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# Strong 3D correlations in vortex system of Bi2212:Pb

## I Introduction

The structure and dynamics of the magnetic flux in high-$`T_c`$ superconductors (HTSC) are intensively studied because of their importance for both a fundamental physics and applications. The main results of these studies are summarized in several reviews. Brandt ; Fein ; Blat  The investigations reveal the variety of flux line lattice (FLL) states or phases in HTSC. Peculiarities of the FLL structure are determined by the crystal symmetry or by the origin of pinning. The transitions between different FLL phases are possible with temperature and magnetic field variation. The qualitative difference in the FLL properties is found to be closely related to the layered structure of crystal lattice of low and high anisotropic HTSC materials. In particular, the pancake-like and Josephson-like vortex structures are observed in inclined magnetic field in highly anisotropic Bi- and Tl-based superconductors, whereas anisotropic Abrikosov vortices are found in superconductors with a lower anisotropy, such as YBCO. However, even in the highly anisotropic superconductors the three-dimensional (3D) correlations can exist between two-dimensional the (2D) pancake-like vortices located in neighboring CuO planes. Brandt ; Fein ; Blat  The FLL behavior of such 3D-correlated phase is in some aspects closer to the anisotropic Abrikosov vortex lattice than to uncorrelated 2D phase. Basically, the 3D correlations in the pancake structure could disappear with the increase of temperature due to the first-order phase transition or FLL melting. A possibility of different types of the FLL phase transitions in highly anisotropic HTSC was widely discussed. Brandt ; Fein ; Blat ; melt ; kosh ; baz ; dod ; Zeld ; InvM ; ir1 ; ir2 ; ir3 ; ir4

The high resolution magnetooptic (MO) technique revMO ; revMO1  is admitted to be a convenient tool for direct observation of the magnetic flux structure and dynamics in superconductors. In particular, the MO studies in crossed magnetic fields are employed to clarify a presence or absence of the 3D correlations in FLL of superconductor single crystals. In ; Zeld ; InvM ; Vl-Vl ; Grig ; Tokun1 ; Tokun2 ; Mats  Usually, a plate like sample of a single crystal is placed in these experiments in a DC magnetic field directed in the sample plane, $`𝐇_{ab}`$, and then a field, $`𝐇_z`$, perpendicular to the plane is applied. In such geometry the MO technique is used to study a penetration of the magnetic flux induced by the field $`𝐇_z`$. The experiments reveal two strikingly different types of flux behavior depending on the anisotropy of the material. In  The transverse flux moves into the YBCO single crystals preferably along the direction of the in-plane magnetic field $`𝐇_{ab}`$. Quite contrary, the transverse magnetic flux penetrates independent of the orientation of the in-plane magnetic field in case of highly anisotropic Bi2212 superconductors. This difference can be readily understood. In ; kes ; br

Two systems of orthogonal vortices evidently exist in the sample under considered field configuration. First system is induced by the in-plane field and the second one enters the crystal under the growing perpendicular field. In case of moderate crystal anisotropy, both systems are the systems of mutually perpendicular Abrikosov vortices. It is rather evident that perpendicular flux lines moves easier along the in-plane vortices than across them, because vortex intersection requires additional driving force and additional energy. cross  This mechanism is effective for Abrikosov-like vortices and insignificant for the pancake-like structures existed in materials with high anisotropy.

The second reason for the in-plane field induced anisotropy is related to the magnetic interaction between vortices. This interaction gives rise to the so-called force-free configuration CampIv  at which vortices are twisted around the in-plane field. The critical current density, $`𝐣_{cf}`$, is limited in this case by the specific FLL instabilities. CampIv ; ff1 ; ff2 ; ff3 ; ff4  This current is usually remarkably higher than the current determined by pinning, $`𝐣_{cf}𝐣_{cp}`$. This leads to the situation when that the current screening the flux motion along the $`𝐇_{ab}`$ is much smaller than the current screening the motion across $`𝐇_{ab}`$. This mechanism is important for Abrikosov vortices. It could be effective also for the pancake structure in case of strong enough correlation between the pancakes located in different CuO planes. Obviously, an interaction between Josephson vortices and the pancakes should be significantly weaker. In ; kes

However, the absence of strong anisotropy of the magnetic flux penetration induced by the in-plane field, In  does not mean that the pancakes and Josephson vortices are completely independent in Bi2212. A specific weak interaction is discussed widely and acknowledged by direct MO observation under low magnetic fields in a wide temperature range. Zeld ; InvM ; Vl-Vl ; Grig ; Tokun1 ; Tokun2 ; Mats ; bul ; sav

The transition between two mentioned above types of magnetization behavior of superconductors is not reported in the literature. Probably such type of transition could be observed in the material with an intermediate anisotropy compared to YBCO and Bi2212. Possible way to achieve the goal is to increase the anisotropy of the YBCO material by preparing of oxygen-deficient samples or to reduce the anisotropy of the Bi2212 superconductor by Pb doping.

It is well known, that Pb doping in Bi2212 single crystals baz ; Pb1 ; Pb2 ; Pb4 ; Pb  reduces the electromagnetic anisotropy parameter $`\gamma ^2=\rho _c/\sqrt{\rho _a\rho _b}`$ from $`8.510^3`$ downto $`2.510^3`$, where $`\rho _i`$ denotes the normal resistivity along the corresponding crystal axis i, as measured at $`T=100`$ K with Pb content varying from 0 to 0.3. Besides, the doping significantly increases the critical current density that was attributed to the pinning at so-called ’laminar’ superstructure formed by variation of the Pb concentration in a system of planes parallel to the $`\mathrm{𝐚𝐜}`$ crystal plane. Pb

In the present work a penetration of the transverse magnetic flux into the Pb-doped Bi2212 single crystals magnetized by the in-plane magnetic field is studied by the MO technique in a wide temperature range, $`12÷91`$ K. We characterize the flux penetration qualitatively by images and quantitatively by the profiles of the perpendicular magnetic induction $`B_z(𝐫)`$ measured along different directions in the sample plane. We find that the in-plane magnetic field $`𝐇_{ab}`$ influence remarkably on the transverse flux penetration pattern if the temperature $`T`$ is lower than some threshold value $`T_m=54\pm 2`$ K. The $`𝐇_{ab}`$ increases the current anisotropy and causes the preferential flux propagation along its direction. The current along the $`𝐇_{ab}`$ becomes stronger while the current across the $`𝐇_{ab}`$ becomes weaker. Both the current and flux penetration anisotropy increase with the $`𝐇_{ab}`$ strength and temperature rise.

The flux behavior changes drastically at $`T=T_m`$. In the temperature range $`TT_m`$ the penetration becomes independent of the in-plane field direction and the flux creep increases significantly. The transition temperature $`T_m`$ is independent of the strength of both magnetic fields $`𝐇_{ab}`$ and $`𝐇_z`$ within the studied range $`0<𝐇_{ab}<1800`$ Oe and $`0<𝐇_z<300`$ Oe. So, our samples behave like YBCO at temperatures below $`T_m`$ and like Bi2212 at higher temperatures.

## II Samples

The single crystals of (Bi0.7Pb0.3)2.2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ were grown by the top solution growth technique. Kul ; Kul1  As-grown samples have plate like shape with the main surface coincided with the $`\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}`$ crystallographic plane. To provide a flat surface that is always necessary for MO studies the samples were chemically polished in ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid. The final thickness of the samples was $`70÷100\mu `$m. The inductive coil measurements showed $`T_c91`$ K with the transition width about 1 K. For the sake of easier understanding and comparison we present below the images for one typical sample of trapezium shape, shown in Fig. 1. Other crystals of different shape exhibited similar results.

The $`\theta 2\theta `$ X-ray scanning revealed typical for Bi2212:Pb planar defects structure, the twins and laminae. Kul ; Kul1  The twin boundaries are parallel to the $`𝐜`$-axis and coincide with the bisectrix of the angle between $`𝐚`$\- and $`𝐛`$-axis. Twins are seen in the presented polarized-light image as stripes with light and dark contrast, some of them are marked by arrows 1 in Fig. 1. The laminar structure coincides with $`\mathrm{𝐚𝐜}`$-plane. It is parallel with two trapezium sides in Fig. 1 (the directions of invisible in polarized light laminae are shown by arrows 2).

## III Experimental

The MO studies were performed in the temperature range from 12 K to $`T_c`$. The distribution of the transverse magnetic induction $`𝐁_z`$ was observed by means of standard MO technique. revMO ; revMO1 ; MO  The indicator films used in the study allow us to correctly reconstruct the magnetic induction distribution in $`𝐇_z`$ fields up to 2000 Oe. The MO images were taken by the EDC1000 digital video camera of fixed sensitivity and variable exposure. The brightness of the images is a function of magnetic induction. Taking benefits of constant film sensitivity within the temperature range $`12÷150`$ K we calibrate the brightness with respect to the induction value. For this purpose we recorded the MO images at a set of values of the $`𝐇_z`$ and $`𝐇_{ab}`$ at $`T`$ slightly above $`T_c`$. As a result, the field mapping and profiles of the transverse magnetic induction along and across the applied in-plane magnetic field were obtained.

The transverse magnetic field $`𝐇_z`$ parallel to the crystal $`𝐜`$-axis was generated by a solenoidal coil and varies from 0 to $`\pm 1200`$ Oe. The in-plane magnetic field $`𝐇_{ab}`$ was produced by Helmholtz coils with a soft magnetic core. The uniformity of the field better than 1 % was attained across the sample. We were capable to rotate the field $`𝐇_{ab}`$ in any direction and to change its value from 0 to 1800 Oe. The orientation of the in-plane field was controlled by the MO technique with an accuracy about 10-3 rad. The experiments were performed on samples cooled from room temperature either with or without $`𝐇_{ab}`$ (FC or ZFC regime, respectively).

## IV Magnetooptic observations of flux penetration

### IV.1 Zero in-plane field

The transverse magnetic flux penetrates into the sample under the growing $`𝐇_z`$ through a few ”weak points”, which are located at the positions where the twin boundaries intersect the sample edges, compare Figs. 1 and 2. The flux enters through the same points within the temperature range $`12÷54`$ K. The penetrated flux looks like a bubbles attached to the sample edges, Figs. 2a-2c, White spots near the left sample edge in Fig. 2 correspond to the entered magnetic flux; the brighter is the spot the higher is the induction.

An increase of $`𝐇_z`$ expands flux ’bubbles’ living then attached to the edge. The same penetration depth is reached at lower fields with temperature increase. The shape of the entered flux is near the same at all temperatures below $`54`$ K.

The flux localization allows us to easily determine anisotropy of the flux penetration in the $`\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}`$-plane based on the bubble’s shape. This anisotropy is remarkably smaller than expected from the literature data about critical current anisotropy. Pb4  Note, the twin structure in our sample is arranged so that the $`𝐚`$-axis is parallel to the left edge of the sample in Fig. 1. Therefore the current along the edge should be $`(1÷4)`$-times higher than the current across the edge. Pb4  Hence, the flux penetration across the edge should be shorter than along the edge. Moreover, the higher is the temperature the greater should be anisotropy. In our experiments most of the observed flux ’bubbles’ show rather small anisotropy at all temperatures below $`54`$ K. Only flux spot located very near to the sharp corner of the sample has a pronounced flux penetration anisotropy, Fig. 2. However this anisotropy could be explained by an influence of laminar structure as well as by Meissner current configuration along the nearest sample edges.

Evidently, the flux penetration characterizes the current anisotropy only qualitatively because the penetration is determined by distribution of all screening currents in the sample.

The current distribution can be calculated from magnetic induction map. MO4 ; Pb4  However the absolute current value can be obtained only under some hypothetical approximations of space current distribution. Therefore the derivative of the induction taken in the direction perpendicular to the flux front, $`𝐁_z(\alpha )/𝐫`$, which is proportional to the current value, is given in the figures below. The profiles measured along ($`\alpha =90^0`$) and across ($`\alpha =0^0`$) laminar structure are given in Fig. 3 (corresponding directions are marked by arrows in Fig. 2b).

The magnetic induction in the ”bubble” is a slowly varying function of coordinates near the center of the flux and decays steeply at the periphery. This steep part is used to determine $`𝐁_z/𝐫`$ proportional to the current. The magnetic induction slopes demonstrate definite anisotropy, which could be attributed to some extent to the flux pinning by the laminar structure.

The slope of $`𝐁_z(𝐫)`$ varies with the direction, Fig. 4 (curve 1), that is determined as an angle, $`\alpha `$, between the directions of vector $`𝐫`$ and the perpendicular to the laminae, marked by 1 in Fig. 2b. It should be noted that the higher is the $`𝐁_z/𝐫`$ in some direction, the higher is the current $`𝐉(\alpha )`$, that flow in perpendicular direction. We find that the current anisotropy does not follow exactly the expected anisotropy with minimum current along the laminae, $`𝐉_{min}𝐉(0)`$ and maximum current across them, $`𝐉_{max}𝐉(90)`$. We find shift of both directions at which the current reaches the extremum for $`30^0`$-clockwise. The current anisotropy to compare with the literature data Pb4  could be characterized by the coefficient $`𝐤_J`$ defined as the ratio of maximum and minimum derivatives taken at the flux sport periphery, $`k_J=(𝐁_z/𝐫)_{max}/(𝐁_z/𝐫)_{min}`$. The $`𝐤_J`$ does not acceed 2 in temperature range from 12 K up to 50 K and fields up to 300 Oe.

The magnetic field penetration behavior changes with temperature, compare Figs. 2a-2d. The magnetic flux ’bubbles’ remane attached to the flux entrance points with field rise while $`T<T_m=54\pm 2`$ K. However the flux creep grows with the temperature. The flux configuration is quasi-stable at $`T=12`$ K; the flux enters only a few percent deeper into the sample in ten minute after $`𝐇_z`$ increase at $`T=30`$ K; the flux spreads in seconds for 20% deeper at $`T=51`$ K still remaining separated ”bubbles” with definite $`𝐁_z`$-slopes at flux periphery if $`𝐇_z`$ is small enough. The shape of the entered flux and the induction distribution profiles looks very similar in this temperature range for the flux that just enter the sample and for awhile.

At $`TT_m`$, the flux penetration behavior changes drastically. The magnetic flux starts to penetrate the superconductor at some ”weak” points and spreads very fast in the whole sample volume. Only frame by frame browsing of video-records allows us to understand the flux behavior. We found that the flux spreads very fast through the geometrical center of the sample, changing the shape from the beachcomber for smooth flux distribution dropped near the sample edges by Meissner current. All process runs in a time less than 0.1 s. So during this short time the flux distribution becomes typical for undoped Bi2212, Fig. 2d, that is determined by Meissner current in the absence of pinning. In

### IV.2 MO studies in crossed fields

The in-plane magnetic field, $`𝐇_{ab}`$, changes the flux penetration pattern if $`T<T_m`$. The magnetic field enters the superconductor from the same weak points as without $`𝐇_{ab}`$. However the flux diffuses predominantly along the direction of the $`𝐇_{ab}`$. For this reason, the entered flux looks now rather like stripes, extended along the $`𝐇_{ab}`$.

Typical pictures of the $`𝐁_z`$ distribution in the presence of perpendicular magnetic flux penetration into the sample cooled in the in-plane magnetic field (FC regime) are shown in Fig. 5 at fixed value of the transverse field $`𝐇_z`$ and temperature $`T<T_m`$. Different images in the figure correspond to different directions of the vector $`𝐇_{ab}`$. The flux penetration depth and the magnetic induction magnitude rise with the increase of transverse field $`𝐇_z`$. The anisotropy of magnetic flux penetration increases monotone with the in-plane magnetic field; the entered flux ’stripes’ become narrow and longer. The anisotropy is the same in FC and ZFC regimes.

The appearance of the penetration anisotropy induced by the in-plane field in Bi2212:Pb was not reported till now. Such behavior of the magnetic flux is observed within the temperature range from 12 to $`54\pm 2`$ K. This type of the field penetration is analogous to that usually observed in YBCO single crystals.

The Fig. 6 shows three profiles of the magnetic field induction taken along the directions shown in Fig. 5. Curve 1 is the coordinate dependence of $`𝐁_z`$ along the $`𝐇_{ab}`$ direction ($`𝐱`$-axis) measured between two weak points where the magnetic flux penetration is screened by the supercurrents. Some growth of the magnetic field near the edge is due to the non-zero demagnetizing factor of the sample. This field ’hill’ is always observed near thin crystal. Curve 2 is the magnetic induction profile $`𝐁_z(𝐱)`$ scanned in the same direction but near the weak point within the band of the magnetic flux penetration into the superconductor. This profile exhibits a definite drop near the surface due to the Meissner current.

In the bulk of the sample, the entering magnetic flux has a variable slope similar to that in the case of $`𝐇_{ab}=`$0, Fig. 3; namely, $`𝐁_z(x)`$ varies slowly near the magnetic induction maximum and drops down almost linearly at the flux periphery. Profile 3 is obtained in the same flux penetration zone as profile 2 but in the direction perpendicular with respect to the vector $`𝐇_{ab}`$ ($`𝐲`$-axis). This profile also consists of parts with different slopes, that is, a central part with a small flux gradient and two peripheral parts with the much steeper and almost linear slopes. The value of the transverse (with respect to the in-plane field) slope $`𝐁_z/𝐲`$ is much larger than the longitudinal one $`𝐁_z/𝐱`$ and both of them are much smaller than the slope of the magnetic induction due to the Meissner current, compare profiles in Fig. 6.

The in-plane field changes the gradient of the magnetic induction, $`𝐁_z/𝐫`$, along all flux periphery. The corresponding angle dependence, $`𝐁_z/𝐫(\alpha )`$ measured in the same manner as in the case of $`𝐇_{ab}=`$0, is shown in Fig. 4 (curve 2). The distribution is obtained for the stripe-like flux entered the crystal at $`T=30`$ K following FC under $`𝐇_{ab}=`$ 1800 Oe. The $`𝐇_{ab}`$ is directed along laminae. The $`𝐁_z/𝐫(\alpha )`$ has minimum in this namely direction and increases sharply near perpendicular direction. It is evident the in-plane field induced anisotropy is much stronger than the anisotropy due to the laminar structure.

The slopes of the induction and the currents proportional to the slopes, changes with the value of the in-plane field. The induction derivative along the in-plane field decreases with $`𝐇_{ab}`$ while the derivative across this direction increases, Fig. 7. Hence, $`𝐉_{sx}(𝐇_{ab})`$ is an increasing function while $`𝐉_{sy}(𝐇_{ab})`$ is a decreasing one. Accordingly, the current anisotropy $`𝐤_J`$ is a rising function of $`𝐇_{ab}`$, Fig. 7. So, the current in Bi2212:Pb behaves with the in-plane field at $`<T<T_m`$ in the same manner as in YBCO.

The magnetic flux penetration depth grows monotone with $`T`$ in the temperature range $`12`$ K$`<T<T_m`$, Fig. 8. It is evident the geometrical anisotropy of flux penetration $`𝐤`$ increases with $`T`$. The analysis of the magnetic field profiles $`B_z(r)`$ reveals that the current anisotropy $`k_J`$ is a growing function of temperature as well despite both screening current components $`𝐉_{sx}`$ and $`𝐉_{sy}`$ decrease with temperature, Fig. 9. The curves $`k(T)`$, $`k_J(T)`$ are also presented in Fig. 9. These values increase with temperature approaching to saturation at $`T40÷45`$ K for $`k(T)`$ and $`25÷30`$ K for $`k_J(T)`$.

The picture of the magnetic field penetration changes dramatically if temperature exceeds the transition value $`T_m`$ (see Fig. 8d) just as in the case of $`𝐇_{ab}=0`$. The flux motion becomes independent of the in-plane magnetic field direction. The vortex lines enter the sample through a weak points in the same way as at lower temperatures, but move to definite geometric ’center’. The position of this ’center’ is determined by the sample shape only and does not depend on the direction and value of the in-plane field. The magnetic flux fills the sample volume in a time less than 0.04 s. Browsing of the MO frame sequence allows us to reveal the direction of the magnetic flux motion indicated by white arrows in Figs. 8, black arrows indicate directions of the in-plane field. Such mode of flux penetration in crossed fields is similar to that observed in Bi2212 single crystals in the absence of pinning. The final vortices distribution in our samples at $`T>T_m`$ is also similar to Bi2212 with typical dome-shape determined by the geometric barrier. It should be emphasized that the crossover temperature $`T_m=54\pm 2`$ K is independent of the magnetic field within the field ranges $`𝐇_{ab}=0÷1800`$ Oe and $`𝐇_z=0÷300`$ Oe.

We studied also these phenomena in samples with the same Pb doping but without twins. The magnetic flux enters such samples by a wide pillow-like front. The in-plane magnetic field influence the depth of the flux penetration and the magnetic induction slope. The anisotropy induced by the in-plane field was observed in these samples only at $`T<T_m`$.

The described above behavior of the magnetic flux in the FC regime is similar to the picture of the magnetic field penetration in the ZFC mode.

## V Discussion

### V.1 Magnetic flux dynamics below $`T_m`$

The MO studies in crossed fields reveal that supercurrents of three different types screen the magnetic flux entering into the sample. The largest current (see curve 1 in Fig. 6) flows near the sample surface far from the ’weak’ points. It can be associated with the Meissner current $`𝐉_{sm}`$. The $`𝐉_{sm}`$ is independent of the in-plane magnetic field and is by order of magnitude higher than two other currents $`𝐉_{cx}`$ and $`𝐉_{cy}`$ flowing in the sample bulk along and across the direction of the vector $`𝐇_{ab}`$, $`𝐉_{cy}𝐉_{cx}𝐉_{sm}`$. Naturally, the values of the screening currents $`𝐉_{sm}`$, $`𝐉_{cx}`$, and $`𝐉_{cy}`$ decrease with the temperature.

We observed $`𝐉_{cx}|𝐁_z/y|`$ grows monotone with $`𝐇_{ab}`$, Fig. 7. Really, the current along the in-plane field does not act by the Lorentz force on the in-plane vortices, as discussed in the Introduction. In such force-free configuration the critical current density should increase with the increase of $`𝐇_{ab}`$CampIv  The growth of $`𝐉_{cx}`$ with $`𝐇_{ab}`$ should take place for anisotropic Abrikosov-like flux line structures as well as for 3D correlated stacks of pancake-like vortices.

The current across the in-plane field, $`𝐉_{cy}|𝐁_z/x|`$, decreases with $`𝐇_{ab}`$ as one often observe for pinning controlled current, Fig. 9.

The penetration and current anisotropy increases with temperature while $`T<T_m`$, Fig. 12. Such anisotropy growth was found for YBCO single crystals. In  This could be connected with the rise of the coherence lengths with $`T`$. The superconducting correlations between different CuO planes become stronger giving rise to a stronger interaction between the in-plane and transverse magnetic flux.

The presented results show that the magnetic properties of our samples at $`T<T_m`$ are in many features analogous to that of YBCO. This allows us to assume the existence of rather strong 3D correlations in the vortex system of Bi2212:Pb.

### V.2 FLL phase above $`T_m`$ and transition temperature

The apparent picture of the magnetic flux penetration changes drastically at $`T=T_m`$. The observed disappearance of the intercoupling between the in-plane and transverse magnetization could find the reasonable explanation in terms of a decay of correlations between pancakes located in different CuO planes. In ; kes ; Letter  A possible alternative explanation of the crossover in magnetization behavior at $`T=T_m`$ is vortex depinning that means the $`T_m(B)`$ should be treated as a irreversibility line. Really, the flux creep rate rises and the pinning diminishes with $`T`$ approaching to $`T_m`$. However, at this temperature the correlation between the direction of the entering transverse magnetic flux and the in-plane field decays in a step-like manner also. The latter effect could not be explained in terms of the thermal depinning. Moreover, the found crossover temperature $`T_m`$ is independent of the magnetic field, while the magnetic field dependence of the irreversibility line is usually strong for Bi-based systems. ir1 ; ir2 ; ir3 ; ir4  Thus, an attempt to attribute thermal depinning fails. In the same time, a decay of a 3D-correlations in the flux line system should be supplemented by the reducing of the bulk pinning and by disappearance of correlations between the transverse and in-plane flux. Therefore, we consider the 3D-2D crossover as a more realistic explanation of the observed transition at $`T=T_m`$.

Such type of 3D-2D transition could occur due to a melting of the vortex structure during which the strong correlated stacks of pancakes melt in disordered gas or liquid of 2D vortices. Fein ; Blat ; Brandt  An indication that the observed change in FLL properties at $`T_m`$ is due to some first-order phase transition is the behavior of the magnetic flux penetration anisotropy versus the temperature. The anisotropy increases with $`T`$ and reduces abruptly at $`T=T_m`$. The transition of the pancake stacks into the phase of non-correlated 2D vortices should lead to a considerable increase of the thermal creep, e.g. due to diminishing of the activation volume and due to corresponding decrease of the effective pinning, Blat  that is observed in the experiment.

Following common conceptions, Fein  the melting temperature $`T_m`$ can be estimated by equating the characteristic energies of the FLL elastic strain and thermal fluctuations $`k_BT`$, where $`k_B`$ is Boltzmann’s constant. The corresponding relation is given by

$$k_BT_m=a_LC_{66}a_0^2d_c,$$
(1)
where $`a_L`$1 is Lindeman’s constant, $`C_{66}`$ is the FLL shear modulus, $`a_0`$ is the FLL constant, and $`d_c`$ is an effective correlation length between the pancakes along $`𝐜`$-axis. Lind1 ; Lind2  The $`d_c`$ coincides with the distance between neighboring CuO planes by order of magnitude in strongly anisotropic system. Fein  The melting temperature $`T_m`$ defined by Eq. (1) is independent of the perpendicular magnetic field $`B_z`$ since $`a_01/\sqrt{B_z}`$ and $`C_{66}B_z`$Fein ; Blat ; Brandt  The last fact is in agreement with the results of the present experiments. In the dislocation melt approach Lindeman’s constant can be estimated as $`a_L=1/4\pi `$Lind1  Substituting $`C_{66}=B_z\varphi _0/(4\pi \lambda _{ab})^2`$ and $`a_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=2\varphi _0/\sqrt{3}B`$ into Eq. (1) one finds the equation for the melting temperature Fein ; Lind2

$$k_BT_m=\varphi _0^2d_c/32\sqrt{3}\pi ^2\lambda _{ab}^2(T_m),$$
(2)
where $`\varphi _0`$ is the magnetic flux quantum and $`\lambda _{ab}(T)`$ is the London penetration depth in the $`\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}`$-plane. We find $`T_m50`$ K if $`d_c=12`$ nm and $`\lambda _{ab}(0)=200300`$ nm, which seems reasonable for Bi2212:Pb. Pb ; Kul  This estimation is not a strong proof but some evidence in favor of the 3D-2D transition.

In disordered 2D phase the correlation between the motion of the transverse flux and the in-plane magnetic field is significantly lower compared with the 3D correlated system. The reduction of the activation volume makes easier the thermoactivated motion of the non-correlated 2D vortices in any direction.

## VI Conclusion

The MO studies of Bi2212:Pb single crystals in crossed magnetic fields revealed that a transition occurs in the magnetic flux behavior at $`T=T_m=54\pm 2`$ K. The transverse magnetic flux at $`T<T_m`$ behaves like in YBCO spreading preferably along the in-plane magnetic field. At $`T>T_m`$ the transverse flux penetrates independent of the in-plane magnetic field as in Bi2212 system. The anisotropy of the flux penetration increases with the in-plane magnetic field and temperature at $`T<T_m`$. The transition temperature is independent of the magnetic field. The obtained experimental results could be understood within the concept of the flux line melting giving rise to the transition of 3D correlated stacks of pancakes into disordered phase of 2D ones. We believe that the existence of strong 3D correlations in the flux line structure due to Pb doping is the main reason for enhanced critical current in Bi2212:Pb.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors acknowledge M. V. Indenbom, V. V. Riazanov, L. M. Fisher, I. F. Voloshin, A. V. Kalinov, I. K. Bdikin for useful discussions, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support for part of the experimental equipment. This work is supported by INTAS (grant 01–2282), RFBR (grants 02–02–17062 and 00–02–18032) and Russian State Program on Superconductivity (project 40.012.1.1.11.46).


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# Superconductivity of the Sr2Ca12Cu24O41 spin ladder system : Are the superconducting pairing and the spin-gap formation of the same origin?

(July 17 2002)

## Abstract

Pressure-induced superconductivity in a spin-ladder cuprate Sr2Ca12Cu24O41 has not been studied on a microscopic level so far although the superconductivity was already discovered in 1996. We have improved high-pressure technique with using a large high-quality crystal, and succeeded in studying the superconductivity using 63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We found that anomalous metallic state reflecting the spin-ladder structure is realized and the superconductivity possesses a s-wavelike character in the meaning that a finite gap exists in the quasi-particle excitation: At pressure of 3.5GPa we observed two excitation modes in the normal state from the relaxation rate $`T_1^1`$. One gives rise to an activation-type component in $`T_1^1`$, and the other $`T`$-linear component linking directly with the superconductivity. This gapless mode likely arises from free motion of holon-spinon bound states appearing by hole doping, and the pairing of them likely causes the superconductivity.

preprint: APS/123-QED

Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 (x=11.5-13.5) is a spin-ladder system in which superconducting state is realized by applying pressure . The system possesses a structural unit of the Cu2O3 two-leg ladder , and holes are transferred from the CuO2 chain unit by substituting Ca for Sr. The dopant hole density can be controlled over a wide range from 0.07 (x=0) to 0.24 (x=14) per ladder Cu . It is known from theoretical investigations that the ground state of undoped system is a quantum spin liquid and this state persists even in highly doped region \[4-6\]. The spin gap has been observed by a number of works in the present ladder system. The decrease of the spin gap for the Ca substitution was observed in the NMR measurements \[7-9\], although no change was observed in the neutron scattering . The relationship and interplay between the spin gap and the superconductivity in the hole-doped ladder system is of central concern \[4-6, 11\] as is the case with high-$`T_c`$ cuprates in underdoped region .

The superconducting state is realized when high pressure of 3-8GPa is applied for highly doped compounds (x$``$10) . Pressure plays a role of stabilizing the metallic state and suppressing anisotropy within the ladder plane. In fact, the temperature ($`T`$) dependence of the resistivity in the direction perpendicular to the plane $`\rho _c`$ which is insulating at low pressures turns to be meallic as pressure increases . The ratio of the resistivities along the rungs and the legs, $`\rho `$a/$`\rho `$c goes up to 80 at ambient pressure, but is reduced below 30 at 3.5GPa .

The superconductivity has been studied on a macroscopic level by the resistivity and AC susceptibility measurements because these measurements are performable with a small amount of sample and cubic-anvil pressure cell is available to reach high pressure \[1, 13-15\]. A clamp-type pressure cell is much more convenient and available to various methods in which a larger sample volume is needed. However, usual clamp-type pressure cell is made of CuBe alloy and the maximum pressure is 3GPa at most. Hence, microscopic study of the superconductivity has not been performed so far although the superconductivity was discovered in 1996. Mayaffre et al. made NMR measurements under high pressure up to 3GPa for the field ($`H`$) perpendicular to the plane, crystal b axis and suggested that the spin gap is suppressed by applying pressure . However, the measurements were in fact done not in the superconducting state but in the normal state above $`T_c`$.

In the present work, we have used a clamp-type pressure cell made of Ni alloy and performed NMR measurement at pressures more than 3GPa by applying the field parallel to the leg direction, crystal c axis. This enabled us to study the superconducting state on a microscopic level for the first time and to investigate pairing symmetry as well as the relation between the spin gap and the superconductivity.

Single crystal of Sr2Ca12Cu24O41 with a volume of 4x2x1mm was prepared for the measurements. The clamp-type pressure cell with an effective sample space of $`\varphi `$4 x 20mm was used for the measurement. The appearance of the superconductivity was confirmed by measuring resonance frequency of a NMR probe attached to the pressure cell. The resonance frequency is roughly given as $`f1/\sqrt{LC}`$ where $`L`$ and $`C`$ represent inductance and variable capacitance of the NMR probe, respectively. The sample is contained in a coil and the onset of superconductivity is detected by the change of the resonant frequency, i.e. the change of $`L`$ value. This method corresponds to AC susceptibility measurement. The $`T`$ dependence of the frequency at several fields is shown in Fig. 1. If we probe the temperature at which the resonance frequency starts to change against $`H`$, this gives $`H_{c2}`$ vs. $`T_c`$ characteristics as is shown in the inset. For high-$`T_c`$ cuprates, the temperature has been identified as irreversibility temperature $`T_{irr}`$ . $`T_{irr}`$ gives a borderline between creeping and freezing of flux lines (FL) which are formed through the planes for the $`H`$ perpendicular to the plane. In the present case flux lines are self-trapped between the planes since the field is applied parallel to the plane, and thus such a creep is hardly expected.

63Cu-NMR signals for the ladder site can be separated from those for the chain site since nuclei of these sites possess different quadrupole coupling . We have reported NMR spectra under pressure measured by using the present crystal in Ref. 20. The NMR spectra at 3.5GPa were almost the same with those at ambient pressure. One signal corresponding to the central transition (I= -1/2$``$ 1/2) of 63Cu nuclei was observed for the ladder site and the relaxation rate ($`T_1^1`$) was measured at 70.0MHz which corresponds to 6.2T. $`T_c`$ at this field is about 2.8K as is seen from the inset of Fig. 1. The $`T`$ dependence of $`T_1^1`$ is shown in Fig. 2. The spin gap is observed even under high pressure as an activated $`T`$ dependence of $`T_1^1`$ at temperatures higher than 30K, i.e.,

$$T_1^1exp(\mathrm{\Delta }_{spin}/T).$$
(1)
The value of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{spin}`$ is estimated to be 173K. It should be noted that the spin gap is seen in the state in which the charge transport is metallic .

By contrast, $`T_1^1`$ below 30K is dominated by a term showing $`T`$-linear dependence followed by a peak developed below $`T_c`$. The onset and the position of the peak shift to higher temperature with decreasing the magnetic field to 5.0T (open squares in Fig. 2). If the $`T`$-linear component originates from extrinsic source, it should be persistent in the superconducting state. However, $`T_1^1`$ measured at low temperatures obviously goes below the $`T`$-linear line shown in the figure. Then, such a case is excluded. As for the peak the possibility of vortex motion might be pointed out. The vortex motion has been observed from $`T_1^1`$ of ligand sites in high-$`T_c`$ cuprates such as YBa2Cu4O8  or HgBa2CuO4+δ  when the $`H`$ is applied perpendicular to the plane. The FL is self-trapped between the planes for the $`H`$ parallel to the plane, and thus the effect is hardly expected in the present case. In fact, the effect disappears when the $`H`$ is applied parallel to the planes in HBCO system . Furthermore, $`T_1^1/\gamma _N^2`$ ($`\gamma _N`$ : nuclear gyromagnetic ratio ) at the peak is 80 or 25 times larger than those for YBCO or HBCO, respectively. The value is too large to explain the peak due to vortex motion. Hence, we conclude that the peak of $`T_1^1`$ and the $`T`$-linear component have the same origin in the electric state and/or spin fluctuations. The peak can be assigned to a superconducting coherence peak and the $`T`$-linear dependence of $`T_1^1`$ to Korringa-type behavior,

$$T_1^1bT$$
(2)
where the value of $`b`$ is about 6.1 (sec-1K-1). The observation of the clear peak implies that a finite gap exists in the quasi-particle excitation at all wave vectors. In the meaning that there exist no nodes in the pairing symmetry, the superconductivity possesses a s-wavelike character.

The spin gap is also observed in 63Cu-NMR shift ($`K`$) at relevant temperatures. The shift shows $`H^2`$-linear dependence because large quadrupole effect acts on 63Cu nuclei. The values free from the quadrupole effect are obtained by plotting $`K`$ vs. $`H^2`$ and extrapolating to zero field . The values at high temperatures are shown in Fig. 3. The shift is given as a sum of two components, the orbital and the spin parts ($`K=K_{orb}+K_{spin}`$) and the spin part is proportional to the spin susceptibility. The $`T`$ dependence of $`K`$ at high temperatures fits well the theoretical curve for a spin-ladder system ,

$$K(T)=K_0+\frac{K_1}{\sqrt{T}}exp(\mathrm{\Delta }_{spin}/T).$$
(3)
The gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{spin}`$ obtained from the fit is 217K and is comparable with that estimated from $`T_1^1`$. The value of $`K_0`$ is estimated to be 0.25%. The main contribution of $`K_0`$ comes from $`K_{orb}`$ comparable with that for high-$`T_c`$ cuprates ($`K_0`$ of YBCO, for example, is 0.28% .) The paramagnetic contribution corresponding to the Korringa term in $`T_1^1`$ (Eq. (2)) should be included in $`K_0`$.

The shift in the low temperature region around $`T_c`$ is shown in Fig. 4. The raw data at several fields are also plotted in the figure since $`T_c`$ depends on the fields. As seen from the figure, no appreciable change is seen at $`T_c`$. The paramagnetic contribution in $`K_0`$ should be considerably small so that a change at $`T_c`$ might be difficult to detect within the present experimental accuracy.

We have observed from $`T_1^1`$ and $`K`$ unexpected features in both normal and superconducting states. At pressure of 3.5GP we observed two excitation modes in the normal metallic state; one gives rise to the gapless $`T`$-linear component in $`T_1^1`$( $`T_1^1bT`$ ) which links directly with the superconductivity, and the other the activation-type component expressed in Eq. (1). The persistence of the spin gap at high pressures suggests that quasi-one-dimensional spin-charge dynamics is preserved in the normal state although pressure increases coupling or hopping between the ladders. In the case of conventional metals the gapless $`T`$-linear component arises from paramagnetic free electrons, however, such a term is hardly expected in the present system unless peculiarity of the ladder structure is regarded, because majority of spins falls into the spin-singlet state due to the existence of the large spin gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{spin}`$ at low temperatures.

Since the system is metallic under high pressure, the system should be treated in $`k`$ space. However, microscopic snapshot in real space saves to understand the existence of the $`T`$-linear component as well as the activation-type component. The snapshot in real space can be described as follows: The ground state of the undoped ladders is understood as overlap of spin dimmers on the rung . Hole doping implies breaking of spin dimmers on the rung and gives rise to holon-spinon bound state . At high temperatures singlet-triplet spin excitation in the spin dimmers away from the bound state dominates, which causes the activated behavior of $`T_1^1`$ as is illustrated in Figs. 5A. At intermediate temperatures majority of the spin dimmers falls into the singlet ground state, but the spin in the bound states moves rather freely and contributes to the gapless $`T`$-linear component in $`T_1^1`$(Figs. 5B). The superconductivity would be realized by the pairing of two bound states as illustrated in Figs. 5C. In this viewpoint, the spin-gap formation observed from $`T_1^1`$ at high temperatures does not contribute to the pairing formation of the superconductivity. The pairing force is expected to be magnetic since the system is a strongly correlated electron system, however, we cannot exclude the possibility that conventional phonon coupling plays some roles in the pairing.

Finally, it should be noted that the normal state in the present system is free from large antiferromagnetic fluctuation unlike high-$`T_c`$ cuprates. $`T_1^1`$ in typical high-$`T_c`$ cuprates such as YBCO systems is expressed as $`a+bT`$ above $`T_c`$ where $`T`$-independent term $`a`$ represents the antiferromagnetic fluctuation ($`a3`$x103 (sec-1) and $`b6`$ (sec-1K-1) for YBCO) . The antiferromagnetic fluctuation is extremely suppressed due to the existence of the spin gap in the present system, which might explain why high $`T_c`$ is not realized in this system although the structure is quite similiar to high-$`T_c`$ cuprates.

In conclusion, we have succeeded in obtaining microscopic information of the superconducting state in Sr2Ca12Cu24O41 by applying pressure up to 3.5GPa. In this material, we observed two excitation modes in the normal state. One gives rises to the activation-type component in $`T_1^1`$, the other $`T`$-linear component linking directly with the superconductivity. The superconductivity possesses a s-wavelike character in the meaning that a finite gap exists in the quasi-particle excitation.

Authors wish to thank Profs. H. Fukuyama, K. Yamada, M. Imada and M. Takigawa and Drs. S. Fujimoto, H. Kontani, and K. Kojima for fruitful discussion. The present work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan, and by grants of Ogasawara Foundation for the Promotion of Science and Engineering, Japan and Simadzu Science Foundation, Japan.


text:
# Acknowledgements

## Acknowledgements

This work has been partially supported by the Brazilian research Agencies CNPq and Fapesp.


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# Untitled Document

Quantum Energy of Fuzzy Sphere: Gaussian Variational Method111Short summary of the Master-thesis

Yu-Jie Zhong, Wung-Hong Huang

Department of Physics

National Cheng Kung University

Tainan,70101,Taiwan

The matrix model with mass term has a nontrivially classical solution which is known to represent a noncommutative fuzzy sphere. The fuzzy sphere has a lower energy then that of the trivial solution. In this letter we investigate the quantum correction of the energy of the fuzzy sphere by using the Gaussian variational technique, in contrast to the other studying in which only the small fluctuation was considered. Our result, which only considering the boson part, shows that the quantum correction does not change the stability of the fuzzy sphere.

The noncommutative fuzzy sphere, which can appear in the string/M theory \[1-3\], is known to correspond sphere D2-branes in string theory with background linear B-field . It has been found that, in the presence of constant RR three-form potential, the D0-branes can expand into a noncommutative fuzzy sphere configurations . In the ordinary matrix model one could not find the fuzzy sphere solutions. However, adding a Chern-Simons term  or mass term  into the matrix model will enable us to describe the noncommutative fuzzy sphere as a classical solution. Comparing the energy in the various classical solutions one can find that the separated D0-branes will expand into a largest noncommutative fuzzy sphere to achieve minimum energy .

In this paper we will study the matrix model with the action

$$S=Tr[X_i,X_j]^2+\lambda Tr(X_i)^2.$$
$`(1)`$
where $`X_i,i=1,2,3`$ are chosen to be $`2\times 2`$ matrices for simplicity. The matrix equations of (1) are

$$2[X_j,[X_i,X_j]]+\lambda X_i=0,$$
$`(2)`$
and the associated energy is

$$E=Tr[X_i,X_j]^2\lambda Tr(X_i)^2.$$
$`(3)`$
Eq.(2) admits commutating solutions and static fuzzy sphere solutions . The commutating solutions are known to represent $`N`$ D0 branes and satisfy the relations

$$[X_i,X_j]=0,$$
$`(4)`$
which have the energy

$$E=0.$$
$`(5)`$
The noncommutative static fuzzy sphere solutions satisfy the equations

$$[X_i,X_j]=i\sqrt{\frac{\lambda }{2}}ϵ_{ijk}X_k,$$
$`(6)`$
and can be described by the relations

$$X_i=\sqrt{\frac{\lambda }{2}}\frac{\sigma _i}{2},$$
$`(7)`$
in which $`\sigma _i`$ is a Pauli spinor. The energy E of this solution has a negative energy

$$E=\frac{\lambda }{4}<0.$$
$`(8)`$
Thus the ground state is the 2-dimensional fuzzy sphere .

In the following we will use the Gaussian variational method  to calculated the quantum energy of the above fuzzy sphere. Note that, as a first step, we consider the simplest $`2\times 2`$ matrix and only the mass term, rather then the conventional Chen-Simon term, is presented in (1), as the calculation becomes more simpler. We also consider only the boson part and leave the fermion part to the further investigations.

Following the method in  our trying Gaussian action is

$$S_0=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{3}{v}Tr(X_i)^2,$$
$`(9)`$
in which $`v`$ is a parameter to be determined by variation. Then we can rewrite the partition function as

$$Z=Z_0e^{(SS_0)}_0,$$
$`(10)`$
$$Z_0=\underset{}{\text{X}}e^{S_0},$$
$`(11)`$
where $`_0`$ is a VEV with respect to the partition function $`Z_0`$. The associated free energy can be expanded as

$$F=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F_k;F_0=lnZ_0,$$
$`(12)`$
$$F_k=\frac{(1)^k}{k!}(SS_0)^k_{\mathrm{C},0},$$
$`(13)`$
where the suffix ‘C’ in $`_{\mathrm{C},0}`$ means that the connected part is taken.

After the calculations the first two terms of the expansion are given as

$$F_0=\frac{9}{2}\mathrm{ln}v,$$
$`(14)`$
$$F_1=S_0S_0_0,$$
$`(15)`$
$$S_0=\frac{9}{2}v^2\frac{3}{4}\lambda v,$$
$`(16)`$
$$S_0_0=\frac{9}{2}.$$
$`(17)`$
The variational parameters $`v`$ can be determined in such a way that the free energy $`F`$ becomes minimum, i.e.

$$0=\frac{d}{dv}(F_0+F_1).$$
$`(18)`$
The solution is

$$v=\frac{\lambda +\sqrt{\lambda ^2+16}}{8},$$
$`(19)`$
and free energy becomes

$$F_0+F_1=\frac{3}{2}ln\left(\lambda +\sqrt{\lambda ^2+16}\right).$$
$`(20)`$
Therefore the quantum corrected energy coming from the boson part of the fuzzy sphere is negative and the value is lower then that of the trivial solution. Our result thus shows that the quantum correction does not change the stability of the fuzzy sphere.

Let us finally make some remarks about our works.

(1) As the fuzzy sphere is described by a supersymmetry action, a complete investigation shall contain the fermion part. This part is under calculations.

(2) We consider only the simplest case of $`2\times 2`$ matrix, in stead of $`N\times N`$ matrix, as the calculation becomes more simpler. A complete investigation shall study all possible represent of the SU(2) matrix. Note that, from the one-loop action, Iso etc.  had found that, in some situation, the fuzzy sphere may becomes unstable in the large N limit. It is remained to compare the final results for the one-loop perturbative method and Gaussian variational nonperturbative study.

(3) It is remained to compare the quantum properties of the fuzzy sphere coming from the Chern-Simon term with that coming from the mass term. The stability of the fuzzy sphere at finite temperature is also an interesting problem to be studied.

We propose to study these in the near future. 222After we have completed this paper we find that the authors of the paper  also propose to study the problem.
REFERENCES

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C. Hofman and E. Verlinde, “U-duality of Born-Infeld on the Noncommutative Two-Torus”, JHEP 9812, 010 (1998), hep-th/9810116 .
2. N. Seiberg and E. Witten, “String Theory and Noncommutative Geometry”, JHEP 9909, 032 (1999), hep-th/9908142.
3. J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4. A. Y. Alekseev, A. Recknagel and V. Schomerus, “Non-commutative world-volume geometries: Branes on su(2) and fuzzy sphere” JHEP 9909 (1999) 023 \[hep-th/9908040\]; “Brane dynamics in background fluxes and non-commutative geometry,” JHEP 0005 (2000) 010 \[hep-th/0003187\].
5. R. C. Myers, “Dielectric-branes,” JHEP 9912 (1999) 022 \[hep-th/9910053\].
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Space-Time in the IIB Matrix Model ”, JHEP 0205 (2002) 001 \[hep-th/0111102\].
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# Multi-epoch spectroscopy and XMM-Newton observations of RX J2115–58

## 1. Introduction

RX J2115-58 was discovered as part of the ROSAT all-sky survey and independently by EUVE. Further observations by Schwope et al (1997) and Ramsay et al (1999) showed that it was an asynchronous polar with a beat period of 6.3 days. Such a short period allows us to study the effect of a changing orientation between the magnetic field and accretion stream on an easily observable timescale.

## 2. AAT Spectroscopy

The left plot in Fig. 1 shows phase-folded line profiles of H$`\beta `$ (top), and HeII 4686 (bottom) on the nights of 2000 July 20, 22 and 24, evenly sampling the beat cycle (left to right). These were taken using the AAT RGO spectrograph. The profiles are complex, with significant changes evident over the beat cycle. An example is the enhanced heating of the secondary on the first night, evident in the strong narrow profile in the H$`\beta `$ line (but not the HeII 4686), and the enhancement at $`\varphi 0`$ on July 22 and 24, which is manifest in a brightening of the ballistic stream in the Doppler tomograms at these beat phases.

## 3. XMM-Newton Observations

The plot on the right of Fig. 1 shows light curves in hard X-rays from our XMM-Newton observations of this system. They consist of 7 separate observations of two orbital periods, one each day, evenly sampling the beat period. They are extremely variable from night to night, but these in the hard band are not dissimilar to those seen in the RXTE X-ray light curves (Ramsay et al 2000). We also have UV light curves from the XMM Optical Monitor. Accretion is mainly at one pole in the lower hemisphere at beat phase 0.87, while it is clearly also accreting at a pole in the upper hemisphere at most other phases (for example phase 0.23). The X-ray spectra also change appreciably at different beat phases: one (at beat phase 0.13) requires a distinct soft X-ray component while the other (at phase 0.55) does not. Similar behaviour is seen in our shorter XMM-Newton observations of the asynchronous polar BY Cam (Ramsay & Cropper 2002). A comprehensive analysis is in progress.

## References

Ramsay, G., Cropper, M. 2002, MNRAS, 336, 1129

Ramsay, G., Buckley, D. A. H., Cropper, M., Harrop-Allin, M.K. 1999, MNRAS, 303, 96

Ramsay, G., Potter, S., Cropper, M., Buckley, D. A. H., Harrop-Allin, M. K. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 225

Schwope, A., Buckley, D. A. H., O’Donoghue, D., Hasinger, G., Trümper, J., Voges, W. 1997, A&A, 326, 195