text:
# Generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial on an irreducible affine scheme

## Introduction and Main Results

Fix $`n1`$ and $`p1`$ two integers and $`v^p`$. Let $`x=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ and $`s=(s_1,\mathrm{},s_p)`$ be two systems of variables. Let $`𝐤`$ be a field of characteristic 111all the fields considered in this paper are of characteristic $`0`$ $`0`$. Let $`𝐀_n(𝐤)`$ be the ring of differential operators with coefficients in $`𝐤[x]=𝐤[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$ and $`𝒟`$ (resp. $`𝒪`$) be the sheaf of rings of differential operators (resp. analytic functions) on $`^n`$ for which we denote by $`𝒟_{x_0}`$ (resp. $`𝒪_{x_0}`$) the fiber in $`x_0`$.

Let $`f=(f_1,\mathrm{},f_p)`$ be in $`𝐤[x]^p`$ (resp. $`𝒪_{x_0}^p`$) and consider the following functional identity:

$$b(s)f^s𝐀_n(𝐤)[s]f^{s+v},$$

(resp. $`𝒟_{x_0}[s]`$ instead of $`𝐀_n(𝐤)[s]`$) where $`f^{s+v}=f_1^{s_1+v_1}\mathrm{}f_p^{s_p+v_p}`$. This identity takes place in the free module generated by $`f^s`$ over $`𝐤[x,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p},s]`$ (resp. $`𝒪_{x_0}[\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p},s]`$).

The set of such $`b(s)`$ is an ideal of $`𝐤[s]`$ (resp. $`[s]`$). This ideal is called the (global) Bernstein-Sato ideal of $`f`$ (resp. local Bernstein-Sato ideal in $`x_0`$) and we denote it by $`^v(f)`$ (resp. $`_{x_0}^v(f)`$). When $`p=1`$, this ideal is principal and its monic generator is called the Bernstein polynomial associated with $`f`$. Historically, I.N. Bernstein \[Be\] introduced the (global) Bernstein polynomial and proved its existence (i.e. the fact that it is not zero). J.E. Björk \[Bj\] has given the proof in the analytic case. Let us cite also M. Kashiwara \[K\] who proved, moreover, the rationality of the roots of the local Bernstein polynomial. For $`p2`$, the algebraic case can be easily treated in the same way as for $`p=1`$. For the analytic case, the proof of the non nullity of $`_{x_0}^v(f)`$ is due to C. Sabbah (\[S1\] and \[S2\]). Let us also cite A. Gyoja \[Gy\] who proved that $`_{x_0}^v(f)`$ contains a non zero *rational* polynomial. The absolute Bernstein-Sato polynomial naturally leads to the notion of a generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial which we shall explain in what follows.

Let $`𝒞`$ be a unitary commutative integral ring with the following condition:
For any prime ideal $`𝒫𝒞`$ and for any $`n\{0\}`$, we have:

$$n𝒫1𝒫.$$

This condition is equivalent to the fact that for any $`𝒫𝒞`$, the fraction field of $`𝒞/𝒫`$ is of characteristic $`0`$. Note that this condition is satisfied if and only if there exists an injective ring morphism $`𝒞`$.

We shall see $`𝒞`$ as the ring of coefficients or parameters. Indeed, let $`f=(f_1,\mathrm{},f_p)`$ in $`𝒞[x]^p=𝒞[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]^p`$.

Let us denote by $`𝐀_n(𝒞)`$ the ring of differential operators with coefficients in $`𝒞[x]`$, that is the $`𝒞`$-algebra generated by $`x_i`$ and $`_{x_i}`$ ($`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$) where the only non trivial commutation relations are $`[_{x_i},x_i]=1`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ (hence $`𝒞`$ is in the center of $`𝐀_n(𝒞)`$).

We denote by $`\text{Spec}(𝒞)`$ (resp. $`\text{Specm}(𝒞)`$) the set of prime (resp. maximal) ideals of $`𝒞`$ which is the spectrum of $`𝒞`$ (resp. the maximal spectrum). For an ideal $`𝒞`$, we denote by $`V()=\{𝒫\text{Spec}(𝒞);𝒫\}`$ the affine scheme defined by $``$ and $`V_m()=V()\text{Specm}(𝒞)`$. Remark that we shall only work with the closed subsets of $`\text{Spec}(𝒞)`$ and forget the sheaf structure of a scheme.

We are going to introduce the notion of a generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial of $`f`$ on an irreducible affine scheme $`V=V(𝒬)\text{Spec}(𝒞)`$ (that is when $`𝒬`$ is prime).
So let $`𝒬`$ be a prime ideal of $`𝒞`$ and suppose that none of the $`f_j`$’s is in $`𝒬[x]`$.
The main result of this article is the following.

###### Theorem 1.

There exists $`h𝒞𝒬`$ and $`b(s)[s_1,\mathrm{},s_p]0`$ such that

$$hb(s)f^s𝐀_n(𝒞)[s]f^{s+v}+\left(𝒬[x,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p},s]\right)f^s.$$

Such a $`b(s)`$ is called a (rational) generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial of $`f`$ on $`V=V(𝒬)`$ (see the notation and the remark below).

In the case where $`p=1`$, the generic and relative (not introduced here) Bernstein polynomial has been studied by F. Geandier in \[Ge\] and by J. Briançon, F. Geandier and P. Maisonobe in \[Br-Ge-M\] in an analytic context (where $`f`$ is an analytic function of $`x`$). In \[Bi\] (see also \[Bi2\]), H. Biosca studied these notions with $`p1`$ in the analytic and the algebraic context (that which we are concerned with) and proved that when

* $`𝒞=[a_1,\mathrm{},a_m]`$ or
* $`𝒞=\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_m\}`$ and

$`Q=(0)`$ so that $`V`$ is smooth and equal to $`^m`$ or $`(^m,0)`$, we have a generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial. It does not seem straigthforward to adapt her proof to the case where $`𝒬(0)`$ (i.e. when $`V`$ is singular). Let us also say that she did not mention the fact that the polynomial she constructed is rational even though a detailed study of her proof shows that it is. As it appears, our main result covers and generalizes the previous existing results in this affine situation.

###### Notation.

Let $`𝒫`$ be a prime ideal of $`𝒞`$. For $`c`$ in $`𝒞`$, denote by $`[c]_𝒫`$ the class of $`c`$ in the quotient $`𝒞/𝒫`$ and $`(c)_𝒫=\frac{[c]_𝒫}{1}`$ this class viewed in the fraction field of $`𝒞/𝒫`$. We naturally extend these notations to $`𝒞[x]`$, $`𝐀_n(𝒞)`$ and $`𝒞[x,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p},s]`$.

###### Remark.

Using these notations, we can see that the polynomial $`b(s)`$ of theorem 1 is a Bernstein-Sato polynomial of $`(f)_𝒫`$ for any $`𝒫V(𝒬)V(h)`$. This justifies the name of a generic Bernstein-Sato polynomial on $`V(𝒬)`$.

As an application of theorem 1, we obtain some consequences :

###### Corollary 2.

Fix a positive integer $`d`$ and a field $`𝐤`$.
For each $`j=1,\mathrm{},p`$, take $`f_j=_{|\alpha |d}a_{\alpha ,j}x^\alpha `$ with $`\alpha ^n`$ and $`a_{\alpha ,j}`$ an indeterminate. Take $`a=(a_{\alpha ,j})`$ for $`|\alpha |d`$ and $`j=1,\mathrm{},p`$ such that we see $`f=(f_1,\mathrm{},f_p)`$ in $`𝐤[a][x]^p`$. Denote by $`m`$ the number of the $`a_{\alpha ,j}`$’s.
Then there exists a finite partition of $`𝐤^m=W`$ where each $`W`$ is a locally closed subset of $`𝐤^m`$ (i.e. $`W`$ is a difference of two Zariski closed sets) such that for any $`W`$, there exists a polynomial $`b_W(s)[s_1,\mathrm{},s_p]0`$ such that for each $`a_0`$ in $`W`$, $`b_W(s)`$ is in $`^v(f(a_0,x))`$.

###### Remark.

* This corollary generalizes to the case $`p2`$ the main result of A. Leykin \[L\] and J. Briançon and Ph. Maisonobe \[Br-Mai\] in the case $`p=1`$.
* There is another way to generalize these results: Given a well ordering $`<`$ on $`^p`$ compatible with sums, it is possible to prove the existence of a partition $`𝐤^m=W`$ into locally closed subsets with the following property: For any $`W`$, there exists a finite subset $`G_W𝐤[a][x]`$ such that for any $`a_0W`$, the set $`G_W(a_0)`$ is a $`<`$-Gröbner basis of the Bernstein-Sato ideal $`^v(f(a_0,x))`$, see \[Br-Mai\] and \[Ba\].

###### Proof of Corollary 2.

We remark that we can give the same statement as in corollary 2 for any algebraic subset $`Y𝐤^m`$ as a space of parameters. The statement of corollary 2 will then follow from the proof of this more general statement, that we shall give by an induction on the dimension of $`Y`$. If $`dimY=0`$, the result is trivial. Suppose $`dimY1`$. Write $`Y=V_m(Q_1)\mathrm{}V_m(Q_r)`$ where the $`Q_i`$’s are prime ideals in $`𝐤^m`$ (we identify the maximal ideals of $`𝐤[a]`$ and the points of $`𝐤^m`$). For each $`i`$, let $`h_i𝐤[a]Q_i`$ and $`b_i(s)[s]0`$ be the $`h`$ and $`b(s)`$ of theorem 1 applied to $`Q_i`$. Now, write

$$Y=\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}V_m(Q_i)V_m(h_i)\right)Y^{},$$

with $`Y^{}=\left(V_m(Q_i)V_m(h_i)\right)`$ for which $`dimY^{}<dimY`$. Apply the induction hypothesis to $`Y^{}`$. We obtain that $`Y`$ is a union (not necessarily disjoint) of locally closed subsets $`V`$ such that for each $`V`$ there exists $`b_V(s)[s]0`$ which is in $`^v(f(a_0,x))`$ for any $`a_0V`$. Let us show now how to obtain the annouced partition. Let $`B`$ be the set of the obtained polynomials $`b_V`$’s. Set $`B=\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_e\}`$. For any $`i=1,\mathrm{},e`$, let $`E_i`$ be the set of the $`V`$’s for which $`b_i=b_V`$. Put

* $`W_1={\displaystyle \underset{VE_1}{}}V`$,
* $`W_2=\left({\displaystyle \underset{VE_2}{}}V\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{VE_1}{}}V\right)`$,
* $`\mathrm{}`$
* $`W_e=\left({\displaystyle \underset{VE_e}{}}V\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{VE_1\mathrm{}E_{e1}}{}}V\right)`$.

Note that some of the $`W_i`$’s may be empty. The set $`\{(b_1,W_1),\mathrm{},(b_e,W_e)\}`$ gives a partition $`Y=W_i`$ in a way that $`b_i^v(f(a_0,x))`$ for any $`a_0W_i`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.

Take $`f_1(a,x),\mathrm{},f_p(a,x)𝒪(U)[x]`$ where $`𝒪(U)`$ denotes the ring of holomorphic functions on a open subset $`U`$ of $`^m`$.
Then there exists a finite partition of $`U=W`$ where each $`W`$ is an (analytic) locally closed subset of $`U`$ (i.e. each $`W`$ is a difference of two analytic subsets of $`U`$) such that for any $`W`$, there exists a rational non zero polynomial $`b(s)`$ which belongs to $`^v(f(a_0,x))`$ for any $`a_0W`$.

###### Remark.

As it will appear in the proof, we have the same result if we replace $`𝒪(U)`$ by $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_m\}`$ or $`𝐤[[a_1,\mathrm{},a_m]]`$ ($`𝐤`$ being an arbitrary field).

###### Proof.

Let us write $`f_j(a,x)=g_{\alpha ,j}(a)x^\alpha `$ where $`g_{\alpha ,j}𝒪(U)`$. Let $`m`$ be the number of the $`g_{\alpha ,j}`$’s and let us introduce $`m`$ new variables $`b_{\alpha ,j}`$. Consider the (analytic) map $`\varphi :Ua(b_{\alpha ,j}=g_{\alpha ,j}(a))_{\alpha ,j}^m`$ where $``$ is a fixed arbitrary field. Now apply corollary 2 to this situation. Let $`𝐤^m=W`$ be the obtained partition and for any $`W`$, let $`b_W[s]`$ be the polynomial given in 2. Now apply $`\varphi ^1`$. This gives a partition $`U=\varphi ^1(W)`$. Since $`\varphi `$ is analytic, the sets $`\varphi ^1(W)`$ are locally closed analytic subsets of $`U`$. It is then clear that for any $`W`$ and $`a_0\varphi ^1(W)`$, we have $`b_W^v(f(a_0,x))`$. ∎

## Proof of the main theorem

In order to prove theorem 1, we shall first prove the following.

###### Theorem 4.

Let $`𝐤`$ be a field and $`f𝐤[x]^p`$. Then $`^v(f)[s]`$ is not zero.

Note that in \[Br\], the author proved (for $`p=1`$) that the global Bernstein polynomial has rational roots for any field $`𝐤`$ of characteristic zero. The proof of 4 will use the following propositions.

###### Proposition 5.

Let $`𝐊`$ be a subfield of a field $`𝐋`$. Suppose that $`f𝐊[x]^p`$. Let $`b(s)𝐊[s]`$ be such that $`b(s)f^s𝐀_n(𝐋)[s]f^{s+v}`$. Then

$$b(s)f^s𝐀_n(𝐊)[s]f^{s+v}.$$

###### Proof.

The proof is inspired by \[Br\] in which the case $`p=1`$ is treated. As $`𝐋`$ is a $`𝐊`$-vector space, let us take $`\{1\}\{l_\gamma ;\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }\}`$ as a basis so that $`𝐋[x,s,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p}]f^s`$ is a free $`𝐊[x,s,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p}]`$-module with $`\{f^s\}\{l_\gamma f^s;\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }\}`$ as a basis. Now let $`P`$ be in $`𝐀_n(𝐋)[s]`$ such that $`b(s)f^s=Pf^{s+v}`$. We decompose $`P=P_0+P^{}`$ where $`P_0𝐀_n(𝐊)[s]`$ and $`P^{}`$ has its coefficients in $`{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}𝐊l_\gamma `$. Now, we have:

$$b(s)f^s=P_0f^{s+v}+P^{}f^{s+v},$$

with $`b(s)f^s`$ and $`P_0f^{s+v}`$ in $`𝐊[x,s,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p}]f^s`$ and $`P^{}f^{s+v}`$ in $`{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}𝐊[x,s,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p}}]l_\gamma f^s`$. By identification, we obtain:

$$b(s)f^s=P_0f^{s+v}.$$

###### Proposition 6.

(\[Br\] and \[Br-Mai\]) Given $`f[x]^p`$, we have :

1. The set $`\{_{x_0}^v(f);x_0^n\}`$ is finite.
2. $`^v(f)`$ is the intersection of all the $`_{x_0}^v(f)`$ where $`x_0^n`$.

###### Proof of theorem 4.

We shall divide the proof into two steps:
(a) First, suppose that $`𝐤=`$. By \[S1\], \[S2\] and \[Gy\], as mentioned in the introduction, each $`_{x_0}^v(f)`$ contains a non zero rational polynomial. By the previous proposition, we can take a finite product of these polynomials and obtain a rational polynomial in $`^v(f)`$.
(b) Now suppose that $`𝐤`$ is arbitrary. Let $`c_1,\mathrm{},c_N`$ be all the coefficients that appear in the writing of the $`f_j`$’s and consider the field $`𝐊=(c_1,\mathrm{},c_N)`$. There exist $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_N`$ and an injective morphism of fields $`\varphi :𝐊`$ such that $`\varphi (c_i)=e_i`$ for any $`i`$. We denote by the same symbol $`\varphi `$ the natural extension of $`\varphi `$ from $`𝐊[x]`$ to $`[x]`$ and from $`𝐀_n(𝐊)[s]`$ to $`𝐀_n()[s]`$. Now, consider in $`[s]`$ the Bernstein-Sato ideal $`^v(\varphi (f))`$ (where $`\varphi (f)=(\varphi (f_1),\mathrm{},\varphi (f_p))`$. Using the result of case (a), there exists $`b(s)[s]0`$ that belongs to $`^v(\varphi (f))`$. So we have a functional equation:

$$b(s)\varphi (f)^s=P\varphi (f)^{s+v},$$

where $`P𝐀_n()[s]`$. By proposition 5, we can suppose $`P𝐀_n(\varphi (𝐊))[s]`$. Apply $`\varphi ^1`$ to this equation. Since $`b(s)[s]`$, $`\varphi ^1(b(s))=b(s)`$, thus we obtain:

$$b(s)f^s=\varphi ^1(P)f^{s+v}.$$

In conclusion $`b(s)`$ is in $`^v(f)`$. ∎

Now we dispose of a sufficient material to give the

###### Proof of theorem 1.

By theorem 4, there exists a non zero rational polynomial $`b(s)`$ in $`^v((f)_𝒬)`$. Hence, we have the following equation:

$$b(s)\left(\frac{[f]_𝒬}{1}\right)^s=\frac{[U(s)]_𝒬}{[h]_𝒬}\left(\frac{[f]_𝒬}{1}\right)^{s+v},$$

where $`U(s)𝐀_n(𝒞)[s]`$ and $`h𝒞𝒬`$. It follows that:

$$hb(s)f^sU(s)f^{s+v}0mod𝒬$$

in $`𝒞[x,\frac{1}{f_1,\mathrm{},f_p},s]f^s`$. Since $`f_1\mathrm{}f_p𝒬[x]`$ and $`𝒬`$ is prime, we obtain:

$$hb(s)f^sU(s)f^{s+v}𝒬[x,\frac{1}{f_1\mathrm{}f_p},s]f^s.$$

This article is a more general and simplified version of some results of my thesis \[Ba\].
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to my thesis advisor Michel Granger for having intoduced me to this subject and for valuable remarks.


format: text

text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The study of hadronic resonances, be it baryons or mesons, has never ceased (with seasonal fluctuations) to interest the particle and nuclear physics community for several specific and one global reason . The latter reason is to be found in the fact that hadrons and their interaction are the low energy manifestations of QCD. The specific reasons include among others: (i) the wish to improve upon standard results (e.g. resonance parameter extraction), (ii) the attempt to understand inconsistencies and puzzles, if any, (iii) possible new resonances (of speculative status, enigmatic nature, predicted by models and/or resurrection of previously refuted results), (iv) exotic resonances like glueballs, hybrids (named also hermaphrodites and meiktons), multiquark states such as $`q^2\overline{q}^2`$, mesonic molecules and $`J^{PC}`$-exotics, (v) the enigmatic scalar sector with the return of the $`\sigma `$-meson into the data book of the Particle Data Group (PDG) . We shall come back to (i)-(v) in the next section. Here it suffices to note that it is very often the existence of a resonance which is at stake. Insufficient data, weak signal and different methods applied to analyze data can result in different conclusions. The analytical methods to extract resonances and their parameters are well known and well documented. It then comes as a mild surprise to know that not all known analytical methods have been fully exploited. For instance, it is now fifty years since the concept of collision time (time delay) was introduced by Eisenbud and Wigner . Its connection to resonances is best explained in Wigner’s own words  : “ Close to resonances, where the incident particle is in fact captured and retained for some time by the scattering centre, $`\frac{d\eta }{dk}`$ \[this is the collision time where $`\eta `$ is the scattering phase shift\] will assume large positive values”. Not much has changed since then, except that the concept of time delay has been further elaborated by many authors \[9-12\], incorporated into text books \[13-18\] and newly rediscovered in a different context . In all these references the connection to resonance physics is well documented and stressed. Nowadays, one might not look upon a resonance as a particle being retained by another for a while, but rather as an unstable intermediate state characterized by several quantum numbers. To clarify this point, we quote ref. : “ Finally we remark that a sharp maximum in the time delay (essentially condition (iii) \[the specific time delay $`\frac{d\delta }{dk}`$ has a sharp maximum\]) is sufficient for the existence of a resonance; the argument is given in Ref. 12 \[our reference \]”. We could continue quoting text books and papers on time delay, but it would mean repeating more or less one and the same phrase. The surprise then grows when we learn that only recently the time delay concept has been put to a test in connection with hadron resonances , with reasonable success. By this we do not mean that time delay has not been extensively discussed in literature (see earlier references and for some criticism see ), but we are not aware of any work which has made a practical use of the advocated time delay in connection with hadron resonances. Time delay analysis for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-hypernuclear states has been successfully performed in . A related and less documented but somewhat popular concept, namely the speed plot, is occasionally found in literature . However, speed plots are positive by definition whereas time delay (as obvious from the citation from Wigner’s paper) can assume positive as well as negative values. Hence, regions with a negative bump in the collision time, could come out as positive peaks in the speed plot. In this context, we quote Wigner once again: “One would expect (on the basis of Liouville theorem or completeness relation) that the two effects \[positive and negative values of time delay\], on the whole, balance each other, i.e. that the integral of $`\frac{d\eta }{dk}`$ (in Wigner’s notation, $`\eta `$ is phase shift, which is denoted as $`\delta `$ in the present work) over the whole energy range is close to zero, ….. Hence, if the cross section shows a resonance behaviour, one will expect $`\eta `$ to decrease slowly between resonances and increase fast at resonances, increase and decrease almost exactly balancing if considered over the whole energy spectrum.” A demonstration of the above statement can actually be found in  for a constructed example of seven consecutive Breit-Wigner resonances. A detailed comparison between time delay and speed plots can be found in . We supplement the above by noting that the connection between time delay and the statistical density of states in scattering has been given in . We also note that not every peak in the cross section can be attributed to a resonance .

In view of the above discussion, it seems worth undertaking an examination of time delay in scattering processes with data, encountering several resonances over a wide energy range. In  we have applied the time delay method for baryon resonances in $`\pi N`$ scattering. In the present paper, we do the analog for mesonic resonances in $`\pi \pi `$ and $`\pi K`$ collisions. Indeed, we get very sharp positive peaks for all established resonances which confirms the statements made by Wigner and others in literature. Agreement with the known resonances adds support to the interpretation of the additional peaks we find as new resonances (indeed, these additional peaks have been a matter of debate for some time).

Our paper is organized as follows: in the next section we give some necessary facts about mesonic resonances. These facts will be necessary to interpret our results. In the subsequent section we briefly discuss the relevant formulae on time delay. In sections 4 and 5 we present the collision times calculated for $`\pi \pi `$ and $`\pi K`$ scattering. The last section is devoted to conclusions.

## 2 A short survey of relevant mesonic resonances

Given the seniority of the subject, the number of possible topics worth mentioning, even with the restriction to the points (i)-(v) mentioned in the Introduction in context with the continuing interest in mesonic resonances, is of course too large to be covered here. Therefore the short survey below is coloured by what we thought to be relevant for the results of the present paper.

As an example of the points (i) and (ii) from the previous section, we quote the case of the $`\rho `$ mesons. Till the year 2000, the PDG listed a group of $`J^{PC}=1^{}`$ mesons with masses around $`11001200`$ MeV discovered in $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions . In the 2002 edition  this entry has been removed due to the lack of further evidence supporting the old data. In the same year this controversy has been revived by an experimental indication of an isovector state with mass around $`1200`$ MeV . As noted in  this is also supported by the $`\gamma p(\omega \pi )p`$ reaction, where one finds a mass enhancement in the $`\omega \pi `$ system which is partly attributed to additional $`\rho `$ meson .

Additional conclusions regarding the $`\rho `$ mesons are drawn from ‘inconsistencies’ in $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions and $`\tau `$ decays . These seem to indicate the necessity of a vector hybrid  which serves as a good example for the points (iii)-(iv) in the $`\rho `$ mesonic sector. It is beyond the scope of this work to describe in detail the situation of exotic mesons . However, one of the exotics, namely the glueball, has indirectly to do with the findings of our paper. We say so because, according to lattice theory and other models, the lightest glueball is predicted to be a true scalar with a mass around $`1700`$ MeV . Opinion as to which one of the low lying scalars has the largest admixture of glue differs . This adds to the other problems encountered in the scalar sector (point (v)). Regarding the glue, in the scalar sector, the interpolating field for $`\sigma `$ could be $`𝐅𝐅`$ . The situation is not unlike the $`\eta `$ mesons, where through the $`U(1)_A`$ anomaly, there is a connection between $`𝐅\stackrel{~}{𝐅}`$ and the $`\eta _0`$ field  making us think about a glue content of eta mesons and $`\eta _0`$-$`\eta _8`$-glue mixing . In any case, the most famous problem beside the glue in the scalar sector is the $`\sigma `$ meson itself, which was removed from PDG in 1974 and reappeared there much later. This metamorphosis  (of appearance and disappearance) is typical for this meson in other respects too. From the experimental point of view, it is sometimes claimed that this meson behaves differently in different physical situations  i.e. displaying different masses and lifetimes. This is also reflected by the wide mass range quoted by PDG: $`4001200`$ MeV. From the theoretical side, we can view the $`\sigma `$ meson as a Higgs particle in the context of the linear sigma model  after the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, i.e., as the real part of this Higgs field whose vacuum expectation value breaks the chiral symmetry (the imaginary part resulting into pseudoscalars). Alternatively, one can look upon $`\sigma `$ as a low energy manifestation of the scale invariance breaking in the strong interaction  (the ‘identification’ $`\sigma 𝐅𝐅`$ mentioned above is motivated by this scale invariance breaking since the latter is connected to the trace anomaly in QCD by which the dilaton current is not conserved; note again the analogy to the eta mesons where the connection to the gluon fields is through another anomaly, namely the $`U(1)_A`$). Hence the question: chiralon, dilaton or both?

In spite of these theoretical insights, there is no general consensus about the parameters of the $`\sigma `$ meson. The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model  would require a mass of roughly twice the constituent quark mass i.e. $`600700`$ MeV. Weinberg’s prediction in the framework of mended symmetry is $`m_\sigma m_\rho `$ . The latter seems also to agree with values required to satisfy the Adler sum rule . Calculations using Bethe-Salpeter approach  give $`m_\sigma 750`$ MeV which, however, is rejected by the authors themselves  to be the mass of the $`\sigma `$ meson on account of it being too heavy. Indeed, the pole values predicted in the unitarized chiral perturbation theory  and the unitarized quark model , give the $`\sigma `$ mass around $`400`$ MeV, which is roughly in agreement with potential like models . An even lower value for $`m_\sigma `$, namely $`m_\sigma ^{BW}390_{36}^{+60}`$ MeV is reported by a very recent observation of $`J/\mathrm{\Psi }\sigma \omega \pi \pi \omega `$ . Last but not least, we mention a mysterious low $`\pi \pi `$ mass enhancement at $`310`$ MeV which dates back to 1961  and is since then coined ABC-effect. It has not vanished during the years, but continues to leave its fingerprints in several scattering processes  till today.

Above $`1`$ GeV, a resonance is often mentioned around $`12001300`$ MeV and was earlier known as $`\epsilon (1300)`$ . It is often stressed that this is not the $`f_0(1370)`$ scalar because of different inelasticities into $`\pi \pi `$ and $`4\pi `$. This problematic region borders to $`f_0(4001200)`$ on the one hand and $`f_0(1500)`$ on the other. Therefore strong interference effects are to be expected. A strong support for a resonance around $`1300`$ is given in . In  the status of $`f_0(1370)`$ as a genuine resonance is doubted.

Putting everything together, we recognize three problematic regions in the $`I(J^{PC})=0(0^{++})`$ sector: $`300450`$ MeV, $`700800`$ MeV and $`12001300`$ MeV, where one finds strong hints/evidences for unusual activities/resonances. Actually these regions are often attributed to a single resonance, the $`\sigma `$. Reproducing the figure in  with new data in Fig. 1, one sees that most data points are grouped around these three regions.

Having discussed the unflavoured mesons which we might find in the $`\pi \pi `$ system, we now turn our attention to strange resonances encountered in $`\pi K`$ scattering. We are not aware of any problems/controversies in the $`I(J^P)=1/2(1^{})`$ sector and this problem free zone is also confirmed nicely by our analysis. There are some uncertain candidates in the $`I(J^P)=1/2(2^+)`$ spectrum around $`2`$ GeV  and we add to this uncertainty two never-heard-of ‘candidates’ around $`1.7`$ and beyond $`2`$ GeV. We will discuss the reliability of these results in section 5. However, more importantly, it is again the scalar mesons $`I(J^P)=1/2(0^+)`$ which stir up controversies and it is again about the lightest strange scalar which right now goes under the name $`\kappa `$. Whereas the first suggestions of $`\sigma `$ date back to early 60’s , one can trace back the $`\kappa `$ to early 70’s . As with the $`\sigma `$, the $`\kappa `$ meson too has met with either an outright refutal for the basis of its existence  or support together with determination of its mass and width. Two often quoted values for its mass are: $`700750`$ MeV  and close to $`900`$ MeV . This resembles very much the situation of $`\sigma `$.

## 3 Time-delay and phase shift

In this section we give the main formulae concerning time delay without derivation and refer the reader to literature for a more detailed account . Intuitively, a positive time delay is a measure of how much a reaction is delayed, say due to an unstable intermediate state. Close to the resonance region we would expect to find a positive peak in the energy distribution of time delay. Indeed, since in a resonant process we produce the resonance on-shell, the process itself can be viewed in steps. The first is the resonance production at the space-time point $`P_1=(t_1,x_1)`$ followed by the resonance decay at $`P_2=(t_2,x_2)`$ with $`P_1P_2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }t=t_2t_1>0`$ (non-localized processes can also be encountered in t-channel  where one of the initial particles is a resonance). Negative time delay occurs when the interaction is repulsive and/or a new decay channel opens up . The measure for both has been found by Wigner and Eisenbud  in the form of the energy derivative of the phase shift $`\delta `$ as,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t=2\mathrm{}\frac{d\delta }{dE}$$
(1)
which is valid for elastic processes . Smith  generalized this to calculate the time delay directly from the $`S`$ matrix (including also inelastic processes $`ij`$) giving,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t_{ij}=\mathrm{}e\left[i\mathrm{}(S_{ij})^1\frac{dS_{ij}}{dE}\right].$$
(2)
With

$$S_{kj}=\delta _{kj}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}iT_{kj}$$
(3)
and

$$T_{kj}=\mathrm{}eT_{kj}+i\mathrm{}mT_{kj},$$
(4)
equation (2) in the elastic case ($`i=j`$) can be recast into

$$S_{ii}^{}S_{ii}\mathrm{\Delta }t_{ii}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}\left[\mathrm{}e\left(\frac{dT_{ii}}{dE}\right)+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}eT_{ii}\mathrm{}m\left(\frac{dT_{ii}}{dE}\right)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}mT_{ii}\mathrm{}e\left(\frac{dT_{ii}}{dE}\right)\right],$$
(5)
where obviously $`\mathrm{\Delta }t_{ii}`$ is the same as in equation (1). This can be checked by substituting $`S=\eta e^{2i\delta }`$ (where $`\delta `$ is the real scattering phase shift and $`\eta `$ the inelasticity parameter ($`0<\eta 1`$)) which gives,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }t_{ii}`$ $`=`$ $`Re\left[i\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}i{\displaystyle \frac{d\delta }{dE}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\eta }{dE}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}\right)\right]`$ (6)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{d\delta }{dE}}`$
Smith’s formalism shows that Wigner’s expression (1) is valid for elastic reactions even if there are non-zero inelasticities. The generalization of time delay with $`N`$-body interaction was done later in . The statistical connection to time delay mentioned in the introduction is given by

$$\underset{l}{}\mathrm{\Delta }n_l(E)=\underset{l}{}\frac{2l+1}{\pi }\frac{d\delta _l(E)}{dE}$$
(7)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }n_l`$ is the difference in the density of states with and without interaction and $`\delta _l`$ is the phase shift in the $`l`$th partial wave. Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ can be positive as well as negative, some references call it collision time reserving the name time delay for the case $`\mathrm{\Delta }t>0`$ and time advancement for $`\mathrm{\Delta }t<0`$.

It is well known that the lifetime of an unstable state depends in principle, on its preparation, i.e. on the energy spread $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ of the initial particles which produce the state. Most of the experiments producing hadron resonances certainly operate in the region where the inequality

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{m}<<\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{m}$$
(8)
with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the width of the resonance, holds true. In case of broad resonances, the Breit-Wigner distribution is not necessarily a good parametrization. Moreover, in such cases the mean lifetime is not $`1/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ , but rather $`\mathrm{\Delta }t(E)`$ (where $`E`$ is the energy available in the centre of mass system), as given above . One can also put it in different words. Since for a narrow resonance, the Breit-Wigner is the spectral function  which leads to the exponential decay law, it is reasonable to say that $`\mathrm{\Delta }t(E)`$ is the right spectral function for a broad resonance (the Fourier transform of this spectral function gives the survival amplitude). It is then clear that time delay is so to say tailored to study broad hadronic resonances, especially the mesonic cases mentioned in the last section (which we shall confirm in the next two sections).

Before applying the time delay method to the broad mesonic resonances, we give here two words of caution. Since the collision time is given as derivative of the phase shift, a rather good quality of data is required to avoid ‘false’ bumps, i.e. signals in the time delay plots which are not genuine resonances but rather an artifact of the fit. Secondly, the phase shift necessary to calculate the collision time, cannot be uniquely determined through data. Indeed, one usually gets several solutions which then have to pass certain tests (involving crossing symmetry, unitarity, analyticity etc.) in order to decide which solution is the physical one. Even then it is not so clear if one can avoid the so-called continuum ambiguity . In our case, using time delay, a good check will always be if we can reproduce the well established resonances.

In passing, we note that Wigner’s intention in  was to find a criterion to distinguish between physical and unphysical phase shifts. He found

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t=2\mathrm{}\frac{d\delta }{dE}>a$$
(9)
which is a causality condition since a time advancement cannot be arbitrarily large. In (9) $`a`$ is interpreted as interaction range.

A legitimate question is about the relation between resonance parameters defined as poles of the T-matrix and positive peaks in time delay. In this connection we quote ref.  where the author says, “Moreover, if there is an appreciable time delay ($`t^{\prime \prime }>t^{}`$), the latter should be interpretable as arising from the propagation of an unstable intermediate particle. The above requirements, which are readily generalized to multiple scattering processes, are sufficient to derive the pole structure of the S-matrix and the existence of antiparticles” and ref.  where the authors state, “However, the information that gives an indication of a large time delay - typically the fast traversal by the amplitude of a resonance circle as described in the sections “Elastic Resonances” and “Inelastic Resonances” - is the same information whose extrapolation on to the unphysical sheet informs us as to the existence of a pole”. We can also perform a practical test by evaluating time delay using phase shifts calculated within a model and comparing the time delay peaks with the pole values of the T-matrix within that model. For instance, using the model of Kaminski, Lesniak and Loiseau described in , for the $`\pi \pi `$ elastic scattering phase shifts, we get the resonance peaks shown in Fig. 2, which are in good agreement with the pole values found within the model (see Table 3, of ).

We would also like to draw the reader’s attention to ref. , where a simple model of a coherent sum of seven resonances was made to display the virtues of the time delay method. In the Argand diagram plot, these resonances showed up misleadingly as one resonance whereas the time delay plot could differentiate between these resonances with the peak values coinciding with the pole positions (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 in ). This work indicates that the time delay method is then well-suited for overlapping resonances.

## 4 Resonances in the $`\pi \pi `$ system

We start our exploration of time delay and resonances, examining the $`\pi \pi `$ phase shifts. These phase shifts have been extracted with care and passed several tests  (among others the Roy equations ). Hence we have confidence that they represent the true physical situation (this is also justified because we do confirm all well-established resonances in this case). A note about error bars is in order here. The errors in the phase shifts get transformed into the errors in time delay and in principle can shift the positions of the time delay peaks. However, the aim of the present work is not a precise determination of resonance parameters but rather showing the usefulness of the time delay method. Hence we do not quote the errors in the peak positions, but we do make a double check by using two different sets of phase shifts whenever possible.
$`\rho `$ mesons: This is an example of the analytical power of the time delay method applied to resonance physics. As Fig. 3 nicely demonstrates, we find a prominent peak for the $`\rho `$ meson where one would expect it to be, at $`765`$ MeV. The phase shifts are from .

We identify the peak at $`1380`$ MeV with $`\rho (1450)`$. The PDG’s estimate (‘educated guess’) for this resonance is  $`1465`$ MeV. However, in the $`\pi \pi `$ mode the mass range listed is $`12921406`$ MeV with an average value of $`1370`$ MeV. A similar analysis can be applied to the next peak at $`1725`$ MeV which is due to $`\rho (1700)`$. The peak value is close to the PDG estimate of $`1720\pm 20`$ MeV. According to PDG, the mass for this resonance in the $`\pi \pi `$ mode ranges between $`1590`$ and $`1838`$ MeV. Having confirmed the three known mesons in the time delay plot, it was worrying to find an additional peak at $`1166`$ MeV. It does not seem that this is an artifact of the fit or due to poor quality of the data and we had to accept this signal as a genuine one. We found independent support in  resulting in an accumulated evidence for a $`\rho `$ resonance around $`1200`$ MeV. Note that the sources of this evidence are quite different.
Scalar ($`f_0`$) mesons:

The phase shifts in Fig. 4 are from  and . The time delay calculated from the two different sets of phase shifts gives a similar qualitative picture which shows that the underlying physics should be taken seriously. The peak on the far right $`1.42(1.47)`$ GeV is a signal of $`f_0(1500)`$ whose possible mass values listed in PDG are between $`1.4`$ and $`1.6`$ GeV. This resonance is overlapping from the left with $`f_0(1370)`$ for which we find peaks at $`1.23(1.34)`$ GeV (PDG quotes $`1.21.5`$ for the pole position and also for the Breit-Wigner value). The sharp peaks at $`0.982(0.986)`$ are of course the well established $`f_0(980)`$ bordering at a resonance structure at $`0.7`$ GeV, which in turn in one of the cases overlaps with a bump at $`0.35`$ GeV. The individual peaks are not well separated due to the large widths of scalar resonances. Nevertheless, the time delay method is able to distinguish between these overlapping cases. Due to the successful separation of standard cases, we do not think that the 2 peaks below $`1`$ GeV (350 and 700 MeV) are accidental or due to the fit and/or data. These two regions at $`400`$ and $`700`$ MeV are also the most quoted in connection with the $`\sigma `$ meson mass. It is worth stressing that we have recovered these regions here in one and the same reaction.

At the end of this section, it is instructive to subject the time delay method to yet another test. The resonances found in the elastic scattering process, $`\pi \pi \pi \pi `$, should also manifest themselves in the coupled channel reactions, $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$ and $`K\overline{K}K\overline{K}`$, provided they have an appreciable branching ratio for decaying into $`K\overline{K}`$. The plots in Fig. 5 are just the results of such a test in the mass range from 1 to 1.5 GeV. In Fig. 5a, we show the data on $`\varphi _{\pi K}`$ ($`\varphi _{\pi K}=\delta _{\pi \pi }+\delta _{K\overline{K}}`$, where $`\delta _{\pi \pi }`$ and $`\delta _{K\overline{K}}`$ are the elastic scattering phase shifts in the $`\pi \pi `$ and $`K\overline{K}`$ channels) obtained in . We make a fit to this data and subtract from it, the fit made earlier in Fig. 4 to the CERN-b $`\pi \pi `$ data, to obtain the $`K\overline{K}`$ phase shift (solid line) shown in Fig. 5b. The dashed lines in this figure are the phase shifts obtained in a model calculation in . The resonance found at 1.42 GeV (peaks in shaded regions) using $`\varphi _{\pi K}`$ and $`\delta _{K\overline{K}}`$ is to be associated with $`f_0`$(1370). We can see that by using the model phase shifts of  which give a peak at 1.4 GeV. Note that the data sets of $`\pi \pi \pi \pi `$ and $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$ reactions are different and we do not expect the mass values from the time delay peaks in $`\pi \pi \pi \pi `$ (Fig. 4) and $`K\overline{K}K\overline{K}`$ (Fig. 5) to be exactly the same. Note also that nothing can be inferred about $`f_0`$(980) and $`f_0`$(1500) since both are just at the edge of the data set in Fig. 5.

The data in Fig. 5 has the advantage that one can compare the result from time delay with the speed plot shown in . The speed plot is actually the energy distribution, $`SP(E)`$, defined as,

$$SP(E)=\left|\frac{dT}{dE}\right|$$
(10)
where $`T`$ is the energy dependent complex $`T`$-matrix. In , $`SP(E)`$ has been calculated (Fig. 2 in  and Fig. 28(b) in ) and the speed plot peak appears at 1.425 GeV, which is in excellent agreement with our finding of the time delay peak in Fig. 5.

## 5 Resonances in the $`\pi K`$ system

We now perform a similar analysis as above in the strange meson sector. The results confirm all established mesons, the $`\kappa `$ meson and hint in addition to the existence of new strange mesons.
Strange ($`K_0^{}`$) scalar mesons: The only well established strange scalar is $`K_0^{}(1430)`$. However, over the years there have been claims about the existence of a lighter strange scalar called $`\kappa `$ .

Its mass is thought to be within the range $`660900`$ MeV . The situation resembles the case of the light unflavoured mesons, not only regarding its existence, but also its wide mass range thought to be possible. It should then come as no surprise, when the broad mass range gets resolved into several peaks. Two sets of phase shifts from  and  are available to study these scalar mesons. Though both of them cover only a small energy region, we can see that they are complementary in a sense. In Fig. 6a we see a clear signal for $`K_0^{}(1430)`$, whereas in Fig. 6b, the tendency for a peak in this mass range is present. The peak at $`1`$ GeV (Fig. 6a) is also accompanied by a tendency towards a lower peak. This is confirmed by the other time delay plot in Fig. 6b where we see two peaks at $`0.8`$ GeV and $`0.96`$ GeV. These two peaks can be interpreted as a signal of the $`\kappa `$ meson in time delay plots. Since the two peaks are very close to each other, they could have been confused as one single resonance.
Strange ($`K^{}`$) vector mesons: The strange vector mesons have been so far a no-problem zone for resonance spectroscopy. The time delay plots in Fig. 7 calculated from the phase shift given in  do confirm this. Clear signals for $`K^{}(892)`$, $`K^{}(1410)`$ and $`K^{}(1680)`$, with PDG mass estimates of $`m=892`$, $`1414`$ and $`1717`$ MeV respectively, are seen.

Strange ($`K_2^{}`$) tensor mesons: Alone a visual inspection of the two phase shift solutions from  reveals that this case is different from the previously discussed cases. The visual inspection also reveals that there will be four peaks in the corresponding time delay plots which is indeed confirmed in Fig. 8. Note that the two solutions give us within errors the same spectrum of the strange spin-two resonances. The first peaks in Figs 8a and 8b can be clearly attributed to $`K_2^{}(1430)`$. The peaks at $`2.0`$ and $`2.18`$ GeV are a confirmation of $`K_2^{}(1980)`$ which is listed in PDG, but omitted from its Summary Table (see also ). We find additional peaks around $`1.73`$ and $`2.4`$ GeV. In  the authors note that “… , but above $`1`$ GeV, there is suggestive evidence for phase motion, though little structure in the magnitude.” We believe that we have now quantified the expression ‘phase motion’ through our time delay analysis. The additional peaks which we found cannot be easily waived away once we accept the phase shifts where the quality of the data is sufficiently solid to support them. In the $`K\pi `$ system, one sees more regions of negative time delay. This happens very often in the presence of increased inelasticities. However, it was also pointed out by Wigner  that negative time delay is unavoidable over the whole energy region.

## 6 Conclusions

In the present work, we have used the method of time delay to investigate the resonances occurring in $`\pi \pi `$ and $`\pi K`$ reactions. Time delay (in connection with hadronic resonances) has been advocated since fifty years, but to our knowledge never used in practice. Given the available phase shifts, the outcome of such an analysis is beyond our control, and in principle, it was possible that our conclusions regarding the usefulness of time delay in resonance physics would come out to be negative. However, the contrary is the case. In our time delay plots, the well established resonances always appeared as prominent peaks, in all the cases we examined, which we believe is already quite remarkable. Apart from this we also find additional information. In the scalar sector, the signals at $`350`$ and $`720`$ MeV are in regions claimed also by other authors/groups to be regions of resonance activity. In the strange scalar sector we confirm the $`\kappa `$ meson; however, we get two neighbouring peaks. Since these peaks are very close to each other, we cannot say with certainty if they are really two resonances or artifacts of the fit. In the $`\rho `$ mesonic sector, we find evidence of a resonance around $`1200`$ MeV which again has been and is a matter of debate (though it has been omitted by PDG in 2002 for lack of evidence, in the same year several groups found the evidence for its existence using different methods). The $`K^{}`$ ($`J=1`$) resonances would be the case par excellence, since no problems are known in this sector and all that we found are the well established cases too. The only sector where we found never-heard-of resonances (again in addition to known cases) is the $`K_2^{}`$ group. The phase shifts in this particular case look distinctly different from the other cases we have examined. Taking the given phase shifts at face value, it would certainly be worthwhile looking into the possibility of two new strange tensor resonances. This is supported by the fact that two different phase shift solutions yield the same resonances in the time delay plot.

In general, it seems to us that the time delay method is a useful analytical tool in studying resonances. It certainly is not an exclusive tool, but taken together with other methods it allows us to have additional insight into the complicated matter of overlapping and/or broad resonances, as it can apparently resolve individual peaks. For instance, in the enigmatic scalar sector, two phase shifts from different groups (not two different solutions) show the same behaviour: three peaks around $`400`$, $`700`$ and $`1200`$ MeV, rather than one broad resonance structure.

Acknowledgments
We wish to thank V. Krey and J. C. Sanabria for useful information and discussions. We are very thankful to Prof. R. Kaminski for providing the programs and phase shifts generated in their model .


text:
# Exciting Collective Oscillations in a Trapped 1D Gas

## Abstract

We report on the realization of a trapped one dimensional Bose gas and its characterization by means of measuring its lowest lying collective excitations. The quantum degenerate Bose gas is prepared in a 2D optical lattice and we find the ratio of the frequencies of the lowest compressional (breathing) mode and the dipole mode to be $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^23.1`$, in accordance with the Lieb-Liniger and mean-field theory. For a thermal gas we measure $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^24`$. By heating the quantum degenerate gas we have studied the transition between the two regimes. For the lowest number of particles attainable in the experiment the kinetic energy of the system is similar to the interaction energy and we enter the strongly interacting regime.

An ultra cold Bose gas in one spatial dimension is different from its two or three dimensional counterparts. One striking example is that Bose-Einstein condensation does not occur at finite temperature in a homogeneous one dimensional system. In an interacting Bose gas the constraint to one dimension leads to another remarkable and counterintuitive property. With decreasing atomic density the interactions become increasingly dominant and the character of the system changes. Assuming delta-functional interactions, exact solutions have been found for the ground state and the excitation spectrum of a homogeneous one dimensional Bose gas Girardeau1960 ; Lieb1963 . Sparked by the prospect that this unique model in many-body quantum physics could become experimentally accessible there has recently been a wave of theoretical interest in trapped 1D gases. Assuming elongated trapping geometries in which the radial atomic motion is confined to zero point oscillation different physical regimes could be identified Olshanii1998 ; Ho1999 ; Petrov2000 ; Girardeau2001 ; Menotti2002 ; Lieb2003 ; Pedri2003 . The stringent requirements for testing these models have so far not been reached in experiments.

A trapped 1D gas is characterized by a single parameter $`\gamma `$ which is the ratio between the interaction energy and the kinetic energy of the ground state: $`\gamma =\frac{mg_{1D}}{\mathrm{}^2n_{1D}}`$, with $`m`$ being the atomic mass, $`g_{1D}`$ the 1D coupling constant and $`n_{1D}`$ the 1D density. For high densities ($`\gamma 1`$) the system is weakly interacting, a regime which can be described by mean-field theory, and in harmonically confined 1D systems Bose-Einstein condensation is possible. When the 1D density is lowered the kinetic energy of the ground state is reduced and may get smaller than the interaction energy thereby transforming the gas into a strongly interacting system, where the longitudinal motion of the particles is highly correlated. For $`\gamma 1`$ the correlation length $`l_c=\mathrm{}/\sqrt{mn_{1D}g_{1D}}`$ becomes shorter than the mean interparticle distance. In the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, often referred to as the Tonks-Girardeau regime, a Bose gas acquires fermionic properties due to the strong repulsive interactions. The different regimes associated with the parameter $`\gamma `$ are characterized by the excitation spectrum which can be probed by measuring the frequencies of collective oscillations Ho1999 ; Menotti2002 ; Pedri2003 . In the two limiting cases of weak and strong interactions the ground state properties and the excitation spectrum are explicitly known, whereas in the crossover regime many unknown issues remain to be resolved for the confined system.

The 1D regime is reached, when the condition

$`\mu ,k_BT\mathrm{}\omega _r`$ (1)
is fulfilled, where $`\omega _r`$ denotes the radial trapping frequency and thus the strength of the radial harmonic confinement, $`\mu `$ the chemical potential, and $`T`$ the temperature. If the ground state extension in the radial direction $`a_r=\sqrt{\mathrm{}/m\omega _r}`$ is much larger than the characteristic radius of the interatomic potential, the 1D coupling strength $`g_{1D}`$ can be expressed in terms of the 3D scattering length $`a`$ through $`g_{1D}=\frac{2\mathrm{}^2}{ma_{1D}}`$ with $`a_{1D}a_r^2/a`$ being the 1D scattering length Olshanii1998 . The necessity for low densities and therefore low atom numbers makes the experimental quest for 1D gases challenging. A simple estimate using the Lieb-Liniger chemical potential $`\mu =2\mathrm{}\omega _rn_{1D}a`$ shows that for a degenerate 1D quantum gas in the mean field regime the density must obey $`n_{1D}1/a`$ and the number of particles must be $`NL/a10^310^4`$, where $`L`$ is the characteristic length of the system, e.g. the Thomas-Fermi radius.

There has been significant progress towards the realization of trapped 1D atomic gases over the past years. Both, in a 6Li/7Li mixture Schreck2001  and in 23Na Gorlitz2001 , quantum degenerate gases have been created in very elongated traps and features of one dimensional condensate expansion were observed. Considering only the condensed fraction a chemical potential of $`\mu 0.5\mathrm{}\omega _r`$ was attained in these experiments. However, the thermal component, which was a substantial portion of the gas, was in a 3D configuration ($`k_BT>\mathrm{}\omega _r`$) leaving the whole sample in an interesting crossover regime. In a similar experimental regime 7Li Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive interparticle interactions were launched into 1D matter waveguides forming bright matter wave solitons Khaykovich2002 . Moreover, a Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium has been loaded into the ground state of a two dimensional optical lattice, where the transverse oscillations have been frozen out but the tunneling rate between the tubes exceeded the axial trapping frequency, resulting in an array of strongly coupled tubes Greiner2001b .

In our experiment we have realized both quantum degenerate and thermal one dimensional atomic gases with the condition (1) being well fulfilled: for all our experiments $`k_BT/\mathrm{}\omega _r<6\times 10^3`$ and $`\mu /\mathrm{}\omega _r<0.1`$. The atoms are prepared in a 2D optical lattice which offers the advantage of an extremely tight radial confinement of only a fraction of the optical lattice wavelength. Moreover, the geometry (see Fig. 1) makes it possible to study many copies of the 1D system at the same time, thereby circumventing problems arising from the detection of very low particle numbers. The parameter $`\gamma `$ ranges approximately from $`0.4`$ to $`1`$, which is at the crossover from the mean field to the strongly correlated regime.

In the experiment, we collect up to $`2\times 10^9`$ 87Rb atoms in a vapor cell magneto-optical trap. After polarization gradient cooling and optical pumping into the $`|F=2,m_F=2`$ hyperfine ground state the atoms are captured in a magnetic quadrupole trap. Subsequently, we magnetically transport the trapped atoms using a series of partially overlapping quadrupole coils Greiner2001a  over a distance of 40 cm into an optical quality quartz cell, which is pumped to a pressure below $`2\times 10^{11}`$ mbar. The transfer time is 1.5 s and we have observed transfer efficiencies larger than 80% with no detectable heating of the cloud. Finally, the linear quadrupole potential is converted into the harmonic and elongated potential of a QUIC-trap Esslinger1998 . Radio frequency induced evaporation of the cloud is performed over a period of 25 s, during which the confinement is adiabatically relaxed to $`\omega _{}=2\pi \times 120`$ Hz in the radial and $`\omega _{}=2\pi \times 20`$ Hz in the axial direction. We produce almost pure Bose-Einstein condensates of up to $`3\times 10^5`$ atoms. After condensation we adiabatically change the trapping geometry to an approximately spherical symmetry with trapping frequencies of $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_x=2\pi \times 17`$ Hz, $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_y=2\pi \times 20`$ Hz, and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_z=2\pi \times 22`$ Hz. This reduces the peak density by a factor 4 and allows us to load the optical lattice more uniformly.

The optical lattice is formed by two retro-reflected laser beams, which are derived from laser diodes at a wavelength of $`\lambda =826`$ nm. At the position of the condensate, the laser beams overlap perpendicularly with orthogonal polarizations and are focused to a circular waist (1/$`e^2`$-radius) of 105 $`\mu `$m and 120 $`\mu `$m, respectively. The frequencies of the two beams are offset with respect to each other by 152 MHz. The optical potential depth $`U`$ is proportional to the laser intensity and is conveniently expressed in terms of the recoil energy $`E_{rec}=\frac{\mathrm{}^2k^2}{2m}`$ with $`k=\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }`$. The two dimensional optical lattice produces an array of tubes, tightly confined in the radial direction and spaced by the periodicity of the lattice $`d=\lambda /2`$ (see Fig. 1). The radial confinement of the tube is characterized by the radial trapping frequency $`\mathrm{}\omega _r2\sqrt{s}E_{rec}`$, where $`s=U/E_{rec}`$ expresses the potential depth in units of $`E_{rec}`$. The axial confinement of the tubes is determined by the waists w and intensities of the laser beams and characterized by the trapping frequency $`\mathrm{}\omega _z2\sqrt{s}\frac{\lambda }{\pi \text{w}}E_{rec}`$. We have calibrated the potential depth of each of the optical lattice laser beams by measuring the frequency of small amplitude dipole oscillations along the axis of the laser beam. From the oscillation frequency we deduce the effective mass $`m^{}/m`$ at the quasi-momentum $`q=0`$ in the band structure, which is a measure of the potential depth of the optical lattice Cataliotti2001 ; Kraemer2002 . The calibration error is estimated to be $`<10\%`$.

Adiabatic loading into the ground state of the optical lattice was achieved by ramping up the laser intensity to $`U=30E_{rec}`$ with an exponential ramp using a time constant $`\tau =75`$ ms and a duration of $`t_0=150`$ ms. We have verified experimentally that all atoms are loaded into the lowest Bloch band of the optical lattice by ramping down the intensity of the lattice laser beams adiabatically and observing in the time-of-flight image, after release from the magnetic trap, that only the lowest Brillouin zone was occupied Greiner2001b .

The 1D systems in the optical lattice are not perfectly isolated, but the tubes are coupled by the tunnelling matrix element $`J`$. For sufficiently deep lattice potentials, the tunnelling becomes exponentially small and contributes only a small correction of order $`J/\mu `$ to the 1D characteristics in the individual tubes. If $`J/\mu 1`$ locally the gas acquires 1D properties and can be well described by a local Lieb-Liniger model, even though the whole sample is three dimensional Pedri2003 . Experimentally we observe the disappearance of the matter wave interference pattern with increasing lattice depth when the atoms are suddenly released from the optical lattice. Higher order momentum peaks ($`\pm 2\mathrm{}k,\pm 4\mathrm{}k,\mathrm{}`$) are usually observed at lower laser intensities Greiner2001b . We attribute this loss of coherence between the individual tubes to the very small tunnel coupling at large lattice depths, which is too small to stabilize the global phase coherence.

The different regimes of the 1D gas in the optical lattice can be determined from the excitation spectrum. The frequency ratio between the lowest compressional mode (breathing mode) and the dipole oscillation $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2`$ is a sensitive measure, both for isolated 1D systems Menotti2002  and for atoms in an optical lattice Pedri2003 . For a degenerate gas in the 1D mean field regime, one expects $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2=3`$, whereas in the Tonks-Girardeau regime $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2=4`$. The latter frequency ratio is the same for both a thermal gas and a gas of degenerate, noninteracting fermions. In contrast, for a three dimensional elongated condensate in the mean field regime the ratio of the oscillation frequencies is $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2=5/2`$ Stringari1996 ; Mewes1996 ; Chevy2002 .

We have measured the frequency of the collective excitations of the atoms in the optical lattice. The breathing mode was excited by sinusoidal intensity modulation of the optical lattice with an amplitude of 4 $`E_{rec}`$ for five cycles and a frequency of 150 Hz, which is close to but not matching the expected frequency of the breathing mode. At the end of the modulation period a short (1 ms) magnetic field gradient was applied along the symmetry axis of the 1D tubes to induce a dipole oscillation of the condensate in the axial trapping potential. After a variable evolution time in the combined optical and magnetic trapping potential all confining forces were suddenly switched off remark1  and we detected the atoms after ballistic expansion by absorption imaging. The density distribution of the atoms was fitted by a Gaussian to extract the position and width of the cloud. Figure 2 shows a data set of a dipole oscillation (Fig. 2a) and a breathing mode (Fig. 2b). In order to extract the frequencies of the modes, we have fitted an exponentially decaying sine function to the position of the cloud and an exponentially decaying sine function plus a linearly increasing term to the rms axial width of cloud. The latter accounts for the observation that there is a slight increase in the width of cloud with longer hold times, possibly due to technical noise. The damping coefficients varied between 0 s-1 and 40 s-1 for the dipole oscillations and between 3 s-1 and 60 s-1 for the breathing mode. We found that the damping coefficients depend critically on the alignment of the optical lattice.

Figure 3 shows the measured ratio $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2`$ for a pure 3D-Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into a 2D optical lattice for various total atom numbers. For all data points there was no discernible thermal cloud which allows us to estimate for the temperature $`T/T_{c,3D}<0.3`$, where $`T_{c,3D}`$ denotes the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation in the final magnetic trapping configuration. We compare the measured ratio $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2`$ to the theoretical prediction of Pedri2003  (solid line) and find good agreement over the wide range of atom numbers investigated. For the lowest total atom numbers $`N=1.7\times 10^4`$ the parameter $`\gamma `$ reaches unity in the central tube of the lattice, indicating that we are in the crossover region from the 1D mean field regime to the Tonks-Girardeau regime. We have estimated the number of atoms in the central tube to be 30, assuming that the overall 3D density profile is Thomas-Fermi-like and using an effective coupling constant $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ which is modified by the optical lattice Kraemer2002 ; Kraemer2003 .

We have also loaded thermal gases into the optical lattice and obtained an average value $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2=4.10\pm 0.08`$ without significant dependence on total atom number $`N`$ and temperature $`T`$ over the range of $`6\times 10^4<N<1.6\times 10^5`$ and $`54\text{nK}<T<91\text{nK}`$. For thermal clouds we have observed that the frequency of the dipole oscillations is up to 5% smaller than for the Bose condensed clouds. We attribute this to the larger size of the thermal clouds which therefore might experience anharmonic parts of the optical potential.

To study the transition from the 1D quantum degenerate gas to the 1D thermal gas we have prepared atomic clouds in the optical lattice with increasing non-condensed fraction but constant atom number. We have loaded an initially pure Bose-Einstein condensate of $`7\times 10^4`$ atoms into an optical lattice and trapped it there for different hold times before exciting the collective modes. During the hold period the condensate is subjected to heating by off-resonant photon scattering and possibly technical noise on the trapping fields. We find that together with the hold time the axial width of the atomic cloud increases (see inset of Fig. 4), whereas the radial size is unaffected. Since the timescale for thermalization of the 1D gas is unknown it remains unclear whether the cloud is in thermal equilibrium and we refrain from calculating a temperature from the rms axial width of the cloud. Figure 4 shows the measured ratio $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2`$ as a function of the rms axial width of the cloud. For increasing width the ratio $`(\omega _B/\omega _D)^2`$ approaches 4, which is the value for a classical noninteracting gas. From a simple estimate we deduce that the 1D gases are in a collisional regime along the axial direction, since $`N_{1D}(1𝒯)1`$, where $`𝒯`$ is the transmission coefficient for a 1D collision of two bosons Olshanii1998  and $`N_{1D}70`$ is the number of atoms in a 1D tube.

In conclusion, we have realized both thermal and quantum degenerate gases in one dimension and investigated their physics by measuring the low-lying collective excitations. Our measurements show that the properties of the 1D ground state are extremely sensitive to thermal excitations and finite temperature effects must be taken into account when studying 1D gases, in particular for the identification of the Tonks-Girardeau regime of impenetrable bosons.

We would like to thank M. Greiner, J.P. Stucki, the workshops of D-PHYS and of PSI, Villingen, for help during construction of the experiment, C. Schori, G. Blatter, H.P. Büchler, and W. Zwerger for insightful discussions, and SNF and SEP Information Sciences for funding.


text:
# Measurement of the Hadronic Recoil Mass Moments in Semileptonic 𝐵 Decay

## I Introduction

Nonperturbative QCD physics connects measurements of $`B`$ meson decay properties to the properties of underlying weak flavor changing currents. Heavy-quark effective theory (HQET) combined with the operator product expansion (OPE) provides a framework in which many inclusive $`B`$ decay properties can be calculated ref:general\_HQET\_OPE .

Using HQET, the inclusive $`B`$ decay matrix elements can be expanded in powers of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/M_B`$. For each order in the expansion new nonperturbative parameters arise. At order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/M_B`$, there is $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$and at order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}^2/M_B^2`$, there are $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$. The nonperturbative parameter $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ relates the b-quark mass to the $`B`$ meson mass in the limit of infinite b-quark mass. The parameter $`\lambda _2`$ is directly related to the mass splitting between the $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ mesons. Moments of kinematic variables can be used to determine the $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ and $`\lambda _1`$ parameters. These parameters are properties of the B meson and are not specific to the decay mode being studied. This means that moments of the lepton energy and the $`X_c`$ mass in $`BX_cl\nu `$ decays can be related to moments of the photon energy spectrum in $`BX_s\gamma `$. Furthermore, measurements of these parameters can be used in the calculation of absolute decay rates, providing an improved relationship between the $`BX_cl\nu `$ branching fraction and $`|V_{cb}|`$.

This paper presents a measurement of the first moment of the square of the hadronic mass in $`BX_cl\nu `$ decays as a function of the lepton energy cut. Because the background from secondary leptons becomes large at low lepton energy, the lowest lepton energy considered is 1.0 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$. Moments of the square of the hadronic mass have previously been measured by CLEO with a lepton energy cut of 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ ref:oldhadmom  and by BaBar with a lepton energy cut of 0.9 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ ref:babarmoms . As the lepton energy cut is made more restrictive, the terms that are higher order in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/M_B`$ become more important, making the expansion less reliable ref:falkcut . There are significant complications in reducing the minimum lepton energy to 1.0 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$. The backgrounds from continuum $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}`$ events, fake leptons and secondaries all become more important. The structure of the nonresonant $`BX_cl\nu `$ decays also becomes more important.

In order to reconstruct the recoiling hadronic invariant mass, it is necessary to reconstruct both the charged lepton and neutrino kinematics. The neutrino is reconstructed using the approximate hermiticity of the CLEO II and CLEO II.V detectors ref:NIM  and the well known initial state of the $`e^+e^{}`$ system produced by the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) ref:firstnurec . The experimental resolution on the neutrino energy has a narrow core with a full width at half maximum height of approximately 120 MeV and a broad tail of over estimation of the neutrino energy which extends up to 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$. The square of the hadronic recoil mass, $`M_X^2`$, can be calculated if the $`B`$ momentum, $`\stackrel{}{p}_B`$, is known,

$`M_X^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_B^2+q^22E_{beam}(E_{\mathrm{}}+E_\nu )+2|\stackrel{}{p}_B||\stackrel{}{p}_{\mathrm{}}+\stackrel{}{p}_\nu |\mathrm{cos}\theta _{B\mathrm{}\nu },`$
where $`\theta _{B\mathrm{}\nu }`$ is the angle between the momentum of the leptonic system, $`\stackrel{}{q}=\stackrel{}{p}_{\mathrm{}}+\stackrel{}{p}_\nu `$, and $`\stackrel{}{p}_B`$. Since the $`B`$ mesons are the daughters of an $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$ produced at rest, the magnitude of the $`B`$ momentum is known and small, however its direction is unmeasured. The last term in the $`M_X^2`$ equation depends on the unknown $`B`$ momentum direction, but it is small, and therefore neglected in this analysis. Because of the neglected term, the $`M_X^2`$ resolution depends on $`|\stackrel{}{q}|`$. The kinematic variables $`q^2=(p_{\mathrm{}}+p_\nu )^2`$ and the pseudo-helicity angle of the virtual W, $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$, can also be calculated. The pseudo-helicity angle, $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$, is defined as the cosine of the angle between the lepton momentum in the virtual-W frame and the virtual-W momentum in the lab frame.

From the sample of events with a charged lepton and reconstructed neutrino, the differential decay rate is measured as a function of the reconstructed quantities $`q^2`$, $`M_X^2`$, and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$. We fit the observed three-dimensional distribution to a sum of Monte Carlo models for the different hadronic final states: $`D`$, $`D^{}`$, $`D^{}`$, $`X_c`$ nonresonant, and $`X_u`$. The models are constructed with Monte Carlo events generated with a full detector simulation ref:GEANT  and have the same reconstruction cuts applied as the data. In addition to the $`BXl\nu `$ processes, there are backgrounds from fake leptons, continuum leptons and secondary leptons. The $`q^2`$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$ variables add information which contributes to the separation of the signal from the backgrounds, and the separation of the $`D`$ and $`D^{}`$ final states. The moment $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ is calculated from the fit results for the final states containing charm using the same theoretical models as are used in the fit, but without any detector simulation.

## II Data Sample and Event Selection

The data used in this analysis were taken with two configurations of the CLEO detector, CLEO II and CLEO II.V. An integrated luminosity of $`9.4\mathrm{fb}^1`$ was accumulated on the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$ resonance, $`E_{cm}10.58\mathrm{GeV}`$ and an additional $`4.5\mathrm{fb}^1`$ was accumulated at 60 MeV below the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$ resonance, where there is no $`B\overline{B}`$ production. Both detector configurations covered 95% of the 4$`\pi `$ solid angle with drift chambers and a cesium iodide calorimeter. Particle identification was provided by muon chambers with measurements made at 3, 5, and 7 hadronic interaction lengths, a time of flight system and specific ionization ($`dE/dx`$) from the drift chamber. In the CLEO II configuration, there were three concentric drift chambers filled with a mixture of argon and ethane. In the CLEO II.V detector, the innermost tracking chamber was replaced with a three-layer silicon detector and the main drift chamber gas was changed to a mixture of helium and propane.

Events are selected to have an identified electron or muon with momentum greater than 1 $`\mathrm{GeV}/c`$ and a well reconstructed neutrino. Additional criteria are used to suppress background events from the $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}`$ continuum under the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)`$ resonance.

The identified leptons are required to fall within the barrel region of the detector ($`|\mathrm{cos}\theta |<0.71`$, where $`\theta `$ is the angle between the lepton momentum and the beam axis). Electrons are identified with a likelihood-based discriminator which combines $`dE/dx`$, time of flight, and the ratio of the energy deposited in the calorimeter to the momentum of the associated charged track ($`E/p`$). Muons are identified by their penetration into the muon chambers. For momenta between 1.0 and 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}/c`$, muon candidates are required to penetrate at least 3 interaction lengths and above 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}/c`$, candidates are required to penetrate at least 5 interaction lengths. The absolute lepton identification efficiencies are calculated by embedding raw data from reconstructed leptons in radiative QED events into hadronic events. The rate at which pions and kaons fake leptons is measured by reconstructing $`K_S^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, $`D^0K^{}\pi ^+`$, and $`\overline{D^0}K^+\pi ^{}`$ using only kinematics and then checking the daughter particle lepton identification information.

Neutrinos are reconstructed by subtracting the sum of the four-momenta of all observed tracks and showers not associated with tracks, $`p_{observed}^\mu `$, from the four-momentum of the $`e^+e^{}`$ initial state, $`p_{e^+e^{}}^\mu `$, which is nearly at rest in the laboratory,

$`p_\nu ^\mu =p_{e^+e^{}}^\mu p_{observed}^\mu .`$
The errors made in this assumption are due to particles lost through inefficiency or limited acceptance, fake tracks and showers, and other undetected particles such as $`K_L^0`$ mesons, neutrons, or additional neutrinos. Several requirements are made to select events in which these effects are reduced and the neutrino four-momentum resolution is correspondingly enhanced.

Because extra neutrinos are correlated with extra leptons, events with an identified lepton in addition to the signal lepton are rejected. The primary source of fake tracks is from charged particles which do not have sufficient transverse momentum to reach the calorimeter and therefore curl in the tracking chambers, returning to the beam axis. The portions of the track after the initial outbound portion may be accidentally included as additional tracks. Criteria have been developed to identify such errors and make a best estimate of the actual charged particles in the event. Events for which the total charge of the tracks is not zero are removed, reducing the effect of lost or fake tracks. Showers in the calorimeter associated with tracks in the drift chamber are not used, so as not to double count their energy. A neural network algorithm has been developed to reject secondary hadronic showers associated with showers that are already associated with tracks.

A final neutrino reconstruction quality requirement is that the mass of the reconstructed neutrino to be small. The ratio of the reconstructed neutrino invariant mass squared, $`M_{\mathrm{miss}}^2`$, to twice the reconstructed neutrino energy is required to satisfy $`|M_{\mathrm{miss}}^2/2E_\nu |<0.35\text{GeV}/c^4`$. This quantity is proportional to the energy of a lost or fake particle. After this cut, the reconstructed neutrino’s energy is assigned to be the magnitude of the missing momentum, because the momentum is not dependent on the particle identification of the tracks and so has a better resolution than the direct energy measurement.

Continuum events are suppressed by a combination of event shape and orientation criteria which exploit the fact that continuum events tend to be jet-like with a jet axis aligned with the beam axis, whereas $`B\overline{B}`$ events are more spherical and their orientation is uniformly distributed in the detector. The second Fox-Wolfram moment ref:foxwolfram , $`R_2`$, of the energy flow in the event is required to be less than 0.4. In addition, a neural network is used to combine $`R_2`$, the angle between the lepton and the event thrust axis, the angle between the lepton momentum and the beam axis, and the fraction of the total energy lying in nine separate cones around the lepton direction, which cover the full the $`4\pi `$ solid angle. The $`R_2`$ cut is more than 99% and 95% efficient for $`BX_cl\nu `$ and $`BX_ul\nu `$, respectively, while removing 60% of the continuum events. The neural net cut removes an additional 73% of the continuum background, while keeping 92% and 94% of the $`BX_cl\nu `$ and $`BX_ul\nu `$, respectively.

After all cuts we observe 41411 events from CLEO II and 80440 events from CLEO II.V. The overall efficiency varies from 1.5% for $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant to 4.2% for $`BX_ul\nu `$.

## III Fit Technique

The full three-dimensional differential decay rate distribution as a function of the reconstructed quantities $`q^2`$, $`M_X^2`$, and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$ is fit for the contributions from semileptonic $`B`$ decay and backgrounds. The $`q^2`$ variable is replaced by $`q^2/(E_{\mathrm{}}+E_\nu )^2`$ for fitting purposes. The $`B`$ decay modes are $`BDl\nu `$, $`BD^{}l\nu `$, $`BD^{}l\nu `$, $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant, and $`BX_ul\nu `$. The backgrounds are classified as secondary leptons, continuum leptons, or fake leptons. A secondary lepton is a real lepton in a $`B\overline{B}`$ event whose parent is not a $`B`$ meson. A continuum lepton is a real lepton in a continuum $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}`$ event. A fake lepton is a non-leptonic track from either a $`B\overline{B}`$ or a continuum event which is identified as a lepton.

The normalization of the continuum lepton component is determined from the data taken below $`B\overline{B}`$ threshold. The normalization of the fake leptons is determined from the measured fake rates and the measured track spectra. The contributions of these two backgrounds are therefore not allowed to vary in the fit, while those of the secondary leptons and all of the $`BXl\nu `$ modes are.

We perform a binned maximum-likelihood fit where component histograms are constructed from weighted Monte Carlo or data events. The fit uses electrons and muons simultaneously, with a separate set of histograms for each. The likelihood is implemented to take into account the histogram statistics using the method described in reference ref:BarlowBeeston . Projections of the Monte Carlo simulations of reconstructed quantities $`q^2`$, $`M_X^2`$, and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W\mathrm{}`$ for the various $`BXl\nu `$ modes are shown in Figure 1. Projections of the data and fit result are shown in Figure 2.

The $`BXl\nu `$ modes, secondary leptons and real leptons from the continuum are modeled with events from a GEANT ref:GEANT  simulation of the CLEO detector that are reconstructed in the same manner as data events. The $`BDl\nu `$ and $`BD^{}l\nu `$ modes are simulated with HQET using the PDG ref:PDG  averages of measurements of the form factors. The $`BD^{}l\nu `$ and $`BX_ul\nu `$ modes are simulated using form factors from the ISGW2 model ref:isgw2 . The $`X_c`$ nonresonant modes are simulated with the Goity and Roberts model ref:GoityRoberts  in which the $`D`$ and $`D^{}`$ contributions are excluded.

The fake leptons are modeled with data events where a track is selected to be treated as a lepton. The events are then unfolded bin by bin to extract the $`\pi `$ and $`K`$ contributions, which are then multiplied by the measured fake rates. This models fake leptons from both $`B\overline{B}`$ and continuum. This method also provides an absolute normalization for the fake lepton contribution to the data sample. The real leptons from continuum are modeled with a Monte Carlo simulation which has been tuned to replicate the appropriate charm spectra; charm is the source of most leptons from continuum. The models of both continuum and fakes have been validated and constrained by comparisons with the $`4.5\mathrm{fb}^1`$ of off-resonance data. The secondary leptons are modeled with CLEO’s generic $`B\overline{B}`$ Monte Carlo which has also been tuned to replicate measured charm spectra and semileptonic charm decay measurements. To address the issue of the poorly understood charm counting in $`B`$ decays, the charm counting in the $`B\overline{B}`$ Monte Carlo simulation is tuned to saturate the theoretically predicted level of charm production ref:PDGold .

The $`BXl\nu `$ models were varied to assess the dependence of the results on the model. The $`BDl\nu `$ and $`BD^{}l\nu `$ modes were varied within the range of the errors on the form factor measurements. The curvature of the form factors has not been measured and is usually constrained by theoretical predictions ref:FFCurvatures . Because the data have an excess above the model in the $`q^2`$ region between 5.0 and 8.0 $`\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4`$, the curvature was set to 50% of its predicted value and varied by $`\pm `$50% of the prediction. The $`BD^{}l\nu `$ form factor was replaced by a model inspired by HQET calculations ref:HQETDSSlnu . The slope of the $`BD^{}l\nu `$ and $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant form factors in the $`q^2`$ dimension was also varied. The dominant model dependence is from the hadronic mass distribution of the $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant mode. This is conservatively reweighted with a series of Gaussians restricted to the kinematically allowed region. The means of the Gaussians are allowed to range from $`M_D+M_\pi `$ to 3.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ with variances ranging from $`0.25`$ $`\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4`$ to $`1.25`$ $`\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4`$. The $`BX_ul\nu `$ simulation is varied from an all-nonresonant model to the nominal ISGW2 model ref:isgw2 , with a hybrid of the two in between. The all-nonresonant model differential decay rate corresponds to the prediction of HQET combined with CLEO’s measurement of the $`BX_s\gamma `$spectral function ref:btoutheory ; ref:bsgmeasurement . The maximum deviation of the $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant mass Gaussians is added in quadrature with the deviation of the other model variations to get the total model dependence.

Radiative corrections play an important role in the measurement of the $`M_X^2`$ distribution. The reconstructed $`M_X^2`$ is defined to be the mass squared of the system recoiling against the charged lepton and the neutrino. If a photon is radiated by the lepton in the event, it will be included in this definition of the recoil system,

$`M_X^2=(p_B^\mu p_{\mathrm{}}^\mu p_\nu ^\mu )^2=(p_h^\mu +p_\gamma ^\mu )^2.`$ (1)
The goal of this analysis is to measure the mass squared moment of the recoiling hadronic system $`p_h^2`$, not its combination with the radiated photon $`(p_h+p_\gamma )^2`$. To correct for this effect, the data are fit using fully simulated GEANT Monte Carlo events in which the PHOTOS package ref:PHOTOS  has been used to generate radiated photons. The moments are calculated from the fit results and the theoretical models of the hadronic mass distributions for each mode and thus do not have a shift due to the radiative corrections.

However, knowledge of the radiative corrections is not complete. PHOTOS implements an algorithm based on a splitting function which applies the same physics at $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ as the prescription of Atwood and Marciano ref:atwood\_marciano . PHOTOS also includes a prescription for forcing the kinematics of the decay to conserve momentum in addition to energy. The implementation of PHOTOS has been checked in detail against a private implementation of the same algorithm. The applicability of the PHOTOS algorithm is however not exact. The calculation ignores the internal structure of the hadronic system. Richter-Wa̧s ref:richterwas  has made a comparison of the PHOTOS and Atwood-Marciano prescriptions with an exact order-$`\alpha `$ calculation of the radiative corrections to the $`B^{}D^0\mathrm{}^{}\overline{\nu }`$ differential decay rate and has found agreement at the 20% and 30% level, respectively. Because we must extrapolate to the other $`BX_cl\nu `$ modes, we make a conservative estimate that the PHOTOS calculation can be trusted to $`\pm `$50%.

The application of the radiative corrections is further complicated by the fact that the generated photons are low energy and often lost. When the photon is lost it can cause the event to fail the missing mass cut. If the event does pass the missing mass cut, the reconstructed neutrino will be biased toward high energy, pushing the reconstructed $`M_X^2`$ toward the true hadronic mass squared without the photon. If neglected, this would increase the measured $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ moment with a 1.0 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ lepton energy cut by 0.082 $`\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4`$, before detector effects are included. This would be reduced to 0.037 $`\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4`$ after detector effects.

The method of neutrino reconstruction adds a large amount of kinematic information to each event. However, it also adds significant potential for systematic errors. The resolution on the neutrino kinematics is affected by the models of the signal, the other $`B`$ in the event, and the detector response. The GEANT Monte Carlo simulation does not perfectly reproduce the track and shower efficiencies and fake rates, nor are $`B`$ decays well enough understood that the inclusive particle distributions are well known. For this analysis we employ a reweighting method in order to quantify the effects of these uncertainties on our results. For example, to study the effect of the tracking efficiency uncertainty, the Monte Carlo events in which tracks are lost are given a higher or lower weight in constructing the component histograms for the fit. The scale of the variation can in general be constrained by direct measurements of the quantity being varied. One important example is that having a $`K_L^0`$ in the event adds a tail to the neutrino resolution. The inclusive $`K_S^0`$ spectrum in $`B\overline{B}`$ events has been measured and can be used to constrain the $`K_L^0`$ spectrum. The dominant detector systematics are fake showers (generally splitoffs from hadronic showers), final state radiation, and fake leptons. The detector systematics are summed in quadrature to arrive at the overall detector systematic error.

## IV Results

The fit results can be used to calculate a branching fraction for each of the hadronic final states $`BDl\nu `$, $`BD^{}l\nu `$, $`BD^{}l\nu `$, and $`BX_cl\nu `$ nonresonant. From these branching fractions the moment $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ with a certain lepton energy cut can be calculated as follows:

$`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2_{cut}={\displaystyle \frac{_mm_mc_m_m}{_mc_m_m}},`$ (2)
where $`m_m`$ is the moment of mode $`m`$ with the cut applied, $`c_m`$ is the fraction of mode $`m`$ passing the cut, and $`_m`$ is the branching fraction of mode $`m`$. The quantities $`m_m`$ and $`c_m`$ depend only on the model. The measured branching fractions, $`_m`$, depend on the model, the detector simulation, and the data.

For each lepton energy cut, the fit is repeated with the cut applied using the reconstructed (lab frame) quantity. Theoretical calculations of $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$, however, are made with the cut in the $`B`$ rest frame ref:falkcut ; ref:bauercut . The moments reported are therefore calculated in the $`B`$ rest frame. This involves a small extrapolation.

The resulting moments are shown in Table 1. These moments are highly correlated because they share some fraction of the data and also use the same models and detector simulation. The statistical correlations are assessed with a simple Monte Carlo simulation. The model dependence and detector systematic correlations are assessed by summing the covariance matrices from each systematic error. The resulting covariance matrix is shown in Table 2. An alternative representation of the data is to use the $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ moment with a 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ lepton energy cut and the difference between the $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ moments at 1.0 and 1.5 GeV. These two measurements are significantly less correlated. We find

$$M_X^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.0\mathrm{GeV}}M_X^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.5\mathrm{GeV}}=(0.163\pm 0.014\pm 0.036\pm 0.064)\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4$$

and a covariance of this value with the $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.5\mathrm{GeV}}`$ moment of $`2.242\times 10^3\mathrm{GeV}^4/c^8`$.

Figure 3 shows a comparison of the results with previous measurements ref:oldhadmom ; ref:babarmoms  and a prediction based on HQET constrained by this measurement of $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.5}`$ and the first $`BX_s\gamma `$photon energy moment ref:bsgmeasurement . The results agree well with both. The theory bands shown in the figure reflect the experimental errors on the two constraints, the variation of the third-order HQET parameters by the scale $`(0.5\mathrm{GeV})^3`$, and variation of the size of the higher order QCD radiative corrections ref:bauercut .

## V Conclusion

We have measured the moment $`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2`$ as a function of the lepton energy cut with a minimum cut of 1.0 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$. We obtain the preliminary result,

$`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.0\mathrm{GeV}}=(0.456\pm 0.014\pm 0.045\pm 0.109)\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4.`$
This result provides a test of the HQET predictions using a larger portion of the available decay rate. We have also improved the precision of the measurement with a 1.5 $`\mathrm{GeV}`$ lepton energy cut, obtaining the preliminary result

$`M_X^2\overline{M}_D^2_{E_{\mathrm{}}>1.5\mathrm{GeV}}=(0.293\pm 0.012\pm 0.033\pm 0.048)\mathrm{GeV}^2/c^4.`$
Measurements such as these can be used to improve the determination of the Standard Model parameter $`|V_{cb}|`$. They also provide a valuable test of the HQET inclusive predictions which are used in the extraction of $`|V_{ub}|`$ and $`|V_{cb}|`$ and in the interpretation $`BX_s\gamma `$.

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the CESR staff for providing the luminosity and the National Science Foundation and U.S. Department of Energy for supporting this research.