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# Extension dimensional approximation theorem

## 1. Introduction

Single-valued approximations of multivalued maps are proved to be very useful in geometric topology, fixed point theory, control theory and others (see a survey ). We consider the problem of single-valued continuous graph-approximation of upper semicontinuous (u.s.c.) multivalued mappings. We say that a multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ admits graph-approximations if every neighborhood of the graph of $`F`$ (in the product $`X\times Y`$) contains the graph of a single-valued continuous mapping $`f:XY`$.

Essentially there are three types of results concerning our problem. First assumes that multivalued mappings $`F:XY`$ have $`UV^{n1}`$ point-images and $`dimXn`$ (see ). The second type of results deal with $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-valued mappings defined on C-spaces . Finally results of the third type consider $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-valued mappings defined on $`ANR`$-spaces .

In this paper we prove an approximation theorem which generalizes and unifies the known results of the first and second types. Unification is achieved by exploiting recently created ,  theory of extension dimension and associated to it concepts of homotopy and shape . Precise definitions will be given below in Section 2. Here we only provide some of the notation related to the extension dimension.

Let $`L`$ be a CW-complex. A space $`X`$ is said to have extension dimension $`[L]`$ (notation: $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X[L]`$) if any mapping of its closed subspace $`AX`$ into $`L`$ admits an extension to the whole space $`X`$111Everywhere below $`[L]`$ denotes the class of complexes generated by $`L`$ with respect to the above extension property, see , ,  for details.. It is known that $`dimXn`$ is equivalent to $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X\left[S^n\right]`$ and that $`dim_GXn`$ is equivalent to $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X\left[K(G,n)\right]`$ ($`K(G,n)`$ stands for the corresponding Eilenberg-MacLane complex). One can develop homotopy and shape theories specifically designed to work for at most $`[L]`$-dimensional spaces. Compacta of trivial $`[L]`$-shape are precisely $`UV^{[L]}`$-compacta .

Now we are ready to formulate our main result.

###### Theorem.

Let $`L`$ be a countable CW-complex and $`F:XY`$ be an u.s.c. $`UV^{[L]}`$-valued mapping of a paracompact space $`X`$ to a completely metrizable space $`Y`$. If $`X`$ is C-space of extension dimension $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X[L]`$, then every neighborhood of the graph of $`F`$ contains the graph of a single-valued continuous mapping $`f:XY`$.

Note that if $`L`$ is the sphere $`S^n`$, we obtain an approximation theorem for $`UV^{n1}`$-valued mappings of $`n`$-dimensional space. And if $`L`$ is a point (or any other contractible complex), we obtain a theorem of Ancel on approximations of $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-valued mappings of C-space .

What do we need to construct a mapping from a space $`X`$? Suppose that we can construct and, moreover, extend a mapping from $`X`$ locally. Then one can try to obtain a fine cover of $`X`$ and to construct a global mapping by induction, extending it successively over ”skeleta” of this cover. The problem is to control this process when the cover has infinite order. Property C gives us a possibility of such a control.

Let us explain this with a bit more detail. A topological space $`X`$ has property C if for each sequence $`\{u^ii1\}`$ of open covers of $`X`$, there is an open cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of $`X`$ of the form $`_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}\sigma _i`$ such that for each $`i1`$, $`\sigma _i`$ is a pairwise disjoint collection which refines $`u^i`$. If the space $`X`$ is paracompact, we can choose the cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ to be locally finite. The cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has very important property that every ”simplex” $`\{s_0,\mathrm{},s_n\}`$ of this cover (i.e. the set of elements $`\{s_0,\mathrm{},s_n\}`$ such that $`s_0\mathrm{}s_n\mathrm{}`$) has a natural order on its vertices. Indeed, for any element $`s\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ denote by $`\sigma (s)`$ the integer such that $`s\sigma _{\sigma (s)}`$. Since $`s_is_j\mathrm{}`$, then $`\sigma (s_i)\sigma (s_j)`$ and we can order elements $`s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n`$ according to the order of numbers $`\sigma (s_0),\sigma (s_1),\mathrm{},\sigma (s_n)`$.

We take a cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of $`X`$ which refines our fine cover so that every simplex $`\sigma _0,\mathrm{},\sigma _n`$ of the nerve $`N(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ has a natural order on its vertices. Then every simplex has a basic vertex (merely the smallest one). For every vertex $`\sigma `$ of $`N(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ (i.e. for every element $`\sigma `$ of the cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$) we fix a ”rule” of extension of mappings defined on subsets of $`\sigma `$. Then the process goes on by induction on dimension of ”skeleta” as follows: for a ”simplex” the extension of mapping from the ”boundary” to the ”interior” is induced by the rule of the basic vertex of this simplex. Obviously the mapping on a simplex depends only on the basic vertex of this simplex and does not depend on the dimension of the simplex. This provides the needed control.

## 2. Preliminaries

Let us recall some definitions and introduce our notations. We denote by $`\mathrm{Int}A`$ and $`\overline{A}`$ the interior and closure of the set $`A`$ respectively. For a cover $`\omega `$ of a space $`X`$ and for a subset $`AX`$ let $`\mathrm{St}(A,\omega )`$ denote the star of the set $`A`$ with respect to $`\omega `$.

The graph of a multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is the subset $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F=\{(x,y)X\times Y:yF(x)\}`$ of the product $`X\times Y`$. A multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is called upper semicontinuous (notation: u.s.c.) if for any open set $`UY`$ the set $`\{xX:F(x)U\}`$ is open in $`X`$.

Let $`L`$ be a CW-complex. A pair of spaces $`VU`$ is said to be $`[L]`$-connected if for every paracompact space $`X`$ of extension dimension $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X[L]`$ and for every closed subspace $`AX`$ any mapping of $`A`$ into $`V`$ can be extended to a mapping of $`X`$ into $`U`$. A compact subspace $`KZ`$ is called $`UV^{[L]}`$-compactum in $`Z`$ if any neighborhood $`U`$ of $`K`$ contains a neighborhood $`V`$ of $`K`$ such that the pair $`VU`$ is $`L`$-connected. A compact-valued mapping $`F:XY`$ is called $`UV^{[L]}`$-valued if for any point $`xX`$ the set $`F(x)`$ is $`UV^{[L]}`$-compactum in $`Y`$. A mapping $`f:YX`$ is said to be $`[L]`$-soft if for any paracompact space $`Z`$ with $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}Z[L]`$, its closed subspace $`AZ`$ and any mappings $`g:ZX`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_A:AY`$ such that $`f\stackrel{~}{g}_A=g|_A`$ there exists a mapping $`\stackrel{~}{g}:ZY`$ such that $`f\stackrel{~}{g}=g`$. Finally let $`AE([L])`$ denote the class of spaces with $`[L]`$-soft constant mappings.

Now we introduce the notion of $`[L]`$-extension which will represent a ”rule” for extending mappings in the proof of our theorem. Let $`VU`$ be a pair of spaces. An $`[L]`$-extension of the space $`V`$ with respect to $`U`$ is a pair $`V^{}W`$ of spaces and a mapping $`e:WU`$ such that:

* $`WAE([L])`$;
* $`e|_V^{}`$ is $`[L]`$-soft mapping onto $`V`$.

The following is a key property of $`[L]`$-extensions needed in the proof (Section 3) of our theorem. Let a pair $`V^{}W`$ of spaces and a mapping $`e:WU`$ represent an $`[L]`$-extension of the pair $`VU`$.

$`[L]`$-extension property. Let $`AB`$ be a pair of closed subspaces of paracompact space $`X`$ of extension dimension $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}X[L]`$. Suppose that we have mappings $`f:BU`$ and $`g:AW`$ such that $`eg=f|_A`$, $`f(\overline{BA})V`$ and $`g(A\overline{BA})V^{}`$. Then there exists a mapping $`g^{}:XW`$ such that $`eg^{}|_B=f`$.

We construct $`g^{}`$ in two steps. First, we use $`[L]`$-softness of $`e`$ over $`V`$ to extend $`g`$ to a mapping $`\stackrel{~}{g}:BW`$ such that $`e\stackrel{~}{g}=f`$ (we apply $`[L]`$-softness to the $`[L]`$-dimensional pair $`A\overline{BA}\overline{BA}`$). Finally we can extend $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ to the space $`X`$ since $`W`$ is $`AE([L])`$.

###### Lemma.

Let $`VU`$ be $`[L]`$-connected pair. If $`V`$ is completely metrizable space, then $`V`$ admits an $`[L]`$-extension with respect to $`U`$.

###### Proof.

There exists a completely metrizable space $`V^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}V^{}[L]`$ and an $`[L]`$-soft mapping $`e_V:V^{}V`$ . Consider an $`AE([L])`$-space $`W`$ of dimension $`\mathrm{e}\text{-}\mathrm{dim}W[L]`$ containing $`V^{}`$ as a closed subspace . Since the pair $`VU`$ is $`[L]`$-connected, we can extend the mapping $`e_V`$ to a mapping $`e:WU`$. ∎

## 3. Proof of the theorem

For a given $`UV^{[L]}`$-valued mapping $`F:XY`$ we fix an arbitrary neighborhood $`𝒰X\times Y`$ of its graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$. The proof of our theorem consists of the following two steps.

1. Construction of families of rectangles.

For every integer $`i0`$ we construct families of open rectangles $`\{u_\lambda ^i\times U_\lambda ^i\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_i}`$ and closed rectangles $`\{v_\mu ^i\times V_\mu ^i\}_{\mu M_i}`$ in the product $`X\times Y`$ such that:

* $`u_\lambda ^0\times U_\lambda ^0𝒰`$ for every $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$;
* $`u^i=\{u_\lambda ^i\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_i}`$ and $`v^i=\{v_\mu ^i\}_{\mu M_i}`$ are coverings of $`X`$ (in fact, $`\{\mathrm{Int}v_\mu ^i\}_{\mu M_i}`$ are coverings of $`X`$);
* $`F(u_\lambda ^i)U_\lambda ^i`$ and $`F(v_\mu ^i)\mathrm{Int}V_\mu ^i`$ for every $`i0`$, $`\mu M_i`$ and $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$;
* for every $`i0`$ and every $`\mu M_i`$ there exists $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$ such that $`V_\mu ^iU_\lambda ^i`$, $`v_\mu ^iu_\lambda ^i`$, and the pair $`V_\mu ^iU_\lambda ^i`$ is $`[L]`$-connected;

Choice 1. For given $`i0`$ and $`\mu M_i`$ we fix such a $`\lambda =\lambda (\mu )`$, and for $`[L]`$-connected pair $`V_\mu ^iU_\lambda ^i`$, by Lemma, we can fix $`[L]`$-extension $`e_\mu ^i:(\stackrel{~}{V}_\mu ^i,W_\mu ^i)(V_\mu ^i,U_\lambda ^i)`$;
* for every $`i0`$ and every $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{i+1}`$ there exists $`\mu M_i`$ such that $`\mathrm{St}(u_\lambda ^{i+1},u^{i+1})v_\mu ^i`$ and every rectangle $`u_\gamma ^{i+1}\times U_\gamma ^{i+1}`$ is contained in the rectangle $`v_\mu ^i\times V_\mu ^i`$ provided $`u_\gamma ^{i+1}u_\lambda ^{i+1}\mathrm{}`$;

Choice 2. For given $`i0`$ and $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{i+1}`$ we fix such a $`\mu =\mu (\lambda )`$.

First, we construct a family $`\{u_\lambda ^0\times U_\lambda ^0\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_0}`$. Put $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=X`$ and for a point $`xX`$ consider a rectangle $`u_x\times U_x^0𝒰`$ such that $`F(x)U_x^0`$ (existence of such a rectangle follows from compactness of $`F(x)`$). Since $`F`$ is u.s.c., we can choose a neighborhood $`u_x^0u_x`$ of the point $`x`$ such that $`F(u_x^0)U_x^0`$.

The construction of families of rectangles is performed by induction on $`i`$. All steps of induction are similar to the first one. Here we only show how to perform the first step and to construct the families $`\{v_\mu ^0\times V_\mu ^0\}_{\mu M_0}`$ and $`\{u_\lambda ^1\times U_\lambda ^1\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_1}`$.

Put $`M_0=X`$ and for a point $`xX`$ consider a rectangle $`u_\lambda ^0\times U_\lambda ^0`$ containing $`\{x\}\times F(x)`$. By $`UV^{[L]}`$-property of $`F(x)`$ we find a closed neighborhood $`V_x^0`$ of $`F(x)`$ such that the pair $`V_x^0U_\lambda ^0`$ is $`[L]`$-connected. Since $`F`$ is u.s.c., we can choose a closed neighborhood $`v_x^0u_\lambda ^0`$ of the point $`x`$ such that $`F(v_x^0)\mathrm{Int}V_x^0`$.

Now we construct a family $`\{u_\lambda ^1\times U_\lambda ^1\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_1}`$. Let $`\alpha `$ be a locally finite open cover of $`X`$ refining $`v^0`$. For every element $`A\alpha `$ take an index $`\mu M_0`$ such that $`Av_\mu ^0`$ and denote $`W_A=\mathrm{Int}V_\mu ^0`$. Then $`A\times W_A`$ lies in $`v_\mu ^0\times V_\mu ^0`$. Let $`u^1=\{u_\lambda ^1\}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_1}`$ be an open cover of $`X`$ which is star-refined into $`\alpha `$. Define

$$U_\lambda ^1=\{W_A\mathrm{St}(u_\lambda ^1,u^1)A\alpha \}.$$

To verify (5), consider $`u_\lambda ^{}^1u^1`$ such that $`u_\lambda ^{}^1u_\lambda ^1\mathrm{}`$. Then $`u_\lambda ^{}^1\mathrm{St}(u_\lambda ^1,u^1)A`$ for some $`A\alpha `$ and by definition $`U_\lambda ^{}^1W_A`$. Thus, $`u_\lambda ^{}^1\times U_\lambda ^{}^1A\times W_Av_\mu ^0\times V_\mu ^0`$.

2. Construction of the map $`f`$.

Since $`X`$ is a paracompact $`C`$-space, there exists a locally finite open cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of $`X`$ of the form $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}\sigma _i`$ such that for $`i1`$, $`\sigma _i`$ is pairwise disjoint collection refining $`u^i`$. For every integer $`k0`$ denote by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}`$ the set of points $`xX`$ such that the cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has order $`k+1`$ at $`x`$. Note that $`X=_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}`$ is closed in $`X`$. We will construct $`f`$ inductively extending it over sets $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}`$.

For any element $`s`$ of the cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ we denote by $`\sigma (s)`$ the integer number such that $`s\sigma _{\sigma (s)}`$.

Choice 3: for any element $`s\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ we fix $`\lambda (s)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma (s)}`$ such that $`su_{\lambda (s)}^{\sigma (s)}`$.

Let $`s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n`$ be elements of the cover $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ such that $`s_0s_1\mathrm{}s_n\mathrm{}`$. Then this set of elements could be ordered according to the order of numbers $`\sigma (s_0),\sigma (s_1),\mathrm{},\sigma (s_n)`$, and the smallest element of the set $`\{s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n\}`$ is called the basic element. We always assume that $`s_0`$ is the basic element of the set $`\{s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n\}`$. We will use the following notations

$$[s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n]=X\{\mathrm{\Sigma }\{s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n\}\}$$

$$s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n=(s_0s_1\mathrm{}s_n)\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(n)}.$$

One should understand the set $`[s_0,\mathrm{},s_n]`$ as closed $`n`$-dimensional ”simplex” with interior $`s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_n`$ and boundary $`_{m=0}^n[s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{s}_m,\mathrm{},s_k]`$. It is easy to check that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(n)}=[s_{i_0},s_{i_1},\mathrm{},s_{i_n}]`$ and

$$[s_0,\mathrm{},s_n]=_{m=0}^n[s_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{s}_m,\mathrm{},s_k]s_0,\mathrm{},s_n.$$

Let us construct the mapping $`f`$ on the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(0)}`$ which is a discrete collection of sets of the type $`[s_0]`$. We define $`f`$ independently on every such a set. For a set $`[s_0]`$ we take a point $`pF([s_0])`$ and put $`f([s_0])=p`$.

Let us extend $`f`$ to arbitrary nonempty set $`s_0,s_1`$. For $`i=0,1`$ we have $`s_iu_{\lambda (s_i)}^{\sigma (s_i)}`$ and then $`f(s_i)U_{\lambda (s_i)}^{\sigma (s_i)}`$ by property (3). According to the choice 2, we take $`\mu M_{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ such that

$$[s_0,s_1]\overline{\mathrm{St}(u_{\lambda (s_0)}^{\sigma (s_0)},u^{\sigma (s_0)})}v_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}\text{and}f([s_0])f([s_1])V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}.$$

Choice 1 gives us $`\lambda =\lambda (\mu )`$, a set $`U_\lambda ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ and $`[L]`$-extension

$$e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}:(\stackrel{~}{V}_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1},W_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1})(V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1},U_\lambda ^{\sigma (s_0)1}).$$

Since the mapping $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}|_{\stackrel{~}{V}_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}}`$ is $`[L]`$-soft, we can lift the map $`f|_{[s_0][s_1]}:[s_0][s_1]V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ to a map $`g:[s_0][s_1]\stackrel{~}{V}_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$. Now extend $`g`$ to a mapping $`\stackrel{~}{g}:[s_0,s_1]W_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ and define $`f|_{[s_0,s_1]}`$ as $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}\stackrel{~}{g}`$.

We can continue our construction so that the extension to a set $`s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_m`$ uses $`[L]`$-extension $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ and goes through $`W_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ resulting as $`f|_{[s_0,\mathrm{},s_m]}=e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}\stackrel{~}{g}`$. Therefore, the set $`f([s_0,\mathrm{},s_m])`$ is contained in $`U_\lambda ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ while the set $`[s_0,\mathrm{},s_m]`$ lies in $`u_\lambda ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$. Note that both indeces $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$ depend only on the basic element $`s_0`$ and do not depend on $`m`$. So, $`[L]`$-extension $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ is a ”rule” for constructing mapping on each set $`s_0,\mathrm{},s_m`$ with basic element $`s_0`$.

Suppose that the map $`f`$ is constructed on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k1)}`$. Let us extend $`f`$ independently to every set of type $`s_0,\mathrm{},s_k`$. Since the difference $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k1)}`$ is covered by a discrete family of such sets, it follows that the so obtained extension of $`f`$ to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(k)}`$ would be continuous. Assume that $`s_1`$ is basic element of the set $`\{s_1,s_2,\mathrm{},s_k\}`$. Then the set $`f(s_1,\mathrm{},s_k)`$ lies in some $`U_{\lambda _1}^{\sigma (s_1)1}`$ and $`u_{\lambda _1}^{\sigma (s_1)1}`$ contains $`[s_1,\mathrm{},s_k]`$. Since $`\sigma (s_1)1\sigma (s_0)`$, the set $`f(s_1,\mathrm{},s_k)`$ lies in $`V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ by property (5). Let

$$G=\underset{1mk}{}[s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{s}_m,\mathrm{},s_k].$$

Then, by our construction, $`f|_G`$ has a lift $`g:GW_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$. Note that

$$f(\overline{s_1,\mathrm{},s_k}G)V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}=\overline{V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}}.$$

Since the mapping $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}:\stackrel{~}{V}_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}V_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ is $`[L]`$-soft, we extend the lift $`g`$ to the set $`\overline{s_1,\mathrm{},s_k}`$. Now extend it to a mapping $`g:[s_0,\mathrm{},s_k]W_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}`$ and define $`f|_{[s_0,\mathrm{},s_k]}`$ as the composition $`e_\mu ^{\sigma (s_0)1}g`$.

It only remains to note that the local finiteness of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ guarantees the continuity of the above constructed map $`f`$. Proof is completed.

In conclusion authors would like to thank the referee for several helpful suggestions.


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# One-dimensional Excitations in Superfluid 4He and 3He-4He Mixture Films Adsorbed in Porous Materials

## I introduction

The Landau theory of superfluid 4He has been very successful in explaining the observed normal fluid density of the liquid in terms of the thermal excitations, the phonons and rotons.tilley ; khal  At low temperatures only phonons are thermally excited, and a well-known result of the Landau theory is that the normal fluid density $`\rho _n`$ should then vary with temperature askhal

$$\rho _n=\frac{2\pi ^2}{45}\left(\frac{k_B^4}{\mathrm{}^3c_1^5}\right)T^4.$$
(1)
Here c1 the velocity of first sound. Experimental measurements at low temperatures are consistent with this expression for the normal fluid densitygw79 ; hanchu , and an analogous T3 dependence of the specific heat from the excited phonons is measured.phillips

For two-dimensional (2D) helium films on a flat substrate, the comparable excitations are propagating thickness oscillations, known as third sound.atkins  Density-functional theoriesdens  of thin films show that these excitations are well-defined and have linear dispersion even for typical thermal wavelengths of order tens of Å. Applying the Landau model to this case gives an areal normal fluid density

$$\sigma _n=\frac{2\pi ^2}{34.4}\left(\frac{k_B^3}{\mathrm{}^2c_3^4}\right)T^3$$
(2)
where $`c_3`$ is the third-sound velocity. This T3 variation has been observed in measurements on helium films adsorbed on flat substrates.rutledge ; saunders

However, measurements of the normal-fluid density of helium films adsorbed in fine porous materials do not show the expected 2D behavior as above. This was observed in earlier measurements of films adsorbed in porous Vycor glassreppy  and in porous silica,takano  and is also seen in our measurements using an alumina powder substrate.cho ; jltpa0 ; lt21 ; 3he  For these substrates the normal-fluid density is found to vary as T2, indicative of a one-dimensional (1D) thermal excitation. Computing the Landau theory for a 1D thickness oscillation yields for the normal-fluid density per unit length $`\lambda _n`$,

$$\lambda _n=\frac{\pi }{3}\left(\frac{k_B^2}{\mathrm{}c_3^3}\right)T^2.$$
(3)
This is also the limiting result found by Saam and Cole saam  for third sound excitations in an infinitely long cylindrical pore. For a small pore diameter and very low temperatures the only modes excited are those propagating along the cylinder axis, since the modes transverse to the axis can only have wavelengths smaller than the pore diameter, and consequently high frequencies that make them energetically unfavorable at low T.

Since the torsion oscillator technique used in our experiments actually measures the superfluid mass per unit area, it is necessary to relate the linear and areal densities by assuming that the propagation is along a cylindrical pore of average diameter $`D_p`$, for which $`\lambda _n=\sigma _n\pi D_p`$. The normalized areal superfluid density is then

$$\frac{\sigma _s(T)}{\sigma _s(0)}=1\frac{\sigma _n(T)}{\sigma _s(0)}=1\beta ^{}T^2$$
(4)
where the coefficient of the T2 term is

$$\beta ^{}=\frac{k_B^2}{3\mathrm{}D_pc_3^3\sigma _s(0)}.$$
(5)
In this paper we show that the Landau model for 1D excitations provides good agreement with our low-temperature measurements of the normal-fluid density in 4He and 3He-4He mixture films adsorbed on a porous substrate.

## II Experiment

The substrate used in our measurements is an Al2O3 powder of nominal diameter 500 Å. A slip-casting techniquemiguel  uses the surface tension force of water draining out of the powder to tightly pack the smaller powder grains into the voids around larger grains. This leads to a relatively low sample porosity (ratio of the open volume to the total volume) of P = 0.59. A standard estimatejb  of the pore size of our samples based on the porosity yields 105 Å. The volume of the sample is 5.07 cm3, and its surface area is 146 m2.

The helium samples are condensed into the cell from measured amounts of gas at room temperature, while the cell is maintained below 0.5 K with a dilution refrigerator. The filling capillary of inside diameter 0.25 mm is 1 m long and is not thermally anchored except at 4.2 K and the sample chamber. After condensing 3He the sample is warmed to 4.2K for 24 hours to anneal the sample and assure uniform coverage of the 3He.chu  This step is not necessary when adding further superfluid 4He. To characterize the helium coverages we take one layer of 4He to be 12.8 $`\mu `$moles/m2 and one layer of 3He as 10.7 $`\mu `$moles/m2, corresponding to the bulk liquid densities at low pressure. For the first few layers of the film this will be an overestimate of the actual number of atomic layers, since these are closer to the solid density due to the attractive substrate potential, but it should be a reasonable approximation for the top layer or two farthest from the substrate. We find that the first 2.7 layers of 4He are not superfluid at any temperature, forming the inert ”dead” layers known from earlier investigations.atkins  We define a 4He thickness $`d_4`$ as the thickness in excess of the dead layer; $`d_4`$ is then the thickness of the superfluid portion of the film at T = 0, with no 3He added. A torsion oscillator is employed to determine the superfluid mass of the film, as described in Refs. cho,  and 3he, . By measuring the extrapolated $`T`$ = 0 period shift of the oscillator as a function of the mass of the helium added the areal superfluid density of the films can be calibrated.

## III Results

An example of our data for the areal superfluid density of both pure 4He and 3He-4He mixture films is shown in Fig. 1. Further data can be found in References cho, ; jltpa0, ; lt21, ; 3he, . As shown by the correspondence with the critical Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) universal line in this data, the superfluid transition of the films is mediated by thermally excited vortex excitations. There is no sharp drop of the superfluid density to zero at the temperature $`T_{KT}`$ where the data crosses the KT line because of the finite pore size of the substrate,pores which acts to broaden the transition region. The small glitches in the data of Fig. 1 are due to the third-sound modes of our cylindrical cell, which couple weakly to the torsional mode. The glitches mark the mode-crossing points where the the third-sound frequencies match the torsional frequency as the superfluid density decreases with temperature.

Of interest in the present paper is the low-temperature regime of the data, $`T`$ $``$ 0.5 $`T_{KT}`$, where the density of thermally excited KT vortex pairs is negligible. In this regime the data can be accurately fit to the form of Eq. (4), and values of $`\beta ^{}`$ can be extracted. Figure 2 shows the low-temperature region for one data set of pure 4He from Ref. 3he, , where the solid line shows the two-parameter fit with values of $`\beta ^{}`$ = 0.36 K-1 and $`\sigma _s(0)`$ = 2.565 ng/cm2. More general fits including terms linear and cubic in $`T`$ were tried, but the fit coefficients for such terms were negligibly small. Figure 3 shows the values of $`\beta ^{}`$ obtained for a series of pure 4He filmscho  of different thickness, plotted versus $`d_4`$. Also plotted in Fig. 3 are the unpublished results of McQueeneymcqueeney  for a similar set of films in porous Vycor glass. Both show a fairly rapid increase in $`\beta ^{}`$ as $`d_4`$ (and $`T_c`$) is reduced, with the Vycor data being about a factor of two larger than the alumina powder results. The higher values found in the Vycor sample are roughly consistent with Eq. (5), which predicts that $`\beta ^{}`$ should scale as the inverse of the average pore diameter: the pore diameter of the Vycor is thought to be about 75 Å, while as noted above the average pore diameter of our slip-cast sample is of order 100 Å. The scaling with the inverse pore size also accounts for the considerably larger values of $`\beta ^{}`$ seen with porous silica substratestakano  having 25 Å pores, causing the $`T^2`$ term to dominate the superfluid density over nearly the entire temperature range up to the superfluid transition temperature.

In Fig. 4 our $`\beta ^{}`$ data is plotted for 3He-4He mixture films, where the 3He thickness $`d_3`$ is held constant and $`d_4`$ is varied by adding further 4He. The values of $`\beta ^{}`$ are considerably increased with the addition of 3He, something which is readily evident comparing the mixture film curves in Fig. 1 with the curves for pure 4He at the lowest temperatures. The error bars reflect the increasing uncertainties in the fits as $`T_c`$ is reduced with increasing 3He coverage, which puts an increasingly smaller fraction of the data at temperatures below 0.5 $`T_{KT}`$. The largest error bar in Fig. 4, for the film with $`d_4`$ = 0.55 and $`d_3`$ = 0.73, comes from the fits to the lowest curve in Fig. 1 of Ref. 3he, . With $`T_{KT}`$ = 139 mK for this data only a few points are available in the low-temperature regime for making a rough estimate of $`\beta ^{}`$.

The fits to the data also give the T = 0 value of the areal superfluid density, shown in Fig. 5 as a function of $`d_4`$. As expected the variation is linear in the 4He coverage, but the addition of 3He suppresses some fraction of the superfluid density. Curves very similar to this have been observed for mixture films on flat Mylar substrates mylar .

To compare the data of Fig. 4 with the Landau model of Eq. (5), it is necessary to measure the third-sound velocity. This can also be obtained from the torsion-oscillator data, due to the third-sound glitches noted above. These third-sound resonances are even more visible as dissipation peaks in the inverse Q factor of the oscillator, measured by monitoring the drive voltage needed to keep the amplitude of the oscillator a constant. Examples of this data are shown in Fig. 3 of Ref. cho, . For the cylindrical sample geometry with radius $`R`$ and length $`L_z`$, and taking the boundary condition that there be no heat flow from the outer surfaces of the powder sample, the resonant frequencies of the third sound are given by

$$\omega _{mnn_z}=\frac{c_3}{2}\sqrt{\left(\frac{\alpha _{mn}^{}}{\pi R}\right)^2+\left(\frac{n_z}{L_z}\right)^2}$$
(6)
where $`\alpha _{mn}^{}`$ is the nth zero of the derivative of the Bessel function Jm. The geometrical factors are known, and hence the third sound velocity can be determined from the oscillator frequency. Since the resonances are determined by the mode-crossing condition they occur at different temperatures for each mode, and in order to compare them the velocities are multiplied by the factor $`\sqrt{\sigma _s(0)/\sigma _s(T)}`$, to extrapolate to the T = 0 value. It is found that the lowest five modes of a given film yield the same low-temperature speed to within about 5% , and the average value is taken. The third sound speed c3 is that for the film in the porous medium, and is smaller than that for the same film on a flat substrate by the index of refraction that accounts for the tortuosity of the multiply-connected film on the powder grains.heck  This can be deduced from the change in slope of the oscillator’s period shift versus added helium when the film becomes superfluid; for the present slip-cast sample the index of refraction was 1.67.

Figure 6 shows the extrapolated third sound speeds at $`T`$ = 0 versus superfluid film thickness for the pure 4He films and for two mixture film sets. The variation with superfluid thickness is just that expected for these very thin films where the Van der Waals restoring force dominates: a variation as $`\sqrt{d_4}`$ at small $`d_4`$, and then a turnover towards a maximum at larger thickness as the restoring force diminishes with increasing total film thickness. The addition of 3He lowers the third sound velocity since the superfluid density is decreased,hallock  as in Fig. 5.

From the data shown in Figs. 5 and 6 the predicted coefficient $`\beta ^{}`$ of Eq. (5) can be evaluated for each of the film thicknesses shown in Fig. 4; the solid lines in the figure are spline fits to the resulting values. $`D_p`$ in Eq. (5) was adjusted to get the best match to the data, and the resulting value of 48 Å is at least roughly consistent with our estimated pore size of 100 Å. As can be seen in Fig. 4 the agreement with the Landau expression for 1D excitations is quite good for the entire range of 4He and 3He coverages, considering that only the single parameter $`D_p`$ was adjusted to get the agreement.

## IV Discussion

Although the Landau theory provides a good description of the experimental results, the reasons why the excitations display one-dimensional behavior in the geometry of the slip-cast powder remain unclear. In the theory of Saam and Cole saam  the cylindrical geometry with pore length much greater than the diameter is crucial to the appearance of 1D behavior at low temperatures. There is no obvious reason why the pores in the powder can be modeled in this fashion. The frequency of third sound with energy $`k_BT`$ at a temperature of 0.3K is $`k_BT/2\pi \mathrm{}`$ = 1x1010 Hz, corresponding to a wavelength of order 20 Å. This is smaller than the pore diameter, and one might expect instead 2D propagation characteristics for that case, as seen on the flat substrates. An unknown factor is the mean free path of the high-frequency third sound, which could well be less than the pore size.

One consideration which might be important is the orientation of the pores with respect to the direction of the superflow imposed by the torsional motion. Quasi-cylindrical pores whose axis is parallel to the motion contribute considerably more to the measured superfluid fraction than those perpendicular to the motion; this is the origin of the index of refraction for the porous materials. If the third-sound scattering process which transfers momentum to the substrate is also anisotropic in the cylindrical channel, such that only propagation directions along the axis contribute, this could give possibly lead to a 1D behavior of the superfluid density.

A further possibility is that the points where the grains make contact with each other may play a role. All of the flow between the grains is channeled into these regions, which are probably smaller in extent than the $``$ 20 Å thermal third-sound wavelength. They would effectively be 1D channels, and since the flow velocity is locally much higher than the average, these regions might account for a disproportionate share of the reduction of the superfluid density. It is clear that further theoretical work modeling superflow and third-sound propagation in a porous multiply-connected geometry will be needed to understand the observed effects.

An additional experimental signature of 1D propagation would be a low-temperature heat capacity linear in $`T`$. The Landau model yields for N cylindrical pores of length L a heat capacity

$$C=NL\left(\frac{\pi k_B^2}{6\mathrm{}c_3}\right)T,$$
(7)
which is also the low-temperature limit of the calculation of Saam and Cole. However, experiments on superfluid films in Vycor over the the thin-film range of coverages discussed here show heat capacities varying more as $`T^2`$. The heat capacity is a more complicated quantity which also has considerable contributions from the ”dead” layers, and this may be obscuring the contribution from the 1D third sound excitations.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Division of Materials Research, under grants DMR 95-00653 and DMR 97-31523.


text:
# RENORMALIZATION OF GRAVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

## I Introduction

The term renormalization is usually considered as the theoretical procedure that changes some fundamental constants as charge, mass and others in such a way that they are in the final form finite and in agreement with experiment. While the renormalization in the quantum field theory can be in a certain sense mastered, the renormalization procedure in a gravity theory is in no case the closed problem. In the Einstein theory of gravity, one method of the renormalization consists for instance in introducing the cosmological constant which renormalizes the energy-momentum tensor and therefore modify the solutions of Einstein equations.

In this article we introduce the special restriction on the metrical tensor which modifies the consequences of the Einstein equations. Since the restriction condition has physical meaning, it means that the consequences of this restriction have also physical meaning.

We know that the main steps in the development of the theoretical view on the space time was, first, the isolation of space from time in the Newton period of physics, and later, the unification of space and time in the special relativity. The second step was performed by Lorentz who replaced the Galileian transformation by the so called Lorentz transformation where space and time are not isolated and which was used by Einstein in creation of the special theory of relativity.

The symbiosis of space and time was expressed elegantly by Minkowski who introduced the quasieuclidean space-time element where the space and time are in unity. Minkowski expressed it by his space-time element $`ds`$ the square of which is

$$ds^2=c^2dt^2dx^2dy^2dz^2.$$
(1)
Finally, Einstein, in his gravity theory, replaced the Minkowski space-time element by the four-dimensional Riemann manifold where the square of the space-time element was of the form:

$$ds^2=g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu ,$$
(2)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is so called the metrical tensor. General relativity created by Einstein in 1915 is based on this curved manifold and Einstein equations are differential equations for determination of this metrical tensor.

In this article we suppose that the Einstein equations are correct. These equations are differential equations for determination of the metrical tensor $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ and their form are as follows:

$$R_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },$$
(3)
where we here do not consider the additional term with the cosmological constant which was later introduced by Einstein in order to regularize some solutions of his equations. Einstein theory realizes in the mathematical form the Riemann fundamental idea that space-time is some form of matter. In other words, there exists in some sense ether. It means that space is in no case empty and forms some medium. To deny such medium means ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical qualities whatever which is in contradiction with the general theory of relativity where space is endowed with physical qualities. According to the general theory of relativity empty space is unthinkable. In empty space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time. If we suppose space-time is a medium, then, it consequently means that gravitational waves following from the Einstein theory are quite simply the vibration of space-time itself .

However, Einstein gives no explanation of the origin of the metrics, or, metrical tensor. He ”derived” only the nonlinear equation  for the metrical tensor and never explained what is microscopical origin of the metric of space-time. Einstein supposed that it is adequate that the metric follows from differential equations as their solution. However, the metric has an microscopical origin similarly to situation where the phenomenological thermodynamics has also the microscopical and statistical origin.

Here we ask a question, what is the microscopical origin of the metric of space-time. We postulate that the origin of metric is the deformation of space-time continuum. We use as an analog the mechanics of continuum and we apply it to the space-time medium. The similar approach can be found in the Tartaglia article,  who also has considered space-time as a medium, however, without respecting the Einstein Equations.

In order to explain our ideas let us consider, first, some continuos body in some three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. The mathematical description of deformation is as follows .

The coordinate of the arbitrary point of the body let be given by radiusvector $`𝐱(x^1,x^2,x^3)`$, where $`x^i`$ are the Cartesian coordinates. After some deformation the new radiusvector let be $`𝐱^{}`$. The relative displacement is then $`𝐮`$ where

$$𝐮=𝐱^{}𝐱.$$
(4)
The quantity $`𝐮`$ is so called vector of deformation and obviously

$$dx^i=dx^i+du^i.$$
(5)
While the infinitesimal distance in the nondeformed body is

$$dl^2=(dx^1)^2+(dx^2)^2+(dx^3)^2=\delta _{ik}dx^idx^k,$$
(6)
for the deformed body we have

$$dl^2=(dx^1)^2+(dx^2)^2+(dx^3)^2=(dx^i+du^i)^2=(dx^i)^2+2dx^idu^i+(du^i)^2.$$
(7)
Or, with $`du^i=\frac{u^i}{x^k}dx^k`$

$$dl^2=dl^2+u^{ik}dx^idx^k=\left(\delta ^{ik}+u^{ik}\right)dx^idx^k,$$
(8)
where

$$u^{ik}=\left(\frac{u^i}{x^k}+\frac{u^k}{x^i}+\frac{u^l}{x^i}\frac{u^l}{x^k}\right)$$
(9)
The last equations are defined for dimension D=3 and Euclidean space. The analogical equations are evidently valid for Euclidean space with dimension D = 4. In case of the quasi-euclidean space time with the dimension D = 4, we can obviously write

$$ds^2=(\eta _{\mu \nu }+u_{\mu \nu })dx^\mu dx^\nu ;\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3;x^0=ct,$$
(10)
where

$$u_{\mu \nu }=\left(\frac{u_\mu }{x_\nu }+\frac{u_\nu }{x_\mu }+\frac{u_\alpha }{x_\mu }\frac{u^\alpha }{x_\nu }\right)=_\mu u_\nu +_\nu u_\mu +_\mu u^\alpha _\nu u_\alpha $$
(11)
and

$$\eta _{\mu \nu }=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$
(12)
In such a way, we have for the squared space-time element

$$ds^2=g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu ,$$
(13)
where

$$g_{\mu \nu }=(\eta _{\mu \nu }+u_{\mu \nu }).$$
(14)
Equation (14) with definition (11) excludes gravity with the nonsymmetrial tensor $`g_{\mu \nu }`$. Or, the renormalized gravity is symmetrical.

Instead of work with the metrical tensor $`g_{\mu \nu }`$, we can work with the tensor of deformation $`u_{\mu \nu }`$ and we can consider the general theory of relativity as the four-dimensional theory of some real deformable medium as a partner of the metrical theory.

## II The nonrelativistic limit

The Lagrange function of a point particle with mass $`m`$ moving in a potential $`\phi `$ is given by the following formula :

$$L=mc^2+\frac{mv^2}{2}m\phi .$$
(15)
Then, for a corresponding action we have

$$S=L𝑑t=mc𝑑t\left(c\frac{v^2}{2c}+\frac{\phi }{c}\right),$$
(16)
which ought to be compared with $`S=mc𝑑s`$. Then,

$$ds=\left(c\frac{v^2}{2c}+\frac{\phi }{c}\right)dt.$$
(17)
With $`d𝐱=𝐯dt`$ and neglecting higher derivative terms, we have

$$ds^2=(c^2+2\phi )dt^2d𝐱^2=\left(1+\frac{2\phi }{c^2}\right)c^2dt^2d𝐱^2.$$
(18)
The metric determined by this $`ds^2`$ can be be obviously related to the $`u_\alpha `$ as follows:

$$g_{00}=1+2_0u_0+_0u^\alpha _0u_\alpha =1+\frac{2\phi }{c^2}.$$
(19)
We can suppose that the time shift caused by the potential is small and therefore we can neglect the nonlinear term in the last equation. Then we have

$$g_{00}=1+2_0u_0=1+\frac{2\phi }{c^2}.$$
(20)
The elementary consequence of the last equation is

$$_0u_0=\frac{u_0}{(ct)}=\frac{\phi }{c^2},$$
(21)
or,

$$u_0=\frac{\phi }{c}t+const.$$
(22)
Using $`u_0=g_{00}u^0`$, or, $`u^0=g_{00}^1u_0=\frac{\phi }{c}`$, we get with

$$u^0=ct^{}ct,$$
(23)
the following result (putting the integration constant to zero)

$$t^{}=t\left(1+\frac{\phi }{c^2}\right),$$
(24)
which is the Einstein formula realting time in the zero gravitational field to time in the gravitational potential $`\phi `$. The shift of light frequency corresponding to the gravitational potential is, as follows .

$$\omega =\omega _0\left(1+\frac{\phi }{c^2}\right).$$
(25)
So, we have seen that the red shift follows from our approach immediately, without application of the Einstein equations. Now, let us approach the analysis of the physical situations characterized by the metrics determined by the Einstein equations. First, let us consider the metric of the infinite plane.

## III The infinite plane

An infinite plane sheet with homogenous mass distribution $`\mu `$ per unit area generates the following metrics on it :

$$ds^2=\left(1+\frac{8\pi G\mu z}{c^2}\right)c^2dt^2dx^2dy^2\frac{dz^2}{1+\left(\frac{8\pi G\mu }{c^2}\right)z}.$$
(26)
The corresponding matrix notation of the metric following from the last equation is:

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}(1+Az)& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& \left(\frac{1}{1+Az}\right)\end{array}\right);A=\frac{8\pi G\mu }{c^2}.$$
(27)
The gravitational potential corresponging to the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is $`\phi =4\pi G\mu z`$ because of equation (19).

It can be observed the singular plane $`z=c^2/8\pi G\mu `$ in the last metric,which has evidently no physical meaning. At the same time the metric is not symmetrical with regard to the $`z`$-plane. It is not the goal of this article to solve this specific problem.

It is evident that in case of the infinite plane $`u^0`$ depends only on the time component and on the $`z`$ component. In this case of the infinite plane must be $`u^1=u^2=0`$ and $`u^3`$ is dependent only on the z component. So, we write:

$$u^0=u^0(t,z),u^1=u^2=0,u^3=u^3(z).$$
(28)
By the method analogical to the one in the preceeding chapter we get the following equations for the determination of the $`u`$-components:

$$2_0u_0+_0u^0_0u_0=\frac{8\pi G\mu z}{c^2}$$
(29)
and

$$1+2_3u_3+_3u_3_3u_3=\frac{1}{1+\frac{8\pi G\mu z}{c^2}}.$$
(30)
Her we can also suppose that the gravitational field generated by the infinite plane is weak and therefore we can neglect the nonlinear terms in the last equations. In such a way we have:

$$2_0u_0=\frac{8\pi G\mu z}{c^2}=Az;A=\frac{8\pi G\mu }{c^2}$$
(31)
and

$$1+2_3u_3=(1+Az)^11+Az.$$
(32)
Using the same procedure as in the preceding chapter, we get in our linear approximation for the time shift from eq. (29)

$$t^{}=t\left(1+Az/2\right)=t\left(1+\frac{\phi }{c^2}\right),$$
(33)
where $`\phi `$ is the gravitational potential corresponding to the infinite plane. The solution of the equation (32) is (with $`_3=/z`$)

$$u_3=\frac{A}{4}z^2,$$
(34)
where we have put the integration constant to zero.

Since

$$u_3=g_{33}u^3=g_{33}(z^{}z),$$
(35)
we have

$$(z^{}z)=g_{33}^1\frac{A}{4}z^2\frac{Az^2}{4},$$
(36)
or,

$$z^{}=z\left(1\frac{\phi }{2c^2}\right),$$
(37)
where $`\phi =4\pi G\mu z`$ is the gravitational potential corresponding to the infinite plane. The integration constant was put to zero with regard to the boundary condition applied at $`z=0`$.

We can see that in case of the gravitating plane there exist not only the time shift but also the $`z`$-coordinate shift. This effect is not involved in the Will monography  on gravitational experiments and it can be considered as the additional effect in the general relativity.

## IV The Robertson-Walker metric

This metric is defined by the following squared space-time element:

$$ds^2=c^2dt^2R^2(t)\left[\frac{dr^2}{1kr^2}+r^2d\theta ^2+r^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2\right];k=1,0,1.$$
(38)
The element $`ds^2`$ has the corresponding form in the u-variables:

$$ds^2=g_{00}c^2dt^2\left[u_{rr}dr^2+u_{\theta \theta }d\theta ^2+u_{\phi \phi }d\phi ^2\right],$$
(39)
where the nondiagonal elements are equal to zero. According to Landau , $`u_{rr}=(/r)u_r`$, or,

$$u_{rr}=\frac{}{r}u_r=\frac{R^2(t)}{1kr^2},$$
(40)
or ,

$$u_r=r^{}r=R^2(t)\frac{1}{2\sqrt{k}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\frac{1+r\sqrt{k}}{1r\sqrt{k}}\right|.$$
(41)
The RW metrics with $`k=1`$ is called hyperbolic universe, or open universe, the RW metrics with $`k=0`$ is called flat universe and the RW metrics with $`k=1`$ is so called elliptical cosmology, or closed cosmology. However, we easily see that the last equation for $`k=1`$ is not physically meaningful.

At point $`k=0`$ there is no singularity. It can be easily seen using substitution $`\epsilon =\sqrt{k}r`$. Then, for $`\epsilon >0`$ and $`\epsilon 0`$, we have from eq. (41): $`J=(1/2\sqrt{k})\mathrm{ln}[(1+r\sqrt{k})/(1r\sqrt{k})]=(r/2\epsilon )\mathrm{ln}[(1+\epsilon )/(1\epsilon )]=`$ $`(r/2\epsilon )[2(\epsilon +\epsilon ^3/3+\mathrm{})],\epsilon ^2<1`$. And we see that $`J(\epsilon 0)=r`$.

It means that only $`k=0`$ and $`k=1`$ has physical meaning and so the cosmology is flat or elliptical. In other words RW universe is flat or closed. So, in such a way the so called renormalization of the RW cosmology involves the restriction of parameters $`k`$ to $`k=0`$ and $`k=1`$, which is not involved in the original approach to cosmology.

## V The Schwarzschild metric

The squared space-time element of the Schwarzschild space-time is of the form:

$$ds^2=\left(1\frac{r_g}{r}\right)c^2dt^2\frac{dr^2}{1\frac{r_g}{r}}r^2(\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Theta }d\phi ^2+d\mathrm{\Theta }^2),r_g=\frac{2MG}{c^2}.$$
(42)
It means that for the u-components we have:

$$g_{00}=1+2_0u_0=\left(1\frac{r_g}{r}\right),u_{rr}=\frac{}{r}u_r=\frac{1}{1\frac{r_g}{r}}.$$
(43)
After elementary integration we get for the t-displacement

$$u^0=c(t^{}t)=\frac{r_g}{2r}ct+const,$$
(44)
or, (we put the constant to zero)

$$t^{}=\left(1\frac{r_g}{2r}t\right)=\left(1+\frac{\phi }{c^2}\right);\phi =\frac{MG}{r}.$$
(45)
corresponds exactly to the formula of the time dilation with the Newton potential $`\phi =\frac{GM}{r}`$.

For r-displacement it is

$$u_r=r^{}r=\frac{rdr}{rr_g}=r+r_g\mathrm{ln}|rr_g|+const.$$
(46)
We observe that the left and right limit of $`u_r`$ for $`rr_g`$are identical in contradistinction with the limit in the original Schwarzschild metric. In oder words,

$$\underset{rr_g+}{lim}\mathrm{ln}|rr_g|=\underset{rr_g}{lim}\mathrm{ln}|rr_g|.$$
(47)
While the singularity in the original metric is hyperbolical, the singularity after the $`u`$-mechanism is only logarithmical. So, the renormalization in this case is soft.

## VI The weak gravitational waves

The weak gravitational field is defined by the metric

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }+h_{\mu \nu },$$
(48)
where

$$|h_{\mu \nu }|1.$$
(49)
It is possible to show that in this case the equation for these weak gravitational waves is the linear wave equation.

$$\mathrm{}^2h_{\mu \nu }=0$$
(50)
with additional constrain following from the conservation of laws,

$$_\mu h_\nu ^\mu =\frac{1}{2}_\nu h_\sigma ^\sigma .$$
(51)
The gravitational waves in empty space are determined as a solution of the wave equation and has the well known form:

$$h_{\mu \nu }=a_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{𝐤𝐱}\omega t),$$
(52)
where $`a_{\mu \nu }`$ is the tensor amplitude and it means that the differential equations for the $`u_\mu `$-functions must be related to $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ in the following form:

$$a_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{𝐤𝐱}\omega t)=_\mu u_\nu +_\nu u_\mu ,$$
(53)
where we have neglected the the nonlinear $`u`$-term on the right side of the last equation, because it is of the second order and it cannot be in principle related in this approximation to the terms of the first order.

The solution of the last equation forms simple mathematical problem which can be solved easily supposing

$$u_\mu =u_\mu (x,y,z,t)$$
(54)
Let us look for the wave propagating in direction $`x^3=z`$ with $`𝐤(0,0,k)`$. In this case, it is well known that only the nonzero term $`h_{\alpha \beta }`$ are the following ones:

$$a_{11}=a_{22};a_{12}=a_{21}$$
(55)
Then, using relations (55) in eq. (53) we get

$$A\mathrm{cos}(kz\omega t)=2\frac{u_1}{x};A=a_{11}$$
(56)
$$A\mathrm{cos}(kz\omega t)=2\frac{u_2}{y};A=a_{11}$$
(57)
$$B\mathrm{cos}(kz\omega t)=\frac{u_1}{y}+\frac{u_2}{x};B=a_{12}.$$
(58)
The solution of the last equations can be obtained by the elementary integration in the following form (with $`\phi =(kz\omega t)`$):

$$u_1=\frac{A}{2}x\mathrm{cos}\phi +\alpha (y,z,t);u_2=\frac{A}{2}y\mathrm{cos}\phi +\beta (x,z,t),$$
(59)
where $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are functions which can be determined from inserting eq. (59) to the eq. (58). Or,

$$\frac{\alpha }{y}+\frac{\beta }{x}=B\mathrm{cos}\phi ,$$
(60)
and the solution of the last equation is of the form:

$$\alpha =\frac{B}{2}y\mathrm{cos}\phi ;\beta =\frac{B}{2}x\mathrm{cos}\phi $$
(61)
Now, we can write the four vector corresponding to the weak gravitational wave spreading in the direction of the z-axis in the form:

$$u=\left(\begin{array}{c}u_0\\ u_1\\ u_2\\ u_3\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ Ax+By\\ Ay+Bx\\ 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{cos}\phi ;\phi =(kz\omega t)$$
(62)
The constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ must be chosen in such a way that $`A=B`$ because of the equivalence of the of $`x`$-coordinates with $`y`$-coordinates in free space.

## VII Discussion

We have defined general relativity and gravitation as a deformation of a medium called space-time. We have used specific equation which relates Einstein metric to the displacement of points of the medium and applied it to the some gravitating systems, such as infinite plane desk, Schwartzschild universe, Robertson walker universe, and gravitational waves. It is evident that our method can be also applied to the further systems, such as the rotating plane desk, anti de Sitter space-time, the Reissner-Nordstrom space-time, the Newmann et al. space-time, the Kerr space-time and so on. Such aplication can be considered as interesting problems and will have certainly meaning in the future gravitational physics.

The future measurement of the gravitational waves, performed by the LIGO project , VIRGO project , GEO 600 project  and TAMA 300 project  will evidently have also the positive impact on the development of gravitational physics.


text:
# Magnetotransport Scaling in Anomalous Metallic Phase near the Mott Transition [1]

## Abstract

The Hall angle in the doped V2O3 is discussed on the basis of an extended Ginzburg-Landau theory of spin fluctuations. A spinon-like collective transport process beyond the ordinary quasiparticle transport theory is necessary to understand the experiment. At the same time a criticism of a quasiparticle transport theory on the basis of the fluctuation exchange (FLEX) approximation is made. Keywords: Hall angle, Mott transition, doped V2O3, high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprate superconductor

The magnetotransport scaling, the Hall angle, in the normal metallic state of the doped V2O3 indicates the existence of a spinon-like tranport process.  Such a spinon-like transport was proposed in order to understand the magnetotransport scaling in the normal metallic state of the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprate superconductors.  Although the spinon is a well-defined elementary excitation only in one dimension, even in two or three dimensions the collective excitation of spin fluctuations has a spinon-like character. In the itinerant-localized duality model a spinon-like transport process is naturally introduced in consistency with experiments  in the metallic phase near the Mott transition where the Fermi surface of the renormalized quasiparticles has a nesting character. This correlation induced nesting is inevitable when approaching to the Mott insulator and reduces the effective dimensionality. In this Short Note we calculate the Hall angle on the basis of the itinerant-localized duality model for the metal near the Mott transition in three dimensions, which is relevant to the case of the doped V2O3, while the two-dimensional calculation relevant to the case of the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprate superconductors was performed some years ago.

The itinerant-localized duality model is an extension of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory for spin fluctuations.

The dynamical spin susceptibility $`\chi (𝐐+𝐪,\omega )`$is given by

$$\overline{\chi }/\chi (𝐐+𝐪,\omega )=\stackrel{~}{r}+Aq^2\mathrm{i}C\omega ,$$
(1)
where $`𝐐`$ is the characteristic wave vector of the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and $`\overline{\chi }`$ is the renormalized density of states at the Fermi level. The quartic interaction of spin fluctuations is renormalized into the dimensionless distance $`\stackrel{~}{r}`$ from the critical point. While $`A`$ and $`C`$ are constants in the ordinary Ginzburg-Landau theory, these should be dependent on the temperature and the doping rate  both of which are the measure from the phase boundary between the metal and the Mott insulator. Approaching the phase boundary the spectral weight of the spin fluctuations is transferred from the low-energy itinerant part to the high-energy localized part in accordance with the development of antiferromagnetic correlations among local spins.  This spectral weight transfer is one of the novel features in the metallic phase near the Mott transition not considered in the ordinary theory of the itinerant spin fluctuations.  The reduction of the low-energy spectral weight leads to the so-called pseudogap phenomena. At the same time the Fermi surface has a nesting character reflecting a fact that the spectral weight of the electrons also has large weights of local spin character at higher energies.

The resistivity $`R`$ is calculated using the above susceptibility as $`R=R_0+\mathrm{\Delta }R`$ where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }RT^2/A^{3/2}\stackrel{~}{r}^{1/2}.$$
(2)
Here $`R_0`$ is the residual resistivity due to impurity scatterings and $`\mathrm{\Delta }R`$ is the quasipartcle contribution.  In the resistivity there is no collective contribution discussed below. In order to explain experiments in the doped V2O3, $`\mathrm{\Delta }R`$ should behave as $`\mathrm{\Delta }RT^{3/2}`$ so that $`A^{3/2}\stackrel{~}{r}^{1/2}T^{1/2}`$ in the following.

The Hall coefficient is calculated as ref. 6 and the resulting Hall angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\mathrm{H}`$ is given by $`B\mathrm{cot}\mathrm{\Theta }_\mathrm{H}=R/R_\mathrm{H}`$. The Hall coefficient $`R_\mathrm{H}`$ is given as $`R_\mathrm{H}=R_\mathrm{H}^{\mathrm{}}+\mathrm{\Delta }R_\mathrm{H}`$ where $`R_\mathrm{H}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is the temperature-independent part of $`R_\mathrm{H}`$, the quasiparticle contribution, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }R_\mathrm{H}`$ is the spinon-like contribution given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }R_\mathrm{H}\widehat{R}^2x^3(x+\alpha )^2/t^{1/2}\mathrm{\Delta }\rho ,$$
(3)
where the dimensionless resistivity $`\widehat{R}`$ is chosen as $`\widehat{R}=\widehat{R}_0+t^{3/2}`$ and $`x=1/(t^2+h^2)`$. Here the temperature $`T`$ is normalized as $`tT/\epsilon _\mathrm{F}`$ where $`\epsilon _\mathrm{F}`$ is the renormalized Fermi energy, the energy scale for the deviation from the perfect nesting $`H`$ is normalized as $`hH/2\pi \epsilon _\mathrm{F}`$ and the interaction between localized spins $`J`$ is normalized as $`\alpha 2J/\pi a_f\epsilon _\mathrm{F}`$ where the dimensionless parameter $`a_f`$ is to be determined by the dispersion of the quasiparticle. The experimental data  are well fitted  if we assume that $`\epsilon _\mathrm{F}`$40K, $`\alpha =10`$ and $`h=`$0.1. Hereafter we assume the same values.

Both $`R_\mathrm{H}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }R_\mathrm{H}`$ are contained in the linear response theory . However, in the ordinary quasiparticle transport theory only the former is taken into account. The latter, the collective contribution to the conductivity, appears in the presence of the magnetic field.

The Hall angle in the presence of the magnetic field $`B`$ is plotted as

$$B\mathrm{cot}\mathrm{\Theta }_\mathrm{H}\widehat{R}/(\rho +\mathrm{\Delta }\rho ),$$
(4)
where $`R_\mathrm{H}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is normalized as $`\rho `$. The numerical results are shown in Fig. 2 where the residual resistivity is chosen as $`\widehat{R}_0=3`$ in accordance with experiments.  These data are qualitatively compatible with the experiment where $`B\mathrm{cot}\mathrm{\Theta }_\mathrm{H}`$ is roughly proportional to $`T^2`$. Such a temperature dependence is unexpected from the ordinary quasiparticle transport theory. Since our estimation is too crude, we need further elaboration to achieve a quantitative agreement.

In conclusion, we have demonstrated the existence of the spinon-like transport process in the doped V2O3. It is a straightforward application of the itinerant-localized duality model, which is effective to understand observed anomalies in the two-dimensional metallic state of the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprate superconductors, to the three dimensional case.

As pointed out in the previous studies , the spinon-like transport process is necessary to explain the Hall angle data. On the contrary there is an attempt to derive an anomalous temperature dependence of the Hall conductivity in the normal metallic state of the high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprate superconductors from the vertex correction in the fluctuation exchange (FLEX) approximation.  Such an attempt should be criticized, since the theoretical result is not compatible with experiments by the reason in the following. The main issue here is the relation between the temperature dependences of the Hall conductivity and the spin-lattice relaxation rate $`1/T_1`$ in underdoped region. The case of overdoped region is trivial, since the temperature dependence of the Hall conductivity is weak and easily ascribed to the anisotropy of the life time of the quasiparticle on the Fermi surface. In underdoped region $`1/T_1T`$ measured by the NMR shows the so-called psuedogap behavior, while the Hall conductivity is enhanced. In YBCO-60K case  such behavior is observed for 100K $`<T<`$ 150K. Sudden decrease of $`R_\mathrm{H}`$ for $`T<`$ 100K is ascribed to the superconducting fluctuation. In HgBaCaCu1212-125K case  such behavior is observed for 140K $`<T<`$ 200K. Sudden decrease of $`R_\mathrm{H}`$ for $`T<`$ 140K is ascribed to the superconducting fluctuation. These facts contradict with the FLEX approximation, since the vertex correction in the theory dominated by the Maki-Thompson process proprotional to the $`𝐪`$-integrated weight of the spin fluctuation Im$`\chi (𝐐+𝐪,\omega )/\omega `$ in the limit of $`\omega 0`$, which is nothing but the measured quantity in the NMR experiment and has to show the pseudogap behavior, shows a monotonous temperature dependence. Both the Hall conductivity and the spin-lattice relaxation rate should be understood in a single framework of a spin-fluctuation theory in the temperature range of the present issue and it is possible.  The inconsistency of the FLEX approximation results from the violation of the Pauli exclusion principle in the approximation. Thus in this approximation the spectral weight transfer discussed above and crucial to understand the pseudogap phenomena is not correctly described. This crack of the FLEX approximation has been demonstrated in the context of the formation of the high-energy Hubbard band for local interaction models.  At the same time we can not obtain the correct transport equation, the Boltzmann equation, if the Pauli principle is violated, since the collision term is highly restricted by the principle.