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# Quasi-periodic X-ray brightness fluctuations in an accreting millisecond pulsar

## Abstract

The relativistic plasma flows onto neutron stars that are accreting material from stellar companions can be used to probe strong-field gravity as well as the physical conditions in the supranuclear-density interiors of neutron stars. Plasma inhomogeneities orbiting a few kilometres above the stars are observable as X-ray brightness fluctuations on the millisecond dynamical timescale of the flows1-3. Two frequencies in the kilohertz range dominate these fluctuations: the twin kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs). Competing models for the origins of these oscillations (based on orbital motions) all predict that they should be related to the stellar spin frequency4-10, but tests have been difficult because the spins were not unambiguously known. Here we report the detection of kHz QPOs from a pulsar whose spin frequency is known. Our measurements establish a clear link between kHz QPOs and stellar spin, but one not predicted by any current model. A new approach to understanding kHz QPOs is now required. We suggest that a resonance between the spin and general relativistic orbital and epicyclic frequencies could provide the observed relation between QPOs and spin.

Twin kHz QPOs with frequencies between 300 and 1,300 Hz occur in more than 20 accreting neutron stars3. In seven of these, during thermonuclear X-ray bursts caused by the explosion of material accumulated on the neutron-star surface, short-lived oscillations are observed with frequencies $`\nu _{burst}`$ in the range 270–620 Hz, approximately constant but different in each source, that are thought to be caused by the neutron-star spin11. The frequency difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ between the two kHz QPOs is close to either $`\nu _{burst}`$, or $`\nu _{burst}`$/2, depending on the source. This observed commensurability has given rise to beat-frequency models6,12-14. Such models identify the higher-frequency (“upper”) kHz QPO with the frequency of orbital motion, closely around the neutron star, of the plasma at the inner edge of the accretion disk (within this radius no stable orbits exist and the matter plunges in), and the other (“lower”) kHz QPO with a rotational beat interaction between the upper kHz QPO and the neutron-star spin. These models predict $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ to be equal to the spin frequency $`\nu _{spin}`$. In this interpretation, we have either $`\nu _{burst}`$ = $`\nu _{spin}`$ or $`\nu _{burst}`$ = 2$`\nu _{spin}`$, depending on whether one or two hotspots form on the star’s surface during the bursts. Testing this requires searching for harmonic structure in the burst oscillations, but searches15 are limited in terms of statistics as compared to the case of a true pulsar.

A problem for beat-frequency models is the fact that $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ is neither constant16,17, nor exactly equal18,19 to $`\nu _{spin}`$ (but possible solutions in the beat-frequency models do exist20). This has motivated the proposal of several alternative models to explain the kHz QPOs7-10, all of which, like beat-frequency models, use orbital motion as one of the observed frequencies, but which use another mechanism – such as general relativistic epicyclic motion, which is very fast in these extreme gravitational fields – to generate the other frequency. None of these models predict commensurability between spin and kHz QPO frequencies such as beat-frequency models do. It has been clear for some time that independent measurements of the neutron-star spin frequency could provide the definitive test of the beat-frequency idea. The discovery21 of the first accreting millisecond pulsar in 1998 raised the prospect of such a test, but until now no accreting millisecond pulsar has shown the anticipated kHz QPOs.

On 13 October 2002, a bright new outburst of the recurrent X-ray transient and accreting millisecond pulsar, SAX J1808.4–3658, started22. Using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite, we obtained $``$700 ks of data covering the outburst with daily observations from 15 October to 26 November 2002. We performed a series of fast Fourier transforms to search for kHz QPOs, and discovered several. One kHz QPO was monitored for 12 days (Fig. 1). Its frequency increased from 570 to 725 Hz between 15 and 16 October, then gradually decreased to a minimum of 280 Hz on 21 October, suddenly increased again to 400 Hz the next day, and then resumed its decrease, to 320 Hz on 26 October. After this the QPO was not detected, presumably owing to the limited statistics resulting from the drop in count rate (by a factor of about 4) by this stage of the outburst. On 16 October, a second kHz QPO was detected simultaneously at a frequency of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ = 195$`\pm `$6Hz below the first one (Fig. 1, top panel). In the remaining data, this second QPO was not detected with a significance greater than 2.5$`\sigma `$. Additional broad noise structures of marginal significance are sometimes present around 350, 220 and 120 Hz.

The frequencies, strengths and coherences of these two kHz QPOs in SAX J1808.4–3658, as well as the variations in their parameters as a function of source luminosity, are very similar to those of the twin kHz QPOs observed in those neutron-star low mass binaries for which no pulsations are seen in their persistent emission (the non-pulsing sources3), so we interpret this as the same phenomenon. The $``$195-Hz frequency difference between the two QPOs is the lowest known (in other systems $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ ranges between 225 and 350 Hz)3. It is far below the 401-Hz spin frequency predicted in simple beat-frequency models6,12, yet there is a clear commensurability: $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ is consistent with $`\nu _{spin}`$/2. This is reminiscent of those non-pulsing sources where $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ is near $`\nu _{burst}`$/2. Hence our results support the spin interpretation of the burst oscillations in those sources, as well as the suspicion that $`\nu _{burst}`$ is always near $`\nu _{spin}`$ (and never twice that). Moreover, as reported in a companion paper23, in our observations we also detected four thermonuclear bursts in which we discovered burst oscillations at the neutron-star spin frequency. This discovery further strengthens the idea that the burst oscillations are always at the stellar spin frequency.

We now demonstrate that, unless we are wrong about the spin frequency of this pulsar, which seems highly unlikely, our observations falsify current beat-frequency models, yet so pose a severe challenge to all other current kHz QPO models. In beat-frequency models5,6,24, the spin-orbit beat interaction occurs at a frequency $`\nu _{beat}=n`$($`\nu _{orbit}`$$`\nu _{spin}`$), where $`\nu _{orbit}`$ is the orbital frequency, and the positive integer $`n`$ is a symmetry factor accounting for multiple symmetrically located spin-orbit interaction sites (for example, $`n=2`$ for two magnetic poles). Simple beat-frequency models have $`n=1`$ and the two kHz QPOs at $`\nu _{beat}`$ and $`\nu _{orbit}`$, so that $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ = $`\nu _{orbit}`$$`\nu _{beat}`$ = $`\nu _{spin}`$. As noted, this is clearly inconsistent with our observations. In general, $`n`$ is the least common multiple (LCM) of the number of stellar and the number of orbital interaction sites: $`n=`$ LCM($`n_{spin}`$, $`n_{orbit}`$). Whatever the value of these numbers, and even allowing the observed orbital QPO to be at either $`\nu _{orbit}`$ or $`n_{orbit}`$$`\nu _{orbit}`$, there is no configuration predicting the observed $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ = $`\nu _{spin}`$/2.

The only solution consistent with current beat-frequency models is that $`\nu _{spin}`$ is half the observed 401-Hz pulsar frequency (that is, two hotspots) and $`n=1`$ (that is, only one pulsar beam or magnetic pole interacts with the orbit). However, the very stringent amplitude upper limit of 0.014% root mean square (r.m.s.; E.H.M. et al., manuscript in preparation) on any coherent signal at 200.5 Hz (only 0.38% of the signal at 401 Hz) makes this solution very unlikely: a fine-tuned special geometry would be required to hide the true spin frequency that well. We note that the sonic point beat-frequency model6 predicts a spectrum of many additional weaker QPO peaks (higher-order sidebands), one of which (for example, abs($`\nu _{upper}`$ – 3$`\nu _{spin}`$) or, a particularly close match, abs(3$`\nu _{lower}`$ – 2$`\nu _{spin}`$), where $`\nu _{upper}`$ and $`\nu _{lower}`$ are the upper and lower kHz QPO frequency, respectively) could be picked out and identified with a QPO that we observe. However, this would not explain why, contrary to predictions, this peak is stronger rather than much weaker than the main peaks. In our view, the coincidence between $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ and $`\nu _{burst}`$/2 in several other sources strongly suggests instead that the relation between kHz QPOs and neutron star spin is one where (in SAX J1808.4–3658 and in those several other sources) the peaks are separated by $`\nu _{spin}`$/2. This has not been predicted by any model.

Inspired by the relativistic resonance models of ref. 9 (see also refs 25–27 for related suggestions), we note that there are particular radii in the disk where the difference between the general relativistic orbital frequency ($`\nu _\varphi `$) and radial frequency ($`\nu _r`$; note that $`\nu _\varphi \nu _r`$ is the periastron precession frequency) is equal to $`\nu _{spin}`$ and $`\nu _{spin}`$/2. For a 1.4-solar-mass Schwarzschild geometry, these radii are $``$18 and $``$23 km, respectively (the best match to the observed frequencies in fact occurs at 1.1 solar masses, but see below). If a radiatively or magnetically mediated spin-orbit interaction were to set up a resonance at one of those radii leading to kHz QPOs at $`\nu _\varphi `$ and $`\nu _r`$, this could explain the observed frequency commensurabilities with no involvement of a beat frequency. Whether $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ is $`\nu _{spin}`$ or $`\nu _{spin}`$/2 might depend on whether or not the relevant radius is within the inner edge of the disk; in support of this, we note that all four systems where $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ $``$ $`\nu _{spin}`$/2 are those where $`\nu _{spin}`$ exceeds 400 Hz, and vice versa for the remaining three cases. That the frequencies can shift and the observed commensurabilities are often not exact might be related to a mechanism similar to that which makes the resonances occur off the naively expected integer ratios in the numerical calculations of ref. 28. We note that this combination of ideas (adding the spin as an ingredient in the relativistic resonance model) can lead to a single framework within which the apparently discrepant frequency commensurabilities observed in black holes (which take the form of integer ratios) as well as neutron stars can both be understood in terms of resonances at privileged radii in an accretion disk, namely those radii where the general relativistic epicyclic frequencies (and, in the case of the neutron-star systems, spin) are commensurate.

A surprising third QPO (Fig. 2) near 410 Hz was detected on four occasions, just above the 401-Hz pulse frequency. Its frequency increased from 409.3$`\pm `$0.7 to 413.5$`\pm `$0.2 Hz while the frequency of the upper kHz QPO increased from 328$`\pm `$4 to 390$`\pm `$5 Hz. This third kHz QPO is a phenomenon not previously seen, and is probably related to the pulsating nature of SAX J1808.4–3658. To some extent, it resembles the sideband to the lower kHz QPO observed29 in three non-pulsing kHz QPO sources: the 410-Hz QPO might be a sideband to the pulsation with a similar underlying mechanism. These lower kHz QPO sidebands were suggested29 to be due to Lense-Thirring precession, a predicted – but not yet observed – general relativistic wobble of the orbital plane (nodal precession). The precession frequency is predicted30 to be quadratically related to the orbital frequency itself, and in the case of both the QPO sidebands and the $``$410-Hz QPO this is consistent with observations. However, as Lense-Thirring precession is prograde, a beat between a pulsar beam and a precessing orbit would produce a sideband below, rather than the observed sideband above, the pulsar frequency. Another resonance, perhaps at the radius where the general relativistic vertical epicyclic frequency matches $`\nu _{spin}`$, might be considered as an explanation of this phenomenon.

We thank J. Swank and E. Smith for their efforts in scheduling our RXTE observations of SAX J1808.4–3658, and D. Psaltis for discussions. M.v.d.K. was supported by NWO.


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# Absolute Branching Ratio of Beta-Delayed Gamma-Ray Emission of ¹⁸𝑁

also at: \] A.W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, P.O. Box 208124 Yale University, 272 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8124 Permanent Address: \]Department of Physics, 2152 Hillside Rd. Unit 3046, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3046

## Abstract

The absolute branching ratio of the beta-delayed gamma-ray emission of 18N was measured, providing absolute normalization of the previous work by Olness et al. \[J.W. Olness, et al., Nuc. Phys. A373, 13 (1982)\] who measured the relative branching ratios for the individual gamma-rays. We find the total absolute branching ratio for beta-delayed gamma emission of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ to be $`76.7\pm 7.2(stat)\pm 5.8(norm)\%`$. A combination of other results suggests a value consistent with our result, but smaller than that calculated by Millener as quoted in Olness et al.

In their comprehensive study of the beta-decay of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$, Olness et al. used a theoretical calculation for their overall normalization Olness . While performing a study of the beta-delayed alpha-particle and gamma-ray emissions of $`{}_{}{}^{16}N`$ at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University tbp , we were provided with an opportunity to measure the absolute normalization of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ from data taken during a short calibration run using a $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ beam.

Ions of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ were implanted into a stack of four Silicon surface barrier detectors (SSB), respectively 50 $`\mu `$m, 25 $`\mu `$m, 25 $`\mu `$m, and greater than 400 $`\mu `$m thick, with most of the beam stopping in the three thin detectors. The detectors were placed at a $`45^{}`$ angle with respect to the beam, as shown in Fig. 1, to increase their effective thickness by a factor of $`\sqrt{2}`$. Three collimators were placed upstream; the first was of tantalum, and the second two were of brass. A 120% HPGe gamma-ray detector was placed $`17.8cm`$ away from the center of the stacked detectors. The HPGe detector was shielded from the collimators with $`10.2cm`$ of lead \[see Fig. 1\], with a $`3.8cm`$ diameter hole to allow the HPGe detector to see the SSB detectors. In front of our collimators we placed an aluminum degrader to slow the ions, permitting them to stop in the detectors.

The secondary beam of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ ions was provided by the A1200 fragment separator at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. The primary beam was $`{}_{}{}^{18}O`$ at $`80MeV/u`$ with a Beryllium target. The $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ fragments with an energy of about $`42MeV/u`$ were separated using the A1200 in a momentum-loss achromatic mode providing very good mass separation.

The cyclotron was dephased during every other second of the run so that data could be taken with the beam on and with the beam off. Different amplifiers were used during the two phases of the beam cycle, as the beam particles deposited much more energy in the detectors than did the alpha particles.

The absolute efficiency of the HPGe detector was measured by placing a calibrated $`{}_{}{}^{65}Zn`$ source and a calibrated $`{}_{}{}^{228}Th`$ source at the position of each alpha detector, each collimator, and the aluminum beam stop. As the detectors were at $`45^{}`$ with respect to the beam and the HPGe detector, the gamma-rays did not pass through the frame of the detector in which the parent $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ nucleus was imbedded. During each calibration run, all items in Fig. 1 were in place except the individual detector replaced by the source. Hence, all absorption of gamma-rays by the setup is included in the efficiency measurements. A calibrated $`{}_{}{}^{152}Eu`$ was used to determine the energy dependence of the efficiency. The HPGe detector was well shielded with lead from the first two collimators, and the beam, itself, was stopped before the aluminum beam stop.

The yield for alpha particles in the $`1.40MeV`$ peak was measured during the beam-off period as shown in Fig. 2. From Zhao et al. Zhao  the absolute branching ratio for this decay is known to be $`6.8\pm 0.5\%`$, which was used for normalization. From Olness et al. Olness  the $`1982keV`$ transition in $`{}_{}{}^{18}O`$ has a relative gamma branching ratio of $`97.95\pm 1.96\%`$. Olness et al. Olness  report a calculated total beta-delayed gamma emission branching ratio of $`85\pm 6\%`$ leading to an absolute branching ratio of the $`1982keV`$ line of $`84\pm 6\%`$. In this work, the absolute branching ratio for the $`1982keV`$ line was measured from its yield relative to the known branching ratios of the beta-delayed alpha-particle decay tbp  and the absolute gamma-ray detection efficiency at $`1982keV`$ \[see Fig. 3\].

The data were corrected for the incomplete stopping of alpha particles within the surface barrier detectors. We measured this effect by plotting the energy in detector 1 versus the energy deposited in detector 2 (and similarly for detectors 2 and 3) as shown in Fig. 4. Here we summed the events lying within the band $`E_2+E_3=1.40MeV`$ labelled $`1_3^{}`$ in Fig. 4. This correction was found to be approximately 2% . The detection of gamma-rays from $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ ions stopped on the collimators or the aluminum beam dump was estimated to be in the range of 1% at $`2.6Mev`$ to unmeasurable at $`<1MeV`$. We included this uncertainty in the uncertainty of the HPGe efficiency, which is conservatively estimated at 3.3%.

The area of the $`1982keV`$ gamma-ray line, calculated using the LEONE program with a gaussian fit was $`118.9\pm 10.9`$. The absolute efficiency of the HPGe detector was measured to be $`8.16\pm 0.18\times 10^4`$; thus the total number of $`1982keV`$ gamma-rays emitted during the experiment was $`1.46\pm 0.14\times 10^5`$. The total number of alpha-particles, taking into account all uncertainties listed above, was $`1.32\pm 0.01\times 10^4`$. Combining these with the known branching ratios listed above yields a branching ratio for the $`1982keV`$ line of $`75.3\pm 7.1(stat)\pm 5.5(norm)\%`$, with the normalization uncertainty coming from the uncertainty in the alpha-particle branching ratio. The final branching ratio for all gamma-ray emission is thus $`76.7\pm 7.2(stat)\pm 5.8(norm)\%`$.

The allowed beta-delayed emissions of $`{}_{}{}^{18}N`$ are beta-delayed alpha-particle, gamma-ray, and neutron emission. Beta-decay to the ground state of $`{}_{}{}^{18}O`$ is also predicted to be $`2.6\%`$ Olness . The total branching ratios for alpha-particle emission are given by Zhao et al. Zhao  as $`12.2\pm 0.6\%`$. The branching ratio for higher energy neutron emission is given by Scheller et al. Sch  as 2%, and the total branching ratio for neutron emission is given by Reeder et al. to be $`14.3\pm 2.0\%`$ Reeder . These combine to a total beta-delayed gamma-ray emission branching ratio of $`70.9\pm 2.1\%`$. This value is consistent with our measurement of $`76.7\pm 7.2(stat)\pm 5.8(norm)\%`$, but is smaller than the theoretical value Olness  of $`85\pm 6\%`$.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors would like to thank K.S. Lai of Yale University, E.L. Wilds of the University of Connecticut, R.A. Kryger and J.A. Winger of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab of MSU and K.B. Beard of Hampton University for their aid in performing the research reported here. Supported by USDOE grants No. DE-FG02-91ER40609 and DE-FG02-94ER40870.


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# European Physical SocietyInternational Europhysics Conference on High Energy PhysicsEPS (July 17th-23rd 2003) in Aachen, Germany Abstract ID: 605 Measurement of the Higgs-boson CP properties using decays into WW and ZZ at the Photon Collider

## 1 Introduction

A photon collider has been proposed as a natural extension of the $`e^+e^{}`$ linear collider project TESLA . The physics potential of a photon collider is very rich and complementary to the physics program of the $`e^+e^{}`$ and hadron-hadron colliders. It is an ideal place to study the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) and the properties of the Higgs-boson. In paper  we performed realistic simulation of SM Higgs-boson production at the Photon Collider for $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decay channels, for Higgs-boson masses above 150 GeV. Due to an interference with a large Standard Model background, the process $`\gamma \gamma higgsW^+W^{}/ZZ`$ turns out to be sensitive not only to the Higgs-boson partial width to $`\gamma \gamma `$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\gamma \gamma }`$, but also to the phase of the $`\gamma \gamma h`$ coupling, $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$. A precise measurement of both $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\gamma \gamma }`$ and $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$ seems to be crucial for determination of the Higgs-boson couplings, see also . In  we have found that this is extremely important to combine both $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ channels, as the first one due to a large background is is very sensitive to a phase, while the second - to a partial width. From combined analysis of $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decay channels the $`\gamma \gamma `$ partial width can be measured with an accuracy of 3 to 8% and the phase of the amplitude with an accuracy between 30 and 100 mrad.

In this paper we extend this analysis by considering in detail various extensions of the Standard Model, in particular the SM-like Two Higgs Doublet Model 2HDM II with and without CP-conservation. We perform the combined analysis of $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ invariant-mass distributions and extract the corresponding Higgs-boson couplings ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$). For 2HDM model with a CP violation, we estimate precision of the $`HA`$ mixing angle.

We also consider here a potential of establishing CP-properties of Higgs-bosons in a general CP-violating model from a combined analysis of the angular distributions of the $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decay-products. In this approach a CP properties of the Higgs boson can be studied independently on a production mechanism. We consider a model with generic, CP-violating higgs couplings to vector bosons, leading to different angular distributions for a scalar- and pseudoscalar-type of couplings. From such measurement the CP-parity of the observed Higgs state can be determined. Precision in the determination of couplings can be significantly improved if measurement of angular distributions is combined with the invariant-mass one. However, in such case additional model assumptions are needed.

## 2 Measurement of the $`h(H)\gamma \gamma `$ width and phase
from the invariant-mass distributions

The Compton back-scattering of a laser light off high-energy electron beams is considered as a source of high energy, highly polarized photon beams . According to the current design , the energy of the laser photons is assumed to be fixed for all considered electron-beam energies. With 100% circular polarization of laser photons and 85% longitudinal polarization of the electron beam the luminosity spectra peaked at high $`\gamma \gamma `$ invariant masses is expected.

The analysis bases on the CompAZ parametrization  of the realistic luminosity spectra for a Photon Collider at TESLA . We assume that the centre-of-mass energy of colliding electron beams $`\sqrt{s_{ee}}`$, is always optimised for the production of a Higgs boson with a given mass. The event generation according to the cross-section formula for a vector-boson production including the higgs contribution  is done with PYTHIA 6.152 . The fast simulation program SIMDET version 3.01  is used to model the TESLA detector performance. The selection cuts are applied to select $`W^+W^{}q\overline{q}q\overline{q}`$ and $`ZZl\overline{l}q\overline{q}`$ events ($`l=\mu ,e`$).

All results presented in this paper were obtained for an integrated luminosity corresponding to one year of the photon collider running, as given by . The total photon-photon luminosity increases from about 600 fb-1 for $`\sqrt{s_{ee}}=`$305 GeV (optimal beam energy choice for $`M=`$200 GeV) to about 1000 fb-1 for $`\sqrt{s_{ee}}=`$500 GeV (optimal beam energy choice for $`M=`$350 GeV).

### 2.1 Standard Model analysis

In this section we summarise results of , where the feasibility of measuring Standard Model Higgs-boson production in $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decay channels in $`\gamma \gamma `$ option of TESLA has been studied for a Higgs-boson mass above 150 GeV. We have studied the signal, i.e. the Higgs-boson decays into the vector bosons, and the background from direct vector-bosons production. For the $`ZZ`$ final-state a direct, i.e. non-resonant $`\gamma \gamma ZZ`$ process, is rare as it occurs via loop only. On contrary, the non-resonant $`W^+W^{}`$ production is a tree-level process, and is expected to be large. Therefore, also an interference between the signal of $`W^+W^{}`$ production via the Higgs resonance and the background from direct production may be large. This effect can be used to access an information about the phase of the $`higgs\gamma \gamma `$ coupling, $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$. For the Higgs-boson masses around 350 GeV we found that the amplitude phase $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$ is more sensitive to the loop contributions of new, heavy charged particles than the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\gamma \gamma }`$ itself.

The invariant-mass resolution obtained from a full simulation of $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ events based on the PYTHIA and SIMDET programs, has been parametrized as a function of the $`\gamma \gamma `$ centre-of-mass energy, $`W_{\gamma \gamma }`$. The distributions of the reconstructed invariant mass for $`\gamma \gamma W^+W^{}`$ and $`\gamma \gamma ZZ`$ events are shown in Figs. 1, upper and lower panels, respectively. Results from a full event simulation based on PYTHIA and SIMDET are compared with the distribution obtained from the numerical convolution of the relevant cross-sections with the CompAZ spectra and the parametrized detector resolution.

Based on a parametric description of the expected mass distributions, many experiments were simulated, each corresponding to one year of a Photon Collider running at TESLA at a nominal luminosity. The “theoretical” distributions were then fitted, simultaneously to the observed $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ mass spectra, with the width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\gamma \gamma }`$ and phase $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$ considered as the only free parameters. Results of the fits performed for different Higgs-boson masses and at different electron-beam energies are shown in Figs. 2. They indicate that with a proper choice of the electron-beam energy, the $`\gamma \gamma `$ partial width can be measured with an accuracy of 3 to 8%, while the phase of the amplitude with an accuracy between 35 and 100 mrad, see Fig. 2. The $`\varphi _{\gamma \gamma }`$ measurement opens a new window to a precise determination of the Higgs-boson couplings and to search of a “new physics”. It turns out that the phase is constrained predominantly by the $`W^+W^{}`$ invariant-mass distribution, thanks to large interference effects between Higgs-boson decay and nonresonant $`W^+W^{}`$ production. However, two-photon width of the Higgs-boson is much better constrained by the measurement of the $`ZZ`$ mass spectra, as the nonresonant background is much smaller here. A precise determination of both parameters is only possible when both measurements are combined.

### 2.2 Determination of the Higgs-boson couplings
in the SM-like Two Higgs Doublet Model

In our previous analysis  we have considered possible deviations from the Standard Model predictions resulting from the loop contributions to the $`h\gamma \gamma `$ vertex of new heavy charged particles. However, deviations in the two-photon width and phase can also appear if the couplings of the Higgs-boson to the other particles are different than those predicted by the Standard Model. This possibility is studied in this paper, see also .

As the simplest model with non-standard higgs couplings we consider Standard Model-like Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM II) . We study a simple version of the so called solution B, where the lightest Higgs-boson $`h`$ couplings to fermions are fixed and they have the same values as in the Standard Model, except that for up-type fermions the sign is opposite. The couplings of $`h`$ to the EW gauge-bosons may differ from the corresponding SM predictions. There is only one parameter in such model, $`\beta `$, and all remaining couplings of $`h`$ and all couplings of $`H`$ and $`A`$ can be expressed in terms of it, as presented in the table 1.111$`h`$ and $`H`$ couplings to the charged higgs boson $`H^\pm `$ are calculated according to the 2HDM II potential  assuming $`\mu `$=0.

One expects significant deviations from the Standard Model predictions for a light Higgs-boson $`h`$, both for the two-photon width and phase, for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$. As compared to the SM there is a change of a relative sign of the top-quark and the $`W`$ contribution, therefore the two-photon width in 2HDM II (B) is significantly larger than in the Standard Model, where these two contributions partly cancel each other. For $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$ the two-photon width decreases, due to the suppressed $`W`$-loop contribution ($`g_{hWW}0`$). Finally, for large values of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ ($`\mathrm{cos}(2\beta )1`$) the two-photon width of the light Higgs-boson $`h`$ tend to be very close to the expectations of the Standard Model. The only difference is due to the presence of the charged Higgs-boson in the loop. The difference resulting from the opposite, as compared to SM, sign of the down-type fermion contributions is very small and can be neglected.

Results for the light Higgs-boson $`h`$ with mass $`M_h=300`$ GeV, from the measurement of the two-photon width (times the vector-boson branching ratio) and phase are presented in Fig. 3 for various $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ values. Error contours (1$`\sigma `$) on the expected deviation from the Standard-Model predictions correspond to one year of photon collider running, i.e. $`L_{\gamma \gamma }840`$ fb-1. In the combined fit to the invariant-mass distributions for $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ events we take the advantage of the fact that the ratio of the corresponding branching ratios $`BR(hZZ)/BR(hW^+W^{})`$ is expected to be the same as in the Standard Model. Charged Higgs-boson mass is set to 800 GeV. Results presented in Fig. 3 show that the measurement of the two-photon width and phase for the light Higgs-boson $`h`$ decaying into $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ would allow a precise determination of the $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ value. The possible ambiguity in the measurement of the two-photon width is resolved by the phase measurement, which clearly distinguishes between low $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ solutions. The statistical error on the extracted $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ value is shown in Fig. 4 for different values of light Higgs-boson mass $`M_h`$.

For all considered Higgs-boson masses the expected error in the $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ determination is smallest for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ close to 1. This is because the Higgs-boson coupling to the vector bosons is most sensitive to $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, for such values. The precision of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ measurement, for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$, deteriorates with an increase of the Higgs-boson mass. It changes from about 1% for mass of 200 GeV to about 10% for mass of 350 GeV. For very high and very low $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, when the relative Higgs-boson coupling to vector bosons is close to $`\pm 1`$ (table 1), precise measurement of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ is not possible.

The measurement of the two-photon width and phase has been investigated also for the heavy scalar Higgs-boson $`H`$ of the SM-like Two Higgs Doublet Model (solution B), with couplings as given in table 1. In this case we consider only $`0.2\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$, since for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta >1`$ both the top-quark and $`W`$ contributions are strongly suppressed and the precision of the measurement deteriorates fast. For $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$ both the two-photon width and phase of the heavy scalar Higgs-boson $`H`$ are close to the expectations of the Standard Model (for a given $`M_H`$). For decreasing values of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ the $`W`$-loop contribution decreases, while the top-quark one increases and as a result, the two-photon width decreases slightly for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 0.5`$ and then starts to increase with $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$. Finally, for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 0.1`$ the Higgs-boson decays to $`c\overline{c}`$ start to dominate. The expected number of events with the $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decays drops rapidly and the measurement becomes problematic again.

The results of the analysis of the measurement of the two-photon width and phase, for the heavy scalar $`H`$ with mass $`M_h=300`$ GeV, are presented in Fig. 5. Light Higgs-boson mass is set to 120 GeV and that of the charged Higgs-boson to 800 GeV.

Error contours (1$`\sigma `$) on the measured deviation from the Standard Model predictions are presented. Results show that a precise determination of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, in the considered region of parameters, should also be possible for heavy scalar $`H`$ decaying to $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$.

Shown in Fig. 6 is the statistical error on the extracted $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ values. Results are given for four values of heavy scalar Higgs-boson mass $`M_H`$, from 200 to 350 GeV. The expected error in the $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ determination is small (1–3 %) for low $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$0.25. For larger values of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, the precision depends strongly on the Higgs-boson mass. For mass of 200 GeV it changes between 3 and 8 %, whereas for mass of 350 GeV it is between 3 and 20 %.

### 2.3 Determination of CP properties of the Higgs boson
in the SM-like Two Higgs Doublet Model

In the general Two Higgs Doublet Model , the mass eigenstates of the neutral Higgs-bosons $`h_1`$, $`h_2`$ and $`h_3`$ do not match CP eigenstates $`h`$, $`H`$ and $`A`$. We consider here a SM-like version of the CP-violating Two Higgs Doublet Model, with CP violation through a small mixing between $`H`$ and $`A`$ states. We consider a simple version of such model, where the couplings of the lightest higgs mass-eigenstate $`h_1`$ (with mass 120 GeV) are expected to correspond to the couplings of $`h`$ boson, whereas couplings of $`h_2`$ and $`h_3`$ states can be described as the superposition of $`H`$ and $`A`$ couplings (see table 1), as follows:

$`\chi _X^{h_1}`$ $``$ $`\chi _X^h`$
$`\chi _X^{h_2}`$ $``$ $`\chi _X^H\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}+\chi _X^A\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}`$ (1)
$`\chi _X^{h_3}`$ $``$ $`\chi _X^A\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}\chi _X^H\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}`$
where $`X`$ denotes a fermion or a vector boson, $`X=u,d,V=W`$ or $`Z`$. We study the feasibility of the mixing angle $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}`$ determination from the combined measurement of the two-photon width and phase for the higgs mass-eigenstate $`h_2`$. We consider only small CP-violation effects, i.e. $`|\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}|1`$.

Results of the combined analysis (WW/ZZ decay channels) of the measurement of the two-photon width (times vector-boson branching ratio) and phase for the scalar Higgs-boson $`h_2`$ with mass $`M_{h_2}=300`$ GeV, are presented in Fig. 7. A light Higgs-boson has mass $`M_{h_1}=120`$ GeV while $`M_{H^\pm }=800`$ GeV. The simultaneous fit to the observed $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ mass-spectra was performed. Error contours (1$`\sigma `$) on the measured deviation from the Standard Model predictions are shown for $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}=0`$, i.e. when CP is conserved, and for CP violation with $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}=\pm 0.3`$. Even a small CP-violation can significantly influence the measured two-photon width and two-photon phase, and therefore it is possible to determine precisely both the CP-violating mixing angle $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}`$ and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$.

Next, we address a question: how well one can establish the fact that in a model CP is conserved ? The answer can be read out from Fig. 8 where the statistical error in the determination of the $`HA`$ mixing angle $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}`$, around $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{HA}=0`$ value, is shown. The results are presented as a function of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ for four values of Higgs-boson mass $`M_{h_2}`$, from 200 to 350 GeV. As above, we assume a light Higgs-boson mass $`M_{h_1}=M_h=120`$ GeV, charged Higgs-boson mass of 800 GeV.

For low value of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ 0.25, the expected error is of the order of 20–25 mrad and does not depend on the heavy Higgs-boson mass. For larger values of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ the precision worsens for small Higgs-boson masses. For $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =1`$ the expected error changes from 35 mrad for mass of 350 GeV to about 90 mrad for mass of 200 GeV.

To summarize this part, in the 2HDM model the Higgs-boson couplings to the vector bosons are always as for a scalar (say in the SM) with a modification by some functions, i.e. they are proportional to $`g_h^{SM}`$. This is because there is no pseudoscalar coupling to $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ in this model ($`\chi _V^A0`$). The measured $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ mass-spectra are sensitive to the CP-violating $`HA`$ mixing angle only via a Yukawa coupling, more precisely due of the top-quark loop contribution to the $`h_2\gamma \gamma `$ vertex. In the next section we will consider more general case, with a generic pseudoscalar couplings to the gauge bosons.

## 3 Secondary decay analysis
for generic model with CP violation.

In the general case, with a generic pseudoscalar coupling of Higgs-boson to vector bosons, not only the invariant-mass distribution of the reconstructed $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ events, as discussed in sec. 2.3, but also the angular distributions of $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$ decay products are sensitive to the CP properties of the Higgs-boson . We use the following form of a coupling to vector boson $`Z`$ of a scalar ($`H`$) and a pseudoscalar ($`A`$):

$`g_{HZZ}=ig{\displaystyle \frac{M_Z}{\mathrm{cos}\theta _W}}\left(\lambda _Hg^{\mu \nu }\right)=g_{HZZ}^{SM}\lambda _H,`$ (2)
$`g_{AZZ}=ig{\displaystyle \frac{M_Z}{\mathrm{cos}\theta _W}}\left(\lambda _A\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }{\displaystyle \frac{(p_1+p_2)_\rho (p_1p_2)_\sigma }{M_Z^2}}\right),`$ (3)
where $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ are the 4-momenta of the vector bosons.

The coupling with $`\lambda _H`$ corresponds to the SM-like CP-even coupling, whereas the one with $`\lambda _A`$ is a general CP-odd coupling for the spin-0 boson (higgs). And we use similar expressions for the coupling to $`W`$, with an obvious change $`M_Z`$ to $`M_W`$ in the denominator of the pseudoscalar coupling, and a change in normalization factor as in the SM, namely $`M_Z/\mathrm{cos}\theta _WM_W`$. We see, that if $`\lambda _H=1`$, the scalar $`H`$ behaves as the SM Higgs boson.

### 3.1 Angular distributions for secondary decays

Angular variables which can be used in the analysis of CP-properties are defined in Fig. 9.

To test CP-properties of the Higgs-bosons one can use the distributions of the polar angles $`\mathrm{\Theta }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_2`$ as well as the $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ distribution, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ is the angle between two $`Z`$\- or two $`W`$\- decay planes. To simplify the analysis, instead of two-dimensional distribution in ($`\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Theta }_1`$, $`\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Theta }_2`$) we consider the distribution in a new variable, defined as

$`\zeta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_1\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_2}{(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_1)(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_2)}}.`$ (4)
The $`\zeta `$-distribution corresponds to the ratio of the angular distributions expected for the decay of a scalar and a pseudoscalar (in a limit $`M_h>>M_Z`$) .

The angular distributions in $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ and $`\zeta `$, expected for a scalar and a pseudoscalar higgs (Eq. 3) $`hZZl^+l^{}jj`$ are compared in Fig. 10. Both distributions clearly distinguish between decays of scalar and pseudoscalar higgs. For the scalar higgs the distributions are almost flat in both $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ and $`\zeta `$, whereas the pseudoscalar coupling (see Eq. 3) introduces a significant $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ and $`\zeta `$ dependence. From the measurement of these distributions we can try to establish the CP properties of the Higgs boson, even without taking into account the production mechanism. Such measurement should be considered as the most general one, as in principle some unknown heavy charged particles can significantly modify the production vertex, affecting the invariant-mass distributions on which the measurements of the two-photon width and two-photon phase are based.

Note, that the distribution of the higgs decay-angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_h`$ is expected to be flat both for scalar and pseudoscalar higgses. However, the corresponding angular distribution it is not flat for the non-resonant background. Therefore the observed $`\mathrm{\Theta }_h`$ distributions, where obviously a signal, background and possible interference between them contribute, maybe be sensitive to the Higgs-boson couplings.

### 3.2 Generic model with CP violating couplings

Following the analysis described in  we consider a generic higgs model with the following tensor couplings of a Higgs boson, denoted below by $``$, to $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$:

$`g_{ZZ}`$ $`=`$ $`ig{\displaystyle \frac{M_Z}{\mathrm{cos}\theta _W}}\left(\lambda _Hg^{\mu \nu }+\lambda _A\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }{\displaystyle \frac{(p_1+p_2)_\rho (p_1p_2)_\sigma }{M_Z^2}}\right)`$ (5)
$`g_{WW}`$ $`=`$ $`igM_W\left(\lambda _Hg^{\mu \nu }+\lambda _A\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }{\displaystyle \frac{(p_1+p_2)_\rho (p_1p_2)_\sigma }{M_W^2}}\right)`$ (6)
The Standard Model couplings are reproduced for $`\lambda _H=1`$ and $`\lambda _A=0`$. Below we will consider only small deviations from the Standard Model, i.e. $`\lambda _H1`$ and $`|\lambda _A|1`$. To simplify the case, we assume that higgs $``$ couplings to fermions are the same as in the Standard Model.

### 3.3 Reconstruction of the angular distributions

Measurement of the angular distributions has been studied using samples of $`ZZ`$ events generated with PYTHIA and SIMDET programs, as described in section 2.1. The resolutions of the reconstructed decay angles $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`\varphi `$, for leptonic and hadronic $`Z`$ decays, are compared in Fig. 11, for the scalar Higgs-boson with mass of 300 GeV.

A very good resolution is obtained for all considered distributions, nevertheless the measured angular distributions are strongly affected by the selection cuts used in the analysis. Because of the cut on the lepton and jet angles, applied to preserve a good mass resolution (see  for more details), we observe significant loss of the selection efficiency for events with lepton or jet emitted along the beam direction. Also the Durham jet algorithm used in the event reconstruction imposes constraints on the angular separation between leptons and jets. Both effects result in a highly non-uniform angular acceptance. Selection efficiencies for $`\gamma \gamma ZZl^+l^{}jj`$ events, as a function of the angle $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$, are presented in Fig. 12. We consider reconstructed $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ values from 0 to $`\pi `$, since we are not able to distinguish between quark and antiquark jet. The efficiencies for $`ZZ`$ events coming from decays of scalar, pseudoscalar higgs and non-resonant background are compared. The polar-angle distributions differ among these three classes of events, what leads to a significantly different acceptances. This simulation was performed for primary electron-beam energy of 209 GeV optimal for a Higgs-boson mass of 300 GeV. An additional cut on the reconstructed $`ZZ`$ invariant-mass has been introduced to optimise the signal measurement from the angular distribution. We found that for higgs mass of 300 GeV the accepted mass range lies between 286 and 312 GeV. This cuts affects mainly the non-resonant background events.

We calculate the expected angular distributions for $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ events by convoluting the corresponding cross-section formula with the CompAZ photon-energy spectra, and in addition with the parametrization of the invariant-mass resolution and acceptance function including the angular- and jet-selection cuts. Here we neglect (small) effects of the angular resolution. For the measurement of the event distributions in $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ and $`\zeta `$ we introduce the additional cuts on the reconstructed $`ZZ`$ invariant mass (for $`ZZ`$ events) or on the reconstructed $`W^+W^{}`$ invariant mass as well as the higgs-decay angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_h`$ (for $`W^+W^{}`$ events). The cuts were optimised for the smallest relative error in the signal cross-section measurement.

Expected precision in the measurements of the angle $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ and of the variable $`\zeta `$ distributions, for $`\gamma \gamma ZZl^+l^{}jj`$ events and $`\gamma \gamma W^+W^{}4j`$ events are illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14, respectively. Calculations were performed for primary electron-beam energy of 209 GeV and the Higgs-boson mass of 300 GeV. The results, presented relative to the SM prediction, are confronted in Figs. 13 (14) with the expectations of the generic model with $`\lambda _A=\pm 0.2`$ and $`\lambda _H=1`$ ($`\lambda _A=0.2`$ and $`\lambda _H=1`$; $`\lambda _A=0`$ and $`\lambda _H=1.1`$ ), for the reconstructed $`ZZ`$ ($`W^+W^{}`$) events. We see, that the generic model predicts deviations both in the normalization and in the shape of angular distributions. Therefor we should be able to constrain Higgs-boson couplings from the shape of the distributions, event if the overall normalization related to the Higgs-boson production mechanizm is not known.

### 3.4 Determination of CP properties of the Higgs boson
from the measurement of angular distributions

Each of the considered angular distributions discussed above can be fitted with a model expectations, given in terms of the parameters $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$. If we do not use normalisation constraints (i.e. do not assume a given production mechanism) there are large correlations between $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$ in fits to a single-variable distributions, i.e. for $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$, $`\zeta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_h`$. Therefore we first limit ourselves to $`\lambda _H=1`$ case. Statistical errors in the determination of $`\lambda _A`$ from the fits to the shape of various angular distributions, to be obtained after one year of photon collider running, are presented in Fig. 15, separately for the $`WW`$ and $`ZZ`$ channels. In the figure we present also the results obtained from the simultaneous (combined) fit to all three considered distributions. It turns out that both for $`ZZ`$ and for $`W^+W^{}`$ events the measurement of the $`\zeta `$-distribution gives the best constraints on the $`\lambda _A`$ parameter, and a precision of $`\lambda _A`$ measurement from the $`\zeta `$ distribution only is close to the precision obtained from the combined fit. For $`M_h`$250 GeV the expected accuracy for $`\lambda _A`$ is about 0.1 both for the $`ZZ`$ and for $`W^+W^{}`$ events.

Finally we estimate the expected statistical errors from the combined fit to angular distributions of $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ events, they are shown in Fig. 16. By fitting all angular distributions simultaneously we found the error on $`\lambda _A`$ of 0.06–0.08 for $`M_h`$ 200 GeV.

In case of the combined fit, correlations between $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$ parameters are smaller, so both parameters can be fitted simultaneously. Expected statistical errors on $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$ are shown in Fig. 17. For low Higgs-boson masses, $`M_h`$250 GeV, better constrains are obtained from the measurement of $`W^+W^{}`$ events, whereas for $`M_h`$300 GeV smaller errors are obtained from the measurement of $`ZZ`$ events. Expected error on $`\lambda _A`$ is below 0.1 for $`M_h`$200 GeV, while the corresponding error on $`\lambda _H`$ changes from about 0.1 to 0.3 with increasing Higgs-boson mass.

### 3.5 Determination of CP properties from the combined
analysis of the invariant-mass and angular distributions

Significantly better constraints on the model parameters $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$ can be obtained if we assume that there is no “new physics” except for the considered anomalous couplings of the Higgs-boson to $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$. We can then calculate the expected invariant-mass distributions for $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ events. In Fig. 18 and 19 statistical errors on the measured invariant-mass distributions, expected after one year of photon collider running at a nominal luminosity, are compared with the predictions of the generic model. We see, that large deviations from the Standard Model prediction are expected for $`\lambda _A0`$, mainly due to the interference effects.

Expected statistical errors in the determination of $`\lambda _A`$ and $`\lambda _H`$ from the combined fit to angular distributions and invariant-mass distributions are compared in Fig. 20. A relative normalisation of $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ samples is imposed in the fit, as predicted from the cross section calculations. However, overall normalisation, corresponding to the integrated luminosity of the considered data sample, is allowed to vary. For $`M_h`$ 200 GeV the error on $`\lambda _A`$ of about 0.01 can be achieved from the combined fit to all considered distributions. The value of $`\lambda _A`$ is mainly constrained by the measurement of the invariant-mass distribution for $`W^+W^{}`$ events. Expected statistical error on $`\lambda _H`$ is slightly bigger, between 0.01 and 0.02, and comes mainly from the measurement of the invariant-mass distribution for $`ZZ`$ events.

## 4 Summary

An opportunity of measuring of the Higgs-boson properties at the the Photon Collider at TESLA has been studied in detail for masses between 180 and 350 GeV, using realistic luminosity spectra and detector simulation. We found that from the combined measurement of the invariant-mass distributions in the $`ZZ`$ and $`W^+W^{}`$ decay-channels, the parameters of the SM-like Two Higgs Doublet Model can be precisely determined. For both light and heavy scalar Higgs boson, a statistical precision in the determination of its coupling ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$) is of the order of 10% already after one year of Photon Collider running. In case of the Two Higgs Doublet Model with a CP violation, the $`HA`$ mixing angle can be determined with statistical precision of 20 to 90 mrad (in a small-mixing approximation).

We also considered the combined measurement of the various angular correlations in the $`W^+W^{}`$ and $`ZZ`$-decay products. For a simple generic model, with SM-couplings to fermions, the parameters describing a CP violation in the higgs couplings to vector bosons can be determined to about 10%. If in addition the invariant-mass distribution is used to constrain model parameters, 1–2 % statistical uncertainty in the determination of the Higgs-boson couplings can be achieved.

### Acknowledgements

We are especially grateful to David Miller for stimulating discussions. We would also like to thank other colleagues from the ECFA/DESY Study for useful comments and suggestions. M.K. acknowledges partial support by Polish Committee for Scientific Research, Grant 5 P03B 121 20 (2003), and by the European Community’s Human Potential Programme under contract HPRN-CT-2000-00149 Physics at Colliders.


text:
# Nodal Quasiparticle Dispersion in Strongly Correlated d-wave Superconductors

## Abstract

We analyze the effects of a $`𝐤`$-dependent self-energy on the photoemission momentum distribution curve (MDC) dispersion and lineshape. We illustrate this general analysis by a detailed examination of nodal quasiparticles in high Tc cuprates. Using variational results for the nodal quasiparticle $`Z`$, which varies rapidly with hole doping $`x`$, and $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$, which is independent of $`x`$, we show that the high energy dispersion $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z`$, so that it is much larger than the bare band structure dispersion and also exhibits strong doping dependence in good agreement with recent photoemission data.

Nodal quasiparticles (QP’s) are the dominant low-lying excitations in the superconducting state of the high Tc superconductors, and have been the focus of intense experimental and theoretical investigation orenstein00 . In particular, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), exploiting the simple Lorentzian lineshape of momentum distribution curves (MDC’s) valla99 , has provided a great deal of insight into the nodal QP weight and dispersion valla99 ; kaminski00 ; bogdanov00 ; lanzara01 ; johnson01 ; yoshida02 ; zhou03 . Two important questions are: (i) What constraints do these experiments place on a model for the superconducting state? (ii) To what extent are nodal QP properties determined purely by strong electronic interactions?

The purpose of this Letter is twofold. First, we examine the effect of the $`𝐤`$-dependence of the electronic self energy on the analysis of MDC’s for gapless nodal QP’s. Specifically, we determine how this affects the MDC dispersion, after clarifying the constraints under which the MDC lineshape is Lorentzian. This is important, because the usual basis for understanding a Lorentzian lineshape is a $`𝐤`$-independent self-energy campuzano\_review , which is certainly sufficient but by no means necessary as shown here.

The second goal is to use the above formalism to gain insight into some unusual aspects of the nodal QP dispersion in the high Tc superconductors. Some time ago we predicted, on the basis of a variational calculationparamekanti01  for a Hubbard model that the nodal QP spectral weight $`Z`$ vanishes linearly with hole doping $`x`$ even though their Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ remains doping independent as $`x0`$. (We use the notation $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ here, rather than the more conventional $`v_F`$, to clearly distinguish it from $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$ defined below). These predictions have now been verified in some detail by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments johnson01 ; yoshida02 ; zhou03 .

These same experiments also show an unusual doping dependence of the high energy dispersion, at binding energies larger than the much-studied kink johnson01 ; lanzara01 ; zhou03 ; norman ; abanov  in the nodal MDC dispersion. The “high energy” Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$, at energies of around 150 to 200 meV, is experimentally found johnson01 ; lanzara01 ; zhou03  to be quite strongly doping dependent and increases markedly with underdoping, where as one might have naively expected the “bands” to become narrower with decreasing $`x`$. This behavior of $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$ is also in marked contrast with both the Fermi velocity at $`E_F`$ which, as stated above, is $`x`$-independent, and the “bare” band-structure Fermi velocity $`v_F^0`$ which has a rather weak $`x`$-dependence.

In this Letter, we show that this surprising behavior of $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}(x)`$ follows directly from the same theory paramekanti01  which predicted $`Z(x)`$ and the $`x`$-independent $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$. As discussed below, the results for $`Z(x)`$ and $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ imply strong constraints on both the $`\omega `$\- and $`𝐤`$-dependence of the real part of the self energy $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤,\omega )`$. Specifically, both $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega `$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k`$ must exhibit $`1/x`$ singularities. The strong $`𝐤`$-dependence is somewhat unexpected, and we show here that it has an important effect on the “high energy” dispersion:

$$v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z$$
(1)
leading to a strong doping dependence in $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$, including an $`1/x`$ divergence as the hole doping $`x0`$. We make detailed quantitative comparison of our results with existing ARPES data, and conclude with comments on the kink in the MDC dispersion.

MDC analysis: We first develop the formalism for the analysis of photoemission MDC’s, focusing on two points not emphasized in the literature: the conditions under which the MDC lineshape can be Lorentzian despite $`𝐤`$-dependence of the self energy, and the role of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k`$ in the MDC dispersion. Recall that the ARPES intensity from a two-dimensional system is given by randeria95  $`I(𝐤,\omega )=I_0(𝐤)f(\omega )A_{𝐤,\omega }`$ where $`I_0`$ contains the dipole matrix element and kinematical factors, $`f(\omega )`$ is the Fermi function and $`A_{𝐤,\omega }`$ is the one-particle spectral function. Here $`𝐤`$ is the 2D momentum and $`\omega `$ the energy measured from the chemical potential. The usual energy distribution curve (EDC) method views ARPES data as a function of energy at fixed $`𝐤`$. The MDC method, on the other hand, analyzes $`I(𝐤,\omega )`$ as a function of $`𝐤`$, along a suitable chosen cut in $`𝐤`$-space, for fixed $`\omega `$. The MDC method is more powerful than the traditional EDC for studying gapless excitations, because of the simple Lorentzian MDC lineshape and also the ease of unambiguously identifying the extrinsic background.

Here we are specifically interested in the MDC’s for a $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ superconductor for $`k`$ along the zone diagonal, so that the “off-diagonal” self energy (gap function) vanishes. The formalism derived is obviously applicable near the Fermi surface of any normal metal also. The spectral function is then given by:

$$A_{𝐤,\omega }=\frac{1}{\pi }\frac{|\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤,\omega )|}{[\omega ϵ_0(𝐤)+\mu _0\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤,\omega )]^2+[\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤,\omega )]^2}$$
(2)
where $`ϵ_0(𝐤)`$ and $`\mu _0`$ are the “bare” dispersion and chemical potential, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+i\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }`$ the self-energy.

The “renormalized” $`k_F`$ is defined by the condition $`ϵ_0(𝐤_F)\mu _0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤_F,0)=0`$. In case interactions lead to no change in the $`k_F`$, this places a constraint $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤_F,0)=0`$ on the real part of the self energy. We now expand in small $`|kk_F|k_F`$ in the vicinity of the node at $`k_F`$, keeping $`\omega `$ arbitrary for the moment. Linearizing the dispersion, we thus get

$$ϵ_0(𝐤)\mu _0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤_F,0)v_F^0(kk_F)$$
(3)
where $`v_F^0`$ is called the bare Fermi velocity.

We next assume $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤,\omega )\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤_F,\omega )`$ which is equivalent to setting the first correction

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤_F,\omega )/k=0,$$
(4)
for all $`\omega `$ of interest. This is a necessary condition for a Lorentzian lineshape in $`(kk_F)`$, since without it the numerator in eq. (2) would have a term linear in $`(kk_F)`$ which would make the expression non-Lorentzian. The Kramers-Krönig transformation of the above condition implies that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k`$ can only be a constant independent of $`\omega `$, a condition we will need to use below. (In the experiments, an additional constraint for a Lorentzian MDC is that the matrix element prefactor $`I_0`$ should be $`𝐤`$-independent in the range of relevant $`𝐤`$’s.)

With this one assumption, the spectral function $`A_{𝐤,\omega }`$ is easily shown to be a Lorentzian in $`(kk_F)`$ peaked at

$$k(\omega )=k_F+\frac{\omega \left[\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤_F,\omega )\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤_F,0)\right]}{\left(v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k\right)}$$
(5)
with a width $`\mathrm{\Delta }k=|\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }(𝐤_F,\omega )|/\left(v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k\right)`$. The dispersion of this Lorentzian MDC is then obtained from

$$\frac{dk}{d\omega }=\frac{1\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(k_F,\omega )/\omega }{v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k}\frac{\zeta (\omega )}{v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k},$$
(6)
where the denominator is $`\omega `$-independent and evaluated at $`𝐤=𝐤_F`$, but the numerator at arbitrary $`\omega `$ and $`𝐤=𝐤_F`$.

In the limit $`\omega 0`$, the MDC dispersion of eq. (6) yields the standard result. Defining the low-energy renormalized Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ via $`1/v_F^{\mathrm{low}}=dk/d\omega (\omega 0)`$, we get

$$v_F^{\mathrm{low}}=Z\left[v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k\right].$$
(7)
Here the QP weight $`Z`$ is defined by

$$Z1/\zeta (\omega 0)=1/\left[1\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega \right],$$
(8)
with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega `$ is evaluated at $`(𝐤=𝐤_F,\omega =0)`$.

On the other hand, one can quite generally show footnoteKK  that at intermediate to high energies, $`|\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega |1`$, so that $`\zeta (\omega )1`$. Then the corresponding high energy $`1/v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=dk/d\omega `$ is given by

$$v_F^{\mathrm{high}}v_F^0+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k,$$
(9)
which together with eq. (7) leads to the result eq. (1) stated in the Introduction. Here $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k`$ is an $`\omega `$-independent constant as discussed in connection with the necessary conditions (Kramers-Krönig transform of eq. (4)) for Lorentzian lineshapes.

The above results are completely general, and we next illustrate this formalism for the low and high energy dispersion of nodal QPs in the cuprates.

Low energy properties $`Z(x)`$ and $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}(x)`$: In Ref. paramekanti01  we have presented a $`T=0`$ variational theory, building on early ideas of Anderson anderson , for the strongly correlated d-wave SC and its low-lying excitations, examining how they evolve as a function of hole doping $`x`$ from a Fermi liquid state at overdoping $`x\stackrel{_>}{_{}}0.35`$ to a Mott insulator at half-filling ($`x=0`$). Here we summarize specific results from Ref. paramekanti01  which relate to doping dependence of the nodal QP spectral weight $`Z(x)`$ and Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}(x)`$, and describe their implications for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(𝐤,\omega )`$.

We begin by emphasizing that these results for the nodal QP were not obtained by working with a variational excited state, e.g., a Gutzwiller projected Bogoliubov QP. Given the very broad linewidth of the spectral function, it is difficult to use simple variational excited states to obtain useful results on the coherent QP piece; see Ref. paramekanti03 . Instead we focused on the singularities as a function of $`𝐤`$ in the energy-integrated moments of the spectral function to extract information related to gapless QPs. In particular, $`Z`$ was extracted from the jump in $`_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑\omega A_{𝐤,\omega }=n(𝐤)`$ and $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ from the slope discontinuity of $`_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑\omega \omega A_{𝐤,\omega }`$ at $`𝐤=𝐤_F`$ paramekanti03 .

We found that paramekanti01  $`Z(x)`$ decreases with underdoping, with $`Zx`$ rajdeep  as $`x0`$, and remarkably that $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}(x)`$ is essentially doping independent and remains finite as $`x0`$. Using eq. (8) one must then conclude from the calculated $`Z(x)`$ that $`|\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega |1/x`$ as $`x0`$. Further, using eq. (7), the calculated $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}(x)`$ implies a compensating divergence $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/kJa/x`$, where the superexchange $`J`$ and lattice constant $`a`$ enter on dimensional grounds.

In the $`x0`$ limit one thus obtains $`Zx`$, with a renormalized low energy Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}(x0)=CJa`$, where $`C`$ is a dimensionless constant of order unity. Remarkably these results are independent of the bare band-structure dispersion and thus “universal”. From our numerical results paramekanti01  we find $`C4.5`$. We emphasize that these non-trivial results for the doping variation of $`Z`$ and $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ are non-perturbative, strong coupling results which come from a variational calculation which properly takes into account the strong local Coulomb repulsion.

High Energy Dispersion $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}(x)`$: Combining all the results described above, we see from $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z(x)`$, that we expect $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ and also that it will show considerable doping dependence and increase with underdoping, given the predicted $`Z(x)`$. Moreover, using eq. (9) and the form of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/k`$ derived above, it immediately follows that there is $`Ja/x`$ divergence in $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$, which at small enough $`x`$ is much larger than and independent of the “bare” band-structure $`v_F^0`$.

Comparison with ARPES Experiments: We are now in a position to compare the theoretical results derived above with existing ARPES data. In Fig. 1 we plot the nodal QP weight $`Z`$ as a function of hole doping $`x`$. Fig. 1(a) shows $`Z`$ extracted from the experimental data of Ref. johnson01  on Bi2212. These authors plot $`\lambda =\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}/\omega `$ as a function of doping, from which we obtain $`Z`$ using $`Z=1/(1+\lambda )`$. In Fig. 1(b) we plot the nodal $`Z(x)`$ obtained from our variational calculation paramekanti01  and find very good agreement errorfootnote  between theory and experiment. We should note that to leading order in $`J/t`$ rajdeep  the calculated $`Z(x)`$ is independent of the choice of input parameters in our theory footnote . The nodal $`Z(x)`$ has also been reported for LSCO yoshida02 , but in arbitrary units, which makes a quantitative comparison difficult, however the trend is qualitatively similar to our theoretical prediction.

We next show in Fig. 2 the low energy Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ for nodal QPs in units of $`eV`$-$`\AA `$ as a function of doping. The experimental results shown in Fig. 2(a) are obtained from the MDC dispersion at $`E_F`$ for LSCO (open triangles from Ref. zhou03 ) and for Bi2212 (open squares from Ref. johnson01 ). In Fig. 2(b) we show the “bare” $`v_F^0`$ (dashed line), which has a weak doping dependence coming from the change of the chemical potential in the bare tight-binding model footnote . The renormalized low energy Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ is however found to be smaller and nearly doping independent, within the error bars of the theoretical calculation errorfootnote , for the hole doping range $`x0.2`$, its scale being set by $`Ja`$ as explained in detail above.

Finally we come to the comparison of theory and experiment for the high energy dispersion $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$ in Fig. 3. The data in Fig. 3(a) are obtained from the high energy MDC dispersion for LSCO (open squares from Ref. zhou03 ) and for Bi2212 (open triangles from Ref. johnson01 ). In Fig. 3(b) we plot the theoretical estimate of the high energy velocity using the expression derived above $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z(x)`$. We find good agreement with the data over the range of dopings from $`x\stackrel{_>}{_{}}0.05`$ both in terms of magnitude and overall trend. There is a $`1/x`$ divergence in the theoretical value at small $`x`$, for reasons explained above, but evidence for that in the very low doping data in LSCO is not clear. Quite independent of our variational calculation, the general result $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z(x)`$ derived above, together with the experimentally observed behavior of $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ (constant zhou03 ) and of $`Z(x)`$ (vanishing as $`x0`$ yoshida02 ) in LSCO, implies a $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$ that increases strongly as $`x0`$. We hope future experiments will clarify this situation.

Implications for the kink: The success of the theory described above leads to the obvious question: What is the origin and energy scale of the kink? By the ”kink” we mean the sharp change in the observed MDC dispersion separating the low and high energy regimes which occurs at an energy scale of about 70 meV lanzara01 ; johnson01 ; zhou03 . Its origin is controversial at present, with electrons interacting with either an optical phonon lanzara01  or with the neutron resonance mode norman ; abanov  being the two likely scenarios.

We have presented here a framework for understanding the low and high energy limits MDC dispersion of eq. (6), in limits where the factor of $`\zeta (\omega )`$ goes to $`Z`$ and unity respectively. This general framework cannot directly address precisely how and at what energy scale there is a transition from one limiting behavior to the other. The variational approach only permitted a calculation of the low energy behavior of the nodal QPs — its implications for $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}`$ hinged upon the remarkable relationship between this high energy quantity and and the low energy $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ and $`Z`$, which could be calculated. However, we emphasize that the variational calculation, which focuses on the strong Coulomb interactions, is able to give qualitative and semi-quantitative insights into the doping dependence of both the low and high energy dispersion of the nodal QPs. Thus it would be very surprising if the intermediate energy scale kink were not also dominated by strong electron-electron interaction effects.

Conclusions: To summarize, we first obtained the conditions, eq. (4) and its Kramers-Krönig transform, for a Lorentzian MDC lineshape, and then used this to derive the MDC dispersion eq. (6) and the linewidth, both of which involve the $`𝐤`$-dependence of the self energy in an essential way. We next showed how the high energy dispersion was related directly via eq. (1) to the QP spectral weight $`Z`$ and the low-energy Fermi velocity $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$. We then illustrated this general formalism by using variational results for the nodal QP in the cuprates, where we showed that the $`Z(x)`$ was strongly doping dependent and vanishing as $`x0`$, $`v_F^{\mathrm{low}}`$ was essentially doping independent, and $`v_F^{\mathrm{high}}=v_F^{\mathrm{low}}/Z(x)`$. All of these results were shown to be in good agreement with ARPES data.

Acknowledgments: We thank J. C. Campuzano, J. Fink, A. Fujimori, P. D. Johnson, A. Kaminski, A. J. Leggett and Z. X. Shen for stimulating discussions. MR and NT acknowledge support through DOE grant DEFG02-91ER45439 and DARPA grant N0014-01-1-1062; AP was supported by NSF grants DMR-9985255 and PHY99-07949, and the Sloan and Packard foundations.


text:
# Field-Effect Transistors on Tetracene Single Crystals

## Abstract

We report on the fabrication and electrical characterization of field-effect transistors at the surface of tetracene single crystals. We find that the mobility of these transistors reaches the room-temperature value of $`0.4cm^2/Vs`$. The non-monotonous temperature dependence of the mobility, its weak gate voltage dependence, as well as the sharpness of the subthreshold slope confirm the high quality of single-crystal devices. This is due to the fabrication process that does not substantially affect the crystal quality.

Common strategies for the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (FETs) are based on thin-film technology Crone01 ; Deleeuw00 . This choice is motivated by the existing deposition techniques for organic thin films that facilitate device fabrication. At the same time, thin films usually contain a considerable amount of structural imperfections, which affect negatively the transistor performance Campbell01 .

For small organic molecules, crystalline films can be used to reduce the amount of structural defects. It has been found, however, that also the performance of transistors based on these films are affected by structural imperfections, even when only one crystalline grain is present between source and drain Schoonveld98 . This is due to disorder present in the first few molecular layers, in contact with the substrate, which constitute the device active region Dimitrakopoulos02 . For this reason, improving the quality of organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) requires highly ordered molecular films, in which the order extend up to the interface with the substrate.

An alternative route to the production of high-quality organic FETs is to fabricate devices on the surface of a free-standing single crystal of organic molecules. If a fabrication process that preserves the quality of the crystals Karl85 ; Grosso  can be developed, the resulting single-crystal FETs should perform better than their TFT counterpart. Whereas considerable amount of work is currently aiming at improving the quality of organic TFTs Schoonveld98 ; Klauk02 ; Nelson98 ; Deleeuw00 ; Dimitrakopoulos02 , the investigation of single-crystal organic FETs has received only limited attention Podzorov03 ; Podzorov03a ; Butko03 ; Takeya03 ; Ichikawa02 .

In this paper we discuss the fabrication and electrical characterization of field-effect transistors at the surface of tetracene single crystals. The fabrication process is based on adhesion of pre-grown, free-standing crystals to a thermally oxidized Si wafer on which source and drain electrodes are deposited in advance. As we will show, this process preserves the quality of the starting crystals. From the electrical evaluation of a large number of devices we find that the mobility of the charge carriers (holes) in our single-crystal FETs is reproducibly high, reaching $`0.4cm^2/Vs`$ in the best device. In addition, the observed temperature and gate voltage dependence of the mobility as well as the subthreshold slope indicate that the performance of single-crystal devices compare well to the best existing organic thin film transistors Campbell01 .

The FET fabrication involves two main steps: the growth of single crystals and the preparation of a substrate on which the crystal is subsequently placed 11endnote: 1A similar technique has been used for crystals of different molecules, see Takeya03  and Ichikawa02 .. Tetracene single crystals are grown by means of physical vapor deposition in a temperature gradient in the presence of a stream of Argon gas. The set-up used for the crystal growth is similar to that described in ref. Laudise98 . The source material is 98% pure tetracene purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Crystals grown from as-purchased tetracene are used as source material for a subsequent re-growth process, which results in crystals of increased chemical purity. Tetracene crystals grown using physical vapor deposition are platelets. For the devices described in this paper we select thin ($`1\mu m`$ thick) single crystals obtained by stopping the second re-growth process at an early stage.

The substrates used for the FET fabrication are highly doped (n-type or p-type) Si wafers, covered with a layer of $`200nm`$ thermally grown SiO2. The conducting Si wafer serves as gate electrode, with the SiO2 layer acting as gate insulator. Gold contacts are deposited on top of the SiO2 by means of e-beam evaporation through a shadow mask (see fig. 1 for the precise geometry and dimensions). The dimensions of the Au contacts as well as the tetracene crystal size determine the transistor channel length $`L`$ and channel width $`W`$. This allows us to study transistors with different $`W/L`$ ratios. Prior to placing the tetracene single crystals on top of the substrate, the SiO2 surface is cleaned by Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) in an oxygen plasma. We found that this cleaning step is crucial for reproducible FET behavior 22endnote: 2Without RIE cleaning we observe a large spread in mobilities, which are on average much lower than the mobility of FETs made on RIE cleaned substrates. Additionally, we find much larger hysteresis in the electrical measurements and a large negative threshold voltage..

Freshly grown tetracene crystals placed on RIE-cleaned SiO2 strongly adhere to the substrate. Adhesion only occurs for very thin crystals ($`1\mu m`$) that are sufficiently flexible and it is probably due to electrostatic forces. The crystals placed onto substrates are then inspected under an optical microscope using cross-polarizers. This allows us to select single-crystalline samples without visible defects for in depth electrical characterization Vrijmoeth98 . The top view of a device fabricated following this procedure is shown in fig. 1c.

We have characterized more than ten single-crystal FETs exhibiting similar overall behavior. Electrical characterization is performed in the vacuum chamber of a flow cryostat at a pressure of $`10^7mbar`$, using a HP4156A Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer. The measurements shown in this paper have been performed in a two-terminal configuration.

Fig. 2 shows the outcome of the measurements for one of the transistors with highest mobility. The current increases with increasing negative gate voltage. This indicates field-effect induced hole conduction, which is the expected behavior for tetracene. The field-effect mobility is evaluated in the linear regime of operation, where $`I_{sd}`$ is proportional to $`V_d`$:

$$I_{sd}=\frac{W}{L}\mu C_d(V_gV_t)V_d$$
(1)
Here $`C_d`$ is the capacitance per unit area of the SiO2 layer and $`V_t`$ is the threshold voltage. From equation 1 we obtain the mobility by calculating the derivative of $`I_{sd}`$ with respect to both $`V_d`$ and $`V_g`$ and neglecting the dependence of $`\mu `$ on $`V_d`$ and $`V_g`$.

For all the FETs investigated we found room-temperature values of the mobility larger than $`0.01cm^2/Vs`$. In many cases $`\mu >0.1cm^2/Vs`$ and the maximum mobility achieved so far is $`\mu =0.4cm^2/Vs`$ (fig. 2). This value is better than the highest mobility recently reported in tetracene TFTs and indicates the high quality of our single-crystal FETs Gundlach02 .

The threshold voltage (defined by equation 1) is positive in all our devices. It ranges from $`0V`$ to $`30V`$ and is typically $`V_t10V`$ 33endnote: 3For holes, a positive threshold voltage implies conduction through the device in the absence of an applied gate voltage.. We do not normally observe a positive threshold voltage in FETs fabricated without the RIE cleaning, nor do we observe linear conduction through single crystals contacted with evaporated gold contacts. These observations suggest that the current flowing at zero gate voltage is not due to conduction through the crystal bulk (i.e. crystal doping) but rather to charge accumulated at the surface Lin97 . We believe that the charge accumulation is induced by the electrostatic adhesion of tetracene crystals to the RIE cleaned SiO2 surface.

As an additional characterization of the single crystals FETs, the inset of fig. 2 shows $`\mathrm{log}(I_{sd})`$ versus $`V_g`$ at fixed drain voltage ($`V_d=10V`$). These data were measured on a FET with a relatively low mobility of $`\mu =0.05cm^2/Vs`$, i.e. they can be considered as typical. From this measurement we find the subthreshold slope to be $`1.6V/\mathrm{decade}`$. Normalizing this value to the capacitance of the dielectric gives $`28VnF/\mathrm{decade}cm^2`$. These values are comparable to what is found for the best pentacene TFTs ($`1580VnF/\mathrm{decade}cm^2`$ Podzorov03a ; Lin97 ; Gundlach02 ).

Further proof of the high quality of the tetracene single-crystal FET is provided by the temperature dependence of the mobility. Temperature dependent measurements were performed in the range $`220330K`$, since for $`T>330K`$ tetracene crystals rapidly sublime at the pressure present in the measurement chamber, and for $`T<200K`$, a structural phase transition Sondermann85  often results in a lowered mobility and in damage to the devices. Fig. 3 shows data from two different FETs. The mobility initially increases with lowering temperature from $`330K`$ to $`280300K`$, and then decreases when the temperature is lowered further. Such a non-monotonous temperature dependence is not usually observed in organic TFTs, which typically exhibit a thermally activated decrease of $`\mu `$ with decreasing $`T`$, over the entire temperature range investigated Gundlach02 ; Vissenberg98 .

The observed temperature dependence of the mobility is qualitatively similar to the one expected for high-purity organic crystals in the presence of shallow traps, which is given by $`\mu T^n\mathrm{exp}(E_t/kT)`$ Silinsh94 ; Karl99 . As long as $`E_t`$ is not much larger than $`kT`$, this formula accounts for a non-monotonous temperature dependence of $`\mu `$ in the temperature range investigated. The observation of a maximum mobility at room temperature indicates that $`E_t50100meV`$ (i.e. a few times $`kT`$ at room temperature). This is consistent with the weak gate voltage dependence of the mobility, see the inset of fig. 3, which also points to weak trapping Dimitrakopoulos02 .

To obtain more information about the quality of the tetracene crystals and about the FET fabrication process, we have performed time-of-flight (TOF) measurements on several thick ($`100200\mu m`$) tetracene crystals grown by the same technique we . For all crystals investigated, the room temperature mobility found in TOF experiments ranges from $`0.5`$ to $`0.8cm^2/Vs`$, comparable or slightly higher than that obtained from our best FETs. Also the temperature dependence of the mobility is similar to that observed in FET measurements Berrehar76 . Finding comparable values for the bulk and the surface mobility 44endnote: 4TOF experiments give a measure of the bulk mobility of charge carriers in the c-direction of the crystal, whereas FET experiments probe the mobility of charge carriers at the crystal surface. suggests that the FET fabrication process does not severely degrade the quality of the crystal surface. We conclude that, presently, the limiting factor for the mobility of the tetracene single-crystal FETs is the quality of the as grown crystals.

In conclusion, we have shown that high-quality organic single-crystal FETs can be realized, whose performance is comparable to the best existing organic thin film transistors. As research on organic thin film FETs has now been going on for many years whereas work on single crystals has just started, we consider this result to be particularly promising for future developments.

We are grateful to N. Karl, J. Niemax, and J. Pflaum at the University of Stuttgart for TOF measurements. This work is supported by the Stichting FOM. The work of A.F. Morpurgo is part of the NWO Vernieuwingsimpuls 2000 program.