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# Derivative Expansion and the Effective Action for the Abelian Chern-Simons Theory at Higher Orders

## 1 Introduction:

Chern-Simons (CS) theories, in $`2+1`$ dimensions, have been of interest in recent years . Non-Abelian CS theories are invariant under large gauge transformations provided the coefficient of the CS term is quantized. At finite temperature, however, the induced CS term has a continuous coefficient (temperature dependent), which is incompatible with the discreteness of the CS coefficient necessary for large gauge invariance to hold . This puzzle of violation of large gauge invariance at finite temperature is well understood now, at least in the Abelian theory .

As is well known, at finite temperature, amplitudes  as well as the effective action become non-analytic , unlike at zero temperature. As a result, it becomes essential to talk of the effective action only in certain limits - the conventional ones being the long wave and the static limits. It has already been shown within the context of the Abelian CS theory in $`2+1`$ dimensions that large gauge invariance is not an issue in the long wave limit . On the other hand, truncation of the effective action at any finite order in the static limit leads to violation of large gauge invariance although the complete action has large gauge invariance. This has been checked for the leading order terms in the effective action in the static limit.

The leading order parity violating effective action in the static limit can be determined exactly, either through functional methods  or through the use of the large gauge Ward identity . This, of course, raises the question of the higher order corrections to this action and the issue of large gauge invariance for such terms. In this paper, we address this question.

The higher order corrections can be naturally obtained through a derivative expansion (powers of momentum) . However, as is known in simple models, in a model with large gauge invariance, derivative expansion does lead to new subtleties . In fact, some such subtlety was already noted earlier in the Abelian $`2+1`$ dimensional model , even at the leading order in the static limit. In section 2, we extend and improve on the analysis of  to rederive, within the context of derivative expansion, the leading order parity violating effective action in the static limit which is linear in $`B`$, the magnetic field. We also show that the parity violating part of the effective action does not contain any higher order terms in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ so that this action is the complete parity violating effective action in that limit, consistent with the results obtained in . In section 3, we tackle the question of going beyond the leading order and evaluate the parity violating effective action from a calculation of amplitudes in momentum space. The two point (self-energy) as well as the four point (box diagram) amplitudes are evaluated explicitly to fifth order in the power of momentum. However, momentum space calculations become increasingly more involved as we go to higher orders. As a result, in section 4, we use the derivative expansion in the coordinate space. Here, too, we calculate a closed form expression for the quadratic part of the parity violating effective action. In fact, the effective action, at any order, can be obtained in a closed form, but the closed form expressions are not necessarily simple. Rather, a power series expansion in the number of derivatives gives a simpler expression to the quadratic, cubic and quartic (in fields) terms of the effective action. One of the features that arises from this analysis is the fact that the expressions for these actions are not manifestly invariant under small gauge transformations, although they can be brought to a gauge invariant form (at least for lower orders) through the use of various algebraic identities. In section 5, therefore, we give a general proof of gauge invariance of the effective action under small gauge transformations and recast the derivative expansion into a gauge invariant form. In section 6, we analyze the general features of our results. In particular, we show that from our low order (in fields) calculations, we can, in fact, predict the behaviour of the effective action with one, three and five derivatives to all orders in the fields. In fact, to all orders, we find that these effective actions are completely determined from the form of the leading order parity violating effective action in the static limit. They are manifestly invariant under small as well as large gauge transformations. We present a brief conclusion in section 7.

## 2 Leading Order Derivative Expansion in the Static Limit:

Let us consider a fermion interacting with an Abelian gauge background described by the Lagrangian density (in $`2+1`$ dimensions)

$$=\overline{\psi }\left(\gamma ^\mu (i_\mu +eA_\mu )M\right)\psi $$
(1)
Here, for simplicity, we will assume that $`M>0`$. The effective action following from this is formally given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{ln}det\left(\gamma ^\mu (i_\mu +eA_\mu )M\right)`$ (2)
$`=`$ $`i\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}\left(\gamma ^\mu (i_\mu +eA_\mu )M\right)`$
where “Tr” stands for trace over Dirac indices as well as over a complete basis of states. As is well known, at finite temperature, the effective action is not well defined everywhere , as a result of which it can be expanded in powers of derivatives only in some limit. This is a simple reflection of the fact that thermal amplitudes are non-analytic at the origin in the energy-momentum plane . This was explicitly shown for the $`2+1`$ dimensional Abelian Chern-Simons theory , where we calculated the leading term in the parity violating part of the box diagram at finite temperature and where we also showed that large gauge invariance is an issue in the static limit, but not in the long wave limit. In this paper, we systematically calculate the higher order corrections to the earlier result, in the static limit, by using the method of derivative expansion . Although we had earlier summed the leading order terms in the static limit using a large gauge Ward identity , in this section, we will rederive this result from the derivative expansion.

The leading order behaviour in the static limit, as was shown in , is consistent with assuming a specific form of the background gauge fields, namely ,

$$A_0=A_0(t),\stackrel{}{A}=\stackrel{}{A}(\stackrel{}{x})$$
(3)
The parity violating part of the effective action, in such a background, was already calculated in  and here, as a warm up, we rederive the result from a derivative expansion. It is well known that, by a suitable gauge transformation ,

$$A_\mu A_\mu +_\mu \mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }(t)=\left(_0^t+\frac{t}{\beta }_0^\beta \right)dt^{}A_0(t^{})$$
(4)
a static gauge background of the form (3) can always be brought to the form

$$A_0(t)\frac{a}{\beta }=\frac{1}{\beta }_0^\beta 𝑑tA_0(t),\stackrel{}{A}=\stackrel{}{A}(\stackrel{}{x})$$
(5)
so that under a large gauge transformation,

$$aa+\frac{2\pi n}{e}$$
(6)
We will use the imaginary time formalism  in evaluating the finite temperature determinant, where energy takes discrete values. Rotating to Euclidean space, the effective action takes the form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]=\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+M+eA/)$$
(7)
where we have defined $`p/=\stackrel{}{\gamma }\stackrel{}{p}`$ and similarly $`A/=\stackrel{}{\gamma }\stackrel{}{A}`$. Furthermore,

$$\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n=\omega _n+\frac{ea}{\beta }=\frac{(2n+1)\pi }{\beta }+\frac{ea}{\beta }$$
(8)
where $`\beta `$ represents the inverse temperature in units where the Boltzmann constant is unity. The momentum in the above expression is to be understood as an operator which does not commute with coordinate dependent quantities. Let us also note that we are working with the following representation of the gamma matrices in the Euclidean space

$$\gamma _0=i\sigma _3,\gamma _1=i\sigma _1,\gamma _2=i\sigma _2$$
(9)
Let us next define

$$K_n=\frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+M}$$
(10)
Then, taking out a normalization factor, we can write the effective action as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]=\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(1+eK_nA/)=\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1)^j}{j+1}(eK_nA/)^{j+1}$$
(11)
This expression shows that the effective action contains all powers of $`\stackrel{}{A}`$. However, let us next show that quadratic and higher powers of $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ do not occur in the parity violating part of the effective action. To that end, let us note that if we define

$$\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+M=\rho _ne^{\gamma _0\varphi _n}$$
(12)
where

$$\rho _n=\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2},\varphi _n=\mathrm{tan}^1\frac{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n}{M}$$
(13)
we can write

$`K_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+M}}`$ (14)
$`=`$ $`e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\rho _n}}e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}=e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}K_n^{(0)}e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}`$
Using this, the terms in (11) containing higher powers of $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ can be written as

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(higher)}[A,M]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{j+1}}(eK_nA/)^{j+1}`$ (15)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{j+1}}(e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}eK_n^{(0)}e^{\gamma _0\varphi _n/2}A/)^{j+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{j+1}}(eK_n^{(0)}A/)^{j+1}`$
where the intermediate phase factors cancel because of the gamma matrix algebra, whereas the initial and the final phase factors cancel because of cyclicity of the trace. It now follows that the parity violating part of this action

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(higher)}[A,M]=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(higher)}[A,M]\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(higher)}[A,M])=0$$
(16)
which follows because expression (15) is an even function of the fermion mass. This shows that the parity violating part of the effective action is at best linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$. However, as is clear from this derivation, it says nothing about the parity conserving part of the effective action, which, in general will contain higher powers of $`\stackrel{}{A}`$. In fact, as we can see from Eq. (15), the parity conserving part will have the quadratic term of the form

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PC(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}K_n^{(0)}A/K_n^{(0)}A/`$ (17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\rho _n}}A/{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\rho _n}}A/`$
$`=`$ $`e^2{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{\mathrm{d}^2p}{(2\pi )^2}}`$
$`\times \left({\displaystyle \frac{2p_ip_j+i(p_i_j+p_j_i)\delta _{ij}(\rho _n^2+p_k(p_k+i_k))}{(\stackrel{}{p}^2+\rho _n^2)((\stackrel{}{p}+i\stackrel{}{})^2+\rho _n^2)}}A_j\right)A_i`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2x\alpha (1\alpha )A_i\frac{(_i_j^2\delta _{ij})}{(\alpha (1\alpha )^2+\rho _n^2)}A_j}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2x\alpha (1\alpha )B\frac{1}{\rho _n^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}B},`$
where we have defined the magnetic field as

$$Bϵ_{ij}_iA_j,i,j=1,2.$$
(18)
and combined the denominators using the Feynman combination formula in the intermediate steps. The sum over the discrete frequencies can be done in a simple manner using the formulae

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(\frac{(2n+1)\pi }{\beta }+\frac{\theta }{\beta }\right)^2+\mu ^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{4\mu }}\left[\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \mu i\theta )+\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \mu +i\theta )\right]`$ (19)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\mu }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}\mathrm{tan}^1\left(\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \mu }{2}}\mathrm{tan}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{2}}\right)`$
and leads to

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PC(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2\beta }{8\pi }}{\displaystyle d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2x\alpha (1\alpha )B\frac{1}{\sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}}}`$ (20)
$`\times [\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}iea)`$
$`+\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}+iea)]B`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e\beta }{2\pi }}{\displaystyle d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2x\alpha (1\alpha )B\frac{1}{\sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{}{a}}\mathrm{tan}^1\left(\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}}{2}}\mathrm{tan}{\displaystyle \frac{ea}{2}}\right)B`$
This is completely in agreement with the results of  and it is clear that this action is manifestly invariant under large gauge transformations (see Eq. (6)). (Namely, the arctan changes by a constant under a large gauge transformation. However, the quadratic effective action involves a derivative and, therefore, this action is invariant under large gauge transformations.)

The term in the effective action, linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$, has to be evaluated more carefully since this term, as it stands (see Eq. (11)), needs to be regularized. It was suggested in  to look alternately at the linear term in the derivative of the effective action

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}}{a}=\frac{e^2}{\beta }\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}K_nA/K_n\gamma _0$$
(21)
This would correspond to making one subtraction. However, this expression is still not fully regularized (it does not satisfy cyclicity as can be easily checked) so that the effective action linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ was derived in  in a limiting manner from this. Let us note, however, that we are interested in the parity violating part of the effective action. Thus, from Eq. (7), we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}}}{a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]}{a}}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{2\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+M+eA/}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\omega }_nM+eA/}}\right)\gamma _0`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{eM}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+e(\stackrel{}{p}\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{A}\stackrel{}{p}i\gamma _0B)+e^2\stackrel{}{A}^2}}\gamma _0`$
The linear term (in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$) of this expression gives

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}}{a}=\frac{e^2M}{\beta }\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}(\stackrel{}{p}\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{A}\stackrel{}{p}i\gamma _0B)\frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}\gamma _0$$
(23)
This expression is well defined and satisfies the cyclicity condition. Evaluating the Dirac trace gives (“tr” simply denotes trace over a complete basis)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}}{a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2ie^2M}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^2}}B`$ (24)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M}{2\pi \beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}B}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2}{8\pi }}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\left[\mathrm{tanh}\frac{1}{2}(\beta Miea)+\mathrm{tanh}\frac{1}{2}(\beta M+iea)\right]B}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{a}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\mathrm{tan}^1(\mathrm{tanh}\frac{\beta M}{2}\mathrm{tan}\frac{ea}{2})B}`$
This determines the parity violating effective action linear in $`B`$ which precisely coincides with the action derived earlier  and for future use, let us define

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)=\frac{e}{2\pi }\mathrm{tan}^1(\mathrm{tanh}\frac{\beta M}{2}\mathrm{tan}\frac{ea}{2})$$
(25)
so that we can write

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}=i\mathrm{d}^2xB\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)$$
(26)
(In general, of course, Eq. (24) determines the effective action up to an additive constant. However, if we assume that the effective action is normalized such that it vanishes when the external fields vanish, then, the additive constant vanishes and Eq. (26) gives the parity violating part of the effective action linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$.) Furthermore, as we have already shown, the parity violating part of the effective action does not contain higher order terms in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$. Consequently, this is the complete parity violating part of the effective action in the particular background we have chosen, consistent with the results in .

The particular gauge background, as we have argued earlier, gives the leading terms in the static limit and, consequently, this action would correspond to the leading order parity violating effective action in that limit. We will next try to extend these calculations to higher orders (in derivatives) and, in the next section, we will describe the generalization in the momentum space, before coming to the coordinate space calculations in the following section.

## 3 Momentum space calculations:

Let us now consider momentum space amplitudes computed in terms of the standard Feynman rules which can be derived from the Lagrangian density given by Eq. (1), in the framework of finite temperature field theory . (These amplitudes are the functional coefficients, up to combinatoric factors and a temperature dependent factor, of the powers of the external field $`A_\mu `$ in the series expansion of the effective action.) Using the imaginary time formalism, one can express all the one-loop thermal amplitudes in terms of Bose symmetric combinations of the following basic $`N`$-point amplitudes ($`\beta `$ is the inverse temperature in units where the Boltzmann constant is unity, as defined in the last section.)

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(\{k\};M)\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^N}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\hfill \\ & & \\ & & \frac{𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(p,\{k\};M)}{\left(p^2M^2\right)\mathrm{}\left[\left(p+k_{1(N1)}\right)^2M^2\right]},\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
where $`\{k\}k_1,\mathrm{},k_{N1}`$ represents the set of $`N1`$ independent external 3-momenta, $`k_{1i}k_1+k_2+\mathrm{}+k_i`$, and

$$𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}=\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _{\mu _1}(p/+k_1/+M)\gamma _{\mu _2}(p/+k_{12}/+M)\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mu _N}(p/+M)\right].$$
(28)
The external bosonic lines in Eq. (27) are such that the zero component of its 3-momenta is quantized and purely imaginary (for instance $`k_{1}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=\frac{2i\pi l}{\beta }`$, with $`l=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,\mathrm{}`$). Similarly, the zero component of the 3-momenta associated with a fermion loop is given by

$$p_0=\frac{i\pi \left(2n+1\right)}{\beta }i\omega _n;n=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,\mathrm{}.$$
(29)
Every thermal $`N`$-point amplitude is the sum of a parity violating and a parity conserving part. In what follows, we will concentrate only on the former, which can be written as (see also Eq. (16))

$$𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{PV}}(\{k\};M)=\frac{1}{2}\left[𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(\{k\};M)𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(\{k\};M)\right],$$
(30)
Since the denominator in Eq. (27) is an even function of $`M`$, only the odd powers of $`M`$ from the numerator $`𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}`$ in Eq. (30) will contribute to $`𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{PV}}`$. Consequently, the parity violating parts of thermal amplitudes come only from those terms in Eq. (28) which involve the trace of an odd number of Dirac gamma matrices.

Expressing the two terms on the right hand side of Eq. (30) in terms of the integral in Eq. (27) and performing the change of variable $`pp`$, we can easily verify that

$$𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{PV}}(\{k\};M)=(1)^{N+1}𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{PV}}(\{k\};M).$$
(31)
This result confirms that the procedure of anti-symmetrization in the mass gives a result which is in agreement with the usual concept of parity violation, according to which the $`N`$-point amplitude is odd under the concomitant interchange of the sign of all external gauge fields as well as their respective momenta.

### 3.1 Gamma algebra

In rotating the $`2+1`$ dimensional theory to imaginary time, one deals with Euclidean Dirac matrices (see Eq. (9)) and the trace of any number of Euclidean gamma matrices can be worked out in a straightforward manner by successive iteration of the basic identity

$$\gamma _{\mu _1}\gamma _{\mu _2}=\delta _{\mu _1\mu _2}Iϵ_{\mu _1\mu _2\lambda }\gamma _\lambda ,$$
(32)
where $`I`$ is the two by two identity matrix and $`ϵ_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}`$ is the totally antisymmetric tensor. Taking the trace of both sides of Eq. (32) we readily obtain

$$\mathrm{Tr}\gamma _{\mu _1}\gamma _{\mu _2}=2\delta _{\mu _1\mu _2},$$
(33)
where we have used $`\mathrm{Tr}\gamma _\mu =0`$. In the next step of iteration we multiply both sides of Eq. (32) by $`\gamma _{\mu _3}`$, take the trace and use Eq. (33). This simple calculation gives

$$\mathrm{Tr}\gamma _{\mu _1}\gamma _{\mu _2}\gamma _{\mu _3}=2ϵ_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}.$$
(34)
When considering traces involving four or more gamma matrices we will also have to take into account the following identity

$$ϵ_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}ϵ_{\nu _1\nu _2\nu _3}=det\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\delta _{\mu _1\nu _1}\hfill & \delta _{\mu _2\nu _1}& \hfill \delta _{\mu _3\nu _1}\\ \delta _{\mu _1\nu _2}\hfill & \delta _{\mu _2\nu _2}& \hfill \delta _{\mu _3\nu _2}\\ \delta _{\mu _1\nu _3}\hfill & \delta _{\mu _2\nu _3}& \hfill \delta _{\mu _3\nu _3}\end{array}\right)$$
(35)
For traces involving large numbers of gamma matrices, we immediately realize that the algebra becomes increasingly more complicated. For instance, the parity violating part of the four point function (box diagram) involves the trace of up to seven gamma matrices. However, the pattern of iterations, which can be inferred from the first steps described above, constitute a straightforward algorithm which can be implemented, without difficulty, into a computer algebra program. Some of the calculations described in this section, which involve a relatively large number of gamma matrices, were, in fact, performed using computer algebra.

Of course, one can always draw some simple qualitative conclusions without having to perform the traces explicitly. For instance, from the general pattern of the iterations described above, it is clear that any trace of an odd number of gamma matrices will necessarily involve some combination of $`ϵ`$-tensors (and $`\delta `$-tensors), while the trace of an even number of gamma matrices is a combination of $`\delta `$-tensors. As a result of this elementary property, the parity violating part of amplitudes will always involve a single $`ϵ`$-tensor (higher number of tensors can always be reduced).

### 3.2 The static limit

Of course, we do not expect to be able to compute the amplitudes $`𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{PV}}`$ for general arbitrary momenta at finite temperature. This is because, at finite temperature, amplitudes are non-analytic and, therefore, one can at best describe them in some limit. In what follows, we will calculate the thermal amplitudes in the static limit, $`k_{i}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=0`$, where large gauge invariance is known to be an issue. In this limit, the parity violating part of the basic amplitudes can be written as

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(\{k\};M)\hfill & =\hfill & (1)^{N+1}\frac{e^N}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\hfill \\ & & \\ & & \frac{𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p,\{k\};M)}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M_\omega ^2\right)\mathrm{}\left[\left(\stackrel{}{p}+\stackrel{}{k}_{1(N1)}\right)^2+M_\omega ^2\right]},\hfill \end{array}$$
(36)
where $`M_\omega ^2\omega _n^2+M^2`$, with $`\omega _n`$ given by Eq. (29), and

$$𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}=\frac{1}{2}\left[𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(p,\{k\};M)𝒩_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}(p,\{k\};M)\right]|_{k_{1}^{}{}_{0}{}^{},\mathrm{},k_{(N1)}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=0}.$$
(37)
### 3.3 Calculation of the integrals and sums using the derivative expansion

To evaluate the two dimensional integral in Eq. (36), we can use the standard Feynman parameterization to combine the $`N`$ denominators. After performing appropriate shifts, the integration over $`\stackrel{}{p}`$ can be easily performed. However, since a closed form expression for the Feynman parameter integrals is, in general, difficult for arbitrary values of the external momenta $`\stackrel{}{k}_i`$, we will have to resort to some approximation. A simple but important approximation is the limit $`|\stackrel{}{k}_i|M_\omega `$, in which case we can employ a derivative expansion (the term “derivative” originates from the configuration space transformation $`k_ii_{x_i}`$), expressing the result as a power series in the external momenta. Then, at any given order of the derivative expansion, the Feynman parameters will show up in the integrand as a simple polynomial, which can be easily evaluated. After the integration over the Feynman parameters are done, we will be left with only a sum over $`n`$ which can be performed in a closed form. In fact, one can even write down in advance all the possible structures of the sums involved at any given order of the derivative expansion by considering the canonical dimensions of the amplitudes, $`[𝒜_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _N}]=[\frac{e^N}{\beta }][M^{(2N)}]`$ (note that in $`2+1`$ dimensions $`\left[e^2\right]=\left[M\right]`$). For instance, in the order $`2s+1`$ ($`s=0,1,\mathrm{}`$) of derivatives (momentum), the self-energy ($`N=2`$) will be given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{2s+1}=\frac{e^2}{\beta }\left[\left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+1}}\right)M𝒯_{1}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2}{}^{(2s+1)}(k)\right],$$
(38)
while the corresponding order of the $`N=4`$ amplitude can be written down as

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{2s+1}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^4}{\beta }[\left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+2}}\right)M𝒯_{2}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4}{}^{(2s+1)}(k_1,k_2,k_3)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+3}}\right)M^3𝒯_{3}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4}{}^{(2s+1)}(k_1,k_2,k_3)],\hfill \end{array}$$
(39)
where the tensors $`𝒯_r^{(2s+1)}`$ encode structures of degree $`2s+1`$ in the respective momentum arguments. Similarly, at order $`2s`$ of the derivatives, the $`N=3`$ and $`N=5`$ amplitudes can be written down as

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{2s}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^3}{\beta }[\left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+1}}\right)M𝒯_{4}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}{}^{(2s)}(k_1,k_2)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+2}}\right)M^3𝒯_{5}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3}{}^{(2s)}(k_1,k_2)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(40)
and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4\mu _5}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{2s}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^5}{\beta }[\left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+2}}\right)M𝒯_{6}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4\mu _5}{}^{(2s)}(k_1,k_2,k_3,k_4)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+3}}\right)M^3𝒯_{7}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4\mu _5}{}^{(2s)}(k_1,k_2,k_3,k_4)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^{s+4}}\right)M^5𝒯_{8}^{}{}_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4\mu _5}{}^{(2s)}(k_1,k_2,k_3,k_4)].\hfill \end{array}$$
(41)
All the previous sums over $`n`$ have a closed form expression in terms of derivatives of the basic sum (see Eq. (19))

$$𝒮(\mu )\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\mu ^2+\omega _n^2}=\frac{\beta }{2\mu }\mathrm{tanh}\left(\frac{\beta \mu }{2}\right).$$
(42)
### 3.4 Explicit results up to the four point function

In the Abelian theory, which we are considering, all the odd point amplitudes vanish simply because of charge conjugation invariance. Therefore, in the calculation of Feynman amplitudes in this theory, we will concentrate only on the even point amplitudes. Let us first show in some detail the derivation of the explicit results for the self-energy ($`N=2`$) as well as the box diagram ($`N=4`$), which are implicitly given in Eqs. (38) and (39), respectively. From Eq. (36), with $`N=2`$, the self-energy is given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)\hfill & \hfill & 𝒜_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(k;M)\hfill \\ & & \\ & =\hfill & \frac{e^2}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\frac{𝒩_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p,k;M)}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M_\omega ^2\right)\left[\left(\stackrel{}{p}+\stackrel{}{k}\right)^2+M_\omega ^2\right]}\hfill \end{array}.$$
(43)
Using the Feynman combination formula, we can write

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=\frac{e^2}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\frac{𝒩_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p,k;M)}{\left[(\stackrel{}{p}+\alpha \stackrel{}{k})^2+\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M_\omega ^2\right]^2}.$$
(44)
The parity violating part of the numerator involves a simple trace of only three gamma matrices. Using Eq. (34) one easily obtains

$$𝒩_{\mu _1\mu _2}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}=\left(2Mk_\alpha ϵ_{\alpha ,\mu _1,\mu _2}\right)^{\mathrm{static}}=2Mk_jϵ_{j\mu _1\mu _2}.$$
(45)
Since we are in the static limit, namely $`k_0=0`$, either the index $`\mu _1`$ or $`\mu _2`$ has to be in the time direction. Choosing $`\mu _1=0`$ and $`\mu _2=i`$, and noting that

$$ϵ_{0ij}ϵ_{ij}$$
(46)
we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{0i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=ϵ_{ij}k_j\frac{2e^2M}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha \mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\frac{1}{\left[\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M_\omega ^2\right]^2},$$
(47)
where we have performed the shift $`\stackrel{}{p}\stackrel{}{p}\alpha \stackrel{}{k}`$. The integration in $`\stackrel{}{p}`$ is now elementary, giving the result

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{0i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=ϵ_{ij}k_j\frac{e^2M}{2\pi \beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha \frac{1}{\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2+\omega _n^2}.$$
(48)
We can now proceed in one of two ways, namely, either perform a derivative expansion, as describe earlier, or perform the sum over $`n`$, using the formula (42) with $`\mu =\sqrt{\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2}`$. Using the latter approach, we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{0i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=ϵ_{ij}k_j\frac{e^2M}{4\pi }_0^1d\alpha \frac{\mathrm{tanh}\left(\frac{\beta \sqrt{\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2}}{2}\right)}{\sqrt{\alpha (1\alpha )\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2}}.$$
(49)
This expression shows that even in the simplest case of the one-loop self-energy in the static limit, one cannot obtain a simple closed form expression. Of course, the integration over the Feynman parameter can be performed order by order using a derivative expansion of Eqs. (48) or (49). As we have discussed earlier in Eq. (38), each term of this expansion is a function of degree $`2s+1`$ ($`s=0,1,\mathrm{}`$) in the external momenta. It is clear from Eq. (49) that, at any $`2s+1`$ order, the polynomial in the Feynman parameter can be systematically expressed in terms of Euler’s beta function $`\mathrm{B}`$ which is defined as

$$\mathrm{B}(s+1,s+1)=_0^1d\alpha \alpha ^s\left(1\alpha \right)^s,$$
(50)
so that the expansion of the integrand in Eq. (48) in powers of $`(\stackrel{}{k})^2`$ yields

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Pi }_{0i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=ϵ_{ij}k_j\frac{e^2M}{2\pi }\underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\hfill & (1)^s\mathrm{B}(s+1,s+1)(\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}})^s\hfill \\ & \times \frac{(1)^s}{s!}\frac{^s}{(M^2)^s}\left[\frac{1}{2M}\mathrm{tanh}\left(\frac{M}{2T}\right)\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
(51)
Using Eqs. (19) and (25), we finally obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Pi }_{0i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\left(k\right)=ϵ_{ij}k_jM\underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\hfill & \frac{\mathrm{B}(s+1,s+1)}{s!}(\stackrel{}{k}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}})^s\hfill \\ & \times \frac{^s}{(M^2)^s}\left(\frac{1}{M}\frac{}{a}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)|_{a=0}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(52)
Equation (52) gives the momentum space two point amplitude which is obtained from the parity violating, quadratic effective action by taking functional derivative with respect to $`A_0(\stackrel{}{k})`$ and $`A_i(\stackrel{}{k})`$.

Let us next consider the box diagram which is obtained from Eq. (36) with $`N=4`$.

$$\begin{array}{cc}𝒜_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(k_1,k_2,k_3;M)=\frac{e^4}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\hfill & \\ & \\ \frac{𝒩_{\mu _1\mu _2\mu _3\mu _4}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p,k_1,k_2,k_3;M)}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M_\omega ^2\right)\left[\left(\stackrel{}{p}+\stackrel{}{k}_1\right)^2+M_\omega ^2\right]\left[\left(\stackrel{}{p}+\stackrel{}{k}_{12}\right)^2+M_\omega ^2\right]\left[\left(\stackrel{}{p}+\stackrel{}{k}_{123}\right)^2+M_\omega ^2\right]}\hfill & ,\hfill \end{array}$$
(53)
From our experience with the previous example the self-energy, we do not expect to obtain a closed form for Eq. (53) for arbitrary values of $`\stackrel{}{k}`$. Therefore, we will adopt right from the beginning the derivative approximation $`\stackrel{}{k}_iM_\omega `$. Furthermore, instead of trying to obtain the general term of the series, we will analyze separately each individual order up to the fifth order in the external momenta and consider the specific component $`\mu _1=\mu _2=\mu _3=0,\mu _4=i`$, which corresponds to the part of the effective action containing three $`A_0`$ fields and one magnetic field.

The parity violating numerator in Eq. (53) is an odd function of the external momenta which can have degree one or three (this can be easily verified from Eq. (28) and the definition of parity violating numerator as an antisymmetric function of $`M`$). Making the external momenta equal to zero inside the denominators and keeping only the linear contribution from the numerator in Eq. (53), we obtain the following leading linear contribution

$$𝒜_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(1)}=\frac{e^4}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\frac{𝒩_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p,k_1,k_2,k_3;M)|^{(1)}}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^4},$$
(54)
where

$$𝒩_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(1)}=2Mϵ_{ij}[(3k_1+4k_2+3k_3)_j\omega _n^2(k_1+k_3)_j(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2)]$$
(55)
comes from the trace computation. Substituting Eq. (55) into Eq. (54) and performing the the six permutations of the external momenta and indices yields the following Bose symmetric expression for the box diagram

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(1)}=8ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\frac{e^4M}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^25\omega _n^2}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^4},$$
(56)
where we have used the momentum conservation $`k_1+k_2+k_3=k_4`$. Performing the integration over $`\stackrel{}{p}`$ in Eq. (56), we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(1)}=2ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\frac{e^4M}{2\pi \beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[\frac{4M^2}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^3}\frac{3}{\left(M^2+\omega _n^2\right)^2}].$$
(57)
Using Eq. (42) we can perform the sum and express the result in terms of derivatives of Eq. (25) in the following way

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(1)}=ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\beta ^2\frac{^3}{a^3}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)|_{a=0}.$$
(58)
In order to obtain the higher order derivative contributions, we will have to take into account the external momenta dependence inside the denominators of Eq. (53). Using the Feynman combination formula we can write

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{6e^4}{(2\pi )^2\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha _1_0^{1\alpha _1}d\alpha _2_0^{1\alpha _2}d\alpha _3\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}\hfill \\ & & \\ & & \frac{𝒩_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}\alpha _1\stackrel{}{k}_1\alpha _2\stackrel{}{k}_{12}\alpha _3\stackrel{}{k}_{13},\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2,\stackrel{}{k}_3;M)}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2+\omega _n^2+K^2\right)^4},\hfill \end{array}$$
(59)
where $`\stackrel{}{k}_{12}\stackrel{}{k}_1+\stackrel{}{k}_2`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_{13}\stackrel{}{k}_1+\stackrel{}{k}_2+\stackrel{}{k}_3`$ and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}K^2\hfill & \hfill & \stackrel{}{k}_1^2\alpha _1\left(1\alpha _1\right)+\stackrel{}{k}_{12}^2\alpha _2\left(1\alpha _2\right)+\stackrel{}{k}_{13}^2\alpha _3\left(1\alpha _3\right)\hfill \\ & & \\ & \hfill & 2\left(\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_{12}\alpha _1\alpha _2+\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_{13}\alpha _2\alpha _3+\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_{13}\alpha _1\alpha _3\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(60)
Except for structures like

$$Mp_ip_jk_lϵ_{jl};\mathrm{or}Mp_lp_lk_jϵ_{ij}$$

which appear in the numerator $`𝒩_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}`$, the $`\mathrm{d}^2\stackrel{}{p}`$ integration in Eq. (59) is as straightforward as the ones that arose in the self-energy calculation. In order to obtain a simple scalar integral we first perform the elementary angular integrations with the help of

$$_0^{2\pi }d\theta p_ip_j=\pi \stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}\delta _{ij}.$$
(61)
In this way, Eq. (59) leads to

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{6e^4}{2\pi \beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha _1_0^{1\alpha _1}d\alpha _2_0^{1\alpha _2}d\alpha _3\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & _0^{\mathrm{}}pdp\frac{n_i^{(1)}\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+N_i^{(1)}+N_i^{(3)}}{\left(\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+M^2+\omega _n^2+K^2\right)^4}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(62)
The compact notation in the numerator of Eq. (62) means that $`n_i^{(1)}`$ and $`N_i^{(1)}`$ are of first order in the external momenta, while $`N_i^{(3)}`$ is of third order in the external momenta. (Of course, the algebra has become very much involved by now. Just to give an idea of how involved it is, the numerator in Eq. (62) contains $`242`$ terms.) Performing the integration in $`\mathrm{d}p`$ and expanding the result up to fifth order in the external momenta yields the following third and fifth order expressions

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(3)}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^4}{2\pi \beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha _1_0^{1\alpha _1}d\alpha _2_0^{1\alpha _2}d\alpha _3\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & \left[\frac{N_i^{(3)}K^2n_i^{(1)}}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^3}3\frac{K^2N_i^{(1)}}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^4}\right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(63)
and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(5)}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^4}{2\pi \beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^1d\alpha _1_0^{1\alpha _1}d\alpha _2_0^{1\alpha _2}d\alpha _3\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & \left[\frac{6K^4N_i^{(1)}}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^5}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{K^4n_i^{(1)}2K^2N_i^{(3)}}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^4}\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
(64)
The parametric integrals in the above expressions are very involved, but straightforward, since there are only powers of the Feynman parameters. As in the previous cases, the sum over discrete energy can also be performed using Eq. (42) and the result can be expressed in terms of derivatives of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)`$ defined in Eq. (25). The complete four photon amplitude is then obtained adding the six permutations of external momenta and indices.

Of course, the final result must preserve the small gauge invariance, being proportional to $`ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}`$, like the leading order result given by Eq. (58), so that the contraction with $`k_{4}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}`$ gives zero (this is a consequence of the invariance under a small gauge transformation $`\stackrel{}{A}(k_4)\stackrel{}{A}(k_4)+\stackrel{}{k}_4`$ in the momentum space). However, at this higher order, our explicit calculation shows that the small gauge invariance will only be explicitly manifest, when we make use of some identities involving the 2-dimensional vectors. A simple example is the Jacobi identity

$$\left(k_{1}^{}{}_{l}{}^{}k_{2}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}k_{3}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}+k_{2}^{}{}_{l}{}^{}k_{3}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}k_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}+k_{3}^{}{}_{l}{}^{}k_{1}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}k_{2}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}\right)ϵ_{lm}=0.$$
(65)
The emergence of these identities is, in fact, expected, because the very nature of the sub-leading contributions (higher powers of the external momenta) leaves room to write the two-dimensional structures involving $`ϵ_{ij}`$ and the vectors $`\stackrel{}{k}_1`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_2`$ and $`\stackrel{}{k}_3`$ in many equivalent ways. Our strategy to single out the unique gauge invariant form, was to decompose each vector in a two-dimensional basis and verify (by brute force, using the computer) that the unique function of the components is indeed gauge invariant. Then, from the expressions in terms of components, we were able to identify the two-dimensional scalar functions which multiplies $`ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}`$. This leads to the following results

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Pi }_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(3)}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^4}{3\pi }ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\left(\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_3^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2+\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3+\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3\right)\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & \frac{M}{\beta }\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{M^25\omega _n^2}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^4}\hfill \\ & & \\ & =\hfill & \frac{ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}}{6}\left(\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_3^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2+\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3+\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3\right)\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & M\beta ^2\frac{}{M^2}\left[\frac{1}{M}\frac{^3}{a^3}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)\right]_{a=0}\hfill \end{array}$$
(66)
and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Pi }_{000i}^{\mathrm{static},\mathrm{PV}}|^{(5)}\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{e^4M}{30\pi \beta }ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\{(\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3+\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3)\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{2}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^4}\hfill \\ & & \\ & \hfill & [\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}(3\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_3+5\stackrel{}{k}_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+5\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & 4(\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2)^2+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3]\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{7\omega _n^2M^2}{(M^2+\omega _n^2)^5}\}\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \mathrm{two}\mathrm{cyclic}\mathrm{permutations}\mathrm{of}\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2,\mathrm{and}\stackrel{}{k}_3\hfill \\ & & \\ & =\hfill & \frac{M}{60}ϵ_{ij}k_{4}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}\{(\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3+\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3)\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & \frac{4e^2}{3}\frac{^3}{(M^2)^3}\left(\frac{1}{M}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a}\right)_{a=0}\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & [\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}(3\stackrel{}{k}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_3+5\stackrel{}{k}_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+5\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3)\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & 4(\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2)^2+6\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3]\frac{\beta ^2}{3}\frac{^2}{(M^2)^2}\left(\frac{1}{M}\frac{^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^3}\right)_{a=0}\}\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & \mathrm{two}\mathrm{cyclic}\mathrm{permutations}\mathrm{of}\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2,\mathrm{and}\stackrel{}{k}_3.\hfill \end{array}$$
(67)
This gives an idea of the nature of calculations in the momentum space. With each higher order, the calculations become increasingly more difficult. Besides, once the amplitudes are obtained, the construction of the effective action from these is a nontrivial operation, particularly at higher orders where several tensor structures may be present. This forces us to look beyond the momentum space calculations which we will do in the next section. However, it is worth emphasizing at this point that although the momentum space calculations have yielded basic Feynman amplitudes, one can easily obtain from them corresponding amplitudes with any number of zero momentum $`A_0`$ fields, simply by considering the fermion propagator in the background of a constant $`A_0`$ field, as will become clear in the next section.

## 4 Derivative expansion at higher orders:

In trying to determine the higher order terms (derivatives) in the static limit, we let the $`A_0`$ field depend on space as well (in contrast to the discussion in section 2, Eq. (3)) and make the decomposition

$$A_0(t,\stackrel{}{x})=\overline{A}_0(t)+\widehat{A}_0(\stackrel{}{x}),\mathrm{d}^2x\widehat{A}_0(\stackrel{}{x})=0$$
(68)
Namely, we have separated out the zero mode of the space dependent part into the first term, which can always be done using a box normalization. Once again, by a suitable gauge transformation (see Eq. (4)), the gauge fields can be brought to the form

$$A_0(t,\stackrel{}{x})\frac{a}{\beta }+\widehat{A}_0(\stackrel{}{x}),\stackrel{}{A}=\stackrel{}{A}(\stackrel{}{x})$$
(69)
With such a separation, we have also separated the behaviour of the fields under a small and a large gauge transformation. Namely, under a large gauge transformation only $`a`$ transforms as

$$aa+\frac{2\pi n}{e}$$
(70)
while under a small gauge transformation only $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ transforms as ($`\widehat{A}_0`$ does not transform under a small gauge transformation in the static limit, since we have already used this freedom to bring $`A_0`$ to the form in Eq. (69).),

$$\stackrel{}{A}\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{}ϵ$$
(71)
In this case, the effective action (see Eq. (11)) takes the form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]=\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(1+(p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M)^1(eA/))$$
(72)
The linear term in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ has the simple form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}[\widehat{A}_0,M]=e\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}A/$$
(73)
It is clear now that if we expand the denominator in powers of $`\widehat{A}_0`$ and carry out the trace, we will obtain all the higher derivative corrections to the effective action in the static limit. However, it is also clear that the expansion would bring out more and more factors of Dirac matrices in the numerator so that calculations will become increasingly difficult as we go to higher orders. Thus, we look for an alternate method for obtaining the result.

Let us note that we are really interested in the parity violating part of the effective action, which is obtained as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}[\widehat{A}_0,M]\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}[\widehat{A}_0,M])$$
(74)
Furthermore, let us also note the identity that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)M}}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{M}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+L}}`$ (75)
where

$$L=2e\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n\widehat{A}_0ie\gamma _0(/\widehat{A}_0)+e^2\widehat{A}_0^2$$
(76)
contains all the field dependent terms and has a much simpler Dirac matrix structure. Using this, we can write

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}=eM\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+L}A/$$
(77)
The denominator can now be expanded and the effective action can be calculated for any number of $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields in a simple and systematic manner.

As an example, let us note that the part of the parity violating action containing one $`\widehat{A}_0`$ field in addition to the $`B`$ field arises as

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`eM{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(ie\gamma _0(/\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}A/`$ (78)
$`=`$ $`2ie^2M{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\stackrel{}{p}+i\stackrel{}{})^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_i\widehat{A}_0)ϵ_{ij}A_j`$
$`=`$ $`2ie^2M{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{\mathrm{d}^2p}{(2\pi )^2}\frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\stackrel{}{p}+i\stackrel{}{})^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0B`$
Here, the derivatives act only on $`\widehat{A}_0`$ and not on $`B`$. The momentum integral can be evaluated by combining the denominators using the Feynman combination formula. Even the sum over the discrete frequency modes can also be exactly evaluated (see Eq. (19)) and the parity violating effective action containing one $`\widehat{A}_0`$ field in addition to the $`B`$ field has the form

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M\beta }{8\pi }}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2xd\alpha B\frac{1}{\sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}}}`$ (79)
$`\times [\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}iea)`$
$`+\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta \sqrt{M^2\alpha (1\alpha )^2}+iea)]\widehat{A}_0`$
This is an exact, closed form expression which can also be expanded in powers of derivatives and takes the form

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M\beta }{8\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{B(s+1,s+1)}{s!}B\left((^2)^s\widehat{A}_0\right)}`$ (80)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{^s}{(M^2)^s}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}(\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta Miea)+\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta M+iea)]`$
$`=`$ $`iM\beta {\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{B(s+1,s+1)}{s!}B((^2)^s\widehat{A}_0)}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{^s}{(M^2)^s}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{a}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)\right)`$
which can be compared with the result from the momentum space result given by Eq. (52) (recall that the coefficients of the momentum space amplitudes are related to those of the real space amplitudes by a factor of $`\frac{i}{\beta }`$). Let us write out the first few terms explicitly which have the forms

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`i\beta {\displaystyle }\mathrm{d}^2xB[\widehat{A}_0{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{M}{6}}(^2\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{}{M^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a}}\right)`$ (81)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{M}{60}}(^4\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(M^2)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a}}\right)+\mathrm{}]`$
We note here that this effective action will give the amplitude of the type $`\widehat{A}_0`$-$`B`$ with any number of $`a`$ insertions which can be thought of as zero momentum $`A_0`$ fields.

Without going into details, let us simply note here that, the parity violating effective action containing two $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields, in addition to the $`B`$ field (and, of course, any number of $`a`$ fields), can also be evaluated in a similar manner and has the following form

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4ie^3M{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{tr}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)((\stackrel{}{p}+i\stackrel{}{}_1)^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)}}`$ (82)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{((\stackrel{}{p}+i\stackrel{}{}_1+i\stackrel{}{}_2)^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)}}\widehat{A}_0^{(1)}\widehat{A}_0^{(2)}B`$
Here, we have put indices on the derivatives as well as the $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields to indicate the action of these operators. The momentum integral as well as the sum over the discrete frequencies can be carried out in this case also and the final form can be obtained in a closed form. However, let us make a power series expansion in the derivatives and write down explicitly the first few terms

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`i\beta ^2{\displaystyle }\mathrm{d}^2xB[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2!}}\widehat{A}_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{^2\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^2}}`$ (83)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{M}{12}}(2(^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)){\displaystyle \frac{}{M^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^2}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{M}{60}}(2\widehat{A}_0(^4\widehat{A}_0)+4(^2_i\widehat{A}_0)(_i\widehat{A}_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}(_i_j\widehat{A}_0)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}(^2\widehat{A}_0)^2)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(M^2)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^2}}\right)+\mathrm{}]`$
Calculations become algebraically more tedious as we go to higher orders. For example, the parity violating part of the effective action containing three $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields in addition to the $`B`$ field (and any number of $`a`$ fields) can also be evaluated and has the form (before simplification)

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}\right)^{(3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2ie^4M{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{tr}`$ (84)
$`\times [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_i\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}ϵ_{ij}A_j`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_i\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}ϵ_{ij}A_j`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}\widehat{A}_0`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}B`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_k\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_k\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}`$
$`\times (_i\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}ϵ_{ij}A_j`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ_{ij}}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_i\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}(_j\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}`$
$`\times (_k\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}}A_k]`$
It is interesting to note that the expression above does not look manifestly invariant under small gauge transformations. We will give a proof of gauge invariance later. For the present, let us simply note that if we were to evaluate this expression in powers of derivatives, the leading order term, which will be linear in the derivatives has the form

$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^4M}{3\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\mathrm{d}^2p\left[\frac{1}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^3}\frac{6\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^4}\right]B\widehat{A}_0^3}`$ (85)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^4M}{6\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\left[\frac{1}{(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^2}\frac{4\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2}{(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^3}\right]B\widehat{A}_0^3}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M\beta ^2}{12\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{^2}{a^2}\left(\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2}\right)B\widehat{A}_0^3}`$
$`=`$ $`i\beta ^3{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\frac{1}{3!}B\widehat{A}_0^3\frac{^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^3}}`$
This can again be compared with Eq. (58).

The term cubic (only odd powers of derivatives arise) in the derivatives has the form

$`={\displaystyle \frac{ie^4M}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2x\mathrm{d}^2p\left(\frac{8\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^5}\frac{1}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^4}\right)}`$
$`\times ((^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0))\widehat{A}_0B`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{iM\beta ^3}{12}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^2xB\widehat{A}_0((^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0))\frac{}{M^2}\left(\frac{1}{M}\frac{^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^3}\right)}`$ (86)
which agrees with Eq. (66). Finally, the term fifth order in the derivatives has the form

$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{ie^4M}{20\pi (\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^5}}{\displaystyle }\mathrm{d}^2x[(7\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2M^2)(\widehat{A}_0^2((^2)^2\widehat{A}_0)B`$ (87)
$`+4\widehat{A}_0(_k\widehat{A}_0)(_k^2\widehat{A}_0)B+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\widehat{A}_0(^2\widehat{A}_0)^2B+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\widehat{A}_0(_k_l\widehat{A}_0)^2B)`$
$`+(11\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2{\displaystyle \frac{7M^2}{3}})(_k\widehat{A}_0)^2(^2\widehat{A}_0)B`$
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{40\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{8M^2}{3}})(_k\widehat{A}_0)(_l\widehat{A}_0)(_k_l\widehat{A}_0)B]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{iM}{120}}{\displaystyle }\mathrm{d}^2xB[\beta ^3(\widehat{A}_0^2(^4\widehat{A}_0)+4\widehat{A}_0(_i\widehat{A}_0)(^2_i\widehat{A}_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\widehat{A}_0(^2\widehat{A}_0)^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\widehat{A}_0(_i_j\widehat{A}_0)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}(_i\widehat{A}_0)^2(^2\widehat{A}_0)+2(_i\widehat{A}_0)(_j\widehat{A}_0)(_i_j\widehat{A}_0))`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(M^2)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a^3}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4e^2\beta }{3}}((_i\widehat{A}_0)^2(^2\widehat{A}_0)+(_i\widehat{A}_0)(_j\widehat{A}_0)(_i_j\widehat{A}_0)){\displaystyle \frac{^3}{(M^2)^3}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{a}}\right)]`$
There are several things to note from these results. First, the results obtained up to fifth order in derivatives above agree completely with the momentum space calculations. The advantage of the coordinate space calculation lies in the fact that it directly gives us the effective action as opposed to the momentum space calculations which give only the amplitudes. Second, even though the expression in Eq. (84) is not manifestly gauge invariant, terms up to fifth order in derivatives are explicitly invariant under small gauge transformations. A gauge invariant form of the effective action, derived above, needs the use of various algebraic identities and it is not a priori clear that, at higher orders, gauge invariant expressions will be obtained. To that end, we now give a simple proof of small gauge invariance to all orders.

## 5 Proof of invariance under small gauge transformation:

Let us consider the effective action in Eq. (73) which is linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$. If we now make a gauge transformation, $`A/A/+/\alpha `$, where $`\alpha `$ is the parameter of transformation, then, the change in the effective action is given by

$$\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}=e\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}(/\alpha )$$
(88)
Let us now use the standard canonical commutation relation

$$[p_i,\alpha ]=i(_i\alpha )$$

as well as the cyclicity of trace (We note here that the zeroth order term in this expression is the only term that needs regularization and we have already seen that it is manifestly gauge invariant. The higher order terms are well defined and satisfy cyclicity of trace.) to write

$$\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}=ie\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}[p/,\frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}]\alpha $$
(89)
Let us next write

$$p/=p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M(\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M)$$
(90)
Using this, leads to

$`\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`ie{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}[(\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}`$ (91)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}(\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M)]\alpha `$
$`=`$ $`ie{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}[(\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}`$
$`(\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}]\alpha `$
$`=`$ $`0`$
Here, we have used the cyclicity of the trace in the second term and the fact that the factor in the numerator is a multiplicative operator which commutes with $`\alpha `$. This proves that the expression that we are interested in is invariant under small gauge transformations, even though it may not be manifest.

This, therefore, raises the question as to whether we can have a derivative expansion which will give a manifestly (small) gauge invariant expression for the effective action. The answer, not surprisingly, is in the affirmative. Let us recall that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]=\underset{n}{}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M+eA/)$$
(92)
In two dimensions, the vector field has the simple decomposition

$$A_i=_i\sigma +ϵ_{ij}_j\rho $$

from which, it can be determined that

$$(^2\rho )=ϵ_{ij}_iA_j=B$$
(93)
Using this decomposition and the familiar properties of gamma matrices in two dimensions, we can write

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}[A,M]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}e^{ie\sigma }(p/+e\gamma _0(/\rho )+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M)e^{ie\sigma }`$ (94)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+e\gamma _0(/\rho )+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M)`$
From the definition of the parity violating effective action in Eq. (74), it follows now that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}}}{a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{2\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+e\gamma _0(/\rho )+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)+M}}`$ (95)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p/+e\gamma _0(/\rho )+\gamma _0(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n+e\widehat{A}_0)M}}]\gamma _0`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{eM}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+N}}\gamma _0`$
where we have defined

$$N=(ie\gamma _0(/\widehat{A}_0)+2e\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n\widehat{A}_0+e^2\widehat{A}_0^2)+ie\gamma _0(^2\rho )e^2(_i\rho )(_i\rho )$$
(96)
Using Eq. (93), the last two terms in $`N`$ can be expressed in terms of $`B`$ and while the last one has a nonlocal form in terms of $`B`$, the penultimate term is local. Expression (95) can now be expanded to linear order in the $`B`$ field to give

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{\mathrm{PV}(1)}}{a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2M}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+(ie\gamma _0(/\widehat{A}_0)+2e\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n\widehat{A}_0+e^2\widehat{A}_0^2)}}`$
$`\times (i\gamma _0B){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+(ie\gamma _0(/\widehat{A}_0)+2e\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n\widehat{A}_0+e^2\widehat{A}_0^2)}}]\gamma _0`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2ie^2M}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{tr}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(p^2+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^2+M^2+2e\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n\widehat{A}_0+e^2\widehat{A}_0^2)^2e^2(_i\widehat{A}_0)^2}}B`$
To any order in the $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields, the denominator can be expanded in a systematic manner as discussed earlier. However, this form has the advantage that it is manifestly gauge invariant to begin with. Furthermore, there are no Dirac matrices or momentum operators in the numerator to complicate the calculation. The only complication may be that integrating over $`a`$ to obtain the action may be nontrivial.

## 6 General features of the effective action:

It is clear that, while at every order the effective action can be determined in a closed form, its structure may not be that simple. On the other hand, from the analysis of the effective action up to fourth order (in fields) brings out some nice features that are worth discussing.

First, the structures in Eqs. (81,83,85) suggest that, to all orders (in the $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields) the leading order term in the parity violating part of the effective action has the form (terms linear in the derivative)

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_1`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{}}{\displaystyle d^2x\frac{1}{n!}B(\beta \widehat{A}_0)^n\frac{^n\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)}{a^n}}`$ (98)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle d^2xB\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}`$
Here, the subscript refers to the number of derivatives contained in the effective action.This gives the simple result that the leading order correction to the static result can be obtained completely from the static result itself. Furthermore, this action is invariant under large gauge transformations whenever the action with $`\widehat{A}_0=0`$ is. Finally, we note that, at very high temperatures, $`\beta 0`$, so that the action reduces to (26), which is consistent with the fact that the action in (26) gives the leading terms of the parity violating action at high temperatures.

Even the next order terms in the expansion (namely, third order in derivatives) in Eqs. (81,83,4) seem to have a nice structure and, with a little bit of analysis, suggest that they can be summed to a simple form. Let us note that

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_3`$ $`=`$ $`iM{\displaystyle }d^2xB[{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{6}}(^2\widehat{A}_0){\displaystyle \frac{^2}{M^2a}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta ^2}{12}}(2(^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)){\displaystyle \frac{^3}{M^2a^2}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta ^3}{12}}\widehat{A}_0((^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)){\displaystyle \frac{^4}{M^2a^3}}+\mathrm{}]{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)}{M}}`$
The key observation that one can make here is that once the two derivatives have distributed over two $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields in all possible manner (namely, $`\widehat{A}_0(^2\widehat{A}_0)`$ and $`(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)`$), any number of additional $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields can only occur as multiplicative factors. Consequently, one can view them as factors of $`a`$ and bring out the appropriate functional dependence. This is most easily seen in momentum space. We can assume that only the two $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields on which the derivatives act to have non-zero momentum while the other multiplicative $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields to have zero momentum. But, then, by the decomposition in Eqs. (68,69), these can simply be thought of as factors of $`a`$. Now, since the linear term in $`\widehat{A}_0`$ occurs as $`(^2\widehat{A}_0)`$ (see Eq. (81)), while the corresponding term in Eq. (83) cannot be written as $`(^2X)`$, from the structure of the third derivative term in Eq. (81), the complete effective action in this order in the number of derivatives can easily be seen to be of the form

$$\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_3=id^2xB\left[c_1(^2\widehat{A}_0)\frac{}{a}+c_2^2\right]\frac{}{M^2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}{M}\right)$$
(100)
Here $`c_1,c_2`$ are constants to be determined. The structure of terms in Eq. (100) is interesting in that we do not see any sign of terms of the form $`(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)`$ alluded to above. This is because such a term can always be decomposed as

$$(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)=(^2\widehat{A}_0)\widehat{A}_0+\frac{(^2\widehat{A}_0^2)}{2}$$

which is also the reason why we have not introduced a structure of the form

$$id^2xc_3B(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)\stackrel{}{}\frac{^2}{M^2a}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}{M}\right)$$

in Eq. (100), because it is not independent of the two structures already present there. Returning to Eq. (100), we note that we can compare the linear term in $`\widehat{A}_0`$ of this expression with the corresponding term in Eq. (LABEL:c14), which determines $`c_2=\frac{c_1}{\beta }=\frac{M}{12}`$. With this, the quadratic and the cubic terms in $`\widehat{A}_0`$ following from Eq. (100) coincide with the corresponding terms in Eq. (LABEL:c14). This, therefore, suggests that the complete parity violating effective action with three derivatives can be written in the simple form

$$\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_3=\frac{iM}{12}d^2xB\left[\beta (^2\widehat{A}_0)\frac{}{a}+^2\right]\frac{}{M^2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}{M}\right)$$
(101)
This is also quite interesting in that it tells us that the terms cubic in derivatives can be determined to all orders (in the fields) from the static action itself. Furthermore, this effective action is invariant under large gauge transformations because of the derivative acting on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

The terms with five derivatives (see Eqs. (81,83,87)) look quite complicated, but have a pattern to them. However, from the observation made earlier, to determine a simple functional form, one needs all the four derivatives to be distributed over four $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields in all possible manner. This, however, cannot be determined at the level of the box diagram ($`B\widehat{A}_0^3`$ level). We need to go to higher order amplitudes and so, it would seem difficult to determine a simple functional relationship for the parity violating effective action with five derivatives to all orders in the $`\widehat{A}_0`$ fields from the data we have. Nonetheless, let us note that all these terms in Eqs. (81,83,87) are invariant under large gauge transformations because of the derivatives acting on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,M)`$.

While the above formulae are suggestive, it would be nice to see if they are indeed correct and the origin of such structures. This can be done in the following way. Let us recall that we are interested in evaluating the effective action (up to normalization)

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+eA/+\gamma _0(\omega _n+e({\displaystyle \frac{a}{\beta }}+\widehat{A}_0)+M)`$ (102)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+eA/+\gamma _0\overline{\omega }_n+M)`$
where we have defined

$$\overline{\omega }_n=\omega _n+\frac{e}{\beta }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0)=\frac{(2n+1)\pi }{\beta }+\frac{e}{\beta }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0)$$
(103)
Following Eqs. (12,13), we can now define

$$\overline{\rho }_n=\sqrt{\overline{\omega }_n^2+M^2},\overline{\varphi }_n=\mathrm{tan}^1\left(\frac{\overline{\omega }_n}{M}\right)$$
(104)
where $`\overline{\rho }_n`$ and $`\overline{\varphi }_n`$ are now coordinate dependent because of the presence of $`\widehat{A}_0`$. The effective action, in these variables, takes the form

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+eA/+\overline{\rho }_ne^{\gamma _0\overline{\varphi }_n})`$ (105)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}e^{\gamma _0\overline{\varphi }_n/2}(p/+eA/+\overline{\rho }_n{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\gamma _0(/\overline{\varphi }_n))e^{\gamma _0\overline{\varphi }_n/2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{ln}(p/+eA/+\overline{\rho }_n{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\gamma _0(/\overline{\varphi }_n))`$
This indeed is reminiscent of the determinant factor in . The Jacobian factor, however, seems to be missing. It is well understood in the context of derivative expansion  that the effect of the Jacobian is hidden in the regularization used to evaluate the determinant (another way to view this is to note that the Jacobian is after all a determinant and product of two determinants is again a determinant).

The parity violating part of the effective action can be obtained from Eq. (105) through a derivative expansion and would have an odd number of $`\overline{\varphi }_n`$ terms. The action, as we have already shown, is gauge invariant and, if we are interested in terms linear in $`\stackrel{}{A}`$, would depend linearly on $`B`$ as well as terms with derivatives acting on $`\overline{\rho }_n`$ and $`\overline{\varphi }_n`$. From the definition of these variables, we see that $`\overline{\rho }_n`$ has the canonical dimension of energy while $`\overline{\varphi }_n`$ is dimensionless. This allows us to organize the successive terms in the expansion. Thus, for example, the term linear in the derivative, would follow from this to be

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_1`$ $`=`$ $`a_1{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d^2xB\overline{\varphi }_n}`$ (106)
$`=`$ $`a_1{\displaystyle d^2xB\mathrm{tan}^1\left(\mathrm{tanh}\frac{\beta M}{2}\mathrm{tan}(\frac{e(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0)}{2})\right)}`$
Here, $`a_1`$ is a constant which can be fixed by requiring that in the limit $`\widehat{A}_0=0`$, we would like the effective action to reduce to the static action. This determines $`a_1=\frac{ie}{2\pi }`$ so that, we obtain

$$\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_1=id^2xB\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)$$
(107)
This is, of course, the action we had derived earlier for the leading corrections to the static action in Eq. (98).

At the order of terms cubic in the derivatives, let us note that the most general term we can write for the parity violating effective action will have the form

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d^2xB\left[b_1\frac{(^2\overline{\varphi }_n)}{\overline{\rho }_n^2}+b_2\frac{(\stackrel{}{}\overline{\rho }_n)(\stackrel{}{}\overline{\varphi }_n)}{\overline{\rho }_n^3}\right]}`$ (108)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle }d^2xB[eMb_1({\displaystyle \frac{(^2\widehat{A}_0)}{\overline{\rho }_n^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{2e\overline{\omega }_n}{\overline{\rho }_n^6}}(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0))`$
$`+e^2Mb_2{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_n}{\overline{\rho }_n^6}}(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)]`$
It is clear that the contribution of the first term starts with terms of the type $`B\widehat{A}_0`$ while the second structure has contribution starting with $`B\widehat{A}_0^3`$. Consequently, the coefficients $`b_1`$ and $`b_2`$ can be identified from our earlier calculations and take the values $`b_1=\frac{ie}{12\pi },b_2=0`$. Thus, the parity violating part of the effective action which is cubic in the derivatives can be written as

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M}{12\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d^2xB\left[\frac{(^2\widehat{A}_0)}{(\overline{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^2}\frac{2e\overline{\omega }_n}{(\overline{\omega }_n^2+M^2)^3}(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)(\stackrel{}{}\widehat{A}_0)\right]}`$ (109)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie^2M}{24\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle d^2xB\frac{}{M^2}\left[\frac{(^2\widehat{A}_0)}{(\overline{\omega }_n^2+M^2)}+\frac{1}{eM}(^2\mathrm{tan}^1\frac{\overline{\omega }_n}{M})\right]}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{iM}{12}}{\displaystyle d^2xB\left[\beta (^2\widehat{A}_0)\frac{}{a}+^2\right]\frac{}{M^2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}{M}\right)}`$
Once again, this coincides with the expression we had determined earlier in Eq. (101).

If we go to the next order, namely terms containing five derivatives, there are twelve possible structures that arise. However, let us note from the terms with three derivatives that terms with $`\overline{\varphi }_n`$ occur with at least $`^2`$ acting on them. \[This corresponds to finding $`b_2=0`$ in Eq. (108)\]. If we guess that a similar pattern continues to hold at orders higher than the box amplitude (this could be checked by an explicit calculation of the six point amplitude), the parity violating effective action with five derivatives is uniquely determined by the behaviour of the two and four point amplitudes, and has the simple form

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_5`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie}{60\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle }d^2xB[{\displaystyle \frac{^4\overline{\varphi }_n}{\overline{\rho }_n^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{3(^2\overline{\varphi }_n)(^2\overline{\rho }_n)+4(_i\overline{\rho }_n)(_i^2\overline{\varphi }_n)}{\overline{\rho }_n^5}}`$ (110)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{7(^2\overline{\varphi }_n)(_i\overline{\rho }_n)^2}{\overline{\rho }_n^6}}]`$
Upon doing the sum over the discrete frequencies, this determines the following form for the corresponding all orders (in fields) effective action

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{eff}^{PV(1)}\right)_5\hfill & =\hfill & \frac{iM}{30}\mathrm{d}^2xB\{e^2\beta ^2\left[(_i\widehat{A}_0)^2\right]^2(\frac{13}{8}+\frac{5}{12}M^2\frac{}{M^2})\frac{}{a}\frac{}{M^2}\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & e^2\beta [(_i\widehat{A}_0)^2^2\widehat{A}_0(\frac{11}{2}+\frac{5}{3}M^2\frac{}{M^2})\hfill \\ & & \\ & +\hfill & _i\widehat{A}_0_j\widehat{A}_0_i_j\widehat{A}_0(\frac{20}{3}+2M^2\frac{}{M^2})]\frac{}{M^2}\hfill \\ & & \\ & \hfill & \beta ^2[_i\widehat{A}_0_i^2\widehat{A}_0+\frac{5}{12}(^2\widehat{A}_0)^2+\frac{1}{3}(_i_j\widehat{A}_0)^2]\frac{}{a}\frac{\beta }{2}(^2)^2\widehat{A}_0\}\hfill \\ & & \\ & \times \hfill & \frac{}{a}\left(\frac{}{M^2}\right)^2\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+\beta \widehat{A}_0,M)}{M}\right)\hfill \end{array}.$$
(111)
In the above expression, all the derivatives act only on the field immediately to their right.

This discussion makes it clear that such an analysis can be carried out systematically to any order in the derivatives (of course, one needs to calculate higher point functions), which, in turn, would determine the corresponding all order effective action. Interestingly, all such effective actions can be determined completely from a knowledge of the leading order parity violating action in the static limit.

## 7 Conclusion:

In this paper, we have tried to go beyond the leading order term in the static parity violating effective action in the case of the Abelian Chern-Simons theory using the derivative expansion. We have discussed the various subtleties that arise in using derivative expansion in such a theory and have improved and extended the earlier proposed method  for calculating the leading order term in this approach. We have shown, in this approach, that the parity violating effective action, in the static limit, is linear in the $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ field. In going beyond the leading order, we have used the momentum space method to calculate the self-energy and the box diagrams up to fifth order in the momenta. We have used the derivative expansion in the coordinate space to determine the parity violating effective action up to fourth order in fields. All these actions can be obtained in closed form (namely, powers of derivatives can be summed) in principle. However, their forms are neither very illuminating nor useful. In contrast, at any given order of the derivatives, we can sum the effective action containing all possible fields. The resulting effective actions are determined completely by the leading order action in the static limit. We have given a proof of small gauge invariance of the effective action. We have also shown that all the higher order terms are large gauge invariant. We have tried to discuss the possible origin of the interesting structure of the higher order terms that arise in the derivative expansion.

This work was supported in part by US DOE Grant No. DE-FG 02-91ER40685 and by CNPq and Fapesp, Brazil.