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# Interpenetrating plasma shells: near-equipartition magnetic field generation and non-thermal particle acceleration

## 1. Introduction

Various violent astrophysical phenomena, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), supernova explosions, pulsar wind outflows, knots in relativistic jets, are known (or believed) to be rather strong sources of synchrotron radiation and cosmic rays, indicating the presence of near-equipartition magnetic fields and strong particle acceleration. These conditions are, in general, associated with shocks or regions with colliding streams of particles. How the magnetic fields are generated, how long do they live and how particles are accelerated are still open questions, which can only be definitely addressed via fully kinetic three-dimensional numerical simulations. Most astrophysical shocks are collisionless because dissipation is dominated by particle scattering in turbulent electromagnetic fields rather than particle-particle collisions (Sagdeev, 1966). Plasma instabilities driven by streaming particles are responsible for the excitation of these turbulent electromagnetic fields. The Weibel instability (Weibel, 1959) has received considerable interest as a possible robust mechanism for the production of sub-equipartition long-lived magnetic fields and energetic particles in GRBs (Medvedev & Loeb, 1999; Pruet et al., 2001) and pulsar winds (Kazimura et al., 1998). However, Gruzinov (2001a) put the simulation results of Kazimura et al. (1998) into question, claiming that the produced fields cannot survive far behind the shock. Previously, Arons and co-workers also pointed out the role of the Weibel instability in the downstream region of relativistic magnetosonic shocks (Langdon et al., 1988; Gallant et al., 1989).

In this Letter, we examine the dynamics of two colliding inter-penetrating unmagnetized plasma shells with zero net charge. This is the most simple model for the collision region of two plasma shells, as well as a classic scenario unstable to electromagnetic and/or electrostatic plasma instabilities. To probe the full nonlinear dynamics and the saturated state of this system it is necessary to employ kinetic numerical simulations. We use the fully electromagnetic relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) code OSIRIS (Hemker, 2000; Fonseca et al., 2002) to perform the first three-dimensional kinetic simulations of the collision of two plasma shells, and to observe the three-dimensional features of the electromagnetic filamentation instability, or Weibel instability. We compare the collision of weakly-relativistic and ultra-relativistic plasma shells. We also point out the most distinct features of the three-dimensional simulations, not present in lower dimensional simulations. Finally, we discuss the key points raised by this work and the directions for future work.

## 2. Simulation model

In this paper we illustrate the main features of the collision of two plasma shells, using the PIC code OSIRIS (Hemker, 2000; Fonseca et al., 2002). A general description of PIC codes is presented by Dawson (1980) and Birdsall & Langdon (1982). This scenario is pervasive in astrophysical scenarios, and it is of particular relevance in the early formation stages of collisionless shocks. Our simulations are directly relevant to internal shocks in gamma ray bursts, in connection with collisions of electron-positron fireball shells.

The simulations were performed on a $`256\times 256\times 100`$ grid (the axes are labeled as $`x1,x2,x3`$) with a total of 105 million particles for 2900 time steps, with periodic boundary conditions. A parameter scan was done in order to guarantee the grid resolution and the size of the simulation box do not affect the simulation results. Temporal and spatial scales in the simulations are normalized to the inverse electron plasma frequency $`\omega _{pe}^1=(4\pi e^2n_e/m_e)^{1/2}`$, and the collisionless skin depth $`\lambda _e=c/\omega _{pe}`$, where $`n_e`$ is the electron-positron shell density; charges and masses are measured in the units of the electron charge $`e`$ and the electron mass $`m_e`$. In these normalized units, the box size is $`V=25.6\times 25.6\times 10.0\left(c/\omega _{pe}\right)^3`$, and the simulations ran for 150.0 $`\omega _{pe}^1`$. In all runs, energy is conserved down to 0.025 %. In our simulations, a charge-neutral plasma shell, consisting of electrons and positrons and moving with a bulk momentum $`u_3=\gamma _0v_3/c`$ along the $`x3`$ direction (vertical direction), penetrates into a similar plasma shell, moving in the opposite direction with the same momentum $`u_3`$ (here $`\gamma _0`$ is the initial Lorentz factor of the particles and $`v_3`$ is the bulk velocity of a shell along $`x3`$). Thus, at $`t=0`$ there are two groups of particles moving in opposite directions in the center of mass frame and occupying the entire simulation volume. The particles in both groups (shells) have a thermal spread with the rms momentum $`u_{th}=\gamma _0v_{th}0.1`$. The system has no net charge and no net current, and initially the electric and magnetic fields are set to zero. We performed both sub-relativistic ($`u_3=0.6`$, $`\gamma _01.17`$, $`v_{th}=0.085c`$) and ultra-relativistic ($`u_3=10.0`$, $`\gamma _010.05`$, $`v_{th}=0.01c`$) simulations. By using the mass ratio of 1 (electron-positron plasma), we can follow more clearly the crucial features of the instability process. Note that in the dimensionless units used, the results of the simulations are equally applicable to the collision of proton – anti-proton shells as well. We have also performed collisions of electron-proton plasma shells and we have observed a two-stage instability process, with each stage evolving on the electron and proton collisionless time scales, following the pattern observed for the electron-positron shells (see Medvedev & Loeb (1999), and Tonge (2002)).

## 3. Numerical results and physical picture

The fundamental issue to be addressed here is the level of the electromagnetic field generated via plasma instabilities during the collision of two plasma shells, as well as the saturated state of the particles and fields. As we show, the growth rate is so short that the saturated state is all that matters for astrophysical conditions. In Figure 1, we present the temporal evolution of the total energy in the produced magnetic and electric fields normalized to the initial total kinetic energy in the system ($`ϵ_p`$), $`ϵ_B=B^2𝑑V/8\pi ϵ_p`$ and $`ϵ_E=E^2𝑑V/8\pi ϵ_p`$, for the sub-relativistic ($`u_3=0.6`$) and ultra-relativistic ($`u_3=10`$) scenarios. In our normalized units, the initial total kinetic energy of particles in the simulations is $`ϵ_p=4\times (\gamma _01)\times 10.0\times (25.6)^2`$. During the linear stage of the instability we observed the rapid generation of a strong magnetic field, which predominantly lies in the $`x1x2`$–plane, i.e., perpendicular to the direction of motion of the plasma shells. The magnetic field energy density reaches $``$ 5% of $`ϵ_p`$ for $`u_3=0.6`$ and $``$ 20% for $`u_3=10.0`$. In all cases, the produced electric field is significantly weaker than the magnetic field. After the linear stage, the instability saturates and the energy in the magnetic field decays rapidly (on the collisionless time scale $`\omega _{pe}^1`$), until it reaches a quasi-steady level with no or very slow decay on a time scale much longer than $`\omega _{pe}^1`$. These features are present in both the weakly relativistic and ultra-relativistic conditions. Such long-lived magnetic fields, associated with the Weibel instability, have also been observed in laboratory experiments (Lal et al., 1997). The linear growth rate agrees well with the theoretical estimates for the full electromagnetic instability (maximum growth rate, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, given by $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }/\omega _{pe})^22\beta _0^2/\gamma _0(1+\beta _{\mathrm{th}})^2`$, for $`\gamma _01`$, and $`\beta _{\mathrm{th}}1`$) (Silva et al., 2002). Figure 1 also illustrates the main features of the Weibel instability, in particular, the linear growth rate scaling with $`\gamma _0^{1/2}`$ and the scaling of the saturation level of the magnetic field with $`v_{th}^1`$. The saturation level of the magnetic field, $`B_{\mathrm{sat}}`$, i.e., when B-field growth stalls, can be determined by combining the analytical results for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and an estimate for the bounce frequency of the particles, $`\omega _{\mathrm{bounce}}`$, in the magnetic wells generated by the Weibel instability. Saturation occurs when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\omega _{\mathrm{bounce}}`$, yielding $`B_{\mathrm{sat}}\sqrt{8\pi }m_p^{1/2}n_e^{1/2}\beta _0c\gamma _0^{1/2}/(1+\beta _{\mathrm{th}})`$, where $`m_p(q_p)`$ is the mass(absolute charge) of the particles in the cloud. Electron-proton clouds will drive higher levels of saturated B-field, by a factor of $`(m_p/m_e)^{1/2}`$ (Tonge, 2002), but on a longer time scale since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }m_p^{1/2}`$. However, $`ϵ_B`$ is independent of $`n_e`$, $`\gamma _0`$ and $`m_p(q_p)`$ (see also Medvedev & Loeb (1999) for a discussion). Thermal effects are known to play an important role in the evolution of the Weibel instability (Silva et al., 2002). Higher plasma temperatures will lead to a decrease of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`B_{\mathrm{sat}}`$, and longer transverse wavelength filaments, within the orders of magnitude observed in our simulations (Silva et al. in preparation). The final steady-state level of the magnetic field is still quite high, up to 0.25% of the initial total kinetic energy in the sub-relativistic case and an order of magnitude higher in the ultra-relativistic conditions. This residual magnetic field is mostly perpendicular, i.e., the $`x1`$ and $`x2`$ components are dominant.

Physically, the inhomogeneities in the current will generate inhomogeneities in the magnetic field, which in turn will enhance the current inhomogeneities (thus closing the instability feedback loop), and generating a large number of current filaments with oppositely directed currents. The magnetic field associated with these currents has also a filamentary structure, as illustrated in Figure 2. In the early stages of the instability, one observes randomly distributed current and magnetic filaments. Figure 2a shows small-scale tilted iso-levels of the magnetic field energy density. When the instability enters the saturation phase ($`t1530\omega _{pe}^1`$), current filaments begin to interact with each other, forcing like currents to approach each other and merge. During this phase, initially randomly oriented filaments cross each other to form a more organized, large-scale quasi-regular pattern. The strong decrease in the magnetic field energy is associated with a topological change in the structure of currents and magnetic fields, cf. Figure 2a, 2b, and 2c. After saturation ($`t30\omega _{pe}^1`$), the filament coalescence continues, as indicated by the increase of the correlation scale, $`k^1`$, of the $`B`$-field in Figure 3. However, the spatial distribution of currents is now quite regular, so that filaments with opposite polarity no longer cross each other but simply interchange, staying always far away. The total magnetic field energy does not change any more. Note that the residual magnetic field is highly inhomogeneous, seen as a collection of magnetic field domains or ”bubbles”. The amplitude of the field in the bubbles is close to equipartition. Therefore, the overall decrease of the $`B`$-field energy is mostly associated with decreasing filling factor of the field. Note also that the magnetic domains separate current filaments of opposite polarity. The discussed temporal evolution can be easily followed in the magnetic field energy spectral density, Figure 3. The small-scale magnetic field is generated in the linear stage of the instability, attains its maximum value, and after saturation it evolves to larger length scales (i.e., smaller $`|k|`$) with the characteristic $`e`$-folding time $`\omega _B=eB/m_ec`$ (Medvedev, in preparation); note that $`\omega _B/\omega _{pe}=\sqrt{2ϵ_B}`$ and this is valid for relativistic particles as well.

The topological evolution of the magnetic field is accompanied by strong heating and non-thermal particle acceleration, as illustrated in Figure 4. Generation of non-thermal fast particles is more pronounced in the highest $`B`$-field scenarios. We have observed thermal (rms) momenta $`u_{th}`$ as high as the initial bulk momentum $`u_3`$. The magnetic field energy grows in the early stage by slowing down the plasma shells. Saturation is achieved by the combination of transverse energy spread and near-equipartition magnetic field generation. After saturation, the energy stored in the magnetic field is transferred back to the plasma particles, leading to strong heating and the generation of high energy tails in the distribution function, with energies up to $`4(\gamma _01)`$ for both sub-relativistic and ultra-relativistic plasma shells. The presence of such high-energy particles is fundamental to provide the mildly relativistic particles to be injected in other accelerating structures, such as collisionless shocks. Comparison of Figures 3 and 4 also shows that non-thermal particle acceleration and strong plasma heating are correlated with the topological evolution of the magnetic field when it evolves from small-scale structures to large-scale structures.

To elucidate the difference between the evolution in three dimensions vs. two dimensions, we performed several 2D runs using the same code: the runs in a plane parallel to the streaming velocity lead to an under-estimation of the magnetic field energy, while 2D runs in the plane perpendicular to the streaming direction of motion show suppression of the excitation of relativistic plasma waves along this direction and, hence, overestimate the magnetic field energy.

A critical question for the validity of the GRB synchrotron shock model (see, e.g., a review by Piran, 1999) is whether the magnetic field produced in the collision region survives for a sufficiently long time (e.g., comparable to the synchrotron cooling time), typically $`10^5\omega _{pe}^1`$ for prompt GRB emission and early afterglow and up to $`10^{10}\omega _{pe}^1`$ for late (radio) afterglow, as measured in the collision frame. Our simulations show very weak or no field dissipation on time-scales $`150\omega _{pe}^1`$ in the collision region. In principle, on much longer time-scales, the $`B`$-field may be destroyed via reconnection. The back-of-the-envelope estimate of the reconnection time yields: $`t_{rec}(v_{rec}k)^1(0.1v_Ak)^1(0.1ϵ_B^{1/2}k\lambda _e)^1100(k\lambda _e)^1`$, where $`v_{rec}0.1v_A`$ is the reconnection velocity (Biskamp & Schwarz, 2001) and $`v_A=B/(4\pi m_en_e)^{1/2}`$ is the electron Alfvén speed. Since $`k`$ decreases with a shorter $`e`$-folding time $`1/\sqrt{ϵ_B}10`$, reconnection slows down at large times and the field is able to survive for quite a while. In addition, a fundamental three-dimensional feature is the small tilting of current filaments. This is intrinsically three-dimensional and it is a manifestation of the coupling between the electromagnetic modes (k in the $`x1x2`$–plane) and the electrostatic modes (k parallel to the streaming velocity of the clouds), making magnetic field reconnection much more complicated (Silva et al. in preparation).

## 4. Conclusions

We presented the first self-consistent three-dimensional simulations of the fields present in collisions of plasma shells where the electromagnetic two-stream (or Weibel) instability develops. Our results demonstrate that this instability in three-dimensions is able to generate sub-equipartition quasi-static long-lived magnetic fields on the collisionless temporal and spatial scales in the collision region, giving credence to the predictions of Medvedev & Loeb (1999) and Pruet et al. (2001). After the linear stage of the instability, we first observe the decay of the magnetic field energy, as also observed by Gruzinov (2001b), followed by the evolution to a residual saturated magnetic field energy density. These fields maintain a strong saturated level on time-scales much longer than collisionless, at least for the duration of the simulations. The next step is to increase the simulation region spatial dimension in order to determine the spatial spread of the generated field. The obtained values of the equipartition parameter ($`ϵ_B3\times 10^23\times 10^3`$ for ultra- and sub-relativistic shocks) agree well with the values of $`ϵ_B`$ inferred from GRB afterglows (Panaitescu & Kumar, 2002). Furthermore, we show that strong transverse temperature increase and non-thermal particle acceleration occur when the instability saturates. The generated magnetic field evolves from small wavelengths to long wavelengths. Such a behavior may explain the observed evolution of the soft spectral index $`\alpha `$ in time-resolved GRB spectra (Ghirlanda et al., 2002; Medvedev (in preparation)) as a jitter-to-synchrotron spectral transition (Medvedev, 2000). Our results indicate that the fields necessary in the early formation stages of a shock front can be easily created via plasma instabilities of streaming plasmas. These simulations open the way to the full three-dimensional PIC modeling of relativistic collisionless shocks, which necessarily involve a different simulation geometry, and will be presented elsewhere.

This work was partially supported by FCT (Portugal) through grants PESO/PRO/40144/2000 and POCTI/33605/FIS/2000, and grants DOE DE-FGO3-98DP0021 and NSF PHY-0078508.


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# Universal scaling at field-induced magnetic phase transitions

## Abstract

We study field-induced magnetic order in cubic lattices of dimers with antiferromagnetic Heisenberg interactions. The thermal critical exponents at the quantum phase transition from a spin liquid to a magnetically ordered phase are determined from Stochastic Series Expansion Quantum Monte Carlo simulations. These exponents are independent of the interdimer coupling ratios, and converge to the value obtained by considering the transition as a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{BEC}}=1.5`$. The scaling results are of direct relevance to the spin-dimer systems TlCuCl3 and KCuCl3, and explain the broad range of exponents reported for field-induced ordering transitions.

A quantum spin liquid is characterized by a finite magnetic correlation length, which is inversely proportional to the energy gap, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, between the singlet ground state and the lowest triplet excitation. Application of an external magnetic field causes a linear reduction of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ by the Zeeman effect. At zero temperature there is a field-induced quantum phase transition (QPT), at a lower critical field $`h_{c1}g\mu _\mathrm{B}H_{c1}=\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, from the spin liquid to a magnetically ordered state. In this phase the uniform magnetic polarization then rises continuously from zero to saturation at a second critical field $`h_{c2}`$. Such transitions have been observed in a variety of quantum antiferromagnets, including $`\mathrm{Cu}_2(\mathrm{C}_5\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{N}_2)_2\mathrm{Cl}_4`$cuhpcl , $`\mathrm{KCuCl}_3`$rsttktmg ; kcucl , and $`\mathrm{TlCuCl}_3`$rsttktmg ; tlcucl ; rtokuokh , which consist of weakly coupled, low-dimensional structural units such as spin ladders or dimers. In the ordered phase, the uniform magnetization is accompanied by a long-ranged antiferromagnetic (AF) spin ordering in the plane perpendicular to the field, which persists up to a finite transition temperature, $`T_c`$, determined by the smallest coupling constant between the magnetic structural units.

The compounds $`\mathrm{KCuCl}_3`$ and $`\mathrm{TlCuCl}_3`$ provide an excellent illustration of the field-induced QPT from a dimer spin liquid to a three-dimensional (3D) ordered phase. These systems consist of dimer units formed by pairs of $`S=1/2`$ $`\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}`$ ions with significant interdimer superexchange interactions in all three spatial directions kcucl ; tlcucl . Because these interactions are considerably weaker in KCuCl3 than in TlCuCl3, the magnon modes of the former have a narrow band and a large spin gap ($`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ = 2.6meV), while the latter represents a wide-band system with a small gap ($`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ = 0.7meV). The wave vector $`𝐐`$ of the 3D AF order is the location in momentum space of the band minimum, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, of the triplet magnon excitations, which are gapped in the disordered phase. The field-induced QPT may be regarded as a condensation of magnons in the lowest triplet branch, which becomes the gapless excitation, or Goldstone mode, corresponding to rotations of the staggered magnetic moment about the field axis and reflecting the broken symmetry of the system matsumoto . The continuous evolution of the ordered moments is then equivalent to a field-dependent density of condensed magnons, and the magnetic field represents an experimentally accessible tuning parameter for the QPT.

The suggestion that this transition may be described as the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of hard-core bosons bec  has motivated extensive experimental and theoretical studies of the critical properties of such systems. Particular attention is given to the scaling exponent $`\alpha `$ which determines the power-law dependence

$$T_c(h)|hh_c|^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}$$
(1)
of the ordering temperature on the field $`h`$ in the vicinity of the QPTs at $`h_ch_{c1}`$ and $`h_{c2}`$. Different experimental studies indicate that the precise value of this exponent at $`h_{c1}`$ depends on the material, as well as on the measuring technique. The exponents $`\alpha 1.82.3`$ extracted from experimental studies of KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3 rsttktmg ; kcucl ; tlcucl ; rtokuokh  are all larger than the value $`\alpha _{\mathrm{BEC}}=3/2`$ obtained from the BEC scenario for 3D systems in which the magnon modes have quadratic dispersion at the band minimum bec . The analytic bond-operator approach, applied with the parameters of KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3, also yields the respective values 2.6 and 1.8 rmpc , while recent Quantum Monte Carlo simulations for weakly coupled dimers wessel  suggest that $`\alpha 2.3`$. In both experiments and simulations, precise extraction of the critical exponent is complicated by the fact that typically only rather few data points are available close to the QPT. In addition, the exponent may not reflect universal critical behavior if the temperature exceeds an (unknown) upper bound for the validity of the BEC approach. However, it is also possible that the scaling behavior is simply not universal, in that the exponent depends on certain system parameters, most notably the strength of the interdimer interactions.

To analyze the scaling behavior associated with field-induced magnetic order, we study a Heisenberg model of coupled spin-1/2 dimers with the Hamiltonian

$`H={\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}J_{ij}𝐒_i𝐒_jh{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}S_i^z.`$ (2)
The AF coupling constants $`J`$ and $`J^{}`$ between nearest-neighbor sites $`i`$ and $`j`$ denote respectively the intra- and interdimer superexchange interactions for the cubic geometry of which a planar section is illustrated in the inset of Fig. 1. Because the K/TlCuCl3 structure has no magnetic frustration, the AF cubic dimer system is expected to illustrate the same generic similarities and differences between large- and small-gap systems as those obtained in the experimental studies to date.

We take as the order parameter the component of staggered magnetization perpendicular to the applied field,

$$m_\mathrm{s}^{}=\sqrt{\frac{S_\mathrm{s}^{}}{L^3}},$$
(3)
where $`L`$ denotes the linear system size and $`S_\mathrm{s}^{}`$ the perpendicular staggered structure factor, defined as

$$S_\mathrm{s}^{}=\frac{1}{L^3}\underset{i,j}{}(1)^{i+j}S_i^xS_j^x.$$
(4)
This quantity is calculated using the Stochastic Series Expansion Quantum Monte Carlo (SSE QMC) method of Refs. sse  and sandvik\_green . The staggered structure factor is sampled “on the run” as loop updates are constructed troyer , with implementation of the directed-loop algorithm directed\_loop  to minimize bounce probabilities within a loop. This procedure yields a significantly higher sampling efficiency than the conventional operator-loop update: close to criticality ($`J^{}0.2J`$ and $`h0.7J`$), where the maximum number of runs is required, autocorrelation times are reduced by factor of up to 8. Simulations were performed for cubic clusters of up to 8 000 spins, and for temperatures down to $`T=0.03J`$, except at very small $`J^{}`$ where smaller values are readily obtainable.

The zero-temperature phase diagram of the coupled dimer system is shown in Fig. 1. In the absence of a magnetic field the computed quantum critical point, separating the spin-disordered, dimer valence bond solid (DVBS) phase from the ordered AF phase, occurs at $`(J^{}/J)_c=0.255(5)`$. Both phases are unpolarized at $`h=0`$. Their elementary magnetic excitations have the same fundamental difference as for the field-induced QPT, except that the coupling-induced ordered phase has two gapless Goldstone modes (associated with the broken $`O(3)`$ symmetry) corresponding to the phase fluctuations of the staggered moment. The uniform magnetization varies continuously with applied field from zero in the DVBS phase ($`hh_{c1}`$) to full polarization at $`hh_{c2}`$. In the ordered phase the staggered moment first increases with $`h`$ beyond $`h_{c1}`$ (also for $`J^{}>J_c^{}`$) before falling continuously to zero at $`h_{c2}`$.

The values of $`h_{c2}`$ obtained from SSE QMC simulations (triangles in Fig. 1) coincide with the exact result, which is classical because quantum fluctuations are entirely suppressed in the saturated regime. By contrast, quantum corrections are essential to the determation of $`h_{c1}`$, where a straightforward perturbative expansion (dashed line) departs from the numerical data (circles) for $`J^{}>0.08J`$. However, the self-consistent bond-operator solution (solid line) provides an accurate description of the numerical results at all interdimer couplings, including those close to $`J_c^{}`$. The quantitative success of this theory for KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3 may be ascribed to the 3D nature of the ordered phase. matsumoto

Turning to finite-temperature properties, the transition temperatures for the ordered phase are determined by finite-size scaling of the order parameter $`m_\mathrm{s}^{}`$. Fig. 2 shows one example of this procedure: in 3D and at the critical temperature, $`m_\mathrm{s}^{}`$ at fixed field is expected to obey the scaling relation $`m_\mathrm{s}^{}L^{(1z+\eta )/2}`$, where the dynamical exponent $`z`$ is zero for a thermal transition. troyer\_exponent  For a system with spontaneous breaking of the residual $`O(2)`$ symmetry the correlation exponent can be taken from the classical 3D $`XY`$ model, for which $`\eta =0.0381(2)`$ eta . In the vicinity of the critical temperature $`T_c`$, the scaled $`m_\mathrm{s}^{}`$ is linear in $`T`$ sandvik\_critical , and the intersection of the curves obtained for different system sizes $`L`$ determines $`T_c`$ at all fields $`h[h_{c1},h_{c2}]`$ for a given interdimer coupling $`J^{}`$. Magnification of the intersection region (inset, Fig. 2) reveals a set of intercepts within a temperature window $`\mathrm{\Delta }T0.0005J`$, which determines $`T_c(h)`$ to very high accuracy. runs

Fig. 3 shows the critical temperatures $`T_c(h)`$ obtained for four interdimer coupling ratios, $`(J^{}/J)`$ = 0.07, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 runs , which span the range from narrow-band, large-gap systems to the wide-band, small-gap paradigm. Each coupling ratio corresponds to a vertical section in Fig. 1, where the values of $`h_{c1}`$ and $`h_{c2}`$ in Fig. 3 mark the boundaries of the phase with finite induced staggered order; $`h_{c1}`$ vanishes for $`J^{}>J_c^{}`$. The weak asymmetry of the $`T_c(h)`$ curve about the midpoint field, $`(h_{c1}+h_{c2})/2`$, becomes more pronounced for stronger couplings due to changes at the extrema of the magnon dispersion relations determining the transitions matsumoto . The values of $`T_c(h)`$ obtained by the systematic scaling procedure confirm, within the error bars, the location of the dips in uniform magnetization reported in previous numerical studies wessel , and used to construct the experimental phase diagram of $`\mathrm{TlCuCl}_3`$ tlcucl .

We now focus on the scaling properties of $`T_c(h)`$ close to $`h_{c1}`$ and $`h_{c2}`$. The scaling exponent $`\alpha `$ in Eq. (1) is obtained by fitting the data shown in Fig. 3 with $`h_c`$ and $`\alpha `$ as free parameters. We fit this data within a varying window, i.e. for given $`J^{}/J`$ we define

$$x_1(h)=\frac{hh_{c1}}{h_{c2}h_{c1}},x_2(h)=\frac{h_{c2}h}{h_{c2}h_{c1}},$$
(5)
as normalized measures of the proximity to the lower and upper critical fields. Using a minimum of 6 data points in a given window $`x_1`$ or $`x_2`$, the exponents $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\alpha _2`$ are then determined by non-linear curve fitting. The fitted exponents are crucially dependent both on the number of points and on the exact critical field (Fig. 1). errors

The dependence on window size $`x_1`$ of the exponent $`\alpha _1`$ is shown in Fig. 4(a), along with data extracted from experimental reports on $`\mathrm{TlCuCl}_3`$ rtokuokh . A first unambiguous conclusion from Fig. 4 is that the fitted exponents become smaller as the window size is decreased. In particular, a large window leads to overestimation of $`\alpha _1`$, as is shown by performing the same varying-window fit to the experimental data for $`T_c(h)`$ \[Fig. 4(a)\]. It is also clear that the extrapolated values approach the result obtained from the BEC description, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{BEC}}=1.5`$. Higher exponents suggested by previous results are seen to be a product of the fitting procedure employed, and are in fact consistent with the BEC scenario at the transition \[Fig. 4(a)\]. Most remarkably, the lines for all interdimer couplings not only scale to the same limit but do so with the same slope for all $`x`$, demonstrating that the critical behavior of the system is truly universal for all ratios of bandwidth to spin gap.

Results for $`\alpha _2`$ are shown in Fig. 4(b), and are again consistent with the BEC description as $`x_20`$. Here the spread of data points is smaller than for $`\alpha _1(x_1)`$, and the slope of $`\alpha _2(x_2)`$ is less steep. These results may be attributed to the less significant role of quantum fluctuations near $`h_{c2}`$, which leads to smaller deviations from a mean-field scaling regime.

It must be emphasized that the universal scaling behavior is obtained only for very narrow windows, meaning very low temperatures. Indeed, from Fig. 4 we are unable to determine a temperature below which true scaling emerges, and our results indicate that the BEC regime is approached only as $`T0`$. At both critical fields, the physical origin of departure from universal scaling may be found in the approximations inherent to the BEC description bec . The most important of these are temperature-driven renormalization of the quasiparticle effective mass (i.e. reduction in curvature at the band minimum) and of the effective chemical potential (i.e. band narrowing with concomitant increase in spin gap).

In summary, we have used an unbiased numerical technique to study field-induced magnetic ordering transitions in cubic systems of antiferromagnetically coupled dimers. The phase diagram contains two quantum critical lines, $`h_{c1}(J^{}/J)`$ and $`h_{c2}(J^{}/J)`$. Both transitions are continuous, as is the variation in physical properties of the intermediate AF phase, as a function of applied magnetic field. The critical scaling exponents $`\alpha `$ extracted for the transition temperature close to $`h_{c1}`$ and $`h_{c2}`$ are found to be independent of the interdimer coupling ratio, demonstrating that, despite large quantitative differences in their magnon dispersion relations, the physical properties of the coupled-dimer systems KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3 display the same universal scaling behavior. The values of $`\alpha `$ are consistent with a description of the ordering transitions as the Bose-Einstein condensation of magnon excitations, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{BEC}}=1.5`$. However, this regime is obtained only in the limit of temperatures very small compared to the interdimer coupling, and thus is difficult to access experimentally. Finally, the fits to the exponents were shown to depend sensitively on the window size, with the consequence that $`\alpha `$ is easily overestimated. This result offers an explanation for the wide range of scaling exponents reported in the literature.

We thank F. Alet, A. Honecker, A. Läuchli, M. Matsumoto, T. Roscilde, A. Sandvik, M. Sigrist, H. Tanaka, and M. Troyer for helpful discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the NSF, under Grant No. DMR-0089882, and from the Swiss NSF. Computational support was provided by the USC Center for High Performance Computing and Communications, by the NERSCC, and by Asgard at ETH Zürich.


text:
# The absence of superfluid response in 𝒂𝒄 and 𝒃𝒄-plane optical conductivities of optimally-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals in the surface region

## Abstract

The optical properties of optimally-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) have been measured normal to the edge planes \[ac plane, bc plane, and $`(1\overline{1}0)`$ plane\], for light polarized parallel to nodal and anti-nodal (gap) directions, respectively. While the superfluid contribution can be obtained from the optical conductivities in the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane, it is unobservable in the ac and bc-planes. This apparent asymmetry implies that the edge region of high-Tc cuprates is unusual and further supports a d-wave symmetry of the superconducting order parameter.

preprint: Draft - not for distribution

Understanding the microscopic mechanism of high-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors remains one of the fundamental challenges of condensed matter physics. Phase-sensitive techniques tsuei94 ; wollman95 ; harlingen95 ; covington97 ; sutherland03  imply a d-wave symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. Angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) results in Bi2212 valla99  clearly show an aniostropic energy gap. However, ab-plane optical conductivity measurements on the same material do not show large anisotropies with light (electric field vector) polarized parallel to a-axis, b-axis, or anti-nodal directions quijada99 ; tu02a  even below Tc. This can be understood since ARPES is a k-dependent measurement, whereas the optical conductivity is averaged over the Fermi surface. In general, one would expect the same kind of optical results for the edge planes \[the ac-plane, bc-plane, and $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane\]. These edge regions of high-Tc superconductors were studied extensively by tunneling experiments on YBa2Cu3O6+x geerk88 ; lesueur92 ; covington97 ; wei98 ; alff98 ; krupke99  and more recently on Bi2212 by Greene and co-workers aubin02 . One particularly intriguing feature is the zero bias conductance peak (ZBCP) observed on the ac or bc-faces, coupled with the absence of a gap feature when tunneling into ab-plane. This is contrasted with the observation of a weaker ZBCP when tunneling into the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane, with the appearance of a superconducting gap aubin02 . We emphasize that for this work we take the crystallographic a and b axis along the Cu-Cu bonds as the nodal direction, whereas the $`[1\overline{1}0]`$ direction (the anti-nodal or gap-maximum direction) is along the Cu-O bonds.

In the superconducting state a particle bound state forms at the Fermi surface when the node of a d-wave order parameter is normal to a reflecting surface hu94 , such as the ac and bc-faces of Bi2212. Particles reflecting from such surfaces experience a change in the sign of the order parameter along their classical trajectory and subsequently undergo Andreev reflection. Constructive interference between incident and Andreev-reflected particles leads to the formation of bound states confined to the surface. These bound states will produce a ZBCP in a tunneling spectrum tanaka95 ; fogelstrom97 ; carrington01 . Andreev scattering causes strong pair breaking, which leaves a surface region depleted of superfluid. The motivation of this study is to examine systematically these surface regions in Bi2212 by measuring the optical conductivities. The question is whether the picture used to explain the tunneling measurements, which probe a surface region of the order of $`10`$ nm, can be used to describe the wider surface region probed by infrared radiation, which is typically $`100`$ nm.

In this Letter, we report characteristically different behavior observed in the ac and bc-plane conductivities of optimally doped Bi2212 as compared to the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane conductivities below Tc. While the superfluid contribution can be measured in the optical conductivities in the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane, it is much smaller in the ac and bc-plane. This apparent asymmetry implies that the edge region in high-Tc d-wave superconductors has unusual properties that are different from the bulk.

The ab-plane optical conductivity of optimally-doped Bi2212 has been measured extensively reedyk88 ; puchkov96 ; quijada99 ; wang99 ; tu02a . However, because of the large c-axis dimension required to carry out optical measurements on the ac, bc and $`(1\overline{1}0)`$ faces, only one brief study was previously reported tajima93 . For this study, large optimally-doped Bi2212 single crystals are grown using the traveling-surface-floating-zone (TSFZ) method. The typical size of these crystals for the edge experiments is $`5\times 3\times 1`$ mm3 along the three principle crystallographic axes. Cleaved (001) surfaces are used for the ab-plane measurements. However, to study the edge regions, polished (100), (010) and $`(1\overline{1}0)`$ surfaces are required. Considerable care has been taken during polishing due to the mica-like nature of Bi2212. Polishing has been done by hand, and always along the planar direction. A final polish with 0.1 $`\mu `$m diamond films allows optical surface quality to be achieved. The surface quality of our polished samples should be comparable to that of the samples used in the tunneling experiments on Bi2212 aubin02 , which have been found to have a surface roughness of $`80`$ Å measured by AFM. The Bi2212 crystals are mounted on an optically-black cone, and the temperature-dependent polarized reflectance is measured in a near-normal-incidence arrangement from $`50`$ to over 16,000 cm-1 on a Bruker IFS 66v/S. The absolute reflectivity is determined by evaporating a gold film in situ over the sample homes93 . This comparison to the gold reflectivity provides an absolute reflectivity scale. The optical conductivities are then determined from a Kramers-Kronig analysis.

The temperature-dependent ab-plane conductivity data is shown in Fig. 1 for a single-crystal Bi2212 sample with for light polarized along the a axis ($`\mathrm{E}a`$). In agreement with the previous results quijada99 , there is only a weak dependence of the conductivity on the direction of the polarization within the ab-plane. However, strong phonon anisotropy has been observed in our ab-plane conductivity measurements tu02a ; tu02b . The superfluid response is observed in the ab-plane conductivities below Tc, as $`\sigma _1`$ decreases with temperature according to the Ferrell-Glover-Tinkham sum rule accompanied by a simultaneous increase in $`\sigma _2`$. The ab-plane data is presented here as a reference to show the large difference from the edge plane data presented in the next figure.

The temperature-dependent ac-plane conductivity data is shown in Fig. 2 for a single-crystal Bi2212 sample for $`\mathrm{E}a`$. The temperature-dependent conductivity data measured on a $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane is shown in Fig. 3 for $`\mathrm{E}[110]`$. The main point of comparing the ac-plane and the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane conductivity, is that while the superfluid contribution to optical conductivity is observed in the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane as shown in Fig. 3, it is unobservable in ac-plane as given in Fig. 2. In both cases, $`\sigma _1`$ at room temperature is similar, but significantly lower than the ab-plane value. However, it can be seen that as the temperature is lowered below Tc, which is $`91`$ K for these optimally-doped samples, the behavior of the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane conductivity data is much closer to the ab-plane data, showing the characteristic decrease of $`\sigma _1`$ as normal carriers start to condense into superfluid which leads to a significant increase of $`\sigma _2`$ below Tc. The behavior of the ac-plane conductivity around and below Tc is very different. As the temperature changed from 100 to 80 K, both $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ show a significant increase, particularly in $`\sigma _2`$ below 500 cm-1 \[Fig. 2(b)\]. As the temperature is lowered further, no noticeable changes are observed in $`\sigma _1`$ or $`\sigma _2`$. Similar results are obtained for the bc-plane conductivity as compared to the ac-plane conductivity.

The essence of the our results is the difference between Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, where the conductivities in the surface regions are compared for a surface with a normal along a nodal direction and a surface with a normal along an anti-nodal direction. It immediately shows that while the superfluid contribution to optical conductivity can be observed in the surface region of the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane, it is unobservable in the surface region of the ac or bc planes. This apparent asymmetry implies that the surface region in the high-Tc d-wave superconductors has unusual properties that are different from the bulk muller03 .

The comparison with the ab-plane conductivities shows that the conductivities in these edge regions at room temperature are reduced by about a factor of two, and this is no doubt due to the polishing process. To further understand the role of disorder induced by the polishing process, we have added a set of data to show that with a coarser polishing finish ($`1\mu `$m diamond film) the conductivity of the bc-plane in the normal state is even more drastically reduced, as shown in Fig. 4. There is a large spectral feature at 627 cm-1 that appears as an anti-resonance dip in $`\sigma _1`$. This anti-resonance dip is also observed in $`\sigma _1`$ of the better-polished surfaces as shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 3(a), albeit with less spectral weight, but not in the ab-plane conductivity data. It is due to ab-plane carriers coupling to a c-axis LO phonon tu02b , but not caused by direct absorption of c-axis TO phonons reedyk92 . In the insert of Fig. 4(a), room temperature reflectance data is given with the $`\mathrm{E}b`$ and $`\mathrm{E}c`$ on this bc face. Features associated with c-axis TO phonons are absent in the E parallel to b-axis spectrum. We therefore conclude that there is no significant contamination by c-axis phonons in the conductivity data with $`\mathrm{E}b`$. This indicates that even with this coarser polishing finish, the planar structure of the Bi2212 is preserved in these polished surface regions. Still, with coarser polishing there is little evidence of superfluid response in $`\sigma _1`$ or $`\sigma _2`$ similar to what is observed on better polished ac and bc surfaces.

The surprising aspect of our results is the characteristically different behavior of the optical conductivities in the interface regions of a surface with the normal along a nodal direction, compared to that of a surface with the normal along an anti-nodal (gap) direction. While the superfluid contribution to optical conductivity can be measured on the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane, it is unobservable on the ac or bc planes. The superconductivity as probed by infrared techniques may behave in a way similar to what Greene and co-workers have found in their tunneling experiments aubin02 . In the surface region where the node of a d-wave order parameter is normal to a reflecting surface like the ac and bc faces of a high-Tc superconductor, Andreev scattering causes strong pair breaking which leaves a surface region depleted of superfluid. This may explain why no superfluid response is observed in ac and bc-plane conductivity. The situation is different for the surface region for which the normal is an anti-nodal direction. Ideally, there should be no Andreev scattering because the superconducting pairs do not suffer a change of sign in the order parameter under a reflection on this interface. This explains why a superfluid response is observed in the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane conductivity, albeit with less magnitude compared to ab-plane data, and there is a superconducting gap when tunneling on $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane accompanied by a less pronounced ZBCP.

The small jump in $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ from 100 to 80 K deserves some more discussion. A careful study reveals that the increase almost exclusively occurrs within a few degrees of Tc. We speculate that this jump is related to the formation of Andreev bound states in the surface region of ac and bc plane as a result of, e.g. a reduction in scattering rate when bound states are formed below Tc. The Andreev bound state should deplete the superfluid to a depth of order the coherence length $`\xi _0100`$ Å. The classical skin depth is defined as $`\delta =c/\sqrt{2\pi \sigma _1\omega }`$, which is of the order of microns and much greater than the mean-free path, so that since $`\delta \xi _0`$ the infrared should still probe the superfluid in the bulk. This is seemingly at odds with the observation of no further change in $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ for $`TT_c`$. Within the BCS theory, $`\xi _0`$ can be defined in terms of the Fermi velocity $`v_F`$ and the energy gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, $`\xi _0=\mathrm{}v_F/\pi \mathrm{\Delta }`$. However, the energy gap is thought to have a momentum dependence, thus $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$. If $`\mathrm{\Delta }_k0`$ in the nodal direction, then $`\xi _k`$ may become quite large, i.e. $`\xi _k\delta `$, which would suggest for certain geometries the influence of the Andreev bound state might extend over a larger region than previously thought misra02 .

The role of disorder induced by the polishing process also deserves some further considerations. This kind of problem seems to be reminiscent to the “two-length scale” problem in X-ray scattering andrews86 ; ryan86 . For example, in the case of UO2 watson96  and SrTiO3 wang98 , it is found that mechanical processing causes an increase in dislocation density in the surface region that can be as deep as 500 nm. However, we do not think that random disorder can explain the asymmetry we have observed in our optical measurements nor the asymmetry observed in the tunneling experiments. Of course, if the polishing process caused different amounts of damage on two types of surfaces this could happen, but the data shows there are no large changes in the normal-state conductivity for the two cases. This issue of the extent of the depletion region remains to be understood.

In conclusion, we have observed characteristically different behavior in the ac and bc-plane optical conductivities of optimally-doped Bi2212 single crystals, as compared to the $`(1\overline{1}0)`$-plane conductivity below Tc. Our observation implies that optical measurements are also sensitive to the d-wave nature of the superconducting order parameter in high-Tc cuprates.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank D. N. Basov, A. V. Chubukov, V. J. Emery, P. D. Johnson, A. Millis, T. Timusk and T. Valla for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. LHG acknowledges support from DOE under Contract No. DE-FG02-ER9645439, through the Fredrick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory.


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# Born-Infeld-type phantom on the brane world

## Abstract

ABSTRACT: We study the evolution of Born-Infeld-type phantom in the second Randall-Sundrum brane scenario, and find that there exists attractor solution for the potential with a maximum, which implies a cosmological constant at the late time. Especially, we discuss the BI model of constant potential without and with dust matter. In the weak tension limit of the brane, we obtain an exact solution for the BI phantom and scale factor and show that there is no big rip during the evolution of the brane.

The result of the recent astronomical observations newobservation , including WMAP WMAP , indicate that about seventy percent of the energy density in our universe is in the form of dark energy that has negative pressure and can drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. Many candidates for dark energy have been proposed so far to fit the current observations. Among these models, the most important ones are cosmological constant and a time varying scalar field evolving in a specific potential, referred to as ”quintessence” steinhardt . The major difference among these models are that they predict different equation-of-state parameter $`w`$ of the dark energy and thus different cosmology. Another way to distinguish the nature of dark energy is to measure its sound speed $`c_s`$ which affects the perturbations in the energy distribution and thus detectable through the observation of cosmic microwave background(CMB) and large scale structure(LSS) steinhardt2 . For cosmological constant and quintessence with canonical Lagrangian, the sound speed is equal to unity(the speed of light). But the sound speed of dark energy with non-canonical Lagrangian can differ from unity and vary with time.

It is worth noting that recent observations do not exclude, but in fact suggest a value even less than $`1`$, indeed, they can lie in the range $`1.38<w<0.82`$ melchiorri . Especially, the new results from SN-Ia alone are suggesting $`w<1`$ at 1 $`\sigma `$ tonry . So far, no fundamental justification is given for the negative kinetic (phantom energy) term whose use is hence motivated by the phenomenology. Phantom energy, a term coined by Caldwell RRC  for matter with $`w<1`$, certainly has some strange properties. For example, its energy density increases with time. Phantom field also violates the dominant-energy condition caldwell  that might allow the existence of astrophysical or cosmological wormholes and a striking consequence that the universe will undergo a catastrophic ”big rip” in a finite cosmic time. Big rip corresponds to a new type of evolution of the universe in which the expansion is so violent that all galaxies, stars, planets and even atomic nuclei will be ripped apart in finite cosmic time. However, it is avoidable that the universe will undergo a catastrophic big rip hao9 . Matter with $`w<1`$ has received increased attention among theorists, some phantom models that possess negative kinetic energy are investigated by many authors caldwell ; caldwell1 . Recently, Hao and Li Hao  proposed an interesting model of phantom with a Born-Infeld (BI) type Lagrangian and show that current universe is not a stable stage in such a model while is in its way to the stable stage, at which the universe is dominated by the vacuum energy like dark energy with a equation of state of $`1`$. BI phantom model was also studied in Ref. Nojiri .

On the other hand, there are intensive interest in the brane world scenario during the past several yearsbrane12 . In contrast to the conventional Kaluza-Klein (KK) picture where the extra-dimensions are compacted on a small enough radius to evade detection in the form of KK modes, the extra dimensions could be large in the brane world scenario. Particles in the standard model are expected to be confined to the brane, whereas the gravitons propagate in the entire bulk spacetime, which gives an interesting feature in the brane world scenario. In the Randall-Sundrum (RS) second model Randall , 4D Newtonian gravity is recovered at low energies, because gravity is confined in a single positive-tension brane even if the extra dimension is not compact. For this model, many authors discussed the geometrical aspects Deffayet  as well as cosmology Deffayet2 . The purpose of this work is to study the evolution of a BI type dark energy with $`w<1`$ on the brane world. We shall firstly discuss the general property of the BI phantom, then analyze a concrete model numerically.

We consider the second RS brand world scenario on a 3-brane, in which the bulk is invariant under $`Z_2`$ reflection along the brane and described by 5-dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant and the brane motion is described by Israel’s junction condition. In this scenario, the bulk geometry is AdS-Schwarzschild spacetime and the evolution of the brane is governed by the following effective Friedmann equation:

$$H^2=\left(\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\right)^2=\frac{\kappa _5^4}{36}\rho _b^2\frac{K}{a^2}+\frac{\mu }{a^4}\frac{1}{l^2},$$
(1)
where $`\kappa _5`$ is the 5-dimensional gravitational coupling constant, $`\rho _b`$ is the energy density on the brane, $`K`$ is the curvature constant with positive, zero and negative value corresponding to spherical, flat and hyperbolic brane, respectively, $`l=\sqrt{\frac{6}{|\mathrm{\Lambda }_5|}}`$ is the length scale of the bulk (negative) cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_5`$, and $`\mu `$ is related to the mass parameter of the bulk black hole. The term $`\frac{\mu }{a^4}`$ is due to Weyl tensor in the bulk and can be understood as dark radiation. This equation relates the Hubble parameter to the energy density but it is different from the usual Fridemann equation. The most remarkable feature of Eq.(1) is that the first term in the right hand side of this equation is proportional to $`\rho _b^2`$ which is different from that of the standard Friedmann equation which the energy density enters linearly. If one considers a brane with the total energy density

$$\rho _b=\rho +\sigma ,$$
(2)
where $`\sigma `$ is the tension of the brane which is constant in time, and $`\rho `$ the energy density of ordinary cosmological matter, then one obtains

$$H^2=\frac{\kappa ^2}{3}\rho \left(1+\frac{\rho }{\sigma }\right)+\frac{\mu }{a^4}\frac{K}{a^2},$$
(3)
where $`\kappa ^28\pi G=\frac{\kappa _5^4}{6}\sigma =\kappa _5^2l^1`$. It is clear that the standard cosmology is recovered at low energy if the dark radiation is neglected.

The BI phantom with Lagrangian as following Hao :

$$L=V(\varphi )\sqrt{1g^{\mu \nu }_\mu \varphi _\nu \varphi }.$$
(4)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is the induced brane metric and $`V(\varphi )`$ is the potential of the model. On the homogeneous and isotropic brane, we can rewrite the above Lagrangian as

$$L=V(\varphi )\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}$$
(5)
for the spatially homogeneous phantom field. The equation of motion reads

$$\ddot{\varphi }+3H\dot{\varphi }(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)\frac{V^{^{}}(\varphi )}{V(\varphi )}(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)=0$$
(6)
where $`H`$ is the Hubble parameter as that in Eq.(1), the over dot represents the differentiation with respect to $`t`$ and the prime denotes the differentiation with respect to $`\varphi `$. The density $`\rho _\varphi `$ and the pressure $`p_\varphi `$ are defined as following:

$$\rho _\varphi =\frac{V(\varphi )}{\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}},$$
(7)
$$p_\varphi =V(\varphi )\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}.$$
(8)
Therefore, the equation of state can be written as

$$w\frac{p_\varphi }{\rho _\varphi }=\dot{\varphi }^21,$$
(9)
and the sound speed

$$c_s^2\frac{p_{\varphi ,X}}{\rho _{\varphi ,X}}=w,$$
(10)
where $`X=\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2`$. It is obvious that the equation of state $`w`$ will be less than $`1`$ and $`c_s^2`$ greater than the speed of light(unity), unless the kinetic energy term $`\dot{\varphi }^2=0`$ .

Before discussing the property of general model, let us first consider a simple model that $`V=V_0`$ where $`V_0`$ is a positive constant. In this case, BI phantom behaves as Chaplygin gas with $`p_\varphi =\frac{V_0^2}{\rho _\varphi }`$ which is now a popular candidate for dark energy. Meanwhile, one can find the obviously difference with respect to the 4-dimensional case considered in Ref.Hao . There is a potentially observable difference between the two scenarios for the specific potential. In the specific case of $`V_0>>\sigma `$, the evolution of the brane is determined by

$$\frac{da}{adt}=\frac{\kappa V_0}{\sqrt{3\sigma (1+\dot{\varphi }^2)}},$$
(11)
$$\frac{d(\dot{\varphi }^2)}{dt}=\frac{\kappa V_0}{\sqrt{3\sigma }}\dot{\varphi }^2\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}.$$
(12)
From Eqs.(11) and (12), we obtain the solution of the scale factor that

$$\frac{\sqrt{c_0}a^3+\sqrt{c_0a^61}}{\sqrt{c_0}a_0^3+\sqrt{c_0a_0^61}}=\mathrm{exp}\left[\sqrt{\frac{3}{\sigma }}\kappa V_0(tt_0)\right],$$
(13)
where $`c_0`$, $`a_0`$ and $`t_0`$ are three positive constants, and the equation-of-state parameter $`w=\frac{1}{c_0a^61}1<1`$. As above mentioned, it has been pointed out by some authors that in the $`w<1`$ case the fate of the universe may be a big rip caldwell . However, we notice that $`a\mathrm{}`$ when and only when $`t\mathrm{}`$, and there is, therefore, no such a doomsday for this solution.

In the 4-dimensional case Hao  with the constant potential which corresponds to the limit case $`V_0<<\sigma `$ in brane scenario, we have a solution as follows

$$tt_0=\frac{2}{3}a^{3/2}c_0^{1/4}F[\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{5}{4};\frac{a^6V_0^2}{c_0}],$$
(14)
where $`F`$ denotes Hypergeometric Function, $`c_0`$ and $`t_0`$ are two integral constants. It is easy to find that $`at^{2/3}`$ for early time and $`ae^{\sqrt{\frac{V_0}{c_0}}t}`$ for late time. But in Eq.(13), $`a(t)`$ expands exponentially not only in the late time but also in the early time. Therefore, in the brane scenario, the universe comes into the accelerating phase earlier, which is a potentially observable effect, and $`\sigma `$ is an impressible and potentially observable parameter. Furthermore, this argument can be generalized to the model with other reasonable potentials.

In general case, according to the equation of energy conservation, we have

$$\dot{\rho _\varphi }=\sqrt{3}\kappa \left(\rho _\varphi +\frac{\rho _\varphi ^2}{\sigma }\right)^{1/2}\left(\frac{V_0^2}{\rho _\varphi }\rho _\varphi \right).$$
(15)
Because $`\rho _\varphi `$ is always not greater than $`V_0`$, the energy of BI phantom will grow increasingly until $`\rho _\varphi `$ is equal to $`V_0`$( at that time $`\dot{\varphi }=0`$ and hence $`w`$ becomes $`1`$).

In a more realistic model we consider, including pressureless dust case, the conservation equation and Friedmann equation can be written as

$$\rho _\varphi ^{}+\rho _d^{}=3\left(\frac{V_0^2}{\rho _\varphi }\rho _\varphi \rho _d\right),$$
(16)
$$\dot{N}^2=\frac{\kappa ^2}{3}[\rho _d+\rho _\varphi +(\rho _d+\rho _\varphi )^2\sigma ^1],$$
(17)
where $`N\mathrm{ln}a`$ and dot and prime denote derivatives with respect to $`t`$ and $`N`$, respectively. We assume that there is no interaction between dust and phantom,

$$\rho _d=\rho _{di}e^{3(N_iN)},$$
(18)
$$\rho _\varphi =[V_0^2(V_0^2\rho _{\varphi i}^2)e^{6(N_iN)}]^{1/2}.$$
(19)
where $`N_i`$, $`\rho _{di}`$ and $`\rho _{\varphi i}`$ denote the value of $`N`$, energy densities of dust and phantom at $`t_i`$ respectively. Therefore, with the growth of the scale factor, the cosmic density parameter for dust $`\mathrm{\Omega }_d\frac{\rho _d}{\rho _{tot}}`$ decreases to zero, while the cosmic density for BI phantom $`\mathrm{\Omega }\frac{\rho _\varphi }{\rho _{tot}}`$ increases to unity, where $`\rho _{tot}`$ denotes the total energy density on the brane.

Now, we turn to BI phantom with general potential on the brane. For simplicity, we consider the spatially flat brane filled with BI phantom, the energy density of non-relativistic matter and radiation can be neglected, i.e. $`\rho \rho _\varphi `$. In this case, omitting the effect of dark radiation ($`\frac{\mu }{a^4}`$ term), we have

$`\ddot{\varphi }`$ $`+`$ $`\sqrt{3}\kappa \dot{\varphi }(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)^{3/4}V^{1/2}(\varphi )\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{V(\varphi )}{\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}}}\sigma ^1\right)^{1/2}`$ (20)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V^{^{}}(\varphi )}{V(\varphi )}}(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)=0.`$
Introducing the new variables

$$x=\varphi ,y=\dot{\varphi },$$
(21)
then Eq.(20) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{dt}}`$ $`=y,`$ (22)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dt}}`$ $`=(1+y^2){\displaystyle \frac{V^{}(x)}{V(x)}}`$
$`\sqrt{3}\kappa y(1+y^2)^{3/4}V(x)^{1/2}[1+\sigma ^1V(x)(1+y^2)^{1/2}]^{1/2}.`$
Linearizing the above system around its critical point $`(x_c,0)`$ where the value of $`x_c`$ is determined by $`V^{}(x_c)=0`$, one obtain the following linear system

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{dt}}`$ $`=y,`$ (23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dt}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{V_c^{\prime \prime }}{V_c}}x\kappa \sqrt{3V_c(1+\sigma ^1V_c)}y,`$
where $`V_c`$ is the value of potential at the critical point which is a stable node when $`V_c^{\prime \prime }<0`$ and a saddle when $`V_c^{\prime \prime }>0`$. Therefore, the system permits attractor solutions when the potential of the Born-Infeld scalar field have a maximum.

For the brane with strong tension, $`\sigma >>V_0`$, the Eq.(20) recovers the case of standard Einstein frame which have been considered in Ref.Hao , and for the brane with weak tension, $`\sigma <<M_p^4`$, we have

$$\ddot{\varphi }+\frac{\sqrt{3}\kappa }{\sqrt{\sigma }}V(\varphi )\dot{\varphi }\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}\frac{V^{}}{V}(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)=0.$$
(24)
Especially, we choose a potential $`V(\varphi )=\frac{2\sqrt{\sigma }}{\sqrt{3}\kappa }(1+\varphi ^2)^{1/2}`$ with an maximum at $`\varphi =0`$. There exists an exact solution $`\varphi e^t`$, which implies that phantom will decay into a cosmological constant exponentially, meanwhile the scale factor of the brane goes with $`a(1+e^{2t})^{1/2}`$. We notice that $`a\mathrm{}`$ when and only when $`t\mathrm{}`$, and hence there is also no ’big rip’ for this solution.

Next, we consider another potential as follows

$$V(\varphi )=V_0(1+\frac{\varphi }{\varphi _0})e^{\varphi /\varphi _0}$$
(25)
which is used to be describe the rolling tachyon kutasov . Clearly, this potential have also a maximum value $`V_0`$ at $`\varphi =0`$. By rescaling, Eq.(20) can be reduced

$`\ddot{\varphi }`$ $`+`$ $`\alpha \dot{\varphi }(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)^{3/4}(1+\varphi )^{1/2}e^{\varphi /2}\left(1+\beta {\displaystyle \frac{(1+\varphi )e^\varphi }{\sqrt{1+\dot{\varphi }^2}}}\right)^{1/2}`$ (26)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi }{1+\varphi }}(1+\dot{\varphi }^2)=0,`$
where the dimensionless parameters $`\alpha =\sqrt{3V_0}\kappa \varphi _0`$ and $`\beta =\frac{V_0}{\sigma }`$, respectively.

The numerical results with different brane tension are shown in FIG.1, from which we can find that the BI phantom behaves as a cosmological constant at the late time ($`c_s^21`$ and $`w1`$ when $`t\mathrm{}`$) and the weaker the brane tension is, the faster the BI phantom comes into cosmological constant.

When matter and radiation are also considered, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{dN}}`$ $`=`$ $`yH_i^1E(N)^{1/2}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\alpha }}E(N)]^{1/2},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dN}}`$ $`=`$ $`3y(1+y^2)`$ (27)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x(1+y^2)}{1+x}}H_i^1E(N)^{1/2}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\alpha }}E(N)]^{1/2},`$
where $`E(N)=\mathrm{\Omega }_{m,i}e^{3N}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{r,i}e^{4N}+\alpha \frac{(1+x)e^x}{\sqrt{1+y^2}}`$, $`H_i`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{m,i}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{r,i}`$ are Hubble parameter, density parameter of matter and radiation at $`t_i`$, respectively. The parameter $`\alpha =\frac{V_0}{\rho _{c,i}}`$ where $`\rho _{c,i}`$ is the critical density at $`t_i`$. The FIG.2 plots the evolution of density parameter of BI phantom $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi `$ with the different value of $`\beta =\frac{V_0}{\sigma }`$. We find again that the weaker the brane tension is, the earlier the BI phantom becomes dominant, which is potentially observable effect.

In summary, the behavior of the BI phantom on the brane will attract to a cosmological constant for the model with a potential having a maximum and the brane will be dominated by the BI phantom at the late time. Even though these models are all asymptotically de Sitter, in the sense that they are indistinguishable from dS space at very late time, the tension of the brane $`\sigma `$ is a potentially observable quantity which determines sensitively the evolution of the scale factor $`a`$. We obtain an exact solution for the BI phantom and the scale factor of the brane for a model satisfying above condition in weak tension limit and find that the brane will not trend to a big rip. It is of importance to point out that the BI phantom, which can be treated as a realization of generalized Chaplygin gas model for dark energy, may exist not only nowadays, but also in the very early period of the universe while the effect of the brane might be leading.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was partially supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 19875016, and Foundation of Shanghai Development for Science and Technology under Grant No.01JC14035.


text:
# Dyonic Instanton as Supertube between D4 Branes

## 1 Introduction

The gauge field configurations with self-dual field strength in four dimensions are called instantons. In 4+1 dimensional spacetime, instantons appear as solitons in the theory. Classical instantons have zero modes some of which describe the sizes of instantons. When the gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken, instantons collapse unless they carry nonzero electric charge and become dyonic instantons. In type IIA string theory the low energy dynamics of parallel D4 branes lying close to each other is described by 4+1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory with 16 supersymmetries, while BPS D0-branes on D4 branes are realized as BPS instantons in this theory. As fundamental strings connecting parallel branes are electrically charged particles in the broken phase, dyonic instantons would be considered as BPS composite objects made of D0 branes and fundamental strings connecting D4 branes. Refs. also treat various aspects of dyonic instantons or calorons.

On the other hand, there has been some study of supertubes which are 1/4 BPS objects made of fundamental strings, D0 branes and D2 branes in type IIA string theory. They are 2-dimensional tube-like object with arbitrary shape of cross section. It has been shown that supertubes can end on a single D4 brane, while remaining BPS. Supertubes can also be inserted between two parallel D4 branes, remaining BPS. A BPS configuration with infinite number of dyonic instantons and parallel magnetic monopole and anti-magnetic monopole strings has been found, which can be interpreted as a supertube made of parallel D2 anti-D2 branes. One would expect that general dyonic instantons should be interpreted as supertubes inserted between D4 branes.

However dyonic instantons of ’t Hooft type studied in Ref.  do not show magnetic monopole string, or tube-like structure. These solutions seem to describe collapsed tubes. In this paper we explore the most general two instanton solution in the SU(2) gauge theory, which is given by the Jackiw-Norl-Rebbi ansatz. We find the solution of the covariant Laplace equation for the adjoint scalar field, which leads to the BPS dyonic solutions. The Higgs field configuration shows how two D4 branes are deformed near the dyonic instanton. Especially, the set of points where the Higgs field vanishes is shown to be a closed magnetic monopole loop, revealing a tube-like structure connecting two D4 branes. This allows us to interpret the dyonic instanton as a supertube interpolating two D4 branes.

Supertube, which is a tube-like 1/4 BPS configuration with a translation symmetry along the tube, have been studied initially in the DBI action of D2 branes in type IIA theory. Later, they have been studied in the matrix theory and in the supergravity. Various configurations like parallel cylindrical tubes and D2 anti-D2 pair have been found, while it was also shown that the cross section of a supertube can take arbitrary shape. In energetics the supertube energy can be assigned to those of fundamental strings and D0 branes, while the bound energy of D0 and fundamental strings to D2 branes cancel the energy of D2 branes. Hence D2 brane cross section can take arbitrary shape, maintaining BPS condition. In addition supertubes can end on D4 branes, reducing the supersymmetry to 1/8 of the superstring theory, and so carrying 4 supersymmetries. Supertubes can also be inserted between D4 branes. The obvious field theoretic interpretation seems to be dyonic instantons in 4+1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory on D4 branes. This analysis can be done in the DBI action.

The low energy dynamics of two closely lying D4 branes is described by SU(2) gauge theory with 16 supersymmetries. Supertubes inserted between D4 branes are expected to be represented as dyonic instantons in the corresponding field theory. The Higgs field describes the profile of the deformation of D4 branes near dyonic instantons. The shape of supertubes between D4 branes should appear as the zero points of the Higgs field, where two D4 branes meet. Previous work on dyonic instantons based on the ’t Hooft ansatz has shown that D4 branes meet on isolated points, instead of some loop. However the ’t Hooft type solutions are not the most general instanton solution. The tube-like structure may appear in the more general dyonic instanton solutions.

In this work, we exlore the most general two instanton solution given by the Jackiw-Nohl-Rebbi (JNR) ansatz. The JNR ansatz for two instantons are characterized by three scale parameters and three positions in four dimensional space. These threes-some quantities are related to each other by the local gauge transformation. Especially the triangle connecting three positions defines a circle on which three points lie and an ellipse which three sides of the triangle touches tangentially. Under a local gauge transformation, the circle and the ellipse remain invariant, while the triangle changes on circle. This local gauge transformation is characterized by a single parameter and this one parameter family of triangle is called a porism of triangles. As the magnetic monopole string we find here is not the ellipse which appears in the porism, the physical meaning of the ellipse remains obscure.

Our method for analysis is the ADHM construction of instantons. The ADHM method for the ’t Hooft solutions has been known. We find its generalization for the JNR solutions, which is new as far as we know. Then we use the ADHM method to solve the covariant Laplace equation for the adjoint scalar field. The ADHM version of the Laplace equation is a matrix equation which can be solved easily in the two instanton case.

In Sec.2, we summarize the known physics of dyonic instantons in the spontaneously broken $`SU(2)`$ gauge theory. We argue that magnetic monopole string appears naturally along the zeros of the Higgs field. In Sec.3, we summarize the ADHM method and introduce the ADHM data for the JNR instanton solutions. We set up the matrix equation for the solution of the covariant Laplace equation. In Sec.4, we find the Higgs field solution explicitly. We rederive the porism of the parameters and find magnetic monopole strings. Also we investigate the ’t Hooft solution limit to see explicitly that the collapsed tube interpretation of ’t Hooft solution is correct. We conclude with some remarks in Sec.5.

## 2 ’t Hooft and Jackiw-Nohl-Rebbi Instantons

We start with the 5-dimensional 16 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with $`SU(N)`$ gauge group, which describes the low energy dynamics of $`N`$ parallel D4 branes whose distances between them are smaller than the string scale. The Lagrangian is given in the standard form. The supersymmetry implies a Bogomolnyi bound on the energy functional. With only a single scalar field being excited, the bosonic part of the energy functional can be reexpressed as

$$=\frac{1}{e^2}d^4x\mathrm{tr}\left[\frac{1}{4}(F_{\mu \nu }\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu })^2+(E_\mu D_\mu \varphi )^2+(D_0\varphi )^2\right]+\frac{8\pi ^2}{e^2}\kappa +\frac{2}{e^2}Q_e,$$
(1)
where $`\mu ,\nu =1,2,3,4`$ and $`E_\mu =F_{\mu 0}`$. The quantities

$$\kappa =\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}d^4x\mathrm{tr}F_{\mu \nu }\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu },Q_e=d^4x_\mu \mathrm{tr}E_\mu \varphi ,$$
(2)
are the instanton number and the energy due to the electric charge, respectively. The above expression leads to the energy bound when $`\kappa 0`$ and $`Q_e0`$. With the change of signs in the energy expression one can give the bound on the energy for other cases. The energy bound is saturated by the configuration satisfying

$$F_{\mu \nu }=\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu },E_\mu =D_\mu \varphi ,D_0\varphi =0.$$
(3)
The first equation is the self-dual equation for the field strength, whose solutions are instantons. It is characterized by the instanton number $`\kappa `$. When the gauge group is $`SU(2)`$, it is known that a general $`\kappa `$ instanton solution has $`8\kappa `$ zero modes modulo local gauge transformations. Thus a $`\kappa `$ instanton solution is characterized by $`8\kappa `$ moduli parameters, among which three will be the global gauge transformation for the gauge group $`SU(2)`$.

The field configurations should satisfy the Gauss law constraint

$$D_\mu E_\mu +i[\varphi ,D_0\varphi ]=0.$$
(4)
The last two equations of Eq. (3) with the Gauss law constraint can be combined to be

$$D_\mu D_\mu \varphi =0.$$
(5)
(For the BPS configurations satisfying Eqs. (3) and (4), we can choose the gauge where the fields are time-independent. In this gauge $`A_0=\varphi `$ for the BPS case.) The above equation is the covariant Laplace equation for adjoint scalar field in the background of the instanton solution. For this configuration, the electric charge contribution to the energy becomes

$$Q_e=_{S_{\mathrm{}}^3}𝑑S^\mu \mathrm{tr}\left(\varphi _\mu \varphi \right)=\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}2\pi ^2x^2x_\mu \mathrm{tr}(\varphi _\mu \varphi ).$$
(6)
The simplest type of self-dual solutions is obtained with the ’t Hooft ansatz

$$A_\mu (x)=\frac{i}{2}\sigma ^a\overline{\eta }_{\mu \nu }^a_\nu \mathrm{log}H(x),$$
(7)
where $`\overline{\eta }_{\mu \nu }^a`$ is the anti-self-dual ’t Hooft tensor. The above ansatz leads to the self-dual field strength if the field $`H(x)`$ satisfies $`(_\mu ^2H)/H=0`$. For the ’t Hooft-type solutions

$$H(x)1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{\kappa }{}}\frac{s_i}{|xa_i|^2}.$$
(8)
This solution describes $`\kappa `$ instantons with $`5\kappa `$ parameters besides three global gauge parameters.

In the background of the ’t Hooft instanton solution, the covariant Laplace equation has the solution

$$\varphi (x)=\frac{q}{H(x)},$$
(9)
which has the asymptotic behaviour $`\varphi (x)q`$ as $`|x|\mathrm{}`$. The electric charge energy for this configuration is

$$Q_e=2\pi ^2s_\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{tr}q^2,$$
(10)
where $`s_\mathrm{\Sigma }=_{i=1}^\kappa s_i`$. This solution $`\varphi `$ is intrinsically abelian and has zeros at $`\kappa `$ points $`x=a_1,\mathrm{},a_k`$. The $`\varphi `$ field describes the deformation of $`D4`$ branes along a transverse direction. Asymptotically two D4 branes are separated from each other by $`\sqrt{\mathrm{tr}q^2}`$ in the string scale. They come together at isolated points. There is no indication of supertubes of finite size connecting two D4 branes. The ’t Hooft solutions seem to describe collapsed supertubes connecting D4 branes.

Apparently there exists another type of the solutions for the above ansatz (7), the so-called Jackiw-Nohl-Rebbi solution with

$$H(x)\underset{i=0}{\overset{\kappa }{}}\frac{s_i}{|xa_i|^2}.$$
(11)
This solution describes a configuration of $`\kappa `$ instantons. After taking out the overall constant scale of $`H`$, the number of parameters of this solution seems naively $`5\kappa +4`$, besides the three global gauge transformation parameters. When the points $`a_i`$ lie on a single circle or line, an additional constraint due to a local gauge transformation appears, making one less parameters to be independent. For the $`\kappa =2`$ case, the solution is characterized by three positions $`a_i`$ in the space and they always lie on a circle. Thus, the JNR solution with $`\kappa =2`$ has 13 instead of 14 independent parameters. With the additional three parameters for the global gauge parameters, this JNR solution has 16 parameters, which is exactly the number of zero modes for the general two instantons.

When we consider the dyonic version, the solution (9) for the covariant scalar equation does not have good asymptotic value as it diverges. Thus, one needs to find more general solution. The key task in this work is to find and explore the solution with the right boundary condition.

There are several aspects of dyonic instantons which are generic. As the gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken from SU(2) to U(1), one can generalize the ’t Hooft $`U(1)`$ field strength to 4+1 dimension:

$$G_{MN}=\widehat{\varphi }^aF_{MN}^aϵ^{abc}\widehat{\varphi }^a(D_M\widehat{\varphi })^b(D_N\widehat{\varphi })^c.$$
(12)
This becomes $`G_{\mu \nu }=_\mu A_\nu ^3_\nu A_\mu ^3`$ for a constant $`\widehat{\varphi }^a=\delta ^{a3}`$. One can define the $`U(1)`$ electric charge current $`j^\mu `$ by

$$j^M=_NG^{NM},$$
(13)
which is conserved manifestly. It is known that one can define the magnetic string current $`m_{MN}`$ as

$$m^{MN}\frac{1}{2}ϵ^{MNPQR}_PG_{QR},$$
(14)
by generalizing the magnetic monopole current in 3+1 dimensions. It is manifestly conserved. On the other hand one can define the covariant topological string current

$$k^{MN}=\frac{1}{8\pi }ϵ^{MNPQR}ϵ^{abc}D_P\widehat{\varphi }^aD_Q\widehat{\varphi }^bD_R\widehat{\varphi }^c,$$
(15)
which is related to the magnetic monopole current by the relation $`k^{MN}=m^{MN}/4\pi `$. The topological current vanishes everywhere except at the zeros of $`\varphi `$. Unless the zeros of the Higgs field is highly degenerated, the topological current would not vanish. As we will see, the zeros of the Higgs field in instanton background is generically a closed loop and so can be interpreted naturally as a magnetic monopole string.

Another interesting quantity is the angular momentum which is

$$L_{\mu \nu }=d^4x(x_\mu T_\nu ^0x_\nu T_\mu ^0),$$
(16)
where $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ is the conserved energy momentum tensor. For ’t Hooft type self-dual dyonic instantons the angular momentum simplifies to be anti-selfdual. There is no indication of such a simplication of the angular momentum for more general dyonic instanton configurations we study here.

## 3 The ADHM Method

To obtain the scalar solution in the JNR background, we employ the ADHM method. As we will see, the answer is quite nontrivial and could not be reached easily by an ansatz. Let us start with a brief review of the ADHM method. For the $`\kappa `$-instanton configurations in the SU(2) gauge theory, we start with $`\kappa `$ dimensional row vectors $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu `$ and $`\kappa \times \kappa `$ Hermitian matrices $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu `$, and introduce a quaternionic $`(\kappa +1)\times \kappa `$ matrix

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu e_\mu \\ (\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu x_\mu )e_\mu \end{array}\right),$$
(17)
where $`e_\mu (i\stackrel{}{\sigma },1)`$. The $`x`$ dependence of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x)`$ is shown explicitly in the above equation. Note that $`e_\mu \overline{e}_\nu =\delta _{\mu \nu }+i\eta _{\mu \nu }^a\sigma ^a`$ with the selfdual ’tHooft tensor $`\eta _{\mu \nu }^a`$. We require that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is proportional to the identity element of quaternion and invertible. This leads to three quadratic matrix equations on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu `$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu `$, and we call those satisfying this condition to be the ADHM data. Then we find a $`\kappa +1`$ dimensional quaternionic column vector $`v(x)`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(x)v(x)=0`$ and $`v^{}v=1`$, which leads to the selfdual instanton configuration $`A_\mu =v^{}_\mu v`$. There is a $`U(\kappa )`$ group action on the ADHM data, whose parameters do not appear in the instantons. When one counts the number of free parameters which determine the instanton configuration, one finds that $`8\kappa `$ is the number of zero modes for $`\kappa `$ instanton configuration in the SU(2) gauge group case.

To find the solution of the covariant Laplace equation in the adjoint representation, we start with an ansatz as

$$\varphi =v^{}\left(\begin{array}{cc}q& 0\\ 0& p\end{array}\right)v,$$
(18)
where $`q`$ is the asymptotic Higgs value and also an element of the $`SU(2)`$ algebra. The $`\kappa \times \kappa `$ matrix $`p`$ belongs the identity element of quaternion and satisfies the constraint,

$$[\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu ,[\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu ,p]]\{\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ,p\}2i\eta _{\mu \nu }^aq^a\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu =0,$$
(19)
where $`q=q^a\sigma ^a`$. Here we choose the $`\varphi `$ to be a hermitian matrix and so are $`q`$ and $`p`$.

The $`\kappa =2`$ ADHM data has been constructed a long ago. But it does not lead to the JNR ansatz. Here we introduce the ADHM data for the JNR instanton solutions for $`\kappa `$ instantons, because geometric interpretation of the data would be easier. This is achieved by mimicking the ADHM construction of the ’t Hooft solution. With the quaternion position operators $`y_i=(xa_i)_\mu e_\mu `$, the relavant ADHM data is

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=\left(\begin{array}{c}y_0\mathrm{\Lambda }\\ Y_{\kappa \times \kappa }\end{array}\right),$$
(20)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a row vector with real number components $`(\lambda _1/\lambda _0,\mathrm{},\lambda _\kappa /\lambda _0)`$ and $`Y`$ is a quaternionic matrix $`Y=\mathrm{diag}(y_1,\mathrm{},y_k)`$. (Taking the limit $`a_{04}=\lambda _0\mathrm{}`$, we recover the ADHM data for the ’t Hooft solution.) This indeed satisfies the ADHM constraint equations, and the $`(\kappa +1)`$ column vector $`v(x)`$ is chosen such that the $`i`$-th entry is

$$v_i=\frac{\lambda _iy_i}{y_i^2}\frac{1}{\sqrt{H}},$$
(21)
where $`y_i^2=|y_i|^2=_\mu y_{i\mu }y_{i\mu }`$. The corresponding gauge field $`A_\mu =\overline{v}_\mu v`$ is the JNR solution with $`s_i=\lambda _i^2`$. Note that the ‘permutation symmetry’ between $`(y_0,s_0)`$, $`(y_1,s_1)`$, and $`(y_2,s_2)`$ is obscure in the ADHM data (20) but manifest in the gauge field.

To get contact with the standard form (17), we need to perform a transformation $`\mathrm{\Delta }U\mathrm{\Delta }K`$ with our JNR data (20), which carries same information provided $`UU(2\kappa +2)`$ and $`KGL(\kappa ,C)`$. To change the matrix $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x)`$ into the standard form, we choose $`K`$ and $`U`$ as

$$K^2=1+\mathrm{\Lambda }^T\mathrm{\Lambda },U=\left(\begin{array}{cc}u& u\mathrm{\Lambda }\\ K\mathrm{\Lambda }^T& K\end{array}\right),$$
(22)
where $`u^2=1+\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }^T`$. Defining the relative instanton position matrix $`𝒜=\mathrm{diag}(a_1a_0,\mathrm{},a_\kappa a_0)`$, the result is

$$U\mathrm{\Delta }(x)K=\left(\begin{array}{c}u\mathrm{\Lambda }𝒜K\\ K𝒜K+a_0x\end{array}\right).$$
(23)
Note that the above expression is given in the standard form (17) As we make above transformation on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, $`v(x)`$ in Eq.(21) also changes into $`Uv(x)`$.

It is difficult to solve the constraint (19) for $`p`$ with ADHM data (23). If the solution $`p`$ is known, the Higgs solution (18) becomes

$$\varphi (x)=\frac{1}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }H(x)}\left[\overline{Z}qZ+Q(x)\right],$$
(24)
where $`s_\mathrm{\Sigma }=_{i=0}^\kappa s_i`$,

$$Z(x)=Z_\mu e_\mu =\underset{i=0}{\overset{\kappa }{}}\frac{s_iy_{i\mu }e_\mu }{y_i^2},$$
(25)
and

$$Q(x)=\lambda _0^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^T\left\{\frac{1}{Y}\frac{1}{y_0}\right\}KpK\left\{\frac{1}{\overline{Y}}\frac{1}{\overline{y}_0}\right\}\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$
(26)
The asymptotic value is $`\varphi =\overline{U}_0(x)qU_0(x)`$ with $`U_0(x)=e_\mu x_\mu /|x|`$. The permutation symmetry in $`Q(x)`$ would be manifest once we solve the equation (19) for $`p`$.

Before embarking upon the two instanton case, let us check whether the above solution for the scalar field works for a single instanton. The JNR solution for a single instanton should be gauge equivalent to that of ’t Hooft type. Equally the scalar field in the above case should be gauge equivalent to the known solution of the ’t Hooft type. We first note that for a single instanton with $`\kappa =1`$,

$$H=\frac{s_0}{y_0^2}+\frac{s_1}{y_1^2}=\frac{(s_0+s_1)}{y_0^2y_1^2}(xa_x)^2H_c,$$
(27)
where

$$H_c=1+\frac{s_c}{(xa_c)^2},$$
(28)
and $`s_c=s_0s_1|a_1a_0|^2/(s_0+s_1)^2`$, $`a_c=(s_1a_0+s_0a_1)/(s_0+s_1)`$. Also $`p`$ in Eq. (19) vanishes identically for $`\kappa =1`$. We define a global gauge transformation

$$V=\frac{(a_1a_0)_\mu e_\mu }{|a_1a_0|},$$
(29)
and a local gauge transformation

$$U(x)=\frac{Z_\mu e_\mu }{|Z|}$$
(30)
with $`Z_\mu =s_0y_{0\mu }/y_0^2+s_1y_{1\mu }/y_1^2`$. One can show that the gauge field and the adjoint scalar field in the JNR type with $`\kappa =1`$ can be rewritten as

$`A_\mu =\overline{U}V\left({\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\overline{\eta }_{\mu \nu }^a\sigma ^a_\nu \mathrm{ln}H_c\right)\overline{V}U+\overline{U}V_\mu (\overline{V}U),`$
$`\varphi =\overline{U}V\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}qV}{H_c(x)}}\right)\overline{V}U.`$ (31)
This is a local gauge transformation of the ’t Hooft type single instanton solution. The instanton position and scale are given as $`a_{c\mu }`$ and $`s_c`$. The asymptotic value of the scalar field is gauge equivalent to a constant matrix $`\overline{V}qV`$.

## 4 Two Instanton Solutions

Now we analyse two equations (19) and (24) for $`\kappa =2`$. Without loss of generality, we align the instanton points $`a_0,a_1,a_2`$ on the 3-4 plane, i.e., $`a_{i1}=a_{i2}=0`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu =K𝒜_\mu K+a_{0\mu }`$ appearing in Eq.(19) is zero unless $`\mu =3,4`$, which means that the left hand side of Eq.(19) is proportional to $`\eta _{34}^a=\delta _{a3}`$. Therefore, the matrix $`p`$ is proportional to $`q^3`$, and does not depend on $`q^1,q^2`$. (With the ansatz (7), one has implicitly chosen a global gauge such that this plane is related to third direction in internal space.)

In order to solve Eq.(19), we write down an explicit expression for the matrix $`K`$ defined in Eq.(22):

$$K=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^T\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u\lambda _1^2+\lambda _2^2& \lambda _1\lambda _2(u1)\\ \lambda _1\lambda _2(u1)& \lambda _1^2+u\lambda _2^2\end{array}\right),$$
(32)
where $`u=|\lambda _0|/(\lambda _0+\lambda _1^2+\lambda _2^2)^{1/2}`$. Using this expression, we solve the constraint (19) in terms of the $`2\times 2`$ matrix $`p`$. As there is only one explicit $`i`$ in the last term of Eq.(19), the hermitan matrix $`p`$ should be pure imaginary and antisymmetric. All we need to compute is then the single coefficient of two-dimensional antisymmetric matrix. After some algebra and rearrangement, we find the matrix $`p`$. To express the answer in compact form, we introduce two cyclic quantities for two instantons,

$$𝒫=\frac{4q^a\eta _{\mu \nu }^a(a_{0\mu }a_{1\nu }+a_{1\mu }a_{2\nu }+a_{2\mu }a_{0\nu })}{(s_0s_1)^1|a_0a_1|^2+(s_1s_2)^1|a_1a_2|^2+(s_2s_0)^1|a_2a_0|^2},$$
(33)
and

$$(x)=\sigma ^a\overline{\eta }_{\mu \nu }^a\left(\frac{y_{0\mu }}{|y_0|^2}\frac{y_{1\nu }}{|y_1|^2}+\frac{y_{1\mu }}{|y_1|^2}\frac{y_{2\nu }}{|y_2|^2}+\frac{y_{2\mu }}{|y_2|^2}\frac{y_{0\nu }}{|y_0|^2}\right).$$
(34)
The quantity $`Q(x)`$ of Eq.(26) is given as $`Q(x)=𝒫(x)`$ which has the permutation symmetry between $`i=0,1,2`$ indices. The resulting scalar field is then

$$\varphi (x)=\frac{1}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }H(x)}(\overline{Z}qZ+𝒫),$$
(35)
where $`Z(x)=(s_0y_{0\mu }/y_0^2+s_1y_{1\mu }/y_1^2+s_2y_{2\mu }/y_2^2)e_\mu `$. We have also checked explicitly that the above solution satisfies the covariant Laplace equation. The relative sign between two terms in the numerator is crucial for the supertube configuration to appear. The solution (35) is our key result.

With this solution, we find the electric charge energy becomes

$$Q_e=\frac{8\pi ^2}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }^2}\left\{(q^a)^2\underset{i}{}s_is_{i+1}(a_ia_{i+1})^2\frac{4(_iq^a\eta _{\mu \nu }^aa_{i\mu }a_{(i+1)\nu })^2}{_j(s_js_{j+1})^1(a_ja_{j+1})^2}\right\},$$
(36)
where $`q=q^a\sigma ^a`$ and the sum is over $`0,1,2`$ indices with the identification $`a_3=a_0`$, $`s_3=a_0`$. After putting three points $`a_0,a_1,a_2`$ on the 3-4 plane and using the Schwartz inequality and general property of triangles, one can easily show that

$$Q_e\frac{16\pi ^2}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }^2}\frac{(q^a)^2(_i(a_i^2)^2)}{_i(s_is_{i+1})^1(a_ia_{i+1})^2}.$$
(37)
This shows that $`Q_e`$ is positive, as it should be.

Let us now consider the zeros of the Higgs field. Without loss of generality, one can rotate the coordinate and put three instanton positions $`a_i`$ on the 3-4 plane. When $`q^3=0`$, we note that $`𝒫`$ vanishes. In this case, the zeros of $`\varphi `$ are determined by the zeros of $`Z=Z_\mu e_\mu `$ as $`H`$ is positive definite and $`1/H`$ does not vanish anywhere. Due to the symmetry, the zeros of $`Z`$ should be also on 3-4 plane. Then $`Z`$ vanishes at points where the sum of two dimensional ‘Coulomb forces’ (due to three positive ‘charges’ $`s_0,s_1,s_2`$ at $`a_0,a_1,a_2`$) vanishes. The zero points are critical points of the potential. Generically there are two such points. Consider two charges close to each other and one far apart. The equipotential lines surrounding two close charges merge together, generating one such zero point. Then this merged equipotential lines will merge with those from the third charge, generating another zeros. Later we will write down the algebraic equation for the zero points which shows that there are two zero points indeed. On the other hand when $`q^30`$ and $`q^1,q^2=0`$, $`𝒫`$ does not vanish. Again in this case, symmetry implies that the zeros of the scalar field should be confined to the 3-4 plane. We will see they form a curve on the 3-4 plane. If all components of $`q^a`$ do not vanish, the zeros of the Higgs field do not remain on the 3-4 plane and would become far more complicated, so we will not pursue this case here.

### 4.1 A derivation of the structure of porism

The JNR two-instanton solution carries 15 parameters (3 four-positions and 3 scales), two more than 13 moduli as we expect for two-instanton solution. The overall scale is trivial as it leaves the potential (7) invariant. Another unphysical parameter is related to a local gauge transformation. First put three points $`a_{0\mu },a_{1\mu },a_{2\mu }`$ on a circle on the 3-4 plane. The lines connecting them forms a triangle inside the circle. It is known that, under certain local gauge transformation, the three points $`a_0,a_1,a_2`$ move along the circle with speeds proportional to $`s_0,s_1,s_2`$, respectively. There exists an ellipse inside the circle which touches all sides of the one-paramter family of triangles tangentially. This ellipse also remains invariant under the local gauge transformation. This fact also determines how the scale parameters should transform under the local gauge transformation. This one parameter family of triangles is the so-called porism of triangles. However, the physical meaning of this ellipse remains obscure.

It seems that the already-known derivation of this result is somewhat involved. Here we describe another way to derive the porism by using our Higgs solution (35). As the scalar field transforms homogeneously under local gauge transformations, the zero points of the scalar field are gauge invariant. Especially with $`a_{i\mu }`$ on the 3-4 plane and $`q^3=0`$, the scalar field has at most two isolated zero points on the 3-4 plane, which should be invariant under local gauge transformations. We aim to derive the deformation rule by studying a single equation $`Z(x)=0`$.

For our $`\kappa =2`$ case, $`Z(x)=0`$ amounts to a quadratic equation of $`x_\mu e_\mu `$ on the 4-3 plane. We put three points on a circle whose radius is $`R`$ and whose center is at the origin. In complex notation, we put $`a_{j4}+ia_{j3}=Re^{i\theta _j}`$ and a point $`z=x_4+ix_3`$ on the 3-4 plane. The zeros of $`Z(x)`$ satisfy a complex equation

$$z^2+C_1Rz+C_2R^2=0,$$
(38)
where

$$C_1=\underset{j=0}{\overset{2}{}}(1\frac{s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }})e^{i\theta _j},C_2=e^{i(\theta _0+\theta _1+\theta _2)}\underset{j}{}\frac{s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }}e^{i\theta _j}.$$
(39)
As the above equation is quadratic, there can be at most two isolated zeros. They are determined by two complex numbers $`C_1,C_2`$. We are looking for a change of parameters which leave the circle and the Higgs zeros invariant. That is an arbitrary variation of the angles $`\theta _i`$ and $`s_i`$ which leaves $`s_\mathrm{\Sigma },C_1,C_2`$ invariant. As there are five real paramters in $`s_\mathrm{\Sigma },C_1,C_2`$ to fix and six parameters $`\theta _i`$ and $`s_i`$ to vary, there is one free parameter among $`\theta _i`$ and $`s_i`$, which is the porism of triangles.

Under infinitesimal change $`\delta \lambda _i`$ and $`\delta s_i`$ such that $`\delta s_\mathrm{\Sigma }=0`$, we note that

$$\delta C_1e^{i_i\theta _i}\delta \overline{C}_0=i\underset{j,k}{}e^{i\theta _j}(s_j\delta \theta _k+s_j\delta \theta _k).$$
(40)
The vanising condition of the above term for generic $`s_j,\theta _j`$ implies

$$\delta \theta _j=s_j\delta t$$
(41)
with an infinitesimal parameter $`t`$. As

$$\delta C_1=\underset{j}{}e^{i\theta _j}\left(\frac{\delta s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }}i(1\frac{s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }})\delta \theta _j\right),$$
(42)
the equation $`\delta C_1=0`$ implies a complex equation

$$\underset{j}{}e^{i\theta _j}\left(\frac{\delta s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }}i(1\frac{s_j}{s_\mathrm{\Sigma }})s_j\delta t\right)=0$$
(43)
for two independent $`\delta s_j`$. Therefore, the structure of porism is completely derived from gauge-invariance of the zero points of the Higgs field.

### 4.2 Supertube Connecting D4 branes

Let us now consider the zeros of the scalar field when $`q^30`$ and $`q^1,q^2=0`$ with $`a_i`$ on the 3-4 plane. The zeros of the scalar field would lie on the 3-4 plane due to the symmetry and is given by the solutions of a real equation

$$X=\underset{i=0}{\overset{2}{}}(s_i^2y_{i+1}^2y_{i+2}^2+2s_is_{i+1}y_iy_{i+1}y_{i+2}^2𝒫^{}y_{i+2}^2y_i\times y_{i+1})=0$$
(44)
for a two dimensional vector $`x=(x_3,x_4)`$, where $`y_i=xa_i`$ become two dimensional vectors on the 3-4 plane and

$$𝒫^{}=\frac{4(a_{0\mu }\times a_{1\nu }+a_{1\mu }\times a_{2\nu }+a_{2\mu }\times a_{0\nu })}{(s_0s_1)^1|a_0a_1|^2+(s_1s_2)^1|a_1a_2|^2+(s_2s_0)^1|a_2a_0|^2}.$$
(45)
Here the cross product is the two dimensional skew product, $`a\times b=a_3b_4a_4b_3`$.

Let us consider a simple case where three points $`a_i`$ are the vertices of an equitriangle, $`a_0=(1,0)R`$, $`a_1=(1/2,\sqrt{3}/2)R`$, and $`a_2=(1/2,\sqrt{3}/2)R`$ on the 3-4 plane, and all scales are such that $`s_i=1`$. Then

$$X=9(x^2)^2+(6\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}𝒫^{})R^2x^2\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}𝒫^{}R^4=0.$$
(46)
As $`𝒫^{}=2/\sqrt{3}`$ in this case, the above equation has zero at points

$$x^2=\frac{\sqrt{13}1}{6}R^2$$
(47)
which is a square of the radius of a circle. Since the scalar field has nontrivial expectation value at spatial infinity and has zeros on a circle, two D4 branes separated along the transverse direction come together on a circle. There is no special degeneracy of zeros and so the circle becomes the magnetic monopole string. We interprete this dyonic configuration as the supertube inserted between two separated D4 branes. The value of the Higgs field at the center of the circle or the orgin is $`q^3\sigma ^3/3`$, which is smaller than the asymptotic value, regardless the size of the equitriangle. As the size $`R`$ increases, the electric charge increases and is able to deform the Higgs field so that the value at the center remains smaller. The value of the Higgs field along $`x^1`$ axis and $`x^3`$ axis with $`R=1`$ are drawn in Fig. 1.

Let us now consider a little more general case. Instead we choose $`a_0=(s_0,0)`$, $`a_1=(1/2,\sqrt{3}/2)`$, and $`a_2=(1/2,\sqrt{3}/2)`$ on the 3-4 plane with $`R=1`$. We choose $`s_0`$ arbitrary and $`s_1=s_2=1`$. Then we change the scale $`s_0`$ from 1 to $`\mathrm{}`$ gradually, which interpolates between the JNR and the ’t Hooft solutions of two instantons. (When we change $`s_0`$ from 1 to 0, the solutions interpolate between the JNR and the ’t Hooft solution of a single instanton. The zeros of the Higgs changes acoordingly.) In the ’t Hooft case, the zeros are located at two points $`a_1,a_2`$. In Fig. 2, we draw the zeros of the Higgs field for the various values of $`s_0`$. For the $`s_0=1`$, the zeros make a circle as we described before. The figure shows the gradual deformation of the circle, or the magnetic monopole string, into two points. (The curve of the zeros is not convex and is not clearly related to the ellipse of the porism.) This illustrates that the ’t Hooft dyonic instanton indeed represents collapsed tubes.

## 5 Conclusion

We investigated dyonic two instanton configurations with the JNR ansatz, which is most general two instanton solution. We have shown that the monopole string structure appears with this solution, which leads naturally to the interpretation of dyonic instantons as supertubes between D4 branes. We have exlored the detail of the porism of triangle in the JNR ansatz and have also seen how the monopole string deforms as the moduli parameters change, especially as the JNR solution deforms to ’tHooft solution of two instantons.

It would be natural to look for how our construction generalizes to higher instanton number case. At least with the JNR ansatz, it seems to be doable to find the explicit form of the Higgs field with some effort. Our preliminary investigation shows that there is a hierarchy of clustering of terms in the Higgs solution.

By the way, our solution (35) might be useful in a different direction. To find the moduli space of instantons, one has to find infinitesimal variation of the gauge field which satisfies the covariant gauge or the Gauss law. As far as we know, no explicit moduli space metric has been found for two instanton solutions. The adjoint Higgs field we found is intimately related to the global gauge zero modes of instantons. The electric energy would be the kinetic energy for the global gauge transformation with the gauge parameters given by $`q^a`$. It would be a challenge to find the whole moduli space metric for two instantons.

###### Acknowledgments.

The authors wish to thank Dongsu Bak and Piljin Yi for the enlightening discussions. S.K is supported in part by the BK21 project of the Ministry of Education, Korea, and the Korea Research Foundation Grant 2001-015-DP0085. K.L. is supported in part by KOSEF 1998 Interdisciplinary Research Grant.