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# Giant Gravitons in type IIA PP-wave Background

## I Introduction

Giant gravitons have attracted substantial attention since the pioneering paper susskind  of McGreevy, Susskind and Toumbas. They found that a moving particle in $`AdS\times S`$ background can blow up into a spherical brane (giant graviton) with the increasing angular momentum, and the stringy exclusion principle stringy  can be naturally understood as the fact that no particle is bigger than the sphere that contains it. Later in miaoli  this remarkable mechanism is shown to be another beautiful manifestation of the spacetime uncertainty principle uncertainty  in string theory as well as M-theory. Some important aspects of giant gravitons have been studied in myers2 -jy2 . On the other hand, pp-wave as the Penrose limit penrose  of $`AdS\times S`$ geometry provides nontrivial but viable backgrounds to test $`AdS/CFT`$ correspondence and to investigate string theories and various brane configurations maldacena -taylor . So it is interesting to investigate giant gravitons in such backgrounds.

Actually there has been much progress along this direction. It was found that the giant gravitons on pp-wave generally have two different guises. If the giant graviton wraps the boosted circle of $`AdS`$ background, the Penrose limit gives a rotating lightcone brane. In string theory it can be analyzed using the lightcone worldsheet theory. The other type is the static spherical brane, if the giant graviton is not wrapping the boosted circle before we take the limit. These giant gravitons can be examined in D-brane effective action or matrix model. In takayanagi  these two kinds of giant gravitons on type IIB pp-wave have been investigated using the Born-Infeld action and the string worldsheet theory. It was found that giant gravitons with magnetic flux can grow up from multiple D-strings. But there is a suspicion that these D-strings will eventually decay into a giant graviton. In M-theory, the giant gravitons on pp-wave are studied in BMN matrix model maldacena . They appear as concentric fuzzy spheres with radius proportional to the lightcone momentum.

In this paper we focus on some configurations of giant graviton in a type IIA pp-wave background, which is the KK reduction of the maximally supersymmetric pp-wave of M-theory. We expect some new features to arise in this background due to the compactification. As a matter of fact, we find that the giant graviton on this pp-wave can has an extra parameter $`x^4`$ as the location in transverse space. When a magnetic flux on worldvolume is turned on, the giant graviton will move away from the origin along $`x^4`$ while still preserving all the supersymmetries. It is also found that the radius and the location of this giant graviton are subject to a constraint $`Rx^4=q`$. As will be elaborated later, this relation is quite nontrivial since it is the core relation to understand the giant graviton and the spacetime uncertainty principle. Furthermore, since the magnetic flux on giant graviton induces a D0-brane charge, we consider our giant graviton to be composed of multi D0-branes and can be analyzed in the non-abelian Born-Infeld action. We find the fuzzy sphere configuration perfectly match our giant graviton, and the coordinate $`x^4`$ appear in the fuzzy algebra as a deformation parameter. It is also noticed that our giant graviton admit a stringy description in the matrix string theory on pp-wave. On the other hand, recently it was found in chen  that spikes can grow on a dielectric brane when an electric flux on the worldvolume is turned on. But the background considered there is not a real supergravity solution. So we wonder whether such a configuration is possible in pp-wave background. In this paper we do find such a 1/8 BPS state exists as a BIon configuration on a giant graviton.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2 we examine the giant graviton in type IIA pp-wave background using the abelian Born-Infeld action. The BPS solution with a magnetic flux is obtained. The relation to the giant graviton of M-theory is addressed, and the connection to the spacetime uncertainty relation is also elucidated. In Section 3 we consider multiple D0-branes blowing up into fuzzy spheres on the pp-wave as a microscopic description of our giant graviton. We will also have a brief discussion on how the giant graviton arise in matrix string theory. The last section is devoted to the giant graviton with electric flux in worldvolume. The BPS equation is written down for the supersymmetric configuration. Solutions to this equation are discussed and explanations are given. In the appendix, we summarize some useful facts and conventions about the pp-wave background considered in this paper.

## II Giant gravitons on IIA pp-wave

In this part we consider the giant graviton in the following type IIA pp-wave background

$`ds^2=2dx^{}dx^+({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{9}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}(x^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{36}}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=5}{\overset{8}{}}}(x^i^{})^2)(dx^+)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(dx^I)^2`$
$`F_{+123}=\mu ,F_{+4}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}},`$ (1)
by analyzing a spherical D2-brane from the Born-Infeld action. More details about the background can be found in the appendix. The low energy effective action of a D2-brane in general type IIA backgrounds includes the Born-Infeld action and the Chern-Simons terms, which reads as

$$S_2=T_2d^3\sigma (e^\varphi \sqrt{det(P[G+B]_{ab}+\lambda F_{ab})})+\mu _2P[C^{(n)}e^B]e^{\lambda F},$$
(2)
where $`T_2=2\pi /(2\pi l_s)^3g_s`$ is the D2-brane tension and $`\lambda =2\pi l_s^2`$. As usual $`P[\mathrm{}]`$ is used to clarify the the pullbacks, and the potential $`C^{(n)}`$ of the RR field is defined by $`F^{(n+1)}=dC^{(n)}`$. $`\mu _2`$ is the RR charge of the D2-brane and supersymmetry requires that $`\mu _2=\pm T_2`$ corresponding to branes or antibranes. We should choose an anti-brane if we assume $`\mu `$ to be positive in the following. For the type IIA pp-wave background of our interest the action is reduced to

$$S_2=T_2d^3\sigma (\sqrt{det(P[G]_{ab}+\lambda F_{ab})}+\lambda C_0F_{12}+C_{012})$$
(3)
The spherical D2-brane considered here has an embedding as

$$x^+=t,x^1=R\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi ,x^2=R\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\varphi ,x^3=R\mathrm{cos}\theta ,$$
(4)
where $`\{t,\theta ,\varphi \}`$ are chosen as the worldvolume coordinates. We also switch on a worldvolume magnetic flux

$$F_{\theta \varphi }=\lambda ^1q\mathrm{sin}\theta .$$
(5)
Quantization of the magnetic flux requires

$$N=\frac{1}{2\pi }𝑑\theta 𝑑\varphi F_{\theta \varphi }=2\lambda ^1q,$$
(6)
where N is an integer and is interpreted as the number of D0-branes bound to the D2-brane as can be seen from the coupling of RR 1-form potential. We also have noticed that the transverse scaler $`x^4`$ should be nonzero to make the embedding consistent when we have a magnetic flux. Other scalers should be set to zero since the gravity of the background provides a confining potential. In our ansatz the RR potential can be chosen as

$$C_t=\frac{\mu }{3}x^4,C_{t\theta \varphi }=\frac{\mu }{3}R^3\mathrm{sin}\theta ,$$
(7)
and one can easily obtain the explicit form of the Lagrangian density

$$=\frac{\mu }{3}T_2(\sqrt{(R^2+(x^4)^2)(R^4+q^2)}+x^4qR^3)\mathrm{sin}\theta .$$
(8)
Varying $`x^4`$ and $`R`$ gives the equations of motion

$`x^4\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{R^4+q^2}{R^2+(x^4)^2}}}+q`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2R}{3}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{R^2+(x^4)^2}{R^4+q^2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3R}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{R^4+q^2}{R^2+(x^4)^2}}}1`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (9)
It can be easily checked that these equations are the same as those derived from the full field equations of motion taylor  in our ansatz. So our embedding is consistent. The equation (II) can be solved to give

$$Rx^4=q.$$
(10)
Substituting it back into the Hamiltonian $`=`$, we find that the energy of the configuration exactly equals to zero. Actually this is just the giant graviton solution on IIA pp-wave.

It is interesting to notice that the size of the giant graviton is inversely proportional to its location in $`x^4`$. This relation will be shown to be connected to the spacetime uncertainty principle. For now we can gain some insights by simple analysis. First if $`x^4`$ is fixed, then $`R`$ is proportional to $`q`$. In other words we can increase the radius of the giant graviton by adding a magnetic flux to it. This is equivalent to adding D0-branes. Since D0-branes repel each other, the increase of the radius is natural. Second if $`q`$ is fixed, then $`R`$ is inversely proportional to $`x^4`$. From the metric of pp-wave we can see that the gravity of the background tends to make a spherical brane collapse. When $`x^4`$ increases, this effect becomes stronger and the radius of the giant graviton shrinks. We also notice that the giant graviton with the same sign of $`q`$ only appear on one side of origin along $`x^4`$. This asymmetry is due to the presence of KK gauge field of the background.

Below we will show explicitly that the solution we obtained above is actually a BPS object using the kappa symmetry projection. For our brane embeding the kappa symmetry projection aganagic ; townsend  is

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }^1(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{t\theta \varphi }+F_{\theta \varphi }\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_t\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}).$$
(11)
Here $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_i=E_i^A\mathrm{\Gamma }_A=_iX^ME_M^A\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ are gamma matrices pulled back on the worldvolume and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ are the gamma matrices in the tangent space of the background. There exists a minus sign in (11) since we consider the case of an anti-brane. $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is defined as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\sqrt{det(P[G]_{ab}+_{ab})}.$$
(12)
For the case at hand, we have

$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_t`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_++{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{18}}(R^2+(x^4)^2)\mathrm{\Gamma }_{},`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_\theta `$ $`=`$ $`R\mathrm{\Gamma }_\theta ,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`R\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{\Gamma }_\varphi .`$ (13)
Using the above relations, the kappa projection can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }^1\mathrm{sin}\theta (\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}+\frac{\mu ^2}{18}(R^2+(x^4)^2)\mathrm{\Gamma }^+)(R^2\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\theta \varphi }+q\mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}).$$
(14)
A brane embedding preserves some fractions of the supersymmetry of the background if the Killing spinor $`\eta `$ of the background is consistent with

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\eta =\eta ,$$
(15)
when $`\eta `$ is restricted on the worldvolume of the brane. The Killing spinor of the background and the definition of the gamma matrices are given in the appendix. First we use the kappa symmetry projection $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to act on the kinematical spinor $`\eta _1`$, and we have

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\eta _1=\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Delta }^1\mathrm{sin}\theta \left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{0}\right)(R^2\gamma ^{\theta \varphi }+q\gamma ^9)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}.$$
(16)
Since it has a different chirality from $`\eta _1`$, the $`16`$ kinematical supersymmetries are completely broken. Now we consider the dynamical Killing spinor. The projection gives

$`\gamma ^{R\theta \varphi }(R\gamma ^R+x^4\gamma ^4)(R^2\gamma ^{\theta \varphi }q\gamma ^9)ϵ=\mathrm{\Omega }ϵ,`$ (17)
$`\gamma ^{R\theta \varphi }(R\gamma ^Rx^4\gamma ^4)(R^2\gamma ^{\theta \varphi }+q\gamma ^9)ϵ=\mathrm{\Omega }ϵ,`$ (18)
which in turn imply the constraints

$`(R^3+qx^4\gamma ^{5678})ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }ϵ,`$
$`(Rx^4q\gamma ^{5678})ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (19)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\sqrt{(R^2+(x^4)^2)(R^4+q^2)}`$. These constraints are consistent with $`(\gamma ^{5678}+1)ϵ=0`$ when evaluated on the brane worldvolume. So our spherical configuration preserves all $`8`$ dynamical supersymmetries of the background. Thus it is a 1/4 BPS state. The moving of giant graviton in one direction and still preserving supersymmetry remind us of the phenomenon that a lightcone brane on pp-wave can move along one direction by boosting or adding fluxes on the worldvolume braneppwave12 ; taylor . But the mechanism seems different. We notice that the RR 1-form potential can couple to D0-branes in the form $`qx^4`$ like the potential of charges in constant electric field. So D0-branes in this background can feel a force along $`x^4`$ and thus can move away from origin until the effects of the gravity increase and balance it.

Now we are ready to see the spherical D2-brane as the giant graviton from M-theory point of view. As the extra dimension $`x^9`$ decompactified in the strong coupling limit, the spherical D2-brane can be regarded as a spherical membrane in M-theory pp-wave background. If we further make a coordinate transformation, the background metric is expressed explicitly in the form of maximally supersymmetric M-theory pp-wave (A), and the static membrane becomes rotating in the plane $`X^4X^9`$ with radius $`x^4`$

$$X^4=x^4\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\mu }{6}x^+),X^9=x^4\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\mu }{6}x^+).$$
(20)
Since the maximally supersymmetric M-theory pp-wave is the Penrose limit of $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ background, this rotating spherical membrane is identified as the ’dual’ giant graviton blown up in $`AdS_4`$ and circling in $`S^7`$. From the action of such a rotating giant graviton on M-theory pp-wave, we can easily get the relation $`R(x^4)^2=2L`$, where $`L`$ is the angular momentum. We first notice that the radius of the giant graviton is proportional to the angular momentum as usual. But if the momentum $`p=L/x^4`$ of the giant graviton is used, we immediately have $`Rx^4p`$, which can be seen as the M-theory counterpart of the relation (10) we found in type IIA theory.

Since the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave has no angular momentum and zero energy, it is not apparent to observe stringy exclusion principle as shown in susskind . However with the essential relation (10), we can argue that the existence of such a giant graviton is actually a manifestation of the spacetime uncertainty relation in M-theory. From M-theory theory point of view, the graviton has an energy

$$E\frac{N}{R_c},$$
(21)
where $`R_c`$ is the radius of the compact direction $`x^9`$ and N is the number of D0-branes attached to it. If we consider the giant graviton quantum mechanically and use Heisenberg uncertainty relation, the uncertainty of time is

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t\frac{R_c}{N}.$$
(22)
And from (10), we know

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x^i\mathrm{\Delta }x^4l_s^2N,$$
(23)
where $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }x^iR`$ is assumed. Thus we deduce the relation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x^i\mathrm{\Delta }x^4\mathrm{\Delta }tR_cl_s^2l_p^3$$
(24)
This is just the spacetime uncertainty relation in M-theory miaoli ; uncertainty . So from such a connection, we can say our result about the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave is nontrivial. The relation (10) in some sense reflects the nature of the spacetime geometry.

## III Microscopic description of giant gravitons

Since the spherical D2-brane in the previous section has a worldvolume magnetic flux which induces a D0-brane coupling and the background has a 4-form RR field strength, we can consider this D2-brane to be blown-up from N D0-branes as can be seen from the Myers effect myers1 . So we investigate a system of N D0-branes in type IIA pp-wave background which we expect to give a microscopic description of the giant graviton found in the previous section.

As usual the transverse scaler $`\varphi ^i(2\pi \alpha ^{})^1X^i`$ , where $`X^i`$ represents a matrix valued coordinate, and we only consider $`i=1,\mathrm{},4`$ in the following since other scalars will not appear in the Wess-Zumino terms. The non-abelian action of N D0-branes for static configurations on type IIA pp-wave is written as

$$S=T_0𝑑tSTr\sqrt{G_{00}det(Q_j^i)}+\mu _0𝑑t\frac{1}{3}\lambda \mu STr(\varphi ^4)+\mu _0𝑑t\frac{i}{3}\lambda ^2\mu STr(\varphi ^a\varphi ^b\varphi ^c)ϵ_{abc}.$$
(25)
Here $`Q_j^i=\delta _j^i+i\lambda [\varphi ^i,\varphi ^k]`$, $`G_{00}=\frac{\mu ^2}{9}(\varphi ^i)^2`$, $`\lambda 2\pi \alpha ^{}`$ and $`a,b,c=1,\mathrm{},3`$. The symbol $`STr`$ as usual means the trace is averaged over all possible orderings of the terms $`[\varphi ^i,\varphi ^j]`$ and $`\varphi ^k`$ appearing inside the trace. In the following we should consider anti-D0-branes by choosing the RR charge $`\mu _0=T_0`$ to adapt to the anti-D2-brane considered in the previous section. Written more explicitly, the action (25) becomes

$$S=\frac{\mu }{3}T_0\lambda 𝑑tSTr\left\{\sqrt{((\varphi ^4)^2+(\varphi ^a)^2)(1\frac{\lambda ^2}{2}[\varphi ^i,\varphi ^j]^2)}+\varphi ^4+i\lambda \varphi ^a\varphi ^b\varphi ^cϵ_{abc}\right\},$$
(26)
Since we are interested in the profile of giant graviton blown-up into the transverse space spanned by $`\varphi ^a`$, the scaler $`\varphi ^4`$ should commute with $`\varphi ^a`$. For $`\varphi ^a`$ being an irreducible representation of some algebra, we can choose $`\varphi ^4=x^4\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}`$. Moreover we assume $`|x^4|`$ large enough compared to the size of giant graviton, i.e., $`(\varphi ^a)^2(x^4)^2`$. The validity of the action requires that the commutators $`\lambda [\varphi ^a,\varphi ^b]1`$. Expand the square root out in the action and drop out higher order terms of $`\lambda `$, the action can be written as

$`V`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}T_0\lambda STr({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x^4}}(\varphi ^a)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{4}}x^4[\varphi ^a,\varphi ^b]^2+i\lambda \varphi ^a\varphi ^b\varphi ^cϵ_{abc})`$ (27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}T_0\lambda STr(\varphi ^a{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\lambda x^4[\varphi ^b,\varphi ^c]ϵ_{abc})^2.`$
Here we have assumed $`x^4`$ to be negative. So we can see the energy equal to zero only if

$$[\varphi ^a,\varphi ^b]=\frac{i}{\lambda x^4}ϵ^{abc}\varphi ^c.$$
(28)
This shows that D0-branes expand into a fuzzy sphere. But interestingly transverse coordinate $`x^4`$ enters into the commutator as a noncommutative parameter. If we define $`\varphi ^a=\frac{J^a}{\lambda x^4}`$, then we can see $`J^a`$ are the generators of the $`SU(2)`$ algebra $`[J^a,J^b]=iϵ^{abc}J^c`$. The matrix $`\varphi ^a`$ satisfy

$$(\varphi ^1)^2+(\varphi ^2)^2+(\varphi ^3)^2=\frac{1}{\lambda ^2(x^4)^2}C_2(N)\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}=\frac{N^2}{4}\frac{1}{\lambda ^2(x^4)^2}(1\frac{1}{N^2})\text{1}\text{ }\text{1},$$
(29)
where $`C_2(N)=(N^21)/4`$ is the quadratic Casimir of $`SU(2)`$ in N-dimensional representation. This shows that the radius of the fuzzy sphere should satisfy

$$Rx^4=\lambda ^1N/2.$$
(30)
Turning to original coordinates $`X^i=\lambda \varphi ^i`$ gives $`Rx^4=\lambda N/2`$. Then if we remember that quantization condition of the magnetic flux requires $`N=2\lambda ^1q`$, we again arrive at the result $`Rx^4=q`$ first exhibited in the abelian action of D2-brane. For a general solution, $`\varphi ^a`$ and $`\varphi ^4`$ can belong to any $`N`$ dimensional representation of $`SU(2)`$ labelled by a partition $`\{N_1,\mathrm{},N_k\}`$. It corresponds to a set of fuzzy spheres with radii $`R_i`$ and $`x_i^4`$ satisfying $`R_ix_i^4=\lambda ^1N_i/2`$.

In the above analysis we have neglected the high order terms of $`\lambda `$ in the nonabelian action. To check the validity of the solution in the full action, we substitute the fuzzy algebra

$$[\varphi ^a,\varphi ^b]=\frac{2R}{N}iϵ^{abc}\varphi ^c$$
(31)
into (26) and perform the trace. The reduced action is

$$S=\frac{\mu }{3}T_2𝑑t𝑑\theta 𝑑\phi \left\{\sqrt{(R^2(1\frac{1}{N^2})+(x^4)^2)(R^4(1\frac{1}{N^2})+q^2)}+qx^4R^3(1\frac{1}{N^2})\right\}.$$
(32)
In the large N limit, this action is just the same with (8) for spherical D2-brane in type IIA pp-wave background. So our D0-brane picture do provide a microscopic description of giant graviton. If we further calculate the energy of the fuzzy sphere satisfying (30), we find a remarkable result that it is exactly zero without large $`N`$ limit. So the fuzzy sphere is an exact solution of the non-abelian Born-Infeld action (26). The fact that the energy corresponding to N D0-branes is cancelled precisely by the background field indicates that the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave is actually the condensation of these D0-branes.

It is well known that matrix string theory purports to be a nonperturbative formulation of string theory. So our giant gravitons should have a natural description in the matrix string formulism. Actually, such giant gravitons are just the fuzzy spheres found recently in the matrix string theory on pp-wave shapere . Here we have a brief discussion about this solution. Matrix string theory on IIA pp-wave is a (1+1) dimensional Yang-Mills theory matrixstring1 ; matrixstring2 ; matrixstring3 . The bosonic terms of the Lagrangian density are as follows shapere

$$=Tr\left\{\frac{1}{2}g_{s}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}F_{\tau \sigma }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}(D_\tau X^i)^2\frac{1}{2}(D_\sigma X^i)^2\frac{1}{2}(\frac{M}{3})^2(X^a)^2\frac{1}{2}(\frac{M}{6})^2(X^{a^{\prime \prime }})^2\frac{M}{3}g_sX^4F_{\tau \sigma }i\frac{M}{3g_s}ϵ_{abc}X^aX^bX^c\right\},$$
(33)
where $`M`$ is a constant proportional to $`\mu `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$, $`g_s`$ is the string coupling constant. The indices have a convention $`i=1\mathrm{}8`$, $`a=1,2,3`$ and $`a^{\prime \prime }=5\mathrm{}8`$. The vacua of the theory are fuzzy spheres with a translation in $`X^4`$. Consider the one fuzzy sphere solution

$$X^i=\frac{Mg_s}{3}J^i,X^4=x^4\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}.$$
(34)
We notice that this solution also has an electric flux $`N`$ which is defined as

$$\frac{1}{2}𝑑\sigma trE=N,$$
(35)
where $`E`$ is the conjugate variable of the gauge potential $`A_\sigma `$, and can be solved as a zero energy solution

$$E=\frac{M}{3}g_sX^4.$$
(36)
In matrix string theory, the electric flux corresponds to the D0-brane charge of the configuration. So nonzero $`X^4`$ indicates that the fuzzy sphere carries D0-branes. On other hand, from (35) and (36) we have

$$x^4=\frac{3N}{MN_0g_s},$$
(37)
where $`N_0`$ is the dimension of the representation. Since $`N`$ is an integer, $`x^4`$ can not be chosen continuously. In other words, the fuzzy sphere should locate on discrete positions along $`X^4`$, which means the $`U(1)`$ group corresponding to $`X^4`$ is broken to a discrete subgroup. If (34) and (37) are combined, we instantly get back to the crucial relation (30). This result indicates that matrix string theory also provides a perfect microscopic description of giant gravitons on IIA pp-wave.

## IV Giant gravitons with electric flux

In chen , it was found that there can be classical stable BIon configuration with $`S^2`$ structure as the F-strings bound to dielectric brane. But the background considered in that paper is not real supergravity solution and it is worthy to examine such a profile in a consistent background. In this section we consider the bound state of a giant graviton and $`n`$ F-strings on IIA pp-wave. This configuration can be analyzed by turning on an electric flux on the worldvolume of a spherical D2-brane. The embedding can be chosen as

$$x^+=t,x^1=z,x^2=R\mathrm{cos}\theta ,x^3=R\mathrm{sin}\theta ,F_{tz}=E.$$
(38)
The Lagrangian (2) for this embedding can be written as

$$=T_2(\sqrt{\frac{\mu ^2}{9}(R^2+z^2)(R^2+1)R^2E^2R^2}\frac{\mu }{2}R^2),$$
(39)
where $`R^{}\frac{R}{z}`$. We can calculate the Hamiltonian by performing a Legendre transformation

$$=T_2(\frac{\mu }{3}\sqrt{(R^2+D^2)(R^2+z^2)(R^2+1)}\frac{\mu }{2}R^2),$$
(40)
where $`D=\frac{}{E}`$ is the conjugate variable of the electric field. It is noticed that the above equation can be derived from the membrane action in eleven dimensional pp-wave background with winding number $`n`$ along the compact direction. And it can be seen from this way that $`D=ng_s`$ with $`g_s`$ being the string coupling. Since the equation of motion is quite complicated, we will look for a supersymmetric solution with the aid of the BPS equation.

As in Section 2, we first write down the kappa symmetry projection for this embedding

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }^1(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{tz\varphi }+E\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_\theta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}),$$
(41)
which can be rewritten using gamma matrices in the background as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }^1(R(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}+\frac{\mu ^2}{18}(R^2+z^2)\mathrm{\Gamma }^+)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{z\theta }+R^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{R\theta })ER\mathrm{\Gamma }^\theta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}).$$
(42)
First the above kappa projection implies that the embedding breaks the 16 kinematical supersymmetry of the background. The projection on the dynamical Killing spinor gives

$`({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}R\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\gamma ^{zR}\gamma ^{}+ER\gamma ^{\theta 9})ϵ=\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ,`$ (43)
$`({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}R\gamma ^{}\gamma ^{zR}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }+ER\gamma ^{\theta 9})ϵ=\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ.`$ (44)
Here $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\gamma ^z+R^{}\gamma ^R`$ and $`\gamma ^{}z\gamma ^z+R\gamma ^R`$. These two equations can be simplified to

$$\gamma ^4ϵ=\pm ϵ,$$
(45)
if the BPS equation

$$RR^{}+z=\pm \frac{3}{\mu }E$$
(46)
is satisfied. So we can see this solution preserves $`4`$ dynamical supersymmetries of the background. When $`E=0`$, we have $`RR^{}+z=0`$. This is just the giant graviton we previously discussed. If we employ $`D`$ instead of $`E`$, we have

$$R^{}=\frac{(\pm Dz)R}{R^2\pm Dz}.$$
(47)
If $`D`$ is sufficiently small, the D2-brane solution still preserves the spherical structure with a deformation only in the region of small $`R`$. When we concentrate on the region $`R^2|Dz|`$, the BPS equation can be approximate to

$$R^{}=\frac{R}{D}.$$
(48)
We can easily integrate it to give

$$R=R_0\mathrm{exp}(\frac{z}{D}),$$
(49)
where $`R_0`$ is the integration constant. The sign in the exponential of the above equation corresponds to the sign in (45). So the two solutions preserve different factions of the supersymmetry of the background. It is easily noticed that these solutions represent two spikes along $`\pm z`$ direction, which can be identified with the BI-string carrying a string charge

$$Q_s=𝑑\theta D=nT_f,$$
(50)
where $`n`$ and $`T_f`$ is the number and tension of the fundamental string. This result indicates that the BIon configuration with spherical structure still exists in pp-wave background. Thus we can explain our configuration as open strings ending on a giant graviton, giving a realization of the Polchinski’s D-brane picture.

## V Conclusions and discussions

In this paper we have discussed many aspects of the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave. From the Born-Infeld action, we find that such a configuration is quite nontrivial: a giant graviton sitting at different place in $`x^4`$ has different size. To be precisely this constraint can be written as $`Rx^4=\lambda N/2`$. We can see that the product of the two transverse coordinates $`R`$ and $`x^4`$ is quantized. If $`N`$ is fixed, the size of the giant graviton is inversely proportional to $`x^4`$. Thus we regard it as a complementary relation of giant graviton on pp-wave. With this key relation our giant graviton is shown to be a remarkable manifestation of the spacetime uncertainty principle. This result is consistent with previous results on giant gravitons. We also investigate non-abelian action of D0-branes to give a microscopic description of the giant graviton. In this case, the complementary relation is derived naturally from an unusual fuzzy algebra (28), in which we found the coordinate $`x^4`$ appears as a deformation parameter. This kind of Myers effect has not been observed before. Further we find the fuzzy sphere is the exact solution of the full non-abelian action without performing large $`N`$ limit. Thus the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave can be regarded as the condensation of $`N`$ D0-branes. In the matrix string theory on IIA pp-wave, we also find the same kind of giant gravitons in the form of fuzzy spheres. Since the matrix string theory is argued to be a nonperturbative definition of string theory, it should allow us to study various aspects of the giant graviton on IIA pp-wave. This remains to be a future work. In the last part of this paper, we show a BIon configuration exists on giant graviton in type IIA pp-wave background. And this result generalizes our former result in chen  to a consistent background.

In the end we should point out that all we have discussed in this paper is in the background with positive $`\mu `$ and the giant graviton in it is made up of an anti-brane. But the case with negative $`\mu `$ is also possible. The discussion is parallel if we consider a spherical brane with a positive RR charge as the giant graviton.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank S. Hu, H. Lu and J. X. Lu for helpful discussion and communication. The work was partly supported by the NNSF of China (Grant No.90203003) and by the Foundation of Education Ministry of China (Grant No.010335025).

## Appendix A Type IIA pp-wave and Killing spinors

In this appendix, we warm up the derivation of the type IIA pp-wave from the compactification of the maximally supersymmetric pp-wave in M-theory and give the Killing spinors of this background. This part is mainly based on hs2 . The metric we start with is the M-theory pp-wave with 32 supercharges

$`ds^2=2dX^+dX^{}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{9}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}(X^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{36}}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=5}{\overset{9}{}}}(X^i^{})^2)(dX^+)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{9}{}}}(dX^I)^2,`$
$`F_{+123}=\mu .`$ (51)
This pp-wave background can be obtained as the Penrose limit of $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ or $`AdS_7\times S^4`$. To be more intuitively this is the local geometry seen by a particle circling with velocity of light in the sphere part of $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ or $`AdS_7\times S^4`$. It is easily noticed that there are $`SO(3)\times SO(6)`$ rotational symmetry of $`X^I`$ and translation symmetry of $`X^\pm `$. Besides there are two nontrivial isometries corresponding to the rotations of the $`X^I`$ and $`X^{}`$ which can be combined to give a spatial isometry and along which we can compactify to obtain a type IIA background. To make the isometry manifest we perform a coordinate redefinition

$`X^{}=x^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}x^4x^9,`$
$`X^4=x^4\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}x^+)x^9\mathrm{sin}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}x^+),`$
$`X^9=x^4\mathrm{sin}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}x^+)+x^9\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}x^+)`$ (52)
with other coordinates unchanged. In the new coordinate the metric reads

$$ds^2=2dx^{}dx^+(\frac{\mu ^2}{9}\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}(x^i)^2+\frac{\mu ^2}{36}\underset{i^{}=5}{\overset{8}{}}(x^i^{})^2)(dx^+)^2+\underset{I=1}{\overset{8}{}}(dx^I)^2+(dx^9+\frac{\mu }{3}x^4dx^+)^2.$$
(53)
Now $`x^9`$ is a manifest spatial isometry direction. The standard dimension reduction along this direction gives the type IIA background

$`ds^2=2dx^{}dx^+({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{9}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}(x^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{36}}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=5}{\overset{8}{}}}(x^i^{})^2)(dx^+)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(dx^I)^2,`$
$`F_{+123}=\mu ,F_{+4}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}.`$ (54)
For this background, the vielbein can be chosen as

$`e^+=dx^+,e^{}=dx^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A(x^I)dx^+,e^I=dx^I,`$ (55)
where $`A(x^I)\frac{\mu ^2}{9}_{i=1}^4(x^i)^2+\frac{\mu ^2}{36}_{i^{}=5}^8(x^i^{})^2`$. The KK gauge field and the RR 3-form potential can be written as

$$A_+=\frac{\mu }{3}x^4,C_{+ij}=\frac{\mu }{3}ϵ_{ijk}x^k.$$
(56)
This IIA background has 24 supercharges since the toroidal compactification along a spatial isometry direction inevitably breaks 8 supercharges jm . The 24 supersymmetries of type IIA pp-wave background are classified into two classes. 16 of them are non-linearly realized on the string worldsheet and are called kinematical supersymmetry. The other 8, so called, dynamical supersymmetry, are linearly realized and time independent. The kinematical Killing spinor of this type IIA background is

$$\eta _1=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{0}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}}\right),$$
(57)
where $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}=e^{\frac{\mu }{6}\gamma ^{123}x^+}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_0^++e^{\frac{\mu }{3}\gamma ^{123}x^+}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_0^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_0^\pm `$ are constant spinors satisfying

$$\gamma ^{12349}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_0^\pm =\pm \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_0^\pm .$$
(58)
The dynamical Killing spinor is

$$\eta _2=(1+\frac{\mu }{6}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{123}\mathrm{\Gamma }^+\mathrm{\Gamma }^ix^i)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ϵ}{0}\right)$$
(59)
Here $`ϵ`$ should satisfy $`(\gamma ^{5678}+1)ϵ=0`$. In above expressions of Killing spinor, we have chosen the following representation of the 11-dimensional Gamma matrices

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^0`$ $`=`$ $`i\sigma ^2\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}_{16},\mathrm{\Gamma }^I=\sigma ^3\gamma ^I,\mathrm{\Gamma }^9=\sigma ^1\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}_{16},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}=\sigma ^3\gamma ^9,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^0\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }^9),`$ (60)
where $`\sigma `$’s are Pauli matrices, and $`\text{1}\text{ }\text{1}_{16}`$ is the $`16\times 16`$ unit matrix. $`\gamma ^I,I=1,\mathrm{},8`$ are real symmetric gamma matrices satisfying $`Spin(8)`$ Clifford algebra $`\{\gamma ^I,\gamma ^J\}=2\delta ^{IJ}`$. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}`$ and $`\gamma ^9`$ are defined as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}=\mathrm{\Gamma }^0\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^9=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{+1\mathrm{}8},\gamma ^9=\gamma ^1\mathrm{}\gamma ^8.$$
(61)


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The study of chiral bosons in a $`D=2`$ flat space has a wide interest. They occur as basic ingredients in the formulation of string theories and in a number of two-dimensional statistical systems, like the fractional quantum Hall effect phenomenology. More recently, the M-theory can be achieved by treating the chiral sectors in a more independent way. In superior dimensions, the six-dimensional chiral bosons belong to the supergravity and tensor multiplets in $`N=1`$, $`D=6`$ supergravity theories. They are necessary to complete the $`N=2`$, $`D=6`$ supermultiplet of the $`M`$-theory five-brane. Finally, a ten-dimensional chiral bosons appears in $`IIB`$, $`D=10`$ supergravity.

The dual projection technique \[1-6\], strictly related to canonical transformations , has been presented initially in the study of electromagnetic duality groups . The difference between both concepts is that the dual projection is performed at the level of the actions whereas a canonical transformation is performed at the Hamiltonian level. The most useful and interesting point in this dual projection procedure is that it is not based on evidently even-dimensional concepts and may be extended to the odd-dimensional situation  and also in non-Abelian systems . In this work we will show that besides the use of dual projection in even and odd dimensions in flat space, we can obtain interesting results in curved space.

In this work we want to study the spectrum of a chiral boson on a circle (CBC), which was described in  as being formed by one FJ’s particle when it is generalized on the line. We claim here that in fact it has an additional particle, a noton.

The sequence of the paper is: in order to make this work self-consistent, in the next section we review the $`D=2`$ dual projection applied to the scalar field in a Minkowski space and to the Siegel chiral model, which introduces the presence of the noton as in . In section 3 we perform the dual projection of the chiral boson on a circle. As usual, the conclusion and perspectives are discussed in the last section.

## 2 The dual projection in a flat space: a review

The separation of a scalar field into its chiral components has been introduced by Mandelstam  in its seminal paper on 2D bosonization. The chiral splitting for the non-Abelian side has been studied by Polyakov and Wiegman . However, the Abelian limit of Polyakov-Wiegman decomposition does not coincide with Mandelstam’s chiral decomposition. The chiral separation in  is based on a first-order theory while that of  is second-order. Mandelstam’s chiral decomposition scheme can be obtained as a constraint over the theory requiring the complete separability of the original action.

The dual projection in $`D=2(2p+1)`$ dimensions leads to a diagonal form of the action (hence we can also call it as a diagonalization procedure). Here, differently from , the two pieces manifest completely unlike features: while one piece is chiral (a FJ particle), responsible for the dynamical sector of the theory, the other carry the algebraic component (a noton particle), as shown in . We select here only two examples, among others, in the literature where the dual projection succeed.

### 2.1 The scalar field

In this section we will make a brief analysis of the dual projection of a scalar field in a $`D=2`$ Minkowski space. This result was obtained a few years back by Tseytlin and West . Performing the inverse process, confirming this result, the recent soldering formalism  showed us that the fusion of two FJ modes gives a scalar field. As in this work we will consider only first-order actions, the equivalence between the dual projection and the canonical transformations becomes manifest .

In a few steps we can begin with the Lagrangian density of a scalar field,

$$=\frac{1}{2}_\mu \varphi ^\mu \varphi =\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},$$
(1)
where the metric is $`(+,)`$. Dot and prime means respectively the time and space derivatives. Reducing the order of the time derivative, we can use an auxiliary field (not necessarily the canonical momentum) so that we can write

$$\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2=\dot{\varphi }p\frac{1}{2}p^2$$
(2)
and substituting (2) in (1) the Lagrangian reads,

$$_1=\dot{\varphi }p\frac{1}{2}p^2\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}.$$

Performing the canonical transformations conveniently constructed in order to promote a complete field separation, we have,

$$\varphi =\rho +\sigma \text{and}p=\rho ^{}\sigma ^{}.$$
(3)
Substituting it in $`_1`$ above, we have a new action,

$$_2=\dot{\rho }\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\dot{\sigma }\sigma ^{}\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},$$
(4)
which shows clearly that the spectrum of a scalar field is formed by two FJ particles of opposite chirality as we said above. For an interested reader, the relation between two chiral particles was discussed at the Hamiltonian level in .

There are indications that a deeper understanding of such issues as string dynamics and fractional quantum Hall effect phenomenology can be achieved by treating the chiral sectors in a more independent way. However, coupling chiral fields to external gauge and gravitational fields is problematic. As we said above, it was discussed in , how the coupling of chiral (Abelian) fields to external gravitational backgrounds can be achieved by diagonalization (dual projection) of the first-order form of a covariant scalar action. The theory reduces then to a sum of a left and a right FJ’s actions , circumventing the problems caused by the lack of manifest Lorentz invariance.

### 2.2 The Siegel chiral boson

A noton is a nonmover field at the classical level , carrying the representation of the Siegel symmetry , that acquires dynamics upon quantization. As another feature, it is a well known fact that coupling chiral particles to external gravitational fields reveals the presence of notons . At the quantum level in flat space, it was shown  that its dynamics is fully responsible for the Siegel anomaly. In other words, we can say that the importance of the inclusion of a normalized external noton - the Hull mechanism - is to cancel the Siegel anomaly  conveniently.

On the other hand, later than Siegel, Floreanini and Jackiw (FJ) introduced an action which describes a free chiral boson in two dimensions , but this action have some symmetry problems. In  it was shown that, in fact both models (Siegel and FJ) for the chiral bosons are connected by a noton particle.

The Siegel original classical Lagrangian density for a chiral scalar field  using the usual light-cone variables is,

$$_{Siegel}=_+\varphi _{}\varphi \lambda _{++}(_{}\varphi )^2=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{g}g^{\alpha \beta }_\alpha \varphi _\beta \varphi $$
(5)
where the metric is $`g^{++}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},g^+=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},g^{}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\lambda _{++},`$ and we can say that the Lagrangian $`_{Siegel}`$ describes a lefton . A lefton (or a righton) is a particle which, besides to carry the dynamics of the theory, it is liable for the symmetry of the system too. This characterizes exactly a Siegel mode. Hence, it is different from a FJ’s particle  which carries only the dynamics of the system. Thereby, a FJ particle can not be classified either as a lefton or a righton.

The symmetry content of the theory is well described by the Siegel algebra, a truncate diffeomorphism that disappears at the quantum level. Hence $`_{Siegel}`$ is invariant under Siegel gauge symmetry which is an invariance under the combined coordinate transformation and a Weyl rescaling of the form $`x^{}\stackrel{~}{x}^{}=x^{}ϵ^{}\text{and}\delta g_{\alpha \beta }=g_{\alpha \beta }_{}ϵ^{}.`$ The fields $`\varphi `$ and $`\lambda _{++}`$ transform under these relations as $`\delta \varphi =ϵ^{}_{}\varphi ,`$ and $`\delta \lambda _{++}=_+ϵ^{}+ϵ^{}_{}\lambda _{++}_{}ϵ^{}\lambda _{++}`$, and $`\varphi `$ is invariant under the global axial transformation, $`\varphi \stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\varphi +\overline{\varphi }`$. It is easy to see that fixing the value of the multiplier as $`\lambda _{++}=1`$ in $`_{Siegel}`$ we can obtain the FJ model. As mentioned before, this was considered, for a long time in the literature, the unique constraint between these both representations of a chiral boson. The dual projection permit us to see other intrinsic relations behind the model that can possibly (or not) be hidden in its spectrum.

We will now begin to apply the dual projection procedure. This is done introducing a dynamical redefinition in the phase space of the model. Using $`_{Siegel}`$ in Lorentz coordinates we can obtain the canonical momentum as

$$\pi =\frac{}{\dot{\varphi }}=\dot{\varphi }\lambda _{++}(\dot{\varphi }\varphi ^{})$$
(6)
or, in other words

$$\dot{\varphi }=\frac{\pi \lambda _{++}\varphi ^{}}{1\lambda _{++}}.$$
(7)
After a little algebra, substituting (6) and (7) into $`_{Siegel}`$, the Lagrangian in the first-order form reads

$$_{Siegel}=\pi \dot{\varphi }\frac{\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{2}\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\pi \lambda _{++}\varphi ^{})^2}{1\lambda _{++}}\frac{\lambda _{++}}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}.$$
(8)
As we said above, fixing the value of the multiplier as $`\lambda _{++}1`$ in (8) we get the FJ form. This value of $`\lambda _{++}`$ promotes a reduction of the phase space of the model to  $`\pi \varphi ^{},`$ and consequently the third term in (8) reduces to zero as $`\lambda _{++}1`$. Therefore the dynamics of the system will be described by a FJ action.

The above behavior in $`\pi \varphi ^{}`$ suggests the following canonical transformations, analogous as in (3):

$$\varphi =\phi +\sigma \text{and}\pi =\phi ^{}\sigma ^{},$$
(9)
and we stress that these fields are independent as they originate from completely different actions. After substituting (9) into (8) to perform the dual projection we find a diagonalized Lagrangian,

$$=\phi ^{}\dot{\phi }\phi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sigma ^{}\dot{\sigma }\eta _+\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},\eta _+=\frac{1+\lambda _{++}}{1\lambda _{++}}.$$
(10)
The effect of dual projection procedure into the first-order Siegel theory, equation (8), was the creation of two different internal spaces leading to the $`Z_2`$ group of dualities (a discrete group with two elements)  and the other is the diffeomorphism group of transformations. Clearly we can see that the chirality/duality group and the symmetry group are in different sectors. The first is obviously a FJ mode and the other is a noton mode. This result is complementary to the established knowledge, where the FJ action is interpreted as a gauge fixed Siegel action . Under this point of view, we look at the gauge fixing process as the condition that sets the noton field to vanish. It can be proved  that this noton is totally responsible for the symmetries, both classically and quantically.

## 3 Chiral boson on the circle

In , the CBC was shown in a generalized form which is equivalent to just one FJ’s particle on the real axis. We show in a precise way, that the CBC spectrum comprises, besides a FJ particle, a noton field. Namely, as what we have seen above, the CBC spectrum is analogous to Siegel’s.

The action for a CBC  of length $`2\pi `$ is,

$$=\frac{1}{2}(_\tau \varphi )^2\frac{1}{2}(_\alpha \varphi )^2$$
(11)
subjected to the constraint

$$_\tau \varphi _\alpha \varphi 0.$$
(12)
Obviously, although the action (11) has the same form as (1), we will see that the constraint (12) will bring a new particle in CBC’ spectrum.

The action above can be written as,

$$=\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},$$
(13)
where $`\varphi ^{}(\alpha )=\frac{\varphi (\alpha )}{d\alpha }.`$ To reduce the order of the time derivative in (13) as in (1), we can use an auxiliary field (not necessarily the canonical momentum) so that we can write

$$\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2=\dot{\varphi }p\frac{1}{2}p^2$$
(14)
and substituting (14) in (11) the first-order Lagrangian reads,

$$_1=\dot{\varphi }p\frac{1}{2}p^2\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}.$$
(15)
Constructing the canonical transformations conveniently, as in the last section, in order to promote a complete field diagonalization, we have,

$$\varphi =\rho +\sigma \text{and}p=\rho ^{}\sigma ^{},$$
(16)
where $`\rho ^{}`$ and $`\sigma ^{}`$ are given as above. Substituting it in $`_1`$ above, we have a new action,

$$_2=\dot{\rho }\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\dot{\sigma }\sigma ^{}\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},$$
(17)
or,

$$_2=_\tau \rho _\alpha \rho (_\tau \rho )^2_\tau \sigma _\alpha \sigma (_\alpha \sigma )^2.$$
(18)
However, the fields in (18) are still subjected to the constraint (12), which can be written as

$$p\varphi ^{}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}$$
(19)
and using equation (16) we have that

$$\sigma ^{}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},$$
(20)
this condition is the same result coming from (10), which shows clearly that the spectrum of a CBC is a generalization for the circle of the model given by one FJ’s particle (the field $`\rho `$) and a noton (the field $`\sigma `$). As we said, it has the spectrum analogous to the Siegel model does. This result is different of the usual because in this case the constraint forces the $`\sigma `$ field to behave like a noton. In the other cases the noton couples to the gravitational field.

### 3.1 Dirac brackets analysis

To discuss the Dirac constraints, as in , in a DP perspective, we have to consider periodic boundary conditions in (11), i.e., $`\varphi (\alpha )=\varphi (\alpha +\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\pi )`$, by introducing the variables constructed in ,

$`T^R(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}[\pi (\alpha )\varphi ^{}(\alpha )]`$
$`T^L(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}[\pi (\alpha )+\varphi ^{}(\alpha )],`$ (21)
where the Hamiltonian density corresponding to (11) is

$$=\frac{1}{2}\pi ^2(\alpha )+\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(\alpha ),$$
(22)
and defining the Dirac brackets as functions of the corresponding components of $`T^R(\alpha )`$ and $`T^L(\alpha )`$ (further details can be found in ).

It can also be seen directly from (16) that we can write

$`\varphi ^{}=\rho ^{}+\sigma ^{}\text{and}p=\rho ^{}\sigma ^{},`$ (23)
and using (3.1) it is easy to see that we can write the DP auxiliary fields $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ submitted to the periodic boundary conditions as

$`\rho (\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle T^R(\alpha ^{})𝑑\alpha ^{}}`$
$`\sigma (\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle T^L(\alpha ^{})𝑑\alpha ^{}},`$ (24)
which permit us to talk about canonical quantization. But this issue is beyond the aim of this letter. From (23) we believe that it can be demonstrated a possible connection between the DP formalism and the introduction in  of the variables $`T^R(\alpha )`$ and $`T^L(\alpha )`$ when we compare equations (3.1) and (23).

## 4 Conclusions

The dual projection procedure is a technique that helps one to analyze the spectrum of first-order systems. It was used recently to study the notion of duality and self-duality creating an internal space of potentials .

Since the analysis was always effected for first-order systems, an equivalence between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches permitted us to use the concept of canonical transformations. In other words we can say that the dual projection demanded a change of variables which was, in the phase space, a canonical transformation.

We performed the analysis of a chiral boson on a circle and the result is different from the one obtained in . Here we show that the spectrum is analogous to the Siegel one, i.e., a FJ’s particle and a noton. The presence of the noton is determined by the constraint acting on the fields, whereas in general the noton appears naturally coupled to the gravitational field.

We show here that any conclusion about the spectrum of a theory turns out to be premature and thereby must be preceded by a detailed (for example) dual projection analysis. In this way we can determine precisely if the particles that comprise the spectrum can be either notons or chiral fields coupled to the gravitational background even if the final results are the same.

## 5 Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Dr. Marco Moriconi for valuable discussions and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for partial financial support.


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# Delocalization and wave-packet dynamics in one-dimensional diluted Anderson models

## I Introduction

The nature of electronic states in disordered tight-binding models with site-diagonal uncorrelated disorder was firstly studied by Anderson anderson  when the localization of quantum states was discussed in connection with the transport properties of a random lattice. One of the most remarkable effects of disorder, which has been demonstrated by several authors, is the exponential localization of all one-electron eigen-states in the one-dimensional Anderson model, irrespective to the strength of disorder abrahams . The electron localization in random lattices is a result of destructive quantum interference due to incoherent backscattering. Therefore, the localization phenomenon occurs in general model systems involving wave propagation in random media.

Recently, the existence of delocalized states in several variants of the low-dimensional Anderson models has been reported flores1 ; dunlap ; sen ; datta ; evangelou1 ; adame1 ; adame2 ; flores2 ; ojeda ; chico ; izrailev ; xiong1 ; cervero ; liu1 ; ref1 ; ref2 ; massa . In these works, the presence of short or long-range correlations appears as the fundamental mechanism responsible for the emergence of extended states. This theoretical prediction about suppression of localization was recently confirmed experimentally in doped polyaniline Wu , semiconductor superlattices with intentional correlated disorder bellani  as well as microwave transmission spectra of single-mode waveguides with inserted correlated scatterers apl2 . Among these models, the diluted Anderson chain has attracted a renewed interest Hilke ; adame ; lazo1 ; deng ; lazo2 . Hilke Hilke  introduced an Anderson model with diagonal disorder diluted by an underlying periodicity. The model consisted of two interpenetrating sub-lattices, one composed of random potentials (Anderson lattice) and the other composed of non-random segments of constant potentials. Due to the periodicity, special resonance energies appear which are related to the lattice constant of the non-random lattice. The number of resonance energies is independent of the system size and, therefore, it was conjectured that these states shouldn’t have any influence on the transport properties in the infinite size limit. In ref. adame  the authors presented a simple model for alloys of compound semiconductors by introducing a one-dimensional binary random system where impurities are placed in one sublattice while host atoms lie on the other sublattice. The existence of an extended state at the band center was demonstrated, both analytic and numerically. The diluted Anderson model was recently extended to include a general diluting function which defines the on-site energies within each non-random segment lazo1 . Using a block decimation approach, it was demonstrated that this model displays a set of extended states, the number of which strongly depends on the length of the diluting segments and the symmetries of the diluting function.

In this work we will use the matrix decimation method and the transfer matrix technique to provide accurate estimates of the set of extended states in general 1D diluted Anderson models. The density of states (DOS) will be shown to display a set of gaps whose number and width depend on the set of impurities used to dilute the disordered lattice. Further, we will investigate the influence of such resonant extended states on the wave-packet dynamics. Our results suggest that, in spite of the number of resonance energies being independent of the system size Hilke , these extended states induce a sub-diffusive spread of an initially localized wave-packet.

## II Model and Formalism

The standard one-dimensional Anderson model is described by a tridiagonal Hamiltonian

$$H=\underset{j}{}ϵ_j|j><j|+t\underset{j}{}[|j><j+1|+|j><j1|]$$
(1)
where disorder is introduced on the site energies $`ϵ_j`$ which are uncorrelated random numbers chosen from a previously defined distribution. In our calculations, we will use energy units such that the hopping term $`t=1`$ and the random site energies will be taken uniformly from the interval $`[0.5,0.5]`$. The diluted Anderson model is constructed by introducing a sequence of $`k`$ new sites between each original pair of neighboring sites. These sequences are all identical and the on-site energies within such sequences are given by $`f(l)`$, $`l=1,2,\mathrm{},k`$.

To study the properties of the one-electron eigen-states, we employ a transfer matrix calculation (TM) in order to obtain the Lyapunov exponent defined as the inverse of the localization length $`L_c`$. The Schroedinger equation for the present tight-binding model is:

$$ϵ_nc_n+c_{n1}+c_{n+1}=Ec_n,$$
(2)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }=_nc_n|n>`$ is an eigenstate with energy $`E`$. The above equation can be rewritten as a transfer matrix equation

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}c_{n+1}\\ c_n\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}Eϵ_n& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}c_n\\ c_{n1}\end{array}\right),n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},N.$$
(3)
Based on the asymptotic behavior of the matrix product $`_{n=1}^NQ_n`$, where $`Q_n`$ are $`2\times 2`$ transfer matrices, the Lyapunov exponent $`\gamma `$ can be defined as:

$$\gamma =\underset{N\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{N}\mathrm{log}\frac{|_{n=1}^NQ_nz(0)|}{|z(0)|},$$
(4)
where $`z(0)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u_1}{u_0}\right)`$ is a generic initial condition. In addition, the Lyapunov exponent can be obtained using a decimation renormalization-group (DRG) technique which is based on the particular form of the equation of motion satisfied by the Green’s operator matrix elements $`[G(E)]_{i,j}=i|1/(EH)|j`$chico :

$`(Eϵ_{n+\mu }^0)[G(E)]_{n+\mu ,n}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{n+\mu ,n}+`$
$`t_{n+\mu ,n+\mu 1}^0[G(E)]_{n+\mu 1,n}+`$
$`t_{n+\mu ,n+\mu +1}^0[G(E)]_{n+\mu +1,n},`$
where $`ϵ_n^0=ϵ_n`$ and $`t_{n,n+1}^0=t_{n1,n}^0=t`$. After eliminating the matrix elements associated with a given site, the remaining set of equations can be expressed in the same form as the original one, but with energies and hopping amplitudes renormalized. Therefore, the decimation-renormalization technique consists in removing iteratively the sites $`1,2,\mathrm{},N1`$ of the system obtaining in that way the effective energies of the external sites and the effective hopping between them by using the iterative equations

$`ϵ_N^{(N1)}(E)`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_N+t_{N1,N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Eϵ_{N1}^{(N2)}(E)}}t_{N1,N},`$ (6)
$`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}(E)`$ $`=`$ $`t_{0,N1}^{(eff)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Eϵ_{N1}^{(N2)}(E)}}t_{N1,N},`$ (7)
where, after $`N1`$ decimations, $`ϵ_N^{N1}`$ denotes the renormalized diagonal element at site $`N`$ and $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ indicates the effective renormalized hopping connecting the sites $`0`$ and $`N`$. The behavior of the effective interaction $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ during the decimation procedure can be used as another evidence of the localized/delocalized nature of the one-electron states. An oscillatory behavior of $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$, as a function of $`N`$, signals an extended state. On the contrary, an exponentially localized state results in an exponential decrease of $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ as the decimation process proceeds. After a large number of decimation steps, the Lyapunov exponent is asymptotically related to the effective hopping $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ in the following way:

$$\gamma (E)=\underset{N\mathrm{}}{lim}[\frac{1}{N}\mathrm{ln}|t_{0,N}^{(eff)}(E)|].$$

## III Results and Discussion

In the present study, we use chains with $`10^7`$ sites in order to calculate the Lyapunov exponent within the entire energy band. We start our analysis investigating the main features of a diluted 1D Anderson model with segments consisting of two sites with identical on-site energies $`ϵ_0`$. The emergence of extended states for this particular dilution was analytically demonstrated in Ref Hilke ; lazo1 . The density of states (DOS) for general 1D tight-binding models can be obtained by using the negative eigenvalue theoremdean . In Fig. 1(a) we show typical plots of the DOS of chains with $`N=10^5`$ sites and several $`ϵ_0`$ values. In this diluted chain, the density of states displays two pseudo-gaps for $`ϵ_0>0`$. The widths of these pseudo-gaps increase as a function of $`ϵ_0`$. These pseudo-gaps are reminiscent of the gaps present in the absence of disorder and their width is proportional to $`ϵ_0`$ for any length of the diluting segment (see fig. 1b), thus following a similar trend of the gap found in the two band model adametwo . The presence of disorder rounds one of the band edges which displays an exponentially decaying tail. On the other hand, the opposite band edge remains as a singularity of the DOS. The surviving of this singularity in the presence of disorder will be shown to influence the wave-packet dynamics of the diluted Anderson model.

In Fig. 2(a) we depict the Lyapunov exponent $`\gamma `$ versus $`E`$ for chains with $`N=10^7`$ sites and $`ϵ_0=1.0`$. We calculate $`\gamma `$ using both transfer matrix and decimation renormalization group approaches. The results were identical within our numerical accuracy. We found that $`\gamma (E)`$ is finite for all energies except at the two resonance energies ($`E=0.0`$ and $`E=2.0`$) where the Lyapunov exponent is of the order $`\frac{1}{N}`$. Therefore, all states are exponentially localized except at these two resonance energies where $`\gamma `$ vanishes in the thermodynamic limit. This result coincides with the analytical prediction of extended states at $`E=ϵ_0\pm 1`$ lazo1 . In Fig. 2(b) and 2(c), we point out the linear vanishing of $`\gamma `$ around $`E=0`$ and $`E=2.0`$ (see full lines in fig Fig. 2(b) and 2(c)). For $`ϵ_0=0.0`$, we found a slower non-linear vanishing of $`\gamma (EE_c)^{(2/3)}`$ (see dashed line in fig. 2(b)), in perfect agreement with ref. Hilke . The larger exponent found for $`ϵ_00`$ can be attributed to fact that the resonance energies for $`ϵ_00`$ are precisely at the DOS band edge singularities, which are absent for $`ϵ_0=0`$. To further characterize the extended nature of these resonant states, we plot in Fig. 2d the effective interaction $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ versus $`N`$. For the resonant state at $`E=0.0`$ the Lyapunov exponent $`\gamma `$ vanishes due to the oscillating behavior of $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$. The extended character of this state is, therefore, reflected by a finite effective hopping amplitude between the sites located at the chain ends. For $`E=0.1`$ the effective hopping decreases exponentially, indicating the localized character of non-resonant states. We have also considered longer diluting sequences with constant on-site energy. The number of extended states always corresponds to the number of sites in the sequence, as expected Hilke ; lazo1 .

From the theoretical point of view, the basic condition to find delocalized states in diluted disordered systems is the existence of some symmetries in the periodic function $`f(l)`$ which defines the site energies $`ϵ_l=f(l)`$ within the diluting segment. The relevant symmetries arelazo1 :
a) Specular reflection symmetry with respect to center of the diluting segment, namely, $`f(l)=f(k+1l)`$, with $`l=1,2,\mathrm{}k`$.
b) Distance to the center symmetry, namely, $`|f(l_0)f(l_0j)|=|f(l_0)f(l_0+j)|`$, with $`j`$ ranging from $`j=1`$ to $`j=\left(k1\right)/2`$ and $`l_0`$ being the position of the central segment site. This kind of symmetry can be present only in segments with an odd number of sites.

Delocalized states emerge whenever the diluting function exhibits one of the above symmetries. In the following, we consider two examples using diluting segments with either one of the above symmetries present.

To observe the emergence of extended states in the diluted Anderson model with specular reflection symmetry, we considered a diluting segment with $`k=3`$ sites: $`f(l)=\{ϵ_2,ϵ_3,ϵ_2\},`$ where the site energies are $`ϵ_2=0.8`$ and $`ϵ_3=1.0`$, respectively. In fig. 3(a) we show the Lyapunov exponent $`\gamma `$ versus $`E.`$ All calculations were performed for $`N=10^7`$ sites. After executing the renormalization process, we found that the Lyapunov exponent vanishes for $`E_c\{0.8,2.31774,0.51774\},`$ in agreement with the block decimation result lazo1 . In addition, we show in Fig. 3(b) the oscillating pattern exhibited by the effective hopping $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ as a function of $`N`$ for the same critical energies, thus confirming the extended nature of these states.

A similar analysis can be made to investigate a diluted Anderson chain with the distance to the center symmetry. We considered, for this case, the following diluting function: $`f(l)=ϵ_l=\{0.8,0.7,0.6\}`$. From the theoretical calculation of lazo1 , one can anticipate that this chain will have only one extended state with energy $`E_c=0.7`$ . Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) clearly show that the Lyapunov exponent vanishes only for $`E_c=0.7`$ and the effective hopping $`t_{0,N}^{(eff)}`$ displays an oscillating behavior at this critical energy.

In order to investigate the influence of the above resonant extended states on the transport properties of the diluted Anderson model, we calculate the time dependence of the mean-square displacement of an initially localized wave-packet. Starting with one electron fully localized at the Anderson site closer to the chain center, the wave-function amplitudes $`b_n(t)`$ were obtained from the following equations of motion:

$$i\dot{b}_n(t)=ϵ_nb_n(t)+(b_{n1}(t)+b_{n+1}(t))n=1,2,\mathrm{},N.$$
(8)
Using a Runge-Kutta algorithm, we solve the above set of coupled equations and calculate the mean-square displacement

$$\sigma ^2(t)=\underset{n}{}(nn_0)^2|b_n(t)|^2.$$
(9)
To minimize end effect, our numerical calculation was performed in a very large chain with $`N=7\times 10^4`$ sites. As a consequence, the site amplitudes at the ends of the chain ($`b_1(t)`$ and $`b_N(t)`$) are always negligible. The numerical integration of equations (8) was performed using the Runge-Kutta algorithm with precision $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ smaller than $`10^2`$. In Fig. 5(a-c), we exhibit our main results for the time evolution of the mean-square displacement $`\sigma ^2(t)`$ on diluted chains considering all relevant symmetries of the diluting function. In all cases, we obtained a clear sub-diffusive behavior: $`\sigma ^2t^{0.5}`$. This sub-diffusive spread of the wave-packet is related to the fact that the resonance energies supporting extended states occur at band edge singularities of the DOS, as depicted in Fig. 6. A similar diffusive-like spread of the wave-packet has also been observed to occur with collective excitations in other disordered systems with the Lyapunov exponent vanishing at DOS singularities as, for example, in random harmonic chains datta2  and disordered ferromagnetic chains evangelou1 ; mauricio .

## IV Summary and Conclusions

In summary, we investigated the 1D diluted Anderson model where every Anderson impurity is diluted by a set of site energies given by a diluting function $`f(l)`$. Using the renormalization group approach and the transfer matrix technique, we obtained the Lyapunov exponent $`\gamma `$ in several diluting cases exploring distinct symmetries supporting extended states, such as constant diluting function, diluting function with either specular reflection or distance to the center symmetry. In all cases, we identified the resonance energies at which the model exhibit extended states, in full agreement with previous results Hilke ; lazo1 . We also studied the temporal spread of an initially localized electron wave-function in these diluted chains by following the time dependence of the wave-packet mean-square displacement. We found that, associated with the presence of extended states at resonance energies located at DOS band edge singularities, the electron wave-packet displays a sub-diffusive spread($`\sigma ^2(t)t^{0.5}`$). This result is consistent with the general picture that the wave-packet dynamics depends on the relative location of resonance energies and DOS singularities kundu1 .

## V Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the hospitality of Prof. Dr. Arkady Krokhin and Prof. Dr. Felix Izrailev in Puebla during the III International Workshop on Disordered Systems where this work was initiated. This work was partially supported by the Brazilian research agencies CNPq and CAPES, as well as by the Alagoas state research agency FAPEAL. The support of this research by the Dirección de Investigación y Postgrado de la Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile, under project 4721/2003 is gratefully acknowledged by E. Lazo and M. E. Onell.