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# GNPHE/03-04hep-th/0303198 M-theory on 𝐺₂ manifolds and the method of (𝑝,𝑞) brane webs

## 1 Introduction

Since the discovery of superstring dualities, four-dimensional supersymmetric quantum field theories ($`QFT_4`$) have been a subject of great interest in connection with superstring compactification on Calabi-Yau manifolds and D-brane physics . For example, embedding $`N=2`$ $`QFT_4`$ in type IIA superstring compactified on Calabi-Yau threefolds, with K3 fibration, has found a very nice geometric description using the so-called geometric engineering method . In this program, these models, which give exact results for the moduli space of the type IIA Coulomb branch, are represented by Dynkin quiver diagrams of Lie algebras .

Quite recently, a special interest has been devoted to four-dimensional gauge models preserving only four supercharges . These field models admit a very nice description in the so-called $`(p,q)`$ webs \[13-24\]. This method concerns the study of $`N=1`$ four-dimensional quiver theories arising on the world-volume of D3-branes transverse to singular Calabi-Yau threefolds, $`CY_B^3`$. The subscript here refers to type IIB string geometry. The manifolds are complex cones over complex two-dimensional toric varieties $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, e.g. del Pezzo surfaces. They are mirror manifolds of local Calabi-Yau threefolds $`CY_A^3`$ given by elliptic and $`C^{}`$ fibrations over the complex plane. Under local mirror symmetry, a D3-brane in type IIB geometry becomes a D6-brane wrapping a $`T^3`$ in type IIA mirror geometry. In this way, the $`N=1`$ four-dimensional quiver theories can be obtained from D6-branes wrapping 3-cycles $`S_i`$ in the mirror manifold. For instance, a D6-brane on $`T^3`$, whose homology class is

$$[T^3]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n_iS_i,$$
(1.1)
where $`\{S_i,i=1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\}`$ form a basis of $`H_3(CY_A^3,Z)`$, gives a four-dimensional $`N=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theory with gauge group

$$G=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}U(n_i),$$
(1.2)
and quiver matrix

$$I_{ij}=S_iS_j.$$
(1.3)
In eqs. (1.1) and (1.2), the vector $`n_i`$ is specified by the anomaly cancellation condition

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}I_{ij}n_i=0.$$
(1.4)
The above identities in the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs are very exciting. First, the same equation forms have been used in the geometric engineering of superconformal models with eight supercharges. In this case, the quiver matrix is identified with an affine $`ADE`$ Cartan matrix $`K`$ and the gauge group is $`G=_iSU(s_in)`$. The positive integers $`s_i`$ appearing in $`G`$ are the usual Dynkin weights. They form a special positive definite integer vector $`s=\left(s_i\right)`$ satisfying $`K_{ij}s_j=0`$, as required by the vanishing of the beta function. Second, for $`\mathrm{}=3`$ corresponding to complex two-dimensional weighted projective spaces in type IIB geometry, the physics content with unitary gauge groups and charged chiral matter seems to be similar to four-dimensional $`N=1`$ models obtained from M-theory on singular $`G_2`$ manifolds studied first in , see also . These manifolds are constructed as circle quotients of eight-dimensional toric hyper-Kähler (HK) manifolds. Following , the twistor space over the weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{m,m,n}{}^{}`$ has an interpretation in type IIA superstring as an intersection of three groups of D6-branes with multiplicities $`m,m,n`$ leading to $`SU(m)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)`$ gauge symmetry. According to this feature, one might ask the following question. Is there a connection between the approach of $`(p,q)`$ webs and M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds111 Besides this similarity, much of the D6-branes physics content can be interpreted in M-theory on local $`G_2`$ manifolds, leading to $`N=1`$ supersymmetric models in four dimensions.? However, this connection may naturally lead to the need of a reformulation of the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs. The reason for this is that the gauge symmetry in the M-theory compactification involves the weights of the weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. In this paper we address this question using toric geometry data of $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional HK manifolds, and by reconsidering the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs. This study may complete the analysis of  dealing with discrete $`G_2`$ orbifolds using the McKay correspondence .
Our program will proceed in two steps:
(i) We study $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds, $`X_7=X_8/U(1)`$. The manifold $`X_8`$ is obtained using relevant constraint equations in terms of two-dimensional $`N=4`$ sigma-models with $`U(1)^r`$ gauge symmetry and $`r+2`$ hypermultiplets . We show that the resulting seven-dimensional manifolds, in general, are given by real cones on $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundles over complex two-dimensional toric varieties

$$𝐕^2=𝐂^{r+2}/𝐂_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}.$$
(1.5)
Explicit models are presented in terms of two-dimensional $`N=2`$ sigma model realizations of $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$.
(ii) We discuss the link between the physics content of M-theory on such $`G_2`$ manifolds and the methods of $`(p,q)`$ webs. In particular, we reconsider and reformulate the $`(p,q)`$ web equations using the toric geometry Mori vectors of $`𝐕^2`$ and set of brane charge constraint equations. For the weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{w_1,w_2,w_3}{}^{}`$, for example, we find the following gauge group

$$G=U(w_1n)\times U(w_2n)\times U(w_3n).$$
(1.6)
This is required by the anomaly cancellation condition. With an appropriate choice of weight vectors, we recover the result of Acharya and Witten given in .

The plan of this paper is as follows. In section 2, we briefly review the main lines of toric geometry method for treating complex manifolds. Then we give the interplay between the toric geometry and two-dimensional $`N=2`$ supersymmetric gauge theories. In section 3, we study $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds $`X_8`$ constructed from $`D`$-flatness conditions of two-dimensional field theory with $`N=4`$ supersymmetric. Then we identify the $`U(1)`$ symmetry group with the toric geometry circle actions of $`X_8`$ to present quotients $`X_7=X_8/U(1)`$ of $`G_2`$ holonomy. Explicit models are given in terms of real cones on an $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over complex two-dimensional toric varieties $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. In section 4, we engineer $`N=1`$ quiver models from $`G_2`$ manifolds. We discuss the link between the physics content of M-theory on such $`G_2`$ manifolds and the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs. We reconsider and reformulate the $`(p,q)`$ equations using the toric geometry Mori vectors of $`𝐕^2`$ and set of brane charge constraint equations. In particular, for the weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{w_1,w_2,w_3}{}^{}`$, we find that the gauge group is given by (1.6). In section 5, we give illustrating applications. In section 6, we give our conclusion.

## 2  Toric geometry

In this section, we collect a few facts on toric geometry of complex manifolds. These facts are needed later to construct a special type of $`G_2`$ manifolds, as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds. Roughly speaking, toric manifolds are complex $`n`$-dimensional manifolds with $`T^n`$ fibration over $`n`$-dimensional base spaces with boundary . They exhibit toric actions $`U(1)^n`$ allowing us to encode the geometric properties of the complex spaces in terms of simple combinatorial data of polytopes $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ of the $`R^n`$ space. In this correspondence, fixed points of the toric actions $`U(1)^n`$ are associated with the vertices of the polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$, the edges are fixed one-dimensional lines of a subgroup $`U(1)^{n1}`$ of the toric action $`U(1)^n`$, and so on. Geometrically, this means that the $`T^n`$ fibers can degenerate over the boundary of the base. Note that in the case where the base space is compact, the resulting toric manifold will be compact as well.
In string theory, the power of the toric geometry representation is due to the following points:
(1) The toric data of the polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ have similar features to the $`ADE`$ Dynkin diagrams leading to non-abelian gauge symmetries in type II superstring compactifications on Calabi-Yau manifolds . (2) The toric fixed loci, which correspond to the vanishing cycles, have been known to be associated with D-brane charges . The latter will be used in section 4 to discuss the physics content of M-theory on our proposed manifolds of $`G_2`$ holonomy, using a reformulation of the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs in type II superstring on Calabi-Yau threefolds.

To illustrate the main idea of toric geometry, let us describe the philosophy of this subject through certain useful examples.
(i) $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ projective space.
This is the simplest example in toric geometry which turns out to play a crucial role in the building blocks of higher-dimensional toric varieties and in the study of the small resolution of $`ADE`$ singularities of local Calabi-Yau manifolds. $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ has an $`U(1)`$ toric action

$$ze^{i\theta }z$$
(2.1)
with two fixed points $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ on the real line. The latter points, which can be generally chosen as $`v_1=1`$ and $`v_2=1`$, describe respectively north and south poles of the real two sphere $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$. The corresponding one-dimensional polytope is just the segment $`[v_1,v_2]`$ joining the two points $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$. Thus, $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ can be viewed as a segment $`[v_1,v_2]`$ with a circle on top, where the circle vanishes at the end points $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$.
(ii) $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ projective space.
$`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ is a complex two-dimensional toric variety defined by

$$𝐏^\mathrm{𝟐}=\frac{C^3\{(0,0,0)\}}{C^{}},$$
(2.2)
where $`C^{}`$ acts as follows

$$(z_1,z_2,z_3)(\lambda z_1,\lambda z_2,\lambda z_3).$$
(2.3)
It admits an $`U(1)^2`$ toric action

$`(z_1,z_2,z_3)(e^{i\theta _1}z_1,e^{i\theta _2}z_2,z_3),`$ (2.4)
exhibiting three fixed points $`v_1`$, $`v_2`$ and $`v_3`$. The corresponding polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2`$ is a finite sublattice of the $`𝐙^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ square lattice. It describes the intersection of three $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$’s defining a triangle ($`v_1v_2v_3`$) in the $`𝐑^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ plane. A convenient choice of the data of these three vertices is as follows : $`v_1=(1,0)`$, $`v_2=(0,1)`$, and $`v_3=(1,1)`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2`$ has three edges, namely $`[v_1,v_2]`$, $`[v_2,v_3]`$ and $`[v_3,v_1]`$ stable under the three $`U(1)`$ subgroups of $`U(1)^2`$; two subgroups are just the two $`U(1)`$ factors, while the third subgroup is the diagonal one. $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ can be viewed as a triangle over each point of which there is an elliptic curve $`T^2`$. This torus shrinks to a circle at each segment $`[v_i,v_j]`$ and it shrinks to a point at each $`v_i`$. The above toric realization can be pushed further for describing the same phenomenon involving complex $`n`$-dimensional toric varieties that are more complicated than projective spaces. The latter spaces can be expressed in the following form

$$𝐕^n=\frac{C^{n+r}U}{C_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}},$$
(2.5)
where now we have $`r`$ $`C^{}`$ actions given by

$$C_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}:z_i\lambda ^{Q_i^a}z_i,i=1,2,\mathrm{},n+r;a=1,2,\mathrm{},r.$$
(2.6)
In this equation, $`Q_i^a`$ are integers. For each $`a`$ they form the so-called Mori vectors in toric geometry. They generalize the weight vector $`(w_i)`$ of the complex $`n`$-dimensional weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{w_1,\mathrm{},w_{n+1}}^n`$. $`U`$ is a subset of $`C^k`$ chosen by triangulation .
Eq. (2.5) means that $`𝐕^n`$ has a $`T^n`$ fibration, obtained by dividing $`T^{n+r}`$ by the $`U(1)^r`$ gauge symmetry

$$z_ie^{iQ_i^a\vartheta ^a}z_i,a=1,\mathrm{},r,$$
(2.7)
where $`\vartheta ^a`$ are the generators of the $`U(1)`$ factors. $`𝐕^𝐧`$ can be represented by a toric diagram $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐕^n)`$ spanned by $`k=n+r`$ vertices $`v_i`$ of an $`𝐙^𝐧`$ lattice satisfying

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n+r}{}}Q_i^av_i=0,a=1,\mathrm{},r.$$
(2.8)
The toric geometry manifolds we have been describing have an interesting realization through linear sigma models, where one considers two-dimensional supersymmetric $`N=2`$ gauge systems with $`U(1)^r`$ gauge group and $`n+r`$ chiral fields $`X_i`$ with a $`Q_i^a`$ matrix charge . In this way, the Kähler manifold $`𝐕^n`$ is the minimum of the $`D`$-term potential ($`D^a=0`$), up to $`U(1)^r`$ gauge transformations, namely

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n+r}{}}Q_i^a|X_i|^2=R_a,$$
(2.9)
where the $`R_a`$’s are Fayet-Iliopoulos (FI) coupling parameters. The (local) Calabi-Yau condition is satisfied by

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n+r}{}}Q_i^a=0,a,$$
(2.10)
which means that the system flows in the infra-red to a non-trivial superconformal theory . Under local mirror symmetry, this toric Calabi-Yau sigma model maps to Landau-Ginsburg (LG) models . In this way, the mirror version of the constraint equation (2.9), giving the LG superpotential, reads

$$\underset{i}{}y_i=0$$
(2.11)
subject to

$$\underset{i}{}y_i^{Q_i^a}=e^{t_a},$$
(2.12)
where $`y_i`$ are LG dual chiral fields which can be related, up some field changes, to sigma model fields, and where $`t_a`$’s are the complexified FI parameters defining now the complex deformations of the LG Calabi-Yau superpotentials.
Note that the above two-dimensional $`N=2`$ toric sigma models can be extended to $`N=4`$ sypersymmetry models with hypermultiplets leading to toric HK geometries . In the rest of this paper, we will use toric geometry and HK analysis to study seven-dimensional manifolds with $`G_2`$ holonomy. The latter are $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds $`X_8`$.

## 3  $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotients

### 3.1  $`G_2`$ manifolds and $`N=4`$ $`D`$-flatness conditions

It is known that in order to get a semi-realistic four-dimensional theory from M-theory it is necessary to consider a compactification on a seven-dimensional manifold $`X_7`$ with $`G_2`$ holonomy \[42-51\]. In this way, the resulting models with $`N=1`$ supersymmetry depend on the geometric properties of $`X_7`$. For instance, if $`X_7`$ is smooth, the low-energy theory contains, in addition to $`N=1`$ supergravity, only abelian gauge symmetry and no charged chiral fermions. Non-abelain gauge symmetries can be obtained by considering limits where $`X_7`$ develops $`ADE`$ orbifold singularities using wrapped M2-branes on vanishing 2-cycles . However, the presence of conical singularities leads to charged chiral fermions. Following , an interesting analysis for building such geometries is to consider quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds $`X_8`$ by an $`U(1)`$ circle symmetry. The $`U(1)`$ group has been chosen such that it commutes with the $`SU(2)`$ symmetry, permuting the three complex structures of HK geometries. A priori, there are many ways to choose the $`U(1)`$ group action. Two situations have been given in  but here we will identify the $`U(1)`$ group with the toric geometry circle action of complex subvarieties within HK geometries. In particular, we will use the HK analysis to present explicit models with $`G_2`$ holonomy group leading to interesting $`N=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. To do so, we consider two-dimensional $`N=4`$ supersymmetric gauge theories with $`U(1)^r`$ gauge symmetries and $`r+2`$ hypermultiplets with a $`Q_i^a`$ matrix charge . The $`N=4`$ $`D`$-flatness equations of such models are generally given by

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{r+2}{}}Q_i^a\left[\varphi _i^\alpha \overline{\varphi }_{i\beta }+\varphi _{i\beta }\overline{\varphi }_i^\alpha \right]=\stackrel{}{\xi }_a\stackrel{}{\sigma }_\beta ^\alpha ,a=1,\mathrm{},r.$$
(3.1)
In these equations, $`\varphi _i^\alpha `$’s denote $`r+2`$ component field doublets of hypermultiplets, $`\stackrel{}{\xi }_a`$ are $`r`$ FI 3-vector couplings rotated by $`SU(2)`$ symmetry, and $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_\beta ^\alpha `$ are the traceless $`2\times 2`$ Pauli matrices. In this construction, for each $`U(1)`$ factor, there are three real constraint equations transforming as an iso-triplet of $`SU(2)`$ $`R`$-symmetry ($`SU(2)_R`$) acting on the HK structures.
Using the $`SU(2)_R`$ transformations

$$\varphi ^\alpha =\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }\varphi _\beta ,\overline{(\varphi ^\alpha )}=\overline{\varphi }_\alpha ,\epsilon _{12}=\epsilon ^{21}=1,$$
(3.2)
and replacing the Pauli matrices by their expressions, the identities (3.1) can be split as follows

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}Q_i^a(|\varphi _i^1|^2|\varphi _i^2|^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _a^3`$ (3.3)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}Q_i^a\varphi _i^1\overline{\varphi }_i^2`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _a^1+i\xi _{}^{2}{}_{a}{}^{}`$ (3.4)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}Q_i^a\varphi _i^2\overline{\varphi }_i^1`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _a^1i\xi _{}^{2}{}_{a}{}^{}.`$ (3.5)
Dividing the resulting space of (3.3-5) by $`U(1)^r`$ gauge transformations, we find precisely an eight-dimensional toric HK manifold $`X_8`$. However, explicit solutions of these geometries depend on the values of the FI couplings. Taking $`\xi _a^1=\xi _a^2=0`$ and $`\xi _a^3>0`$, (3.3-5) describe the cotangent bundle over complex two-dimensional toric varieties . Indeed, if we set all $`\varphi _i^2=0`$, we get a complex two-dimensional toric variety $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ defined by $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{2+r}{}}Q_i^a|\varphi _i^1|^2=\xi _a^3,(a=1,\mathrm{},r)`$. Equations (3.4-5) mean that the $`\varphi _i^2`$’s define the cotangent orthogonal fiber directions over $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. This manifold has four toric geometry circle actions: $`U(1)_{base}^2\times U(1)_{fiber}^2`$. Two of them correspond to the $`𝐕^2`$ toric base space denoted by $`U(1)_{base}^2`$, while the remaining ones, $`U(1)_{fiber}^2`$, act on the fiber orthogonal cotangent directions. To get the corresponding seven-dimensional manifolds with $`G_2`$ holonomy, we will identify the $`U(1)`$ group symmetry of the quotient used in  with one finite circle toric action. Identifying this $`U(1)`$ symmetry with one $`U(1)_{fiber}`$, one finds the following seven-dimensional manifold

$$X_7=X_8/U(1)_{fiber}.$$
(3.6)
Since $`𝐂^\mathrm{𝟐}/U(1)=𝐑\times 𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, this quotient space is now isomorphic to an $`𝐑\times 𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over a $`𝐕^2`$. Similarly to , equation (3.6) describes real cones on a $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over $`𝐕^2`$. Mathematically, it is not easy to reveal that these quotient spaces have $`G_2`$ holonomy group. However, one can show this using a physical argument. Indeed, $`𝐕^2`$, with $`h^{1,0}=h^{2,0}=0`$, preserves $`1/4`$ of initial supercharges and in the presence of $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ it should be $`1/8`$. In this way, the supersymmetry tells us that the holonomy of (3.6) is the $`G_2`$ Lie group. Thus, M-theory on the above seven-dimensional manifold leads to $`N=1`$ theory in four dimensions.

### 3.2  Explicit models from $`𝐕^2`$ geometries

To better understand the structure of (3.3-6), let us give illustrating models. In particular we will consider special models corresponding to $`N=4`$ sigma model with conformal invariance. For this reason, we will restrict ourselves to eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds $`X_8`$ with the Calabi-Yau condition (2.10) in $`N=4`$ supersymmetric analysis. In this way, the geometry of $`X_8`$ depends on the manner we choose the $`U(1)^r`$ matrix gauge charge $`Q_i^a`$ satisfying the Calabi-Yau condition. We first study complex two-dimensional weighted projective spaces $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, after which we will consider the Hirzebruch surfaces. Other extended models are also presented.

#### 3.2.1 $`𝐕^2`$ as weighted projective spaces

For constructing these models, we consider an $`U(1)`$ gauge symmetry with three hypermultiplets $`\varphi _i`$ of charges $`(Q_1,Q_2,Q_3)`$ such that $`Q_1+Q_2+Q_3=0`$. One way to solve this constraint equation is to take $`Q_1=m_1`$, $`Q_2=m_1m_2`$ and $`Q_3=m_2`$. This gives $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{m_1,m_1+m_2,m_2}{}^{}`$ as a base geometry in the $`G_2`$ manifold. Using examples, let us see how we obtain this geometry.
Example 1: $`(m_1,m_2)=(1,1)`$ . This example corresponds to three hypermultiplets $`\varphi _i`$ with the vector charge $`Q_i=(1,2,1)`$. After permuting the role of $`\varphi _2^1`$ and $`\overline{\varphi ^2}_2`$ and making the following field changes $`\varphi _1^1=\phi _1`$, $`\varphi _1^2=\psi _1`$ $`\varphi _3^1=\phi _2`$, $`\varphi _3^2=\psi _3`$, $`\overline{\varphi }_2^2=\phi _2`$, $`\overline{\varphi }_2^1=\psi _2`$, eqs. (3.3-5) become

$`(|\phi _1|^2+|\phi _3|^2+2|\phi _2|^2)(|\psi _1|^2+|\psi _3|^2+2|\psi _2|^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^3`$ (3.7)
$`\phi _1\overline{\psi _1}+\phi _3\overline{\psi _3}+2\phi _2\overline{\psi _2}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (3.8)
$`\overline{\phi _1}\psi _1+\overline{\phi _3}\psi _3+2\overline{\phi _2}\psi _2`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (3.9)
These equations describe a cotangent bundle over $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$. Indeed, taking $`\psi _1=\psi _2=\psi _3=0`$, eq. (3.7) reduces to $`|\phi _1|^2+|\phi _3|^2+2|\phi _2|^2=\xi ^3`$ and defines a $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ weighted projective space, where $`\xi ^3`$ is a Kähler real parameter controlling its size. Eqs. (3.7-9), for generic values of $`\psi _i`$, can be interpreted to mean that $`\psi _i`$ parameterize the orthogonal fiber directions on $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$. Dividing by one finite toric geometry fiber circle action, we find a real cone on an $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ with $`G_2`$ holonomy.
Example 2: $`(m_1,m_2)=(1,2)`$. As another example, we consider a vector charge as follows $`Q_i=(1,3,2)`$. This example is quite similar to the first one, and its treatment will be parallel to the first one. After making similar field changes, this example describes $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,3,2}{}^{}`$ in the base geometry of an eight-dimensional manifold. After the $`U(1)`$ quotient, the corresponding seven-dimensional manifold $`X_7`$ will be a real cone on $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,3,2}{}^{}`$. We will see later that this geometry leads to a four-dimensional model which might be related to the grand unified symmetry.

#### 3.2.2 $`𝐕^2`$ as Hirzebruch surfaces $`𝐅_n`$

$`𝐅_n`$ are complex two-dimensional toric surfaces defined by non-trivial fibrations of a $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ over a $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$. These may be viewed as the compactification of complex line bundles over $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ by adding a point to each fiber at infinity. Such line bundles are classified by an integer $`n`$, being the first Chern class integrated over $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$. For simplicity, we will restrict ourselves to $`𝐅_0`$ with a trivial fibration. A way to write down the $`𝐅_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ $`N=4`$ sigma model is to start with one $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and then extend the result to $`𝐅_0`$. Indeed, one $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$ corresponds to an $`U(1)`$ two-dimensional $`N=4`$ linear sigma model with two hypermultiplets with a vector charge $`(1,1)`$. Making a similar analysis of previous examples, the $`D`$-flatness conditions (3.1) reduce to

$`(|\phi _1|^2+|\phi _2|^2)(|\psi _1|^2+|\psi _2|^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^3`$ (3.10)
$`\phi _1\overline{\psi }_1+\phi _2\overline{\psi }_2`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (3.11)
$`\psi _1\overline{\phi _1}+\psi _2\overline{\phi _2}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (3.12)
and describe the cotangent bundle over a $`𝐏^\mathrm{𝟏}`$, defined by $`|\phi _1|^2+|\phi _2|^2=\xi ^3`$. The model corresponding to $`𝐅_0`$ is obtained by considering an $`U(1)^2`$ two-dimensional $`N=4`$ linear sigma model with four hypermultiplets with the following charges

$$Q_i^{(1)}=(1,1,0,0),Q_i^{(2)}=(0,0,1,1).$$
(3.13)
In this way, $`N=4`$ $`D`$-flatness constraint equations describe the cotangent bundle over $`𝐅_0`$. After dividing by one finite toric geometry circle action, we get a real cone on $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundle over $`𝐅_0`$.

### 3.3  Other models from $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$

Here, we study some extended models using more general $`N=4`$ two-dimensional gauge theories. In particular, we consider two possible generalizations for $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. The first model describes the blowing up of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ at one point. It has a similar feature as $`𝐅_2`$ geometry. The second model deals with model with $`ADE`$ Cartan matrix gauge charges leading to $`ADE`$ intersecting geometries.

#### 3.3.1  Blowing up of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ at one point

For simplicity, we consider $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ as an example. This space has a $`Z_2`$ orbifold singularity corresponding to non-trivial fixed points under the homogeneous identification

$$(z_1,z_2,z_3)(\lambda z_1,\lambda ^2z_2,\lambda z_3).$$
(3.14)
Taking $`\lambda =1`$, $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ has a $`Z_2`$ orbifold singularity at $`(z_1,z_2,z_3)=(0,1,0)`$. This singularity may be blown up by introducing an exceptional divisor. In two-dimensional $`N=2`$ sigma model, this can be deformed by introducing an extra chiral field $`X_4`$ and an $`U(1)`$ gauge group factor. In this way, the corresponding eight-dimensional manifolds can be described by an $`U(1)^2`$ linear sigma model with four hypermultiplets with the following charges

$$Q_i^{(1)}=(1,2,1,0)Q_i^{(2)}=(0,1,0,1).$$
(3.15)
This model gives the same $`G_2`$ manifold corresponding to the $`𝐅_2`$ Hirzebruch surface.

#### 3.3.2  $`ADE`$ intersecting geometry

Another generalization is to consider the intersecting weighted projective spaces according to $`ADE`$ Dynkin diagrams by imitating the analysis of $`N=2`$ sigma model. This involves two-dimensional $`N=4`$ supersymmetric $`U(1)^r`$ gauge theory with $`(r+2)`$ $`\varphi _i^\alpha `$ hypermultiplets with $`ADE`$ Cartan matrices as matrix gauge charges. For simplicity, let us consider the $`A_r`$ Lie algebra where the matrix charge is given by $`Q_i^a=2\delta _i^a+\delta _{i1}^a+\delta _{i+1}^a,a=1,\mathrm{},r`$. Putting these equations into the $`D`$-flatness equations (3.1), one gets the following system of $`3r`$ equations

$`(|\varphi _{a1}^1|^2+|\varphi _{a+1}^1|^22|\varphi _a^1|^2)(|\varphi _{a1}^2|^2+|\varphi _{a+1}^2|^22|\varphi _a^2|^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _a`$ (3.16)
$`\varphi _{a1}^1\overline{\varphi ^2}_{a1}+\varphi _{a+1}^1\overline{\varphi ^2}_{a+1}2\varphi _a^1\overline{\varphi ^2}_a`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (3.17)
$`\varphi _{a1}^2\overline{\varphi ^1}_{a1}+\varphi _{a+1}^2\overline{\varphi ^1}_{a+1}2\varphi _a^2\overline{\varphi ^1}_a`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (3.18)
An examination of these equations reveals that $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ consists of $`r`$ intersecting $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ according to the $`A_r`$ Dynkin diagram . Actually, this geometry generalizes the usual $`ADE`$ geometry corresponding to two-cycles of K3 surfaces . One expects to have a similar feature in the compactification of M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds with intersecting $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$’s.

The previous analysis is also possible for models with del Pezzo surfaces as a base geometry of $`G_2`$ manifolds. Note that, these surfaces have been used in the building of $`N=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions using the so-called $`(p,q)`$ webs. These gauge theories arise on the world-volume of D3-branes transverse to local Calabi-Yau threefolds $`CY_B^3`$ given by complex cones over del Pezzo surfaces . In this present work, we will show that this physics is related to of M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds with two complex dimension toric manifolds in the base geometry.

## 4  On M-theory on $`G_2`$ Manifolds and $`(p,q)`$ webs

So far, we have constructed a special type of $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds. This section will be concerned with M-theory on such manifolds. We will try to find a superstring interpretation of this using D-brane physics. In particular, we will discuss the connection between the physics content of M-theory on such $`G_2`$ manifolds and the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs, leading to $`N=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. The analysis we will be using here is based on a reconsideration of the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs and reformulating the intersection number structures in terms of toric geometry data of $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ varieties.

Before proceeding, let us recall quote some crucial points supporting our discussion. On one hand, according to , M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds as $`U(1)`$ quotient of eight-dimensional conical toric HK manifolds, has an interpretation in terms of intersecting D6-branes in type IIA superstring model. In particular, the geometry of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ describes the intersection of three sets of D6-branes. For example the geometry $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{m,m,n}{}^{}`$ with $`m`$, $`m`$ and $`n`$ relatively prime corresponds to a pair of two spheres of $`A_m`$ singularities and a single of $`A_n`$ singularities two spheres. In type IIA superstring picture, this is equivalent to the intersection of three sets of D6-branes with multiplicities $`m`$, $`m`$ and $`n`$ leading to $`SU(m)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)`$ gauge symmetry with chiral multiplets in the $`(m,\overline{m},1)+(1,m,\overline{n})+(\overline{m},1,n)`$ bi-fundamental representations. This gauge system is represented by a quiver triangle which may be viewed as the toric geometry graph of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. On the other hand, the same physics content models can appear in type IIA superstring compactified on local elliptic fibration Calabi-Yau threefolds $`CY_A^3`$ in the presence of D6-branes wrapping 3-cycles $`S_i`$ and filling the four-dimensional Minkowski space-time . In terms of gauge theory, each 3-cycle $`S_i`$ is associated to a single gauge group factor and the intersection numbers (1.4) count the number of $`N=1`$ chiral multiplets which transform in the bi-fundamental representation. We will see later that the information of gauge system is encoded in the intersection numbers. Under mirror symmetry, the physics of D6-branes wrapping 3-cycles maps to IIB D3-branes transverse to local Calabi-Yau threefolds $`CY_A^3`$. The latter are complex cones over del Pezzo surfaces or more generally complex two-dimensional toric manifolds $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. In this way, the $`N=1`$ four-dimensional quiver theory can be obtained from type IIB geometry using the so called $`(p,q)`$ brane webs. Indeed, the toric skeletons of these varieties are defined by the $`(p,q)`$ web charges of D5-branes. They correspond to the loci of points at which some 1-cycles of the elliptic curve fibration of $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ shrinks to zero radius . The physics content of these models can be determined explicitly from the geometry of the $`(p,q)`$ webs. More details on this method, see . In particular, if the vanishing 1-cycles of the elliptic fibration $`C_i(p_i,q_i)`$, the intersection numbers, in type IIA mirror geometry, read as

$$I_{ij}=C_iC_j=p_iq_jp_jq_i$$
(4.1)
The set of the ranks of the gauge groups $`n_i`$ is a null vector of this matrix, i.e

$$\underset{i}{}(p_iq_jp_jq_i)n_i=0.$$
(4.2)
Until this level, the connection between the method of $`(p,q)`$ brane webs and the Acharya-Witten model  is not obvious. We propose that this connection requires the introduction of the Mori vector charge $`Q_i^a`$ in the description of $`(p,q)`$ webs. Our solution was inspired by the following:
(1) The study of M-theory on local geometry of Calabi-Yau threefolds having toric realization in terms of $`(p,q)`$ D5-branes of type IIB superstrings . In this way, the D-brane charges are associated with the vanishing cycles in the toric representation.
(2) The result of Acharya-Witten on M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds, where the set of ranks of gauge groups coincide with the weight vector of the $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ .
(3) The local mirror symmetry application in type II superstrings, where the mirror constraint equations involve the toric geometry data of the original manifolds .
Besides these points, a close examination of the formulation of the $`(p,q)`$ webs reveals, however, that the matrix intersection (4.1) appears in the ordinary and weighted projective spaces. Moreover, it does not carry any transparent toric geometry data distinguishing these geometries. Taking into account this observation, the connection we are after leads us to reformulate the intersection number structures by introducing the toric geometry Mori vectors $`Q_i^a`$ and a set of brane charge constraint equations. To make connection with , we restrict ourselves to the weighted projective spaces where $`\stackrel{}{Q^1}=(w_1,w_2,w_3)`$. Given a set of charges $`(p_i,q_i)`$, $`i=1,2,3`$, we propose the intersection number formula

$$_{ij}=w_iw_j(p_iq_jp_iq_j)$$
(4.3)
with the following constraint equations

$`w_1^2p_1+w_2^2p_2+w_3^2p_3=0`$
$`w_1^2q_1+w_2^2q_2+w_3^2q_3=0.`$ (4.4)
Now, the set of ranks of the gauge groups $`n_i`$ should satisfy the following constraint

$$\underset{i}{}_{ij}n_i=0,$$
(4.5)
as required by the anomaly cancellation condition . Using equation (4.4), it is easy to see that this condition can be satisfied in terms of the weights of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ as follows

$$n_i=w_in,$$
(4.6)
and so the corresponding gauge symmetry is given by

$$G=\underset{i=1}{}U(w_in).$$
(4.7)
Our reformulation of the $`(p,q)`$ webs has the following nice features:
(1) This formulation is quite similar to the geometric engineering of four-dimensional $`N=2`$ superconformal field theories with gauge group $`G=\underset{i=1}{}SU(s_in)`$ where the $`s_i`$’s are the usual Dynkin labels being a null vector of affine Cartan matrices as required by the vanishing of the beta function.
(2) For $`w_i=1`$, we recover the simple model with gauge group $`U(n)^3`$ and matter triplication in each bifundamental .
(3) For $`n=1`$, the corresponding gauge theory is now quite similar to the interpretation of M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds given in . In this way, the gauge group reads

$$G=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}U(w_i).$$
(4.8)
In the infra-red limit the $`U(1)`$ factors decouple and one is left with the gauge symmetry

$$G=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}SU(w_i).$$
(4.9)
Taking an appropriate choice of weights, we recover the physical model given in .
(4) The corresponding field models is represented by a triangle quiver diagram

Summarizing, many aspects of the physics of M-theory on such $`G_2`$ manifolds are reproduced by this formulation of type IIB superstring on complex lines on $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ in the presence of $`(p,q)`$ brane charges, suggesting equivalence of the two descriptions. Performing local mirror symmetry, we end with local elliptic type IIA geometry with D6-branes filling four-dimensional space-time. The corresponding gauge group and quiver diagram can be obtained using the $`(p,q)`$ webs toric geometry data of $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$.

## 5  Illustrating Models

In this section we will give two illustrating applications. They concern the examples studied in section 3: $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,3,2}{}^{}`$.

### 5.1 $`U(n)^2\times U(2n)`$ gauge theory

Consider, first, the geometry of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ in M-theory compactifications. In $`(p,q)`$ webs, this is equivalent to taking three stacks of branes each, wrapping the following 1 cycles

$$C_1=(2,0),C_2=(0,1),C_3=(2,4).$$
(5.1)
In this case, the intersection numbers read as

$`_{12}`$ $`=`$ $`4`$
$`_{31}`$ $`=`$ $`8`$ (5.2)
$`_{23}`$ $`=`$ $`4.`$
For one D6-brane, this example leads to a $`N=1`$ spectrum with gauge group $`U(1)^2\times U(2)`$ gauge group and bifundamental matter. This model agrees with the result of Acharya and Witten given in . While for $`n`$ D6-branes, the above charge configurations gives a $`N=1`$ spectrum with gauge group $`U(n)^2\times U(2n)`$ gauge symmetry and bifundamental matter.

### 5.2 $`U(n)\times U(2n)\times U(3n)`$ gauge model

The geometry of $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,3,2}{}^{}`$ is very exciting in this analysis because it may lead to the symmetry of the grand unified theory (GUT) 222 This is not a surprise since it was shown in  that one gets the GUT gauge symmetry from M-theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds with $`A_4`$ singularity. For this example, we consider three stacks of $`n`$ D6-branes each, wrapping the following 1 cycles

$$C_1=(4,9),C_2=(1,0),C_3=(0,1).$$
(5.3)
In this case, the intersection numbers read as

$`_{12}`$ $`=`$ $`18`$
$`_{31}`$ $`=`$ $`12`$ (5.4)
$`_{23}`$ $`=`$ $`6`$
This yields a $`N=1`$ spectrum with gauge group $`U(n)\times U(2n)\times U(3n)`$ gauge group and bifundamental matter. For $`n=1`$, one gets U(1)$`\times `$ U(2)$`\times `$ U(3) as gauge symmetry.

Concluding this section, it is interesting to make a comment regarding the numbers appearing in (5.2) and (5.4), counting the number of $`N=1`$ chiral multiplets $`f_i`$ in the corresponding gauge systems. The latter have a remarkable feature which has a nice interpretation using the recent derivation of local mirror symmetry in two-dimensional field theory with $`N=2`$ supersymmetry . Indeed, in the above two examples, $`f_i`$ can be written as follows

$`f_1`$ $`=`$ $`w_2w_3d`$
$`f_2`$ $`=`$ $`w_1w_3d`$ (5.5)
$`f_3`$ $`=`$ $`w_1w_2d`$
where $`d`$ is the degree of the following homogeneous LG Calabi-Yau superpotentials

$`y^2+x^4+z^4+e^txyz`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`y^2+x^3+z^6+e^txyz`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (5.6)
mirror to type IIB $`N=2`$ sigma model on the anti-canonical line bundles over $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,1}{}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{1,2,3}{}^{}`$ respectively.

## 6  Conclusion

In this paper, we have studied $`N=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theories embedded in M-theory on local seven-dimensional manifolds with $`G_2`$ holonomy group. We have engineered the $`N=1`$ quiver models from $`G_2`$ manifolds, as $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric HK manifolds. The corresponding quiver models have been obtained using a reformulation of the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs. Our main results may be summarized as follows:
(i) Using two-dimensional $`N=4`$ sigma-models with $`U(1)^r`$ gauge symmetry and $`r+2`$ hypermultiplets, we have constructed a special kind of $`G_2`$ manifolds. The latter are $`U(1)`$ quotients of eight-dimensional toric (HK) manifolds, $`X_7=\frac{X_8}{U(1)}`$. We have shown that these seven-dimensional manifolds, in general, are given by real cones on $`𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ bundles over complex two-dimensional toric varieties $`𝐕^2=𝐂^{r+2}/𝐂_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}`$. Explicit models have been given in terms of $`N=2`$ sigma model realizations of $`𝐕^\mathrm{𝟐}`$.
(ii) We have discussed the link between the physics content of M-theory on such $`G_2`$ manifolds and the method of $`(p,q)`$ webs. We have reconsidered and reformulated the method of the $`(p,q)`$ webs using the toric geometry Mori vectors of $`𝐕^2`$ and brane charge constraint equations. For the weighted projective space $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐏}_{}^{\mathrm{𝟐}}{}_{w_1,w_2,w_3}{}^{}`$, we have found that the corresponding field model has $`G=U(w_1n)\times U(w_2n)\times U(w_3n)`$ as gauge symmetry group. This is required by the anomaly cancellation condition.
Acknowledgments
A. Belhaj would like to thank Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, for its kind hospitality during the preparation of this work. He is very grateful to J. McKay for the invitation, discussions and encouragement. He would like to thank J. Rasmussen for comments on the manuscript, and H. Kisilevsky, E.H. Saidi and A. Sebbar for discussions and scientific help.


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# Bowen Fluorescence from the Companion Star in X1822-371

## 1 Introduction

X1822-371 is one of the brightest Low Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs) in the optical but comparatively weak in X-rays (i.e. $`L_X/L_{opt}=20`$ cf. it is usually $``$ 500-1000, see van Paradijs & McClintock 1995) which makes it the prototypical Accretion Disc Corona (ADC) source. In ADC sources, the combination of a high inclination and thick disc obscures the central source, and only X-rays scattered from material above and below the disc (a “corona”) can reach the observer (White & Holt 1982). The optical light curve displays regular eclipses of the accretion disc by the companion star on the 5.57 hr orbital period (see e.g. Hellier & Mason 1989). Detailed modelling of the optical and X-ray light curves has provided an accurate determination of the inclination angle $`i=82.5^{}\pm 1.5^{}`$ (Heinz & Nowak 2001; see also Hellier & Mason 1989).

X1822-371 is also remarkable thanks to the discovery of 0.59s X-ray pulses (Jonker & van der Klis 2001, hereafter JvdK) which flags it as one of the “rare” precursors of millisecond pulsars (eight out of several hundred LMXBs). The analysis of the pulse arrival time delay has enabled an extremely precise determination of the orbit of the neutron star ($`a\mathrm{sin}i=1.006`$ lightseconds) corresponding to a primary radial velocity semi-amplitude of 94.5 $`\pm `$ 0.5 km s-1.

A complete determination of the system parameters however requires the knowledge of the radial velocity curve of the companion star. This was first intimated by Harlaftis, Charles & Horne (1997) from the motion of HeI $`\lambda `$5876 absorption, which was interpreted as being produced on the irradiated face of the companion star, thereby providing a lower limit to the velocity semi-amplitude of $`K_2225\pm 23`$ km s-1. More recently, Jonker, van der Klis & Groot (2002) report $`K_2=327\pm 17`$ km s-1 based on measurements of HeI $`\lambda `$4026 and $`\lambda `$5875. However, they also find a -0.08 phase shift with respect to the pulse-timing ephemeris which they attribute to asymmetric irradiation of the companion’s Roche lobe and a systemic velocity of 67 $`\pm `$ 15 km s-1, significantly larger than in Harlaftis et al. (19 $`\pm `$ 19 km s-1).

In this paper we present new phase-resolved intermediate resolution blue spectroscopy of X1822-371. Inspired by our work on the LMXB Sco X-1 (Steeghs & Casares 2002, herefater SC) we are pursuing the detection of the companion star via Bowen fluorescence emission due to X-ray irradiation. The combination of velocity information and light curves enable us to locate the site of the main emission/absorption lines whithin the binary.

## 2 Observations and Data Reduction

We observed X1822-371 using the RGO Spectrograph attached to the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) on the nights of 10-11 June 2002. A total of 38 spectra were obtained with the R1200B grating centered at 4350 Å which provided a wavelength coverage of $`\lambda \lambda `$3500-5250, although the extreme 150 Å at each end were severely affected by vignetting and not employed in the analysis. The seeing was variable ($`1.1^{\mathrm{}}2^{\mathrm{}}`$) during our run and we used a 1 arcsec slit which resulted in a resolution of 70 km s-1 (FWHM). The flux standard Feige 15 was observed with the same instrumental configuration so as to correct for the instrumental response of the detector. We also rotated the slit to include a comparison star which enabled us to monitor slit losses and obtain a relative flux calibration. In addition, we obtained five more spectra of X1822-371 with EMMI and grating $`No6`$ on ESO’S 3.5m New Technology Telescope (NTT) at La Silla on 11 June 2002. These spectra cover the spectral range $`\lambda \lambda `$4400-5150 at 75 km s-1 resolution. In total we covered 1.5 orbital cycles of the target on June 10 and one cycle on June 11.

The images were de-biased and flat-fielded, and the spectra subsequently extracted using conventional optimal extraction techniques in order to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the output (Horne 1986). CuAr comparison lamp images were obtained every 30 mins, and the $`\lambda `$-pixel scale was derived through 5th-order polynomial fits to 95 lines, resulting in an rms scatter $`<`$ 0.025 Å. The calibration curves were interpolated linearly in time.

## 3 Trailed Spectra and Radial Velocity Curves

Absolute flux calibration of X1822-371 and its slit comparison was tied to the spectrophotometric standard Feige 15. Slit losses for individual spectra were computed by fitting a second-order spline to the ratio between each comparison star spectrum and its grand sum average. The X1822-371 spectra were subsequently divided by their corresponding splines in order to get the final fluxed spectra, corrected for slit losses. Figure 1 shows the average spectra of X1822-371 and its slit comparison in mJy flux units. The spectrum is dominated by high excitation emission lines of HeII $`\lambda `$4686 and the Bowen blend. There is also evidence of a broad emission feature at $`\lambda `$3813 which was already noted by Charles, Thorstensen & Barr (1980) in their low resolution spectra and tentatively identified with either HeII $`\lambda `$3813 or OVI $`\lambda `$3811 (see however Mason et al. 1982 for a different interpretation). The HeI and Balmer lines are dominated by broad absorptions, with residual emission cores observable in H$`\beta `$ and H$`\gamma `$.

Orbital phases were computed using the most accurate quadratic ephemeris published by Parmar et al (2000). However, given the large number of cycles we estimate an accumulated uncertainty of 0.03 orbits at the time of our observations and hence we decided to take the most updated $`T_0`$ from JvdK. This is defined by the superior conjunction of the X-ray pulsar and yields a final accuracy of 0.002 cycles. Binary phases are therefore computed from the ephemeris:

$$T=2450993.27968+0.232108785(50)E+2.06(23)\times 10^{11}E^2$$

The orbital evolution of several lines is plotted in Fig. 2 in the form of trailed spectrograms. Balmer lines are dominated by deep absorptions, with velocity shifts of $``$ 800 km s-1, maximum depth between phases 0.7-1.0 and strengthening with excitation energy. Some residual emission cores are nonetheless seen in H$`\beta `$ and H$`\gamma `$ at phase 0-0.1. The HeI lines are always seen in absorption with lower amplitudes ($``$ 200 km s-1) and blue-to-red crossing velocities at phase 0 (e.g. see HeI $`\lambda `$4471). A radial velocity curve is presented in the top panel of figure 3, obtained after cross-correlating the spectra, coadded in 13 phase bins, with a gaussian of $`FWHM=500`$ km s-1. As noted by Harlaftis et al. (1997; see also Jonker et al. 2002), the radial velocity curve is distorted around phase 0 because of possible contamination by another component. Therefore, we mask the data points within the phase interval 0.95-0.25 and perform a sinewave fit to the remaining to derive the following parameters: $`\gamma =24\pm 28`$ km s-1, $`V=229\pm 37`$ km s-1 and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0=0.07\pm 0.02`$, where $`V`$ is the velocity semi-amplitude and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ the blue-to-red crossing. These numbers are in good agreement with Harlaftis et al. (1997) and the phase shift confirm the claim by Jonker et al. (2002) that the radial velocity curve of HeI occurs earlier than expected from the pulse-timing ephemeris.

The HeII $`\lambda `$4686 emission exhibits a classic double-peaked disc profile with an S-wave crossing from blue to red velocities at phase $``$ 0.8. We postpone a detailed analysis of the radial velocity curve of HeII to Sect. 5. On the other hand, the $`\lambda `$3813 line displays a single S-wave, significantly broader (FWHM $`450`$ km s-1) than our resolution, and blue-to-red crossing also at phase 0.8. The S-wave pattern of this feature in our trailed spectra demonstrates that it is a real line and not just a spurious feature caused by the broadened Balmer absorptions at each side (Mason et al. 1982). As noted by Charles et al. (1980), if it were HeII $`\lambda `$3813 there is no special reason why this line should be enhanced relative to others in the Pickering series. Alternatively, it could be the blue member of the OVI doublet $`\lambda `$3811/$`\lambda `$3834 and indeed we see another S-wave emission in our trailed spectra at $`\lambda `$3834, although much weaker because of overlapping with the broad H9 absorption. Therefore, we identify this feature with OVI $`\lambda `$3811.4. We have also extracted the radial velocity curve of this line by cross-correlation of our 13 phase bins of co-added spectra with a gaussian of $`FWHM=600`$ km s-1, and the results are presented in fig. 3 (middle panel). A sinewave fit yields $`\gamma =46\pm 24`$ km s-1, $`V=370\pm 30`$ km s-1 and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0=0.82\pm 0.01`$. The phasing and large velocity amplitude suggest an origin related to the accretion disc/hot-spot region.

The Bowen blend shows a complicated pattern of narrow (FWHM $`100`$ km s-1) S-waves, barely detectable in our limited signal-to-noise ratio individual spectra, superposed on the broad disc emission. These narrow components are identified with the Bowen fluorescent components of NIII 4634.12/4640.64Å and CIII 4647.4/4650.1Å and have been shown to arise from the irradiated hemisphere of the donor in Sco X-1 (see SC). We have attempted to extract radial velocities of these sharp Bowen fluorescent components using a multigaussian fit, as explained in SC, but the method failed due to the weakness of these features in the individual spectra. However, in Section 6 we will show how we can exploit the powerful Doppler Tomography technique (Marsh 2001) to derive the radial velocity curve of the $`\lambda `$4640.64 NIII line, which is found to trace the motion of the donor star. The reliability of this technique was already demonstrated in the case of Sco X-1; radial velocities derived from Doppler maps were in excellent agreement with the results from Gaussian fitting (SC).

## 4 Light Curves

In the top left panel of Figure 4 we show the continuum light curve, extracted from integrating the individual fluxed spectra in the wavelength range $`\lambda \lambda `$4000-4600. Solid circles correspond to the night of 10 July and open circles to 11 July. In addition to the eclipse of the disc by the companion star, we also note a post-eclipse hump centered at orbital phase 0.25-0.3 which has been interpreted as the visibility of the irradiated inner disc rim or hot-spot hump (e.g. Mason & Córdova 1982). We note that this is when the OVI flux (top right panel) is also at a maximum, suggesting that it too is located in this region.

We have also obtained integrated light curves of the main emission/absorption lines and these are also presented in Fig. 4. The light curve of HeII $`\lambda `$4686 shows a narrow eclipse at phase 0.2 and maximum emission around phase 0.75, suggesting that the bulk of the emission might be related to the visibility of the stream/disc impact region (i.e. equivalent to the classical hot spot in a CV). The Bowen blend exhibits a sinewave modulation peaking at phase 0.5, which suggests a likely origin on the irradiated hemisphere of the donor star. We note that the phases of maximum emission of both HeII and Bowen are the same as observed in the neutron star transient XTE J2123-058 during its outburst phase (Hynes et al. 2001).

The OVI $`\lambda `$3811 emission line shows a similar light curve to the Bowen blend, but leading in phase by $``$ 0.15 orbits. The minimum flux occurs at phase 0.8, which also coincides with the blue-to-red crossing (see Fig. 3). The combination of the light curve and velocity information strongly suggests that OVI $`\lambda `$3811 is associated with the irradiated inner rim of the hot-spot bulge, which is self-obscured by the outer disc rim at phase $``$ 0.8. The amplitude of the modulation is a factor of two larger than in the Bowen blend, and also the flux drops to zero at minimum, indicating that the entire line is produced at the irradiated inner bulge, with no significant contribution from other regions (e.g. axisymmetric disc or companion star). None of the emission lines exhibit a sharp eclipse feature at phase 0 and hence they must arise in a vertically extended structure, such as a disc atmosphere or corona.

The Balmer lines show intricate light curves in absorption. They exhibit two minima, at phase 0.25 and 0.8, increasing depth with excitation energy i.e. deeper for H8 than for H$`\beta `$. The trailed spectra of H$`\gamma `$ in figure 2 clearly show that the phase 0.25 dip is produced by a sharp absorption whereas the 0.8 minimum is caused by a broader feature moving redwards from phase 0.5 to 1.0. The phase 0.8 absorption is consistent with obscuration of the irradiated inner disc by a high disc rim extending from phase 0.5 to 0.9. The light curve of HeI $`\lambda `$4471, also in absorption, appears to modulate only weakly with orbital phase, reaching maximum strength around phase 0.6.

## 5 The Systemic Velocity

Before discussing the location of the different emission sites we need to estimate the systemic velocity from these data. So far there is no clear determination, with only tentative values based on radial velocity curves of the HeI lines: 19 $`\pm `$ 19 km s-1 (Harlaftis et al. 1997) and 67 $`\pm `$ 15 km s-1 (Jonker et al. 2002). On the other hand, we notice that the strong HeII $`\lambda `$4686 emission is blueshifted in our sum spectrum and a simple Gaussian fit yields a centroid position at -50 km s-1. The double-peaked profile indicates it comes from the accretion disc and hence it will likely provide the most reliable $`\gamma `$ determination.

In an attempt to estimate both the systemic velocity and the velocity semi-amplitude of the compact object $`K_1`$, we have applied the double-Gaussian technique to HeII $`\lambda `$4686 (Schneider & Young 1980). We employed a two Gaussian band-pass with $`FWHM=100`$ km s-1 and Gaussian separations $`a=4001300`$ km s-1 in steps of 100 km s-1. The $`K_1`$ velocity drops dramatically from 230 to $``$ 60 km s-1 as we move from the line core to the wings, whereas the systemic velocity yields consistent values in the range -30 – -60 km s-1. We find that the velocity points start to be corrupted by continuum noise for $`a>900`$ km s-1 and a sinewave fit (with the period fixed) to this velocity curve gives $`K_1=63\pm 3`$ km s-1, $`\varphi _0=0.58\pm 0.01`$ and $`\gamma =43\pm 4`$ km s-1 (see bottom panel in figure 3). On the other hand, the radial velocity curve of the compact object is well determined through the pulse-timing analysis and yields $`K_1=94.5\pm 0.5`$ km s-1 (represented by a dotted curve in fig. 3). The small difference in phasing (0.08 orbits) and $`K_1`$ velocity indicates that even the line wings are contaminated by inhomogeneities in the disc. Nevertheless, the systemic velocity appears quite stable and hereafter in this paper we will adopt $`\gamma =43`$ km s-1 from the fit using $`a=900`$ km s-1. This is subject to systematic uncertainties, but further confirmation for a systemic velocity close to -43 will be presented in the next section. At this point we note that the radial velocity curve of OVI implies a positive systemic velocity of $``$ 43 km s-1 (see sect. 3). This is due to its formation in gas located on the irradiated inner face of the hot spot which probably has a local vertical velocity component after the gas stream collision with the disc outer edge (see fig. 5).

## 6 Doppler Mapping

Armed with this value of $`\gamma `$, we have computed Doppler maps of the principal lines seen in our spectra and these are presented in Fig. 5. All the spectra were rectified, by subtracting a low-order spline fit to the continuum, and rebinned into a uniform velocity scale of 15 km $`s^1`$. Doppler Tomography combines the orbitally-resolved line profiles to reconstruct the brightness distribution of the system in velocity space by maximizing the entropy of the final image (see Marsh 2001 for details). Since Doppler Tomography only deals with emission features, in order to map the absorption line HeI $`\lambda `$4471 we first had to invert the spectra.

The emission line distribution of HeII $`\lambda `$4686 shows the classic ring-like distribution of an accretion disc. The distribution is slightly asymmetric, with maximum emissivity over an extended arc peaking at phase $``$ 0.8. In order to help interpret the maps we have overplotted the Roche lobe of the companion star and the gas stream trajectory for a typical neutron star mass of $`M_1=1.4M_{}`$ and hence $`q=M_2/M_1=K_1/K_2=0.29`$. We have also marked the center of mass and compact object’s position with crosses.

We used the HeII Doppler map to verify the adopted systemic velocity. The $`\chi ^2`$ value of the map was calculated for a range of $`\gamma `$’s, and the best fit in terms of mimimal $`\chi ^2`$ was achieved for $`\gamma =44\pm 5`$ km s-1. We also searched for the optimal center of symmetry of the HeII map as a means to estimate $`K_1`$ (see SC). We found that the disc emission was subtracted optimally by assuming a $`K_1`$ of 97 $`\pm `$ 5 km s-1. We did not include the region at negative $`V_x`$ velocities, since this part of the map is severely affected by the bright spot asymmetries. This value compares favorably with the radial velocity amplitude of the primary as determined from the X-ray pulsations (JvdK).

The Doppler image of OVI $`\lambda `$3811 shows no evidence for the accretion disc but a very compact emission knot which lies between the predicted gas stream velocity and the keplerian velocity of the disc along the gas stream path. The OVI emission probably arises from irradiated turbulent gas around the hot spot which, after the shock, shares the velocity of the gas stream and the accretion disc. This is identical to the Doppler maps of HeII $`\lambda `$4686 and HeI $`\lambda `$4471 computed for the cataclysmic variable U Gem (Marsh et al. 1990).

The Doppler analysis of the Bowen blend is complicated by the merging of many CIII, NIII and OII transitions (e.g. McClintock, Canizares & Tarter 1975). The most prominent component is NIII 4640.64Å for which we have also computed a tomogram. We clearly detect a sharp spot along the $`V_y`$ axis and we have inferred its centroid position at $`V_x12\pm 8`$ km s-1 and $`V_y300\pm 8`$ km s-1 through a two-dimensional gaussian fit. The spot is effectively on the $`V_y`$ axis given our phase uncertainties. The phasing and velocity amplitude proves that this emission is produced on the irradiated front side of the donor. We have experimented with computing maps for a set of $`\gamma `$-velocities in the range 0 – -80 km s-1 and we find that only $`\gamma `$ values in the range -40 – -60 km s-1 provide well focused NIII spots. The remaining $`\gamma `$-velocity maps produce more extended and blurred spots which further confirm our systemic velocity determination. In Fig. 6 we compare the Bowen blend average of X1822-371 and Sco X-1 (from SC), in the rest frame of the donor stars. The prominent NIII $`\lambda `$4640 emission and the CIII blend at $`\lambda `$4647/50 are clearly identified in X1822-371, whereas the NIII 4634 is diluted in the much noisier spectrum of X1822-371.

Finally, we also present the tomogram of HeI $`\lambda `$4471 absorption, which very much resembles the map of NIII 4640.64Å but the spot seems to be skewed to the leading side of the donor or on the gas stream, at 0.1 $`R_{\mathrm{L1}}`$ from the $`L_1`$ point. A two-dimensional gaussian fit to the bright spot yields a centroid position at $`V_x=74\pm 8`$ km s-1 and $`V_y224\pm 8`$km s-1 which places it exactly over the gas stream trajectory.

## 7 Discussion

We have succesfully detected the companion star in X1822-371 through Doppler imaging of the fluorescent NIII $`\lambda `$4640 emission. The emission is exactly in antiphase with the radial velocity curve of the pulsar and hence no asymmetric irradiation of the companion’s Roche lobe needs to be invoked. On the other hand, the distribution of HeI $`\lambda `$4471 absorption is concentrated near the $`L_1`$ point but leading in phase. We find a phase shift of $``$ -0.05 with respect to the position of the NIII $`\lambda `$4640 spot and the pulse-timing ephemeris which places the HeI absorber on the leading side of the companion’s Roche lobe or, more likely, over the gas stream. This solves the problem raised by Jonker et al. (2002) who, following Harlaftis et al. (1997), assumed that the HeI absorption arises on the irradiated hemisphere of the companion.

The Doppler map of NIII $`\lambda `$4640 yields a bright spot at $`V_y=300\pm 8`$km s-1. Since this spot is produced on the inner hemisphere of the companion star through irradiation, it gives a lower limit to $`K_2`$, the velocity semi-amplitude of the companion’s center of mass. The lower limit to $`K_2`$ can then be combined with the very accurate determination of the inclination ($`i=82.5^{}\pm 1.5^{}`$) and the radial velocity curve of the pulsar to derive robust lower limits to the masses of the neutron star and companion of $`M_11.14\pm 0.06M_{}`$ and $`M_20.36\pm 0.02M_{}`$, respectively.

An upper limit to $`K_2`$ can be obtained by using the K-correction equation (Wade & Horne 1988):

$$K_2=K_{\mathrm{em}}/\left(1fq^{1/3}(1+q)^{2/3}\right),$$

where $`K_{\mathrm{em}}`$ is the velocity semi-amplitude of the irradiated-induced emission, $`q=M_2/M_1`$ and $`f1`$ is the displacement of the reprocessing site from the center of mass of the star in units of the companion’s star radius $`R_2`$. Furthermore we assume that the NIII line (with $`K_{\mathrm{em}}=300`$ km s-1) is produced at the $`L_1`$ point i.e. $`f=1`$. The equation then yields $`K_2437`$ km s-1, where we have used $`q=K_1/K_2`$ and $`K_1=94.5`$ km s-1. This upper limit would imply $`M_13.1M_{}`$ which coincides with the maximum neutron star mass possible with the stiffest equation of state of condensed matter. In addition, since $`K_2`$ must be between 300–437 km s-1 and we know $`K_1`$, this translates to firm limits to the mass ratio of $`0.216<q<0.315`$.

For the case of a canonical neutron star mass of 1.4 $`M_{}`$ we would expect $`K_2=324`$ km s-1 and $`q=0.29`$. This would imply a K-correction for NIII of $`K_{\mathrm{em}}/K_2=0.93`$ which is comensurate with the value seen for the cataclysmic variable HU Aqr which has a similar mass ratio (Schwope, Mantel & Horne 1997). On the other hand, JvdK have shown that the neutron star in X1822-371 is undergoing an accretion spin-up phase and therefore we might expect to find $`M_1>1.4M_{}`$. Tighter constraints on the system parameters may have important implications for our knowledge of the equation of state of nuclear matter (e.g. Cook, Shapiro & Teukolsky 1994).

The combination of light curves and velocity information from trailed spectra/Doppler maps has enabled us to locate the different regions responsible for the main spectral lines in the binary. The Balmer lines (from H$`\beta `$ to the Balmer break) are embedded in deep absorptions whose phasing and large velocity shifts suggest they are produced in vertically extended cool gas associated with the hot-spot/post-shock region. Simulations of stream-disc interaction with inefficient cooling (Armitage & Livio 1998) produce a “halo” of material above the disc and a bulge along the disc rim which can obscure the bright inner disc. This behaviour is mainly observed in SW Sex stars (e.g. Groot, Rutten & van Paradijs 2001, Rodríguez-Gil, Martínez-Pais & Casares 1999) where (possible) magnetic white dwarfs are fed by disc overflowing material. SW Sex behaviour has also been recognized in the neutron star transient XTE J2123-058 during outburst (Hynes et al. 2001). A key ingredient of this behaviour seems to depend on large accretion rates, although an inclination selection effect may be needed to account for the lack of orbitally modulated absorptions in other persistent LMXBs (e.g. Sco X-1). The OVI $`\lambda `$3811 emission arises from the post-shock region between the gas stream and the disc but it has maximum flux at phase 0.25, rather than 0.8. Therefore, it must be triggered by irradiation of the inner hot-spot bulge region i.e. further evidence for a vertical thickening of the disc at the splash point position.

After our work on Sco X-1 (SC) and GX339-4 (Hynes et al. 2002) this paper further establishes the importance of the fluorescent Bowen as excellent tracer of the companion’s motion in active LMXBs and Soft X-ray Transients in outburst. This new technique opens a new window on the detection of the, otherwise, radiatively overwhelmed companion stars and thereby allows follow-up dynamical studies of X-ray binaries.

DS acknowledges the support of a PPARC Postdoctoral Fellowship and a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Clay Fellowship. RIH and PAC acknowledge support from grant F/00-180/A from the Leverhulme Trust. RIH is currently funded from NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant #HF-01150.01-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555. MOLLY and DOPPLER software developed by T.R. Marsh is gratefully acknowledge. Partly based on data collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.


text:
# Nonstandard Lagrangian submanifolds in {ℂP}^𝑛

## 1. Introduction

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a symplectic manifold. A submanifold $`LM`$ is Lagrangian if $`dimL=\frac{1}{2}dimM`$ and $`\omega `$ vanishes on $`T(L)`$.

Using Floer homology, Paul Biran has obtained information on the topology of Lagrangian submanifolds of some closed manifolds. One of Paul Biran’s theorems concerns the Lagrangian submanifolds of $`\mathrm{P}^n`$ \[B-1, B-2\]:

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`L`$ be a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^n`$ such that $`H_1(L;)`$ is $`2`$-torsion (that is, $`2H_1(L;)=0`$). Then

1. $`H^{}(L;_2)H^{}(\mathrm{P}^n;_2)`$ as graded vector spaces.
2. If $`n`$ is even, the isomorphism in $`(1)`$ is an isomorphism of graded algebras.

Seidel \[Se\] also has a theorem with regard to the same subject:

###### Theorem 1.2.

Let $`L`$ be a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^n`$. Then

1. $`H^1(L;_{2n+2})0`$.
2. $`H^1(L;_{2n+2})(_2)^g`$ for any $`g2`$.
3. If $`H^1(L;_{2n+2})_2`$, then $`H^i(L;_2)_2`$ for all $`i=0,\mathrm{},n`$.

To test the limits of these topological restriction on Lagrangian submanifolds of $`\mathrm{P}^n`$, we construct new examples using Hamiltonian actions. The constructions in this paper relies on the following well-known fact:

###### Proposition 1.3.

Let a compact Lie group $`G`$ act on a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ in a Hamiltonian fashion with a moment map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M𝔤^{}`$. Assume $`\alpha 𝔤^{}`$ is a fixed point of the coadjoint action. Then for any $`m\mathrm{\Phi }^1(\alpha )`$, the orbit $`Gm`$ is an isotropic submanifold of $`M`$.

###### Proof.

An orbit is smooth. We only need to show that it is isotropic. Let $`\xi `$ and $`\eta `$ be any vector fields in the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of $`G`$ and let $`\xi _M`$ and $`\eta _M`$ be their induced vector fields on $`M`$.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \omega (m)(\xi _M(m),\eta _M(m))& =d\mathrm{\Phi }(m),\xi (\eta _M(m))\hfill \\ & =d\mathrm{\Phi }(\eta _M),\xi \hfill \\ & =\eta _𝔤^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }(m)),\xi \hfill \\ & =\frac{d}{dt}|_0\mathrm{exp}t\eta \alpha ,\xi \hfill \\ & =0,\xi \hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore $`\omega (m)=0`$ for all $`m\mathrm{\Phi }^1(\alpha )`$. In particular, the orbit $`Gm`$ is a smooth isotropic submanifold of $`M`$. ∎

In particular, any orbit of an abelian action is isotropic as well as any orbit in the zero level set of a nonabelian action.

###### Example 1.4.

Consider the action of the torus $`T^n`$ on $`\mathrm{P}^n`$ given by

$$(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)[z_0,z_1,\mathrm{},z_n]=[z_0,\lambda _1^1z_1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n^1z_n].$$

This action is Hamiltonian and its moment map is

$$\mathrm{\Phi }([z_0,z_1,\mathrm{},z_n])=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{|z_1|^2}{z^2},\mathrm{},\frac{|z_n|^2}{z^2}),$$

where $`z^2=_{i=0}^n|z_i|^2`$. The free orbit $`T^n`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^n`$.

Our first example is a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^3`$. Its topology has an interesting deviation from Theorems 1.1 and 1.2.

###### Theorem 1.5.

There exists a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^3`$, which is a quotient of $`\mathrm{P}^3`$ by the dihedral group $`D_3`$.

We discuss the topology of this submanifold in Section 3.

We use different actions to construct a second family of examples. It provides a generalization of the standard Lagrangian submanifold $`\mathrm{P}^3`$ of $`\mathrm{P}^3`$.

###### Theorem 1.6.

$`\mathrm{SU}(n)/_n`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^{n^21}`$.

## 2. First example

View $`^4`$ as the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree $`3`$ in two variables. We can define the irreducible $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ representation $`\rho :\mathrm{SU}(2)\mathrm{GL}(^4)`$ by

$$\rho (A)(p)(z)=p(zA)$$

where $`p^4`$, $`A\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ and $`z=(x,y)^2`$. The moment map for this representation as a map from $`^4`$ into $`\times 𝔰𝔲(2)^{}`$ is given by

$$(u_0,u_1,u_2,u_3)(\frac{3}{2}|u_0|^2+\frac{1}{2}|u_1|^2\frac{1}{2}|u_2|^2\frac{3}{2}|u_3|^2,u_0\overline{u_1}+u_1\overline{u_2}+u_2\overline{u_3}).$$

So the zero level set of the moment map must satisfy

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}& 3|u_0|^2+|u_1|^2=|u_2|^2+3|u_3|^2,\hfill \\ & u_0\overline{u_1}+u_1\overline{u_2}+u_2\overline{u_3}=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

This $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ action commutes with the diagonal $`S^1`$ action on $`^4`$, and therefore descends to an action on $`\mathrm{P}^3`$.

Clearly the point $`[1,0,0,1]`$ is in the zero level set. We know that

$$(x,y)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha & \beta \\ \overline{\beta }& \overline{\alpha }\end{array}\right)=(\alpha x\overline{\beta }y,\beta x+\overline{\alpha }y),$$

where $`|\alpha |^2+|\beta |^2=1`$. To compute the stabilizer, we set $`\lambda (x^3+y^3)=(\alpha x\overline{\beta }y)^3+(\beta x+\overline{\alpha }y)^3`$ for any possible $`\lambda `$ in $`S^1`$. Direct computation shows that $`\lambda =\pm 1`$ when $`\beta =0`$ and $`\lambda =\pm i`$ when $`\alpha =0`$. So the stabilizer is generated by

(2.1)
$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right)\text{and}\left\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha & 0\\ 0& \overline{\alpha }\end{array}\right),\alpha ^6=1\right\}$$

Note this $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ action is not effective on $`\mathrm{P}^3`$. It induces an effective $`\mathrm{SO}(3)`$ action and the stabilizer for $`[1,0,0,1]`$ is the semidirect product $`_2_3`$, namely, the dihedral group $`D_3`$.

Therefore, we have a Lagrangian $`L=\mathrm{SO}(3)/D_3\mathrm{P}^3/D_3`$ in $`\mathrm{P}^3`$.

In fact, this is the only orbit in the zero level set. According to the Guillemin-Marle-Sternberg local normal form theorem, a neighborhood of the orbit of $`[1,0,0,1]`$ is equivariantly symplectomorphic to a neighborhood of the zero section in $`Y=\mathrm{SO}(3)\times _{D_3}^3`$. It is easy to check that there exists one single orbit in the zero level set in $`Y`$. Since the zero level set is connected and since the orbit is closed, it follows that the zero level set in $`\mathrm{P}^3`$ consists of one orbit only.

## 3. Topology for the first example

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ denote the group generated by the elements in (2.1). Then the fundamental group of $`L`$ is $`\pi _1(L)=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ since $`L=\mathrm{P}^3/D_3=S^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

Let $`b`$ denote $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right)`$ and $`a`$ denote $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha & 0\\ 0& \overline{\alpha }\end{array}\right)`$, $`\alpha ^6=1`$. Then $`b^2=1`$ and $`ba=a^5b`$. The commutator subgroup $`A=\{x^1y^1xy|x,y\pi _1(L)\}`$ is $`\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},a^2,a^4\}`$. By Hurewicz Theorem, the first homology group $`H_1(L;)`$ is $`\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},b,b^2,b^3\}_4`$.

Using the Universal Coefficient Theorem and Poincaré duality, we can calculate that

$`H_0(L;)`$ $`=,`$ $`H^0(L;)`$ $`=,`$ $`H^0(L;_2)=_2,`$
$`H_1(L;)`$ $`=_4,`$ $`H^1(L;)`$ $`=0,`$ $`H^1(L;_2)=_2,`$
$`H_2(L;)`$ $`=0,`$ $`H^2(L;)`$ $`=_4,`$ $`H^2(L;_2)=_2,`$
$`H_3(L;)`$ $`=,`$ $`H^3(L;)`$ $`=,`$ $`H^3(L;_2)=_2.`$
Also, $`H^1(L;_8)=_4`$.

The Lagrangian $`L`$ we found does not satisfy the assumption of $`2`$-torsion as in Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.2(3), but $`H^{}(L;_2)`$ is isomorphic to $`H^{}(\mathrm{P}^3;_2)`$ as graded vector spaces.

## 4. Second family of examples1

11footnotetext: I would like to thank Michèle Audin for showing me a beautiful alternative construction of these examples in terms of real forms of Lie groups \[Au\].

Consider $`^{n^2}`$ as the set of $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices. $`\mathrm{SU}(n)`$ acts naturally by left multiplication. This action is Hamiltonian and its moment map is given by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(Z)=\frac{i}{2}ZZ^{}+\frac{1}{2i}\text{I}$$

where $`I`$ is the identity matrix.

This $`\mathrm{SU}(n)`$ action commutes with the circle action of multiplication by $`\lambda \text{I}`$. Therefore, it descends to an action on $`\mathrm{P}^{n^21}`$ where the center $`_n`$ of $`\mathrm{SU}(n)`$ acts trivially. Therefore, a free orbit in the zero level set of $`^{n^2}`$ descends to an orbit in the zero level set of $`\mathrm{P}^{n^21}`$ with stabilizer $`_n`$. Since the dimension of $`\mathrm{SU}(n)`$ is $`n^21`$, by Proposition 1.3, $`\mathrm{SU}(n)/_n`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold of $`\mathrm{P}^{n^21}`$.

For $`n=2`$, the above-mentioned orbit $`\mathrm{SU}(2)/_2`$ is the standard Lagrangian $`\mathrm{P}^3`$ in $`\mathrm{P}^3`$. Indeed it is the projective space of the real $`4`$ dimensional space $`V`$ spanned by the following matrices:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{cc}i& 0\\ 0& i\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right).$$