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# On the construction of certain 6-dimensional symplectic manifolds with Hamiltonian circle actions

## 1. introduction

Assume $`(M,\omega )`$ is a connected, compact 6-dimensional symplectic manifold equipped with a semi-free (free outside fixed point set) Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ action such that the fixed point set consists of isolated points or surfaces. For the case dim $`H^2(M)<3`$, in \[L\], we defined a certain invariant which consists of the “fixed point data” and “twist type”, and we gave a complete list of the possible values of these invariants. We have seen that only six “types” can occur (see Theorem 1 below). We showed the existences for a few cases by giving explicit examples, such as coadjoint orbits or toric varieties. In this paper, we illustrate a method for constructing such manifolds. As a consequence, this proves the existences of the manifolds with those prescribed types as in \[L\]. The techniques we use in this paper are quite different from those we used in \[L\]. We mainly use symplectic topological method and related results on symplectic 4-manifolds.

Recall that the moment map $`\varphi `$ is a perfect Morse-Bott function. The fixed point sets of the circle action are exactly the critical sets of $`\varphi `$. Each critical set has even index. $`\varphi `$ has a unique local minimum and a unique local maximum (\[A\]). Recall the following definitions from \[L\]:

###### Definition 1.

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a connected, compact 6-dimensional symplectic manifold equipped with a semi-free Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ action such that the fixed point set consists of isolated points or surfaces. Assume dim $`H^2(M)<3`$. For each such manifold, we define the $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$ to be the diffeomorphism type of the fixed point sets, their indices, and $`b_{min}`$, where $`b_{min}`$ denotes the 1st Chern number of the normal bundle of the minimum when the minimum is a surface.

If the minimum (or the maximum) is a surface, then for a regular value right above the minimum (or right below the maximum), the reduced space is diffeomorphic to the total space of an $`S^2`$ fibration over the minimum (or over the maximum). When the fixed point set consists only of surfaces, the reduced spaces at the non-extremal values are all diffeomorphic, and there is a canonical isomorphism between their (co)homology groups (see \[GS\]).

###### Definition 2.

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a compact connected 6-dimensional symplectic manifold equipped with a semi-free Hamiltonian circle action. Assume the fixed point set consists only of surfaces. If the fibers of the reduced spaces at a regular level right above the minimum and right below the maximum can be represented by the same cohomology class of the reduced space, we say there is $`𝕟𝕠𝕥𝕨𝕚𝕤𝕥`$; otherwise, we say there is a $`𝕥𝕨𝕚𝕤𝕥`$.

In \[L\], we have shown the following

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a connected compact 6 dimensional symplectic manifold equipped with a semi-free Hamiltonian circle action such that the fixed point set consists of isolated points or surfaces. Assume $`dim`$ $`H^2(M)<3`$. Then the possible fixed point data and the twist type are:

In the picture, $`g`$, $`g_1`$ are the genuses of the surfaces, and $`b_{max}`$ is the 1st Chern number of the normal bundle of the maximum.

###### Remark 1.

The picture gives us an order of how the moment map crosses the fixed point sets. For instance, manifold of type (1) means that the manifold has an isolated minimum, an index 2 sphere, and an isolated maximum.

For manifold of type (2), the two index 2 spheres can not be on the same level of the moment map.

For manifolds of type (3) and (5), the moment map can cross the two non-extremal fixed point sets in any order or the 2 fixed point sets are on the same level of the moment map.

###### Remark 2.

In \[L\], we have seen that when there is an index 2 surface or the maximum is a surface in a certain “type”, the 1st Chern numbers of the normal bundles of these surfaces are uniquely determined by the fixed point data and the twist type. (This is the reason that $`b_{max}`$ is not included in the definition of the $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$.) For instance, for manifolds of type (1), the 1st Chern numbers of the positive normal bundle and the negative normal bundle of the index 2 sphere are both $`2`$; for manifolds of type (2), the 1st Chern numbers of the positive normal bundle and the negative normal bundle of the 1st (counting from bottom) index 2 sphere are $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively, and those of the second index 2 sphere are respectively $`1`$ and $`0`$. Notice that in type (4) and type (5), $`b_{min}`$ and $`b_{max}`$ have fixed values, in types (3), (6a) and (6b), on the other hand, $`b_{min}`$ can vary, and in particular, for type (6a), the genuses $`g`$ and $`g_1`$ can vary. Different values of these “variables” of course give different manifolds.

###### Remark 3.

We have shown in \[L\] that there exists a manifold of type (1) which is a coadjoint orbit of $`SO(5)`$. We constructed toric varieties for type (3) when $`b_{min}=1`$ and $`b_{min}=3`$, for type (4) and for type (6b) with $`b_{min}=2`$. Moreover, we have shown that all manifolds of type (4) are diffeomorphic to $`P^3`$, and all manifolds of type (6b) with $`b_{min}=2`$ are diffeomorphic to the corresponding toric variety which is $`P^3`$ blow up at a point.

In \[L\] and in this paper, the $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$ has a certain meaning, for the sake of convenience. More generally, similar data (looser or stronger) is an important tool for the studying of symplectic Lie group actions, especially for the studying of Hamiltonian Lie group actions. It captures important geometrical and topological information about the manifolds. As we have seen in \[L\], for a fixed “type” in Theorem 1, the $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$ uniquely determines the equivariant (ordinary) cohomology ring and equivariant (ordinary) Chern classes of the manifold. More significantly, for some cases, this data classifies the manifolds up to diffeomorphism (see \[L\]). Recall that for all the types of manifolds in Theorem 1, the reduced spaces (except at the extremal values) are $`P^2`$ or $`𝕣𝕦𝕝𝕖𝕕𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕕𝕤`$. We understand well the symplectic structures of these 4-manifolds and their symplectic submanifolds. In this paper, we use this special feature to construct manifolds with the types prescribed in Theorem 1. We will show that for each “type” in Theorem 1, except for type (6a) with $`1+g_12g0`$, this “local” data (related in a global way, however) allows us to construct a “global” manifold with the prescribed data. In fact, except for type (6a) with $`1+g_12g0`$, this data uniquely determines the inverse image (under the moment map) of a small neighborhood of each critical or regular value of the moment map up to equivariant symplectomorphism (see Section 2). Let us call these “local pieces”. A “local piece” for the minimum or the maximum can always be constructed. The main problem is to construct a “local piece” for an index 2 surface. In this case, we need 4 pieces of information $`(M_0,\omega _0,P,X)`$ (see Section 2 for its meaning), where $`M_0`$ is the reduced space at this critical level, and $`X`$ has to be a symplectic submanifold of $`M_0`$. More precisely, $`X`$ is the symplectically embedded image of the index 2 surface in $`M_0`$ (see Section 2). The prescribed type must make this to be true. Of course, the prescribed type must guarantee that each reduced space is symplectic, i.e., the cohomology classes of the reduced symplectic forms (we can only know the cohomology classes of the forms) do contain symplectic forms (see Section 3). For (6a), if $`1+g_12g0`$, the dual class (which can be computed from the “type”) of the surface in the reduced space can not represent the symplectically embedded image of the index 2 surface. That is the reason we failed to construct such manifolds for type (6a) when $`1+g_12g0`$. In order to construct the manifolds globally, we need to perform some gluing along some regular levels. The main reason we can perform the gluing is that for a regular level of the moment map, two different symplectic forms in the same cohomology class of the reduced space (which is $`P^2`$ or a $`𝕣𝕦𝕝𝕖𝕕𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕕`$) are diffeomorphic. These classification results on the symplectic structures on $`P^2`$ or $`𝕣𝕦𝕝𝕖𝕕𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕕𝕤`$ are due to Taubes and Lalonde-McDuff (\[T\], \[LMc\]).

In \[L\] and in this paper, we assumed that $`dim`$ $`H^2(M)<3`$. Under this assumption, we defined $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$. Notice that the definition of $`𝕥𝕨𝕚𝕤𝕥`$ does not depend on this restriction, it is defined when the fixed point set consists only of surfaces. As we mentioned in Remark 2, when there is an index 2 surface or the maximum is a surface in a certain “type”, the 1st Chern numbers of the normal bundles of these surfaces are uniquely determined by the fixed point data. The “twist type” controls the “top” and the “bottom”. If we remove the assumption $`dim`$ $`H^2(M)<3`$, we have more fixed point set components. If the fixed point set consists only of surfaces, we still have our definition of $`𝕥𝕨𝕚𝕤𝕥`$. If the fixed point set also consists index 2 or index 4 isolated points, then the reduced spaces change not only by diffeomorphism, but also by blow up or blow downs (\[GS\]). The reduced spaces and their cohomologies are more complicated. The definition of $`𝕥𝕨𝕚𝕤𝕥`$ needs to be properly addressed. For the definition of $`𝕗𝕚𝕩𝕖𝕕𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕕𝕒𝕥𝕒`$, we need to specify more 1st Chern numbers of the normal bundles of the fixed point set components to determine those of the other fixed point set components. Alternatively, depending on the purposes, we may assume that all these Chern numbers for all the fixed point set components are compatibly given and we include all of them in the definition. For the construction of these more complicated manifolds, we may not understand the symplectic structures on the reduced spaces well enough to do the local construction or to perform the global gluing. Certainly, in good cases, if our requrements are satisfied, we can still construct the manifolds with certain “types” other than those in Theorem 1.

In summary, in order to construct a global manifold from a prescribed type, we need the “data” to be “compatibly matched”, and we need the reduced spaces to be “good enough” to allow us to perform the gluing. The idea itself can be applied to more general constructions of Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ manifolds, for instance, for non-semi-free Hamiltonian circle actions on other dimensional symplectic manifolds with other fixed point set components. Or more generally, depending on what is given, the idea itself may be applied to the setting with no Hamiltonian circle actions.

The main result of this paper is

###### Theorem 2.

There exists a manifold for any of the prescribed fixed point data and twist type as in Theorem 1, except that for type (6a), the genuses $`g`$ and $`g_1`$ must satisfy $`1+g_12g>0`$.

Recall that for type (6a), we computed the dual class $`\eta `$ of the index 2 surface in the reduced space at the critical level in \[L\]: $`\eta =(1+g_12g)x+2y`$ for even $`n`$, and $`\eta =(2+g_12g)x+2y`$ for odd $`n`$ (see Section 3 for the meaning of $`x`$ and $`y`$). If $`1+g_12g0`$, then these dual classes can not represent the connected symplectically embedded index 2 surface in the reduced spaces. The class $`2y`$ (for even $`n`$) or $`x+2y`$ (for odd $`n`$) represents non-connected symplectic submanifolds. The classes $`\eta =(1+g_12g)x+2y`$ or $`\eta =(2+g_12g)x+2y`$ with $`1+g_12g<0`$ can not represent the symplectically embedded image of the genus $`g_1`$ index 2 surface due to the following reason: the projection of the embedded surface (represented by $`\eta =(1+g_12g)x+2y`$ or $`\eta =(2+g_12g)x+2y`$) to the “base” of the $`S^2`$ fibration (represented by $`y`$) is a smooth degree 2 map from a genus $`g_1`$ Riemann surface to a genus $`g`$ Riemann surface. By the analogue Hurwitz formula for smooth maps between Riemann surfaces (see Theorem 1 in \[HY\]), $`g_1`$ and $`g`$ must satisfy $`1+g_12g0`$. This is the reason we can not construct such manifolds. This fact also helps us to strengthen Theorem 1: 111The construction procedure gave me a good reason to study the symplectic submanifolds of the reduced spaces. This helped me to discover this piece of information.

###### Corollary 1.

For type (6a) in Theorem 1, the genuses of the surfaces must satisfy $`1+g_12g>0`$.

Theorem 1 and this corollary give us a complete list of the possible “types”. Theorem 2 shows that there exist manifolds of all these “types”. Together, they give us exactly the “types” of manifolds that can occur under the assumptions of Theorem 1.

### Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Denis Auroux for explaining to me the symplectic submanifolds of ruled surfaces. I thank him for explaining to me the Hurwitz formula for complex maps between Riemann surfaces. For type (6a), the idea of the proof of the non-existence of the symplectic submanifolds in ruled surfaces for the cases $`1+g_12g0`$ is due to him.

I would like to thank the referee for his invaluable comments and constructive suggestions.

## 2. Construction of neighborhoods of critical and regular level sets of the moment map

Construction of a neighborhood of the minimum:

If the minimum is isolated, by the equivariant Darboux-Weinstein theorem, a neighborhood of the minimum is equivariantly symplectomorphic to $`^3`$ with the standard symplectic form and $`S^1`$ action with weights $`1,1,1`$.

If the minimum is a surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$, then a neighborhood of the minimum is a $`^2`$ bundle $`E`$ over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$. It is easy to construct such a bundle with 1st Chern number $`b_{min}`$. (We can always construct 2 line bundles with Euler numbers $`m`$ and $`n`$ for any integer $`m`$ and $`n`$ and take the sum of the line bundles.). We can put a symplectic form on a neighborhood of the zero section of $`E`$ (see \[GS\]) and make $`S^1`$ act semi-freely by fixing the base and rotating the fibers. More precisely, let $`F`$ be the unitary frame bundle of $`E`$ (assume there is a Hermitian metric on $`E`$), $`T^{}F`$ be the cotangent bundle and $`\omega _F`$ be the canonical symplectic form on $`T^{}F`$. A connection on $`F`$ can give us the vertical cotangent bundle $`V^{}F`$. Let $`i:V^{}FT^{}F`$ be the inclusion, and let $`\omega _B`$ be the symplectic form on the base $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$. Then $`\omega _V=i^{}\omega _F+\pi ^{}\omega _B`$ is a symplectic form on $`V^{}F`$. The $`U(2)`$ action on $`V^{}F`$ is Hamiltonian, so is the $`U(2)`$ action on $`^2`$. Take $`V^{}F^{}\times ^2`$ with the product symplectic structure, where $`V^{}F^{}`$ is $`V^{}F`$ with the form $`\omega _V`$. There is a Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ action on this space: it acts trivially on the first factor and it acts on the second factor by rotation with weights $`1,1`$. We can get a neighborhood of the zero section of $`E`$ with a symplectic form by reducing the $`U(2)`$ action at $`0`$. The semi-free Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ action remains on $`E`$. By the equivariant Darboux-Weinstein theorem, any $`S^1`$-invariant symplectic structure on the above neighborhood is equivariantly isomorphic to the above one.

Notice that the above construction works for other dimensions and for non-semi-free $`S^1`$ actions.

Hence, we have the following lemma for the construction of a neighborhood of the minimum.

###### Lemma 1.

Assume $`F`$ is an isolated point or is a closed surface, then we can construct uniquely up to isomorphism a(n) (open) Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ symplectic manifold $`M_{[min,ϵ_0)}`$ such that $`F`$ is the minimum of the moment map, and such that $`F`$ has any prescribed 1st Chern number of its normal bundle in $`M_{[min,ϵ_0)}`$ when $`F`$ is a surface.

To construct a neighborhood of a critical level which contains an index 2 point or an index 2 surface, we can use the result of Guillemin and Sternberg (\[GS\]):

Assume we have $`(M_0,\omega _0,P,X)`$, where $`M_0`$ is a compact symplectic manifold with symplectic form $`\omega _0`$, $`X`$ is a symplectic submanifold of $`M_0`$, and $`P`$ is a principal $`S^1`$ bundle over $`M_0`$, $`\pi :PM_0`$. Given a small open interval $`I=(ϵ,+ϵ)`$, we can construct a symplectic manifold $`M_I`$ with a semi-free Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ action with proper moment map $`\varphi `$ which maps $`M_I`$ onto $`I`$. The symplectic form on $`M_I`$ is determined by $`\omega _0`$, the normal bundle of $`X`$ in $`M_0`$ and the Euler class of the circle bundle $`P`$ over $`M_0`$. Moreover, $`0`$ is an index 2 critical level of $`\varphi `$. For $`\tau <0`$, $`\varphi ^1(\tau )`$ is diffeomorphic as an $`S^1`$ space to $`P`$, the reduced spaces of $`M_I`$ at $`\tau `$ and $`0`$ are diffeomorphic to $`M_0`$, and the reduced space of $`M_I`$ at $`\tau >0`$ is the blow up of $`M_0`$ along $`X`$. The reduced symplectic forms satisfy the Duistermaat-Heckman formula (\[DH\]). Moreover, $`M_I`$ is unique up to $`S^1`$\- equivariant symplectomorphisms (Theorem 13.1 in \[GS\]).

We summarize this in

###### Lemma 2.

Assume we have $`(M_0,\omega _0,P,X)`$, where $`M_0`$ is a compact symplectic manifold with symplectic form $`\omega _0`$, $`X`$ is a symplectic submanifold of $`M_0`$, and $`P`$ is a principal $`S^1`$ bundle over $`M_0`$, $`\pi :PM_0`$. Given a small open interval $`I=(ϵ,+ϵ)`$, we can construct uniquely up to isomorphism a semi-free Hamiltonian $`S^1`$ symplectic manifold $`M_I`$ with moment map $`\varphi `$ (which maps $`M_I`$ onto $`I`$) such that $`\varphi ^1(0)`$ is a critical level with an index 2 fixed point set which is diffeomorphic to $`X`$, $`\varphi ^1(\tau )`$ is diffeomorphic as an $`S^1`$ space to $`P`$, and the reduced spaces of $`M_I`$ at $`\tau `$ and $`0`$ are diffeomorphic to $`M_0`$, the reduced space of $`M_I`$ at $`\tau >0`$ is the blow up of $`M_0`$ along $`X`$.

We can similarly construct a neighborhood of a critical level set which contains an index 4 fixed point set component by looking at it upside down.

The construction of a neighborhood of the maximum is similar to the construction of a neighborhood of the minimum.

The above construction of neighborhoods of critical levels can only be done for small intervals of critical values of $`\varphi `$. When we construct our manifolds, we may need a “longer” neighborhood of a regular level. For this purpose, we construct a “regular neighborhood”.

If $`I`$ is a connected open interval consisting of regular values of $`\varphi `$, then $`\varphi ^1(I)`$ is $`S^1`$-equivariantly diffeomorphic to $`\varphi ^1(a)\times I`$ where $`aI`$. The $`S^1`$-invariant symplectic form on $`\varphi ^1(I)`$ is determined by the symplectic forms on the reduced spaces and the Euler class of the principal circle bundle $`\varphi ^1(a)`$ over $`M_a`$.

###### Lemma 3.

(\[Mc1\]) For an interval $`I`$ consisting of regular values of $`\varphi `$, if $`\omega `$ is the symplectic form on $`\varphi ^1(I)`$, and $`\tau _s`$ is the reduced symplectic form at $`sI`$, then $`\omega `$ is determined by the forms $`\tau _s`$ up to an $`S^1`$ equivariant diffeomorphism which preserves the level sets of $`\varphi `$.

See \[Mc1\] for details.

Assume that these neighborhoods we constructed above are “big enough” so that we can shrink them a little such that they are manifolds with boundaries, the boundaries being regular level sets of $`\varphi `$. We will call these neighborhoods with boundaries of critical levels and regular levels “local pieces”.

## 3. Problems for local and global constructions

We have seen in Section 2 what we need to prescribe to do the local construction. Let us review in this section what information the “types” in Theorem 1 can give us and what we need to take care of when we do the local and global constructions.

Assume $`a`$ is a regular value of the moment map $`\varphi `$, then $`S^1`$ acts freely on $`\varphi ^1(a)`$, so we have a principal circle bundle

(1)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}S^1& & \varphi ^1(a)=P_a\hfill \\ & & \hfill \\ & & \varphi ^1(a)/S^1=M_a,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`M_a`$ is the reduced space at $`a`$.

Assume the minimum (or the maximum) of the moment map is a surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$. Let $`a`$ be a regular value right above the minimal value (or right below the maximal value) such that there are no other critical sets in the neighborhood except the minimum (or the maximum). Then $`M_a`$ is the total space of a sphere bundle over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$. Let $`S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ be the trivial bundle, and let $`E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}`$ be the non-trivial bundle. Let $`e(P_a)`$ be the Euler class of the circle bundle $`P_a`$ over $`M_a`$.

For $`S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$, let $`x,yH^2(S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g)`$ be a basis which consists of the dual classes of the fiber $`S^2`$ and the base $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ respectively. Then $`_{base}x=_{S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g}xy=1,_{fiber}y=_{S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g}yx=1,_{fiber}x=_{S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g}x^2=0,\text{and}_{base}y=_{S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g}y^2=0`$.

Similarly, for the non-trivial bundle $`E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}`$, let $`x,yH^2(E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g})`$ be a basis which consists of the dual classes of the fiber and the section $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{}`$ which has self-intersection $`1`$ respectively. Then $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }_{}x=_{E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}}xy=1,_{fiber}y=_{E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}}xy=1,_{fiber}x=_{E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}}x^2=0,\text{and}_\mathrm{\Sigma }_{}y=_{E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}}y^2=1`$.

We have the following lemmas

###### Lemma 4.

(\[L\]) If the minimum is a surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ with 1st Chern number $`b_{min}`$ of its normal bundle, then $`M_a`$ (a above the minimum) is diffeomorphic to $`S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ if and only if $`b_{min}=2k`$ is even, and it is diffeomorphic to $`E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}`$ if and only if $`b_{min}=2k+1`$ is odd. In either case, $`e(P_a)=kxy`$.

###### Lemma 5.

(\[L\]) If the maximum is a surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ with 1st Chern number $`b_{max}`$ of its normal bundle, then $`M_a`$ (a below the maximum) is diffeomorphic to $`S^2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ if and only if $`b_{max}=2k^{}`$ is even, and it is diffeomorphic to $`E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g}`$ if and only if $`b_{max}=2k^{}+1`$ is odd. In either case, $`e(P_a)=k^{}x+y`$.

Let $`c`$ be a critical value of the moment map $`\varphi `$, and $`S\varphi ^1(c)`$ be an index 2 fixed surface. Assume for small $`ϵ`$, $`S`$ is the only critical set in $`\varphi ^1([cϵ,c+ϵ])`$. Let $`P_{cϵ}`$ be the circle bundle $`\varphi ^1(cϵ)`$ over $`M_{cϵ}`$, $`e(P_{cϵ})`$ be its Euler class. $`P_{c+ϵ}`$ and $`e(P_{c+ϵ})`$ have similar meanings. By \[GS\] or \[Mc1\], $`M_{c+ϵ}`$ is diffeomorphic to $`M_{cϵ}`$ (in dimension 6), let’s call them $`M_{red}`$ (reduced space). Moreover, there is a symplectic embedding $`i:SM_{red}`$ such that if $`i(S)=Z`$, and $`\eta `$ is the dual class of $`Z`$ in $`M_{red}`$, then

(2)
$$e(P_{c+ϵ})=e(P_{cϵ})+\eta .$$

By \[GS\], when the moment map crosses an index 2 point (index 4 point), the reduced space changes by a blow up at a point (blow down of an exceptional divisor). Now let $`M_{}`$ be the reduced space before surgery (blow up or blow down), $`M_+`$ be the reduced space after surgery, and let $`e(P_{})`$ be the Euler class of the principal circle bundle over $`M_{}`$, $`e(P_+)`$ be the Euler class of the principal circle bundle over $`M_+`$. Let $`\eta _{ex,div}`$ be the dual class of the exceptional sphere in $`M_+`$ after blow up or in $`M_{}`$ before blow down. Let’s always call the blow down map by $`\beta `$. By \[GS\], we have the following:

Corresponding to blow up,

(3)
$$e(P_+)=\beta ^{}e(P_{})+\eta _{ex,div}.$$

Corresponding to blow down,

(4)
$$\beta ^{}e(P_+)=e(P_{})+\eta _{ex,div}.$$

For each type of manifolds in Theorem 1, we can use Lemma 4, Lemma 5 and equations (2), (3), (4) to compute the Euler classes of the principal $`S^1`$ bundles (1) for regular levels in terms of the fixed point data. By Duistermaat-Heckman formula (\[DH\]), we can compute the cohomology classes of the reduced symplectic forms on the reduced spaces.

Recall that for the types of manifolds in Theorem 1, the reduced spaces are all smooth manifolds (see Section 10 in \[GS\]). Moreover, from above we see that (except at the minimal value and at the maximal value) they are diffeomorphic to either $`P^2`$ or the total space of an $`S^2`$ bundle over a Riemann surface (assume for manifold of type (5) the moment map crosses the index 4 point before it crosses the index 2 point). Now, let us list the problems we should take care of for the construction:
$`\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ The cohomology classes of the reduced forms given by Duistermaat-Heckman formula are in terms of the fixed point data, the size of the minimum (maximum) if the minimum (maximum) is a surface, and the distances between the moment map images of the fixed point set components. The question is which cohomology class in the reduced space contains a symplectic form.
$`\mathrm{𝟐}.`$ If $`F`$ is an index 2 fixed surface, then $`F`$ is symplectically embedded in the reduced space at the critical level (and nearby regular levels). As we have seen (see \[L\] for details), in each case, the dual cohomology class of $`F`$ in the reduced space can be computed in terms of the fixed point data. The question is which dual class can be represented by a symplectic submanifold.
$`\mathrm{𝟑}.`$ When we glue the “local pieces” together, we glue them along a regular level. Since this regular level is a principal $`S^1`$ bundle over the reduced space, we can glue the two reduced spaces on the local pieces together (the fibers will be identified correspondingly). We only know the cohomology classes of the reduced symplectic form are the same on these two reduced spaces, the symplectic forms may be chosen differently. The question is if there is a diffeomorphism between the two reduced spaces such that one form is pulled to another by this diffeomorphism.

Section 4 and Section 5 will give answers to the above questions.

## 4. Symplectic $`P^2`$, symplectic ruled manifolds, and their symplectic submanifolds

###### Lemma 6.

Let $`f:(M,\omega _1)(M,\omega _2)`$ be a diffeomorphism such that $`f^{}\omega _2=\omega _1`$. If $`A(M,\omega _1)`$ is a symplectic submanifold, then $`f(A)(M,\omega _2)`$ is a symplectic submanifold.

###### Proof.

$`f_{}(TA)=T(f(A))`$ is an isomorphism. Take $`X,YTA`$, then $`\omega _2(f_{}X,f_{}Y)=f^{}\omega _2(X,Y)=\omega _1(X,Y)`$. ∎

$`P^2`$ with its standard complex structure carries K$`\ddot{a}`$hler forms. Each complex submanifold of $`P^2`$ is symplectic with respect to these K$`\ddot{a}`$hler forms.

For the symplectic structures on $`P^2`$, we have

###### Theorem 3.

(\[T\]) If $`(M,\omega )`$ is a symplectic manifold and $`M`$ is smoothly diffeomorphic to $`P^2`$, then $`\omega `$ is diffeomorphic to a standard K$`\ddot{a}`$hler form.

###### Lemma 7.

Let $`uH^2(P^2)`$ be a generator. Then a cohomology class $`a=lu`$ contains a symplectic form of $`P^2`$ if and only if $`l0`$.

###### Proof.

Any non-zero multiple of the standard symplectic form on $`P^2`$ is symplectic. ∎

###### Lemma 8.

For $`(P^2,\omega )`$, let $`uH^2(P^2,)`$ be a generator. Then any class $`\eta =au`$ with $`a`$ being a positive integer can be represented by a connected symplectic submanifold.

###### Proof.

By Theorem 3, $`\omega `$ is diffeomorphic to a stardard K$`\ddot{a}`$hler form. Since $`\eta =au`$ with $`a`$ being a positive integer represents a connected complex curve for the standard complex structure, it represents a connected symplectic submanifold for the standard K$`\ddot{a}`$hler form. The lemma follows from Lemma 6. ∎

###### Definition 3.

An $`S^2`$ fibration over a Riemann surface $`\pi :E\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is called a $`𝕣𝕦𝕝𝕖𝕕𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕕`$.

Ruled manifolds are symplectic manifolds. One can choose the fibration such that the symplectic forms are nondegenerate on the fibers.

###### Definition 4.

A symplectic form on a ruled manifold is $`𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕡𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕓𝕝𝕖`$ with the ruling $`\pi :E\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ if it is nondegenerate on the fibers.

The following fact is well known

###### Lemma 9.

Let $`E`$ be a ruled manifold, and $`F`$ be the fiber of $`E`$. Any cohomology class $`aH^2(E)`$ which satisfies the following conditions carries a symplectic form which is nondegenerate on the fibers.
(a) $`a(F)`$ and $`a^2(E)`$ are positive, and
(b) $`a^2(E)>(a(F))^2`$ if the bundle is non-trivial.

With this symplectic form and a compatible complex structure, every connected complex submanifold is a connected symplectic submanifold.

By D. McDuff, we have

###### Lemma 10.

(\[Mc2\]) Let $`E`$ be a ruled manifold, and $`F`$ be the fiber of $`E`$. Then the cohomology class $`aH^2(E)`$ of any symplectic form on $`E`$ which is compatible with the ruling satisfies the conditions
(a) $`a(F)`$ and $`a^2(E)`$ are positive, and
(b) $`a^2(E)>(a(F))^2`$ if the bundle is non-trivial.

For the symplectic forms in the same cohomology class on a ruled manifold, we have

###### Theorem 4.

(\[LMc\]) Let $`\omega _0,\omega _1`$ be two cohomologous symplectic forms on the ruled 4-manifold $`\pi :E\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, then there is a diffeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`E`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\omega _0)=\omega _1`$. Moreover, if we assume that the forms $`\omega _0,\omega _1`$ are both compatible with $`\pi `$, then they are isotopic.

We have the following lemmas about the connected symplectic submanifolds of ruled surfaces.

###### Lemma 11.

For $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }_g\times S^2,\omega )`$, where $`\omega `$ is compatible with the ruling, let $`x,y`$ be the dual class of the fiber $`S^2`$ and the dual class of the base $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ respectively. Then $`x`$, $`y`$, and any class $`ax+by`$ with $`a,b`$ being positive integers can be represented by a connected symplectic submanifold.

If $`[\omega ]y>n[\omega ]x`$ ($`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$), then $`ynx`$ can be represented by a connected symplectic submanifold.

###### Lemma 12.

For the non-trivial $`S^2`$ bundle $`(E_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_g},\omega )`$ over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$, where $`\omega `$ is compatible with the ruling, let $`x,y`$ be the dual class of the fiber $`S^2`$ and the dual class of the section with self-intersection $`1`$ respectively. Then $`x`$, $`y`$, $`x+y`$, and any class $`ax+by`$ with integers $`a>1,b>0`$ can be represented by a connected symplectic submanifold.

If $`[\omega ]y>n[\omega ]x`$ ($`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$), then $`ynx`$ can be represented by a connected symplectic submanifold.

Proof of Lemma 11:

###### Proof.

The classes $`x`$ and $`y`$ clearly represent symplectic submanifolds. For the classes $`ax+by`$ with $`a,b`$ being positive integers, we can construct their symplectic representatives. Take the class $`p_i\times S^2`$, where $`i=1,2,\mathrm{},a`$, and take the class $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g\times q_j`$, where $`j=1,2,\mathrm{},b`$. These are symplectic submanifolds and they intersect positively transversely at $`ab`$ points. Then one can smooth out the intersection points to obtain a smooth submanifold which is symplectic and represented by the class $`ax+by`$.

When the symplectic area of the base is $`n`$ times larger than that of the fiber, the class $`ynx`$ represents the section at $`\mathrm{}`$ of the projectivised bundle $`P(L)`$, where $`L`$ is a complex line bundle of degree $`2n`$ over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$. So it represents a symplectic submanifold. ∎

Alternatively, one may choose compatible complex structures on ruled manifolds and argue that some classes represent complex submanifolds. The proof of Lemma 12 is similar.

## 5. Gluing neighborhoods together

In Section 2, we constructed “local pieces”. We will glue these “local pieces” together along their boundaries. Let $`L_1`$ and $`L_2`$ be two “adjacent” “local pieces” such that $`\varphi |L_1\varphi |L_2`$. Let $`a`$ be the regular value such that $`\varphi ^1(a)`$ is the level along which we glue $`L_1`$ and $`L_2`$. Suppose $`\varphi _{}^1(a)`$ is the boundary of $`L_1`$, $`\varphi _+^1(a)`$ is the boundary of $`L_2`$, and we will identify them to get $`\varphi ^1(a)`$. Now let $`M_a^{}=\varphi _{}^1(a)/S^1`$, and $`M_a^+=\varphi _+^1(a)/S^1`$. Then $`\varphi _{}^1(a)`$ is a principal circle bundle over $`M_a^{}`$, and $`\varphi _+^1(a)`$ is a principal circle bundle over $`M_a^+`$. Let $`\omega _{}`$ and $`\omega _+`$ be the reduced symplectic forms on $`M_a^{}`$ and on $`M_a^+`$ respectively. We state the following lemma for convenience, it is obviously valid.

###### Lemma 13.

Assume that the two principal circle bundles $`\varphi _{}^1(a)M_a^{}`$ and $`\varphi _+^1(a)M_a^+`$ have the same Euler class. If there is a symplectomorphism $`g`$ between $`(M_a^{},\omega _{})`$ and $`(M_a^+,\omega _+)`$, then $`g`$ induces an isomorphism between $`\varphi _{}^1(a)`$ and $`\varphi _+^1(a)`$.

In our case, of course the two circle bundles have the same Euler class. As we have seen in Section 3, our reduced spaces are diffeomorphic to $`P^2`$ or diffeomorphic to a ruled manifold. $`M_a^{}`$ and $`M_a^+`$ are diffeomorphic as smooth manifolds. The cohomology classes of the reduced symplectic forms $`\omega _{}`$ on $`M_a^{}`$ and $`\omega _+`$ on $`M_a^+`$ agree. By Theorem 3 or by Theorem 4, there is a diffeomorphism $`g:(M_a^{},\omega _{})(M_a^+,\omega _+)`$ such that $`g^{}\omega _+=\omega _{}`$. By Lemma 13, this symplectomorphism $`g`$ between the reduced spaces induces an isomorphism between $`\varphi _{}^1(a)`$ and $`\varphi _+^1(a)`$. We call the identified level set $`\varphi ^1(a)`$.

## 6. Proof of Theorem 2

We are now ready to construct our manifolds. It will boil down to the question of choosing some parameters suitably.

###### Proof.

In the following, we always use $`\alpha _0`$ to denote the size of the minimum if the minimum is a surface, and use $`t_0,t_1,t_2`$ to denote the distances between the moment map images of the fixed point set components as the moment map goes from the minimum to the maximum. For convenience, we will use the following pictures. On the left, between the critical sets, we indicate the Euler class of the principal $`S^1`$ bundle over the reduced space at that regular interval, and on the right of the index 2 surface, we indicate the dual class of the index 2 surface in the reduced space.

By Section 5, the gluing of the “local pieces” can always be done, therefore we won’t “glue explicitly” in the following proof, we will check requirements $`\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟐}.`$ listed in Section 3.

For manifold of type (1), we have seen an example in \[L\]. Let us use the construction method to prove its existence. We have the following picture ($`uH^2(P^2)`$ is a generator):

The reduced space at any non-extremal level is $`P^2`$.

Since the minimum and the maximum are unique, $`t_0>0`$, and $`t_1>0`$.

Let us use Duistermaat-Heckman formula (\[DH\]) to compute the cohomology classes of the reduced symplectic forms. If $`0<tt_0`$, then $`[\omega _t]=ut`$, by Lemma 7, for each t in this interval, $`[\omega _t]`$ contains a symplectic form.

By Lemma 8, the index 2 sphere is a symplectic submanifold of $`P^2`$.

Starting new at $`t_0`$, by Duistermaat-Heckman formula, for $`0<tt_1`$, $`[\omega _t]=t_0uut`$. Since $`[\omega _{t_1}]=0`$, $`t_1=t_0`$. By lemma 7 again, each $`[\omega _t]`$ in this interval contains a symplectic form.

This proves the existence of manifold of type (1) in Theorem 1.

We can similarly prove the existence of manifold of type (2) in Theorem 1.

For manifold(s) of type (3), we saw in \[L\] that only when $`b_{min}=1`$, $`\varphi `$ can cross the index 4 point before it crosses the index 2 sphere. In this case, we constructed a toric variety. So let us assume the moment map crosses the critical sets in the following order.

Since the minimum and the maximum are unique, $`t_0>0,t_2>0`$.

Note that up to the index 4 critical level (excluding this critical level and the minimal level), the reduced space is $`\stackrel{~}{P^2}`$ ($`P^2`$ blown up at a point). By Duistermaat-Heckman formula, if $`0<tt_0`$, then $`[\omega _t]=\alpha _0x(kxy)t=(\alpha _0kt)x+ty`$. To make $`[\omega _t]`$ contain symplectic forms for each $`t`$, by Lemma 9, we can choose $`\alpha _0>(1+k)t`$ for each $`t`$ in this interval. Since $`\alpha _0>0`$, we only need $`\alpha _0>(1+k)t_0`$.

By Lemma 12, if $`k1`$, then $`\eta `$ represents a connected symplectic submanifold (this imposes no condition); if $`k>1`$, then if $`\alpha _02kt_0>0`$, $`\eta `$ represents a connected symplectic submanifold.

For the next interval, let’s start with $`t=0`$. So when $`0t<t_1`$ (the reduced space $`M_{red}`$ at the index 4 critical level is $`P^2`$.),

$$[\omega _t]=[\omega _{t_0}]xt=(\alpha _0kt_0t)x+t_0y.$$

To make $`[\omega _t]`$ contain a symplectic form for each $`t`$, we choose $`\alpha _0(k+1)t_0>t`$ for $`0t<t_1`$.

After $`\varphi `$ crosses the index 4 point, $`M_{red}`$ is $`P^2`$ and $`x+y`$ is a generator of $`H^2(P^2)`$. If we do the computation starting from the top, we see that each cohomology class in this interval contains a symplectic form. To make the data compatible, we need

$$(\alpha _0kt_0t_1)x+t_0y=t_2(x+y),$$

i.e., $`t_2=t_0`$, and $`\alpha _0=t_1+(k+1)t_0`$.

In summary, we choose the parameters such that

$$\alpha _0>2kt_0,\alpha _0=t_1+(k+1)t_0,t_1>0(t_0=t_2).$$

For each fixed $`k`$, we can adjust $`\alpha _0,t_0,t_1`$ such that the above condition is satisfied This proves the existence of manifold(s) of type (3).

We have shown in \[L\] that manifold of type (4) is diffeomorphic to $`P^3`$.

For manifold of type (5), let us prove the existence for the case when $`\varphi `$ crosses the index 4 point before it crosses the index 2 point.

If $`0<t<t_0`$, $`M_{red}=\stackrel{~}{P^2}`$, then $`[\omega _t]=\alpha _0x+ty`$, by Lemma 9, we may choose $`\alpha _0>t`$ for each $`t`$ in this interval to make $`[\omega _t]`$ contain symplectic forms. Since $`M_{red}`$ at the index 4 point critical level is $`P^2`$ ($`x+yH^2(P^2)`$ is a generator), to make the cohomology class contain a symplectic form for $`t=t_0`$, by Lemma 7, we choose $`\alpha _0=t_0`$.

Notice that the Euler class of the principal $`S^1`$ bundle over $`M_{red}`$ for the $`t_1`$ interval is $`0`$. We can do a similar computation starting from the top and choose $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=t_2`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is the size of the maximum. To make the data compatible, (the cohomology class of the reduced symplectic form at the index 4 critical level and at the index 2 critical level should be the same) we should choose $`t_0=t_2`$.

In summary, we can choose parameters such that

$$\alpha _0=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=t_0=t_2.$$

This proves the existence of manifold of type (5).

For manifolds of type (6a), we will prove the existence for the case when $`b_{min}=n=2k`$ is even (the reduced space is the trivial $`S^2`$ bundle over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ at any non-extrem level.). The proof for the case when $`b_{min}`$ is odd is similar (the reduced space is the non-trivial $`S^2`$ bundle over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_g`$ at any non-extrem level).

For $`0<tt_0`$, $`[\omega _t]=\alpha _0x(kxy)t=(\alpha _0kt)x+ty`$. By Lemma 9, we need $`\alpha _0kt>0`$ for each $`t`$ to make each cohomology class contain a symplectic form. Since $`\alpha _0>0`$, we only need $`\alpha _0>kt_0`$.

By Lemma 11, when $`1+g_12g>0`$, the index 2 surface is a symplectic submanifold of the reduced space.

For $`0<tt_1`$, $`[\omega _t]=(\alpha _0kt_0)x+t_0y[(k+1+g_12g)x+y]t=[\alpha _0kt_0(k+1+g_12g)t]x+(t_0t)y`$. We need $`t_0=t_1`$, and $`\alpha _0kt_0(k+1+g_12g)t_1>0`$, i.e., $`\alpha _0nt_0>(1+g_12g)t_0`$. If $`k0`$, it is easy to see this choice makes each cohomology class in this interval contain a symplectic form. If $`k<0`$, then we need $`\alpha _0kt_0kt>(1+g_12g)t`$ for each $`0<t<t_0`$ to make the cohomology classes contain symplectic forms.

In summary, we make the following choices of the parameters:

$$\alpha _0kt_0kt>(1+g_12g)t>0,t[0,t_0].$$

We can adjust $`\alpha _0`$ and $`t_0`$ such that the above condition is satisfied for any fixed $`k`$ and $`g,g_1`$ such that $`1+g_12g>0`$. Therefore manifolds of type (6a) exist when $`1+g_12g>0`$.

For manifolds (6b) (twisted case), $`M_{red}`$ is $`S^2\times S^2`$.

When $`b_{min}=n=2k`$ and $`b_{max}=0`$, we have the following picture:

Notice that $`t_0>0`$, and $`t_1>0`$.

When $`0<tt_0`$, $`[\omega _t]=\alpha _0x(kxy)t=(\alpha _0kt)x+ty`$, it is easy to see that when $`\alpha _0>kt_0`$, each $`[\omega _t]`$ contains a symplectic form.

By Lemma 11, if $`k1`$, then $`\eta `$ can be represented by a symplectic submanifold; if $`k>1`$, then when $`\alpha _0(n1)t_0>0`$, $`\eta `$ can be represented by a symplectic submanifold.

When $`0tt_1`$ (new start at $`t=0`$), $`[\omega _t]=(\alpha _0kt_0)x+t_0yxt=(\alpha _0kt_0t)x+t_0y`$. Since there is a twist, when $`t=t_1`$, we should have

$$\alpha _0kt_0t_1=0.$$

Notice that this kind of choice makes $`[\omega _t]`$ contain a symplectic form for each $`0<t<t_1`$.

In summary, we can choose

$$\alpha _0>(n1)t_0,t_1=\alpha _0kt_0>0.$$

For each fixed $`k`$, the choice is achievable. This proves the existence of manifold of type (6b).

If this manifold exists, then its upside down also exists.


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# X-ray Flux Related Timing and Spectral Features of 2S 1417-62

## 1 Introduction

The X-ray source 2S 1417-62 was detected by SAS-3 in 1978 (Apparao et al. 1980). Analysis of the SAS 3 observations showed evidence of $`57`$ mHz pulsations (Kelley et al. 1981). Einstein and optical observations identified a Be star companion at a distance of 1.4-11.1 kpc (Grindlay et al. 1984). From the timing analysis of BATSE observations between August 26, 1994 and July 7, 1995, orbital parameters were determined and a correlation was found between spin-up rate and pulsed flux (Finger, Wilson & Chakrabarty 1996). Orbital period and eccentricity of the source were found to be 42.12 days and 0.446 respectively.

A ”Be star” is an early type non-supergiant star which has a circumstellar disc emanating from its rotational equator which is thought to be formed possibly by fast spin rotation, non-radial pulsations or magnetic loops (Slettebak 1988). Most of the Be/X-ray binary pulsar systems like 2S 1417-62 show recurrent X-ray outbursts that are thought to be mainly due to the fact that the neutron star is accreting material from the Be star’s circumstellar disc (Negueruela 1998).

In this work, we will present and discuss our timing and spectral analysis of RXTE PCA observations of 2S 1417-62. In Section 2, we will present our timing and spectral analysis. In Section 3, we will discuss our results, and derive some conclusions.

## 2 Observations and Data Analysis

We analyzed RXTE archival observations of 2S 1417-62 between November 22,1999 and August 7, 2000 (See Table 1 for observation list). The results presented here are based on data collected with the Proportional Counter Array (PCA; Jahoda et al., 1996) and the High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE; Rotschild et al. 1998). The PCA instrument consists of an array of 5 proportional counters (PCU) operating in the 2-60 keV energy range, with a total effective area of approximately 7000 cm2 and a field of view of $`1^{}`$ FWHM. Although the number of active PCU’s varied between 1 and 5 during the observations, observations after 13 May 2000 belongs to the observational epoch for which background level for one of the PCUs (PCU0) increased due to the fact that this PCU started to operate without a propane layer. Latest combined background models (CM) were used together with the latest FTOOLS release (5.2) to estimate the appropriate background. The HEXTE instrument consists of two independent clusters of detectors, each cluster containing four NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na) phoswich scintillation counters (one of the detectors in cluster 2 is not used for spectral information) sharing a common $`1^{}`$ FWHM. The field of view of each cluster was switched on and off source to provide background measurements. The net open area of the seven detectors used for spectroscopy is 1400 cm2. Each detector covers the energy range 15-250 keV.

Analyzed observations consist of a main outburst that lasted for two orbital periods, followed by a series of mini outbursts each lasting for a single orbit. Duration of the main outburst and the mini outbursts are consistent with those covered in 1994 BATSE observations.

### 2.1 Timing Analysis

Background light curves were generated using the background estimator models based on the rate of very large events, spacecraft activation and cosmic X-ray emission with the standard PCA analysis tools and were subtracted from the source light curve obtained from the event data. The background subtracted light curves were corrected to the barycenter of the solar system.

Pulse frequencies for 2S 1417-62 were found by folding the time series on statistically independent trial periods (Leahy et al. 1983). Master pulses were constructed from these observations by folding the data on the period giving the maximum $`\chi ^2`$. The master pulses were arranged in 20 phase bins, represented by their Fourier harmonics (Deeter & Boynton 1985), and cross-correlated with the harmonic representation of average pulse profiles from each observation. The pulse arrival times were obtained from the cross-correlation analysis.The observations of 2S 1417-62 are irregularly spaced, with many gaps of a week or more. In these gaps, pulse frequency derivatives can cause cycle count ambiguity. Therefore, we obtained the pulse frequencies using the pulse arrival times from short segments of the data spans which are typically a couple of days. Then the resulting pulse frequencies were orbitally corrected using the binary orbit parameters found from BATSE observations. In fitting of pulse frequencies for the orbit model, we left the orbital epoch as free parameter and used the the orbital parameters given by Finger et al. (1996). We found the new epoch to be JD $`2551612.67\pm 0.05`$ and the new orbital period to be $`42.19\pm 0.01`$ days, while other orbital parameters were left unchanged. Evolution of PCA count rate, pulse frequency prior to orbital correction, and orbitally corrected pulse frequency were plotted in Figure 1.

Individual pulse profiles were used to calculate pulse fractions. The relation between pulse fraction and 3-20 keV unabsorbed X-ray flux was plotted in the left panel of Figure 2. 8 pulse profiles corresponding to different flux levels were plotted in Figure 3. Spin-up rates were found by linear fitting of the $`20`$ day long segments of frequency time series. In these time intervals, 3-20 keV unabsorbed X-ray flux and pulse fraction values were recalculated by averaging corresponding unabsorbed X-ray flux and pulse fraction values. Relations among frequency derivative, recalculated pulse fraction and recalculated 3-20 keV unabsorbed X-ray flux were plotted in the middle and right panels of Figure 2.

### 2.2 Spectral Analysis

Spectrum, background and response matrix files were created using FTOOLS 5.2 data analysis software. Background spectra were generated using the background estimator models based on the rate of very large events, spacecraft activation and cosmic X-ray emission.

Spectral analysis and error estimation of the spectral parameters were performed using XSPEC version 11.1. Overall PCA (3-35 keV) and HEXTE (25-60 keV) spectra were constructed for the main outburst covered by the dataset 40070 (Figure 4). Individual PCA spectra were constructed for the same time intervals that were used for calculating arrival times. Energy channels corresponding to 3-20 keV energy range were used to fit the individual PCA spectra. Energies lower than 3 keV were ignored due to uncertainties in background modelling while energies higher than 20 keV were ignored as a result of poor counting statistics. No systematic error was added to the errors.

A power law model with low energy absorption (Morrison & McCammon, 1983), multiplied by an exponential high energy cut-off function (White et al. 1983) was used to model both the overall 3-55 keV (PCA-HEXTE) spectrum and the individual 3-20 keV band (PCA) spectra. Additional Iron emission line complex modeled as a Gaussian at $`6.46.8`$ keV was required as the part of the spectral model. Evolution of spectral parameters of 3-20 keV PCA spectrum was plotted in Figure 5. Spectral parameters corresponding to the overall PCA-HEXTE spectra and these 3 regions were listed in Table 2 and 3 respectively. Using individual 3-20 keV spectra, the hydrogen column density was found to be correlated with the 3-20 keV X-ray flux, while the power-law index was found to be anti-correlated with the 3-20 keV X-ray flux (see Figure 6).

Using XSPEC software and assuming a distance of 11 kpc, 3-20 keV band luminosities were found to be $`1.4\times 10^{34}`$ ergs/s for the low X-ray flux regions between outbursts, $`1.3\times 10^{36}`$ ergs/s for the peak of the main outburst, and $`2.3\times 10^{35}`$ ergs/s for the peak of the first mini outburst followed by the main outburst.

## 3 Discussion and Conclusion

In a Be/neutron star binary system, occasional X-ray outbursts may be observed, implying the neutron star is accreting material, presumeably from the Be star’s circumstellar disc if the circumstellar disc undergoes a sufficiently large increase in its radial extent and density to intersect the neutron stars orbital path. The neutron star may stop accreting and ceases to be apparent as a bright X-ray source after the Be circumstellar disc has contracted.

The pattern of X-ray outbursts is affected by the size, eccentricity and orientation of the neutron star’s orbit with respect to the Be star. The orbit could be coplanar with the Be circumstellar disc or offset such that the neutron star may pass through the circumstellar disc. In the latter case, neutron star may either pass through the disc twice per orbit or pass only once per orbit as in the case for 2S 1417-62.

There are basically two accretion modes possible for the neutron star in a Be/Neutron star binary system. The first possible mode is direct accretion of the Be circumstellar disc material by the neutron star during the circumstellar disc passage in a manner similar to a wind-fed pulsar experiencing Bondi-Hoyle type accretion. For this mode, there will be less efficient angular momentum transfer compared to a standard disc accretion. This mode accretion may be considered to be the cases for the X-ray spikes during the periastron and for the mini outbursts of 2S 1845-024 (Finger et al. 1999).

The second mode that actually seems to be the case for 2S 1417-62 is accretion after the bound material has collapsed into a standard but temporary accretion disc. An accretion disc can transfer angular momentum either at the vicinity of the magnetospheric radius where the disc began to be disrupted and the material is channeled from the inner edge of the disc to the magnetic poles (via ”material torque”), or from the overall interaction of the accretion disc and magnetic field lines of the neutron star (via ”magnetic torque”). Material torque from a prograde accretion disc, being proportional to mass accretion rate, always acts to spin-up the neutron star, while the contribution of magnetic torque from the magnetic field lines threading the disc outside the corotation radius $`r_{co}`$ is negative. Therefore, resultant torque can either be a spin-up (positive) or a spin-down (negative) torque.

Assuming observed X-ray luminosity is proportional to the bolometric luminosity (or mass accretion rate), spin-up rate and X-ray flux correlation can be explained by accretion from accretion disks when the net torque is positive and of the order of the material torque (Ghosh & Lamb 1979; Ghosh 1993). Correlation between spin-up rate and X-ray flux in different X-ray energy bands has been observed in outbursts of other transient X-ray pulsar systems: EXO 2030+375 (Wilson et al. 2002; Parmar, White & Stella 1989), A 0535+26 (Bildsten et al. 1997; Finger, Wilson & Harmon 1996), 2S 1845-024 (Finger et al. 1999), GRO J1744-28 (Bildsten et al. 1997), GRO J1750-27 (Scott et al. 1997), XTE J1543-568 (In’t Zand, Corbet & Marshall 2001), and SAX J2103.5+4545 (Baykal, Stark & Swank 2002). Correlation between 20-50 keV X-ray flux and spin-up rate was previously found for 2S 1417-62 using BATSE observations (Finger, Wilson & Chakrabarty 1996). Our analysis of RXTE datasets of 2S 1417-62 has also showed the evidence of this correlation for both the main outburst and the following mini outbursts in 3-20 keV band (see the middle panel of Figure 2).

When the neutron star in a Be/neutron star binary system leaves the dense equatorial disc of the companion, the accretion disc can no longer be fed by the surrounding material. In this case, accretion disc may disappear and the neutron star may either continue to accrete from the non-equatorial wind of the companion or may enter the propeller phase (Illarionov & Sunyaev 1975). In case accretion is the result of the companion’s non-equatorial wind, it is possible to see erratic spin-up and spin-down episodes (just like wind accreting systems, see Bildsten et al. 1997; Inam & Baykal 2000) which is not the case in 2S 1417-62 even for the lowest flux parts of our datasets. In case wind of the companion does not cause accretion, propeller phase may set in. In the propeller phase, we may expect spin pulsations to cease accompanied by a decrease in flux (Cui 1997), although it may also be the case that the pulsations do not cease completely even in the propeller phase (Neguerela et al. 2000).

Although we did not observe any erratic spin-up and spin-down episodes in the archival data, we found that both pulse fraction and shape of pulse profiles depend on the X-ray flux (Figures 2 and 3). From Figure 3, we found that the morphology of pulse profiles for the peaks of the main outburst and the mini outbursts as well as the increasing flux regions just after the periastron and declining flux regions before the next periastron passages are similar, with only a slight difference in the pulse fractions. However, both the pulse fraction and the morphology of the pulse profiles of the low flux parts of the data is considerably different from the data elsewhere. Similarity of the pulse profiles of the main outburst and the mini outbursts may indicate that we basically have the same accretion geometry with slightly different mass accretion rate. Together with the fact that the spin up rate is correlated with the flux, we may argue that we have disc accretion for all stages of the main outburst and mini outbursts with a varying mass accretion rate but basically with the same accretion geometry. Decreasing pulse fraction with changing pulse morphology for the low flux parts may indicate changes in accretion geometry and even be an indicator of a transition from disc to wind accretion, or an ongoing transition from accretor phase to propeller phase. SAX J2103.5+4545 is a counter-example for which no significant changes in pulse fraction and pulse profiles are seen with changing flux (Baykal, Stark & Swank 2002). Therefore, accretion geometry and polar cap size of SAX J2103.5+4545 should not be related considerably to the mass accretion rate while 2S 1417-62 may have such accretion geometry changes accompanied by the decrease in X-ray flux. Correlation between spin-up rate and pulse fraction is also another evidence of such a transition (see right panel of Figure 2).

Decline of the X-ray flux may be an indication of an ongoing transition from accretor to propeller stage. When the propeller stage sets in, the great majority of accreting matter cannot reach the neutron star and factor of decrease in the bolometric luminosity becomes

$`\mathrm{\Delta }=170M_{1.4}^{1/3}R_6^1P_0^{2/3}`$
where $`M_{1.4}`$ is the mass of the neutron star in units of $`1.4M_{}`$, $`R_6`$ is the radius of the neutron star in units of $`10^6`$ cm and $`P_0`$ is the spin period of the neutron star in units of second (Corbet 1996; Campana & Stella 2000; Campana et al. 2002). The factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ becomes $`10^3`$ for a neutron star with mass $`1.4M_{}`$, radius $`10^6`$ cm and spin period of $`17.5`$ s . We do not observe such sharp X-ray flux declines in RXTE-PCA observations of 2S 1417-62, moreover a factor of $`10^3`$ decrease in X-ray flux of 2S 1417-62 should be considerably less than the background level. As a comparison, 3-20 keV X-ray flux of 2S 1417-62 is lower in the low X-ray flux regions between outbursts by a factor of $`15`$ with respect to peak of mini outbursts and $`90`$ with respect to the peak of the main outburst. These factors seem to be considerably smaller than the expected factors for accretor to propeller transition. It is more likely that we just observe an accretion geometry change due to decreasing $`\dot{M}`$, maybe an ongoing transition to propeller, but not the propeller stage itself.

Since 2S 1417-62 is not likely to make transitions to the propeller phase, the source is probably accreting even at the lowest flux level. In case of accretion, the minimum luminosities that we have should be greater than a limiting accretion luminosity ($`L_{limit}`$) given as: (Stella et al. 1986, Illarionov, Sunyaev 1975)

$$L_{min}>L_{limit}2\times 10^{37}R_6^1M_{1.4}^{2/3}P_0^{7/3}(\frac{\mu }{10^{30}\mathrm{Gcm}^3})^2\mathrm{ergs}.\mathrm{s}^1$$

where $`\mu `$ ($`BR^3`$, B being the surface magnetic field of the neutron star) is the magnetic moment of the neutron star. Using the spectral model for the low flux part of the data and assuming a distance of 11 kpc which is within the range of possible distances given by Grindlay et al. (1984), 0.5-30 keV X-ray luminosity is found to be $`2.1\times 10^{34}`$ ergs/s. Using this luminosity, and assuming that $`R10^6`$cm, $`M1.4M_{}`$, a lower limit to the magnetic field can be set to be $`9\times 10^{11}`$G, which is consistent with the typical magnetic fields of accretion powered pulsars.

From Figure 1, it is evident that the location of the periastron passage is just after the start of both the main outburst and the mini outbursts. The mini outbursts last for almost an entire orbit of 2S 1417-62 and hence indicate the binding of some Be circumstellar disc material to the neutron star during disc passage with the accretion of the bound material occuring during the course of the orbit. The BATSE observations showed a very similar normal outburst pattern with the hard X-rays (above 20 keV) starting just after the periastron passage and ending before the next periastron passage. Pattern and duration of the main outburst is also consistent with the main outburst observed by BATSE, starting just after the periastron and lasting about two orbital periods. Duration of the main outburst indicate that the equatorial disc of the companion is dense enough to provide enough disc material initially to feed the disc for two orbital periods. An increase in X-ray flux during the main outburst is observed corresponding to the periastron passage as well, showing that the neutron star has entered the equatorial disc again, but, this time, without complete depletion of the accretion disc material around it.

Galactic coordinates (l=313.02 b=-1.598) of 2S 1417-62 reveals that the source is almost at the boundary of the galactic ridge region (corresponding to R1 region defined by Valinia, Marshall 1998). Spectral model for the galactic ridge emission includes an absorbed power law model with power law index $`1.8`$ and Raymond Smith component at $`3`$ keV. If the flux of the galactic ridge were comparable to the X-ray flux in the low X-ray flux regions, then we would not be sure about the reality of the higher power law indices and decreasing pulse fractions, since these effects may be due to the fact that our background is contaminated by the galactic ridge emission. However, the X-ray flux in 3-20 keV is found to be only $`2.5`$% of the typical flux for the low X-ray flux region of 2S 1417-62 by using the spectral model for R1 region of the galactic ridge. Therefore, it is not likely that our results are very much affected by the galactic ridge emission.

The spectrum of 2S 1417-62 is found to be consistent with a typical accretion powered pulsar spectral model consisting of an absorbed power law with power law index $`0.91.2`$ and an high energy cut-off at $`912`$ keV. For the low X-ray flux regions between outbursts, the power law index is found to be higher reaching values of $`2`$, while the cut-off energy increases to $`1518`$ keV but the uncertainty in the cut-off energy increases from $`0.5`$ keV to $`5`$ keV meanwhile.

Although the column density is, in general, found to be correlated with the X-ray flux (left panel of Figure 6), it is found to be considerably lower for the low X-ray flux regions between the outbursts where it decreases to $`1\times 10^{22}`$ cm-2. Lower hydrogen column densities together with lower X-ray flux at low X-ray flux regions may indicate lower matter concentration around the neutron star due to the fact that neutron star is in the orbital phase away from the equatorial Be wind so that matter around the neutron star has ceased or is about to cease. This is also related to the fact that the X-ray flux decreases, since $`\dot{M}`$ of the accretion disc decreases due to the lower density of the surrounding material feeding the disc.

The iron line complex at $`6.46.8`$ keV is found to exist for the overall data. This energy range shows that the iron line complex is composed not only of cold flourescent Iron K line at $`6.4`$ keV, but also of H-like and He-like Iron lines at $`6.77.0`$ keV which is possibly emitted from hot and ionized gas around neutron star, e.g. accretion disc corona. We are unable to resolve this line complex into single emission lines in each RXTE observation. Although uncertainty in iron line energy is almost comparable to the changes in the iron line energy, there is still a weak trend that the peak energy of the iron line is found to be $`6.46.5`$ keV at or near low X-ray flux parts of the data, while the peak energy reaches sim $`6.76.8`$ keV near the X-ray flux maxima of the outbursts. A plausible explanation for this trend of the peak energy is that density of the ionized gas around the neutron star increases while outbursts occur. Future observations with new X-ray observatories like XMM-Newton and Chandra may be useful to resolve this iron line complex features in 2S 1417-62.

Anti-correlation of power law index with the X-ray flux is an indication of the fact that the spectrum gets softened with decreasing X-ray flux. (right panel of Figure 6). Spectral hardening is observed in the low state spectra of neutron star soft X-ray transients like Aql X-1, which may be interpreted to be a sign of propeller stage (Zhang et al. 1998) or a sign of a turned-on rotation powered pulsar (Campana et al. 1998). On the other hand, increasing power law indices (i.e softening of the spectra) with decreasing flux might be the consequence of mass accretion rate changes only (see e.g models for low luminosity X-ray sources by Meszaros et al. 1983; Harding et al. 1984). In this case, neither a transition to propeller stage nor an accretion geometry change is needed to explain the softening in the spectrum with decreasing flux. Consequently, decrease in mass accretion rate with a softening in the spectrum does not lead to any significant changes in pulse profiles and pulse fraction (e.g. Baykal, Stark & Swank 2002 for SAX J2103.5+4545). We have a similar situation in 2S 1417-62 except that in the lowest X-ray flux parts, the changes in pulse profiles and pulse fractions accompany spectral softening of 2S 1417-62. Therefore, spectral softening observed throughout main outburst and mini outbursts may be similar to the case in SAX J2103.5+4545, however spectral softening in 2S 1417-62 may be the result of not only accretion rate changes but also accretion geometry changes for the low flux parts, which occur just before the periastron for which the neutron star should have accreted almost all of the accretion disc material around it.

New X-ray observations which will monitor main high outbursts, the following mini outbursts and X-ray dips continously so that the data will be continously phase-connected will be very useful for further studies of 2S 1417-62. These observations will help us to understand the accretion mechanism better and test the possible transition from accretor to propeller stage. New observations may also be useful to revise and improve orbital parameters and to have a better understanding of timing and spectral evolution of 2S 1417-62.

Acknowledgments

S.Ç.İnam acknowledges the Integrated Doctorate Program scholarship from the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK).

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text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

A Monte Carlo event generator server (GENSER) is created in the framework of the LHC Computer Grid project (LHG) (see home page http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/). It is assumed that it will collect well-tested generators adapted for the LHC energies and experience of their application gained by the LHC collaborations. The generators will be improved in the course of the LHC implementation, test-beam experiments, receiving new experimental data, and so on. The server will give an opportunity for physicists to use the latest tested generators versions.

The improvement of the generators means their adaptation to the continuously changed computer technique, fine tuning of model parameters, and inclusion of new physical effects such as collective flow of particles, or black hole production. One of demands here is the saving of results of previous studies, or determination of their application range. The change of the generators does not mean an automatic change of the results of simulation of detector response, or change of the calibration constants of the experimental setups. The generator changes are usually connected with inclusions of new physical effects. For example, the problem of taking into account collective flows of particles and jet quenching in the existing nucleus-nucleus generators is very actual now after the RHIC experiments. Clearly, the inclusion will not change the global properties of simulated interactions dictated by soft and peripheral collisions. At the same time, it can have big influence on a small probability of the hard jet production, or on the possibility of registration of the collective flows. It is believed that the HIJING event generator can be adapted most probably to these demands.

The HIJING model  is the most popular one as applied for simulation of nucleus-nucleus ($`AA`$) interactions at LHC energies. It includes soft and hard interactions, nuclear modification of structure functions, jet quenching, a true geometry of nuclear collisions, and so on (description of the model see in . Thus, it is very important for future experiments to know its drawbacks and accuracy of the model predictions. In the paper, the so-called ”theoretical” deficiency of the model will not be considered because it is rather difficult to find a common point of view in the phenomenology.

The matter is that the authors of program-generators are solving a problem of description of existing experimental data, on the one hand, and on the other are trying to introduce new theoretical ideas. As a rule, the theoretical ideas are rather far away from everyday life, and it is not easy to transfer them to observable predictions which are the most important ones for the generators. In addition, all theoretical approaches have areas of application, and unsolved questions. The Monte Carlo event generator’s authors have problems mainly with these boundary conditions (let us point out only an unsolved problem of soft and hard interaction connection). Thus, the Monte Carlo program contains a lot of phenomenological things which can not be formulated, in some cases, in a pure theoretical language.

We will concentrate on Monte Carlo program implementation of the model presented in Ref. , on its validation and installation.

## 2 Code Installation

The HIJING code located at ftp://nta0.lbl.gov/pub/xnwang/hijing has been successfully obtained by anonymous FTP. It contains 2 parts: hijing1.383.f (the latest version) and hipyset1.35.f. The first part collects the HIJING subroutines. The second part is Pythia and Jetset7.2 subroutines adjusted for HIJING needs. They must be compiled and linked together. hepf77 and g77\_gcc2.32 compilers have been used.

It is assumed in the HIJING code that the random number generator is called RAN with dummy argument Nseed. As the function is not automatically linked to the compilers, an additional function was created and joined with the main program in order to run the HIJING model at the AFS CERN system.

```
      FUNCTION RAN(NSEED)
      RAN=RLU(NSEED)
      RETURN
      END

```

The function uses RLU function from hipyset1.35.f. The value NSEED was set to zero in introduced COMMON/RANSEED/NSEED.

A run of the executable code was unpredicted at AFS CERN system. Analysis has shown that local variables were not saved in some HIJING routines. A typical example is presented in the function romg:

```
      FUNCTION ROMG(X)
CΨΨ********This gives the eikonal function from a table
CΨΨΨcalculated in the first call
      DIMENSION FR(0:1000)
      DATA I0/0/

      SAVE I0, FR                             !Uzhi

      IF(I0.NE.0) GO TO 100
      DO 50 I=1,1001
        XR=(I-1)*0.01
        FR(I-1)=OMG0(XR)
50    CONTINUE

100   I0=1
      IF(X.GE.10.0) THEN
        ROMG=0.0
        RETURN
      ENDIF
      IX=INT(X*100)
      ROMG=(FR(IX)*((IX+1)*0.01-X)+FR(IX+1)*(X-IX*0.01))/0.01
      RETURN
      END

```

It was assumed that the array FR was filled, and the value of I0 was changed to ”1” at the first call of ROMG function. It was supposed that the array FR and the value of I0 would not be changed at all at following calls. This depends upon many circumstances: translator, operating system, computer type and so on. At least at AFS system, the array FR was not saved. It is sufficient to add a line marked by ”!Uzhi” to protect a possible error.

Such type local variables have been found in the subroutines: jetini, romg, vegas, pystfe, pystfn. ”SAVE” operators have been inserted in all of them The corrected code runs successfully at AFS system and produces artificial events. The event record includes multiplicity of particles, identificators of the particles, and their kinematical characteristics ($`E`$, $`P_x`$, $`P_y`$, $`P_z`$). Only stable particles were stored.

## 3 Code Validation

According to the existing imaginations, the events given by a Monte Carlo event generator must satisfy the following demands:

1. Kinematical properties of the events must obey the energy-momentum conservation law;
2. Conservation of charge, baryon and lepton numbers, strangeness and so on must take place;
3. The events must have an azimuthal symmetry if unpolarized particles are presented in an initial state;
4. The properties of the events and particles must be as close as possible to known experimental data;
5. There must be a possibility to generate events at arbitrary initial conditions in the range pointed by program authors, if there is such restriction.

Bellow we present the results of checking the first three demands for the HIJING program.

### 3.1 $`PP`$-interactions

Fig. 1 shows distributions on the sum of particle energies in the events of $`PP`$-interactions at $`\sqrt{s}=`$200, 5500, and 14000 GeV in the centre-of-mass system. As seen, in fact, the energy conservation takes place.

Distributions on summarized momentum components of particles in the events are presented in Fig. 2. The red histograms show the distributions for $`PP`$-interactions at $`\sqrt{s}=200`$ GeV. The green ones give the distributions at $`\sqrt{s}=5500`$ GeV (the energy of $`NN`$ interactions in $`AA`$ collisions at LHC), and the blue histograms show the characteristics at $`\sqrt{s}=14000`$ GeV. At first glance, there is not a momentum conservation at all. Though the form of the distributions is not a pure gaussian one. It seems that it consists of 2 distributions: one is concentrated around zero, the other has large wings.

As it was said above, the HIJING program combined soft and hard interactions. The soft interactions are simulated according to the FRITIOF scheme  which saves energy and momentum. The hard interactions are treated a’la Pythia algorithm. Thus, one can expect different distributions for the processes. The calculations presented in Fig. 3 confirm the expectation.

The black histograms in Fig. 3 show the distributions in the soft interactions, and the yellow ones – in hard collisions. As seen, the transverse momentum is saved in the soft interactions. The hard interactions destroy the momentum conservation. There is no longitudinal momentum conservation in both types of the interactions. So, the problem of connection of soft and hard interactions is not solved correctly in the HIJING program.

Of course, the problem of the momentum non-conservation can be solved very easily for $`PP`$-interactions in the center-of mass system, as it is usually done in the Monte Carlo generators by the replacement of a particle momentum, $`\stackrel{}{p}_i`$, on $`\stackrel{}{p}_i1/N_j\stackrel{}{p}_j`$, where N is the multiplicity of the particles. But the problem of the connection remains.

The non-conservation of the momentum can lead to an artificial collective flow of the particles like a directed flow. In order to check the possibility, azimuthal distributions of the particles have been calculated. Fig. 4 presents small scale fluctuations of the distributions.

The distribution at $`\sqrt{s}=14000`$ GeV shows quite a clear elliptic flow pattern, though the value of $`v_2`$ is very small. At lower energies the effect disappears. At the same time, the fluctuations at all energies are large enough compared with pure statistical ones. They can grow up in nucleus-nucleus interactions, and imitate disoriented chiral condensate formation. The question must be studied carefully in the future especially for the ALICE collaboration.

### 3.2 $`AA`$-interactions

The HIJING program does not consider the usual nuclear effects such as the Fermi motion of nucleons, relaxation of nuclear residuals, absorption of mesons in nuclear matter, etc. Thus one can expect that in nucleus-nucleus collisions the energy distribution in the events will have narrow peaks at $`E=n(E_{NN,cms}/2)`$ where $`n`$ can be 2, 3, 4, and so on. The first peak corresponds to the collision of one nucleon from ”projectile” nucleus and one nucleon from ”target” nucleus. The second peak is connected with the collision of one nucleon from the ”projectile” nucleus and two nucleons from the ”target” nucleus, and vice versa.

The analogous peaks must be in the summarized longitudinal momentum distribution at $`Pz=\pm n|P_{N,cms}|`$ where $`n`$ runs from 0, 1, 2, …

The calculation results presented in Fig. 5 for minimal bias carbon-carbon interactions are in agreement with the expectations. If the energy and the longitudinal momentum are conserved as in elementary $`NN`$-collisions, the distortion of the peaks can not be seen in the chosen scale.

A worse situation, as compared to that in $`PP`$-interactions, takes place with conservation of the transverse momentum. As seen, the yield of the momentum saved component of the interactions becomes smaller. The widths of the distributions increase. The widths of Px and Py distributions are different, and this can be reflected on azimuthal distribution of the particles.

Azimuthal distribution of the particles is shown in Fig. 6. As before, only small scale fluctuations are shown. As seen, a clear ”flow” signal is observed! Maybe, the magnitude of the ”flow” is too small, and this drawback of the program is not important for the LHC experiment. At least, the accuracy of the program must be checked up for $`Pb+Pb`$ interactions, where one can expect a larger ”effect”.

## 4 Conclusion

1. Energy is quite well conserved in the HIJING events.
2. Momentum is not conserved exactly in $`PP`$-collisions. The hard interactions destroy the conservation. The violation of the momentum conservation gets larger for the AA-interactions.
3. The small ”flow” pattern is presented in the azimuthal distributions of the particles.

The corrected HIJING program and codes used for this paper can be found at
http://lcgapp.cern.ch/cgi-bin/viewcvs/viewcvs.cgi/simu/GENSER/?cvsroot=Simulation%\****␣hij\_valid.tex␣Line␣375␣\****

The author of the paper is thankful to A. Morsch (ALICE) and P. Nevski (ATLAS) for useful discussions, P. Bartalini, V. Ivanov and P. Zrelov for support of the work, INTAS (grand N 00-0366) and RFBR (grand N 03-02-17079) for their financial support.


text:
# 1 Problem

## 1 Problem

An electron is emitted from a source at the origin at time $`t=0`$, and later is observed at time $`t`$ by a detector at position $`x`$. We can say that the velocity of the electron when it was detected was $`v=x/t`$, and therefore its momentum is $`P=mv=mx/t`$. By making $`t`$ arbitrarily large, perhaps we can make the uncertainty in momentum $`P`$ arbitrarily small.

Consider the detector to be a single atom that “signals” the detection of the electron by emission of a photon upon de-excitation of the atom after its interaction with the electron. Show that the resulting uncertainties in the measurement of position and momentum obey

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x\mathrm{\Delta }P\mathrm{}.$$
(1)
## 2 Solution

This problem was suggested by a colloquium by Freeman Dyson at Princeton University on Sept. 20, 2001, in which he appeared to claim that the procedure stated above could evade the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (1).

The uncertainty in the electron’s position after detection by the atom is at least the wavelength  $`\lambda `$ of the photon emitted by the excitation of the atom:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x\text{ }\lambda =\frac{\mathrm{}c}{\mathrm{\Delta }E},$$
(2)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ is the energy of that photon.

For that atom to have emitted the photon as a result of its interaction with the electron, the electron must have imparted at least energy $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ to the atom, and in general it imparted a larger energy than this to the atom. Therefore, the energy of the electron is uncertain by an amount of order $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$. This implies that the momentum of the electron is uncertain by the amount

$$\mathrm{\Delta }P=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{v}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{c}.$$
(3)
The product of the uncertainties (2) and (3) in position and momentum of the electron after its detection by the atom is therefore

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x\mathrm{\Delta }P\frac{\mathrm{}c}{\mathrm{\Delta }E}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{c}=\mathrm{}.$$
(4)
The size of the detector atom does not enter directly into the above argument. Hence, the limit (4) cannot be evaded by imagining larger or smaller atoms. Rather, the limit arises simply because the mechanism of detection is an electromagnetic interaction that involves the emission of a photon as the signal.