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# 1 The combined (expansion plus diffusion) cooling time-scale 𝜏_{𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙} in seconds for hot bubbles with different size and initial temperatures. For comparison, the heating (nuclear) time-scale 𝜏_{𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙} is indicated at each temperature below the relevant cooling times in the second column. 𝑇_𝑠=1.318×10⁷ K is the temperature of the surroundings at 𝑟=0.1𝑅_{𝑆𝑢𝑛} from where the bubble starts rising in our calculations. Letter s indicates that the bubble reaches the solar surface, and letter r indicates the case when even thermal runaway occurs.

Thermal metastabilities in the solar core

Attila Grandpierre

grandp@konkoly.hu

Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

H-1525 Budapest, P. O. Box 67, Hungary

Gabor Agoston

Eastron TDA

H-1148 Budapest, Nagy Lajos Király u. 20, Hungary

Abstract

Linear stability analysis indicates that solar core is thermally stable for infinitesimal internal perturbations. For the first time, thermal metastabilities are found in the solar core when outer perturbations with significant amplitude are present. The obtained results show that hot bubbles generated by outer perturbations may travel a significant distance in the body of the Sun. These deep-origin hot bubbles have mass, energy, and chemical composition that may be related to solar flares. The results obtained may have remarkable relations to activity cycles in planets like Jupiter and also in extrasolar planetary systems.

”The Sun’s interior is believed to be in a quiescent state and therefore the relevant physics is simple. However, after decades of work, we are still not certain whether the physics of solar energy generation is as simple as expected” - wrote Bahcall . The linear analysis  indicated that solar core is stable to internal radial and non-radial perturbations. At the same time, the Sun is thought to be unstable for a wide range of magnetic and rotational instabilities and changing in a wide variety of timescales . Above a slightly larger than actual central temperature of the Sun, at $`1.74\times 10^7K`$ CNO would begin to dominate over pp cycles. One may expect that outer perturbations generating local heating may set up convection-like movements in the solar core. Grandpierre  suggested that planetary influences may interact with local magnetic fields in the solar core, and the arising local heating may generate temperatures above $`10^8`$ K. The possible role of solar inertial motions (SIM) around the mass centre of the solar system in the solar activity was recently emphasised . In a frame fixed to the Sun the waves generated by SIM have a relative velocity $`1.5\times 10^5`$ cm/s, which is the rotational velocity of the solar surface. Their dissipated energies are derived from the rotational energy of the Sun. Solar rotation during the last $`4.6\times 10^9`$ years has been spun down from the earlier 10 times the present rotation rate with $`E_{rot,0}10^{45}`$ ergs, representing $`L_{rot,0}2\times 10^6L_{Sun}`$. Although the present spun-down Sun has $`L_{rot}2\times 10^8L_{Sun}`$, it is still possible that at ”elementary dissipation events” localised in space and time local rotation energy dissipations may become significant at the most favourite sites where magnetic and planetary perturbation inhomogenities are the most pronounced. Considering bubbles with $`V_b>10^{18}cm^3`$ (i.e. the minimal bubble volume to reach solar surface, $`V_c`$ is the volume of the solar core $`10^{31}`$ $`cm^3`$), $`V_c/V_b<10^{13}`$, the dissipation luminosity has an upper limit $`L_{diss}<L_{rot}\times 10^{13}10^5`$ $`L_{Sun}`$. Moreover, the episodic character of dissipation events offer a concentration in time in a rate $`C_t1`$ to $`10^6`$ leading to $`L_{diss}<10^{11}`$ $`L_{Sun}`$. For a significant local heating to occur, we can allow to go down many orders of magnitude from the above derived upper limit. For example, with $`L_{diss}10^1L_{Sun}`$, it is possible to reach a bubble initial temperature $`T_0>1.7\times 10^7`$ K.

The motion of a heated bubble is determined by the equality of the buoyant ($`F_b=Vg\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$) and frictional ($`F_f=K/2v^2S\rho _s`$) forces, where $`S`$ is the cross section of the bubble, $`V`$ is its volume, $`K`$ is the coefficient of turbulent viscosity, $`\rho _s`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ are the density of the surroundings and the density difference between the bubble and its surroundings, and $`g`$ is the gravitational acceleration. Equating these forces, $`v^2K/2S/V=g\mathrm{\Delta }\rho /\rho _s`$. Now assuming pressure equilibrium between the bubble (referred with no index) and its surroundings (referred with index s), $`\rho T=\rho _sT_s`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho /\rho _s=(1T_s/T)`$. Taking $`K=1`$, we obtain for the bubble’s velocity $`v=(8/3Rg(1T/T_s))^{1/2}`$. With typical values in the solar core $`g=2\times 10^5cms^2`$, $`R=10^510^6`$ cm, $`v2`$ to $`7\times 10^5`$ $`cms^1`$ . The estimation of thermal adjustment time is given by the following formula of :

$`\tau _{adj}=C_p\kappa \rho ^2R^2/(4acT^3).`$ (1)
With typical values ($`\kappa =2cm^2g^1,\rho =90gcm^3,T=10^8K,R=10^6`$ cm), $`\tau _{adj}=3\times 10^3`$ s, while for $`T=10^7`$ K, $`\tau _{adj}=3\times 10^6`$ s. We may define a surfacing time-scale for the bubbles

$`\tau _{surf}=l_T/v,`$ (2)
where $`l_T`$ is the temperature scale height in the solar core $`l_T1.5\times 10^{10}`$ cm. With $`v=1.5\times 10^5cms^1`$, $`\tau _{surf}10^5`$ s.

Estimating the nuclear heating time-scale of a hot bubble from $`ϵ=ϵ_0\rho T^\nu =C_pT/t`$, with a substitution $`x=T^\nu `$, $`(1/x)x/t=ϵ\nu /C_pT`$, we obtained a relation  to the local time-scale of the nuclear heating of the hot bubble as

$`\tau _{nucl}=C_pT/ϵ\nu .`$ (3)
When T changes from $`10^7`$ K to $`10^9`$ K, $`\tau _{nucl}`$ changes from $`10^{16}`$ s to $`10^1`$ s. We calculated the adiabatic expansion of the hot bubbles following Gorbatsky , and the related time-scale is

$`\tau _{ad}=5/(1/pdp/dr)1/(8/3(1T_s/T)Rg)^{1/2}`$ (4)
$`\tau _{ad}`$ is usually in the range of $`10^4`$ to $`10^5`$ s. From these estimations we can see that there are four relevant time-scales and these may be comparable for thermal perturbations in the solar core. Therefore, they indicate the possibility of thermal metastability and the need for detailed numerical calculations.

We regarded that the material heated by the heat wave of radiative diffusion expanding from the bubble is coupled to it . We worked with a fourth order Runge-Kutta method to solve the differential equation system. They are based on:

$`dR/dt=(1/5)(1/pdp/dr)vR=R/\tau _{adj}`$ (5)
$`dQ/dt=(dQ/dt)_{ad}+(dQ/dt)_{eps}+ϵm`$ (6)
$`dQ/dt2/5Q/pdp/dr+3/2R_g/\mu T_S4\pi \rho _SR^3/\tau _{adj}+ϵ4\pi /3R^3\rho `$ (7)
$`v=(8/3Rg(1T_s/T))^{1/2}`$ (8)
We used the opacity-figure of  and approximated it as $`\kappa =10^{10.45}/T^{1.45}`$ above $`3\times 10^5`$ K. Our calculations differ from the previous ones that we considered perturbations for which $`\rho ^{}0`$, and $`T^{}0`$. This is a difference to the case considered elsewhere  with $`\rho ^{}=0`$, and $`(T/\mu )^{}=0`$. In our calculations, we allowed the transient development of pressure inequilibrium. The duration of this pressure inequilibrium is a small fraction of a second, and therefore practically we have pressure equilibrium, $`p^{}=0`$, $`(T\rho /\mu )^{}=0`$, but $`\rho ^{}0`$ and $`T^{}0`$. We solved the differential equation system with a numerical code developed by one of us (G. A.). We neglected the radiation pressure in all the terms except the diffusive one. Our method works well below and around $`10^8`$ K, the estimated errors in each quantities are smaller than $`15\%`$. At higher temperatures, the approach applied becomes more uncertain and therefore we could not follow the development of the hot bubbles at thermal runaways where our method indicated temperatures above $`10^{10}`$ K.

We may observe in TABLE I. that above $`10^8`$ K the heating time-scale becomes lower than that of the combined (expansion plus diffusion) cooling one. Our detailed calculations has shown that:

1.) Hot bubbles formed in the solar core may travel significant distances. Already with $`T_0=1.74\times 10^7`$ K the bubbles take a path of $`1.2\times 10^{10}`$ cm, i.e. even a moderate local heating may trigger hot bubbles travelling far from their site of birth. Depending on the size, energy and frequency distribution of initial perturbations, the solar core may become dynamic (meta-convection).

2.) Hot bubbles may reach the solar surface even with $`Q_0=10^{35}`$ ergs. The internal energy excess of the bubbles when arriving to subphotospheric regions may reach $`10^{32}`$ \- $`10^{36}`$ ergs, where the bubble’s velocity is typically around $`5`$ \- $`15`$ $`kms^1`$.

3.) For initial temperatures higher than $`10^8`$ K numerical calculations indicate the presence of thermonuclear instability.

4.) Hot bubbles have a tendency to preserve their chemical composition corresponding to deeper layers, and consume a part of their hydrogen content, and therefore they will have ”anomalous” chemical composition.

Our results demonstrate the possibility of a coupling between some high velocity hot bubbles and some activity centres like rigidly rotating  sunspot nests , hot spots , active longitudes , and perhaps even with some individual atmospheric eruptions like flares, coronal mass ejections of protuberances. The possibility of such relations raises the question of relation between mass, energy and chemical composition of the bubbles and such atmospheric events. The initial mass of a hot bubble is around $`10^{18}`$ \- $`10^{20}`$ gram. Therefore, if its mass is conserved during its path to the envelope, in order to find a connection to flares with mass $`10^{15}`$ \- $`10^{16}`$ g, a mechanism should exist between the suphotospheric and coronal regions to concentrate energy into a tiny fraction of mass. One candidate for such a mechanism is offered by the interesting fact that the bubbles approach the speed of sound when entering the subphotospheric regions. The developing sonic boom generates shock waves, transforming the energy of high speed bubbles into energy of shock waves and energetic particle beams .

The bubble’s cores when approaching the surface have a size of $`10^7`$ cm at $`r0.93R_{Sun}`$. In the subphotospheric regions they grow to $`10^8`$ cm, in good agreement with the photospheric sizes of flare kernels $`2000`$ km. Besides the energetic, mass and size relations, some connections between the solar neutrino problems, as well as the chemical anomalies of many flares and that of the hot bubbles may also be related. One may speculate that SIM inertial tides play an important role in the generation of solar activity. The periodic acceleration and deceleration of SIM may drive an inertial oscillation in the solar core. Tidal stresses are maximal at the solar center . Magnetic fields may act as a restoring force, therefore magnetic torsional oscillation may arise which may explain the solar cycle . The maximum value of the Sun’s orbital angular momentum reaches 25$`\%`$ of the Sun’s rotational momentum $`1.7\times 10^{47}gcm^2s^1`$. Spin-orbit coupling, a transfer of angular momentum from the Sun’s orbit to the Sun’s spin rate and vice versa could make a difference of more than $`5\%`$ in the equatorial velocity which is actually observed . Interestingly, hot spots occur at the Earth as well, they also show deep origin from the core , rigid rotation , chemical anomalies  and surface activity. A significant positive correlation exists between the chemically ’anomalous’ activity of Jupiter’s hot spots and the solar cycle . The phenomenon of active longitudes is known also in close binaries where the position of the two diametrically opposing active longitudes is directly related to the position of the companion star (Olah, K. et al., in preparation). There is evidence for a purely tidal effect as well-enhanced activity at the subbinary point of close binaries . Tidal response calculations are also of interest in connection with the newly discovered planets , which may play a role in the generation of the activity cycle of their host stars.


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# Quantum distributions prescribed by factorization hypothesis of probability

## I introduction

It is believed that long-range correlations can often (if not always) be related to fractal or chaotic space-time structures and also to power laws and nonextensive phenomena. That is why the fractal inspired nonextensive statistical mechanics ($`NSM`$) is receiving much attention and widely considered as a possible valid theory to describe systems with complex correlations. Considering the fractal or chaotic behaviors and nonextensive or fractional effects in quantum systems like, for example, correlated electrons in superconductor, solitons and quasi-particles in condensed matters , we naturally expect a quantum statistical mechanics within $`NSM`$. One of the first steps in this direction is taken by Büyükkiliç et al in giving the generalized quantum distributions with the so called factorization approximation.

The derivation of the conventional quantum one-body distribution from the compound many-body distribution is straightforward within Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics because the latter considers only short range interactions with additive entropy and energy. This allows the many-body density operator $`\rho `$ to be factorized into the product of one-body density operators $`\rho _i`$ of $`N`$ particles of the system :

$`\rho ={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\rho _i.`$ (1)
But in nonextensive statistical mechanics, this kind of factorization of compound probability is impossible if we still consider, for independent particles or ideal gas, extensive energy with total hamiltonian $`H`$ given by

$$H=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}H_i=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}(\frac{p_i^2}{2m}+V_i),$$
(2)
where $`H_i=\frac{p_i^2}{2m}+V_i`$ is the one-body hamiltonian of $`i^{th}`$ particle, $`p_i`$ its momentum and $`V_i`$ its potential energy. To overcome this difficulty, a so called factorization approximation is proposed which imposes Eq.(1) in keeping Eq.(2). This approximation allows to obtain a nonextensive quantum distribution of $`NSM`$ with complete distribution (i.e. $`\text{Tr}\rho =1`$) and unnormalized average (i.e. $`\overline{x}=\text{Tr}\rho ^qx`$ where $`x`$ is certain operator ). It is, explicitly or not, employed in most of the applications of $`NSM`$ to the cases like, among others, boson and fermion systems, the polytropic model of galaxies, solar neutrinos, peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters, electron plasma turbulence (for updated comments on these works, we refer to reference ), and the application of nonextensive blackbody distribution to laser physics. Although these applications clearly evidence the existence and the important role of the $`q`$-exponential distribution in the nature, the justification of the passage from many body $`q`$-distribution to one-body one is missing. Recently, a direct analysis shows that, assuming Eq.(1) and Eq.(2) at the same time means neglecting a correlation energy which is in general not negligible. A detailed computation for $`N`$-oscillator system also shows that the partition function given on the basis of Eq.(1) is completely different from that given by using Eq.(2).

In this paper, the factorization hypothesis is discussed from a new point of view relative to Abe’s general pseudoadditivity for nonextensive systems in thermal equilibrium. This discussion leads to the conclusion that Eq.(1) must be respected in all coherent and exact treatments of equilibrium systems. On this basis, quantum distributions are derived within different formalisms of $`NSM`$ : 1) complete distribution ($`\text{Tr}\rho =1`$) with the normalized average $`\overline{x}=\text{Tr}\rho x`$; 2) incomplete distribution with $`q`$-normalization $`\text{Tr}\rho ^q=1`$ and the normalized average $`\overline{x}=\text{Tr}\rho ^qx`$; 3) complete distribution with unnormalized average $`\overline{x}=\text{Tr}\rho ^qx`$.

## II Thermal equilibrium and factorization of compound probability

In Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics, Eq.(1) is a natural result of the short-range interactions or of the independence of the subsystems which necessarily lead to extensive entropy $`S`$ and internal energy $`E`$. With the temperature definition $`1/T=\beta =\frac{S}{E}`$ (Boltzmann constant k=1), the extensivity of $`S`$ and $`E`$ allows to verify the zeroth law or the existence of thermal equilibrium. So, the uniqueness of Gibbs-Shannon entropy $`S=_ip_i\mathrm{ln}p_i`$ subject to Shannon-Khinchin axioms can be regarded from a different viewpoint. We can also state that, given Gibbs-Shannon entropy, the existence of thermal equilibrium necessarily leads to the additivity of entropy or to Eq.(1). This statement seems self-evident and useless for Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics, because Eq.(1) and the axiom about the additivity of entropy are obvious in view of the independence of subsystems. But it is not the case in $`NSM`$. The pseudoadditivity axiom $`S=S_1+S_2+(1q)S_1S_2`$ for a composite system containing two subsystems $`1`$ and $`2`$ with respectively entropies $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$, is in fact a consequence of Eq.(1) supposed Tsallis entropy $`S=\frac{1\text{Tr}\rho ^q}{1q}`$. As a consequence, the nonextensive theory is entirely subject to the “independence” of subsystems. The problem is that, in nonextensive physics, the subsystems are in general dependent on each other. So Eq.(1) or the pseudoadditivity is in this case somewhat artificial and seems to hide something which may restrict the validity of the theory. In many applications of $`NSM`$, Eq.(1) is sometimes respected, sometimes not, sometimes combined with the incompatible extensive hamiltonian Eq.(2). This confused situation is in our opinion due to the fact that Eq.(1) is not clearly founded for nonextensive statistics subject to Tsallis entropy.

Very recently, Abe proposed a general pseudoadditivity for entropy required by the existence of thermal equilibrium in composite nonextensive systems : $`f(S)=f(S_1)+f(S_2)+\lambda f(S_1)f(S_2)`$ where $`f`$ is certain differentiable function satisfying $`f(0)=0`$ and $`\lambda `$ a constant depending on the nature of the system of interest. So for a system containing $`N`$ subsystems, the thermal equilibrium requires following additivity :

$`\mathrm{ln}[1+\lambda f(S)]={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{ln}[1+\lambda f(S_i)].`$ (3)
On the other hand, Eq.(3) applied to Tsallis entropy means $`f(S)=S`$ and $`\lambda =1q`$, which directly leads to $`\mathrm{ln}\text{Tr}\rho ^q=_{i=1}^N\mathrm{ln}\text{Tr}\rho _i^q`$ or Eq.(1). This interesting result raises Eq.(1) from the level of a special assumption for “statistically independent” subsystems to the level a general theorem of equilibrium thermodynamics with either Boltzmann-Gibbs or Tsallis entropy. We does not need any more the independence of subsystems to write Eq.(1) which must be respected by all probabilities of the systems (extensive or nonextensive) that can have thermal equilibrium. Consequently, all calculations based on the factorization theorem or using one-body $`q`$-exponential distribution are, as a matter of fact, correct and exact applications of $`NSM`$. And all calculations of $`NSM`$ based on Eq.(2) \[not compatible with Eq.(1)\] should now be regarded as “extensive energy approximation” which may be very different from the exact treatment and should be employed with great care.

In what follows, we discuss the quantum distributions proposed by Büyükkiliç et al without any approximation. On the basis of the factorization theorem discussed above, the derivation of this kind of distribution is straightforward.

## III Complete distribution formalism

Let us begin with the complete distribution ($`\text{Tr}\rho =1`$) and the normalized average $`\overline{x}=\text{Tr}\rho x`$. This formalism of $`NSM`$ is first proposed by Tsallis and has received little attention due to some problems (e.g. missing Legendre transformation and zeroth law, thermodynamic stability problem discussed by assuming extensive energy). Since several years, $`NSM`$ has much evolved. Legendre transformation and the zeroth law in this formalism can be established by using the method of the references. The stability problem must be revisited with nonextensive energy satisfying Eq.(1). So this standard formalism of probability theory remains a possible choices of $`NSM`$ and still deserves to be studied. The reader will see below that the formalisms with normalized average can give the very distribution functions of Büyükkiliç et al.

For nonextensive quantum gas, we have :

$`\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z}}[1(q1)\beta (H\mu N)]^{\frac{1}{q1}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z}}e^{\beta h^{}}`$ (4)
where $`h^{}=\frac{\mathrm{ln}[1+(1q)\beta (H\mu N)]}{\beta (1q)}`$ can be called “deformed hamiltonian”. The grand partition function $`Z`$ is then given by

$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}[1(q1)\beta (H\mu N)]^{\frac{1}{q1}}`$ (5)
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}e^{\beta h^{}}.`$ (6)
From the factorization theorem, we can write

$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}e^{\beta _nh_i^{}}`$ (7)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{n_k\beta ϵ_k}`$ (8)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{\beta n_kϵ_k}`$ (9)
where $`ϵ_k`$ is the eigenvalue of $`h_i^{}=\frac{\mathrm{ln}[1+(1q)\beta (H_i\mu )]}{\beta (1q)}`$, the deformed one-particle hamiltonian satisfying $`h^{}=_{i=1}^Nh_i^{}`$, and $`n_k`$ the occupation number of the one-particle state $`k`$. For boson and fermion, we obtain, respectively,

$`Z={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{n_k\beta ϵ_k}={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1e^{\beta ϵ_k}}}andZ={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k=0}{\overset{1}{}}}e^{n_k\beta ϵ_k}={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}(1+e^{\beta ϵ_k}).`$ (10)
Then, it is straightforward to show that, just as in the conventional quantum statistics ,

$`\overline{n}_l=\text{Tr}\rho n_l={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{ln}Z)}{ϵ_l}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{\beta ϵ_l}\pm 1}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{[1+(1q)\beta (e_l\mu )]^{\frac{1}{1q}}\pm 1}}`$ (11)
where $`e_l`$ is the eigenvalue of the one-particle hamiltonian $`H_i`$. “+” and “-” correspond to fermion and boson, respectively. This result is just that given by Büyükkiliç et al with only a change $`(q1)(1q)`$.

## IV Incomplete distribution formalism

For incomplete distribution with the $`q`$-normalization, the Grand partition function $`Z`$ is given by

$`Z^q`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}[1(1q)\beta (H\mu N)]^{\frac{q}{1q}}`$ (12)
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}e^{q\beta h^{}}`$ (13)
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}e^{q\beta _nh_i^{}}`$ (14)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{qn_k\beta ϵ_k}`$ (15)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{q\beta n_kϵ_k}.`$ (16)
The deformed hamiltonians $`h^{}`$ and $`h_i^{}`$ are the same functions as given above with the transform $`(q1)(1q)`$. The same machinery leads to

$`\overline{n}_l=\text{Tr}\rho ^qn_l={\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}\pm 1}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{[1+(q1)\beta (e_l\mu )]^{\frac{q}{q1}}\pm 1}}.`$ (17)
These distributions are equivalent to Eq.(11) with only a difference in the $`q`$-dependence. Eq.(11) and Eq.(17) represent standard bosons and fermions satisfying Pauli exclusion principle. For example, $`n_l1`$ for fermions. It should be noticed that, in this case, the Fermi surface at $`T=0`$ or $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$ is the same as in the conventional case and independent of the parameter $`q`$.

## V Complete distribution with unnormalized average

On the other hand, in the formalism of complete distribution with unnormalized average, the things will be different because this average, unlike the normalized ones, can lead to nonadditive deformed internal energy even with additive deformed hamiltonian $`h^{}`$. This formalism received a lot of attention and finally was found to show some puzzling properties. But up to now, there is no really solid reason for abandoning it definitely. We still see various kind of unnormalized expectations widely used in many fields, especially in financial problems. It is also found that this formalism is the only one of $`NSM`$ that can give standard statistical interpretation of heat and work. So it is still of interest to study this formalism in the circumstance of quantum systems.

The partition function is still given by Eq.(5) with a transform $`(q1)(1q)`$. The occupation number is calculated as follows

$`\overline{n}_l`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}\rho ^qn_l`$ (18)
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}n_l{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z^q}}[1+(q1)\beta (H\mu N)]^{\frac{q}{1q}}`$ (19)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z^q}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}n_le^{qn_k\beta ϵ_k}`$ (20)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q\beta Z^q}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{ϵ_l}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{qn_k\beta ϵ_k}`$ (21)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z^q}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_k}{}}e^{qn_k\beta ϵ_k}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}1}}`$ (22)
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}\rho ^q{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}1}}`$ (23)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}1}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1e^{\beta ϵ_k})^q}{1e^{q\beta ϵ_k}}}`$ (24)
for bosons and

$`\overline{n}_l`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}+1}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+e^{q\beta ϵ_k}}{(1+e^{\beta ϵ_k})^q}}`$ (25)
for fermions. Eq.(18) and (25) can be written as

$`\overline{n}_l={\displaystyle \frac{Q_\pm }{e^{q\beta ϵ_l}\pm 1}}={\displaystyle \frac{Q_\pm }{[1+(q1)\beta (e_l\mu )]^{\frac{q}{q1}}\pm 1}}`$ (26)
where $`Q_+=\text{Tr}\rho ^q=_k\frac{1+e^{q\beta ϵ_k}}{(1+e^{\beta ϵ_k})^q}`$ (or $`Q_{}=_k\frac{(1e^{\beta ϵ_k})^q}{1e^{q\beta ϵ_k}}`$) can be regarded as a parameter depending on $`q`$. $`Q_\pm >1`$ $`Q_\pm =1`$ and $`Q_\pm <1`$ for $`q<1`$, $`q=1`$ and $`q>1`$, respectively. These distributions seems interesting because they allow intermediate occupation number between that of bosons and fermions. In particular, at absolute zero, for “fermionlike” particle with “+” in Eq.(26), $`\overline{n}_l=Q`$ when $`e_l<\mu `$ and $`\overline{n}_l=0`$ when $`e_l>\mu `$. This means that it is possible for several “fermions” to occupy an one-particle quantum state if $`Q>1`$ or $`q<1`$. Consequently, the Fermi surface $`ϵ_F`$ at $`T=0`$ or $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$ changes as a function of $`Q`$ or of the interaction between the particles : $`ϵ_F=\frac{\epsilon _F}{Q^{2/3}}`$ where $`\epsilon _F`$ is the conventional Fermi energy at $`q=1`$ or $`Q=1`$. This result can be compared to that of the fractional exclusion statistics for intermediate particles different from bosons and fermions. It is not surprising to see that nonextensive statistics has similar effect to that of fractional statistics describing interacting particle or elementary excitation, because the $`q`$-distribution is nothing but a result of long range interactions. However, the fact that only the $`NSM`$ formalism with unnormalized average can give the intermediate quantum distributions seems to deserve further investigation. Quite interesting efforts have been made by some authors to relate nonextensive statistics and the quantum distributions given by Eq.(11) or (17) to fractional exclusion statistics.

It is obvious that if we assume the $`q`$-normalization for incomplete distribution, $`Q=1`$ and Eq.(26) will become Eq.(17).

## VI Conclusion

Summing up, on the basis of the factorization theorem of compound probability prescribed by thermodynamic equilibrium, the quantum gas distributions within different formalisms of $`NSM`$ are investigated. It is shown that only the formalisms with normalized average can give distribution functions for standard bosons and fermions. The formalism with unnormalized average leads to a intermediate distribution similar to that of fractional exclusion statistics, with Fermi surface at $`T=0`$ depending on the parameter $`q`$. This different quantum properties of $`NSM`$ due to normalizations remains something to be understood. A detailed study of the relation between the unnormalized quantum distribution and the fractional exclusion statistics would be of interest.


text:
# DC transport properties and microwave absorption in bulk ceramic sample and film of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ: magnetic inhomogeneity effects

## 1 Introduction

The hole-doped lanthanum cobaltates of the type La1-xSrxCoO3-δ ($`0<x0.5`$) with perovskite-related structure have attracted much attention during the last five decades due to the range of novel magnetic and transport properties they show (see  and references therein). The system is important both for fundamental studies and for promissing applications . The undoped cobaltate LaCoO3 ($`x=0`$) is an insulator. In the intermediate range of Sr doping ($`0.3<x<0.5`$) it is a high conductive metal, which shows ferromagnetism (FM) below Curie temperature $`T_c=240\pm 10`$ K . An interest in the doped cobaltates has quickened in recent years after discovery of, so called, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) in the related FM perovskite oxides, named doped manganites, of the type La1-xAxMnO3 (where $`A`$ is a divalent alkaline-earth element like Ca, Sr, Ba) (see reviews  as an introduction to the problem). In the doped manganite films, the magnetoresistance (MR), defined as $`\delta (H)=[R(0)R(H)]/R(0)`$, was found to be more than 90% at fields $`H`$ about 60 kOe in the neighbourhood of room temperature. This has triggered intensive theoretical and experimental studies by a large number of scientific groups around the world. In spite of this, a clear understanding of the CMR is not yet available. In the Sr doped cobaltates, the MR magnitude is found to be much less (only a few percents). It is believed that elucidation of reasons of this large difference in MR behavior of manganites and cobaltates can be helpful for understanding of CMR nature.

It follows from the known studies  that doped manganites are always magnetically inhomogoneous to some extent. The degree of inhomogeneity depends on the doping level and preparation conditions. More exactly, two main types of inhomogeneity sources in the doped manganites are distinguished at present: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic sources are due to various technological factors of sample preparation. They can cause chemical-composition inhomogeneity (for example, in an oxygen concentration), structural inhomogeneity (polycrystalline or granular structure) and others. Intrinsic ones are believed to be due to thermodynamical reasons and can lead to phase separation on two phases with different concentration of the charge carriers . The inhomogeneity effect on magnetic and transport properties of manganites is usually minimal at the optimal doping ($`x0.33`$) but can be significant at low doping level. Needless to say that any of the above-mentioned types of inhomogeneity is associated with perturbation of the magnetic order and, therefore, with magnetic inhomogeneity.

The types of inhomogeneity, outlined for manganites, reveal themselves in doped cobaltates as well . What’s more the cobaltates appear to be more prone to phase separation than doped manganites. The system La1-xSrxCoO3-δ with $`0.18x0.5`$ shows evidence of phase separation. Beginning with low dopant concentration ($`x>0.1`$) an inhomogeneous distribution of the Sr2+ ions takes place. This results in the segregation of the material into hole-rich FM regions and a hole-poor semiconducting matrix. It was suggested  that this inhomogeneous state should appear as, so called, magnetic cluster-glass phase. The cluster glass is some set of clusters, formed due to short-range FM ordering at the Curie temperature $`T_c`$. The clusters are embedded in a non-ferromagnetic matrix. Below $`T_c`$, cluster-glass system is expected to demonstrate spin-glass behavior for temperature decreasing. This suggestion was justified to some degree by AC susceptibility measurements . For this reason some of the scientific groups believed that cluster-glass state persists up to concentration $`x=0.5`$ . By this is meant that the clusters remain isolated from one another up to this concentration and, therefore, this state does not have a long-range FM order. It is known, however, that volume fraction of the FM regions increases with the Sr concentration . At $`x>0.25`$ the metallic FM regions percolate magnetically as well as conductively , that is a long-range FM order does occur in this system at high enough Sr concentration. The authors of references  have arrived to the same conclusion. It should be taken into account, however, that inpenetrating hole-poor matrix and some isolated clusters in it persist to $`x=0.50`$ .

From the aforesaid, it might be assumed that compound La1-xSrxCoO3-δ is magnetically inhomogeneous in the whole range $`0.18x0.5`$, where FM ordering manifests itself. This can lead to peculiar magnetic and transport properties. In studies of transport properties of FM perovskites, it is most common to use of direct current (DC) measurements. For doped manganites, however, the microwave studies were undertaken in several groups . These have brought some interesting results and, in particular, have revealed that wicrowave conductivity is more sensitive than DC conductivity to the changes in magnetic state of manganites at the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition. In this way the microwave data disclose magnetic inhomogeneity in manganites. It can be expected that in the case of doped cobaltates the microwave study can bring some interesting data about their magnetic inhomogeneity and its sources as well. Some previous microwave studies of cobaltates have not come to our knowledge. All this motivate us to study transport properties in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ not only through the use of DC measurements, but by measurements of microwave absorption as well. A choice of composition ($`x=0.5`$) was determined to some extent by the fact that this compound is expected to find the most application in advanced technology .

A bulk ceramic sample and a film (prepared by pulsed-laser deposition) were studied. We have found that DC transport characteristics (magnitude and temperature behavior of the resistivity and these of the MR) are distinctly affected by magnetic inhomogeneity of the samples below Curie temperature $`T_c`$. On the strength of these data it is concluded that the film studied is an inhomogeneous system of weak-connected FM grains (or clusters) at $`T<T_c`$. The microwave absorption study has provided further data about inhomogeneity of the samples. In particular, it is found that a surface layer of the bulk sample has very low conductivity comparing with the bulk. This is explained by the surface oxygen depletion of the bulk sample. The DC method of transport measurements is not sensitive to this type of inhomogeneity when the oxygen-depleted layer is fairly thin.

The most important feature of doped cobaltates revealed in this study is the following: the microwave conductivity, which should be related mainly to the conductivity within the poor-connected grains, increases by the order of the magnitude at the transition to the FM state. The increase is much greater than that of found in the reported DC measurements in doped cobaltates of best crystal perfection, that is with the minimal effect of extrinsic sources of an inhomogeneity. Thus the found microwave effect can be safely attributed to inherent magnetically inhomogeneous state of doped cobaltates. Relaying on the results obtained it can be suggested that rather low MR in the doped cobaltates as compared with that of the CMR manganites is attributable to their more inhomogenenous magnetic state.

## 2 Experiment

The samples studied are the pulsed-laser deposited (PLD) film and the bulk sample (cut from a target from which the film was deposited). The disk-shaped ceramic target with a composition La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 was prepared by a standard solid state reaction technique. The final annealing was done at temperatures 1000C and 1200C. X-ray diffraction does not reveal any inclusions of unreacted components in the target, suggesting that it was homogeneous in chemical composition. The target was polycrystalline with rather large grain size (in the range 40-70 $`\mu `$m). It was porous (as it usually is for this type of samples) with void content about 45%. The lattice parameter for the target indexed for a pseudo-cubic perovskite-like cell is found to be $`a_p=0.383\pm 0.001`$ nm, that agrees closely with measurements of reference .

The film ($`220\pm 20`$ nm thick) was grown on (001) oriented LaAlO3 substrate. A PLD system with Nd-YAG laser operating at 1.06 $`\mu `$m was used to ablate the target. The pulse energy was about 0.39 J with a repetition rate of 12 Hz and pulse duration of 10 ns. A standard substrate arrangement normal to the laser plume axis was used. The other details of the PLD technique employed were described previously . The film was deposited with a substrate temperature 880$`\pm 5^{}`$C in an oxygen atmosphere at pressure about 8 Pa. The oxygen pressure in the PLD chamber was increased up to about $`10^5`$ Pa after deposition, the film was cooled down to room temperature in this oxygen atmosphere.

The resistance of the samples as a function of temperature and magnetic field $`H`$ (up to 20 kOe) was measured using a standard four-point probe technique. The available cryostat with a rotating electromagnet makes it possible to measure DC resistance with different directions of $`H`$ relative to the plane of the film.

Microwave conductivity of the samples was determined at frequency $`\nu =41`$ GHz from measurements of the reflection coefficient $`R_r`$ for samples placed in a waveguide with $`5.2\times 2.6`$ mm2 cross-section. The samples were inclined at a $`10^{}`$ angle to the waveguide broad wall (an angle between the normal to the sample and longitudinal waveguide axis is $`\theta =80^{}`$ in the plane of $`\stackrel{}{E}`$, where $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ is the vector of microwave electric field in the waveguide) . The technique employed similar to that used in IR experiments , in which a $`p`$-polarized beam has been incident on a specimen at a grazing angle. Such approach allows to enhance the sensitivity of reflection measurements. It was shown previously  that with a knowledge of complex refraction coefficients of a film, $`n=\sqrt{ϵ\mu }`$, and a substrate, $`n_s=\sqrt{ϵ_s\mu _s}`$ (where $`ϵ`$, $`\mu `$ and $`ϵ_s`$, $`\mu _s`$ are complex dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the film and the substrate, respectively), and their thicknesses $`d`$ and $`d_s`$, it is possible to calculate reflectivity coefficient for the plane wave. We have used relations $`ϵ=1+\sigma _{mw}/i\omega ϵ_0`$ (where $`\sigma _{mw}`$ is the microwave conductivity) for the films and $`\mu _s=1`$ for dielectric substrate. Having experimental data for reflection coefficient $`R_r`$, $`ϵ_s`$, $`d`$ and $`d_s`$, it is possible to calculate with help of backward transformation the values of $`\sigma _{mw}`$ and corresponding resistivity $`\rho _{mw}=1/\sigma _{mw}`$. At micromave studies the microwave surface resistance $`R_s=(\omega \mu \mu _0/2\sigma _{mw})^{1/2}`$ is often considered as an important parameter. This can be calulated, based on $`\sigma _{mw}`$ data for appropriate values of $`\mu `$.

The reflectivity as a function of temperature has been measured using a microwave phase bridge in the 6 mm wavelength range. In practice, change of the signal microwave power reflected from the samples was measured. This change contains information about the sample conductivity variation. A calibration procedure (which was done by means of the high-$`T_c`$ superconducting YBaCuO film at $`T=77`$ K) allows us to determine the absolute values of the microwave conductivity in the samples studied with an accuracy which is believed to be within range $`10\%`$ to $`+100\%`$. An “asymmetry” of maximal probable error results from non-linear dependence of $`R_r`$ on $`\sigma _{mw}`$. The calculated absolute values of $`\sigma _{mw}`$ (or $`\rho _{mw}`$) depend essentially on the used value of permeability $`\mu `$. We have taken $`\mu =1`$ at such calculations. A discussion of appropriateness of this choice is presented in the next section of this paper. On the other hand, the relative temperature changes in $`R_r`$ were measured with higher precision, which results in an accuracy of relative temperature changes in $`\sigma _{mw}`$ about $`\pm 4\%`$ for the bulk sample and $`\pm 10\%`$ for the film.

## 3 Results and discussion

### 3.1 DC transport properties

The temperature dependence of DC resistivity, $`\rho (T)`$, of the bulk ceramic sample is presented in figure 1a. The dependence agrees well with the known results on La1-xSrxCoO3-δ for $`0.3x0.5`$ . The resistivity values correspond to the known data on the ceramic doped cobaltates as well . The $`\rho `$ values presented in figure 1a were calculated taking into account the porosity of the sample222This was done in the simplest way using the fractional part (55%) of actual cross-section of the sample at calculation of the sample resistivity. In the case of fairly homogenenous pore distribution (as shown by SEM study of the sample) the error in calculated $`\rho `$ values should not exceed about 10%., so that they present, within certain limits, the resistivity of compact material. In La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ with fairly perfect crystalline structure and $`\delta `$ close to zero, the resistivity values are reported to be about 100 $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }`$ cm (or even less) at the room temperature . The higher value of $`\rho `$ in the sample studied is to be attributed to its polycrystalline structure and some oxygen defficiency. The ratio of resistances at 300 K and 4.2 K, is more than 2, that corresponds to the data of references  for the samples with fairly good crystal quality. The $`T_c`$ value for the sample studied was found to be about 250 K by AC susceptibility measurements .

It is seen in figure 1a that the $`\rho (T)`$ behavior is metallic ($`d\rho /dT>0`$) in the whole temperature range investigated, below and above $`T_c`$. The $`\rho (T)`$ dependence exhibits a change of slope at $`T_c`$ as a result of spin disorder scattering. This is reflected by the temperature behavior of $`d\rho /dT`$ (figure 1a) which has a maximum near $`T_c=250`$ K. Such behavior of $`\rho (T)`$ is typical in FM metals . The point is that the resistivity of FM metal has a quite pronounced contribution from the electron scattering on spin disorder (apart from the usual contributions from crystal-lattice defects and electron-phonon scattering) . This contribution represents, so called, magnetic part of the resistivity, $`\rho _m(T,H)`$, which depends on the magnetization. With a rise of magnetization at the transition to the FM state, $`\rho _m`$ drops appreciably, which is a reason for an enhanced resistivity decrease below $`T_c`$, when going from high to lower temperaure. This takes place in the sample studied as well (figure 1a). The external magnetic field enhances the spin order, that leads to a decrease in the resistivity. That is why the FM metals are characterized by a negative MR. The negative MR of the ceramic sample is found to have a maximum absolute value at $`T=T_c`$ \[$`\delta (H)=2.15`$ % at $`H=20`$ kOe\]. It goes down rather steeply to $`\delta (H)1\%`$ for temperature deviating to either side from $`T_c`$. Such temperature behavior of MR is expected for the FM metals of fairly good crystal perfection.

We turn now to the DC conductivity behavior of the PLD film studied (figure 2a). This is quite different from that of the bulk sample. First, the resistivity is higher than in the bulk sample (compare with figure 1a). Second, $`\rho (T)`$ curve has a maximum at $`T_p250`$ K and a minimum at $`T_m107`$ K. A decrease in resistance below $`T_c`$ is rather small (by about 10 % from the maximum value). Third, the MR of the film is found to be less than in the bulk sample (a maximum value of $`\delta (H)`$ is about 0.8 % at $`T230`$ K and $`H=20`$ kOe, as shown in figure 3).

Consider now the temperature behavior of the resistivity of the film more closely. The first thing that catches the eye is that for $`T>T_p=250`$ K and for $`T<T_m=107`$ K the temperature behavior is non-metallic ($`dR/dT<0`$). This type of $`\rho (T)`$ behavior (that is a maximum near $`T_c`$ and a minimum about 100 K) is typical for cobaltates La1-xSrxCoO3-δ with low doping level $`0.2x0.3`$ , that is for low charge-carrier concentration. The appearence of this type of dependence in PLD film with a nominal composition La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ should be attributed to some considerable oxygen deficiency (large value of $`\delta `$), that can cause the significant decrease in the charge-carrier concentration . Beside reducing the number of carriers, the oxygen deficiency is connected with the presence of oxygen vacancies sites, which hinder the carrier motion. It was shown in studies  that for sufficiently high values of $`\delta `$ the La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ films can be even insulating.

It should be mentioned, that $`\rho (T)`$ dependence, shown in figure 2a (that is a maximum at $`T=T_p`$ and a minimum at low temperature) is typical for systems of FM grains (or clusters) with rather weak interconnection. For example, similar dependences were found in polycrystalline manganites . For these compounds, the paramagnetic phase is non-metallic, and for this reason the temperature dependence of resistance has a peak at a temperature $`T_p`$ at which an infinite percolating ferromagnetic cluster is formed at the transition. The grain boundaries in FM perovskite oxides are usually poorly conductive or can be even dielectric. Therefore, in the limiting case, a polycrystalline sample is just a granular metal, that is a system of metal grains embedded in an insulator. The conductivity of granular metals is determined by the tunnelling of charge carriers through the boundaries between the grains. The tunnelling can be activated or non-activated, depending on the thickness of boundaries and the temperature. Real granular systems are inhomogeneous in strength of tunnelling barriers between grains and, therefore, in the probability of charge-carrier tunneling. These systems are actually percolating and their conductivity is determined by both intragrain and intergrain transport properties.

The conductivity of granular metal is conditioned by two processes: tunnelling and thermal activation of the charge carriers. If the activation energy $`E_a`$ is rather low, the conductivity at high enough temperature, $`kT>E_a`$, is non-activated. In this case the system behaves as a (“bad”) metal with a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ($`dR/dT>0`$). Since granular metals are percolating systems, their conductivity is determined by the presence of “optimal” chains of grains with maximal probability of tunnelling for adjacent pairs of grains forming the chain. These“optimal” chains have some weak high-resistive links. At low enough temperature the relation $`kT<E_a`$ can become true for these links, and, hence, the measured DC conductivity of the system will become activated.

We have considered here the most obvious reasons for appearence of the resistance minimum at low temperature in inhomogeneous FM systems. Some more specific models of this phenomenon in doped manganites are presented in references . The above-mentioned general reasons for the resistance minimum can be applied to the film studied as well. On the basis of our gained experience, we can safely assume that PLD cobaltate films obtained in the above-described conditions are polycrystalline. There is a reason to believe that distribution of oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxides is inhomogeneous. The vacancies are more likely to reside at the grain boundaries , that increases the structural and magnetic inhomogeneity. Beside this, the doped cobaltates are believed to have an intrinsic source of inhomogeneity: the phase separation, that is a segregation of material into FM metallic clusters embedded in a hole-poor semiconducting matrix  (see discussion in Sec. 1). In cobaltates with low charge-carrier concentration, the FM clusters are weakly connected or even isolated, so that the system can behave as a granular FM metal. The $`R(T)`$ dependences quite similar to figure 2a were observed previously in La1-xSrxCoO3-δ with $`0.2x0.3`$ . The authors of reference  speculate that for this composition the metallic conduction is only established within interval 100 K $`<T<T_c`$, but below 100 K the increasing population of low-spin Co(III) ions in the matrix reestablishes a non-metallic temperature dependence. May be this is a reason for the observed $`\rho (T)`$ behavior in the film studied. In any case, however, it is evident from figure 2a that the clusters (or FM grains) in the film have a weak connectivity. For this reason the resistance shows only slight (10 %) decrease at the transition to FM state. This change is far less than that in the bulk sample, which shows a twofold decrease in resistivity (figure 1a).

From the aforesaid, it appears that the film studied behaves as a system of weakly connected FM grains (or clusters). The MR data obtained support this viewpoint. First, a maximum value of the MR in the film near the temperature of transition to the FM state is less than that of in the bulk sample. This is quite reasonable, since the measured MR of a granular FM system near $`T_c`$ should be less that an intrinsic intragrain MR in the cases that grains have poor interconnectivity. This obvious effect has been seen previously, for example, in polycrystalline films of doped manganite . Second, in polycrystalline samples the significant contribution to MR comes from grain boundaries, and this contribution increases with decreasing temperature. Discussion of possible mechanisms of this extrinsic type of MR can be found in references . The film studied shows indeed a continuous increase in MR for decreasing temperature (for the temperatures fairly below $`T_c`$) (figure 3). This is an expected behavior for polycrystalline samples with poor enough intergrain connectivity . In contrast with it, for cobaltate and manganite samples with fairly good crystal perfection or even for polycrystalline samples of these materials but with a good intergrain connectivity the MR has a peak near $`T_c`$ and goes nearly to zero with decreasing temperature . This effect has found a verification in this study as well for the bulk sample (see above). In summary, the DC resistance and MR of the film show that it makes a system of weakly connected grains (or clusters). This inhomogeneous phase state in the (nominally) high-doped cobaltate ($`x=0.5`$) should be attributed mainly to rather significant oxygen deficiency.

At the end of this subsection it should be added that the MR of the film is strongly anisotropic (figure 3). Although (as far as we know) nobody else has yet reported this effect in doped cobaltate films, the anisotropic MR is not surprising for PLD films of FM perovskite oxides . In the present study it is found that the absolute values of the negative MR in fields parallel to the film plane are much above that of in the perpendicular fields (figure 3). Since conductivity of doped cobaltates increases with an enhancement of the magnetic order, this behavior just reflects the point that the magnetization increases more easily in a magnetic field parallel to the film plane. This MR anisotropy is connected with the FM state. For this reason it disappears for $`T>T_c`$. This effect (which is not a main goal of this paper) is to be discussed in more detail elsewhere.

### 3.2 Microwave absorption measurements and comparison with DC transport properties

As stated above, the $`\rho _{mw}`$ values, obtained in the present microwave study, are deduced taking $`\mu =1`$. Although some direct measurements of $`\mu `$ in La1-xSrxCoO3 system for $`0.2x0.5`$ have not come to our knowledge, this choice seems to us as the most appropriate and credible. In FM metals $`\mu `$ is equal to unity above Curie temperature. Below $`T_c`$ it can be considerably larger than unity, but only for rather low frequencies. For frequency decreasing the value of $`\mu `$ decreases, so that at high enough frequency it is close to unity . This general for FM metals tendency is found to be true for related perovskite-like oxides as well. For example, in polycrystalline La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 the magnitude of $`\mu `$ decreases significantly for frequency above 1 MHz, so that at $`\nu =100`$ MHz the magnitude of $`\mu `$ is only moderately greater than unity . It can be expected that at far higher frequency $`\nu =41`$ GHz, used in this study, $`\mu `$ should be quite close to unity. Some additional support to this can be seen in the fact, that the best agreement between the DC and microwave resistivities in the film studied for $`T>T_c`$ has been found at $`\mu =1`$ (see below). For $`\mu >1`$ an agreement is much worse. In any case, even if $`\mu `$ is somewhat larger than unity in the samples studied it cannot effect essentially the main findings and conclusions of this paper outlined below.

A comparison of the temperature dependences of $`\rho _{mw}`$ and DC resistivity ($`\rho `$) for the bulk sample and the film can be made with figures 1 and 2. Let us begin with the bulk sample (figure 1). Its $`\rho _{mw}(T)`$ dependence is non-monotonic with a maximum at $`T_p220`$ K, so that the corresponding $`R(T)`$ behavior is non-metallic at $`T>T_p`$. This is in sharp contrast to the $`\rho (T)`$ dependence of the bulk sample (figure 1a). As discussed above, the non-monotonic $`R(T)`$ dependences with a maximum below $`T_c`$ are inherent in doped cobaltates with low density of the charge carriers and thus with the high resistivity. Indeed, the $`\rho _{mw}`$ values, estimated for $`\mu =1`$, are found to be more than two orders of the magnitude greater than corresponding DC values of the resistivity, indicated in figure 1a. The skin depth in the bulk sample is about 80 $`\mu `$m at the used frequency. Therefore, the found $`\rho _{mw}(T)`$ behaviour is to be attributed to the properties of a rather thin surface layer of the bulk sample, which is poor of the charge carriers, most likely, due to an oxygen depletion. It is known that ceramic samples of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ are always oxygen deficient with $`\delta `$ up to 0.06 . But even greater oxygen deficiency can be expected at the surface of the samples comparing with the bulk. This suggestion has been made previously in reference  based on the specific features in the temperature curves of the AC susceptibility of ceramic La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ. The microwave study in this paper supports this suggestion.

Contrary to the bulk sample, where the microwave absorption is confined solely to the surface skin-depth layer, the temperature behavior of $`\rho _{mw}`$ in the film (figure 2b) is determined by response of the whole film volume to the microwave action, since the skin depth is far larger than the film thickness. The maximal values of $`\rho _{mw}`$ in the film for $`T>T_c`$ (where $`\mu `$ is sure equal to unity) are found to be quite close to the film DC resistivity (figure 2)333It should be noted that the main uncertainty in the DC resistivity of the film studied is determined by an accuracy in the film thickness estimation. Taking this into account, the expected accuracy in the film DC resistivity is about $`\pm 10\%`$.. The $`\rho _{mw}(T)`$ dependence has a peak at the nearly same temperature $`T_p`$ as the $`\rho (T)`$ curve, but it does not show a pronounced minimum at $`T_m=107`$ K as the $`\rho (T)`$ curve does (figure 2). The most sharp distinction between the temperature behaviour of the microwave and DC resistivities, found in this study, is the following. It is seen in figure 2b that for temperature decreasing below $`T_c`$ the $`\rho _{mw}`$ magnitude decreases by a factor about ten. This change is really huge in comparison with the 10 % decrease in the film DC resistivity in the same temperature range (figure 2a).

The greater changes in $`\rho _{mw}`$ at the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition when compared with that of in the DC resistivity have been seen previously in the microwave  and IR optical  studies of polycrystalline doped manganites. It is apparent that this effect is typical of inhomogenenous perovskite oxides for electromagnetic waves of not too high frequency. In some cases  the high-frequency resistivity is found to be far less than the DC resistivity in the whole temperature range studied (below and above $`T_c`$). In other cases  the microwave resistivity is found to be nearly equal to the DC resistivity (and their temperature behaviour with a maximum at $`T=T_p`$ are found to be exactly the same) in the temperature range above and near $`T_c`$ (or $`T_p`$), and only below $`T_p`$ the microwave resistivity becomes far less than the DC one. The latter type of behaviour is found in this study of doped cobaltate La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ.

The reported results of microwave and optical studies of doped manganites  appear, at first sight, as inconsistent and bizarre from standpoint of Drude theory of optical properties of metals . According to that, for electromagnetic waves with low enough frequency ($`\omega 1/\tau `$, where $`\tau `$ is the electron relaxation time in a conductor) the optical conductivity should not depend on the frequency and be equal to the DC conductivity. It is true, however, only for homogeneous systems. Consider this question in more detail. In doing so we shall use the more general term “optical conductivity” implying that this has the same meaning as the term “microwave conductivity” for low enough frequency. The point is that the DC and optical conductivities are determined by quite different physical processes. The DC conductivity is defined by the ability of the charge carriers to propagate through a conducting system. It is apparent that this ability is affected profoundly by any kind of structural or phase inhomogeneity, especially when the system is just some disordered mixture of metal and insulator. Take again as an example a granular FM metal with poor intergrain connectivity. At the transition to the FM state the intragrain conductivity of this inhomogenenous system can increase profoundly, but the measured DC conductivity of the whole sample can show only rather weak increasing due to the weak intergrain connectivity (see above an extended discussion of this matter). For this reason the absolute values and temperature dependences of the DC resistivity and MR in FM perovskite oxides depend crucially on preparation conditions, which determine the degree of inhomogeneity of samples. In addition, there can be the intrinsic source of inhomogeneity (the phase separation) which shows up even in single-crystal samples. And this source, as it appears from the reported studies, is more important in doped cobaltates than in manganites.

The optical conductivity is determined by the ability of metal to absorb the energy of the electromagnetic field. For low frequency $`\omega <kT`$ (microwave and IR range) the main contribution to it comes from classical absorption, at which the charge carriers are accelerated by the electric field of electromagnetic wave . The absorption ability is characterized by the processes of transformation of energy flux of electromagnetic field to a thermal flux through the scattering of the charge carriers on phonons, impurities and other lattice defects . In FM metals the electron scattering on the spin disorder can give an appreciable contribution to these processes.

Taking into account the DC transport properties of the film studied and results of the previous studies of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ , it can be safely assumed that the film is oxygen-depleted and inhomogeneous. With approaching and crossing $`T_c`$ when going from high to lower temperature the film transforms into magnetically inhomogeneous state of weakly connected FM clusters (or grains) together with some isolated FM clusters and an inpenetrating hole-poor insulating matrix. It is clear that the main contribution to the changes in light (or microwave) absorption and thus in the optical conductivity at this transition will be determined by formation of metallic FM regions even when they are not or poor connected to one another. In this way the changes in the optical absorption in doped cobaltates at the transition to the FM state reflect rather closely the corresponding changes in the intragrain (or intracluster) conductivity. In this study the approximately tenfold increase in the microwave conductivity is found at this transition, although the reported DC measurements of doped cobaltates have shown about threefold increase in the DC conductivity at most . This difference in the DC behavior is quite reasonable, since even cobaltate samples of the best crystal perfection are magnetically inhomogeneous owing to the above-mentioned inherent sources of inhomogeneity.

In summary, the changes in microwave conductivity at the transition to the FM state reflect more closely the real changes in intragrain conductivity of doped inhomogeneous perovskite oxides than their DC conductivity. At first glance the large (by the order of the magnitude) increase in the microwave conductivity at the transition to the FM state which is found in this study in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ film should involve the corresponding high magnitude of the MR. This is not the case, however, since, as was mentioned above, the MR in inhomogeneous granular or cluster system, obtained by DC measurements, is always less than the actual intragrain (or intracluster) MR. This can be a plausible reason for the much lower MR magnitude in cobaltates in comparison with that of in CMR doped manganites. The known studies testify that doped cobaltates are prone to different types of inhomogeneity to a much greater extent than manganites.

## Conclusions

We have studied DC transport properties and microwave absorption in the bulk ceramic sample and the film of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ. It is found that DC transport characteristics (magnitude and temperature behavior of the resistivity and these of the MR) are distinctly affected by magnetic inhomogeneity of the samples below Curie temperature $`T_c`$. Under gaining enough experimental and theoretical data on this matter, it is possible to apply the DC transport measurements to reveal a structural and magnetic inhomogeneity in FM perovskite oxides. Among other things, analysis of the DC transport data can be used for an assessment of the degree of inhomogeneity and for identification of specific types of inhomogeneities (such as the granular structure). It follows clearly from our DC measurements that the film studied is an inhomogeneous system of weakly connected FM grains (or clusters) at $`T<T_c`$.

On the other hand, however, a single method should not be enough for characterization of the inhomogeneity in FM perovskite oxides. The study of the microwave absorption has provided an expected support for this apparent truth. It is found, in particular, that a surface layer of the bulk sample has very low conductivity comparing with the bulk. This can be explained by the oxygen depletion of the surface layer. The DC method of transport measurements is not sensitive enough to this type of inhomogeneity when the oxygen-depleted layer is fairly thin. The most important feature of doped cobaltates revealed in this study is the following: the microwave conductivity, which should be related mainly to the conductivity within the poor-connected grains, increases by the order of the magnitude at the transition to the FM state. The increase is much greater than that of found in the reported DC measurements in doped cobaltates of the best crystal perfection, that is with the minimal effect of extrinsic sources of an inhomogeneity. Thus the found microwave effect can be attributed to magnetically inhomogeneous state which is believed to be inherent in the doped cobaltates for any doping level. Relaying on the results obtained it can be concluded that significantly lower MR in the doped cobaltates as compared with that of the CMR manganites can be attributed to their more inhomogenenous magnetic state.

## References

## Figures


text:
# Homotopy invariance of AF-embeddability

## 1. Introduction

Kirchberg \[K\] showed a remarkable theorem that a separable exact $`C^{}`$-algebra is nuclearly embeddable and is $``$-isomorphic to a quotient of a subalgebra of the CAR algebra. (See \[D3\] for a different proof.) However, the class of $`C^{}`$-algebras which are $``$-isomorphic to subalgebras of AF-algebras (i.e., AF-embeddable $`C^{}`$-algebras) is more restrictive. An AF-embeddable $`C^{}`$-algebra has to be exact and quasidiagonal. Thus a major open problem on AF-embeddability is that whether the converse is true. This problem has the affirmative answer \[L\], \[D4\] for a separable residually finite dimensional (RFD) $`C^{}`$-algebra which satisfies the universal coefficient theorem (UCT). We refer the reader to Wassermann’s lecture notes \[W\] and Brown’s survey \[B\] respectively for the information of exactness and of quasidiagonality. Spielberg \[S\] studied AF-embeddability of extensions and related AF-embeddability to homotopy types of $`C^{}`$-algebras. Voiculescu \[V\] then proved that quasidiagonality is a homotopy invariant. This, in turn, is used to show the homotopy invariance of AF-embeddability in the class of separable exact $`C^{}`$-algebras. Following Voiculescu \[V\], we say a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ is homotopically dominated by a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`B`$ if there are $``$-homomorphisms $`\phi :AB`$ and $`\psi :BA`$ such that $`\psi \phi `$ is homotopic to $`\mathrm{id}_A`$.

###### Theorem 1.

If $`A`$ is a separable exact $`C^{}`$-algebra which is homotopically dominated by an AF-embeddable $`C^{}`$-algebra $`B`$, then $`A`$ is AF-embeddable.

This theorem immediately follows from the next two propositions. The first is inspired by serial works \[D1\], \[D2\], \[D3\], \[D4\] of Dadarlat on AF-embeddability of RFD $`C^{}`$-algebras and the second is essentially same as Theorem 3.9 of Spielberg \[S\] (namely, he proved it under an assumption on the UCT). We are indebted to Takeshi Katsura for clarifying Spielberg’s argument to us.

###### Proposition 2.

The cone $`CA`$ over a separable exact $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ is AF-embeddable.

###### Proposition 3.

Let $`A`$ be a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra whose cone $`CA`$ is AF-embeddable. Suppose that $`A`$ is homotopically dominated by an AF-embeddable $`C^{}`$-algebra $`B`$. Then $`A`$ is AF-embeddable.

## 2. Proof of Proposition 2

###### Definition 4.

Let $`FC`$ be a finite subset of a unital $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$ and let $`\epsilon >0`$. For a unital completely positive (ucp) map $`\phi `$ from $`C`$ into a full matrix algebra $`𝕄_p`$, we give the following definitions.

We say $`\phi `$ is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-multiplicative if $`\phi (f^{}f)\phi (f)^{}\phi (f)<\epsilon `$ and $`\phi (ff^{})\phi (f)\phi (f)^{}<\epsilon `$ for $`fF`$. We say $`\phi `$ is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitable if it is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-multiplicative and there are a faithful representation $`C𝔹()`$ and a ucp map $`\alpha :𝕄_p𝔹()`$ such that $`f\alpha \phi (f)<\epsilon `$ for $`fF`$. For a ucp map $`\psi :C𝕄_q`$, we denote by $`\phi \psi `$ the ucp map $`Cfdiag(\phi (f),\psi (f))𝕄_{p+q}`$ and denote the $`n`$-fold sum $`\phi \mathrm{}\phi `$ by $`n\phi `$. For a ucp map $`\psi :C𝕄_p`$, we write $`\phi _{F,\epsilon }\psi `$ if there is a unitary $`u𝕄_p`$ such that $`\phi (f)u\psi (f)u^{}<\epsilon `$ for $`fF`$.

Although, we are not going to use this fact, we remark that any ucp map $`\phi `$ satisfies

$$\phi (ab)\phi (a)\phi (b)\phi (aa^{})\phi (a)\phi (a)^{}^{1/2}\phi (b^{}b)\phi (b)^{}\phi (b)^{1/2}$$

for any $`a`$ and $`b`$ (cf. \[C\]). This justifies the term ‘$`(F,\epsilon )`$-multiplicative’. The definition of $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitability is essentially same as the $`(F,\epsilon )`$-admissibility of Dadarlat \[D3\] and it was proved by Dadarlat \[D2\] that for any exact quasidiagonal $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$, any finite subset $`FC`$ and any $`\epsilon >0`$, there is an $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitable ucp map from $`C`$ into a matrix algebra.

We note the following easy facts as a lemma.

###### Lemma 5.

If $`\phi _{F,\epsilon }\psi `$ and $`\psi _{F,\delta }\rho `$, then $`\phi _{F,\epsilon +\delta }\rho `$. If $`\phi _j`$ and $`\psi _j`$ are ucp maps such that $`\phi _j_{F,\epsilon }\psi _j`$ for all $`j=1,\mathrm{},k`$, then $`_{j=1}^k\phi _j_{F,\epsilon }_{j=1}^k\psi _j`$. If $`\phi `$ is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitable and $`\psi `$ is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-multiplicative, then $`\phi \psi `$ is $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitable.

The following is our main tool. This is essentially due to Dadarlat \[D3\], but we include the proof for completeness.

###### Lemma 6.

We put $`h(\epsilon )=5\sqrt{\epsilon }`$ and let $`F`$ be a finite set of unitaries in a unital $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$ and $`\epsilon >0`$. If $`\phi :C𝕄_p`$ is an $`(F,\epsilon )`$-suitable ucp map and $`\psi :C𝕄_q`$ is an $`(F,\epsilon )`$-multiplicative ucp map, then there are $`n`$ and an $`(F,h(\epsilon ))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\rho :C𝕄_{npq}`$ such that $`n\phi _{F,h(\epsilon )}\psi \rho `$.

###### Proof.

Let $`C𝔹()`$ be a faithful representation and let $`\alpha :𝕄_p𝔹()`$ be a ucp map with $`f\alpha \phi (f)<\epsilon `$ for $`fF`$. Let $`\overline{\psi }:𝔹()𝕄_q`$ be a ucp extension of $`\psi `$. Applying the Stinespring theorem to the ucp map $`\overline{\psi }\alpha :𝕄_p𝕄_q`$, we find $`n`$, an isometry $`v:\mathrm{}_2^q\mathrm{}_2^n\mathrm{}_2^p`$ such that $`\overline{\psi }\alpha (x)=v^{}(1x)v`$ for all $`x𝕄_p`$. Thus denoting $`\mathrm{\Phi }=n\phi `$, we have that $`v^{}\mathrm{\Phi }(f)v\psi (f)<\epsilon `$ for $`fF`$. For the range projection $`e=vv^{}`$ of $`v`$, it is routine to verify $`(1e)\mathrm{\Phi }(f)e<2\sqrt{\epsilon }`$ and $`e\mathrm{\Phi }(f)(1e)<2\sqrt{\epsilon }`$ for $`fF`$ (we recall that $`fF`$ is a unitary). Thus, defining a ucp map $`\rho `$ from $`C`$ into $`𝕄_{npq}=(1e)(𝕄_n𝕄_p)(1e)`$ by $`\rho (f)=(1e)\mathrm{\Phi }(f)(1e)`$, we are done. ∎

Given a unital separable exact $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$, we define, for each $`t[0,1]`$, a unital exact contractible $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C(t)`$ by

$$C(t)=\{fC([t,1],A):f(1)1_A\}.$$

We note that $`C:=C(0)`$ is the unitization of the cone $`CA`$ over $`A`$ and $`C(1)=`$. We will prove that $`C`$ is AF-embeddable. It follows from Voiculescu’s theorem \[V\] that $`C(t)`$ is quasidiagonal for every $`t[0,1]`$. We denote by $`\pi (t):CC(t)`$ the natural projection from $`C`$ onto $`C(t)`$ and denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(t):C(t)C`$ the $``$-homomorphism given by

$$(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(t)(f))(s)=\{\begin{array}{cc}f(t)\hfill & \text{if }s<t\hfill \\ f(s)\hfill & \text{if }st\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`fC`$. We note that $`\sigma (t):=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(t)\pi (t)`$ is a continuous path of $``$-endomorphisms on $`C`$ with $`\sigma (0)=\mathrm{id}_C`$ and $`\sigma (1)(C)=1_C`$.

###### Lemma 7.

Let $`C`$ be as above. We give ourselves the following:

1. a finite set $`F_0`$ of unitaries in $`C`$, $`\epsilon _0>0`$,
2. $`N_0`$ so that $`f(s)f(t)_A<\epsilon _0`$ for any $`fF_0`$ and any $`s,t[0,1]`$ with $`|st|\frac{1}{N_0}`$,
3. $`\delta _0>0`$ so that $`h^{2N_0}(\delta _0)<\epsilon _0`$, (we recall that $`h(\delta )=5\sqrt{\delta }`$)
4. for each $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_0},\frac{2}{N_0},\mathrm{},\frac{N_01}{N_0}\}`$, a $`(\pi (t)(G_0),\delta _0)`$-suitable ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_0(t)`$ from $`C(t)`$ into a full matrix algebra $`D_0(t)`$, where

$$G_0=\{\sigma (t)(f):fF_0,t=0,\frac{1}{N_0},\frac{2}{N_0},\mathrm{},1\}C$$

is the finite set of unitaries and $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_0(1):=\mathrm{id}_{C(1)}`$.

Then, for any finite set $`G_1`$ of unitaries in $`C`$, $`N_1`$ which is a multiple of $`N_0`$ and $`\delta _1>0`$, there are, for each $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_1},\frac{2}{N_1},\mathrm{},\frac{N_11}{N_1}\}`$, a $`(\pi (t)(G_1),\delta _1)`$-suitable ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1(t)`$ from $`C(t)`$ into a full matrix algebra $`D_1(t)`$ and positive integers $`n_t(s)`$ for $`s\{0,\frac{1}{N_0},\frac{2}{N_0},\mathrm{},1\}`$ with $`st`$ such that

$$\theta _1(t)\underset{F_0,3\epsilon _0}{}\underset{st}{}n_t(s)\theta _0(s),$$

where $`\theta _1(t)=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1(t)\pi (t)`$ and $`\theta _0(s)=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_0(s)\pi (s)`$ for every $`s`$.

###### Proof.

We may assume that $`G_1G_0`$ and $`\delta _1<\delta _0`$. For each $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_1},\frac{2}{N_1},\mathrm{},\frac{N_11}{N_1}\}`$, we take a $`(\pi (t)(G_1),\delta _1)`$-suitable ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }(t)`$ from $`C(t)`$ into a full matrix algebra (which exists as it was shown by Dadarlat \[D2\]) and let $`\nu (t)=\stackrel{~}{\nu }(t)\pi (t)`$. We now fix $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_1},\frac{2}{N_1},\mathrm{},\frac{N_11}{N_1}\}`$ and will construct $`\theta _1(t)`$.

Let $`k\{0\}`$ be such that $`\frac{k1}{N_0}<t\frac{k}{N_0}`$. We note the crucial fact that $`\sigma (\frac{j}{N_0})(G_0)G_0`$ for every $`j=0,1,\mathrm{},N_0`$. Applying Lemma 6 to $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_0(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ and $`\nu (t)\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(\frac{k}{N_0})`$, we find $`n_t(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ and a $`(\pi (\frac{k}{N_0})(G_0),h(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ from $`C(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ into a full matrix algebra such that $`\rho (\frac{k}{N_0}):=\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{k}{N_0})\pi (\frac{k}{N_0})`$ satisfies

$$\nu (t)\sigma (\frac{k}{N_0})\rho (\frac{k}{N_0})\underset{G_0,h(\delta _0)}{}n_t(\frac{k}{N_0})\theta _0(\frac{k}{N_0}).$$

Applying Lemma 6 to $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{k}{N_0})`$, we find $`m(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ and a $`(\pi (\frac{k}{N_0})(G_0),h^2(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ from $`C(\frac{k}{N_0})`$ into a full matrix algebra such that $`\mu (\frac{k}{N_0}):=\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\frac{k}{N_0})\pi (\frac{k}{N_0})`$ satisfies

$$\rho (\frac{k}{N_0})\mu (\frac{k}{N_0})\underset{G_0,h^2(\delta _0)}{}m(\frac{k}{N_0})\nu (\frac{k}{N_0}).$$

Since $`\mu (\frac{k}{N_0})\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(\frac{k+1}{N_0})`$ is $`(\pi (\frac{k+1}{N_0})(G_0),h^2(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative, we can further apply Lemma 6 and find $`n_t(\frac{k+1}{N_0})`$ and a $`(\pi (\frac{k+1}{N_0})(G_0),h^3(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{k+1}{N_0})`$ from $`C(\frac{k+1}{N_0})`$ into a full matrix algebra such that $`\rho (\frac{k+1}{N_0}):=\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{k+1}{N_0})\pi (\frac{k+1}{N_0})`$ satisfies

$$\mu (\frac{k}{N_0})\sigma (\frac{k+1}{N_0})\rho (\frac{k+1}{N_0})\underset{G_0,h^3(\delta _0)}{}n_t(\frac{k+1}{N_0})\theta _0(\frac{k+1}{N_0}).$$

Continuing in this way, for each $`j`$ with $`k<j<N_0`$, we find $`n_t(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ and a $`(G_0,h^{2(jk)+1}(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ from $`C(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ into a full matrix algebra such that $`\rho (\frac{j}{N_0}):=\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\frac{j}{N_0})\pi (\frac{j}{N_0})`$ satisfies

$$\mu (\frac{j1}{N_0})\sigma (\frac{j}{N_0})\rho (\frac{j}{N_0})\underset{G_0,h^{2(jk)+1}(\delta _0)}{}n_t(\frac{j}{N_0})\theta _0(\frac{j}{N_0})$$

and find $`m(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ and a $`(G_0,h^{2(jk+1)}(\delta _0))`$-multiplicative ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ from $`C(\frac{j}{N_0})`$ into a full matrix algebra such that $`\mu (\frac{j}{N_0}):=\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\frac{j}{N_0})\pi (\frac{j}{N_0})`$ satisfies

$$\rho (\frac{j}{N_0})\mu (\frac{j}{N_0})\underset{G_0,h^{2(jk+1)}(\delta _0)}{}m(\frac{j}{N_0})\nu (\frac{j}{N_0}).$$

Finally, let $`n_t(1)`$ be so that

$$\mu (\frac{N_01}{N_0})\sigma (1)=n_t(1)\theta _0(1)$$

(recall that $`C(1)=`$). Since $`\sigma (\frac{j}{N_0})(f)\sigma (\frac{j+1}{N_0})(f)_C<\epsilon _0`$ for every $`fF_0`$ and every $`j=0,1,\mathrm{},N_0`$, it follows from Lemma 5 that

$`\theta _1(t):=`$ $`\nu (t)m({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\nu ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})m({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\nu ({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\mathrm{}m({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\nu ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})`$
$`\underset{G_0,h^{2N_0}(\delta _0)}{}`$ $`\nu (t)\left(\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\right)\left(\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\right)\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{}\left(\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\right)`$
$`\underset{F_0,\epsilon _0}{}`$ $`\left(\nu (t)\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\right)\left(\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\right)\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{}\left(\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{N_02}{N_0}})\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\right)\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\sigma (1)`$
$`\underset{G_0,h^{2N_0}(\delta _0)}{}`$ $`n_t({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})\theta _0({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N_0}})n_t({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\theta _0({\displaystyle \frac{k+1}{N_0}})\mathrm{}n_t({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})\theta _0({\displaystyle \frac{N_01}{N_0}})n_t(1)\theta _0(1).`$
Since $`\theta _1(t)`$ is of the form $`\theta _1(t)=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1(t)\pi (t)`$, we complete the proof by Lemma 5. ∎

Now, it is not hard to show the proposition.

###### Proof of Proposition 2.

Fix a dense sequence $`(f_i)_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ in the set of unitaries of $`C`$ and let $`F_k=\{f_i:1ik\}`$. For each $`k`$, we take $`N_k`$ which is a multiple of $`N_{k1}`$ such that $`f(s)f(t)_A<\frac{1}{2^k}`$ for any $`fF_k`$ and any $`s,t[0,1]`$ with $`|st|\frac{1}{N_k}`$ and take $`\delta _k>0`$ so that $`h^{2N_k}(\delta _k)<\frac{1}{2^k}`$. Let $`G_k=\{\sigma (t)(f):fF_k,t=0,\frac{1}{N_k},\frac{2}{N_k},\mathrm{},1\}C`$ be a finite set of unitaries. By recursive use of Lemma 7, we find a $`(\pi (t)(G_k),\delta _k)`$-suitable ucp map $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_k(t)`$ from $`C(t)`$ into a full matrix algebra $`D_k(t)`$ for each $`k`$ and $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_k},\frac{2}{N_k},\mathrm{},1\}`$, with $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_k(1)=\mathrm{id}_{C(1)}`$, and positive integers $`n_t^{(k)}(s)`$ for $`t\{0,\frac{1}{N_{k+1}},\frac{2}{N_{k+1}},\mathrm{},1\}`$ and $`s\{0,\frac{1}{N_k},\frac{2}{N_k},\mathrm{},1\}`$ with $`st`$ such that

$$\theta _{k+1}(t)\underset{F_k,\frac{3}{2^k}}{}\underset{st}{}n_t^{(k)}(s)\theta _k(s),$$

where $`\theta _k(t)=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_k(t)\pi _k(t)`$ for every $`k`$ and $`t`$ (in particular, $`n_1^{(k)}(1)=1`$ for all $`k`$).

We let $`\theta _k=_t\theta _k(t)`$ be the $`(F_k,\frac{1}{2^k})`$-suitable ucp map from $`C`$ into the finite dimensional $`C^{}`$-algebra $`D_k=_tD_k(t)`$ (we apologize an abuse of the notation; $`D_k`$ is not a full matrix algebra). Then, the embedding $`\iota _k`$ of $`D_k`$ into $`D_{k+1}`$ is given along $`(n_t^{(k)}(s))_{s,t}`$ so that it satisfies

$$\theta _{k+1}(f)\iota _k\theta _k(f)<\frac{3}{2^k}$$

for $`fF_k`$. Now, one can embed $`C`$ into the AF-algebra $`D=\overline{_kD_k}`$ through $`(\theta _k)_k`$. (This embedding is indeed multiplicative as all unitaries in $`C`$ are contained in the multiplicative domain \[C\].) This completes the proof. ∎

## 3. Proof of Proposition 3

The proof goes as that of Theorem 3.9 in Spielberg \[S\], but we avoid the UCT.

###### Proof of Proposition 3.

Let $`\phi :AB`$ and $`\psi :BA`$ be $``$-homomorphisms such that there is a continuous path $`(\gamma (t))_{t[0,1]}`$ of $``$-endomorphisms on $`A`$ with $`\gamma (0)=\mathrm{id}_A`$ and $`\gamma (1)=\psi \phi `$. Let $`CA=C_0([0,1),A)`$ be the cone over $`A`$ and let $`Z_\psi =\{(f,b)C([0,1],A)B:f(1)=\psi (b)\}`$ be the mapping cylinder of $`\psi `$. Then, we have a short exact sequence $`0CAZ_\psi B0`$ which clearly splits. We note that $`A`$ is embedded into $`Z_\psi `$ through $`\gamma \phi `$. Since $`CA`$ is AF-embeddable, we may find the following commutative diagram (cf. 1.11 in \[S\]) with exact rows:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & CA& & Z_\psi & & B& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & J& & E& & B& & 0\end{array}$$

where the vertical $``$-homomorphisms are all injective and $`J`$ is an AF-algebra. Since the lower row again splits, we obtain the AF-embeddability of $`E`$ as in Lemma 1.13 in \[S\]. ∎