant et al (2003), = 3 La Franca et al (2003), = 4 Pozzi et al (2003a), = 5 NED, = 6 Morel et al (2001), = 7 SLOAN Survey, = 8 Willott et al (2003), = 9 Chapman et al (2002), Sajina et al (2003).

For extended objects in N1, N2, the WFS magnitudes refer to the flux within a fixed aperture: they should give the correct colours of the objects, as required by the photometric redshift code. For integrated magnitudes the Sextractor r’ magnitude should be used (and other WFS bands can be corrected by the difference between the WFS and Sextractor r’ magnitudes). Because of the effects of saturation, colours can only be trusted if the Sextractor r’ magnitude is $`>`$ 15 (this mainly affects stars in the Catalogue). In S1, the B magnitudes are derived from APM magnitudes and are very uncertain (also possibly too faint on average by $``$ 0.5 mag.).

There are 3523 sources in the 6.7-15$`\mu `$m-20cm Catalogue, of which 1636 are 15 $`\mu `$m sources, 1136 are 20 cm (non 15 $`\mu `$m) sources, 741 are 6.7 $`\mu `$m (non 15 $`\mu `$m, non 20 cm) sources, and 239 sources are in the supplementary 90-175$`\mu `$m catalogue. The numbers of 15 $`\mu `$m sources with redshifts are 204 in S1 (199 spectroscopic), 31 in S2 (22 spectroscopic), 10 in N3 (all spectroscopic), 309 in N1 (109 spectroscopic) and 355 in N2 (167 spectroscopic), 909 15 $`\mu `$m redshifts in all, and 1210 redshifts in the whole Catalogue (see below for discussion of photometric redshifts). 97 $`\%`$ of 15 $`\mu `$m sources in N1 and N2 are accounted for as either stars, extragalactic sources with redshifts, or blank fields (8 and 11 $`\%`$ respectively), and 93 $`\%`$ in S1 (the percentage of blank fields in S1 is higher, 20 $`\%`$, because of the shallower optical survey). 48 $`\%`$ of the radio (non 15 $`\mu `$m) sources are blank fields (to r’ = 24). 91 $`\%`$ of the 6.7 $`\mu `$m (non 15 $`\mu `$m or radio) sources in N1 are found to be stars.

### 3.3 Associations

We matched the whole Catalogue with the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) and redshifts resulting from these associations are included in our Catalogue. We also specifically matched the Catalogue to the 2MASS J,H,K catalogues, finding matches for 30 $`\%`$ of our sources (with a higher success rate for the stars). A search radius of 5” was used, and in the few cases where sources appeared in both the 2MASS Extended and Point-Source Catalogues, the magnitudes from the Extended Catalogue were preferred. Here we discuss some more specific results from associations with known objects.

Table 2 lists the ISO and IRAS data for ELAIS sources which are associated with IRAS Faint Source Catalog sources (FSC, Moshir et al. 1992), with upper limits indicated as negative values. Of the 39 associations in N1 and N2, 12 are clearly stellar photospheres detected by IRAS at 12 $`\mu `$m (and occasionally at 25 $`\mu m`$) and the rest are nearby normal galaxies. For the galaxies detected by IRAS at 60 and 100 $`\mu `$m, we have interpolated to estimate a 90 $`\mu `$m flux and calculated $`log_{10}S(90)_{IRAS}/S(90)_{ISO}`$. The mean value for 19 sources is 0.129 $`\pm `$0.022, suggesting that there are unresolved calibration issues between IRAS and ISO. However it should be noted that there is a tendency for the IRAS FSC to overestimate fluxes near the FSC threshold at 60 and 100 $`\mu `$m (Moshir et al 1992). Since all the IRAS sources in Table 2 have S(100) $`<`$ 3 Jy (and most have S(100) $`<`$ 1 Jy), this would be sufficient to explain the discrepancy noted above.

The ELAIS N1 field was also partially observed with the $`H\alpha `$ survey of Pascual et al. (2001). Since the infrared and $`H\alpha `$ both trace star-formation it was tempting to see if there were any sources in common. Using the $`H\alpha `$, FIR, star-formation calibrations of Cram et al. (1998) we were able to estimate a mean $`H\alpha `$ flux to FIR flux. Then using a starburst SED we were able to estimate the expected 15$`\mu `$m flux for each of the Pascual et al. sources. With one exception the expected $`15\mu `$m fluxes all fell below the characteristic depth of the survey (0.7 mJy, Table 1). The exception was the source in their field a3 with ID 7227b at 16 05 46.3 +54 39 11.74 with $`m_I`$ = 17.5 and $`m_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }=17.0`$. We estimate that this source should have had a 15$`\mu `$m flux of 2.9 mJy. Neither this source nor any of the others were detected in our ELAIS Catalogue. A more detailed analysis of the expected dispersion in the $`H\alpha `$/FIR relation is required before we can assess whether these non-detections suggest that the mean relation needs to be revised.

The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope blue grens quasar survey of Crampton et al. (1992) overlaps with the N2 field. 79 of their candidates fall within the ELAIS boundaries. 11 of these candidates are detected by ELAIS and are listed in Table 3.

Stars can be recognized in the Catalogue through (i) having flag 2 set to 7, (ii) having flag 4 set to 7, (iii) having low ratios of $`(S_{15}/S_r)`$ or $`(S_{6.7}/S_r)`$, where $`S_r`$ is the r-band flux in mJy. Almost all sources with $`log_{10}(S_{15}/S_r)<0.5`$, or $`log_{10}(S_{6.7}/S_r)<0.2`$, are stars. A total of 846 stars have been identified in this way in the Catalogue, comprising 22, 23 and 25 $`\%`$ of the 15 $`\mu `$m sources in N2, N1 and S1 respectively, and 75 $`\%`$ of 6.7 $`\mu `$m sources. In N1, 91 $`\%`$ of sources which are 6.7 $`\mu `$m (non-15 $`\mu `$m or 20 cm) sources are stars. The infrared fluxes are consistent with being photospheric emission in almost all cases. The small number of stars where the ISO emission appears to be in excess of the photspheric prediction deserve further detailed study, but this is beyond the scope of the present paper.

## 4 Radio-infrared-optical colour-colour diagrams

For sources detected in 3 bands we can plot colour-colour diagrams and compare the results with predictions of models. Figs 3-8 show a selection of these, with predicted loci corresponding to the basic infrared templates used by Rowan-Robinson (2001): cirrus, M82 starburst, Arp220 starburst, AGN dust torus.

Figure 3 shows the 175/90/15 colour-colour diagram for N1 and N2, with loci for cirrus (C), M82 starburst (S), and Arp220 starburst (A), for redshifts from 0 to 3 (the position of the labels indicates the zero redshift end of the loci). The cross in the lower left-hand corner of this and subsequent diagrams indicates typical (median) error bars (where these are larger than the plotted symbols). The model loci loop around the diagram so without additional redshift information it is hard to say much about the populations (or derive photometric redshifts from far infrared data). However from both spectroscopic and photometric redshifts (see section 5) we can deduce that almost all these galaxies have $`z<`$ 0.5. Most of the objects then lie reasonably close to the cirrus locus over this redshift range, so we deduce that this bright subset consists of normal spirals with far infrared emission from interstellar dust bathed in the general stellar radiation field.

Figure 4 shows the 90/15/6.7 colour-colour diagram for N2 and S1, with the same model loci. Again there is ambiguity about the populations involved, which is not resolved using the fact that most galaxies detected at 90 $`\mu `$m have $`z<`$ 0.5. An earlier version of this figure was discussed by Marquez et al (2002).

Figure 5 shows the 90/15/r-band colour-colour diagram for N1, with the same model loci. Here the model loci are more differentiated and we can deduce that all three templates are represented, with cirrus and M82 starburst components accounting for over 75 $`\%`$ of the sources.

Optical colours provide a powerful discriminant between galaxies and AGN. Many of the Catalogue sources in N1 and N2 are detected in each of the WFS band g’, r’, i’. In figure 6 we show the $`g^{}r^{}i^{}`$ colour-colour diagram for sources classified by Sextractor as galaxies. The brighter galaxies define a very tight set of colours, narrower in $`(r^{}i^{})`$ than in (g’-r)’, characteristic of galaxies with 0 $`<`$ z $`<`$ 0.5. Model curves are shown for E, Sbc and starburst galaxies, for z = 0-2. In figure 7 we show the corresponding plot for objects classified as star-like (excluding actual stars), with different symbols for sources which the photometric redshift code (see section 5) classifies as having AGN-type seds and those with galaxy seds. The AGN occupy quite a tight colour region centred on $`(gr)`$ 0.4, $`(r^{}i^{})`$ 0.3. Model curves are shown for E and starburst galaxies for z = 0-2 and for AGN with z = 0-6. Objects with galaxy seds show some overlap with Fig 6, but with more scatter to higher values of $`(r^{}i^{})`$, consistent with having higher redshifts.

Figure 8 shows $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{15}/S_r)`$ versus $`(ur)`$ for ELAIS sources , where $`S_r`$ denotes the r’-band flux in mJy. There is a clear separation between the Galactic stars in the lower part of the diagram and the AGN and compact galaxies in the upper part, and between the galaxies and AGN. The objects classified as starlike but with galaxy seds have values of $`S_{15}/S_r`$ up to 300 and these must be heavily obscured starbursts like Arp 220, or Type 2 AGN.

## 5 Photometric redshifts in N1 and N2

The WFS optical data in the U,g’,r’,i’,Z bands, and J,H,K data (where available) for N1 and N2 allows us to determine photometric redshifts for a large fraction of the sample. The approach used is that of Rowan-Robinson (2003) with a set of 6 galaxy templates, and with the option of varying $`A_V`$. In addition two simple AGN templates are included, based on the average optical QSO spectrum of Rowan-Robinson (1995), modified to take account of observed seds of ELAIS AGN (details of all the templates used are given at http://astro.ic.ac.uk/$``$mrr/photz). Figs 9, 10 show the comparison of the data for AGN with spectroscopic redshifts with the assumed templates. The application of this code to the full WFS data set is described by Babbedge et al (2004). We have also used the UBRI data in S2 (Pozzi et al 2003) to estimate photometric redshifts. In S1 we have only BRI data in the optical and the photometric calibration at B is uncertain. We found that without U (or u) data, it was impossible to determine photometric redshifts for quasars, but results for galaxies were still good, and these are included in the Catalogue provided at least 3 photometric bands between B and K are available. Figure 11 shows the comparison of photometric and spectroscopic redshifts for galaxies in N1, N2, S1 and S2. The spectroscopic redshifts in N1 and N2 are reported by Perez-Fournon et al (2004) and Serjeant et al (2004), in S1 by La Franca et al (2004) and in S2 by Pozzi et al (2003). The agremeent is good, within the uncertainty of the photometric method ($`10\%`$ in (1+z) according to the analysis of Rowan-Robinson (2003)). A fuller discussion of the application of photometric redshift techniques to the WFS data is given by Babbedge et al (2004). Of course, it needs to be emphasized, that a 10 $`\%`$ accuracy in (1+z) means that photometric redshifts $`<<`$ 1 will be very inaccurate. One of the two strongly discrepant points in Fig 11 is a case where the photometric redshift is determined from only 3 photometric bands, so as in Rowan-Robinson (2003) we can claim excellent performance for the photometric redshift method if 4 bands are available. Figure 12 shows the corresponding plot for AGN in N1, N2 and S2: the results are surprisingly good. Several AGN acquire spurious photometric redshifts in the range 2-2.5 because their U magnitudes are fainter than predicted by the template, possibly because of the effect of extinction, so they are interpreted as Lyman drop-outs. The code is quite successful both in finding the AGN and estimating their redshifts. Out of 33 sources with both spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, which are classified either spectroscopically or photometrically as AGN, only 2 are not classified spectroscopically as AGN, presumably due to aliassing in the photometric solution. 5 spectroscopic AGN are not picked up as AGN photometrically though all have consistent photometric redshift estimates, perhaps due a weak AGN continuum. Examples of the template fits to optical and near ir data can be seen in Figs 26-28.

Figures 13-16 show redshift histograms at 15, 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m and 20 cm, for sources brighter than the characteristic depth specified in Table 1, with the dotted lines in Figs 11 and 14 indicating spectroscopic redshifts. The broken histogram indicates the effect of assigning the 15 $`\mu `$m blank-field sources in S1 (which have R $`>`$ 20) redshifts uniformly distributed in the range 0.2-1.5, and the blank-field sources in N1 and N2 (which have r’ $`>`$ 24) redshifts uniformly distributed in the range 0.6-1.5, based on the R-z diagram of LaFranca et al (2003, their Fig 15). The median redshift is 0.30 at 20 cm, 0.17 at 15 $`\mu `$m and 0.10 at 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m. In their analysis of the 15 $`\mu `$m redshift distribution in S1, La Franca et al (2003) and Pozzi et al (2004) infer a stronger secondary peak at around z = 1 than is indicated here. Model predictions by Rowan-Robinson (2001) at 15, 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m are shown in Figs 13-15, and by Pozzi et al (2003) at 15 $`\mu `$m in Fig 13. The overall agreement with the Rowan-Robinson (2001) model is reasonable, though the Pozzi et al (2003b) model may be a slightly better fit at 15 $`\mu `$m. This merits further investigation.

The luminosity function and evolution at 15 $`\mu `$m are discussed by La Franca et al (2004), Pozzi et al (2004), Perez-Fournon et al (2004), at 90 $`\mu `$m by Serjeant et al (2004) and at 175 $`\mu `$m by Perez-Fournon et al (2004).

Figure 17 shows $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{15}/S_r)`$ versus z, where $`z=z_{best}`$, for objects classified by Sextractor as galaxies, together with predicted loci for cirrus, M82 and Arp220 starbursts. Although most of the galaxies have $`z<`$ 0.3, there are an interesting subset with 0.6 $`<z<`$ 1.2. Figure 18 shows the corresponding diagram for star-like objects, with model loci for AGN dust tori, and M82 and Arp220 starbursts. The objects with AGN seds, shown as filled circles, follow the (Type 1) AGN dust torus model line well. Most with galaxy seds (and some from Fig 17 with 0.2 $`<`$ z $`<`$ 0.8) have $`S_{15}/S_r`$ values higher than any of the model loci. These may represent a new population of heavily obscured starbursts or Type 2 AGN.

Fig 19 shows $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{15}/S_{20cm})`$ versus z for all sources, for an assumed rest-frame $`S_{60}/S_{20cm}`$ ratio of 200. There is a dependence of $`S_{15}/S_{20cm}`$ on infrared sed type and on redshift. Thus even if there is a perfect correlation between 60 $`\mu `$m and 20 cm flux, we do not expect this correlation to be preserved at other infrared wavelengths. Note the two radio-loud AGN in the lower part of Fig 19. The 15 $`\mu `$m - radio correlation has also been discussed by Gruppioni et al (2003).

Fig 20 shows $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{15}/S_{6.7})`$ versus redshift for all sources in N2 and S1. Values of $`S_{15}/S_{6.7}`$ $`<`$ 1 are predominantly stars and have been correctly recognized as such by the photometric redshift code. The 15/6.7 colour ratio is not a good discriminant between the galaxy models at low redshift, though it is clear that at high redshift the sources conform well to the AGN dust torus locus.

Figures 21 and 22 show $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{90}/S_r)`$ and $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{175}/S_r)`$ versus z, with model loci for cirrus, M82 and Arp220 starbursts. The models nicely bracket the observational points. However a plot of $`\mathrm{lg}(S_{175}/S_{90})`$ versus $`\mathrm{lg}(1+z)`$ (Fig 21) shows that at low redshifts there is a group of nearby galaxies with colder dust ( $`\nu B_\nu (T)`$ colour temperatures in the range 18-25 K) than the cirrus template used here (which matches IRAS colours for cirrus sources well). Clearly we do not expect all the dust in a galaxy to be at a single temperature. As we move to longer wavelengths we expect to see emission from cooler dust further from the centre of the galaxy. Observations of these galaxies at 350-850 $`\mu `$m would be valuable for understanding the true distribution of dust mass and temperature in galaxies.

Figure 24 shows $`(ur)`$ versus $`\mathrm{lg}_{10}(1+z)`$ for objects classified as extended, compared with model predictions for E, Sbc and starburst galaxy seds. The photometric redshift code suggests that galaxies with (u-r) $`>`$ 2 show evidence of extinction, with $`A_V`$ in the range 1-3. Figure 25 shows the corresponding diagram for star-like objects. The objects with AGN-type seds follow a narrow locus, with objects with spectroscopic redshifts (filled circles) agreeing well with the adopted AGN sed, while those with galaxy seds occupy a similar region to the galaxies of Fig 24.

A full discussion of the JHK, 6.7 and 15 $`\mu `$m colour-colour diagrams has been given by Vaisanen et al (2002) and the results are not significantly altered by the larger and more accurately calibrated sample here. The JHK data help the photometric redshift fitting but do not help understand the nature of the dust-emission components in galaxies.

## 6 Infrared spectral energy distributions

For sources detected in multiple ISO bands we can compare the infrared spectral energy distributions with those for standard model templates. Figure 26 compares the rest-frame seds of 9 galaxies detected in all four ISO bands with a standard cirrus emission spectrum (Efstathiou and Rowan-Robinson 2003: surface brightness parameter $`\psi `$ = 5, age of starburst = 5 Gyrs). All have modest infrared luminosities ($`L_{ir}<11.5`$). Figure 27 shows a similar plot for luminous cirrus galaxies ($`L_{ir}>11.5`$). These represent an interesting new population of luminous cool galaxies, with redshifts in the range 0.15-0.5, consistent with the strong evolution postulated for cirrus galaxies by Rowan-Robinson (2001) and perhaps related to the very luminous cirrus galaxies postulated by Efstathiou and Rowan-Robinson (2003) to explain some of the high redshift SCUBA galaxies. For 160552.5+540650 there is evidence also for a starburst component. Figure 28 compares 2 galaxies detected in 4 ISO bands and 4 detected in 3 ISO bands with a high optical depth starburst model which gives a good fit to Arp 220 (Efstathiou et al 2000: $`A_V`$ = 200, age of starburst = 26 Myr). The tend to have higher infrared luminosities and optical sed type $`n_{typ}`$ = 1 or 2 (E or Sab), consistent with the optical sed of Arp220, which shows very little contribution from young massive stars due to the high extinction in this galaxy. Figure 29 compares 3 galaxies detected in 3 ISO bands with an M82-type starburst model (Efstathiou and Rowan-Robinson 2001: $`A_V`$ = 50, age of starburst = 26 Myr). Two galaxies for which an AGN dust torus component is also required are included, as well as a further two objects which only require an AGN dust torus component. These figures include all ultraluminous ELAIS galaxies detected in 3 bands ( $`L_{ir}>12.22`$ ). The four infrared sed model components used in Figs 26-29 are the same as those used in count models by Rowan-Robinson (2001).

For all ELAIS galaxies detected in two or more bands and with spectroscopic or photometric redshifts (a total of 306 galaxies) we have selected the best-fitting of the four model components cirrus, M82, Arp220 and AGN dust torus, and estimated the bolometric infrared luminosity (from 3-1000 $`\mu `$m: here L denotes the $`log_{10}`$ of the luminosity). We have used the 15 $`\mu `$m flux (or upper limit) to estimate the luminosity in an AGN dust torus component, $`L_{tor}`$, if the 15 $`\mu `$m emission is interpreted as due to such a component (without corroboration at longer wavelengths, $`L_{tor}`$ gives a more conservative estimate of luminosity than starburst or cirrus models). We estimated the corresponding optical bolometric luminosities (0.04-3 $`\mu `$m), using the photometric sed templates (Rowan-Robinson 2003). Figure 30 shows a plot of ($`L_{ir}L_{opt}`$) versus $`L_{ir}`$. For ease of comparison with earlier work, an Einstein de Sitter model ($`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ = 1, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ = 0) model, with $`H_0`$ = 50, is used.

Galaxies with lower $`L_{ir}`$ and $`L_{ir}L_{opt}<0.0`$ are predominently fitted with cirrus models, but cirrus models are also required at higher luminosities and values of $`L_{ir}L_{opt}`$ as high as 1.0. This would seem to be consistent with the concept discussed by Efstathiou and Rowan-Robinson (2003) of cirrus galaxies with $`1<A_V<3`$ and high total luminosities, as an alternative explanation of many of the galaxies detected in submm surveys. It is also consistent with the source-count models of Rowan-Robinson (2001), in which the quiescent, cirrus galaxy component undergoes the same strong luminosity evolution as starburst galaxies. This high incidence of cold, very luminous, galaxies with high infrared-to-optical ratios is one of the main new results of the ELAIS survey. The expected trend towards M82 and Arp220 -type infrared seds as we go to higher infrared luminosities and higher values of $`L_{ir}L_{opt}`$ is also clearly seen.

Figure 31 shows a similar plot for galaxies for which an AGN dust torus component is preferred. Where galaxies are detected only at 6.7 and 15 $`\mu `$m, and starburst luminosities in the hyperluminous range are implied, we have always prefered a dust torus model as the more conservative assumption. For Type 1 AGN, $`L_{ir}L_{opt}`$ can be interpreted as the log of the covering factor. The observed values are in the range -0.7 to 0, implying covering factors in the range 20-100 $`\%`$, with a median value of 30 $`\%`$. Values greater than 0 would imply that the optical QSO must have suffered some extinction.

## 7 Ultraluminous and hyperluminous infrared galaxies

We have found a surprisingly large population of Arp220-like ultraluminous infrared galaxies ($`L_{ir}>12.22`$) in this survey (14 $`\%`$ of the 15 $`\mu `$m galaxies with known z). Morel et al (2001) reported the first hyperluminous infrared galaxy in the survey. In fact there are a total of 9 candidate hyperluminous galaxies ($`L_{ir}>13.22`$, Rowan-Robinson 2000) in the survey, listed in Table 4 (note that for galaxies ir sed-type = 6, the luminosity in the starburst and AGN dust torus components must be added to get the total infrared luminosity). A further 45 galaxies would be hyperluminous if their 15 $`\mu `$m emission were interpreted as due to a starburst sed (rather than the more conservative assumption that it is due to AGN dust torus emission). All 9 objects in Table 4 appear to be quasars: selection at 15 $`\mu `$m does favour detection of AGN dust tori. For 4 galaxies this classification is based only on a photometric redshift, and this needs to be confirmed by spectroscopy (especially where $`z_{ph}`$ = 2-2.5, since there is a strong possibility of aliassing - see section 5). The large number of ultraluminous and hyperluminous infrared galaxies is probably a reflection of the very steep rise in the star-formation rate between z = 0 and z = 2, and the associated strong evolution in the AGN population (cf Pozzi et al 2003, LaFranca et al 2003), though gravitational lensing could also play a part.

We also find 9 ERO’s in the survey, defined as (r-K) $`>`$ 6, all from the K-band photometry of Vaisanen et al (2002) and Rigopoulou et al (2003, in preparation), and these are listed in Table 5. 3 of the objects have photometric redshifts and have the seds of elliptical galaxies at a redshift $``$ 1. Predicted (r-K) colours as a function of z show that elliptical galaxies have values $`>`$ 6 for $`1<z<4`$,

In the optical and near infrared the seds of dusty starbursts like M82 and Arp 220 look very like ellipticals due to the extinction of the young stellar component. Table 5 gives the values of $`log_{10}(S_{15}/S_r)`$ and $`log_{10}(S_{rad}/S_r)`$, which are consistent with all 9 objects being highly extinguished starbursts like Arp 220, at $`z1`$ (cf Arp 220 model curves in Figs 16 and 17). However only a small fraction of EROs will fall into this category of highly extinguished starbursts. None of the 17 EROs with (R-K) $`>`$ 6 in Table 2 of Roche et al (2002), which are located within a small 81.5 sq arcmin area of N2, are detected by ISO (one is an ELAIS radio source, 163657+410021). Counts of EROs in the N1 and N2 areas, and estimates of their space-density, are given by Vaisanen and Johansson (2003). They conclude that the redshifts of their ERO sample lie in the range 0-7-1.5 and estimate the fraction of strong starbursts ( $`>30M_o/yr`$) to be $`<`$ 10$`\%`$.

## 8 Discussion and conclusions

We have presented the Final ELAIS Catalogue at U,g’,r’,i’,Z, J,H,K, 6.7, 15, 90 and 175 $`\mu `$m, and 20 cm. The process of band-merging and optical association of the sources has given considerable insight into the extragalactic infrared populations present. Although the largest single population is relatively nearby (z $`<`$ 0.2) cirrus galaxies, there is a surprisingly large population of ultraluminous infrared galaxies (14 $`\%`$ of 15 $`\mu `$m galaxies), many of them highly obscured starbursts like Arp 220. There is also a significant population of luminous ($`L_{ir}>11.5`$) cool galaxies, consistent with the idea that the quiescent component of star-formation in galaxies undergoes the same strong evolution as the starburst component. There appear to be a small proportion of genuinely optically blank fields to r’ = 24 (10 $`\%`$ at 15 $`\mu `$m, 3 $`\%`$ at 6.7 $`\mu `$m, up to 20 $`\%`$ at 90 $`\mu `$m, and 1 $`\%`$ at 175 $`\mu `$m) which must have high infrared-to-optical ratios, be at higher redshift (z $`>`$ 0.6), and have high infrared luminosities. They are therefore dusty luminous starbursts or Type 2 AGN.

The ELAIS survey provides a strong basis for the SIRTF surveys. The SWIRE Legacy Survey will include the ELAIS N1, N2, and S1 areas. It will be worthwhile to obtain better seds and ir spectroscopy for the luminous infrared galaxies in the survey. As SIRTF does not have a 15 $`\mu `$m band, the ELAIS data will be a useful complement to the SWIRE data. The results presented here illustrate the importance of multiband optical data for photometric redshift determination. The far infrared colour-colour diagrams discussed here illustrate the difficulties of trying to determine redshifts from far infrared data alone.

## 9 Acknowledgements

The ELAIS consortium acknowledges support from EC TMR Networks ’ISO Survey’ and ’POE’, and from PPARC. DMA and OA acknowledge support from the Royal Society. We thank the referee for helpful suggestions which have improved this paper.