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# Untitled Document

ON THE NUMBER OF COLOURS IN QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

A. Abbas

Department of Physics and Astronomy

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260

(e-mail: abbas@phyast.pitt.edu)

and

Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar-751005, India

(e-mail : afsar@iopb.res.in)

Abstract

It is commonly believed that $`\pi ^02\gamma `$ decay shows that there are three colours in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). It is shown here that this is not correct. When correct colour dependent charges of the quarks are considered then it is shown that this decay does not make any statement about the number of colours in QCD.

It is important to know how many colours there are so that one may confidently formulate the theory of the strong interaction, ie Quantum Chromodynamivcs ( QCD ) around it. Fortunately there are several experimental indications that the number of colours in nature are three. In the authors view the best indication comes from the experimental evaluation of the R - ratio in the reaction

$$e^++e^{}hadrons$$
(1)
However it is very often stated that even a more important proof of the number of colours being three comes from the experimental analysis of the reaction $`\pi ^o2\gamma `$ . Although this occurs in several places, for the sake of example here we would like to bring out this fact from references \[1 - 4\]. The aim of this short paper is to prove that this is not correct.

The decay $`\pi ^o2\gamma `$ takes place through the anomaly in the divergence of axial vector currents \[ 1 - 4 \]. The decay rate \[ 1 - 4 \] is

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\pi ^02\gamma )=N_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(Q_{u}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}Q_{d}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^2\frac{\alpha ^2m_{\pi ^0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}{64\pi ^3F_{\pi }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$$
(2)
where $`Q_u`$ and $`Q_d`$ are the u- and d- quark charges ( in units of the proton charge ), $`N_c`$ is the number of colours, $`m_{\pi _0}`$ is the neutral pion mass, $`\alpha `$ = $`\frac{e^2}{4\pi }`$ and $`F_\pi `$, the pion decay constant is taken as 91 MeV.

The experimental value of the decay rate is around 7.48 eV. The quark charges are canonically taken as $`Q_u`$=2/3 and $`Q_d`$=-1/3 \[ 1 - 4 \]. If there were no colours , ie $`N_c`$ = 1 then from the above formula one gets the decay rate to be 0.84 eV. This is way off. Only when one takes the number of colours to be 3 in the above formula it is then that one obtains a satisfactory agreement with the experiment. This is then taken as a clean proof of three colours in QCD \[ 1 - 4 \].

Now the factor

$$N_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(Q_{u}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}Q_{d}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^2$$
(3)
is the one which presumably determines the number of colours in the pion decay rate above. As shown above, for the u- and the d- quark charges 2/3 and -1/3 respectively, it is 1/9 when quarks are uncoloured and equal to one ( and giving agreement with the experiment ) when $`N_c`$=3.

However, in the above one has taken the u- and the d- quark electric charges to be static at 2/3 and -1/3 respectively. By the word ’static’ we mean that they remain the same whether the number of colours were 1 or 3 or 5 or any other number. What we’d like to point out is that this is not correct. And this is the source of the problem here. As has been shown by the author, the electric charges of quarks have a colour dependence and the correct charges for the quarks are reproduced for three colours \[ 5,6 \].

It has been shown by the author \[ 5,6 \] that in the Standard Model when the $`SU(N_c)SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y`$ ( for $`N_c=3`$ ) symmetry is spontaneous breaken by a Higgs mechanism to $`SU(N_c)U(1)_{em}`$ symmetry and by maintaining all the built-in properties of the standard Model one finds the correct electric charges of the quarks as \[ 5,6 \] :

$$Q_u=\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{1}{N_c})$$
(4)
$$Q_d=\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{1}{N_c})$$
(5)
For $`N_c`$ = 3 these reproduce the correct charges for the u- and the d- quarks as determined experimentally. That these are actually the correct charges and that they represent the correct colour dependence of the electric charge has been amply demonstarted by the author \[ 5-9 \]. In fact this should be treated as a unique property and prediction of the Standard Model.

Note that as shown earlier it is the factor $`N_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(Q_{u}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}Q_{d}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^2`$ in expression 3 above in the decay rate of the pion which determined the number of colours to be three. However, with the correct colour dependent charges found by the author ( equations 4 and 5 above ) this factor is found to be always one ( and thus giving good fit to the experiment ), irrespective of the number of colours. This means that the decay rate of the pion gives good fit to the experiment for any number of colours. Thus clearly the decay rate of pion does not determine the number of colours. Hence, these are best determined by the other experimental methods as is well documented \[1-4\] but certainly not through the pion decay analysis ( as shown here ).

In short, we have shown that in contrast to what is commonly believed and which is well documented \[ 1 - 4 \], the electric charges of the u- and the d- quarks are not just the static 2/3 and -1/3 respectively for any number of colours. The electric charges of the quarks have colour dependence \[ 5 - 6 \] and this is what has been used here. When these correct colour dependent charges are used for the decay rate of $`\pi ^02\gamma `$ then one finds that it has nothing to say about the number of colours in QCD. Hence the popular misconception as to this decay having anything to say about colour has to be rectified. The basic mistake that was made was not to realize that the electric charge, as arising in the Standard Model, has a colour dependence. This fact is important as QCD in the limit of $`N_c`$ going to infinity continues to play a significant role for a proper understanding of the theory of the strong interaction.

REFERENCES

1. T. Muta, ” Foundations of Quantum Chromodynamics ”, World Scientific, Singapore, 1987

2. Ta-Pei Cheng and Ling-Fong Li, ” Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics ”, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989

3. F. E. Close, ” An Introduction to Quarks and Partons ”, Academic Press, London, 1979

4. J. E. Dodd, ” The Ideas of Particle Physics ”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984

5. A. Abbas, Phys. Lett.  B 238 (1990) 344

6. A. Abbas, J. Phys.  G 16  (1990) L163

7. A. Abbas, Nuovo Cim. A 106, (1993) 985

8. A. Abbas, Physics Today , July 1999, p.81-82

9. A. Abbas, ‘Phase transition in the early universe and charge quantization’; hep-ph/9503496


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# Intra-molecular origin of the fast relaxations observed in the Brillouin light scattering spectra of molecular glass-formers

\[

## Abstract

The Brillouin light scattering spectra of the $`o`$-terphenyl single crystal are compared with those of the liquid and the glass phases. This shows: i) the direct evidence of a fast relaxation at frequencies $`\nu `$$``$5 GHz in both the single crystal and the glass; ii) a similar temperature dependence for the attenuation of the longitudinal sound waves in the single crystal and the glass; and iii) the absence of coupling between the fast relaxation and the transverse acoustic waves. These results allow us to assign such a relaxation to the coupling between the longitudinal acoustic waves and intra-molecular vibrations, and therefore to exclude any relationship between it and the glass transition.

\] The study of the atomic dynamics of systems undergoing the structural liquid to glass transition is nowadays a very fertile topic in the condensed matter physics, and is stimulating many relevant developments on both the experimental and the theoretical side . This study is historically characterized by the attempt to extend our knowledge of the dynamics to larger and larger time ranges. Traditionally, this attempt has been focused on the time range of the structural relaxation, which shows prominent spectral changes in the glass transition region. In more recent years, conversely, much of the attention has shifted towards shorter times, i.e. towards the so-called fast processes range.

The interest in extending as much as possible the probed time window has been much stimulated by the development of the Mode Coupling Theory (MCT) , which describes the time evolution of the $`q`$-component of the density-density correlation function, $`F(q,t)`$, of a simple liquid when its temperature is changed across the metastable undercooled region. In fact, the MCT makes, among the others, specific predictions on the time range comprising the earliest part of the structural relaxation and the latest part of the fast processes, the $`\beta `$-region .

The MCT predictions have been the subject of extensive experimental studies . Among them, the ones which really probe $`F(q,t)`$ (or its time Fourier transform, the dynamic structure factor, $`S(q,\omega )`$) are based on inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in the 10 nm-1 $`q`$ range , and on Brillouin light scattering (BLS) in the 10-2 nm-1 $`q`$ range . In these studies, the relevance of the short-times region for a proper spectral description has been underlined; this region has been associated to the MCT $`\beta `$-region, and several MCT predictions have been tested, e.g. the cusp-like discontinuity in the Debye-Waller factor at the dynamical transition temperature, $`T_c`$ . Unfortunately, while the MCT predictions are devoloped for ideal systems (hard spheres or monoatomic systems), the glass formers which are the object of experimental studies are mostly molecular compounds. These latter ones are obvously characterized by an intra-molecular dynamics which, in principle, could just be effective in the $`\beta `$-region .

Some of us have recently reported on a fast relaxational dynamics in the 10-11 s time range which appears in the $`S(q,\omega )`$ spectra obtained by BLS in glassy OTP . This fast dynamics has also been analyzed using a phenomenological ansatz for the memory function and has been found to be active in both the glass and the liquid, and to be essentially temperature independent . Relaxation processes in a similar time window had been observed in previous studies on similar glass-formers , and had been described in terms of the MCT $`\beta `$-region.

In order to clarify the nature of this relaxation, we have performed on an OTP single crystal a further BLS experiment, on the results of which we report in this paper. As a matter of fact, we observe in the spectra of the single crystal the same fast relaxation which was observed in both the liquid and the glass . As a consequence, we conclude that this fast relaxation is not related to the glass transition and should not be associated with the MCT $`\beta `$-region. Moreover, by comparing the longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) sound attenuation in the liquid and the glass with the L sound attenuation in the single crystal, we also conclude that the fast relaxation arises from the coupling of density fluctuations to intra-molecular degrees of freedom.

The OTP single crystal has been prepared from $`99\%`$ purity powder (Aldrich Chemicals) by ricrystallization in a methanol solution. The typical dimensions of the obtained needles-shaped crystals are 2x2x10 mm3. The crystals have been characterized by X-ray diffractometry, and the measured lattice parameters of the orthorhombic unit cell (P$`2_12_12_1`$ symmetry) are in agreement with previous determinations ($`a=6.024`$ $`\AA `$, $`b=11.729`$ $`\AA `$, and $`c=18.582`$ $`\AA `$) . The main axis of the needles is along the $`a`$ axis, and the lateral faces are found to be parallel to the 011 and the 023 lattice planes.

The BLS spectra of the single crystal have been collected in backscattering geometry, with the exchanged wavevector $`q`$ along the (001) direction. In the chosen configuration, only the L Brillouin peaks are allowed. As the exciting line, we have used the single mode from a Coherent compass 532/400 laser operating at $`\lambda _o`$=532 nm with a typical power of $``$300 mW. The scattered light has been analyzed by a Sandercock-type (3+3)-pass tandem Fabry-Perot frequency analyzer, with a finesse of $``$100 and a contrast $`>`$5$`\times `$1010 , set to a free spectral range of $``$10 GHz. No analysis in polarization has been done, and the measurements have been performed in the 37$`÷`$303 K temperature range (the melting temperature is $`T_m`$=329 K). The same experimental setup has been used to measure the Brillouin peaks in the OTP glass in the temperature range 27$`÷`$150 K (the glass transition temperature is $`T_g`$=244 K). Moreover, further measurements in the 90o scattering geometry and with a VH polarization configuration have been collected in the 250$`÷`$310 K temperature range in order to reveal the T Brillouin peaks. A dilute aqueous suspension of Latex particles (120 nm in diameter) has been used to determine the instrumental resolution function. In the 90o geometry measurements, the linewidths of the T Brillouin peaks are affected not only by the resolution function of the spectrometer, but also by the finite solid angle which is defined by the collection optics. This effect, negligible for scattering angles close to 180o, gives a non vanishing contribution at 90o, and must be carefully taken into account in order to extract the true linewidth. The deconvolution procedure used for this purpose is described elsewhere .

The room temperature ($`T`$=296 K) spectrum of the OTP single crystal with $`q`$ along the (001) direction is presented on a log-linear scale in the lower part of Fig. 1. Apart from the small leakage of the quasi-transverse modes, observed at $``$10 GHz and due to the residual misalignement from the (001) direction, this spectrum shows clear signatures of anharmonic effects: broad Brillouin peaks and a broad central band. In the upper part of the same figure, the spectrum of the supercooled liquid at $`T`$=245 K is also reported, for comparison. The two spectra have been collected under identical experimental conditions and, at the chosen temperatures, show comparable linewidths for the Brillouin peaks. The similarity between the two spectra is remarkable, in particular for what concerns the central region which, in the supercooled liquid and in the glass, has been described in terms of a secondary relaxation . This figure by itself already suggests that this relaxation arises from the anharmonic coupling between the acoustic waves and other degrees of freedom.

In order to have a deeper insight into this anharmonic process, we have measured the temperature dependence of the single crystal BLS spectra. In Fig. 2 we present few spectra at selected temperatures. Here, in order to emphasize the temperature dependence of the linewidth, only the Brillouin peaks are reported. On cooling, a strong reduction of the linewidth can directly be observed.

A quantitative description of the reduction of the Brillouin linewidth with temperature has been obtained by fitting the peaks region of the current spectra (i. e. of the measured spectra multiplied by the frequency squared) with a Lorentzian lineshape convoluted to the experimental resolution function. The values of $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }_c`$ (FWHM) resulting from the fits are reported in Fig. 3 ($``$) in the 55-303 K temperature range. At temperatures lower than 55 K the Brillouin linewidth is almost indistinguishible from that of the instrumental resolution function, and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_c`$ could not be reliably obtained. In the same figure the similar quantities, $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$, measured in the liquid and glassy OTP are also reported ($``$): the data above 114 K are taken from Ref. , and we have here extended in temperature those measurements down to 27 K. The inset reports the same data on a larger $`T`$-range.

The comparison between the Brillouin linewidth of the single crystal and the liquid/glass comes out to be very instructive. At temperatures above $`T_g`$, in the undercooled and normal liquid phase, the linewidth is dominated by the structural relaxation which, however, is expected to be of no influence on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$ below $`T_g`$. Here, however, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$ is still temperature dependent, and this has been attributed to the presence of a secondary, fast relaxation . On cooling, eventually, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$ seems to approach a limiting value, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_o`$. This latter value is here estimated to be $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }_o`$=70$`\pm `$10 MHz by a quadratic fit on the data below 150 K. The present value is slightly smaller than that reported in Ref.  (120$`\pm `$20 MHz), where it was inferred by using the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$ values for $`T>`$114 K and by scaling high frequency Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS) data . From the comparative analysis of the IXS and the BLS data, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_o`$ has been attributed to the presence of topological disorder in the glass . To sum up, the linewidth of the liquid and glassy OTP has been described as the sum of three different contributions: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d(T)=\mathrm{\Gamma }_o+\mathrm{\Gamma }_f(T)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\alpha (T)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\alpha (T)`$ is the contribution of the structural relaxation and becomes negligible below $`T_g`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_f(T)`$ is the contribution of the secondary, fast relaxation, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_o`$ is the contribution of the topological disorder. Within this picture, we can get a direct estimate of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_f(T)`$ below $`T_g`$ by simply subtracting $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_o`$ from the total linewidth $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$. The difference data are also reported in Fig. 3 ($``$), and they represent the only contribution of the secondary relaxation to the total linewidth.

The present measurements on the OTP single crystal not only strongly support the previous picture, but furthermore give us a fundamental hint to understand the nature of the secondary relaxation. In fact, as reported in Fig. 3, the linewidth of the single crystal, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_c`$, shows a $`T`$-dependence which, below $`T_g`$, closely follows that of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_d`$ and, furthermore, nicely agrees with that of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_f`$. Thus, we can conclude that: i) the description of the linewidth as the sum of the previously discussed contributions is a reasonable and physical ansatz, and ii) the anharmonic process observed in the single crystal and the fast process observed in the liquid and glass  do share a common origin. As a consequence, we rule out the possibility that the secondary process observed in OTP, both in the glass and in the liquid, is related to the $`\beta `$-region discussed by the MCT, and, more generally, that this process is related to the glass transition itself.

Left open is the question of the origin of the fast process. In particular one can associate this process to the coupling of the longitudinal acoustic waves either with i) intra-molecular degrees of freedom (vibrational relaxation) or with ii) other inter-molecular modes. A key experiment to solve this ambiguity is the determination of the absorption of the transverse sound waves. Indeed, in case ii) one expects a transverse Brillouin linewidth comparable to the longitudinal one around $`T_g`$, and in any case with a similar $`T`$ dependence. On the contrary, the anharmonicity of type i) is expected to give a negligible contribution to the linewidth as the vibrational relaxations strongly couple only to the density fluctuations , and the coupling with the shear waves can take place only through the much less efficient mechanism of the translation-rotation coupling .

The comparison of the the L and T sound absorption is presented in Fig. 4, where we report the linewidths normalized by $`q^2`$, $`D=4\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }/q^2`$ (apparent kinematic viscosities, $`D_L`$ and $`D_T`$ for the L and T Brillouin peaks, respectively) in order to take into account the trivial contribution due to the different scattering geometries used to measure the L ($``$) and the T ($`\mathrm{}`$) Brillouin peaks We also report the results of previous literature mesurements for the T linewidths ($``$) ; the agreement between the whole set of $`D_T`$ data can be observed to be good. It is immediately seen from Fig. 4 that $`D_T`$, dominated by the contribution of the $`\alpha `$ process above $`T_g`$, does not follow $`D_L`$, and, in particular, that, on cooling, it drops to vanishingly small values at $`T_g`$. This is a clear indication that the transverse waves are not affected by the fast process and, therefore, that this process must be classified as vibrational in nature.

It has to be emphasised that the presence of such a kind of secondary processes in a molecular system like OTP is not surprising. In fact, the class of the fragile glass-formers (as OTP ) has a strong overlap  with the so-called Kneser liquids . These systems have been widely studied by ultrasonics, and they are known to be characterized by the presence of secondary relaxations in the 10-9 $`÷`$ 10-11 s time range. Moreover, the presence of similar relaxation processes has also been observed in BLS spectra of analogous systems, and in particular those characterized by the presence of phenyl rings .

In conclusion, by comparing the BLS spectra of the single crystal and the liquid/glass OTP, we have shown that the secondary, fast relaxation process previously observed in the OTP glass and liquid  is active also in the single crystal. This observation rules out the possibility that this process is related to the glass transition. Moreover, by comparing the longitudinal and transverse acoustic attenuation we have shown that the fast process does not couple to the tranverse sound waves, and thus we attribute it to a vibrational relaxation of intra-molecular degrees of freedom.

Given this picture, it is natural to wonder whether the presence of a vibrational relaxation in the 10-11 s time range is a peculiarity of OTP. Actually, the large ultrasonic literature on related systems  would suggest that this kind of relaxations couple to the density fluctuations in a wide class of molecular liquids, in particular the fragile glass-formers. The presence of vibrational relaxations in real molecular systems could completely hinder features intrinsic to the glass transition as, for example, the MCT $`\beta `$-region. Thus, it could come out to be dangerous, whether not incorrect, to describe the fast relaxation region of the memory function used to describe BLS spectra in terms of a simple MCT approach, as it has often been done . This would certainly be the case for OTP.

We thank A. Phany and P. F. Zanazzi for their help in the crystal orientation.

FIGURE CAPTIONS

FIG. 1 - BLS spectra in backscattering geometry of the single crystal ($`q`$ along the (001) direction) and of the strongly supercooled OTP at the indicated temperatures.

FIG. 2 - BLS spectra of the OTP single crystal at the following temperatures (from high to low peak position): 37, 96, 138, 194, 251, 303 K. The spectra have been collected in the backscattering geometry with the exchanged $`q`$-vector along the (001) direction. The overall instrumental resolution was 100 MHz FWHM.

FIG. 3 - Temperature dependence of the measured linewidths in the OTP single crystal ($``$) and glass/liquid ($``$). The inset shows the same data on a larger temperature range . The symbol $``$ represents the only contribution of the secondary, fast relaxation to the linewidth in the glass.

FIG. 4 - Temperature dependence of Brillouin linewidths normalized by $`q^2`$: longitudinal data from Ref. ) ($``$); T data from this work ($`\mathrm{}`$), and literature data from Ref.  ($``$). The dashed line indicates the low temperature limiting value of the longitudinal apparent kinematic viscosity, $`D_o=4\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }_o/q^2`$.


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# A 4He shadow wavefunction with an inverse seventh power particle-particle correlation function

c prb.tex

## Abstract

Many ground state studies of 4He using a shadow wave function with an inverse fifth power McMillan particle-particle correlation function have yielded radial distribution functions with misplaced peaks. It has been conjectured that this is due to the specific choice of the McMillan correlation function. However, beyond the use of fully optimized two-particle correlation functions, there has been little study of simple alternatives that can correct this defect. In this work we show that the remedy is surprisingly simple. When a shadow wavefunction with an inverse seventh power particle-particle correlation function is used to study 4He, it gives a correctly peaked radial distribution function, lowers the energy at all liquid and solid densities, and produces an excellent equation of state.

The ground state properties of liquid and solid 4He have been studied extensively over the years by a variety of many-body techniques, ranging from hypernetted-chain (HNC) theories  and variational Monte Carlo (VMC) methods  to “exact” Monte Carlo methods (EMC) such as Green’s Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) and Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC). The advance of EMC have seemingly oblivated the need for the “brutish” and bias-laiden method of VMC. However, the introduction of the shadow wavefunction by Vitiello et al has added new subtlety and refinement to this approach. It has been shown that shadow wavefunctions can describe both the liquid and solid phase of 4He with excellent energy, while simultaneously maintaining translational and Bose sysmmetry. Since any VMC calculation is an order of magnitude less computationally demanding than corresponding EMC calculations, the method of shadow wavefunctions remained economically and conceptionally appealing.

However, it has been noted for some time that shadow wavefunctions with the McMillan inverse fifth power particle-particle correlation function do not give a correct radial distribution function for bulk liquid 4He. All the peaks are misplaced as in the original McMillan calculation. While there have been continued improvements on the form of two-particle correlation, leading to fully optimized correlations expressible in terms of a basis state, there has been no explorations of simpler alternatives to cure this defect. In this work, we shown that a simple replacement of the inverse fifth power by that of an inverse seventh power significantly improves simultaneously, the ground state energy, the equation of state and the radial distribution function.

The first VMC calculation of the groundstate properties of liquid and solid 4He was carried out by McMillan  who employed a trial wave function with an inverse fifth power of the particle separation as the two-body correlation function. In this early study the potential between 4He atoms is taken to be the two-body Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential, $`v(r)=4ϵ[(\sigma /r)^{12}(\sigma /r)^6]`$, with the DeBoer-Michels parameters, $`\sigma =2.556\AA `$ and $`ϵ=10.22K^o`$. Since then, the two-body HFDHE2 potential of Aziz et al has superceded the LJ potential as the potential of choice for the Helium studies. More recent minor revisions of this potential have added, but have not greatly altered the quality of description of the interaction between Helium atoms at low pressure. In this work, we will continue to use the HFDHE2 potential to facilitate comparison with existing calculations in the literature.

The original shadow wavefunction of Vitiello et al can be written as:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑)=\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)𝑑𝐒\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒),$$
(1)
with a Gaussian particle-shadow correlation function

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)=\mathrm{exp}\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}C(𝐫_i𝐬_i)^2\right],$$
(2)
where $`𝐑\{𝐫_1,𝐫_2,\mathrm{},𝐫_N\}`$ and $`𝐒\{𝐬_1,𝐬_2,\mathrm{},𝐬_N\}`$ represent the set of particle and shadow coordinates. The particle-particle correlation function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)`$ and the shadow-shadow correlation function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)`$ are both of the pair-wise product form, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)=\mathrm{exp}\left[_{i>j}^Nu(r_{ij})\right]`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)=\mathrm{exp}\left[_{i>j}^Nu_S(s_{ij})\right]`$, where $`r_{ij}=|𝐫_i𝐫_j|`$ and $`s_{ij}=|𝐬_i𝐬_j|`$. Both $`\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)`$ are taken as McMillan form of inverse fifth powers (m=5) with $`u(r)=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{b}{r})^m`$ and $`u_S(s)=(\frac{b^{}}{s})^m`$, where $`b`$ and $`b^{}`$ are two variational parameters. The one-to-one coupling constant $`C`$ between particles and shadows is treated as a variational parameter. We refer to this wavefunction as M+MS.

Optimizing the shadow-shadow pseudopotential  in the form of $`u_S(s)=(\frac{b^{}}{s})^n`$ with two variational parameters $`b^{}`$ and $`n`$, produces no significant improvements. A better choice was found following a suggestion by Reatto et al : $`u_S(s)=\tau v(\alpha s)`$, where $`v(r)`$ is the Aziz HFDHE2 potential and $`\tau `$ and $`\alpha `$ are variational parameters. This scaled Aziz shadow correlation, introduced by MacFarland et al, which uses a McMillan inverse fifth power particle-particle psedopotential (m=5), will be denoted as M+AS. The M+AS shadow wavefunction substantially lowered the variational energies and improved the description of liquid and solid 4He at all densities. For example, at the GFMC equilibrium density $`\rho \sigma ^3=0.365`$ and at freezing density of $`\rho \sigma ^3=0.438`$, the M+AS energy is about 0.5 $`K^o`$ lower than the M+MS energy.

Both wavefunctions, however, produce a radial distribution function at equilibrium density whose main peak is shifted outward by about 0.1 $`\AA `$ as compared with the experimental value. The same misplacement is also observed at the GFMC freezing density. Such a misplacement can be corrected by optimizing the two-body correlations through the method of basis state expansion . (The peak height is still underestimated, however.)

In this work, we show that this crucial defect can be simply corrected by a better choice of the inverse power (from 5 to 7) in McMillan’s form of the particle-particle correlation function.

Without reoptimizing the M+AS wavefunction’s shadow parameters, but only varying the variational parameter $`b`$ with $`m=7`$, we obtained lower energies than those of M+AS at all liquid and solid densities, in an amount ranging from $`0.1`$ to $`0.3K^o`$. This choice of the wavefunction in our work, referred to as M7+AS, allows us to improve the quality of the shadow wavefunction while retaining the same level of simplicity as before.

For a system of $`N`$ Helium atoms interacting via two-body forces only, the Hamiltonian has the form

$$\widehat{H}=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}_i^2+\underset{i>j}{\overset{N}{}}v(r_{ij}).$$
(3)
where $`v(r_{ij})`$ is the Aziz HFDHE2 potential. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian can be expressed as

$`E=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝑑𝐑\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑)\widehat{H}\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑)}{𝑑𝐑|\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑)|^2}}`$ (4)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐑𝑑𝐒𝑑𝐒^{}p(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})E_L(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})}.`$ (5)
The local energy is written as

$$E_L(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})=\frac{\widehat{H}\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)}{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)},$$
(6)
and does not depend on $`\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)`$ since $`\widehat{H}`$ acts only upon the variables describing the system of real particles.

The probability $`p(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})`$ is given by

$`p(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})=`$ (8)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)^2\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒^{})\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒^{})}{𝑑𝐑𝑑𝐒𝑑𝐒^{}\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐑)^2\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒)\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒)\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐑,𝐒^{})\mathrm{\Phi }_S(𝐒^{})}}`$
To evaluate the expectation value of the Hamiltonian we use the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm  to sample the probability density $`p(𝐑,𝐒,𝐒^{})`$ from the $`9N`$ dimensional configuration space of the particles and two sets of shadow coordinates. In these computations, the Metropolis steps are subdivided in two parts. In the first, one attempts to move real particle coordinates at random inside cubical boxes of side length $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. In the second, analogous attempts to move shadow coordinates are made inside cubical boxes of side length $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$. After we attempt to move all the shadow coordinates of set $`\{𝐒\}`$, the same is done for those in set $`\{𝐒^{}\}`$. The parameters $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$ were adjusted so that the acceptance ratio for both particle and shadow moves was nearly $`50\%`$.

We compute the ground state variational energy, the radial distribution function $`g(r)`$, and the static structure factor $`S(k)`$. These quantities are spherical averages and have been computed for both the real particles and the shadow coordinates. The radial distribution function is defined by

$$g(r)=\frac{1}{N\rho }\underset{ij}{\overset{N}{}}\delta (|𝐫_i𝐫_j𝐫|),$$
(9)
where the angular brackets denote an average with respect to $`|\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑)|^2`$ and $`\rho `$ is the particle density. The static structure factor is obtained from the average

$$S(k)=\frac{1}{N}\rho _𝐤\rho _𝐤,$$
(10)
where $`\rho _𝐤`$ is given by $`\rho _𝐤=_{j=1}^N\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}_j)`$. By using this procedure $`S(k)`$ is computed for a discrete set of $`𝐤`$ values where the smaller wave vector compatible with the periodic boundary condition of the system is $`k=2\pi /L`$ ( $`L`$ is the side of the simulation box ).

All simulations presented in this work have been done with $`N=108`$ atoms of 4He in a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions. To enforce periodicity, the two-body interaction potential $`v(r)`$ smoothly goes to zero at a cutoff distance, $`r_c=L/2`$, equal half the side of the simulation box. We actually use a slightly modified two-body interaction potential $`v^{}(r)v(r)\mathrm{\Delta }v(r)`$ according to the replacement

$$v^{}(r)=\{\begin{array}{cc}v(r)+v(2r_cr)2v(r_c),\hfill & rr_c\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{ }r>r_c\text{ }.\hfill \end{array}$$
(11)
A correction $`\mathrm{\Delta }V=(\rho /2)d^3rg(r)\mathrm{\Delta }v(r)`$ was then added to the computed potential energy, where the radial distribution function $`g(r)`$ comes from the simulation and is taken equal to $`1`$ for $`r>r_c`$. The shadow-shadow pseudopotential $`u_S(s)`$ was modified according to the same prescription as $`v(r)`$, while the particle-particle inverse power McMillan pseudopotential $`u(r)`$ and its first two derivatives were slightly modified near the edge of the simulation box in order to go smoothly to zero, by using a third degree polynomial fit to the pseudopotential near the edge of the simulation box.

All calculations start from a perfect fcc crystal. Our runs consisted of a total of about $`5.510^5`$ passes during each of which an attempt was made to move particles and shadows. We allowed about $`5010^3`$ passes for equilibration followed by about $`510^5`$ passes which comprise the equilibrated random walk.

In Table I we show the energy per particle obtained from the M7+AS shadow wavefunction after simulations with $`N=108`$ particles at several densities of liquid 4He. Also included in the table are several results from the literature, GFMC refers to the results of Kalos et al.

In Table II we show the values of the optimum variational parameters $`b`$, $`C`$, $`\tau `$, and $`\alpha `$ for the M7+AS shadow wavefunction at different densities $`\rho `$ in the liquid phase.

The energy per particle for the M7+AS shadow wavefunction after simulations with $`N=108`$ particles at some densities in the solid phase is shown in Table III. In the same table we show the VMC results obtained with the M+MS and M+AS shadow wavefunction, as well as the GFMC results.

Table IV shows the values of the optimum variational parameters $`b`$, $`C`$, $`\tau `$, and $`\alpha `$ for the M7+AS shadow wavefunction at different densities $`\rho `$ in the solid phase. We fit our equation of state in the liquid phase to a cubic polynomial of the form

$$E(\rho )=E_0+B\left[\frac{\rho \rho _0}{\rho _0}\right]^2+C\left[\frac{\rho \rho _0}{\rho _0}\right]^3,$$
(12)
where $`\rho _0`$ is the equilibrium density. A similar function has been used to fit the experimental equation of state  and we use it to analyze our M7+AS results. The values of the parameters in the fit and their errors are shown in Table V, together with other results from the literature. One notes that the values of the coefficients $`B`$, $`C`$, and $`\rho _0\sigma ^3`$ for the M7+AS shadow wavefunction are in good agreement with both GFMC and experimental results . In the solid phase we used the same parametrization as reported for the M+AS case. We fited the energy to a cubic polynomial of the form

$$E(\rho )=E_0+B\left[\frac{\rho \rho _S}{\rho _S}\right]^2+C\left[\frac{\rho \rho _S}{\rho _S}\right]^3,$$
(13)
where the specific density $`\rho _S\sigma ^3`$=0.4486 is taken from the GFMC calculation. The values of the parameters to this fit are shown in Table VI, together with other results from the literature. Again the M7+AS shadow wavefunction shows a good agreement with GFMC with the exception of a discrepancy in the coefficient $`C`$. In Fig 1 we plot the equation of state for 4He liquid as obtained by using the values of the fitting parameters reported in Table V. As already known, one notes that both M+AS and M7+AS wavefunctions give a better equation of state than the shadow wavefunction with fully optimized Jastrow particle-particle correlations (OJ+AS), although the OJ+AS wavefunction gives somewhat lower energies. It has been argued  that possible causes of such behavior are the incomplete determination of the coefficients in the basis-set expansion for the OJ+AS wavefunction, or the missing full reoptimization of the shadow parameters. Indeed the recent VMC calculations with a fully optimized shadow wavefunction  confirm this latter possibility.

In Fig. 2, we show the radial distribution function $`g(r)`$ obtained at the GFMC equilibrium density $`\rho \sigma ^3=0.365`$. Our maximum of $`g(r)`$ is obtained at the same position $`r_{max}`$ as the GFMC value and it is clear tha there is no shifting of our curve to larger values of $`r`$. Our variational peak $`g(r_{max})`$ is a little smaller than the GFMC value. Fig. 3 shows our results for the radial distribution function $`g(r)`$ determined at the GFMC freezing density $`\rho \sigma ^3=0.438`$. Statistical errors in the GFMC g(r) near the maximum $`g(r_{max})`$ are large, so a detailed comparison with GFMC is not possible. It appears that the position of our maximum of $`g(r)`$ compares very well with the GFMC value, but the variational peak $`g(r_{max})`$ is again smaller. The trend seen at the GFMC equilibrium and freezing densities is repeated at all other densities.

In Fig. 4 we show $`S(k)`$ at the equilibrium density $`\rho \sigma ^3=0.365`$. The experimental $`S(k)`$ shown in this figure is the result reported by Svensson et al obtained by neutron diffraction at saturated vapor pressure at $`T=1.0K^o`$. The agreement of the variational structure factor with experiment is seen to be very good for all $`k`$-s, except for small $`k`$. This is to be expected since our M7+AS wavefunction does not contain the proper long-range correlations necessary for the linear behavior  of $`S(k)`$ which is observed in 4He.

In this work we have demonstrated the utility of our M7+AS shadow wavefunction for studying the ground state properties of liquid and solid 4He. The use of an inverse seventh power as the particle-particle correlation function has significantly improved the ground state energy, the equation of state and the radial density distribution. Such an improvement was obtained with very little additional computational effort. The wavefunction remained simple, compact and portable.


text:
# References

hep-th/0009090

MRI-P-000903

Uniqueness of Tachyonic Solitons

Ashoke Sen

Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics

and Mathematical Physics, Chhatnag Road,

Jhoosi, Allahabad 211019, INDIA

E-mail: asen@thwgs.cern.ch, sen@mri.ernet.in

Abstract

It has been conjectured that condensation of tachyons on a bosonic D-brane gives rise to vacuum / soliton solutions which are independent of the initial magnetic field on the D-brane. We present evidence for this conjecture using results from two dimensional conformal field theory. In particular we identify a continuous path in the configuration space of open string fields which interpolates between D-brane configurations with two different quantized magnetic flux.

The dynamics of tachyon, massless scalars and gauge fields on a D-$`p`$-brane of 26 dimensional bosonic string theory in flat Minkowski signature space-time in static gauge is described by the action

$$S_{BI}=\frac{1}{g_c}\frac{1}{(2\pi )^p}d^{p+1}x𝒱(T)\sqrt{det\left(g_{\mu \nu }+_\mu Y^i_\nu Y^i+2\pi F_{\mu \nu }\right)}+\mathrm{},$$
(1)
where $`x^\mu `$ denote the world-volume coordinates of the brane $`(0\mu p)`$, $`y^i`$ denote the space-time coordinates transverse to the brane $`(p+1i25)`$, $`Y^i`$ denote the massless scalar fields on the D-brane world-volume associated with the coordinates $`y^i`$, $`g_c`$ is the closed string coupling constant, $`g_{MN}`$ is the closed string metric (which we take to be constant with $`g_{i\mu }=0`$, $`g_{ij}=\delta _{ij}`$), $`F_{\mu \nu }=_\mu A_\nu _\nu A_\mu `$ denote the gauge field strength, $`T`$ denotes the tachyon field, and $`𝒱(T)`$ denotes the tachyon potential with the D-brane tension term included. $`𝒱(T)`$ has a maximum at $`T=T_{max}`$ describing the original D-brane configuration and has been conjectured to have a local minimum at $`T=T_{min}`$ where $`𝒱(T_{min})=0`$. We have chosen $`\alpha ^{}=1`$ and have normalized $`𝒱`$ so that $`𝒱(T=T_{max})=1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$ denotes terms containing derivatives of $`T`$, $`_\mu Y`$ and $`F_{\mu \nu }`$.

It has also been conjectured that the minimum of the potential $`T=T_{min}`$ describes the vacuum without a D-brane, and that at this minimum all different values of $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`Y^i`$ actually describe the same physical configuration in open string field theory. It follows from this, using the techniques of non-commutative field theory, that many apparently different soliton solutions, for which $`T`$ approaches $`T_{min}`$ asymptotically, but the asymptotic values of $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ are different, also describe the same configuration. This in turn resolves some of the puzzles raised in refs. in interpreting non-commutative tachyonic solitons as D-branes.

Some evidence for this conjecture comes from the string field theory results of refs.. In this paper we provide an evidence for this conjecture using the techniques of two dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). For simplicity of notation, we shall take our initial system to be a D-2 brane, and assume that the directions tangential to the 2-brane have been compactified on a torus $`T^2`$. In this case, the above conjecture has a somewhat dramatic consequence. Since the total magnetic flux through $`T^2`$ is quantized, in terms of the field variables appearing in the Born-Infeld action it is not possible to continuously deform a configuration with a given magnetic flux to a configuration with a different magnetic flux even via off-shell field configurations. On the other hand if the conjecture is correct, then starting from a configuration with a given magnetic flux at $`T=T_{max}`$, we can deform $`T`$ to $`T_{min}`$, and since at $`T=T_{min}`$ all magnetic field background describes the same configuration, we can change the value of the magnetic field to any other value allowed by the quantization rules. We can then deform the tachyon field back to $`T=T_{max}`$. This gives a continuous path in the configuration space of open string field theory interpolating between D-branes with different amounts of magnetic flux.

A T-dual version of this phenomenon is as follows. Let us take a D1-brane, and take the direction $`x^1`$ tangential to the D-brane, and a direction (say $`y^2`$) transverse to the D-brane to be compact. As usual, we denote by $`Y^2`$ the massless scalar field on the D-brane world-volume associated with the coordinate $`y^2`$. Now consider a classical field configuration on the D1-brane world-volume theory of the form:

$$Y^2=ax^1,$$
(2)
where $`a`$ is a constant. In this case compactness of the 1 and 2 directions imply that only discrete values of $`a`$ are allowed. In particular, if both 1 and 2 directions have the same periodicity (say $`2\pi `$), then $`a`$ must be an integer,111This describes a D-string pointing along the vector $`(1,a)`$ in the $`(x^1,y^2)`$ plane for integer $`a`$. There are also other allowed D-string configurations pointing along the vector $`(p,q)`$ for any relatively prime pair of integers $`p,q`$. They can be represented as classical configurations in the world-volume theory of $`p`$ D-strings lying along $`x^1`$. since as $`x^1`$ changes by $`2\pi `$, $`Y^2`$ must change by an integer multiple of $`2\pi `$. Again, the Born-Infeld action describing the D-brane world-volume theory does not allow a continuous deformation of fields which interpolates between configurations with different values of $`a`$. However, if the conjecture stated above is correct, then we should be able to interpolate between these two field configurations by starting with a given value of $`a`$, taking $`T`$ to $`T_{min}`$ where all values of $`a`$ correspond to the same configuration, and then changing $`T`$ back to $`T_{max}`$ with $`a`$ taking a different value.

In this paper we explicitly demonstrate this phenomenon using the techniques of two dimensional CFT. For definiteness we shall focus on the problem of interpolating between two magnetic field backgrounds in D2-brane wrapped on a torus. Since it is difficult to describe tachyon condensation into vacuum using the CFT techniques, one would have thought that even if the interpolation outlined above had been possible, it will be difficult to demonstrate this using CFT techniques since the path passes through the vacuum configuration. But as we shall see, we do not need to go all the way down to the vacuum configuration for this interpolation; it is possible to find a path via a codimension one soliton, i.e. a D1-brane in this case. Since formation of a codimension one soliton via tachyon condensation is a well understood process in conformal field theory, we can use CFT techniques for studying this process.

More specifically, we shall show that under certain conditions the initial system of D2-brane with magnetic flux can be taken to a D1-brane via marginal deformation, and furthermore, that this D1-brane can be taken to a D2-brane without magnetic flux via a relevant deformation. In the language of string field theory this implies that in the configuration space of string fields there is a continuous path which interpolates between a D2-brane configuration with magnetic flux and a D2-brane configuration without magnetic flux. This is precisely what is expected according to the conjecture stated earlier.

We label the D2-brane world volume by coordinates $`(x^0,x^1,x^2)`$ with $`x^1x^1+2\pi `$, $`x^2x^2+2\pi `$, take the background anti-symmetric tensor field to be 0, and the background closed string metric to be

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\left(\begin{array}{cc}R_1^2& \\ & R_2^2\end{array}\right)\text{for}\mu =1,2,$$
(3)
with the rest of the components of $`g_{MN}`$ being equal to those of the Minkowski metric $`\eta _{MN}`$. Thus $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ are the radii of the circles, measured in the closed string metric, along $`x^1`$ and $`x^2`$ directions respectively. With the normalization of $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ used in writing eq.(1), the quantization law of the magnetic flux is given by:

$$F_{12}=\frac{n}{2\pi }.$$
(4)
From eq.(1) we see that the mass of the wrapped D2-brane is given by

$$M_{D2}=\frac{1}{g_c}\sqrt{R_1^2R_2^2+(2\pi F_{12})^2}=\frac{1}{g_c}\sqrt{R_1^2R_2^2+n^2}.$$
(5)
Now, according to the results of ref. we can describe the string field theory living on this system around this background magnetic field by starting with a string field theory written in a background metric $`G_{\mu \nu }`$, effective coupling $`g_o`$, and zero background magnetic field, and then replacing all products appearing in the action and the equations of motion of this theory by non-commutative $``$-products defined with non-commutativity parameter $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{\mu \nu }`$. $`G_{\mu \nu }`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`g_o`$ are given in terms of $`g_{\mu \nu }`$, $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`g_c`$ as:

$$G^1+\frac{\mathrm{\Theta }}{2\pi }=(g+2\pi F)^1,g_o=g_c\sqrt{\frac{detG}{det(g+2\pi F)}}.$$
(6)
This gives, using eqs.(3), (4)

$$G=(R_1^2R_2^2+n^2)\left(\begin{array}{cc}R_2^2& \\ & R_1^2\end{array}\right),\mathrm{\Theta }=\frac{2\pi n}{R_1^2R_2^2+n^2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}& 1\\ 1& \end{array}\right),g_o=g_c\frac{\sqrt{R_1^2R_2^2+n^2}}{R_1R_2}.$$
(7)
From this we see that the radius of the $`x^1`$ direction measured in the metric $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ is given by $`\sqrt{(R_1^2R_2^2+n^2)/R_2^2}`$. Let us adjust $`R_1`$, $`R_2`$ and $`n`$ such that this radius is unity, i.e.

$$R_1^2R_2^2+n^2=R_2^2.$$
(8)
We shall now show that when eq.(8) is satisfied, there is a marginal deformation which takes the CFT describing the D2-brane system under study to a D1-brane along $`x^2`$. For this let us consider an auxiliary system where the non-commutativity parameter is set to zero, keeping $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`g_o`$ fixed at values given in eqs.(7). This will correspond to a D2-brane wrapped on $`T^2`$ with zero background magnetic field, and closed string metric and coupling constant given by $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`g_o`$ defined in eq.(7). When eq.(8) is satisfied, the radius in the $`x^1`$ direction is unity for this auxiliary system, and the results of refs. show that there is an exact marginal deformation in the boundary CFT describing this auxiliary system, generated by the operator $`\mathrm{cos}(X^1)`$. Furthermore, for a specific value of the deformation parameter, the deformed CFT associated with this auxiliary system represents a D1-brane lying along the $`x^2`$ direction. In the language of string field theory, the existence of this marginal deformation implies the existence of a one parameter family of solutions, with fields depending on the $`x^1`$ direction.

Let us now go back to the original system, describing the D2-brane on $`T^2`$ with $`n`$ units of magnetic flux on it. Equations of motion in the string field theory describing this system differs from those in the auxiliary system by the replacement of all the ordinary products by $``$-products. But the $``$-product reduces to the ordinary product for field configurations which depend on only one direction. Thus the one parameter family of solutions in the string field theory describing the auxiliary system are also classical solutions in the string field theory describing the original system.

In the language of two dimensional conformal field theory, this means that for the D2-brane on $`T^2`$ in the background given in eqs.(3), (4), the boundary CFT admits an exactly marginal perturbation when eq.(8) is satisfied, (Special cases of such deformations for $`R_1=R_2`$ were discussed in ref..) One would naturally suspect that just as in the case of the auxiliary system, this CFT also flows to a D1-brane along $`x^2`$ under this marginal deformation. That this is indeed so can be argued by noting that the correlation functions of open string vertex operators in the boundary CFT, which carry momentum only along the $`X^1`$ direction, are identical to that in the auxiliary CFT. Thus we can borrow the results of  and conclude that there is a special point along the direction of marginal deformation where the Neumann boundary condition along $`x^1`$ gets converted to a Dirichlet boundary condition. This gives a D1-brane along the $`x^2`$ direction.

There are various consistency checks that one can perform to confirm this result:

1. The mass of a D1-brane wrapped along $`x^2`$ is given by

$$M_{D1}=\frac{R_2}{g_c}.$$
(9)
When eq.(8) is satisfied, the mass of the D1-brane given in (9) matches with that of the D2-brane given in (5).
2. If there is a marginal deformation interpolating between the initial D2-brane configuration and the final D1-brane configuration, then the CFT describing the final D1-brane system must also admit a marginal deformation. In the analysis of refs. this came from massless open string modes winding around the 1 direction. The ground state of such an open string has mass2 equal to

$$(R_1^21)=n^2/R_2^2,$$
(10)
using (8). This is strictly negative for $`n0`$, and describes a tachyonic mode rather than a massless mode. This poses a puzzle. However note that if we consider an open string state winding once along the $`x^1`$ direction and carrying $`n`$ units of momentum along the $`x^2`$ direction, then it has mass2

$$R_1^2+\frac{n^2}{R_2^2}1=0.$$
(11)
Thus in this case these open string modes give rise to the marginal deformation which takes us back to the original D2-brane system with a magnetic field on it. This calculation also illustrates the importance of quantization law of $`F`$; if $`n`$ in eq.(8) had not been an integer, the spectrum of open strings on the D-string wrapped along $`x^2`$ would not contain a massless state of this kind.
3. The analysis can be given a more intuitive interpretation in a T-dual language. For this let us make an $`R1/R`$ duality transformation along the $`x^2`$ direction so that the dual $`\stackrel{~}{x}^2`$ direction now has radius $`R_2^1`$. In that case the initial configuration describes a D-string pointing along the vector $`(1,n)`$ in the $`(x^1,\stackrel{~}{x}^2)`$ plane. The total length of such a D-string inside a unit cell is $`2\pi \sqrt{R_1^2+n^2/R_2^2}`$. It can be easily verified that when condition (11) is satisfied, the open string state on this D-string, carrying unit momentum along the D-string, is exactly marginal. Using the results of refs. we can show that this marginal deformation takes the D-string to a D0-brane. We can now go back to the original description by a reverse $`R1/R`$ duality transformation along the $`\stackrel{~}{x}^2`$ direction. This gives us a D-string stretched along $`x^2`$.

Thus we have established that there is a marginal deformation which takes us from an initial configuration of D2-brane with $`n`$ units of magnetic flux to a D1-brane lying along $`x^2`$. We shall now show that there is a relevant deformation of the CFT which takes this D1-brane to a D2-brane wrapped on $`T^2`$, but with no magnetic flux. As seen from eq.(10), the ground state of an open string with unit winding along the $`x^1`$ direction, and no momentum along the $`x^2`$ direction, represents a tachyonic mode, and hence a relevant deformation of the boundary CFT. We shall now investigate the effect of switching on this relevant perturbation on the conformal field theory describing the D-string. This is indeed a well studied problem, and can be recognised as such by going to the T-dual description in which we make an $`R(1/R)`$ duality transformation along the $`x^1`$ direction. This takes the D-string to a D2-brane wrapped on the dual torus, and the open string states with unit winding along $`x^1`$ to open string states with unit momentum along the dual $`\stackrel{~}{x}^1`$ direction. As has been shown in refs., the effect of perturbation by open string vertex operators carrying unit momentum along the $`\stackrel{~}{x}^1`$ direction is to take the D2-brane to a D1-brane lying along $`x^2`$. Going back to the original description by another $`R1/R`$ duality transformation along $`\stackrel{~}{x}^1`$, we see that the final configuration is a D2-brane wrapped on the original torus $`T^2`$, without any background magnetic field.

Thus by a combination of marginal and relevant deformations we can take a D2-brane wrapped on $`T^2`$ with $`n`$ units of magnetic flux to a D2-brane wrapped on $`T^2`$ with no magnetic flux. In open string field theory the effect of a marginal deformation can be represented by a continuous deformation of string field configuration via on-shell field configurations, whereas a relevant deformation of the kind discussed here can be represented by a continuous deformation of string field configuration via off-shell field configurations. (To see how relevant deformation can be regarded as a continuous deformation via off-shell field configuration, we can take the solution given in ref., and continuously deform each component of the string field from 0 to the final value appropriate for the solution.) Thus the result of this paper implies that in string field theory describing dynamics of a D2-brane wrapped on $`T^2`$, there is a continuous deformation via off-shell string field configurations which can interpolate between a configuration with $`n`$ units of magnetic flux through $`T^2`$ and a configuration with 0 unit of magnetic flux through $`T^2`$. This establishes the desired result.

One can give a slight twist to this tale by taking $`R_1`$ to be 1 instead of the value given in eq.(8). In this case the $`x^1`$ radius of the auxiliary system, given by $`\sqrt{1+n^2R_2^2}`$, is larger than 1, and as a result the open string vertex operator with unit momentum along the $`x^1`$ direction is relevant rather than marginal. Nevertheless, the analysis of refs. tells us that under this relevant deformation the auxiliary CFT flows to that describing a D-string along $`x^2`$. The arguments given earlier then shows that the same must be true also for the original system consisting of a D2-brane with $`n`$ units of magnetic flux.

Now start with a different configuration, $``$ a D2-brane wrapped on the same torus but without any magnetic flux. For $`R_1=1`$ the ground state of the open string with unit momentum along $`x^1`$ is massless and describes an exact marginal deformation which takes the D2-brane to a D1-brane lying along $`x^2`$. Thus we see that starting with two different D2-brane configurations, one with magnetic flux and one without magnetic flux, we reach the same D1-brane configuration. This in turn shows that the codimension one soliton formed by tachyon condensation on the original D2-brane is independent of the magnetic flux on the brane. This is precisely what is predicted according to the conjecture that we are trying to verify.

We conclude with the following observations:

* The analysis of this paper can also be applied to the D-brane anti-D-brane system or non-BPS D-brane in type II string theories. Magnetic field on a non-BPS D-brane does not give rise to any Ramond-Ramond (RR) charge, and so the possibility of changing this magnetic field does not violate any conservation law. For a D-brane anti-D-brane system only a special combination of the magnetic field on the two branes can be switched on this way, $``$ the one which does not give rise to any RR charge.222I would like to thank S. Minwalla for discussion on this point. Thus there is again no conflict with conservation of RR charges.
* The main lesson learnt from the analysis of this paper is that whereas the description of the world-volume theory of the D-brane in terms of the effective action involving tachyon and the massless fields captures many of the important features, it fails to capture all the important properties of the system. This point has already been advocated forcefully in ref. in a different context. Here we see another illustration of the same phenomenon. Field configurations which are disconnected in the low energy effective field theory get connected to each other in the full string theory. On the other hand, description of the D-brane system in terms of conformal field theory is suitable for studying condensation of tachyons into a lower dimensional soliton, but not into the vacuum. Thus full-fledged string field theory seems to be the only framework for studying all aspects of the problem.

Acknowledgement: I would like to particularly thank B. Zwiebach for critical reading of the manuscript and many useful suggestions. I also wish to thank R. Gopakumar and S. Minwalla for discussions and comments on the manuscript, and W. Taylor for discussions.


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# Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relations

## 1. Searching for the Physical Basis of the Tully-Fisher Relation

The Tully-Fisher (TF) relation (Tully & Fisher 1977) is well known. Yet why it works is not clear. A dizzying variety of distinct interpretations have been offered over the years (e.g., Aaronson, Mould, & Huchra 1979; Milgrom 1983; Walker 1999). There is no consensus even when the context is limited to that of NFW halos Widely divergent pictures have been offered, sometimes in successive papers by the same authors (e.g., Dalcanton, Spergel, & Summers 1995, 1997; van den Bosch & Dalcanton 2000; Mo, Mao & White 1998; Mo & Mao 2000; Steinmetz & Navarro 1999, Navarro & Steinmetz 2000).

It is commonly assumed that mass scales with some power of rotation velocity, and that luminosity traces mass. The first piece of this common wisdom is questionable given the startling lack of dependence of the TF relation on surface brightness (Sprayberry et al. 1995; Zwaan et al. 1995). It matters not at all whether the luminous mass is concentrated or diffuse. This is commonly interpreted to mean that the mass in stars is insignificant. If stellar mass contributes noticeably to the rotation velocity, $`V^2=G/R`$ surely demands some shift (McGaugh & de Blok 1998; Courteau & Rix 1999).

Whether luminosity traces mass is a more tractable issue. I address this here in an empirical way using data which span the largest available dynamic range. This at least makes clear that the fundamental relation which needs explaining is one between rotation velocity and disk mass (McGaugh et al. 2000).

## 2. The Disk Mass–Rotation Velocity Relation

Implicit in our presumption that light traces mass is the relation

$$L=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{}^1f_{}f_df_b_{tot},$$
(1)
where $`f_b`$ is the baryon fraction of the universe, $`f_d`$ is the fraction of the baryons associated with a particular galaxy which reside in the disk, $`f_{}`$ is the fraction of disk baryons in the form of stars, and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{}`$ is the mass-to-light ratio of the stars. Each of the pieces which intervene between $`L`$ and $`_{tot}`$ must be a nearly universal constant shared by all disks, or a finely tuned function of rotation velocity, in order to maintain the observed TF relation.

We can improve on equation (1) by using the observed gas mass to correct for $`f_{}`$ (Fig. 1). The TF relation works in bright galaxies because they are star dominated: $`f_{}0.8`$. This breaks down as one examines lower mass galaxies which are progressively more gas dominated (McGaugh & de Blok 1997). Yet if we add in the gas mass, the TF relation is restored (Fig. 1c).

A number of inferences can be drawn from this simple result:

* Disk mass is the fundamental quantity of interest.
* Stars got mass!
* Stars and gas account for nearly all of the disk mass.
* The product $`f_df_b`$ is constant.

Items (3) and (4) are just sanity requirements. If there were another substantial reservoir of baryons in the disk besides the observed stars and gas, then there should be some signature of its absence like that seen in Fig. 1(a) & (b) where an important component has been ignored. Similarly, the modest scatter in the TF relation only follows if $`f_d`$ is a constant, which only happens naturally if $`f_d1`$ (McGaugh et al. 2000). One could consider $`f_d1`$ as long as some mechanism maintained it as a universal constant, or even made it a fine-tuned function of $`V_c`$. Such a situation is highly contrived (van den Bosch & Dalcanton 2000).

## 3. Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratios

The baryonic TF relation between disk mass and rotation velocity can be expressed as

$$_d=𝒜V_c^b.$$
(2)
A fit to the data ($`=0.92`$) in Fig. 1(c) has a slope indistinguishable from $`b=4`$ with normalization $`𝒜35h_{75}^2`$. This line is drawn in each panel of Fig. 1.

The greatest source of uncertainty is the mass-to-light ratios of the stars, which must be assumed. The stellar mass-to-light ratios assumed in Fig. 1(c) were normalized to the mean of the dynamically determined $`K^{}`$-band maximum disk values for high surface brightness galaxies (Verheijen 1997) with colors from stellar population models of de Jong (1996). These models also give the same $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{}^K^{}`$, consistent with that of the Milky Way (Gerhard, these proceedings) and the results of Sanders & Verheijen (1998).

Requiring continuity in the present relation provides an interesting constraint: stars must have significant mass to avoid the discontinuity apparent in Fig. 1(b) & (d). Such mass-to-light ratios are plausible in terms of both dynamics and stellar populations. However, this contradicts the much lower mass-to-light ratios needed for rotation curve fits with NFW halos and the observed lack of shift with surface brightness in the TF relation itself.

## 4. Conclusions

The Tully-Fisher relation appears to be a manifestation of a more fundamental relation between disk mass and rotation velocity (see also de Jong & Bell, these proceedings). This relation is now observed to span over 4 decades in mass, twice what can be found in most TF studies. That the TF relation continues to hold over such a large range, despite the reversal of dominance of gas at the low masses to stars at the high masses, is a tribute to its fundamental importance for understanding disk galaxies. Just why there should be a relation of the form $`_dV_c^4`$ remains open to debate.

### Acknowledgments.

I am grateful to my collaborators, Jim Schombert, Greg Bothun, and Erwin de Blok for all their many contributions. I also thank Ken Freeman, Stephanie Coté, Eric Bell, and Roelof de Jong for stimulating conversations on this topic.

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text:
# First Observation of the Decays 𝐵⁰→𝐷^{∗-}𝑝𝑝̄𝜋⁺ and 𝐵⁰→𝐷^{∗-}𝑝𝑛̄

## Abstract

We report the first observation of exclusive decays of the type $`BD^{}N\overline{N}X`$, where $`N`$ is a nucleon. Using a sample of 9.7 $`\times `$ $`10^6`$ $`B\overline{B}`$ pairs collected with the CLEO detector operating at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, we measure the branching fractions $``$ ($`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$) = ($`6.5_{1.2}^{+1.3}`$ $`\pm `$ 1.0) $`\times `$ $`10^4`$ and $``$( $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ ) = ($`14.5_{3.0}^{+3.4}`$ $`\pm `$ 2.7) $`\times `$ $`10^4`$. Antineutrons are identified by their annihilation in the CsI electromagnetic calorimeter.

preprint:   CLNS 00/1682 CLEO 00-14

S. Anderson,1 V. V. Frolov,1 Y. Kubota,1 S. J. Lee,1 R. Mahapatra,1 J. J. O’Neill,1 R. Poling,1 T. Riehle,1 A. Smith,1 C. J. Stepaniak,1 J. Urheim,1 S. Ahmed,2 M. S. Alam,2 S. B. Athar,2 L. Jian,2 L. Ling,2 M. Saleem,2 S. Timm,2 F. Wappler,2 A. Anastassov,3 J. E. Duboscq,3 E. Eckhart,3 K. K. Gan,3 C. Gwon,3 T. Hart,3 K. Honscheid,3 D. Hufnagel,3 H. Kagan,3 R. Kass,3 T. K. Pedlar,3 H. Schwarthoff,3 J. B. Thayer,3 E. von Toerne,3 M. M. Zoeller,3 S. J. Richichi,4 H. Severini,4 P. Skubic,4 A. Undrus,4 S. Chen,5 J. Fast,5 J. W. Hinson,5 J. Lee,5 D. H. Miller,5 E. I. Shibata,5 I. P. J. Shipsey,5 V. Pavlunin,5 D. Cronin-Hennessy,6 A.L. Lyon,6 E. H. Thorndike,6 C. P. Jessop,7 H. Marsiske,7 M. L. Perl,7 V. Savinov,7 X. Zhou,7 T. E. Coan,8 V. Fadeyev,8 Y. Maravin,8 I. Narsky,8 R. Stroynowski,8 J. Ye,8 T. Wlodek,8 M. Artuso,9 R. Ayad,9 C. Boulahouache,9 K. Bukin,9 E. Dambasuren,9 S. Karamov,9 G. Majumder,9 G. C. Moneti,9 R. Mountain,9 S. Schuh,9 T. Skwarnicki,9 S. Stone,9 G. Viehhauser,9 J.C. Wang,9 A. Wolf,9 J. Wu,9 S. Kopp,10 A. H. Mahmood,11 S. E. Csorna,12 I. Danko,12 K. W. McLean,12 Sz. Márka,12 Z. Xu,12 R. Godang,13 K. Kinoshita,13,***Permanent address: University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 I. C. Lai,13 S. Schrenk,13 G. Bonvicini,14 D. Cinabro,14 S. McGee,14 L. P. Perera,14 G. J. Zhou,14 E. Lipeles,15 S. P. Pappas,15 M. Schmidtler,15 A. Shapiro,15 W. M. Sun,15 A. J. Weinstein,15 F. Würthwein,15,Permanent address: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. D. E. Jaffe,16 G. Masek,16 H. P. Paar,16 E. M. Potter,16 S. Prell,16 V. Sharma,16 D. M. Asner,17 A. Eppich,17 T. S. Hill,17 R. J. Morrison,17 R. A. Briere,18 G. P. Chen,18 B. H. Behrens,19 W. T. Ford,19 A. Gritsan,19 J. Roy,19 J. G. Smith,19 J. P. Alexander,20 R. Baker,20 C. Bebek,20 B. E. Berger,20 K. Berkelman,20 F. Blanc,20 V. Boisvert,20 D. G. Cassel,20 M. Dickson,20 P. S. Drell,20 K. M. Ecklund,20 R. Ehrlich,20 A. D. Foland,20 P. Gaidarev,20 L. Gibbons,20 B. Gittelman,20 S. W. Gray,20 D. L. Hartill,20 B. K. Heltsley,20 P. I. Hopman,20 C. D. Jones,20 D. L. Kreinick,20 M. Lohner,20 A. Magerkurth,20 T. O. Meyer,20 N. B. Mistry,20 E. Nordberg,20 J. R. Patterson,20 D. Peterson,20 D. Riley,20 J. G. Thayer,20 D. Urner,20 B. Valant-Spaight,20 A. Warburton,20 P. Avery,21 C. Prescott,21 A. I. Rubiera,21 J. Yelton,21 J. Zheng,21 G. Brandenburg,22 A. Ershov,22 Y. S. Gao,22 D. Y.-J. Kim,22 R. Wilson,22 T. E. Browder,23 Y. Li,23 J. L. Rodriguez,23 H. Yamamoto,23 T. Bergfeld,24 B. I. Eisenstein,24 J. Ernst,24 G. E. Gladding,24 G. D. Gollin,24 R. M. Hans,24 E. Johnson,24 I. Karliner,24 M. A. Marsh,24 M. Palmer,24 C. Plager,24 C. Sedlack,24 M. Selen,24 J. J. Thaler,24 J. Williams,24 K. W. Edwards,25 R. Janicek,26 P. M. Patel,26 A. J. Sadoff,27 R. Ammar,28 A. Bean,28 D. Besson,28 R. Davis,28 N. Kwak,28 and X. Zhao28

1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

2State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222

3Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

4University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019

5Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907

6University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627

7Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309

8Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275

9Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244

10University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712

11University of Texas - Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539

12Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235

13Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

14Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202

15California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125

16University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093

17University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106

18Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

19University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390

20Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

21University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611

22Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

23University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

24University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801

25Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6

and the Institute of Particle Physics, Canada

26McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8

and the Institute of Particle Physics, Canada

27Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 14850

28University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045

A unique feature of the $`B`$ meson system is that the large mass of the b-quark allows for many of the weak decays of the $`B`$ meson to include the creation of a baryon-antibaryon pair. In the simplest picture, baryons are expected to be produced in decays of the type $`B\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_cpX`$, and it has been only decays of this type which have been exclusively reconstructed to date . However, one can combine the recently measured value $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_c^+pK^{}\pi ^+)=(5.0\pm 0.5\pm 1.2)\%`$  with estimates of the product branching fraction $`(B\mathrm{\Lambda }_cX)\times (\mathrm{\Lambda }_cpK^{}\pi ^+)`$ of $`(1.81\pm 0.22\pm 0.24)\times 10^3`$ to determine that $`B\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_cNX`$ modes, where $`N`$ is a proton or a neutron, account for only about half of the total $`BBaryons`$ rate. Dunietz  has suggested that modes of the type $`BDN\overline{N}X`$, in which $`D`$ represents any charmed meson, are likely to be sizeable. $`BDN\overline{N}X`$ final states can arise from either the hadronization of the $`W`$ boson into a baryon-antibaryon pair, or the production of a highly excited charmed baryon which decays strongly into a baryon plus a charmed meson. CLEO has previously reported an inclusive upper limit for $``$($`BDN\overline{N}X`$) of $`<`$ 4.8 $`\%`$ at 90$`\%`$ confidence level . We report the first observation of decays of this type, and present measurements of the branching fractions $``$($`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$) and $``$($`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$). The charge conjugate process is implied in the reconstruction of $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$. However, in the reconstruction of $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ only the mode with the antineutron is used in our measurement because neutrons do not have a distinctive annihilation signature in the CLEO detector.

The data were taken with the CLEO II detector  at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). The sample we use corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 9.1 fb-1 from data taken on the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$ resonance, corresponding to $`9.7\times 10^6B\overline{B}`$ pairs, and 4.5 fb-1 in the continuum at energies just below the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$. We assume that $`50\%`$ of the $`B\overline{B}`$ pairs consist of $`B^0\overline{B^0}`$, and that there are equal numbers of $`B^0`$ and $`\overline{B^0}`$ mesons. Charged particle trajectories are measured in a cylindrical drift chamber operating in a 1.5 T magnetic field. Photons and antineutrons are detected using an calorimeter consisting of 7800 CsI crystals with excellent resolution in position and electromagnetic shower energy. Simulated events were generated with a GEANT-based Monte Carlo program . Sixty percent of the data were taken in the CLEO II.V configuration .

Charged particle identification is accomplished by combining the specific ionization (dE/dx) measurements from the drift chamber with time-of-flight (TOF) scintillation counter measurements. We reconstruct the decay mode $`D^{}\overline{D}^0\pi ^{}`$, with $`\overline{D}^0`$$``$$`K^+`$$`\pi ^{}`$, $`\overline{D}^0`$$``$$`K^+`$$`\pi ^{}`$$`\pi ^0`$, and $`\overline{D}^0`$$``$$`K^+`$$`\pi ^{}`$$`\pi ^+`$$`\pi ^{}`$. Pairs of calorimeter showers with photon-like lateral shower shapes and invariant mass within 2.5 standard deviations of $`M(\pi ^0)`$ are considered as $`\pi ^0`$ candidates. We select $`D^{}`$ candidates using 95% efficient cuts around the central values of the $`M_{D^0}`$ and $`(M_D^{}M_{D^0})`$ distributions. In the few cases where there is more than one $`D^{}`$ candidate in an event, the candidate which is closest to $`M_{D^0}`$ = 1.8646 GeV and $`(M_D^{}M_{D^0})`$ = 0.1454 GeV  is chosen.

To reconstruct $`B^0`$ candidates for $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+,`$ we calculate the beam constrained mass, $`M(B)\sqrt{E_{\mathrm{beam}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}p(B)^2}`$, where $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$ is the beam energy, and $`p(B)`$ is the $`B^0`$ candidate three-momentum magnitude. We also use the energy difference between the beam energy and the energy of the reconstructed $`B`$ candidate: $`\mathrm{\Delta }EE_{\mathrm{beam}}E(B)`$. Using a Monte Carlo simulation program, we find the detector resolution for the $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ distribution for each $`D^0`$ mode, and require that the measured $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ is within 3 standard deviations of zero.

The $`M(B)`$ resolution is dominated by the beam energy spread and is consistent with the Monte Carlo simulation for $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$, which predicts it to be Gaussian with a width of $`\sigma `$ = 2.7 MeV. The $`M(B)`$ distribution is fitted to a Gaussian function with the predicted width, and a polynomial background function with suppression at the $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$ threshold. The fitted signal yield is $`32.3_{6.0}^{+6.3}`$ events, where the errors are statistical only. If $`\sigma `$ is allowed to float, a value of $`\sigma =2.1\pm 0.4`$ MeV is obtained, consistent with the Monte Carlo prediction. Figure 1 shows $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ vs $`M(B)`$ for $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$, and Figure 2(a) shows $`M(B)`$ for $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$.

To find the decay $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ requires the detection of an antineutron. This is accomplished by identifying annihilation showers in the CsI calorimeter. Antiprotons and antineutrons annihilate with nucleons in the calorimeter. These annihilations result in showers with different characteristics than those from photons or charged particles. We use antiproton annihilation showers to define the antineutron selection criteria since we are unable to isolate a sample of antineutrons in data. Our antiproton sample consists of $`1.6\times 10^5`$ $`\overline{p}`$’s from reconstructed $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\overline{p}\pi ^+`$ decays, in which the daughter antiprotons are selected by dE/dx and TOF response. The isolation of this sample is independent of calorimeter response and therefore allows us to evaluate our shower-based selection criteria. We can expect these same criteria to be similarly effective for antineutrons.

We find that antinucleons typically deposit a substantial amount of energy in a laterally broad shower, which has energy $`E_{\mathrm{main}}`$, and a lesser amount of energy in adjacent satellite showers, whose energy is added to $`E_{\mathrm{main}}`$ to define $`E_{\mathrm{group}}`$. The selection of showers with $`E_{\mathrm{main}}`$ $`>`$ 500 MeV and $`E_{\mathrm{group}}`$ $`>`$ 800 MeV is useful in suppressing backgrounds, while retaining many antinucleon annihilation showers. The main shower must have polar angle $`\theta `$ with respect to the incoming positron direction of $`45^{}<\theta <135^{}`$ to ensure that it is located in that part of the calorimeter that has the best resolution, must have a lateral shape broader than typical photons, and must not match the projection of any charged track trajectory. Baryon number conservation serves as an added background suppressant: once we require that there be a proton, the likelihood of an annihilation-like shower in the event to be an antineutron increases significantly. The reconstruction efficiency as a function of momentum for antineutrons in a Monte Carlo sample of $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ events in which the $`B^0`$ selection criteria have been applied is shown in Figure 3.

The measured shower energy for an antineutron, $`E_{\mathrm{group}}`$, does not give an accurate measurement of the total energy of the antineutron. We therefore assign the energy of the antineutron candidate using $`E(\overline{n})=E_{\mathrm{beam}}E(D^{})E(p)`$. We then use this energy, together with the position of the antineutron shower, to calculate the momentum of the antineutron candidate. This momentum is added to the momenta of the $`D^{}`$ and $`p`$ candidates to give the momentum of the $`B^0`$ meson, $`p(B)`$. The $`B^0`$ candidate mass is then calculated with $`M(B)`$ = $`\sqrt{E_{\mathrm{beam}}^2p(B)^2}`$.

The mass resolution of the reconstructed $`B^0`$ meson is estimated from a Monte Carlo simulation to be Gaussian with a width $`\sigma `$ = 3.1 MeV, demonstrating that the lack of a direct measurement of the antineutron energy does not seriously degrade the $`M(B)`$ resolution relative to $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$. However, for this mode we cannot use the requirement that $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ is consistent with zero, as we do not have two independent measures of the energy of the $`B^0`$.

In reconstructing $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ we could also be reconstructing $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`D_s^+`$ with $`D_s^+`$ $``$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$. This latter decay has not been observed but could occur via $`c\overline{s}`$ annihilation. We might also be including events that are $`B^0`$ $``$ $`D^{}`$ $`D_s^+`$ with $`D_s^+D_s^+\gamma `$ or $`D_s^+D_s^+\pi ^0`$ and $`D_s^+`$ $``$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$. These events will populate the $`M(B)`$ signal region but with a broader signal peak due to the missing soft photon or $`\pi ^0`$. We eliminate these two types of decay by rejecting events with 1.91 $`<`$ $`M(p\overline{n})`$(GeV) $`<`$ 2.04 GeV, for a loss of only 9$`\%`$ in the relative reconstruction efficiency.

The final data $`M(B)`$ distribution, shown in Fig. 2(b), is fit with a Monte Carlo predicted Gaussian width of $`\sigma `$ = 3.1 MeV and gives a signal yield of $`24.0_{5.0}^{+5.6}`$ events. If $`\sigma `$ is allowed to float, a value of 2.6 $`\pm `$ 0.4 MeV is found, consistent with the Monte Carlo expectation.

We use a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate detection efficiencies to be 0.52$`\%`$ for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$, and 0.34$`\%`$ for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$, where these numbers include all the relevant branching fractions of the daughters. The Monte Carlo generation of the decays assume no resonant sub-structure. No evidence of sub-structure has been found in the signal candidates. However, we will allow for possibility of sub-structure, which would alter the efficiency, in our estimation of the systematic uncertainties.

Whereas the Monte Carlo simulation has been well tested for charged particles and photons, this is the first measurement that has explicitly needed the efficiency for antinucleon annihilations in the calorimeter. We find a discrepancy for antiproton annihilation showers between the Monte Carlo and data. The reconstruction efficiency for Monte Carlo and data for antiprotons, as determined from the aforementioned $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ sample, is shown in Fig. 4(a). We find that the antiproton reconstruction efficiency is overestimated by the GEANT simulation prediction. We assume that the Monte Carlo simulation for the antineutron efficiency is similarly overestimated and therefore must be corrected. Weighting the efficiency correction for antiprotons by the expected antineutron momentum spectrum results in an antineutron selection efficiency which is 21$`\%`$ lower than the GEANT Monte Carlo simulation. In Fig. 4(b) we show the antineutron momentum spectrum generated in Monte Carlo for $`BD^{}p\overline{n}`$ decays.

We search for, but do not find, resonant substructure contributions to $`B^0D^{}p\overline{p}\pi ^+`$ and $`B^0D^{}p\overline{n}`$ decays. Examples of possible substructure arise from a heavy charmed baryon decaying strongly to ($`\overline{p}`$ $`D^{}`$) for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$ and ($`\overline{n}`$ $`D^{}`$) for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$, and a resonance of the virtual $`W`$ decaying to $`p\overline{p}\pi ^+`$. We also study the effect on the Monte Carlo reconstruction efficiency of a two-body decay into $`D^{}X`$, and find no evidence from the kinematic distribution of the daughter particles for decays of this type. We also find insignificant background from $`B`$ decays with a charmed baryon final state or from other $`BD^{}X`$ modes.

We have considered many sources of systematic uncertainty of these branching fraction measurements. Systematic uncertainties shared by both modes are statistical uncertainty of $`D^0`$ branching fractions (0.6$`\%`$) and $`D^{}`$ branching fraction (1.4$`\%`$), $`D^{}`$ reconstruction due to kinematic fitting and particle identification (5.0$`\%`$), and Monte Carlo statistics (5.0$`\%`$). Systematic uncertainties which differ for the two modes, and which we quote in parenthesis for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$ and $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$, respectively, are: tracking, 1$`\%`$ per track (6.6$`\%`$, 4.6$`\%`$), proton identification criteria (8$`\%`$, 4$`\%`$), and n-body versus two-body for decay kinematics (5$`\%`$, 3$`\%`$). No statistically significant $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ baryon contribution to the $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$ yield was found. We place a systematic uncertainty due to a possible $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ baryon contribution to the $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$ signal. Also, we assign a 5% uncertainty on the yield of $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ due to the possibility of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ baryons with a missing $`\pi `$ distorting the background shape in this mode. The systematic uncertainty for antineutron identification is estimated to be 15$`\%`$. The quadrature sum of all systematic uncertainties is 15$`\%`$ for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$, and 19$`\%`$ for $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$.

In conclusion, we have made the first observation of decay modes of the $`B^0`$ of the type $`BDN\overline{N}X`$, which may contribute substantially to the total observed $`BBaryons`$ rate. We measure the branching fractions $``$ ($`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{p}`$ $`\pi ^+`$) = ($`6.5_{1.2}^{+1.3}`$ $`\pm `$ 1.0) $`\times `$ $`10^4`$, and $``$( $`B^0`$$``$ $`D^{}`$ $`p`$ $`\overline{n}`$ ) = ($`14.5_{3.0}^{+3.4}`$ $`\pm `$ 2.7) $`\times `$ $`10^4`$.

We gratefully acknowledge the effort of the CESR staff in providing us with excellent luminosity and running conditions. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Research Corporation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the A.P. Sloan Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.