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# Recent Results from 2𝜋⁰ Photoproduction off the Proton

## 1 Introduction

The description of the low energy properties of the nucleon as well as the study of nucleon resonances remain a long-standing task of hadronic physics. The unique features of the 2$`\pi ^0`$ channel - the strong suppression of the direct production ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ Kroll-Rudermann, Born terms,…) \- open new prospects to improve the knowledge in both fields.

### 1.1 Chiral Perturbation Theory

In the low energy regime where properties of the lowest lying baryons and mesons are studied, an approach exploiting the approximate Goldstone boson nature of the pion has been developed: chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) Weinberg (1979); Gasser and Leutwyler (1984). This effective field theory has been extended to the nucleon sector (HBChPT111ChPT is used in this paper as a synonym for HBChPT) Jenkins and Manohar (1991); Bernard et al. (1992). In general, it turns out, that ChPT is in good agreement with experiment in describing $`\pi N`$ scattering Fettes and Meissner (2000). From the study of $`\pi \pi `$ production processes, complementary information to the study of the single pion photoproduction channels can be gained. ChPT predicts that the $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ photoproduction channel is strongly enhanced due to chiral (pion) loops Bernard et al. (1994) which appear in leading (non vanishing) order $`q^3`$. This is a counter-intuitive result, since in the case of single pion production the cross sections for charged pions are considerably larger than the ones with neutral pions in the final state. In a calculation up to order $`M_\pi ^2`$, the pion loops at order $`q^3`$ are responsible for two thirds of the total cross section Bernard et al. (1996). This fact makes this channel unique, because unlike in other channels where the loops are adding some contribution to the dominant tree graphs, here they are absolutely dominating. In Bernard et al. (1996), the following prediction for the near threshold cross section was given:

$`\sigma _{tot}(E_\gamma )=\text{0.6 nb}((E_\gamma E_\gamma ^{thr})/\text{10 MeV})^2`$ (1)
where $`E_\gamma `$ denotes the photon beam energy and $`E_\gamma ^{thr}`$ the production threshold of 308.8 MeV. The largest resonance contribution at order $`M_\pi ^2`$ comes from the P11(1440) resonance via the $`N^{}N\pi \pi `$ s-wave vertex. Actually, the uncertainty of the coupling of the P11(1440) to the s-wave $`\pi \pi `$ channel was a limiting factor for the accuracy of the ChPT calculation Bernard et al. (1996). Therefore, for the most extreme case of this coupling, an upper limit for this cross was given in addition by increasing the constant in Eq. 1 from 0.6 nb to 0.9 nb.

Completing the overview of theoretical calculations of the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ close to threshold, this channel is also described in a recent version of the Gomez Tejedor-Oset model Tejedor and Oset (1996). This model is based on a set of tree level diagrams including pions, nucleons and nucleonic resonances. In a recent work, particular emphasis was put on the re-scattering of pions in the iso-spin $`I`$=0 channel Roca et al. (2002). Double pion photoproduction via the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ Kroll-Rudermann term is not possible for the 2$`\pi ^0`$ final state. In case of a $`\pi ^{}\pi ^+`$ Kroll-Rudermann term, the charged pions can re-scatter into two neutral pions generating dynamically a $`\pi \pi `$ loop. This effect is doubling the cross section in the threshold region and is regarded by the authors as being a reminiscence of the explicit chiral loop effect described before.

In the past, two measurements of the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ below 450 MeV beam energy have been carried out Haerter et al. (1997); Wolf et al. (2000). The second experiment showed an improvement in statistics by almost a factor 30. Nevertheless, in the threshold region the cross section still suffered from large statistical uncertainties (see Fig. 1).

### 1.2 Reaction Mechanisms in the second Resonance Region

Nucleon resonances are studied in a variety of experiments in an attempt to obtain information on the structure of the nucleon by comparison to quark model calculations. Most information has been gathered through $`\pi N`$ scattering and $`\pi `$ photoproduction. A complementary access is the double $`\pi `$ production where the 2$`\pi ^0`$ channel turns out to be the most selective one. Because of the vanishing charge of the $`\pi ^0`$, Born terms as well as direct production terms ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-Kroll-Rudermann, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-pion pole) are very much suppressed. Previously, two measurements of the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ were intensively studied in order to extract information on nucleon resonances. The MAMI results Wolf et al. (2000) were interpreted by the Valencia model Tejedor and Oset (1996) and gave a strong indication for a dominance for the D13(1520)$`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$. In a recent paper, the GRAAL collaboration reported on a measurement of the 2$`\pi ^0`$ channel from 650 MeV up to 1500 MeV Assafiri et al. (2003). These data were interpreted by an extention of the Laget-Murphy model Assafiri et al. (2003). Despite the bad coverage of the P11(1440) resonance with the incident beam energy, the authors emphasized that the data could be only explained by a dominance of the P11(1440)$`\sigma N`$ reaction process. We present and discuss in this paper new and very precise invariant mass distributions of the $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ and $`\pi ^0p`$ systems.

## 2 Experimental Setup and Data Analysis

The reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ was measured at the electron accelerator Mainz Microtron (MAMI) Walcher (1990); Ahrens et al. (1994) using the Glasgow tagged photon facility Anthony et al. (1991); Hall et al. (1996) and the photon spectrometer TAPS Novotny (1991); Gabler et al. (1994). The photon energy covered the range 285–820 MeV with an average energy resolution of 2 MeV. The TAPS detector consisted of six blocks each with 62 hexagonally shaped BaF2 crystals arranged in an 8$`\times `$8 matrix and a forward wall with 138 BaF2 crystals arranged in a 11$`\times `$14 rectangle. The six blocks were located in a horizontal plane around the target at angles of $`\pm `$54, $`\pm `$103 and $`\pm `$153 with respect to the beam axis. Their distance to the target was 55 cm and the distance of the forward wall was 60 cm. This setup covered $``$40% of the full solid angle. The liquid hydrogen target was 10 cm long with a diameter of 3 cm. Further details of the experimental setup can be found in ref. Kotulla (2003).

The $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ reaction channel was identified by measuring the 4-momenta of the two $`\pi ^0`$ mesons, whereas the proton was not detected. The $`\pi ^0`$ mesons were detected via their two photon decay channel and identified in a standard invariant mass analysis from the measured photon momenta. Events were selected, were both of the two photon invariant masses fulfilled simultaneously the following cut: $`110MeV<m_{\gamma \gamma }<150MeV`$. Furthermore, the mass $`M_X`$ of a missing particle was calculated (see Fig. 1). In case of the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ the missing mass $`M_X`$ must be equal to the mass of the (undetected) proton $`m_p`$. Above the $`\eta `$ production threshold of 707 MeV, the $`\eta 3\pi ^0`$ decay is a potential background source for the 2$`\pi ^0`$ channel via events where only two of the three $`\pi ^0`$ mesons are detected by TAPS. A Monte Carlo simulation of the 2$`\pi ^0`$ and $`\eta `$ reactions using GEANT3 Brun et al. (1986) reproduces the line shape of the measured data. A cut corresponding to an interval of $`2.5\sigma \mathrm{}min\{+2.5\sigma ,40MeV\}`$ width of the simulated line shape has been applied to select the events of interest. The $`\eta 3\pi ^0`$ background was estimated from these simulations to be below 2% for the highest beam energy of 820 MeV (compare Fig. 1) and was subtracted for the cross section determination. Background originating from random time coincidences between the TAPS detector and the tagging spectrometer was subtracted in the usual way, using events outside the prompt time coincidence window Hall et al. (1996).

The cross section was deduced from the rate of the 2$`\pi ^0`$ events, the number of hydrogen atoms per cm2, the photon beam flux, the branching ratio of the $`\pi ^0`$ decay into two photons, and the detector and analysis efficiency. The geometrical detector acceptance and the analysis efficiency due to cuts and thresholds were obtained using the GEANT3 code and an event generator producing distributions of the final state particles according to phase space. The acceptance of the detector setup was studied by examining independently a grid of the four degrees of freedom for this three body reaction (azimuthal symmetry of the reaction was assumed). In a grid of total 1024 bins the acceptance is 100% for the beam below 410 MeV and above greater than 95% for the energy up to 820 MeV. The average value for the detection efficiency is 0.4%. The systematic errors of the efficiency determination are small, because the shape of the measured distributions are reproduced by the simulation. The systematic errors are estimated to be 8% and include uncertainties of the beam flux, the target length and the efficiency determination.

## 3 Results and Discussion

### 3.1 Chiral Perturbation Theory

The measured total cross section at threshold for the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$ is shown in Fig. 1 as a function of the incident photon beam energy. The results are in agreement within the rather large error bars with a previous experiment Wolf et al. (2000). The present data are compared with the prediction of the ChPT calculation Bernard et al. (1996) and is in agreement with it Kotulla et al. (2003), although up to 20 MeV above threshold the data are somewhat lower than the ChPT prediction. The ChPT prediction using the upper limit of the coupling of the P11(1440) to $`(\pi \pi )_{swave}`$ can be excluded. In the future, this might be exploited to establish a better constraint on this coupling by using our result as an input. The total cross section is also compared to the calculation with the chiral unitary model Roca et al. (2002) and shows a good agreement with this latter calculation.

### 3.2 Reaction Mechanisms in the second Resonance Region

The invariant mass distributions for two beam energies are shown in Fig. 2. They are compared to a $`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$ phase space and a $`\sigma N`$ phase space simulations and to the Valencia model calculation Tejedor and Oset (1996). For the $`\sigma `$ a Breit-Wigner with a pole and a width of 800 MeV according to the Laget-Murphy model was assumed Murphy and Laget (1996). The GRAAL data around 720 MeV beam energy agrees very well with our $`m_{\pi ^0p}`$ data, whereas in the case of $`m_{\pi ^0\pi ^0}`$, the agreement is worse. In the $`m_{\pi ^0p}`$ distributions, the $`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$ intermediate state dominates starting already at 600 MeV beam energy. The other phase space distributions can not describe the data. In the $`m_{\pi ^0\pi ^0}`$ distributions the differences between the different reaction processes is much less discriminative. The dominance of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$ intermediate state in the 2$`\pi ^0`$ production channel seems to be the more obvious explanation, although no interference effects are taken into account in this simplified comparisons. This observation is in contradiction to the claimed $`\sigma N`$ dominance in the Laget Model Assafiri et al. (2003). A future partial wave analysis has to clarify this discrepancy, and the presented data will provide strong constraints for solutions in the second resonance region.

### 3.3 Summary

In summary we have measured the total and differential cross sections for the reaction $`\gamma p\pi ^0\pi ^0p`$. The prediction of the ChPT calculation Bernard et al. (1996) is in agreement with our measured data Kotulla et al. (2003). The upper limit quoted for this prediction can be excluded. This finding might be exploited for a better constraint on the P11(1440) to s-wave $`\pi \pi `$ coupling. Further on, the cross section is also well reproduced by another calculation Roca et al. (2002), where pion loops are dynamically generated.

Secondly, invariant mass distributions for $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ and $`p\pi ^0`$ are presented. In the second energy region, $`\sigma N`$ phase space and hence a dominant contribution of the process P11(1440) $`\sigma p`$ seems to be unlikely. The differential cross sections are very well described with a $`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$ intermediate state. This is supported by the Valencia model, where the dominant contribution stems from the D13(1520)$`\mathrm{\Delta }\pi `$ process and is in contradiction to the Laget model Assafiri et al. (2003). In a future partial wave analysis this data could provide strong limitations on the resonance parameters up to the second resonance region.

We thank the accelerator group of MAMI as well as many other scientists and technicians of the Institut fuer Kernphysik at the University of Mainz for the outstanding support. This work was supported by Schweizerischer Nationalfond, DFG Schwerpunktprogramm: ”Untersuchung der hadronischen Struktur von Nukleonen und Kernen mit elektromagnetischen Sonden”, SFB221, SFB443 and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.


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# UTHEP-482 UTCCP-P-146 October 2003 Three flavor dynamical QCD project by CP-PACS/JLQCD Talk presented at the 2nd Workshop on Lattice Hadron Physics (LHP2003), July 22-30, 2003, Cairns, Australia.

## 1 INTRODUCTION

A direct calculation of hadronic properties from QCD is a fundamental objective in particle physics. Strong correlations among quarks make a reliable analytic calculation difficult even for basic properties of hadrons such as the mass spectrum and decay constants. So far numerical simulation based on the lattice formulation of QCD is the only reliable way toward this goal.

A systematic study of lattice QCD carrying out both the chiral and continuum extrapolations requires a huge amount of computations, however. The CP-PACS and JLQCD Collaborations have been performing a series of large scale simulations of QCD adopting the fastest computers available. The CP-PACS Collaboration have been mainly using the CP-PACS computer. a dedicated parallel computer with the peak performance of 614 GFLOPS. The CP-PACS was designed and developed in 1996 at the Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba . The main engine for the JLQCD Collaboration is the supercomputers at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). The central computer since 2000 is the Hitachi SR-8000/F1 with 100 nodes achieving the peak speed of 1.2 TFLOPS .

As the first step, the CP-PACS Collaboration carried out an extensive study of QCD in the quenched approximation, in which the effects of dynamical quark pair creations and annihilations are suppressed . Performing the first well-controlled chiral and continuum extrapolations on lattices with the spatial extent of about 3 fm, the limitation of the quenched approximation was clearly proven: the light hadron mass spectrum deviates from the experiment by O(10%).

The next natural step is to incorporate the effects of dynamical $`u`$, $`d`$ quarks (two flavor full QCD). The results of systematic studies by the CP-PACS and JLQCD Collaborations  show that the discrepancies in the hadron mass spectrum observed in the quenched study are largely reduced by the dynamical $`u`$, $`d`$ quarks. This demonstrates the importance of dynamical quarks.

In two flavor simulations, however, the third $`s`$ quark is treated in a quenched approximation yet. On the other hand, we do expect that contribution of dynamical $`s`$ quark is not small because its mass is of the same order of magnitude as a typical energy scale of gluon dynamics: $`m_s`$ $`<`$$``$$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$. Therefore, introduction of the dynamical $`s`$ quark in the simulation is the last major step left towards a fully realistic simulation of QCD.

The CP-PACS and JLQCD Collaborations have started a systematic study of three flavor full QCD. The first target is to perform a precise measurement of the light hadron spectrum and light quark masses.

Because the required computer power is enormous, we have decided to concentrate all big computers available to us for this joint project. In Table 1, I list the major computers we are devoting to this project. Fractions of the peak performance which we may fully use for lattice QCD simulations are given for each computer. Summing up these numbers, we may use about 2.5 TFLOPS to simulate three flavor QCD.

In this paper, I present the outline and status of the project. The first step was to develop and test an exact algorithm for three-flavor QCD simulations. From a comparison of various variants of exact algorithms as described in Sec. 2, we have chosen a polynomial hybrid Monte Carlo (PHMC) algorithm. In Sec. 3, I discuss our test study of three flavor QCD using the PHMC algorithm, which indicates that improvement of lattice action is essential for meaningful simulations. We thus adopt the RG-improved gauge action by Iwasaki and the clover-improved Wilson quark action. To achieve full $`O(a)`$-improvement, we then determined the non-perturbative value of the clover coefficient $`c_{SW}`$. Based on these preparative studies, we have now started a large scale simulation of three flavor QCD. Results of the first production runs are presented in Sec. 4. Tentative conclusions are given in Sec. 5.

## 2 EXACT ALGORITHM

With the Wilson-type (staggered-type) lattice quarks, the exact HMC algorithm exists only for the cases of even (four times integer) number of flavors. Because an exact algorithm for odd number of flavors was not known before, inexact R-algorithm has been adopted in previous studies of three flavor QCD. To avoid possible unexpected systematic errors, however, it is highly desirable to adopt an exact algorithm for large scale simulations.

Recently, several exact algorithms for odd flavors have been proposed: the multi-boson algorithm  and the polynomial hybrid Monte Carlo (PHMC) algorithm , both based on polynomial approximation for the quark matrix and for its determinant. We adopt the PHMC algorithm extending it to clover-improved Wilson quarks. We made a systematic test of several variants of the PHMC algorithm . We found that, with appropriate improvements, the PHMC algorithm is equally efficient as the HMC algorithm for the case of two-flavor QCD.

From this study, we decide to adopt the PHMC algorithm for the $`s`$ quark and the HMC algorithm for degenerate $`u`$, $`d`$ quarks. Note that, because the $`s`$ quark is heavy, the problem of negative determinant at very small quark masses is automatically avoided. Together with additional improvements, we find that the overall CPU time to simulate one trajectory of three flavor QCD is only about 1.5 times more than that for two flavor QCD using our previous HMC code at the same $`u`$, $`d`$ quark masses. We conclude that the PHMC algorithm is sufficiently efficient to carry out a systematic simulation of three flavor QCD with the present power of computers.

We have implemented the code to the computers listed in Table 1. Optimizing the vectorization and parallelization algorithms depending on the characteristics of each machine, we achieved the performance of 20–44% in actual production runs , as compiled in the last column of Table 1.

## 3 CHOICE OF THE LATTICE ACTION

Improvement of the lattice action is effective to suppress lattice artifacts on coarse lattices  and has played an essential role in our study of two flavor QCD to reduce necessary computer resources. Because the requirement of computer power is even more oppressive in the three flavor project due to larger number of parameters, improvement will be important for a systematic simulation of three flavor QCD.

### 3.1 A test study

Using the exact PHMC algorithm, we made a series of test studies at $`a^11.5`$–2 GeV on $`8^3\times 16`$ and $`12^3\times 32`$ lattices . For gluons, we test the standard one-plaquette action, the RG-improved action by Iwasaki , and the meanfield-improved Symanzik gauge action. For quarks, we adopt the clover-improved Wilson quark action with meanfield-improved clover-coefficient $`c_{SW}`$.

With the plaquette gauge action, we have encountered a severe lattice artifact at $`a^1`$ $`<`$$``$$`\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}`$ GeV: the plaquette expectation values shown in Fig. 1(a) indicate unexpected first-order transitions at $`\beta =4.95`$ and 5.0. Our study of the lattice size dependence suggest that this is a bulk transition. On the other hand, results with improved gauge actions show no signs of hysteresis, as shown in Fig. 1(b) for the RG-improved action. We suspect that the lattice artifact in the case of plaquette action is due to an effective adjoint coupling from the clover term .

In any case, because it is difficult to simulate several points beyond $`a^12`$ GeV, our findings imply that improvement of the gauge action is indispensable to perform a continuum extrapolation. We adopt the RG-improved gauge action for gluons.

### 3.2 Non-perturbative $`C_{SW}`$

For quarks, we adopt clover-improved Wilson quark action. To completely remove $`O(a)`$ errors, we need non-perturbative values of the clover coefficient $`c_{SW}`$, which have not been estimated for three flavor QCD. In , we have determined the non-perturbative $`c_{SW}`$ both for the plaquette and RG-improved gauge actions. We use the Schrödinger functional method . For the RG gauge action we adopt the boundary condition described in .

We found that the finite volume effect in $`c_{SW}`$ is not negligible for the case of the RG-improved gauge action. When we estimate $`c_{SW}`$ at a fixed dimension-less lattice size $`L/a`$ as usually done in previous studies, $`c_{SW}`$ suffers a constant deviation from the true non-perturbative value even in the continuum limit. This yields $`O(a)`$ errors in physical observables.

In order to remove the finite volume effect, we estimate the non-perturbative $`c_{SW}`$ at a fixed physical lattice size $`L^{}`$. Then the finite volume effect vanishes as $`a/L^{}`$ in the continuum limit. Correction of the data to $`L^{}`$ from the results obtained at the simulation point $`L`$ is done using one-loop formulae calculated with the SF setup in finite volume . See  for details.

Our final results for $`c_{SW}`$ at $`L^{}=6a_{\beta =6/g_0^2=1.9}`$ are summarized in Fig. 2 by triangles. We note that the results smoothly converge to the one-loop result for $`L/a=\mathrm{}`$ (dashed line) in the continuum limit $`g_0=0`$.

## 4 THREE FLAVOR QCD

Based on the preparative studies discussed in previous sections, we have started a systematic simulation of three flavor QCD. As the first point towards the continuum limit, we are carrying out jobs at $`a^12`$ GeV ($`a0.1`$ fm). We have finished the production runs on a $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice ($`La1.6`$ fm), and are now carrying out simulations on a $`20^3\times 40`$ lattice ($`La2.0`$ fm). In this section, I present the results of the first production runs on the $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice .

### 4.1 Simulation parameters

With the RG-improved gauge action and clover-improved Wilson quark action, we made simulations at $`\beta =1.9`$ on a $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice . The non-perturbative value of $`c_{SW}`$ at this $`\beta `$ is 1.715 . We studied six values of the $`u,d`$ quark mass in the range $`K_{ud}=0.1358`$–0.1370 corresponding to $`m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{LL}}/m_{\mathrm{V},\mathrm{LL}}0.64`$–0.77, where L means the light $`u,d`$ sea quark. For the $`s`$ quark mass, we studied two points $`K_s=0.1364`$ and 0.1358 corresponding to $`m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{SS}}/m_{\mathrm{V},\mathrm{SS}}0.72`$ and 0.77, where S is for the sea $`s`$ quark. These values are close to the physical $`s`$ quark point $`m_{\eta _s}/m_\varphi 0.68`$ from the chiral perturbation theory. The simulation points are summarized in Fig. 3.

We simulated 3000 trajectories at each $`(K_{ud},K_s)`$ and accumulated the configurations every 10 trajectories. The HMC step size and the order of polynomial in the PHMC algorithm were adjusted to achieve the acceptance rate of more than 85% in HMC steps and more than 90% in PHMC steps. So far, we have measured hadronic observables only when each valence quark is one of the sea quarks, L or S. Errors are estimated by a jack-knife method with bins of 50 trajectories.

### 4.2 Meson spectrum

Because the spatial lattice size of $`La1.6`$ fm is not quite large, we concentrate on mesons in this report. We tested point and exponentially smeared sources. Because we obtained clearest plateaus for effective masses when both quark sources are smeared, we show the results with doubly smeared sources in the following.

Results for the mass of vector mesons consisting of two light sea quarks are shown in Fig. 4 as a function of $`1/K1/K_c`$, where $`K_c`$ is defined by $`m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{LL}}(K_{ud}=K_s=K_c)=0`$. Results for other mesons are similar. Because the quark mass dependence is quite smooth, we adopt following polynomial ansätze

$`m_{\mathrm{PS}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`Bm_{q,sea}+`$ (1)
$`(C+Dm_{q,sea})(m_{q,val1}+m_{q,val2})`$
$`m_\mathrm{V}`$ $`=`$ $`A^{}+B^{}m_{q,sea}+`$ (2)
$`(C^{}+D^{}m_{q,sea})(m_{q,val1}+m_{q,val2})`$
or

$`m_\mathrm{V}`$ $`=`$ $`A^{\prime \prime }+B^{\prime \prime }\mu _{sea}+`$ (3)
$`(C^{}+D^{}\mu _{sea})(m_{\mathrm{PS},11}^2+m_{\mathrm{PS},22}^2)`$
where $`m_{q,sea}=2m_{ud}+m_s`$ with $`m_q=(1/K_q1/K_c)/2`$ and $`\mu _{sea}=2m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{LL}}^2+m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{SS}}^2`$. We test both combinations of (1)$`+`$(2) and (1)$`+`$(3). Both ansätze fit the data well. We quote the weighted average of two combinations as the central value of the masses, while the difference between two combinations is treated as a systematic error from the chiral fit. To identify the lattice spacing $`a`$ and the physical point $`(K_{ud}^{phys},K_s^{phys})`$, we use either $`(M_\pi ,M_\rho ,M_K)`$ ($`K`$-input) or $`(M_\pi ,M_\rho ,M_\varphi )`$ ($`\varphi `$-input).

Result for $`M_\varphi `$ from the $`K`$-input is shown in Fig. 5. The clear discrepancy between experiment (star) and quenched results (open symbols) is largely removed in two flavor QCD (shaded symbols) in the continuum limit. Our new three flavor value is shown by the filled symbol at $`a0.1`$ fm. We find that the three flavor result is higher than the two flavor results and, already at $`a0.1`$ fm, the mass is consistent with experiment. Result for $`M_K^{}`$ given in  is similar.

We summarize the relative discrepancy with experiment in Fig. 6. We see that experimental spectrum is well reproduced in three flavor QCD at $`a0.1`$ fm. Reproduction of experimental values can be confirmed also by the $`J`$ parameter  for which a chiral fit is not required. Consistency with experiment at finite $`a`$ imply that the $`K`$\- and $`\varphi `$-inputs lead to consistent values already at finite $`a`$. Accordingly, we obtain $`a^1=2.05(4)`$ GeV from the $`K`$-input and 2.05(5) GeV from the $`\varphi `$-input.

For a precise prediction, we need to extrapolate the results to the continuum limit. However, we may hope that the scaling violation is indeed small for our choice of non-perturbatively $`O(a)`$-improved action, such that the consistency with experiment is kept in the continuum limit. This should be tested in future.

### 4.3 Quark mass

Because quarks are confined, their masses are not direct observables of the theory. Therefore, there exist several alternative definitions for the quark mass. Two popular definitions are the axial-vector Ward identity (AWI) quark mass

$$m_q=Z_q\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_4A_4P}{2PP}$$
(4)
and the vector Ward identity (VWI) quark mass

$$m_q=Z_q^{}(1/K1/K_c)/2,$$
(5)
where $`A_4`$ is the fourth component of the axial-vector current, $`P`$ is the pseudo-scalar density, and $`Z`$’s are renormalization factors. Different definitions lead to different values for $`m_q`$ on finite lattices. This was a big source of error in early calculations of $`m_q`$. In our previous studies of quenched and two flavor full QCD, however, we have shown that they converge to universal values in the continuum limit .

In three flavor QCD, we found that, although the differences between $`K`$\- and $`\varphi `$-inputs are absent, the AWI and VWI quark masses disagree at $`a^12`$ GeV. We also noted that the choice of “$`K_c`$” in (5) introduces a sizable ambiguity in the values of VWI quark mass: From Fig. 3, we obtain even negative value of $`m_{ud}`$ when we adopt $`K_c`$ defined by $`m_{\mathrm{PS},\mathrm{LL}}(K_{ud}=K_s=K_c)=0`$. Such ambiguities will be removed in the continuum limit.

At the present stage having data only at a value of $`a^1`$, we would like to concentrate on the AWI quark mass which does not suffer from the ambiguity of $`K_c`$ and, in the case of two flavor QCD, shows a smaller scaling violation than VWI quark masses . To convert to the quark mass in the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme, we match the renormalized mass with the lattice data at $`\mu =a^1`$ using a meanfield-improved one-loop $`Z`$ factor , and let it run to $`\mu =2`$ GeV using the 4-loop beta function.

Our results are summarized in Fig. 7. Previous results from quenched and two flavor full QCD, extrapolated to the continuum limit, are also shown for comparison . We see that quark masses decrease when we increase the number of dynamical quark flavors. In three flavor QCD, we obtain $`m_{ud}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}=2.89(6)`$ MeV and $`m_s^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}=75.6(3.4)`$ MeV at $`a^12`$ GeV, where the central values are from the $`K`$-input and the errors include systematic errors estimated by the difference between the $`K`$\- and $`\varphi `$-inputs. With the effects of the dynamical $`s`$ quark, both $`m_{ud}`$ and $`m_s`$ are decreased by about 15% from the previous two flavor values. The ratio $`m_s/m_{ud}=26.2(1.0)`$ is consistent with the one-loop estimate of chiral perturbation theory 24.4(1.5) .

## 5 TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

We have presented the status of the joint project of three flavor QCD simulation by the CP-PACS and JLQCD Collaborations. We employ exact HMC algorithm for light $`u,d`$ quarks and exact PHMC algorithm for $`s`$ quark. To reduce the lattice artifacts, we adopt the RG-improved gauge action and non-perturbatively $`O(a)`$-improved clover quark action. As the first step toward a systematic study of the fully realistic QCD on the lattice, we made simulations at $`a^12`$ GeV on $`16^3\times 32`$ lattices. These simulations show that, with the effects of dynamical $`s`$ quark, light meson mass spectrum agrees well with experiment already at $`a^12`$ GeV. We also found that the quark masses $`m_{ud}`$ and $`m_s`$ are lower than the two flavor values by about 15%. We are currently performing simulations at the same simulation points on $`20^3\times 40`$ lattices to study finite lattice volume effects. Although a continuum extrapolation is not made yet, these results are quite encouraging to further carry out large scale simulations of three flavor QCD.

I thank the members of the CP-PACS/JLQCD Collaborations for discussions. This work is in part supported by the Large Scale Simulation Program No. 98 (FY2003) of High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), by Large Scale Numerical Simulation Project of S.I.P.C., Univ. of Tsukuba, by Earth Simulator Research Projects, ES Center, and by the Grants-in-Aid of the Ministry of Education (Nos. 1315204 and 13640260).


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# An explicit deformation theory of (co)associative bialgebras

## Abstract

The paper has been withdrawn.