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# VLA observations of 6-cm excited OH

## 1 Introduction

The low lying $`{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1/2}^{},J=1/2`$ rotationally excited state of OH has three hyperfine transitions in the 6-cm band: the F=0$``$1 at 4660.242 MHz, the F=1$``$1 at 4750.656 MHz, and the F=1$``$0 at 4765.562 MHz (Lovas, Johnson, & Snyder 1979). We have previously reported observations conducted with the Very Large Array (VLA) of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory111The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. of these lines in three sources: W3 (Gardner, Whiteoak, & Palmer 1983), NGC 7538(IRS1) (Palmer, Gardner, & Whiteoak 1984), and Sgr B2 (Gardner, Whiteoak, & Palmer 1987). Here we report observations of additional sources conducted in 1984 March–April. Observations of the 6-cm OH lines have established that they are closely associated with star formation, and that in many sources they are the most highly variable of the OH maser lines. Our primary interest in this paper is in the accurate positions of the observed lines and the variability of line intensities. Subsequent papers in this series will report a detailed study of both ground state and excited state OH and H2O maser emission in one region and a VLBA study of 4765-MHz emission in several regions.

## 2 Observations

Observations were made with 25 antennas of the VLA. For the 1984 March observations, the VLA was in the CnB hybrid array; in April, the C-array. These configurations provided beamwidths $``$4 arcsec. For the 4765-MHz observations, a correlator bandwidth of 0.781 MHz was divided into 512 spectral channels. For the 4660- and 4750-MHz observations, a bandwidth of 3.125 MHz was used in conjunction with 256 channels. On-line Hanning smoothing of the resulting spectra and retention of every other channel yielded 256- and 128-channel spectra with resolution of 3.0 kHz and 24 kHz respectively. Because of restricted data-taking rates at the VLA at that time, observations were conducted in only one sense of polarisation (right circular) and only the central 31 of the Hanning smoothed spectral channels were recorded. Both previous observations and theory had established that these lines are unpolarised (Zuckerman et al. 1968; Zuckerman & Palmer 1970). The only exception to date is MonR2, and in this case, it is argued that the polarisation may arise from amplification of a polarised background source (Smits, Cohen, & Hutawarakorn 1998). Because the 4765-MHz line is the most commonly detected of the three OH transitions, we observed only this line, except for W49A in which we observed all three OH lines. The velocity resolution for all 4765-MHz observations was 0.19 km s-1 yielding a total velocity coverage of $`\pm `$2.88 km s-1. For the other two lines observed in W49A, at 4750 MHz the resolution was 1.54 km s-1 yielding a velocity coverage of $`\pm `$23.1 km s-1 and at 4660 MHz, 1.57 km s-1 yielding a velocity coverage of $`\pm `$23.6 km s-1. While the small velocity coverage at 4765 MHz was disappointing, we had access to then recent unpublished observations of these lines with the 100-m telescope at Effelsberg by Gardner (private communication, hereafter FFG) to use to plan our observations. The FWHM of the Effelsberg telescope at this wavelength is $``$3 arcmin, while the FWHM of the primary beam of the VLA antennas at this wavelength is $``$10 arcmin. Therefore, any source detected by FFG would also be detected by the VLA. However, any unexpected features outside the narrow velocity range that we were able to cover were not recorded. Other details for each source are provided in Table 1. All images produced from the observations extended well beyond the FWHM of the primary beam because some positions were not well known and to allow for serendipity.

In addition to data for each line channel, a pseudo-continuum “channel 0” was recorded. These data consist of an average over the central 3/4 of the spectral band. For the 4765-MHz observations, channel 0 contained data from 192 of the 3.0 kHz channels in the original (mostly unrecorded) Hanning smoothed data set. For the 4750- and 4660-MHz observations, the pseudo-continuum was an average over 96 of the 24 kHz channels. We checked carefully that the resulting continuum images were not contaminated by line emission by comparing them with images made from averages of known line-free channels. For DR21, channel 0 was not used. Rather, a normal VLA continuum observation was made (50-MHz bandwidth), so line contamination is not an issue.

The results for the 4765-MHz line observations are summarised in Table 2. To facilitate comparisons with recent work, both B1950 and J2000 positions are given. The position uncertainties are caused by errors in positions of the phase calibrators, errors in array baselines, and thermal noise. Phase calibrator positions were adjusted to modern values (uncertainties $`<`$0.01 arcsec) and led to a sensible shift only for W49 (0.1 arcsec in declination). The errors quoted are 4-$`\sigma `$ and are dominated by thermal noise except for the highest signal-to-noise source, DR21EX. No attempt was made to de-convolve the linewidths for instrumental broadening because in most cases the widths are close to our resolution. In the following subsections, a brief discussion is given for each source. Because the 4765-MHz emission is very variable, in Table 3 we summarise all flux density measurements since these lines were discovered for the four detected sources. In order to compare our results with those obtained at different epochs by other observers when there was a significant difference in pointing position, we have corrected their measurements for the pointing offset from the VLA-determined positions by assuming Gaussian antenna beams. In a few cases the offsets are rather large so that the Gaussian approximation is crude. The flux densities quoted are the corrected values, and this is indicated by a (C) following the value in Table 3. Note that in some cases, exact dates of observations were not published. We estimate that the errors in flux densities in Table 3 are dominated by the absolute calibration uncertainties of the observations and are therefore about 10 per cent.

### 2.1 S255

This field is complex in the radio continuum; but, because the VLA in the C-array resolves out structures larger than $``$30 arcsec, our continuum image shows only the compact source G192.58-0.04 (Turner & Terzian, 1985). This source is located approximately between the optical nebulae S255 and S256, and about 1 arcmin north of the cometary nebula PP56 which is associated with a near-IR source, both H2O and 1665-MHz ground state OH masers, and IRAS 06099+1800. Although FFG had detected a maser feature of amplitude 1.2 Jy at VLSR= 6.61 km s-1 on September 15, 1983, approximately seven months later we detected no emission exceeding 50 mJy (5 $`\sigma `$). This line has not been detected subsequently: 1 $`\sigma `$ upper limits of 230 mJy and 780 mJy were obtained in 1989 June/July (Cohen, Masheder, & Walker 1991, hereafter CMW) and in 1998 September 7 (Szymczak, Kus, & Hrynek 2000, hereafter SKH). For a maser at the position found by FFG, these upper limits should be increased by 16 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively. At the adopted distance to S255 and S256 (1.2 kpc; Israel 1976), the projected separation between the 4765-MHz maser and PP56 corresponds to $``$0.35 pc – that is, the source of the 4765-MHz maser is well separated from the other known masers in this field.

### 2.2 K3-50

The spectrum at the position of maximum maser intensity is shown in Fig. 1a, the location of the maser on the continuum image made from our data is shown in Fig. 2a. The position given in Table 2 is the position of the feature in the central channel (VLSR=-20.45 km s-1). The maser is located on the edge of the dominant compact HII region which was identified as the centre of an ionised bipolar flow by De Pree et al. (1994). \[Our C-array data does not contain the short spacings necessary to accurately image the extended flux density in this region which leads to the negative bowl around the bright compact sources; a better image of all of the radio continuum from this region at 6 cm is found in Roelfsema, Goss, & Geballe (1988).\] In Table 3, it can be seen that for most of the 20 years since its discovery (Gardner & Martin-Pintado 1983, hereafter GMP), the flux density, while variable, has stayed within a factor of two of 1 Jy – except for the flaring episode observed by SKH.

K3-50 is part of the W58 complex of ionised and molecular gas (Dickel, Goss, & De Pree 2001). Ground state OH is seen only in absorption in the immediate vicinity of K3-50. The nearest maser feature seems to be the well known 1720-MHz source ON-3 which is 2.25 arcmin to the northeast which corresponds to $``$5 pc projected separation at the 7.4 kpc distance of the complex (Harris 1975, scaled to an 8.5 kpc distance to the Galactic centre). A more sensitive high resolution search for 18-cm masers would be worthwhile.

### 2.3 DR21EX

DR21EX is located $``$2 arcmin north of the well known ground-state OH source DR21(OH) which is located $``$3 arcmin north of the compact HII region DR21 which dominates the continuum in this field. The spectrum at the maser intensity maximum is shown in Fig. 1b; the location of the maser with respect to continuum is shown in Fig. 2b. The most striking thing about this maser is its large separation from detectable continuum sources. Table 3 traces the evolution of the feature near 5 km s-1 from 1968 to 2002. In 1968, no feature was detected to a limit of $`<`$2 Jy (4-$`\sigma `$); in 1982 a single feature was discovered which reached an intensity of 12.8 Jy in 1984. Since then, the intensity has decreased irregularly so that in 2001, the flux density was $`<`$1 Jy and velocity features at $``$5 km s-1 were no longer the dominant features in the spectrum.

The flux densities in Table 3 refer to components with VLSR = 5.1–5.3 km s-1. Features at other velocities (outside the range observed in this paper) have been detected as noted in Table 3. Most of the features are located very close to the position of the $``$5 km s-1 feature. A notable exception is that while Cohen, Masheder, & Caswell (1995, hereafter CMC) found that the position of the -4.0 km s-1 feature was the same as that of the 5 km s-1 feature; Palmer & Goss (in preparation, hereafter PG) found a feature at VLSR=-3.70 km s-1 which was offset $``$15 arcsec north of the 5 km s-1 position on 2001 March 02.

PG have detected a 1720-MHz maser within 1 arcsec of the 4765-MHz 5-km s-1 position; this is the only ground state OH maser from this position in the literature (although many are reported near DR21(OH) and DR21). Genzel & Downes (1977) report groups of H2O-maser features both at the DR21(OH) position and $``$1 arcmin north of the 4765-MHz feature. PG have detected another group of H2O-maser features at the 4765-MHz 5-km s-1 position.

### 2.4 W75N

Ground state 1665-, 1667-, and 1720-MHz OH masers (as well as other masers) are located very near this 4765-MHz maser. The spectrum at the maser maximum is shown in Fig. 1c; the maser location with respect to the continuum sources in the field is shown in Fig. 2c. There were two velocity components which have slightly different positions (see Table 2). The masers fall on the edge of a small HII region, $``$1 arcsec from it’s centre. This offset corresponds to 2000 AU at the accepted distance to this source, 2 kpc.

The ground state masers are scattered over a region about 5 arcsec in diameter, but most are tightly clustered in a V-shaped region with sides about 1.5 arcsec long (Hutawarakorn, Cohen, & Brebner 2002). A Zeeman pair of 1720-MHz features was identified by those authors close to the “point” of the V. The 4765-MHz feature is offset $``$1.6 arcsec west of this pair (outside of the V).

The summary in Table 3 shows that during the 20 years that this source has been observed, its peak flux density has varied by more than two orders of magnitude.

### 2.5 W49A

This is a complex region located $``$11.4 kpc distant (Gwinn, Moran, & Reid 1992). The continuum shows at least 45 distinct HII regions (De Pree, Mehringer, & Goss 1997, hereafter DMG). Many ground state OH masers in all four lines have been detected in this complex region as well as numerous H2O masers. All three 6-cm lines were observed, and they revealed three principal sites of maser activity separated by $``$ 1 arcmin. One site shows only point-like 4765-MHz emission; another, only point-like 4660-MHz emission; and the third, spatially extended 4750-MHz and 4660-MHz emission with a broad velocity range as well as point-like 4765-MHz emission. Comparisons of 18-cm OH masers in W49A with the 6-cm masers are difficult for two reasons. First, W49A contains many powerful ground state masers in all four lines so that fainter features may be confused. Second, because W49A is $``$5 times further away than DR21 and W75N for which we have noted closely spaced 4765-MHz and 1720-MHz features, neither linear resolution nor sensitivity to intrinsically faint features is comparable to those in the these sources. The continuum image from our data with the sites of 6-cm maser activity identified is shown in Fig. 2d. Note that our observations resolve out a significant amount of the extended flux density. We refer to the continuum components shown in multi-configuration images of DMG both because they show the extended flux density more accurately and because they have higher spatial resolution.

#### 2.5.1 4765 MHz

The spectrum at the position of maximum intensity is shown in Fig. 1d. This position is at the edge of the HII region called R3 by DMG. Table 3 summarises the observations of the 8.2 and 8.6 km s-1 features since 1968. Because the positions of the two agree, and because before 1994.8 only the former was detected and since 1994.8 only the latter (except for the report by SKH in 1998), they are treated as one in the table. More than 6 years of closely spaced monitoring data is provided by Smits (1997, 2003, hereafter S1, S2). The 4765-MHz masers in W49A showed no dramatic flaring episodes, but a maser in the 8.2 – 8.6 km s-1 velocity range has been present with an intensity varying on both long and short time-scales (but within a factor of four of 1 Jy) for more that 30 years.

The presence of features at other velocities is noted in Table 3. The principal ones are those at $``$2.2 and $``$11.9 km s-1. Using the ATCA, Dodson & Ellingsen (2002) determined that the positions of both the 8.6 km s-1 and the 11.9 km s-1 features are the same (and the same as that we determined for the feature shown in Fig. 1d), while the position of the 2.2 km s-1 is offset by 65 arcsec, north and east (into the Source G region, see below). However, the ATCA positions for features in W49 have relatively large errors in declination (2 – 5 arcsec). PG have improved the positions of these features and strengthened these conclusions.

The 4765-MHz maser at 8.2/8.6 km s-1 is located within $``$0.1 arcsec of several 1665-MHz and 1720-MHz features (Gaume & Mutel, 1987). The 2.2 km s-1 position is in a very complex region with many ground state masers. The nearest are a collection of 1667-MHz masers offset by $``$1 arcsec; the nearest 1720-MHz masers are $``$5 arcsec distant.

#### 2.5.2 4660- and 4750-MHz Emission

The 4750- and 4660-MHz lines are detected in a spatially extended source located at the position of continuum source G (see Fig. 2d). The 4660-MHz line is the more extended: covering Source G and extending to the west across source B to approximately the position of source A (see fig. 2 of DMG). The 4750-MHz line has measurable intensity only in the Source G region. The 4660-MHz line also has a narrow velocity component $``$3.5 arcmin away (projected separation: $``$11 pc) between the main component of W49 South and the compact component W49 South-1 (source names follow DMG).

##### Extended Component

The spectra of the extended components integrated over a box 25 arcsec x 12 arcsec are shown in Fig. 3a and b. The integrated profiles of the two lines are strikingly similar. For both lines, the spatial extent of the emission is at least 17 arcsec(RA) by 6 arcsec(dec). However, when inspected on a pixel-by-pixel basis, there are significant differences. The 4660-MHz line clearly has two velocity maxima in much of this region. The spectra toward individual positions are broad in velocity. The FWHM of the line ranges from $``$4 km s-1 to $``$17 km s-1. In contrast, the 4750-MHz line is dominated by a single velocity maximum throughout the region. The FWHM ranges from $``$4 km s-1 to $``$18 km s-1. The general agreement in profile shape and spatial distribution of the two lines together with the differences on a pixel-by-pixel basis, argue for excitation in the same volume of gas with minor differences in excitation from point to point.

The positions of the peaks as a function of velocity is shown in Fig. 4. For the 4660-MHz line, the position of the eastern component (near source G) moves rather smoothly westward to the edge of source B as the velocity increases from VLSR=-4.32 km s-1 to VLSR=19.25 km s-1. The errors at each point depend on the signal to noise; they are $``$0.05 arcsec near the line maximum and $``$0.2 arcsec at each end. The western component (near Source A) is not visible at all velocities and is $`<`$6 arcsec. Similarly, for the 4750-MHz line, the position of maximum intensity moves rather smoothly as a function of velocity (mostly in RA) over about 4 arcsec. The emission in each channel is also slightly extended for both lines.

Note that these lines have much lower peak intensities than do the 4765-MHz lines reported above and that they have much greater FWHM’s (compare Fig.’s 1 and 3). Most of the published values must be read from plots and are therefore not precise; but, including re-observations of these lines with the VLA in 2001 August and November (PG), it seems that neither of these lines has varied in the $``$30 years since they were discovered. The only difference between the VLA measurements and single dish measurements is that single dish measurements of the 4660-MHz line include varying amounts of the narrow feature near W49 South (discussed in the next paragraph) which would add about 70 mJy at $`V_{LSR}`$=$``$14 km s-1 if observed with a large single dish beam. With the present angular resolution, it is not possible to determine whether the emission is actually extended on this scale, or if it consists of a clump of unresolved features. However, PG have observed both lines with the VLA with 0.4 arcsec resolution, and find that they do not break up into collections of narrow features.

The region of the extended 4750- and 4660-MHz emission is the location of many ground state masers in all four transitions \[see fig. 7 of Gaume & Mutel (1987) which shows the positions superposed on a contour image of Sources G, B, and A.\]

##### Point-like component

The spectrum at the maximum near W49 South is shown in Fig. 3c. The B1950 position is: 19h07m58.03s, 09°00′03.4″. This source resembles the 4765-MHz masers: it is point-like (diameter $`<`$1.2 arcsec), and has a velocity FWHM $`<`$2.5 km s-1 (it may well be much narrower because our resolution is only 1.5 km s-1 for this line). The velocity is $``$14.4 km s-1. We have much less information about variability of this component because it is not separated in the single dish measurements; on 2001 Aug 27, the 4660-MHz peak flux density was essentially the same as reported here (PG). We have searched the entire 10 arcmin primary beam and no other sources were detected at 4660 MHz.

At the position of the 4660-MHz maser, the upper limit for any 4750-MHz emission is $``$12 mJy ($`<`$20 per cent of the 4660-MHz emission). The 4660-MHz maser is located $``$0.3 arcsec from several 1612-MHz masers and within 0.5 arcsec of several 1667-MHz masers. The nearest 1720-MHz masers are $``$1.1 arcsec away. A possible association of 4660-MHz emission with 1612-MHz emission has been noted by Whiteoak et al. (1987) in SgrB2.

## 3 Discussion

Our primary goal was to determine precise positions for the 4765-MHz masers. The principal limitation is that our velocity coverage did not allow us to include all now known velocity components. As shown in Table 2, our position determinations are more than adequate to guide VLBI observations. We note that in cases where features at several velocities are present, their separations are frequently not at the arc second scale (like separations of 18-cm OH or H2O maser spots) but by 10’s of arc second to arc minutes (more similar to the separations of clumps of 18-cm OH or H2O maser spots). A byproduct of this work was a study of the time-variability of these masers. We have examined all published data, two unpublished studies (FFG and RPZ), and some of our work in progress (PG). As most other observers have discovered, the 4765-MHz masers are highly time-variable. Powerful flares such as reported for DR21EX by FFG and this paper and, most spectacularly, in Mon R2 reported by Smits et al. (1998) are relatively rare. Nevertheless, it is striking that over 20 – 30 year periods, three of the four maser sources detected in this paper have exceeded 6 Jy at some time. That is, although usually rather faint, these masers occasionally reach flux density levels so that they could be detected in an observation of a few minutes duration with a typical 25-meter telescope. All known 4765-MHz features vary at some level, some at the 10 per cent level and others by more than 100 per cent.

The region from which the spatially extended 4660-MHz and 4750-MHz emission is detected in W49A is exceptional in several ways. This region contains a partial ring of HII regions \[called source G by Dreher et al. (1984)\] and several other compact continuum components (see De Pree et al. 2000; Wilner et al. 2001). This region also contains the dynamical centre of an exceptionally powerful H2O maser outflow. Morris (1976) found that the velocity range exceeded 500 km s-1. From a five epoch proper motion VLBI study, (Gwinn et al., 1992) located the dynamical centre of the outflow within source G. The dynamical centre did not correspond to any of the sub-components G1 – G5 resolved by DMG with 0.8 arcsec resolution. Subsequently G2, the source nearest the dynamical centre was resolved into three sources: G2a – G2c by De Pree et al. (2000) with 0.04 arcsec resolution. Recently, Wilner et al. (2001) in a study at 1.4-mm ($``$ 0.2 arcsec resolution) identified an extension of G2b which corresponds to the dynamical centre of the H2O outflow. A possible solution to the “lifetime problem” for the large number of closely spaced compact HII regions (Dreher & Welch 1981; Wood & Churchwell 1989) is that they may be confined by surrounding molecular clouds with densities $`n_{H_2}10^7`$$`10^8`$ cm-3 (De Pree, Rodriguez & Goss 1995). A density range of $`10^7`$$`10^8`$ cm-3 is required to collisionally excite the $`{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1/2}^{},J=1/2`$ lines and it is above the range of density required for excitation of the 1.4-mm methyl cyanide emission observed by Wilner et al. (2001). Therefore, the scenario of De Pree et al. (1995) would provide a natural explanation for excitation of the observed OH and methyl cyanide lines. In summary, the entire region seems filled with dense gas in either a neutral or an ionised state.

An important question is whether the spatially extended 4660-MHz and 4750-MHz emission is maser or thermal emission. The peak flux density at 4750-MHz is 97 mJy/beam in a 4.11 arcsec x 1.72 arcsec beam, corresponding to a brightness temperature $``$700 K. For the 4660-MHz line, the peak brightness is 168 mJy/beam in a 4.33 arcsec x 1.70 arcsec beam corresponding to $``$1200 K. Therefore it is hard to escape the conclusion that the spatially extended 4660-MHz and 4750-MHz emission with broad velocity widths near W49A source G is maser emission.

A picture that is compatible with the considerations above is that the 6-cm OH lines are usually weakly inverted in the dense gas surrounding star-forming regions. Spatially extended, broad velocity, non-variable 4660-MHz and 4750-MHz lines are detectable whenever $`\tau `$ in the dense regions is large enough. Because the 4765-MHz lines are more frequently found, conditions for large inversions must be reached occasionally for these lines, although the column density and velocity coherence reach high enough values to produce the narrow, intense lines at 4765-MHz along any line of sight only for relatively transient periods.

## 4 acknowledgments

We wish to express our appreciation of our colleague, Frank F. Gardner (deceased), who worked with us in the early decades of this study. P.P. thanks NRAO for hospitality during extensive visits while much of this work was carried out.


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# Exact solutions for one of the extensive chaos model

## 1 Introduction

In recent years one can observe a systematical study of a novel type of chaos that is called by ”soft-mode turbulence” . These chaos types are characterized by a smooth interplay of different spatial scales. Properties of these types are qualitatively different from the well known models that are described by the complex Ginzburg–Landau and the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equations.

The simplest model exhibiting the soft-mode turbulence can be described by the higher order nonlinear evolution equation with the simplest nonlinearity.

This equation was introduced by N.A. Kudryashov  and V.N. Nikolaevskiy  to describe longitudinal seismic waves in viscoelastic media. The simplest case of this equation takes the form

$$u_t+uu_x+\beta u_{xx}+\delta u_{xxxx}+\epsilon u_{xxxxxx}=0$$
(1.1)
It is known that the Ginzburg–Landau and the Kuramoto–Sivashinskiy equations are not integrable equations because these ones do not pass the Painleve test . However these equations have some list of special solutions .

Eq. (1.1) can be normalized. Assuming $`\epsilon 0,\delta 0`$ and setting

$$u=\frac{\delta ^2}{\epsilon }\left(\frac{\delta }{\epsilon }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}u^{},x=\left(\frac{\epsilon }{\delta }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}x^{},t=\frac{\epsilon ^2}{\delta ^3}t^{},\sigma =\frac{\beta \epsilon }{\delta ^2}$$
(1.2)
Then Eq.(1.1) takes the form

$$u_t+uu_x+\sigma u_{xx}+u_{xxxx}+u_{xxxxxx}=0$$
(1.3)
(the primes of the variables are omitted).

Equation (1.3) is invariant under transformations

$$uu,xx$$
(1.4)
which allows us to study this equation for $`x0`$.

Eq.(1.1) does not pass the Painlevé test and this is not integrable equation but one can expect that Eq.(1.1) has some special solutions.

The aim of this letter is to present some exact solutions of Eq.(1.1). The outline of this letter is as follows. The sampling equation method to look for exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations is discussed in Section 2. Application of this approach to search exact solitary solutions of Eq.(1.1) is considered in Section 3. Exact periodic solutions are presented in Section 4.

## 2 Sampling equation method

It is well known that all nonlinear differential equations can be connectionally divided into three types: exactly solvable, partially solvable and those that have no exact solution. At the present we have a lot of different approaches to look for exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations (see, for a example, refs. ). Usually investigators use some sampling functions that are hyperbolic and elliptic functions. However one can note that as a rule partially solvable nonlinear equations have exact solutions that are general solutions of solvable equation of lesser order. In this connection we apply later the sampling equation method to look for exact solutions of Eq.(1.1). Our approach takes into consideration the following simple idea.

Let us assume we have two differential equations

$$E[y]=0$$
(2.1)
and

$$D[u]=0$$
(2.2)
and let us also assume that Eq.(2.1) is not integrable equation but Eq. (2.2) is solvable equation of lesser order then Eq.(2.1). If we find the transformation for solution $`y`$ of Eq.(2.1) that allows us to connect $`y`$ with the general solution of Eq.(2.2) we have the following relation between Eq.(2.1) and (2.2)

$$E[y]=\widehat{A}D[u]$$
(2.3)
where $`\widehat{A}`$ is a operator and $`y`$ is a transformation that is determined by the formula

$$y=F(u)$$
(2.4)
This raises the question as to whether finding transformation (2.4) and exactly solvable equation (2.2) as the sampling equation.

One of the impressive method to look for the transformation like (2.4) is the singular manifold method by J.Weiss, M.Tabor and G.Carnevalle  that is used to study both integrable and nonintegrable differential equations. Success of this approach for nonintegrable differential equations is explained by so-called truncated expansions that are transformations similar to formula (2.4). In this case for the polynomial class of nonintegrable equations (2.1) one can suggest corresponding exactly solvable equation (2.2) as the Riccati equation, the elliptic equation or other solvable ordinary differential equation .

As a example let us consider the ordinary differential equation in the form

$$E[y]=y_{xxxx}+yy_{xxx}6yy_{xx}6y_x^26y^2y_x\beta y=0$$
(2.5)
This equation is not integrable equation but this one has some exact solutions.

Taking into consideration leading members of Eq.(2.5) one can find that solution of Eq.(2.5) have the second degree singularity. In this connection we can find solution of Eq.(2.5) using the truncated expansion

$$y(z)=A_0+A_1Y+A_2Y^2$$
(2.6)
where $`A_0,A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ are unknown parameters and $`Y(z)`$ satisfies to the Riccati equation

$$D[Y]=Y_z+Y^2\alpha =0$$
(2.7)
Here $`\alpha `$ is a parameter that will be found too. Substituting transformation (2.6) info Eq.(2.5) and taking into account Eq.(2.7) and its consequences

$$Y_{zz}=2Y^32\alpha Y$$
(2.8)
$$Y_{zzz}=6Y^4+8\alpha Y^22\alpha ^2$$
(2.9)
$$Y_{zzzz}=24Y^540\alpha Y^3+16\alpha ^2Y$$
(2.10)
we have solution of Eq.(2.5) at $`\beta =0`$ that is expressed by Eq.(2.6) where $`Y(z)`$ is the solution of Eq.(2.7)

One can use another transformation

$$y(z)=B_0+B_1R$$
(2.11)
Where $`B_0`$ and $`B_1`$ are constant that are found. As this takes place we take into consideration that $`R`$ has second degree singularity and $`R=R(z)`$ is a solution of the elliptic function equation

$$R_z^2=2R^3+aR^2+2bR+d$$
(2.12)
In this case we obtain the elliptic solution at $`\beta =0`$ again.

However if we use formula (2.11) and take the first Painlevé equation except Eq.(2.12)

$$R_{zz}=3R^2+\beta x$$
(2.13)
we find that Eq.(2.5) has exact solution (2.11) at $`B_0=0,B_1=1`$ and $`\beta 0`$ where $`R(z)`$ is the Painlevé transcendent. We can see that we have obtained much more interesting solution of Eq.(2.5) than (2.7)and (2.11). This solution can not be found using sampling functions.

## 3 Exact solitary solutions of Eq.(1.1).

Let us look for exact solutions of Eq.(1.1) in the form of travelling waves using variables

$$u(x,t)=y(z),z=xC_0t$$
(3.1)
Eq.(2.1) takes the form after integration over $`z`$

$$C_1C_0y+\frac{1}{2}y^2+\beta y_z+\delta y_{zzz}+\epsilon y_{zzzzz}=0$$
(3.2)
Assuming

$$y=a_0z^p$$
(3.3)
and substituting into leading members of Eq.(3.2) we have $`a_0=30240\epsilon `$ and $`p=5`$. Solution of Eq.(3.2) has fifth degree singularity and following to the sampling equation method we can look for the exact solution of Eq.(3.2) in the form

$$y(z)=A_0+A_1Y+A_2Y^2+A_3Y^3+A_4Y^4+A_5Y^5$$
(3.4)
Where $`Y(z)`$ satisfies to the Riccati equation

$$D[Y]=Y_z+Y^2\alpha =0$$
(3.5)
Constants $`A_0,A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5`$ and $`\alpha `$ are found after substitution of the truncated expansion (3.4) into Eq.(2.1). We need also to take into account the following formulas

$$\begin{array}{c}Y_{zz}=2Y^32\alpha Y\\ \\ Y_{zzz}=6Y^4+8\alpha Y^22\alpha ^2\\ \\ Y_{zzzz}=24Y^540\alpha Y^3+16\alpha ^2Y\\ \\ Y_{zzzzz}=120Y^6+240\alpha Y^4136\alpha ^2Y^2+16\alpha ^3\end{array}$$
(3.6)
As a result of calculations we have

$$\begin{array}{c}A_5=30240\epsilon ,A_4=0,A_3=\frac{2520\delta }{11}50400\epsilon \alpha ,A_2=0,\\ \\ A_1=\frac{2520}{11}\delta \alpha +20160\epsilon \alpha ^2+\frac{1260}{251}\beta \frac{12600}{30371}\frac{\delta ^2}{\epsilon },A_0=C_0\end{array}$$
(3.7)
Where $`\beta `$ is determined by the formula

$$\beta =\frac{213811840\epsilon ^3\alpha ^310204656\delta \epsilon ^2\alpha ^22045\delta ^392400\delta ^2\epsilon \alpha }{121\epsilon \left(9240\epsilon \alpha +79\delta \right)}$$
(3.8)
Denoting

$$\alpha =\frac{\delta w}{\epsilon }$$
(3.9)
we obtain for $`w`$ the following six values

$$\begin{array}{c}w_1=\frac{1}{220},w_2=\frac{5}{176},w_3=\frac{1}{440}\end{array}$$
(3.10)
$$\begin{array}{c}w_4=\frac{1}{52800}\left(557\frac{46031}{m}+m\right)\end{array}$$
(3.11)
$$\begin{array}{c}m=(113816753+1260\sqrt{8221079733})^{\frac{1}{3}}610,966\end{array}$$
(3.12)
$$\begin{array}{c}w_{5,6}=\frac{1}{52800}\left(\frac{46031}{2m}\frac{m}{2}+557\pm \frac{i\sqrt{3}}{2}\left(m+\frac{46031}{m}\right)\right)\end{array}$$
(3.13)
Exact solutions of Eq.(1.1) can be written in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}y\left(z\right)=30240\epsilon Y^5+\left(\frac{2520}{11}\delta 50400\epsilon \alpha \right)Y^3+\\ \\ +\left(\frac{2520}{11}\delta \alpha +20160\epsilon \alpha ^2+\frac{1260}{251}\beta \frac{12600}{30371}\frac{\delta ^2}{\epsilon }\right)Y+C_0\end{array}$$
(3.14)
where $`Y=Y(z)`$ is a solution of Eq.(3.5)

$$Y(z)=\sqrt{\alpha }\mathrm{tanh}\left(\sqrt{\alpha }z+\phi _0\right)$$
(3.15)
Constant $`C_1`$ is determined by formula

$$\begin{array}{c}C_1=\frac{4112640}{11}\frac{\delta ^5w^4}{\epsilon ^3}9999360\frac{\delta ^5w^5}{\epsilon ^3}\frac{5080320}{251}\frac{\delta ^3w^3\beta }{\epsilon ^2}\frac{55460160}{30371}\frac{\delta ^5w^3}{\epsilon ^3}+\\ \\ +\frac{1}{2}C_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\frac{660240}{2761}\frac{\delta ^3w^2\beta }{\epsilon ^2}\frac{25200}{30371}\frac{\delta ^5w^2}{\epsilon ^3}\frac{1260}{251}\frac{\beta ^2\delta w}{\epsilon }+\frac{12600}{30371}\frac{\beta \delta ^3w}{\epsilon ^2}\end{array}$$
(3.16)
Substituting solution (3.15) into (3.14) and taking into account that $`\alpha =\alpha _i=w_i\delta /\epsilon `$ $`(i=1,\mathrm{},6)`$ we have different solutions of Eq.(1.1) in the form of solitary waves.

## 4 Exact periodic solutions of Eq.(1.1).

We can see that solutions of Eq(1.1) have fivth degree singularity and one can also look for exact solution of Eq.(1.1) in the form

$$y\left(z\right)=B_1+B_2R(z)+B_3R_z+B_4R^2+B_5RR_z$$
(4.1)
where $`B_k(k=1,\mathrm{},5)`$ are constants and $`R=R(z)`$ is a second degree singularity solution of the elliptic function equation

$$R_z^2=2R^3+aR^2+2bR+d$$
(4.2)
From Eq.(4.2) we get that $`R(z)`$ satisfies also to equations

$$\begin{array}{c}R_{zz}=3R^2+aR+b\\ \\ R_{zzz}=6RR_z+aR_z\\ \\ R_{zzzz}=30R^315aR^218bR6d+a^2R+ab\\ \\ R_{zzzzz}=90R^2R_z30aRR_z18bR_z+a^2R_z\\ \\ R_{zzzzzz}=630R^4+420aR^3+504bR^2+180Rd\\ \\ 63a^2R^2108abR30ab18b^2+a^3R+a^2b\end{array}$$
(4.3)
Substituting (4.1) into Eq.(1.1) and taking into account formulas (4.2) and (4.3) we find

$$B_4=0,B_2=0,B_1=C_0,B_5=3780\epsilon ,B_3=630\epsilon a+\frac{630}{11}\delta $$
(4.4)
$$\beta =\frac{10}{121}\frac{\delta ^2}{\epsilon }$$
(4.5)
As this takes place parameters $`b`$ and $`d`$ in Eq.(4.1) take two values

$$\begin{array}{c}b_{1,2}=\frac{1}{12}a^2+\frac{1}{1452}\frac{\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\pm \frac{1}{5082}\frac{\sqrt{21}\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\end{array}$$
(4.6)
$$\begin{array}{c}d_{1,2}=\frac{1}{108}a^3+\frac{13}{359370}\frac{\delta ^3}{\epsilon ^3}\pm \frac{1}{119790}\frac{\sqrt{21}\delta ^3}{\epsilon ^3}\frac{1}{4356}\frac{a\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\frac{1}{15246}\frac{a\sqrt{21}\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\end{array}$$
(4.7)
Constant $`C_1`$ in Eq.(2.1) in this case has two values too

$$\begin{array}{c}C_1^{(1,2)}=\frac{10854}{161051}\frac{\delta ^5}{\epsilon ^3}+\frac{1}{2}C_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{2484}{161051}\frac{\sqrt{21}\delta ^5}{\epsilon ^3}\end{array}$$
(4.8)
Using (4.4) and (4.5) we obtain as resultant expression for the solution $`y(z)`$ in the form of periodic waves.

$$\begin{array}{c}y(z)=C_0+630\left(\epsilon a+\frac{\delta }{11}6\epsilon R\right)R_z\end{array}$$
(4.9)
where $`R=R(z)`$ is a solution of the following equations

$$\begin{array}{c}R_z^2=2R^3+aR^2\frac{1}{6}a^2R+\frac{1}{726}\frac{R\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\pm \frac{1}{2541}\frac{R\sqrt{21}\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}+\\ \\ \frac{1}{108}a^3+\frac{13}{359370}\frac{\delta ^3}{\epsilon ^3}\pm \frac{1}{119790}\frac{\sqrt{21}\delta ^3}{\epsilon ^3}\frac{1}{4356}\frac{a\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\frac{1}{15246}\frac{a\sqrt{21}\delta ^2}{\epsilon ^2}\end{array}$$
(4.10)
Assuming that $`R_1,R_2`$ and $`R_3`$ with $`R_1R_2R_3`$ real roots of equations

$$\begin{array}{c}2R^3aR^2+\left(\frac{1}{6}a^2\frac{\delta ^2}{726\epsilon ^2}\frac{\delta ^2\sqrt{21}}{2541\epsilon ^2}\right)R\frac{1}{108}a^3\\ \\ \frac{13}{359379}\frac{\delta ^3}{\epsilon ^3}\frac{\delta ^3\sqrt{21}}{119790\epsilon ^3}+\frac{a\delta ^2}{4356\epsilon ^2}\pm \frac{a\delta ^2\sqrt{21}}{15246\epsilon ^2}=0\end{array}$$
(4.11)
We have solutions of Eq.(4.10) in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}R(z)=R_2+(R_1R_2)\text{cn}^2(z\sqrt{R_1R_2},S),S^2=\frac{R_1R_2}{R_1R_3}\end{array}$$
(4.12)
Thus Eq.(1.1) have a few exact solutions at different values of equation parameters. These solution are solitary and periodic waves and they are determined by the formulas (3.14) and (4.9). We hope these solutions can be useful for test of the numerical simulations of soft-mode turbulence.

This work was supported by the International Science and Technology Center under the project 1379-2.


text:
# References

Restoration of Many Electron Wave Functions

from One-Electron Density

A. I. Panin1 and A. N. Petrov2

1Chemistry Department, St.-Petersburg State University,

University prospect 26, St.-Petersburg 198504, Russia

e-mail: andrej@AP2707.spb.edu

2Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina,

St.-Petersburg District 188300, Russia

ABSTRACT:

General theorem describing a relation between diagonal of one-electron density matrix and a certain class of many-electron ensembles of determinant states is proved. As a corollary to this theorem a constructive proof of sufficiency of Coleman’s representability conditions is obtained. It is shown that there exist rigorous schemes for construction of energy of many-electron system as functionals of one-electron density.

Key words: representability problem; density matrices; electron correlation.

Introduction

In density functional theory (DFT) approaches it is accepted that the electronic energy of many electron systems (at least for the ground state) can be presented as a functional of the first order density, or, in other words, of the diagonal of the first order density matrix. In this connection the following question seems to be pertinent: Are there rigorous schemes, that do not involve approximations and hypothesis of any kind, for construction of electronic energy as a functional of the first order density ? In present paper we make an attempt to answer this question.

The second question closely related to the first one may be formulated as: Is it possible to consider electronic energy of many-electron system for some fixed basis as a function of occupation numbers ? Recently orbital occupancy (OO) approach developing this idea for DFT type functionals was formulated \[1-4\]. In present paper we show how energy expressions involving diagonal elements of the first order density matrix may be rigorously constructed. Such energy expressions may be used only in non-gradient optimization schemes since these expressions are not differentiable in classic sense.

Basic Definitions

For a fixed basis set of $`n`$ orthonormal spin-orbitals the corresponding finite-dimensional Fock space $`_N`$ is spanned by determinants $`|L`$ where $`L`$ runs over all subsets of the spin-orbital index set $`N`$. Its $`p`$-electron sector $`_{N,p}`$ is spanned by determinants $`|L`$ with $`|L|=p`$. Basis determinants will be labelled by subsets and all sign conventions connected with their representation as the Grassman product of ordered spin-orbitals will be included in the definition of the creation-annihilation operators.

The set of $`q`$-electron density operators is defined as

$$_{N,q}=\{t_q_{N,q}_{N,q}^{}:t_q^{}=t_q\&t_q0\&Tr(t_q)=1\}$$
$`(1)`$
The diagonal mapping over $`_N_N^{}`$ is

$$d(t)=\underset{LN}{}L|t|Le_L,$$
$`(2)`$
where $`t_N_N^{}`$ and $`e_L=|LL|`$.

The contraction operator over $`_N_N^{}`$ is defined in terms of the standard fermion creation-annihilation operators as

$$c=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}a_ia_i^{}.$$
$`(3)`$
Definition 1. q-electron density operator $`t_q_{N,q}`$ is called weakly $`p`$-representable if there exists $`p`$-electron density operator $`t_p_{N,p}`$ such that

$$\frac{q!}{p!}c^{pq}(d(t_p))=d(t_q).$$
$`(4)`$
This definition is correct because the contraction operator possesses the property

$$c(d(_{N,p}))d(_{N,q}).$$

The set $`d(_{N,p})`$ is called the standard (unit) simplex of the operator space $`d(_{N,p}_{N,p}^{})`$ and its characterization is given by

$$𝒯_{N,p}=d(_{N,p})=\{\underset{LN}{\overset{(p)}{}}\lambda _Le_L:\lambda _L0\&\underset{LN}{\overset{(p)}{}}\lambda _L=1\}.$$
$`(5)`$
The combinatorial structure of $`𝒯_{N,p}`$ is very simple: Any part of the set of all $`p`$-element subsets of the index set N determines a face of $`𝒯_{n,p}`$ and its complementary part generates the opposite face. In particular, there are $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{p}\right)`$ hyperfaces opposite to the corresponding vertices.

Definition 2.

$$W_{N,p,q}=\frac{q!}{p!}c^{pq}d(_{N,p}).$$
$`(6)`$
Weak representability problem may be formulated as the problem of description of the polyhedron $`W_{N,p,q}`$ with arbitrary admissible $`n,p`$, and $`q`$. Since, by definition, density operators are Hermitean, this polyhedron may be conveniently embedded into the real Euclidean space $`_{N,q}`$ of the dimension $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{q}\right)`$ with its canonical basis vectors $`e_K`$ labelled by $`q`$-element subsets of $`N`$. With such an embedding the tensor products of the fermion creation-annihilation operators involved in the expression (3) should be replaced by the commuting (Bose) annihilation operators

$$b_je_J=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{J\backslash \{j\}},\hfill & \text{if }jJ\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{if }jJ\hfill \end{array},$$
$`(7)`$
acting on the vector space

$$_N=\underset{q=0}{\overset{n}{}}_{N,q}.$$
$`(8)`$
$`W_{N,p,q}`$ is a polyhedron situated in the real affine hyperplane

$$_{N,q}=\{\lambda _{N,q}:\underset{JN}{\overset{(q)}{}}\lambda _J=1\}.$$
$`(9)`$
Let us put

$$w_{pq}(L)=\frac{q!}{p!}c^{pq}e_L=\frac{1}{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{p}{q}\right)}\underset{KL}{\overset{(q)}{}}e_K.$$
$`(10)`$
Directly from definition it follows that the polyhedron $`W_{N,p,q}`$ is the convex hull of $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{p}\right)`$ vectors $`w_{pq}(L)`$:

$$W_{N,p,q}=Conv(\{w_{pq}(L)\}_{LN}).$$
$`(11)`$
To the best of our knowledge, in contrast to the parametric description given by Eq.(11), the analytic description (that is the description in terms of the hyperfaces) of this polyhedron is obtained only for the case $`q=1`$ and is given by the following assertion that is just a consequence of the general theorem by Coleman \[5-10\]:

Theorem 1. Polyhedron $`W_{N,p,1}`$ is the set of solutions of the system

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}0\lambda _k\frac{1}{p},kN\hfill & \\ \underset{jN}{}\lambda _j=1\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`(12)`$
This polyhedron has $`2n`$ hyperfaces with normals

$$v_k^0=pe_k,$$
$`(13a)`$
and

$$v_k^1=pe_k+\underset{jN}{}e_j,$$
$`(13b)`$
where $`kN`$, and $`e_k`$ are canonical basis vectors of the Euclidean space $`^n`$.

Restoration of p-Electron Wave Functions from One-Electron

Density Matrix Diagonal

With arbitrary vector $`\lambda ^{(0)}W_{N,p,1}`$ it is convenient to associate two index sets:

$$Ind(\lambda ^{(0)})=\{iN:\lambda _i^{(0)}>0\}$$
$`(14a)`$
$$Ind_{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda ^{(0)})=\{iN:\lambda _i^{(0)}=\frac{1}{p}\}$$
$`(14b)`$
Let us present vector $`\lambda ^{(0)}W_{N,p,1}`$ as the convex combination

$$\lambda ^{(0)}=p\mu ^{L_0}w_{p1}(L_0)+(1p\mu ^{L_0})\lambda ^{(1)}$$
$`(15)`$
where (see Eq.(10))

$$w_{p1}(L_0)=\frac{1}{p}\underset{iL_0}{}e_i,$$
$`(16)`$
$$\lambda ^{(1)}=\underset{iL_0}{}\frac{\lambda _i^{(0)}\mu ^{L_0}}{1p\mu ^{L_0}}e_i+\underset{iN\backslash L_0}{}\frac{\lambda _i^{(0)}}{1p\mu ^{L_0}}e_i,$$
$`(17)`$
and require the residual vector $`\lambda ^{(1)}`$ to be representable. This requirement imposes the following restrictions on the admissible values of parameter $`\mu ^{L_0}`$:

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}0\frac{\lambda _i^{(0)}\mu ^{L_0}}{1p\mu ^{L_0}}\frac{1}{p},iL_0\hfill & \\ 0\frac{\lambda _i^{(0)}}{1p\mu ^{L_0}}\frac{1}{p},iN\backslash L_0\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`(18)`$
The frontier solution of system (18) is

$$\mu ^{L_0}=\mathrm{min}\{\underset{iL_0}{\mathrm{min}}\{\lambda _i^{(0)}\},\underset{iN\backslash L_0}{\mathrm{min}}\{\frac{1}{p}\lambda _i^{(0)}\}\}.$$
$`(19)`$
If $`\mu ^{L_0}0`$ then we arrive at non-trivial representation of diagonal $`\lambda ^{(0)}`$ as a convex combination of vertex $`w_{p1}(L_0)`$ and a certain representable residual vector $`\lambda ^{(1)}`$. From Eq.(19) it is easy to see that the additional condition $`\mu ^{L_0}0`$ holds true if and only if subset $`L_0`$ satisfies the restriction

$$Ind_{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda ^{(0)})L_0Ind(\lambda ^{(0)})$$
$`(20)`$
Iterating of Eq.(15) leads to the following expression

$$\lambda ^{(0)}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{k1}{}}\left[\underset{j=0}{\overset{i1}{}}(1p\mu ^{L_j})\right]p\mu ^{L_i}w_{p1}(L_i)+\left[\underset{i=0}{\overset{k1}{}}(1p\mu ^{L_i})\right]\lambda ^{(k)}$$
$`(21)`$
where

$$\mu ^{L_i}=\mathrm{min}\{\underset{lL_i}{\mathrm{min}}\{\lambda _l^{(i)}\},\underset{lN\backslash L_i}{\mathrm{min}}\{\frac{1}{p}\lambda _l^{(i)}\}\}$$
$`(22)`$
and

$$Ind_{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda ^{(i)})L_iInd(\lambda ^{(i)})$$
$`(23)`$
for $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},k1`$.

Definition 3. Sequence $`(L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_i,\mathrm{})`$ of $`p`$-element subsets of $`N`$ is called $`\lambda `$-admissible if for each $`i=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ subset $`L_i`$ satisfies the condition (23).

Theorem 2. For any vector $`\lambda ^{(0)}W_{N,p,1}`$ the residual vector in iteration formula (21) vanishes after a finite number of steps.

Proof. First let us note that the number of nonzero components of representable residual vector $`\lambda ^{(k)}`$ can not be less than $`p`$. If this number is equal to $`p`$ then $`\lambda ^{(k)}`$ just coincides with the vertex $`w_{p1}(L_k)`$ where $`L_k=Ind(\lambda ^{(k)})`$, and the residual vector $`\lambda ^{(k+1)}`$ vanishes. Let us suppose that the number of nonzero components of $`\lambda ^{(k)}`$ is greater than $`p`$. From Eqs.(15), (17), and (19) it readily follows that there exists index $`i_{}Ind(\lambda ^{(k)})`$ such that $`\lambda _i_{}^{(k+1)}`$ is necessarily equal either to zero or to $`\frac{1}{p}`$. To complete the proof it is sufficient to show that if $`\lambda _i^{(k)}=\frac{1}{p}`$ then $`\lambda _i^{(k+1)}=\frac{1}{p}`$. Condition (23) implies that all the indices $`iN`$ such that $`\lambda _i^{(k)}=\frac{1}{p}`$ should belong to $`L_k`$ because in the opposite case the parameter $`\mu ^{L_k}`$ would be equal to zero. If $`\mu ^{L_k}=\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}>0`$ and $`\lambda _i^{(k)}=\frac{1}{p}`$ then $`\lambda _i^{(k+1)}=\frac{\frac{1}{p}\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}}{1p\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}}=\frac{1}{p}`$. If, on the other hand, $`\mu ^{L_k}=\frac{1}{p}\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}>0`$ and $`\lambda _i^{(k)}=\frac{1}{p}`$ then $`1p\mu ^{L_k}=p\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}`$ and $`\lambda _i^{(k+1)}=\frac{\frac{1}{p}\mu ^{L_k}}{p\lambda _i_{}^{(k)}}=\frac{1}{p}`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

Corollary 1. The set of solutions of the Coleman’s system (12) is the convex hull of $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{p}\right)`$ vertices $`w_{p1}(L)`$.

Corollary 2. The number of vertices in expansion of a given density diagonal obtained on the base of the recurrence formula (21) is not greater than the number of its components different from zero.

Corollary 3. $`\lambda `$-admissible sequence $`(L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_{k_\lambda })`$ generated recurrently on the base of the iteration formula (21) includes pairwise distinct $`p`$-element subsets and

$$\overline{\lambda }(L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_{k_\lambda })=\underset{i=0}{\overset{k_\lambda }{}}\left[\underset{j=0}{\overset{i1}{}}(1p\mu ^{L_j})\right]p\mu ^{L_i}e_{L_i}$$
$`(24)`$
is a diagonal of $`p`$-electron density matrix such that

$$\frac{1}{p!}c^{p1}\overline{\lambda }(L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_{k_\lambda })=\lambda .$$
$`(25)`$
It is to be noted that Theorem 2 is just a specification of the fundamental theorem by Carathéodory :

Theorem 3. Let $`X^n`$. Then any vector $`xConv(X)`$ may be presented as a convex combination of no more than $`n+1`$ vectors from $`X`$. Modern proof of this result may be found in .

From Corollary 3 if follows that any mapping $`\lambda s_\lambda `$ where $`s_\lambda `$ is a $`\lambda `$-admissible sequence compatible with the iteration formula (21) determines some global section (right inverse) $`\pi _{1p}`$ of the contraction operator $`\frac{1}{p!}c^{p1}`$ that is the mapping from $`W_{N,p,1}`$ to $`𝒯_{N,p}`$ such that

$$\frac{1}{p!}c^{p1}\pi _{1p}(\lambda )=\lambda $$
$`(26)`$
for any $`\lambda W_{N,p,1}`$. As it is seen from Eq.(22), sections constructed on the base of the recurrence relation (21) are not linear and even not differentiable in classic sense.

The most ambitious task arising in the frameworks of the approach outlined is to try to develop efficient methods for direct optimization of energy as a function of diagonal of the first order density matrix. General scheme embracing the whole class of such methods may be described as follows.

1. Some section(s) of the contraction operator should be chosen.

2. Using available section, it is possible of associate with some trial diagonal $`\lambda `$ ensemble of $`p`$-electron determinant states and to determine squares of the CI coefficients:

$$|C_{L_i}|^2=\left[\underset{j=0}{\overset{i1}{}}(1p\mu ^{L_j})\right]p\mu ^{L_i}$$
$`(27)`$
(see Eq.(24)).

3. Construct average energy

$$E_\lambda (\varphi _0,\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _{k_\lambda })=\underset{i,j=0}{\overset{k_\lambda }{}}cos(\varphi _i\varphi _j)|C_{L_i}||C_{L_j}|<L_i|H|L_j>$$
$`(28)`$
as a function of phases $`\varphi _i`$.

4. Minimize the function

$$E_{\pi _{1p}}:\lambda \underset{\varphi }{\mathrm{min}}E_\lambda (\varphi )$$
$`(29)`$
to determine optimal diagonal and its expansion via vertices $`w_{p1}(L)`$.

There are no serious problems in implementation of steps 2-4 of this scheme and the only complicated step is reasonable selection of mapping(s) $`\pi _{1p}`$ (note that in general several different sections may be employed in the course of the energy optimization). It is rather difficult to estimate a priori the quality of some chosen concrete section $`\pi _{1p}`$. There are two readily coming to mind general algorithms to construct such sections. Both of them involve full sorting of $`p`$-electron subsets of the spin-orbital index set.

1. Maximization of parameter (22) on each iteration: On the k-th step current $`L_k`$ may be determined from the condition

$$\mu ^{L_k}=\underset{L}{\mathrm{max}}\left\{\mathrm{min}\{\underset{lL}{\mathrm{min}}\{\lambda _l^{(k)}\},\underset{lN\backslash L}{\mathrm{min}}\{\frac{1}{p}\lambda _l^{(k)}\}\}\right\}.$$
$`(30)`$
In this case it is not necessary to take into account Eq.(23) explicitly.

This section is probably optimal from formal mathematical viewpoint but has no physical idea behind it. Computer experiments show that in restoration process of such type high order excitations from the HF state contribute mostly. Even if exact FCI occupancies for the ground state are chosen, the restoration produces ensemble of determinant states that involves HF determinant and excited determinants that practically do not interact with the HF one.

2. Energy minimization: On the k-th iteration among subsets satisfying the condition (23) it is chosen the subset $`L_k`$ such that the lowest eigenvalue of $`p`$-electron Hamiltonian in the basis $`\{|L_0>,|L_1>,\mathrm{},|L_k>\}`$ is minimal.

This is undoubtedly the best possible section of the contraction operator. Unfortunately, the use of this section for the energy minimization is of no sense because it is equivalent to a certain CI scheme that can be described as follows.

1. First it is necessary to fix the maximal number $`mdet`$ of determinants in wave function expansion and put $`k=0`$;

2. Put $`k=k+1`$;

3. Sort all determinants different from the already chosen and select the one that corresponds to the lowest eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian in the basis of $`k`$ determinants $`\{|L_1>,|L_2>,\mathrm{},|L_k>\}`$. If $`k<mdet`$, return to step 2.

Finally in a certain sense optimal basis involving not greater than $`mdet`$ determinants will be obtained. This scheme is based on the well-known bracketing theorem of matrix algebra (see, e.g.,) and is used in quantum chemistry for years in different modifications to select initial determinant space for multi-reference CI calculations . In our opinion this scheme is interesting in its own right as a self-sufficient one when a relatively small number of leading determinants should be constructed from active orbitals with close orbital energies (the case that occurs extensively in transition metal complexes) because

(1) CI spaces of huge dimensions can be efficiently handled and disk memory usage is minimal;

(2) Calculations can be easily restarted;

(3) Algorithms are trivially parallelized and if, say, PC clusters are used, data transfer via local net is minimal;

(4) It is easy to handle both single excited state and a group of successive states.

For the restoration purpose the above scheme can be considered as a certain benchmark one because it gives the best possible occupancies and energy that can be obtained on the basis of the restoration routine described by Theorem 2.

Conclusion

General theorem establishing a connection between diagonal of the first order density matrix and a certain set of many-electron wave functions is proved. It is shown that rigorous energy expression involving only one-electron density becomes well-defined as soon as a certain right inverse of the contraction operator is chosen. For a fixed representable diagonal of the first order density matrix there exist quite a number of ways to restore $`p`$-electron determinant ensembles that are contracted to the diagonal under consideration. Each such way is in fact a path of a rather complicated graph with its vertices labelled by admissible (in sense of definition 3) $`p`$-element spin-orbital index sets. The main problem arising in implementation of optimization schemes based on such energy expressions is the lack of general simple algorithms for selection of admissible paths for restoration of wave functions from one-electron densities. Such algorithms, besides requirement being simple, should generate paths close in a certain sense to ones obtained by the benchmark calculations based on the bracketing theorem. Search for such algorithms is in progress now. Note in conclusion that the recurrence formula (21) can be easily generalized to treat densities of higher order and the only obstacle here is the lack of the complete set of inequalities for analytic description of the polyhedron $`W_{N,p,q}`$ in the case $`q>1`$.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

One of us (ANP) gratefully acknowledges the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (Grant PD 02-1.3-236) and the St. Petersburg Committee on Science and Higher Education (Grant PD 03-1.3-60) for financial support of the present work.


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# Dynamics of the superconducting condensate in the presence of a magnetic field. Channelling of vortices in superconducting strips at high currents

## Abstract

On the basis of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation we studied the dynamics of the superconducting condensate in a wide two-dimensional sample in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field and applied current. We could identify two critical currents: the current at which the pure superconducting state becomes unstable ($`J_{c2}`$ self1 ) and the current at which the system transits from the resistive state to the superconducting state ($`J_{c1}<J_{c2}`$). The current $`J_{c2}`$ decreases monotonically with external magnetic field, while $`J_{c1}`$ exhibits a maximum at $`H^{}`$. For sufficient large magnetic fields the hysteresis disappears and $`J_{c1}=J_{c2}=J_c`$. In this high magnetic field region and for currents close to $`J_c`$ the voltage appears as a result of the motion of separate vortices. With increasing current the moving vortices form ’channels’ with suppressed order parameter along which the vortices can move very fast. This leads to a sharp increase of the voltage. These ’channels’ resemble in some respect the phase slip lines which occur at zero magnetic field.

It is well-known that the resistive state in superconducting wires or stripes with diameter/width less or comparable to the coherence length $`\xi `$ is realized through the appearance of phase slip centers Ivlev ; Tinkham1 ; Tidecks . The phenomenological theory of phase slip centers (PSC) was first proposed in Ref. Skocpol . According to this theory a PSC is a region with size of order $`\xi `$ where the order parameter is strongly suppressed. The normal current density produced by the oscillation of the order parameter in the phase slip center decays on a larger distance scale $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_Q\xi `$ Skocpol .

Current-voltage characteristics of such a system is usually irreversible Ivlev ; Tidecks . It is possible to distinguish two critical current densities: $`j_{c2}`$ \- current density at which the superconducting state becomes unstable and $`j_{c1}<j_{c2}`$ \- current density below which the phase slip solution does not exist in the system Ivlev ; Tidecks . In recent work Michotte  it was claimed that the current $`j_{c1}`$ is defined by the competition between two relaxation times: the relaxation time of the absolute value of the order parameter $`\tau _{|\psi |}`$ and the relaxation time of the phase of the order parameter $`\tau _\varphi `$. The phase slip solution does exist when roughly $`\tau _{|\psi |}>\tau _\varphi `$.

Because an applied magnetic field suppresses the order parameter and leads to the appearance of screening currents in the sample it is naturally to expect that it affects the phase slip process in the superconductor. For example in Refs. Kadin ; Michotte  it was shown that a parallel (to the direction of the injected current) magnetic field modifies the critical currents $`j_{c1}`$, $`j_{c2}`$ Michotte  and the stair structure of the current-voltage characteristic Kadin .

If we apply a perpendicular magnetic field the situation becomes more complicated. In this case the screening currents induced by the magnetic field decreases the current density j on one side of the superconductor and increases j on the other side of the sample (see Fig. 1) and the current density in some part of the stripe becomes smaller than $`j_{c1}`$ (if total current is equal to $`J=j_{c1}W`$). In accordance with Ref. Michotte , in that part of the sample the phase slip process cannot be realized. We should increase the applied current in order to satisfy the condition $`j>j_{c1}`$ in any point of the line connecting the two opposite sides of the strip. Further increasing H the slope of j(x) increases (at current $`J=J_{c1}(H)`$) and at the moment when the current density on the left side of the sample reaches $`j_{c2}`$ (see Fig. 1) both critical currents becomes equal to each other $`J_{c2}=J_{c1}`$ at field $`H=H^{}(j_{c2}j_{c1})/W`$.

To check the above predictions we studied the current-voltage characteristics of quasi-two-dimensional superconductors using the generalized time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equation. The latter was first written down in the work of Ref. Kramer

$`{\displaystyle \frac{u}{\sqrt{1+\gamma ^2|\psi |^2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}+i\phi +{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\psi |^2}{t}}\right)\psi =`$
$`=(\mathrm{i}𝐀)^2\psi +(1|\psi |^2)\psi .`$ (1)
and should be supplemented with the equation for the electrostatic potential

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\phi `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{div}\left(\mathrm{Im}(\psi ^{}(\mathrm{i}𝐀)\psi )\right),`$ (2)
which is nothing else than the condition for the conservation of the total current in the wire, i.e. $`\mathrm{div}𝐣=0`$. In Eqs. (1,2) all the physical quantities (order parameter $`\psi =|\psi |e^{i\varphi }`$, vector potential $`𝐀`$ and electrostatic potential $`\phi `$) are measured in dimensionless units: the vector potential $`𝐀`$ and momentum of superconducting condensate $`𝐩=\varphi 𝐀`$ is scaled by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0/(2\pi \xi )`$ (where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ is the quantum of magnetic flux), the order parameter is in units of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and the coordinates are in units of the coherence length $`\xi (T)`$. In these units the magnetic field is scaled by $`H_{c2}`$ and the current density by $`j_0=c\mathrm{\Phi }_0/8\pi ^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^2\xi `$. Time is in units of the Ginzburg-Landau relaxation time $`\tau _{GL}=4\pi \sigma _n\lambda ^2/c^2=2T\mathrm{}/\pi \mathrm{\Delta }_0^2`$, and the electrostatic potential ($`\phi `$) is in units of $`\phi _0=c\mathrm{\Phi }_0/8\pi ^2\xi \lambda \sigma _n=\mathrm{}/2e\tau _{GL}`$ ($`\sigma _n`$ is the normal-state conductivity). The parameter $`u`$ is about $`5.79`$ according to Ref. Kramer . We also put $`𝐀=(0,Hx,0)`$ in Eq. (1,2) because we considered the case when the effect of the current-induced magnetic field is negligible.

In our calculations we mainly used vacuum-superconductor boundary conditions $`(iA)\psi |_n=0`$ and $`\phi |_n=0`$ except for the regions where current was injected (see insert in Fig. 1). In those points we used the normal metal-superconductor boundary conditions $`\psi =0`$ and $`\phi |_n=j`$.

We found two jumps in the current-voltage characteristics (see Fig. 2). The first one is connected with the transition of the sample from the supercondicting to the resistive state (but with $`|\psi |0`$). The second transition is the one from the resistive to the normal state. The hysteresis connected to the second transition survives till very high magnetic field. The latter is connected with the stability of the normal state carrying current at temperatures lower than the critical temperature (see for example Ref. Ivlev ). For such a system it was shown that the normal state may exist (at $`T<T_c`$) till very low current densities if there is no finite superconducting nucleus. In our case we inject current through part of the cross-section of the sample (see inset of Fig. 1) and in this way we provide a more optimal condition for the nucleation of superconductivity in the corners of the superconducting sample where the current density is minimal even in normal state. We want to stress that the second hysteresis crucially depends on the geometrical parameters of the sample and it is not the subject of the present paper to study that effect. We only study here the first hysteresis which is almost sample-independent.

In Fig. 3 we present the dependencies of $`J_{c1}(H)`$ and $`J_{c2}(H)`$ for different widths of the sample. We found that in accordance with our predictions the current $`J_{c1}`$ increases at low magnetic fields and at some $`H=H^{}`$ it becomes equal to $`J_{c2}`$. Beyond $`H^{}`$ that type of hysteresis no longer exists in the system and the critical current $`J_c=J_{c1}=J_{c2}`$ decreases with increasing magnetic field. Only for relatively narrow samples with $`W\xi `$ there is a second peak in the $`J_c(H)`$ dependence. The reason for that peak is probably connected with strong nonlinear effects. Indeed, the current density is related to the momentum of the superconducting condensate ($`p=\varphi A`$) as $`j=p(1p^2)`$ in accordance to the Ginzburg-Landau relation. The second peak occurs approximately at a field $`H_s`$ when the first vortices penetrate the sample in absence of injected current. At $`H=H_s`$ the value of p on the edges is close to unity for samples with $`W\xi `$. It means that the term $`(1p^2)`$ may be very important in that range of fields. In wider stripes the above effect is negligible and there is no second peak in the $`J_c(H)`$ curve.

For magnetic fields larger than $`H_s`$, vortices will penetrate the superconductor and occupy the central part of the sample Kupr ; Benkr . If one injects current into the sample the vortex-filled region starts to move to one side of the sample and when the vortex dome touches the sample boundary the vortices will leave the sample Kupr ; Benkr . This value of the current is the critical one. It is essential that the distribution of the current density in the vortex dome is practically constant in the resistive state (in narrow samples with $`W<\mathrm{\Lambda }=\lambda ^2/d`$) even in the absence of bulk pinning Maksimova . At fields $`HH_s`$ the vortex dome occupies almost the whole sample and it means that at $`JJ_{c1}(0)=j_{c1}W`$ the conditions for the occurrence of phase slip lines (or vortex channels) will be fulfilled and it will lead to the appearance of a stair structure in the I-V characteristics and to a sharp increase of the voltage at $`J>J_{c1}(0)`$ Lempitsky . It also follows that at relatively large H this current should be field-independent. The lower boundary of the field-independent region is defined by the condition that the current density distribution should be almost uniform ($`H_{lower}H_s`$). The upper boundary $`H_{upper}`$ depends on how large is magnetic field and how strong the order parameter is suppressed in vortex filled region because according to Refs. Kadin ; Michotte  both these factors affect the value of $`j_{c1}`$ (it leads to a decrease of it).

We found that the voltage sharply increases at $`J>J_c`$ when vortex slip lines or vortex channels appear in the sample (compare Fig. 2 and Fig. 4 at H=0.3 and H=0.6). In contradiction with the above prediction the current at which the vortex channelling occurs decreases with increasing H (see Fig. 2). The most probable reason is that the current density strongly varies over the width of the sample for $`HH_s`$ in case $`W=9\xi `$ because even close to $`H_{c2}`$ there will be only three rows of vortices (see Fig. 4).

Our results coincide qualitatively with recent experimental results on the I-V characteristics of carbon nanotube (compare Fig. 13 in Ref. Kasumov  with Fig. 3 in our paper) measured at different magnetic fields. In that work a non-monotonous dependence of $`J_{c1}`$ on H was observed at low magnetic fields. In Ref. Alad  a stair structure in I-V characteristics of Mo/Si multi-layer stripes was found which appears practically at the same value of the injected current, as predicted in this paper, in wide field region.

In conclusion, we found that an external magnetic field strongly affects the resistive state of mesoscopic wires and stripes. It leads to a shrinking of the hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristic at relatively high values of H. If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the current direction the dependence $`J_{c1}`$(H) is a non-monotonous function of H at low magnetic field. At high magnetic fields $`J_{c1}`$ and $`J_{c2}`$ monotonically decreases with increasing H for both perpendicular and parallel Michotte  orientation of the applied magnetic field.

This work was supported by IUAP, GOA (University of Antwerp), ESF on ”Vortex matter”, the Flemish Science Foundation (FWO-Vl). One of us (D.V.) is supported by DWTC to promote S $`\&`$ T collaboration between Central and Eastern Europe.


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# Proton-nucleus elastic scattering and the equation of state of nuclear matter

## Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. I. Tanihata, Dr. A. Kohama and Dr. H. Koura for helpful discussions. This work was supported in part by RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researchers Grant No. 011-52040.


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# New Data and Improved Parameters for the Transiting Planet OGLE-TR-56b

## 1 Introduction

Most extrasolar planets to date have been discovered with the high-precision radial velocity technique, which provides only a lower limit to the mass of the companion because the inclination angle cannot be determined from spectroscopy alone. Systems for which the orbit happens to be nearly edge-on, so that the planet transits across the disk of the star once every orbital period, show a photometric transit and allow the absolute mass of the planet to be determined. Transiting systems are valuable in many other ways, providing the planet’s absolute radius, as well as allowing a variety of different follow-up studies (see, e.g., Brown, Libbrecht & Charbonneau, 2002; Charbonneau et al., 2002; Vidal-Madjar et al., 2003; Fortney et al., 2003; Richardson et al., 2003; Moutou et al., 2003). Transits are also a viable planet discovery technique: our recent follow-up in 2002 of candidates from the OGLE-III sample toward the bulge of the Galaxy (Udalski et al., 2002a, b) resulted in the spectroscopic confirmation of a planet around the star OGLE-TR-56 ($`V=16.6`$), with a period of 1.2 days. This is the first case originally discovered from its photometric signature rather than its Doppler signature (Konacki et al., 2003a).

The limited amount of spectroscopic data we obtained during our 2002 season only allowed for a relatively uncertain estimate of the mass of OGLE-TR-56b. A combined orbital solution using our velocities and the OGLE-III light curve yielded $`M_p=0.9\pm 0.3`$ MJup (Konacki et al., 2003a). In this Letter we report new radial velocity measurements that allow us to improve the accuracy of the mass determination and to better characterize its uncertainty, as well as to strengthen the case against any false-positive scenarios. In addition, we present an updated transit light curve solution based on improvements in the OGLE photometry.

## 2 Observations and reductions

OGLE-TR-56 was observed spectroscopically on 5 nights in August 2003 with the Keck I telescope and the HIRES instrument (Vogt et al., 1994). We obtained a total of 8 new spectra of the object, with exposure times ranging from 30 to 50 minutes. The setup allowed us to record 35 usable echelle orders covering the spectral range from 3850 Å to 6200 Å at a resolving power of $`R65,000`$. Typical signal-to-noise ratios are in the range of 10–20 per pixel for a single exposure. Our main wavelength reference was provided by a hollow-cathode Thorium-Argon lamp, of which we obtained short exposures immediately preceding and following each stellar exposure.

In addition to our program star we obtained frequent observations of two brighter stars (HD 209458 and HD 179949) that have known low-amplitude velocity variations at the level of about 200 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (peak to peak) due to orbiting substellar companions (Henry et al., 2000; Charbonneau et al., 2000; Tinney et al., 2001), and which we used as “standards”. These stars were observed with the iodine gas absorption cell (Marcy & Butler, 1992). All HIRES spectra were bias-subtracted, flat-fielded, cleaned of cosmic rays, and extracted using the MAKEE reduction package written by Tim Barlow (2002). Compared to the procedures followed in Konacki et al. (2003a), a number of details in the reductions were fine-tuned for the new observations and led to slightly improved noise levels and better velocities. We therefore re-reduced the original 2002 spectra along with the new ones for uniformity. Wavelength solutions based on the Th-Ar exposures were carried out with standard tasks in IRAF111IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation..

Radial velocities for OGLE-TR-56 and for the standards stars were derived by cross-correlation against a synthetic template computed specifically for the parameters of each star as detailed by Konacki et al. (2003b). For the cross-correlations we used the IRAF task XCSAO (Kurtz & Mink, 1998). The final velocities are the weighted average of all echelle orders in each spectrum (only orders not affected by the iodine were used for the standards). Formal errors were derived from the scatter of the velocities determined from the different orders. These are typically well under $``$100 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$, and do not include systematic components, which we have previously estimated to be no larger than about 100 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$ for this instrumentation (see Konacki et al., 2003b). The radial velocities in the frame of the solar system barycenter from all of the spectra (2002 and 2003) along with their final errors are listed in Table 1.

## 3 Spectroscopic orbital solution

The new radial velocities for OGLE-TR-56 show clear changes with orbital phase. The latter is well known from the photometric observations that yield a very accurate period and transit epoch (see below). However, there is also a systematic shift compared to the 2002 velocity measurements of about 200 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$. A similar shift is observed in the standards, indicating it is a real effect. Such offsets from run to run are common in radial-velocity work, and can be due to a number of reasons including temperature changes and other instrumental effects beyond the control of the observer. In order to optimally remove this shift using all of the available information, we developed a procedure by which we fit for the orbits of the three stars simultaneously. We solve for the shift at same time as the rest of the orbital elements and assume that the offset is identical for the three stars. The phase and velocity amplitudes of the circular orbits for HD 209458 and HD 179949 are known from high-precision velocity work (Mazeh et al., 2000; Tinney et al., 2001), and were held fixed. Therefore, the five free parameters in the least-squares problem are the semi-amplitude of the velocity curve of OGLE-TR-56, the center-of-mass velocity for each star, and the common offset between the 2002 and 2003 seasons. The ephemeris for OGLE-TR-56 is also fixed, as mentioned above, to the value determined in our light curve analysis described in §5.

The solution, based on a total of 28 observations (11 of our target, 9 of HD 179949, and 8 of HD 209458), gives a velocity semi-amplitude for OGLE-TR-56 of $`K=265\pm 38`$ $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The offset between the two observing seasons is determined to be $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{20032002}=+192\pm 47`$ $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$, and the overall RMS residual from the fit for OGLE-TR-56 is 114 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The minimum mass for the planet in orbit around our target is $`M_p\mathrm{sin}i=1.33\pm 0.21\times 10^3\times (M_s+M_p)^{2/3}`$ M, where $`M_s`$ is the mass of the primary star. The observations for OGLE-TR-56 along with the orbital fit are shown in Figure 1. The measurements listed in Table 1 include the offset $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{20032002}`$, so that all measurements are referred to the 2002 frame.

The center-of-mass velocities derived for the three stars are $`24.579\pm 0.045\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (HD 179949), $`14.577\pm 0.048\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (HD 209458), and $`48.317\pm 0.045\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (OGLE-TR-56). For the latter object the difference compared to the value of $`49.49\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ by Konacki et al. (2003a) is due to differences in the reduction of the spectra (§2) and the increased number of observations in the present solution. The above center-of-mass velocities are on the reference frame of the templates used for the cross-correlations, which are calculated spectra. The errors given are strictly internal, and do not include contributions from uncertainties in the instrumental zero point (of the kind that lead to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{20032002}`$), or in the wavelength scale or other details of the model atmospheres that go into the calculation of the templates. The absolute accuracy of these velocities may be in error by several hundred $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$. Nevertheless, it may be of interest for future studies to refer the center-of-mass velocity of OGLE-TR-56 to some well-defined frame of reference. A comparison of our values for the two standards against the results by Nidever et al. (2002) gives systematic differences of $`0.083\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (HD 179949) and $`0.182\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (HD 209458), in the sense that our velocities are larger in both cases. The average offset is $`0.132\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. Applying this correction to OGLE-TR-56 gives the value $`48.449\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ for its center-of-mass velocity, on the same scale as Nidever et al. (2002), with an estimated total uncertainty of approximately 100 $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$.

## 4 Spectral line bisectors

Following Konacki et al. (2003b) we used our new spectroscopic observations to re-examine the possibility that the velocity variations we measured for OGLE-TR-56 are not produced by a planet orbiting the star, but are instead the result of a blend scenario. In this case, small asymmetries in the spectral lines due to the presence of another star (e.g., the primary of an eclipsing binary in the background) can lead to spurious velocities as the second set of lines moves back and forth in phase with the photometric period. We investigated this for each of our spectra by computing the line bisectors directly from the correlation functions (co-added over all orders), which are representative of the average line profile for the star. We then calculated the “bisector span” as the velocity difference between the bisectors at two different correlation levels. This can be used as a measure of the asymmetry of the lines (see, e.g., Santos et al., 2002).

In Figure 2 we show the bisector span for each of our spectra as a function of orbital phase. There is no significant correlation with phase, supporting the conclusion that the velocity variations we measured for the star are real.

## 5 Analysis of the light curve

Photometric observations of OGLE-TR-56 by the OGLE team have continued after its discovery in 2001, and now include 3 observing seasons (1113 measurements covering more than 600 cycles of the orbit). A total of 13 transits have been recorded. Additionally, small corrections for systematic errors in the photometry have recently been applied that improve the errors slightly222See http://bulge.princeton.edu/$``$ogle/ogle3/transits/ogle56.html.. We have used these new data to update the ephemeris and the light curve solution.

The re-analysis of the transit light curve was carried out with the tools developed by Mandel & Agol (2002). The stellar parameters (mass and radius) and the limb darkening coefficient in the $`I`$ band, $`u_I`$, were adopted from Konacki et al. (2003a) and Sasselov (2003): $`M_s=1.04\pm 0.05`$ M, $`R_s=1.10\pm 0.10`$ R, $`u_I=0.56\pm 0.06`$. We solved for 5 parameters: the period, transit epoch, inclination angle, planet radius, and mean magnitude level. The number of degrees of freedom is 1108. Figure 3 shows a section of the $`\chi ^2`$ surface in the vicinity of the minimum, in the plane of planet radius vs. inclination angle. The best fit values are given in Table 2, and the RMS residual of the fit is 0.005 mag. Final errors in the derived parameters include the contribution from uncertainties in the adopted quantities for the star, as well as the mass of the planet. These were estimated from Monte Carlo simulations, and added quadratically to the statistical errors. The new ephemeris we derive, $`T(\mathrm{HJD})=2,452,075.1046(17)+1.2119189(59)\times n`$ (where $`n`$ is the number of cycles since the transit epoch), is consistent with that given in footnote 2. The fit to the OGLE-III photometry is shown in Figure 4.

## 6 Discussion and conclusions

Our new radial velocity measurements for OGLE-TR-56 confirm the variations reported by Konacki et al. (2003a), and are consistent with the photometric ephemeris that was held fixed in the orbital solution. The semi-amplitude we derive using all the data available, $`K=265`$ $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$, is approximately 60% larger than the original discovery estimate ($`K=167`$ $`\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1`$), which was based on only 3 observations (with two free parameters). The significance of the determination is now much greater, as can be seen visually in Figure 1, and the errors are better characterized because of the increased number of observations. Consequently, the mass we derive is also larger: $`M_p=1.45\pm 0.23`$ MJup. The radius, $`R_p=1.23\pm 0.16`$ RJup, is similar to the initial determination. The reality of the velocity variations is confirmed from the lack of any significant correlation between the spectral line asymmetries (bisector spans) and orbital phase.

OGLE-TR-56b is roughly twice as massive as HD 209458b, and marginally smaller ($`M_p=0.69\pm 0.02`$ MJup, $`R_p=1.42_{0.13}^{+0.12}`$ RJup; Cody & Sasselov, 2002). Both planets appear to have radii that are larger than expected from theoretical cooling models that include a consistent treatment of irradiation by the parent star (see Figure 5). Given the uncertainties OGLE-TR-56b does not settle the issue, however, and calculations for the exact conditions of the planet are required (e.g., Baraffe et al., 2003; Burrows, Sudarsky & Hubbard, 2003). Despite the difference in quality between the OGLE-III light curve for OGLE-TR-56 and the remarkable HST light curve for HD 209458 (Brown et al., 2001), the error in our radius determination is not much worse than that of Cody & Sasselov (2002). The reason for this is that the dominant contribution in both cases is the uncertainty in the stellar parameters, which are at the same level in both cases. Multicolor HST photometry for both HD 209458 and OGLE-TR-56 should improve the situation considerably.

We are grateful to A. Udalski and the OGLE team for their many generous contributions to this project. We also thank S. Kulkarni for support and K. Stanek for continuous encouragement. The data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. G.T. acknowledges support from NASA’s Kepler mission. M.K. gratefully acknowledges the support of NASA through the Michelson fellowship program and partial support by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No. 2P03D 001 22., and S.J. thanks the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at UC Berkeley for support through a research fellowship. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service.


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# Orbital structure of triaxial galaxies

## 1. Triaxial dynamical models

Many elliptical galaxies show significant signatures of triaxiality (e.g. de Zeeuw et al. 2002). Therefore, we have extended Schwarzschild’s orbit superposition method to construct realistic triaxial dynamical models, which fit the observed surface brightness, as well as (two-dimensional) kinematical measurements of elliptical galaxies (Verolme et al. 2003). This fully numerical method is, however, too computationally expensive to do a full search over the model parameters, such as mass-to-light ratio, black hole mass, viewing direction and intrinsic shape. Approximating the potential by one of Stäckel form, we can construct velocity and velocity dispersion fields using the analytical solution of the continuity equation and the three Jeans equations (Statler 1994, van de Ven et al. 2003), and compare them with observations to constrain the large parameter range. Within this reduced parameter space, we can then apply the extended Schwarzschild method using the true potential, to find the true best-fitting triaxial model. Schwarzschild’s method not only provides the best-fitting parameters, but also results in an orbital weight distribution, which after appropriate smoothing allows us to study the orbital structure of the observed galaxy.

## 2. Triaxial Abel models

To investigate the robustness of the derived internal structure, we are applying our method to theoretical models with known distribution function (DF). We use Abel models (Dejonghe & Laurent 1991; Mathieu & Dejonghe 1999), for which the potential is assumed to be of Stäckel form and the DF to be a function of a single parameter $`F(E,I_2,I_3)=F(S)`$, with $`S=E+wI_2+uI_3`$ a linear combination of the explicitly known integrals of motion. The density and higher velocity moments can be calculated efficiently. Besides this analytical simplicity, the Abel models have, with the choice of a three-integral DF, enough freedom to incorporate many of the observed triaxial features (Figure 1).

## References

de Zeeuw, P. T. et al. 2002, MNRAS, 283, 149

Davies R. L. et al. 2001, ApJ, 548, L33

Dejonghe, H., & Laurent, D. 1991, MNRAS, 252, 606

Mathieu, A., & Dejonghe, H. 1999, MNRAS, 303, 455

Statler, T. S. 1994, ApJ, 425, 458

van de Ven, G., Hunter, C., Verolme, E. K., & de Zeeuw, P. T. 2003, MNRAS, 342, 1056

Verolme, E. K., Cappellari, M., Emsellem, E., van de Ven, G., & de Zeeuw, P. T. 2003, MNRAS, submitted


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# The Multicolor Panoramic Photometer-Polarimeter with high time resolution based on the PSD

## 1 Introduction

For studying fast brightness variations of faint astrophysical objects it is necessary to use panoramic detectors of high time resolution. Detectors of such a type determine both coordinates and arrival time of each photon. The S/N ratio in this case reaches its maximum value at any seeing and sky background level. As a rule, the PSD which registers separate photons is created on the basis of the standard photocathode with low (relative to CCD matrices) quantum output, a set of microchannel plates and a position sensitive anode (Debur et al., 2002, this Conference). Some evident shortcomings areas follows:

* Low sensitivity (5-20%);
* Narrow dynamical range (limiting flux is 50-500 thousand photocounts/s);
* Low spatial resolution.

To minimize their influence when designing photometric detectors, it is desirable to use the following techniques:

* Simultaneous registration of emission in different spectrum regions (with different orientations of the polarization plane) with one PSD; this is achieved by using a set of dichroic light dividers;
* The registration of the object and comparison star images with their close neighbourhood (10”- 15”) instead of 1’-2’;
* Use of antireflecting field reducers varying the scale to 0”.2 - 0”.3 per element of resolution. The principles mentioned above form a foundation for construction of panoramic photometer- polarimeter for the 6-m telescope.

Even in spite of existence of more sensitive deteoctors like CCD, Postition-Sensitive Detector still has its own applications. It may be used for study of fast variability (with up to several microseconds resolution) of faint sources (for example it is ibpossible to analyse $`19^m`$ star variability using CCD with 1 count per pixel read-out noise). Comparison with cryogenic detectors developed now also shows that their are much more expensive and diffucult to use and provide much worse quantum efficiency.

## 2 Peculiarities of the optical scheme

Panoramic photometer-polarimeter registers only the light fluxes of the object under study and of the comparison star with their close vicinities, Fig.1. The light beam from the object is decomposed by the polarization unit into 4 components with different orientations of the polarization plane. The light beams from the object and comparison star pass through the set of dichroic filters and are registered with two PSD, one of which is optimized for the blue and the other for the red regions of the visible spectrum. As a result, each beam can be registered in four color bands U, B, V, R. For identification of the object being studied and precise setting it on the data registration channel, we employ the stellar field viewing based on a TV CCD camera which enables image acquisition on its matrix and fulfilling a sufficiently deep survey of the selected sky area. Such a scheme obviates the problem of registration of an excess flux of quanta and allows fulfilment of a multi-mode analysis of the fast-variable source emission.

## 3 Data registration

The photometer-polarimeter operates as part of the acquisition complex incorporating also a device for receiving photocount flux codes, a computer for control and data acquisition, which is located in the local net with the computer of the astronomer- operator. The functional diagram of the photometrical complex is shown in Fig. 2. The flux of photocounts from the PSD must be transferred to the computer data storage in the form it is received by the detector, as counts of registration time of all the quanta and their coordinates, the rate of count arriving must be up to 100 000 quants/s. For this purpose, we use the time-code converter Quantochron . Primarily it was designed for registration of the data flows which have a 16-bit coordinate field (265x256 elements). The application of the PSD with a quadrant collector and the use of 10-bits ADC demanded extension of capacity up to 40 bits, this is why as a temporal measure we use a multiplexor which disconnects each arriving 40-bits photocount into three sequential messages: 8, 16 and 16 bits. The 8 bits in the first message are used for auxiliary information. The data obtained are stored and transferred by the 100mb Ethernet from the data acquisition computer to the control computer and then they are written on magnetic disks and then on CDROM. Storage of all primary data on the measured charges of each photocount allows a deeper analysis of data flow as to the presence and compensation for the instrumental effects.

## 4 Analysis methods

Observational data files are used, first of all, for obtaining images supplied to the detector cathode by the optical system of the photometer-polarimeter. As an example, in Fig. 3 we show the field of the detector with the standard star located on it in two-colour bands and four polarizations.

The quantum fluxes from the star in every position which are received with the PSD are subjected to temporal analysis for studying the processes occurring on the astrophysical object under study. Prior to the procedure of temporal analysis we improve the quality of the image produced by the astronomical optics and improve the S/N ratio by means of determination of coordinate variations of the integral center of the comparison star image on the detector and adaptive adjusting of the current location of the area for photocount flux selection, fig. 4.

We use the methods of search for stochastic variability in the range from microseconds to the exposure duration . As example in fig. 5 is shown result of search for stochastic brightness variability of soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20 . So we search for and analyse periodical variability different astrophysical objects, for example, optical pulsars. In fig.6 we demonstrate the images of the Crab pulsar and star-neighbour splited by polariser. Their phase- resolved images and the Crab pulsar folded light curve with a time resolution of 30 mcs are shown in fig. 5.

###### Acknowledgements.

This investigation was supported by the Russian Ministry of Science, Russian Foundation of Basic Researches (grant 01-02-17857), Federal Program ”Astronomy”, INTAS (grant 96-542) and CRDF (grant RP1-2394-MO-02).