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# Hypergeometric Solutions of Trigonometric KZ Equations satisfy Dynamical Difference Equations

## 1. Introduction

Consider the simplest of hypergeometric integrals,

$$I(z,a,b)=_0^zt^{a1}(tz)^{b1}𝑑t.$$

It satisfies the differential equation

(1)
$$\frac{dI}{dz}(z,a,b)=\frac{a+b1}{z}I(z,a,b),$$

the difference equation

(2)
$$I(z,a+1,b)=\frac{az}{a+b}I(z,a,b),$$

and a similar difference equation with respect to $`b`$. The equations (1) and (2) are clearly compatible. More general hypergeometric integrals appear in conformal field theory as integral representations for conformal blocks, see \[Ch, CF, DF, Ma, SV, V\]. It is known that the integrals satisfy the KZ differential equations. The KZ equations are generalizations of (1). In \[TV\] a system of difference equations, generalizing equation (2), is proposed. The system, proposed in \[TV\], is compatible with the KZ equations. The difference equations were called the dynamical equations. Both the KZ differential equations and the dynamical difference equations are associated to a given Lie algebra. It was conjectured in \[TV\] that the hypergeometric integrals, which satisfy the KZ equations, also satisfy the dynamical equations.

In this paper we prove that the hypergeometric integrals solving the (trigonometric) KZ equations associated to $`sl_N`$ also satisfy the the dynamical equations.

The trigonometric KZ equations have a rational limit called the (standard) rational KZ equations. Under this limiting procedure the dynamical difference equations turn into a system of (dynamical) differential equations compatible with the rational KZ equations. The dynamical differential equations were introduced and studied in \[FMTV\], see also \[TL\]. In \[FMTV\] it was shown that the hypergeometric solutions of the rational KZ equations also satisfy the dynamical differential equations.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we introduce notation and define the main objects of our study: the trigonometric and rational KZ equations, the dynamical equations for the Lie algebra $`sl_N`$.

In Section 4, following \[Ma\], we present a construction of hypergeometric solutions of the KZ equations with values in a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_N`$-modules.

The main result of the paper is Theorem 5.1. We give new formulae for hypergeometric solutions related to special (normal) orders on the set of positive roots of $`sl_N`$ in Sections 6 and 8, and new formulae for the dynamical difference equations in terms of the Shapovalov form in Section 7. Both results are used in the proof of Theorem 5.1, given in Section 9.

In Appendices A and B we adapt a theorem from \[Ma\] and a theorem from \[EFK\], respectively, to our setting. In Appendix C we give explicit formulae illustrating the main objects of our study in the case of the Lie algebra $`sl_3`$.

We thank P. Etingof, K. Styrkas, and V. Tarasov for many valuable discussions.

## 2. Rational and trigonometric KZ equations

### 2.1. Preliminaries

Let $`𝐠`$ be a simple complex Lie algebra with root space decomposition $`𝐠=𝐡(_{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }}e_\alpha )`$ where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }𝐡^{}`$ is the set of roots. Fix a system of simple roots $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\pm `$ be the set of positive (negative) roots. Let $`𝐧_\pm =_{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_\pm }𝐠_\alpha `$. Then $`𝐠=𝐧_+𝐡𝐧_{}`$.

Let $`(,)`$ be an invariant bilinear form on $`𝐠`$. The form gives rise to a natural identification $`𝐡𝐡^{}`$. We use this identification and make no distinction between $`𝐡`$ and $`𝐡^{}`$. This identification allows us to define a scalar product on $`𝐡^{}`$. We use the same notation $`(,)`$ for the pairing $`𝐡𝐡^{}`$.

We use the notation: $`Q=_{k=1}^r\alpha _k`$ \- root lattice; $`Q^+=_{k=1}^r_0\alpha _k`$; $`Q^{}=_{k=1}^r\alpha _k^{}`$ \- dual root lattice, where $`\alpha ^{}=2\alpha /(\alpha ,\alpha )`$; $`P=\{\lambda 𝐡|(\lambda ,\alpha _k^{})\}`$ \- weight lattice; $`P^+=\{\lambda 𝐡|(\lambda ,\alpha _k^{})_0\}`$ \- cone of dominant integral weights; $`\omega _kP^+`$ \- fundamental weights: $`(\omega _k,\alpha _l^{})=\delta _{k,l}`$; $`\rho =\frac{1}{2}_{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}\alpha =_{k=1}^r\omega _k`$; $`P^{}=_{k=1}^r\omega _k^{}`$ \- dual weight lattice, where $`\omega _k^{}`$ -dual fundamental weights: $`(\omega _k^{},\alpha _l)=\delta _{k,l}`$.

Define a partial order on $`𝐡`$ putting $`\mu <\lambda `$ if $`\lambda \mu Q^+`$.

For $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }`$ choose generators $`e_\alpha 𝐠_\alpha `$ so that $`(e_\alpha ,e_\alpha )=1`$. For any $`\alpha `$, the triple

$$H_\alpha =\alpha ^{},E_\alpha =\frac{2}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}e_\alpha ,F_\alpha =e_\alpha $$

forms an $`sl_2`$-subalgebra in $`𝐠`$, $`[H_\alpha ,E_\alpha ]=2E_\alpha ,[H_\alpha ,F_\alpha ]=2F_\alpha ,[E_\alpha ,F_\alpha ]=H_\alpha `$.

The Chevalley involution $`\tau `$ of $`𝐠`$ is defined by $`E_{\alpha _k}F_{\alpha _k}`$, $`F_{\alpha _k}E_{\alpha _k}`$, $`H_{\alpha _k}H_{\alpha _k}`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},r`$. The antipode map $`A`$ of $`𝐠`$ is defined by $`gg`$ for $`g\{E_{\alpha _k},F_{\alpha _k},H_{\alpha _k}\}_{k=1}^r`$.

Let $`U(𝐠)`$ be the universal enveloping algebra of $`𝐠`$. The Chevalley involution, $`\tau `$, extends to an involutive automorphism of $`U(𝐠)`$ which permutes $`U(𝐧_+)`$ and $`U(𝐧_{})`$. The antipode map, $`A`$, extends to an involutive anti-automorphism of $`U(𝐠)`$ which preserves $`U(𝐧_+)`$ and $`U(𝐧_{})`$.

Let $`s_k:𝐡𝐡`$ denote the simple reflection $`s_k(\lambda )=\lambda (\alpha _k^{},\lambda )\alpha _k`$ for all $`\lambda 𝐡`$, and let $`𝕎`$ be the Weyl group, generated by $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_r`$. For an element $`w𝕎`$, denote $`l(w)`$ the length of the minimal (reduced) presentation of $`w`$ as a product of generators $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_r`$.

For any dual fundamental weight $`\omega _k^{}`$ define an element $`\omega _{[k]}=\omega _0\omega _0^k𝕎`$ where $`\omega _0`$ (respectively, $`\omega _0^k`$) is the longest element in $`𝕎`$ ( respectively, in $`𝕎^k`$ generated by all simple reflections $`s_l`$ preserving $`\omega _k^{}`$).

Let $`\lambda 𝐡`$ be a weight. Let $`_\lambda `$ be the one-dimensional $`(𝐡𝐧_+)`$-module such that $`_\lambda =v_\lambda `$ with $`hv_\lambda =\lambda (h)v_\lambda `$ for any $`h𝐡`$ and $`𝐧_+v_\lambda =0`$. The Verma module with highest weight $`\lambda `$ is the induced module $`M_\lambda =\mathrm{Ind}_{(𝐡𝐧_+)}^𝐠_\lambda `$. $`M_\lambda `$ is a free $`U(𝐧_{})`$\- module and can be identified with $`U(𝐧_{})`$ as a linear space by the map $`U(𝐧_{})M_\lambda `$, $`uuv_\lambda `$ for any $`uU(𝐧_{})`$. A highest weight module of weight $`\lambda `$ is a quotient module of the Verma module with highest weight $`\lambda `$. All the highest weight modules in this paper are equipped with a distinguished generator, the highest vector.

Let $`V_\lambda `$ be a highest weight $`𝐠`$-module with highest weight $`\lambda `$ and highest weight vector $`v_\lambda `$. We have a weight decomposition $`V_\lambda =_{\nu \lambda }V_\lambda [\nu ]`$. Define $`V_\lambda ^{}=_{\nu \lambda }V_\lambda [\nu ]^{}`$ the restricted dual module to $`V_\lambda `$ with the $`𝐠`$-action $`g\varphi ,a=\varphi ,ga`$ for every $`g𝐠`$, $`aV_\lambda `$, $`\varphi V_\lambda ^{}`$. Then $`V_\lambda ^{}`$ is a lowest weight $`𝐠`$-module with the homogeneous lowest weight vector $`v_\lambda ^{}`$, such that $`v_\lambda ^{},v_\lambda =1`$.

The Shapovalov form $`S_\lambda (.,.)`$ on $`V_\lambda `$ is the unique symmetric bilinear form such that

$$S_\lambda (v_\lambda ,v_\lambda )=1,S_\lambda (gu,v)=S_\lambda (u,(A\tau )(g)v),u,vV_\lambda ,g\{E_{\alpha _k},F_{\alpha _k}\}_{k=1}^r.$$

The form $`S_\lambda (.,.)`$ is non-degenerate if and only if $`V_\lambda `$ is irreducible. In particular, it is non-degenerate for generic values of $`\lambda `$.

### 2.2.  KZ equations.

Let $`\{x_k\}`$ be any orthonormal basis of the Cartan subalgebra $`𝐡`$. Set

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^0=\frac{1}{2}\underset{k}{}x_kx_k,\mathrm{\Omega }^+=\mathrm{\Omega }^0+\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}e_\alpha e_\alpha ,\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=\mathrm{\Omega }^0+\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}e_\alpha e_\alpha .$$

Define the Casimir operator $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and the trigonometric R-matrix $`r(z)`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^++\mathrm{\Omega }^{},r(z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^+z+\mathrm{\Omega }^{}}{z1}.$$

Let $`V^{}=V_1\mathrm{}V_{n+1}`$, where $`V_j`$ is a $`𝐠`$–module. The rational KZ operators, $`_{KZ,i}(\kappa )`$, acting on a function $`u(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n+1})`$ of $`n+1`$ complex variables with values in $`V^{}`$ are

(3)
$$_{KZ,i}(\kappa )=\kappa \frac{}{z_i}\underset{j,ji}{}\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^{(ij)}}{z_iz_j},i=1,\mathrm{},n+1,$$

where $`\kappa `$ is a complex parameter. The rational KZ equations are

(4)
$$_{KZ,i}(\kappa )u(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n+1})=0,i=1,\mathrm{},n+1.$$

The rational KZ equations are compatible, $`[_{KZ,i},_{KZ,j}]=0`$. The KZ operators commute with the $`𝐠`$ action on $`V^{}`$. Thus, the KZ operators preserve every subspace of $`V^{}`$ consisting of all singular vectors of a given weight.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$, where $`V_j`$ is a $`𝐠`$–module. The trigonometric KZ operators, $`_i(\kappa ,\lambda )`$, with parameters $`\kappa `$ and $`\lambda 𝐡`$ acting on a function $`v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )`$ of $`n`$ complex variables with values in $`V`$ are

(5)
$$_i(\kappa ,\lambda )=\kappa z_i\frac{}{z_i}\lambda ^{(i)}\underset{j,ji}{}r(z_i/z_j)^{(ij)},i=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

The trigonometric KZ equations are

(6)
$$_i(\kappa ,\lambda )v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )=0,i=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

The trigonometric KZ equations are compatible, $`[_i,_j]=0`$. The trigonometric KZ operators commute with the $`𝐡`$ action on $`V`$. Thus, the trigonometric KZ operators preserve every weight subspace of $`V`$.

### 2.3. A relation between rational KZ equations and trigonometric KZ equations

For every $`j=1,\mathrm{},n+1`$, let $`V_j`$ be a highest weight $`𝐠`$-module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ and highest weight vector $`v_j`$. Set $`V^{}=V_1\mathrm{}V_{n+1}`$ and $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$.

Let $`V_{n+1}^{}`$ be the dual module to $`V_{n+1}`$ with the homogeneous lowest weight vector $`v_{n+1}^{}`$. Define a multi-linear map $`|v_{n+1}^{}:V^{}V`$ by $`y_1\mathrm{}y_ny_{n+1}|v_{n+1}^{}=v_{n+1}^{},y_{n+1}y_1\mathrm{}y_n`$, for any $`y_1\mathrm{}y_ny_{n+1}V^{}`$.

The following well known fact, see \[EFK\] for example, describes the transition from rational KZ equations to trigonometric KZ equations.

###### Proposition 2.1.

Fix a weight subspace $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]V^{}`$, $`\nu ^{}=_{j=1}^{n+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }_j\nu _0`$, where $`\nu _0Q_+`$. Let $`u:^{n+1}V^{}`$ be a solution of the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$ taking values in the subspace of $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ consisting of all singular vectors. Set $`\nu =_{j=1}^n\mathrm{\Lambda }_j\nu _0`$.

Then $`v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)=u(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0)|v_{n+1}^{}_{i=1}^nz_i^{\frac{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho )}{2\kappa }}`$ is a solution of the trigonometric KZ equations with values in the weight subspace $`V[\nu ]V`$ with parameter $`\lambda =\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu 𝐡`$ and the same parameter $`\kappa `$.

A proof is given in Appendix B. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. Dynamical difference equations for $`𝐠=sl_N`$, \[TV\].

### 3.1. Operators $`𝔹_V^\alpha (\lambda )`$, $`𝔹_{\omega ,V}(\lambda )`$.

Let $`𝐠`$ be a simple complex Lie algebra. Fix a root $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$. Consider the $`sl_2`$ subalgebra of $`𝐠`$ with generators $`H=H_\alpha `$, $`E=E_\alpha `$, $`F=F_\alpha `$. For $`t`$, introduce

(7)
$$p(t;H,E,F)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F^kE^k\frac{1}{k!}\underset{j=0}{\overset{k1}{}}\frac{1}{(tHj)}.$$

The series $`p(t,H,E,F)`$ is an element of a suitable completion of $`U(sl_2)`$.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$ be a tensor product of highest weight $`𝐠`$–modules. For $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`\lambda 𝐡`$, the linear operator $`𝔹_V^\alpha (\lambda ):VV`$ is defined by the rule: for any $`\nu 𝐡`$, and any $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

$$𝔹_V^\alpha (\lambda )v=p((\lambda +\frac{1}{2}\nu ,\alpha ^{})1;H_\alpha ,E_\alpha ,F_\alpha )v.$$

For every simple reflection $`s_k𝕎`$ define $`𝔹_{s_k,V}(\lambda ):VV`$ by $`𝔹_{s_k,V}(\lambda )=𝔹_V^{\alpha _k}(\lambda )`$. For every $`w𝕎`$, such that $`l(w)>1`$, the operator $`𝔹_{w,V}(\lambda )`$ is defined by the rule. If $`w=w_1w_2`$, where $`w_1,w_2𝕎`$ and $`l(w_1w_2)=l(w_1)+l(w_2)`$, then

$$𝔹_{w,V}(\lambda )=w_2^1(𝔹_{w_1,V}(w_2(\lambda )))𝔹_{w_2,V}(\lambda ).$$

### 3.2. The Lie algebra $`sl_N`$.

Let $`\{e_{k,l}\}_{k,l}`$, $`k,l=1,\mathrm{},N`$, be the standard generators of the Lie algebra $`gl_N`$, $`[e_{k,l},e_{k^{},l^{}}]=\delta _{l,k^{}}e_{k,l^{}}\delta _{k,l^{}}e_{l,k^{}}.`$ The Lie algebra $`sl_N`$ is the Lie subalgebra of $`gl_N`$ such that $`sl_N=𝐧_+𝐡𝐧_{}`$ where

$$𝐧_+=_{1k<lN}e_{k,l},𝐧_{}=_{1k<lN}e_{l,k},$$

and $`𝐡=\{\lambda =_{k=1}^N\lambda _ke_{k,k}|\lambda _k,_{k=1}^N\lambda _k=0\}`$.

The invariant scalar product on $`sl_N`$ is defined by $`(e_{k,l},e_{k^{},l^{}})=\delta _{k,l^{}}\delta _{l,k^{}}`$.

The roots of $`sl_N`$ are $`\alpha _{k,l}=e_{k,k}e_{l,l}`$, $`kl`$. The positive roots are $`\{\alpha _{k,l}\}_{k<l}`$. The simple roots are $`\alpha _k=e_{k,k}e_{k+1,k+1}`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},N1`$. For a positive root $`\alpha _{k,l}`$, the elements $`H_{\alpha _{k,l}}=e_{k,k}e_{l,l}`$, $`E_{\alpha _{k,l}}=e_{k,l}`$, $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}=e_{l,k}`$ generate the $`sl_2`$ subalgebra associated with $`\alpha _{k,l}`$.

We have $`\alpha ^{}=\alpha `$ for any root.

For any $`k<l`$, we have

(8)
$$F_{\alpha _{k,l}}=[F_{\alpha _{l1}},[\mathrm{},[F_{\alpha _{k+1}},F_{\alpha _k}]\mathrm{}]].$$

Define the standard linear order on the set of positive roots, $`\alpha _{k,l}\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$ if and only if $`l>l^{}`$, or $`l=l^{}`$ and $`k>k^{}`$.

The Weyl group $`𝕎`$ is the symmetric group $`S^N`$ permuting coordinates of $`\lambda 𝐡`$. The (dual) fundamental weights are $`\omega _k=\omega _k^{}=_{h=1}^k(1\frac{k}{N})e_{h,h}_{h=k+1}^N\frac{k}{N}e_{h,h}`$, and the permutations $`w_{[k]}^1S^N`$ have the form $`w_{[k]}^1=({}_{k+1}{}^{1}{}_{k+2}{}^{2}{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{\mathrm{}}{}_{N}{}^{Nk}{}_{1}{}^{Nk+1}{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{\mathrm{}}{}_{k}{}^{N})`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},N1`$.

### 3.3. Dynamical difference equations

The dynamical difference equations on a $`V`$-valued function $`v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )`$ for $`sl_N`$ are

(9)
$$v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{})=K_k(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda ),k=1,\mathrm{},N1,$$

where

$$K_k(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_j^{(\omega _k^{})^{(j)}}𝔹_{\omega _{[k]},V}(\lambda ).$$

The operators $`K_k(z,\lambda )`$ preserve the weight decomposition of $`V`$.

###### Theorem 3.1 (Theorem 17 in \[TV\]).

The dynamical equations (9) together with the trigonometric KZ equations (6) form a compatible system of equations. Namely,

$`[_i(\kappa ,\lambda ),_j(\kappa ,\lambda )]=0,_j(\kappa ,\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{})K_k(z,\lambda )=K_k(z,\lambda )_j(\kappa ,\lambda ),`$
(10) $`K_k(z,\lambda +\kappa \omega _l^{})K_l(z,\lambda )=K_l(z,\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{})K_k(z,\lambda )`$
for all $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, and $`k,l=1,\mathrm{},N1`$.

## 4. Hypergeometric solutions of the trigonometric KZ equations for $`sl_N`$.

We use the construction in \[Ma\] of hypergeometric solutions of the rational $`sl_N`$ KZ equations in a tensor product of lowest weight modules. We modify this procedure in Appendix A to a construction of solutions of the rational KZ equations in a tensor product of highest weight modules, cf. \[SV\]. We present the result below. Then we use Proposition 2.1 to give hypergeometric solutions of the trigonometric KZ equations.

There are different constructions of hypergeometric solutions of KZ equations, cf. \[Ch, CF, DF, Ma, SV, V\]. One should expect, that all of them give the same result, but this was never checked off as far as we know.

Let $`V^{}=V_1\mathrm{}V_{n+1}`$, where $`V_j`$ is a highest weight $`sl_N`$ module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ and highest weight vector $`v_j`$. Fix a weight subspace $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]V^{}`$, $`\nu ^{}=_{j=1}^{n+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }_j_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _k`$, where $`_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _kQ^+`$. Set $`m=_{k=1}^{N1}m_k`$ and $`\nu _0=_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _k`$.

The function $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$. Consider complex spaces $`^{n+1}`$ with coordinates $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n+1}`$, and $`^m`$ with coordinates $`t_k^{(d)}`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, $`dS_k=\{1,\mathrm{},m_k\}`$. Fix an order $``$ on the set of coordinates in $`^m`$, $`(k,d)(k^{},d^{})`$ if and only if $`k<k^{}`$, or $`k=k^{}`$ and $`d<d^{}`$. Define a multi-valued function $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:_z^{}^{n+1}\times _t^m`$

(11)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)=\underset{i<j}{}(z_iz_j)^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_j)}\underset{(k,d),j}{}(t_k^{(d)}z_j)^{(\alpha _k,\mathrm{\Lambda }_j)}\underset{(k,d)(l,d^{})}{}(t_k^{(d)}t_l^{(d^{})})^{(\alpha _k,\alpha _l)}.$$

The standard PBW-basis. Any order on the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ of positive roots of $`sl_N`$ induces an order on the set $`\{e_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$ which is a basis of $`𝐧_{}`$, $`e_{l,k}`$ succeeds $`e_{l^{},k^{}}`$ if and only if $`\alpha _{k,l}`$ succeeds $`\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$. The standard order $``$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ induces the standard order $``$ on $`\{e_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$, $`e_{l,k}e_{l^{},k^{}}`$ if and only if $`l>l^{}`$, or $`l=l^{}`$ and $`k>k^{}`$. The corresponding (standard) PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ is

$$\left\{F_{I_0}=(1)^{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{l,k}}}\frac{e_{N,N1}^{i_{N,N1}}}{i_{N,N1}!}\mathrm{}\frac{e_{2,1}^{i_{2,1}}}{i_{2,1}!}\right\},$$

where $`I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{l>k}`$ runs over all sequences of non-negative integers.

Let $`F_{I_1},\mathrm{},F_{I_{n+1}}`$ be elements of the standard PBW-basis, $`I_j=\{i_{2,1}^j,\mathrm{},i_{N,N1}^j\}`$. Set $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{},I_{n+1})`$. The corresponding “monomial” vector $`F_Iv=F_{I_1}v_1\mathrm{}F_{I_{n+1}}v_{n+1}`$ lies in $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ if

(12)
$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{h}{}}\underset{l=h+1}{\overset{N}{}}i_{l,k}^j=m_h,\text{ for all }h=1,\mathrm{},N1.$$

Denote $`P(\nu _0,n+1)`$ the set of all indices $`I`$ corresponding to monomial vectors in $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$. The set $`\{F_Iv\}_{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}`$ forms a basis of $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ provided the tensor factors of $`V^{}`$ are Verma modules, and generates $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ otherwise.

The rational function $`\varphi ^{}`$. For $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$ and $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, define two index sets.

$`S(I)`$ $`=\{(j,k,l,q)|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}jn+1,1k<lN,1qi_{l,k}^j\}`$
(13) $`S_h(I)`$ $`=\{s=(j,k,l,q)S(I)|kh<l\}.`$
Condition (12) implies $`|S_h(I)|=m_h`$ for all $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$.

For every $`h`$ fix a bijection $`\beta _h(I):S_h(I)S_h`$. For $`s=(j,k,l,q)S(I)`$, define rational functions

(14)
$$f^{(s)}=\underset{h=k}{\overset{l2}{}}\frac{1}{t_h^{(\beta _h(I)(s))}t_{h+1}^{(\beta _{h+1}(I)(s))}},\varphi ^{(s)}=f^{(s)}\frac{1}{t_{l1}^{(\beta _{l1}(I)(s))}z_j}.$$

Set

(15)
$$\varphi (I)=\underset{sS(I)}{}\varphi ^{(s)},\varphi ^{}(z^{},t)=\underset{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}{}\varphi (I)F_Iv.$$

Examples. Let $`𝐠=sl_3`$. Then $`\{e_{3,2},e_{3,1},e_{2,1}\}`$ is a basis of $`𝐧_{}`$. Let $`n=0`$.

$`\text{(a) }\nu ^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\alpha _1\alpha _2,\varphi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}z_1)(t_2^{(1)}z_1)}}e_{3,2}e_{2,1}v_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}t_2^{(1)})(t_2^{(1)}z_1)}}e_{3,1}v_1.`$
$`\text{(b) }\nu ^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_12\alpha _1\alpha _2,`$
$`\varphi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}t_2^{(1)})(t_2^{(1)}z_1)(t_1^{(2)}z_1)}}e_{3,1}e_{2,1}v_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}z_1)(t_1^{(2)}z_1)(t_2^{(1)}z_1)}}e_{3,2}{\displaystyle \frac{e_{2,1}^2}{2}}v_1.`$
The integrals. Consider the integral with values in $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$

$$u(z^{})=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\varphi ^{}(z^{},t)𝑑t,$$

where $`dt=_{(k,d)}dt_k^{(d)}`$ and $`\gamma (z^{})`$ in $`\{z^{}\}\times _t^m`$ is a horizontal family of $`m`$-dimensional cycles of the twisted homology defined by the multi-valued function $`(\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}`$, see \[Ma\], \[SV\], \[V\].

For a positive integer $`m_0`$, let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{m_0}`$ be the symmetric group on $`m_0`$ elements. The group $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{N1})=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{m_1}\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_{m_{N1}}`$ acts on points $`t=\{t_k^{(d)}|k=1,\mathrm{},N1,dS_k\}`$ of $`^m`$ permuting coordinates in each group $`\{t_k^{(d)}|dS_k\}`$. Denote $`𝒟(z^{})`$ the union of hyperplanes $`_{(k,d),j}\{t_k^{(d)}=z_j\}_{(k,d),(k+1,d^{})}\{t_k^{(d)}=t_{k+1}^{(d^{})}\}`$ in $`_t^m`$. We always make the following assumption on $`\gamma (z^{})`$.

Assumption, \[Ma\]. For any rational function $`\varphi `$ with poles in $`𝒟(z^{})`$ and any permutation
$`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{N1})`$ we have $`_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\varphi ^{}(z^{},t)𝑑t=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},\sigma t)^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\varphi ^{}(z^{},\sigma t)𝑑t`$.

###### Theorem 4.1 (Theorem 2.4 in \[Ma\], and Corollary 10.3 of the present paper).

The function

$$u(z^{})=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\varphi ^{}(z^{},t)𝑑t$$

takes values in the subspace of singular vectors in $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ and satisfies the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$.

The function $`u`$ is called a hypergeometric solution of the rational KZ equation. Different solutions correspond to different choices of the horizontal family $`\gamma (z^{})`$.

Remark. The assumption on the cycles of integration implies that the function $`u(z^{})`$ does not depend on the choice of bijections $`\{\beta _h(I)\}`$.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$. Fix a weight subspace $`V[\nu ]V`$, $`\nu =_{j=1}^n\mathrm{\Lambda }_j\nu _0`$. Let $`z=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)^n`$. Define a function

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}(z_iz_j)^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_j)}{\displaystyle \underset{(k,d),j}{}}(t_k^{(d)}z_j)^{(\alpha _k,\mathrm{\Lambda }_j)}{\displaystyle \underset{(k,d)<(l,d^{})}{}}(t_k^{(d)}t_l^{(d^{})})^{(\alpha _k,\alpha _l)}\times `$
(16) $`\times {\displaystyle \underset{(k,d)}{}}(t_k^{(d)})^{(\alpha _k,\lambda \rho \nu /2)}\times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_i^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\lambda \nu /2+\mathrm{\Lambda }_i/2)}.`$
Define a rational function $`\varphi (z,t)`$ with values in the weight subspace $`V[\nu ]`$,

$$\varphi (z,t)=\underset{IP(\nu _0,n)}{}\varphi (I)F_Iv.$$

Consider the integral with values in $`V[\nu ]`$, $`_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )^{1/k}\varphi (z,t)𝑑t`$, where $`\gamma (z)`$ in $`\{z\}\times ^m`$ is a horizontal family of $`m`$-dimensional cycles of the twisted homology defined by the multi-valued function $`(\mathrm{\Phi })^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}`$. Consider the union of hyperplanes $`𝒟=𝒟(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0)`$ in $`_t^m`$. We always make the following assumption on $`\gamma (z)`$.

Assumption. For any rational function $`\varphi `$ with poles in $`𝒟`$ and any permutation $`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{N1})`$ we have $`_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )^{1/\kappa }\varphi (z,t)𝑑t=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,\sigma t;\lambda )^{1/\kappa }\varphi (z,\sigma t)𝑑t`$.

###### Corollary 4.2.

The function

$$v(z;\lambda )=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )^{1/k}\varphi (z,t)𝑑t$$

takes values in the weight space $`V[\nu ]`$ and satisfies the trigonometric KZ equations with parameters $`\kappa `$ and $`\lambda 𝐡`$.

Proof. The statement of the corollary follows from Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 2.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

The function $`v`$ is called a hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equation.

## 5.  The main result

For any $`k\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}(z,t;\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{})=\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _k^{})}\underset{d=1}{\overset{m_k}{}}\frac{1}{t_k^{(d)}}\right)\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}(z,t;\lambda ).$$

The product $`_{d=1}^{m_k}(t_k^{(d)})^1`$ is a univalued function, which never vanishes. Therefore, we can and will consider any horizontal family of $`m`$-dimensional cycles, $`\gamma (z)`$ in $`\{z\}\times ^m`$, of the twisted homology defined by the multi-valued function $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda ))^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}`$ as a horizontal family of $`m`$-dimensional cycles of the twisted homology defined by the multi-valued function $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{}))^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}`$. This identification implies, that if we choose a hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equation, $`v(z,\lambda )=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )^{1/k}\varphi (z,t)𝑑t`$ for fixed $`\lambda `$, we obtain a hypergeometric solutions $`v(z,\lambda +\kappa \omega ^{})=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda +\kappa \omega ^{})^{1/k}\varphi (z,t)𝑑t`$ for any $`\omega ^{}P^{}`$.

The following theorem is the main result of this paper.

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$ be a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_N`$ modules. Let $`v`$ be a hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equations (6) with values in a weight subspace $`V[\nu ]V,`$ $`\nu 𝐡`$. Then, the function $`v`$ also satisfies the dynamical equations (9),

$$v(z,\lambda +\kappa \omega _k^{})=K_k(z,\lambda )v(z,\lambda ),k=1,\mathrm{},N1.$$

The theorem is proved in Section 9.

Example. Let $`𝐠=sl_2`$ and $`n=1`$. Denote $`\alpha `$ the positive root of $`sl_2`$, and let $`V_1=L_p`$, where $`p`$ is a positive integer and $`L_p`$ is the $`(p+1)`$-dimensional irreducible $`sl_2`$-module with highest weight $`p\frac{\alpha }{2}`$ and highest weight vector $`v_p`$. Consider a weight subspace $`L_p[\nu ]`$ of $`L_p`$, where $`\nu =(p2m)\frac{\alpha }{2}`$. Let $`v(z_1,\lambda )`$ be a hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equation with parameters $`\lambda 𝐡`$, $`\kappa `$, which takes values in $`L_p[\nu ]`$. Up to a multiplicative constant, it has the form

(17)
$$v(z,\lambda )=z_1^{\frac{1}{2\kappa }(p2m)(\lambda ,\alpha )}I_m(\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )1\frac{p2m}{2})+1,\frac{p}{\kappa },\frac{1}{\kappa })e_{2,1}^mv_p,$$

where $`I_m(a,b,c)`$ is the Selberg integral, see \[Me\],

$`I_m(a,b,c)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{0t_1<\mathrm{}<t_m1}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}t_k^{a1}(1t_k)^{b1}\right){\displaystyle \underset{1k<lm}{}}(t_lt_k)^{2c}dt_1\mathrm{}dt_m`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{m!}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+c+jc)\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+jc)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+jc)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+b+(m+j1)c)}}.`$
The dynamical equation (9) reduces to the following equation satisfied by the Selberg integral

$$I_m(a+1,b,c)=\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{a+c(mk)}{a+b+c(2mk1)}\right)I_m(a,b,c).$$

Application to determinants. Let $`V`$ be a finite dimensional $`sl_N`$ \- module, and $`V[\nu ]`$ a weight subspace. For a positive root $`\alpha `$ fix the $`sl_2`$ subalgebra in $`sl_N`$ generated by $`H_\alpha ,E_\alpha ,F_\alpha `$. Consider V as an $`sl_2`$ module. Let $`V[\nu ]_\alpha V`$ be the $`sl_2`$ \- submodule generated by $`V[\nu ]`$. Let $`V[\nu ]_\alpha =_m_{}W_m^\alpha L_{\nu +m\alpha }`$ be the decomposition into irreducible $`sl_2`$ \- modules, where $`L_{\nu +m\alpha }`$ is the irreducible module with highest weight $`\nu +m\alpha `$ and $`W_m^\alpha `$ is the multiplicity space. Set $`d_m^\alpha =dimW_m^\alpha `$ and

$$X_{\alpha ,V[\nu ]}(\lambda )=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )\frac{1}{2}(\nu +j\alpha ,\alpha )))}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )+\frac{1}{2}(\nu +j\alpha ,\alpha )))}\right)^{d_m^\alpha },$$

where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the standard gamma function.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$ be a tensor product of finite dimensional $`sl_N`$ modules. Set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i(\lambda )=\mathrm{tr}_{V[\nu ]}\lambda ^{(i)}`$, $`\epsilon _{i,j}=\mathrm{tr}_{V[\nu ]}\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,j)}`$, $`\gamma _i=_{j,ji}\epsilon _{i,j}`$, where $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Set

$$D_{V[\nu ]}(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,\lambda )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_i^{\frac{1}{\kappa }(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i(\lambda )\frac{1}{2}\gamma _i)}\underset{1i<jn}{}(z_iz_j)^{\frac{\epsilon _{i,j}}{\kappa }}\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}X_{\alpha ,V[\nu ]}(\lambda ).$$

Fix a basis $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_d`$ in a weight subspace $`V[\nu ]`$. Suppose that $`u_i(z,\lambda )=_{j=1}^du_{i,j}v_j`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, is a set of $`V[\nu ]`$ valued solutions of the trigonometric KZ equations and the dynamical equations.

###### Theorem 5.2 (Corollary 19 in\[TV\]).

$$det(u_{i,j})_{1i,jd}=C_{V[\nu ]}(\lambda )D_{V[\nu ]}(z,\lambda ),$$

where $`C_{V[\nu ]}(\lambda )`$ is a function of $`\lambda `$ (depending also on $`V_1,\mathrm{},V_n`$, $`\nu `$ and $`\kappa `$) such that $`C_{V[\nu ]}(\lambda )`$ is $`P^{}`$-periodic, $`C_{V[\nu ]}(\lambda +\kappa \omega ^{})=C_{V[\nu ]}(\lambda )`$ for all $`\omega ^{}P^{}`$.

Remark. Theorem 5.1 implies that Theorem 5.2 can be applied to any set, $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_d`$, of hypergeometric solutions of the trigonometric KZ equations, thus giving a formula for the determinant of hypergeometric integrals.

Continuation of the example. For $`𝐠=sl_2`$, $`n=1`$, $`V_1=L_p`$, we have

$$X_{\alpha ,L_p}(\lambda )=\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )\frac{p}{2}+mj))}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )+\frac{p}{2}m+j))},z_1^{\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_1(\lambda )}{\kappa }}=z_1^{\frac{(p2m)(\lambda ,\alpha )}{2\kappa }}.$$

The determinant equals the complex function given as the expression preceding $`e_{2,1}^mv_p`$ in formula (17). Denote this function $`u_{1,1}`$. The explicit formula for the Selberg integral in terms of gamma functions implies

$$u_{1,1}=\frac{z_1^{\frac{(p2m)(\lambda ,\alpha )}{2\kappa }}}{m!}\underset{j=0}{\overset{m1}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{\kappa }(1+j))\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )\frac{p}{2}+mj1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{jp}{\kappa })}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{\kappa })\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\frac{1}{\kappa }((\lambda ,\alpha )+\frac{p}{2}j)}.$$

Therefore, $`C_{L_p[(p2m)\frac{\alpha }{2}]}(\lambda )=(m!)^1_{j=0}^{m1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{\kappa }(1+j))\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{jp}{\kappa })(\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{\kappa }))^1`$.

## 6. $`N1`$ special normal orders on the set of positive roots of $`sl_N`$.

Matsuo’s construction of hypergeometric solutions uses a PBW-basis of $`U(sl_N)`$ corresponding to the standard order of positive roots. We rewrite those solutions using PBW-bases of $`U(sl_N)`$ corresponding to some new $`N1`$ special (normal) orders of positive roots. The special orders are defined below.

### 6.1. Special normal orders.

A linear order on the set of positive roots $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ of a simple Lie algebra $`𝐠`$ is called normal if for every triple of positive roots $`\alpha ,\alpha +\beta ,\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ we have either $`\alpha \alpha +\beta \beta `$, or $`\beta \alpha +\beta \alpha `$. The standard order on the set of positive roots of $`sl_N`$ is a normal order.

Consider a linear order on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$. A permutation $`\sigma `$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ is called an elementary transformation if $`\sigma `$ is a reversal of a certain sub-system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ has rank 2 and all elements of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ are located side by side in the system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$. An elementary transformation produces a new linear order. It is known that every elementary transformation converts one normal order into another, and that any two normal orders on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ can be transformed one into the other by a composition of elementary transformations, see \[AST\] and \[Z\].

Example. For a root system of type $`A_m`$ ($`sl_{m+1}`$) we have only two types of elementary transformations.

$`A_1A_1:`$ $`\mathrm{},\alpha ,\beta ,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\beta ,\alpha ,\mathrm{}`$ $`\text{if }\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }_+;`$
$`A_2:`$ $`\mathrm{},\alpha ,\alpha +\beta ,\beta ,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\beta ,\alpha +\beta ,\alpha ,\mathrm{}`$ $`\text{if }\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }_+.`$
We compute the change of a PBW-basis under a reversal of type $`A_1A_1`$ or $`A_2`$.

###### Lemma 6.1.

Let $`𝐠`$ be a simple Lie algebra and let $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ be two positive roots. Choose arbitrary $`f_\alpha 𝐠_\alpha `$ and $`f_\beta 𝐠_\beta `$. Then, for any triple of non-negative integers we have the following two identities in $`U(𝐧_{})`$.

$`A_1A_1:`$ $`(1)^{a+b}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\alpha ^a}{a!}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\beta ^b}{b!}}=(1)^{a+b}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\beta ^b}{b!}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\alpha ^a}{a!}};`$
$`A_2:`$ $`(1)^{a+b+c}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\alpha ^a}{a!}}{\displaystyle \frac{[f_\alpha ,f_\beta ]^c}{c!}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\beta ^b}{b!}}={\displaystyle \underset{p=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}\left(\begin{array}{c}c+p\\ p\end{array}\right)(1)^c(1)^{a+b+cp}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\beta ^{bp}}{(bp)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{[f_\beta ,f_\alpha ]^{c+p}}{(c+p)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_\alpha ^{ap}}{(ap)!}}.`$
Proof. The proof is a straightforward induction on $`a`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall that the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ of $`sl_N`$ is $`\{\alpha _{k,l}\}_{k<l}`$. The standard order on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ is $`\alpha _{k,l}\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$ if and only if $`l>l^{}`$, or $`l=l^{}`$ and $`k>k^{}`$.

For $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, define the index sets $`A_h=\{\alpha _{k,l}\}_{kh<l}`$, $`B_h=\{\alpha _{k,l}\}_{lh}`$, $`C_h=\{\alpha _{k,l}\}_{h<k}`$. Define a linear order $`_h`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ by the following rules.

* $`\alpha _h\alpha ^{}_h\alpha ^{\prime \prime }`$ for all $`\alpha A_h`$, $`\alpha ^{}B_h`$, $`\alpha ^{\prime \prime }C_h`$.
* The order within the index set $`A_h`$ is defined by $`\alpha _{k,l}_h\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$ if and only if $`l<l^{}`$, or $`l=l^{}`$ and $`k>k^{}`$ for $`(k,l),(k^{},l^{})A_h`$.
* The order within the index set $`B_h`$ is the standard one.
* The order within the index set $`C_h`$ is the opposite to the standard one. That is $`\alpha _{k,l}_h\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$ if and only if $`k<k^{}`$, or $`k=k^{}`$ and $`l<l^{}`$ for $`(k,l),(k^{},l^{})C_h`$.

It is easy to see that $`_h`$ is a normal order, and $`_{N1}`$ is the standard order. See Figures 1 and 2 for a pictorial description.

### 6.2. Hypergeometric solutions corresponding to the PBW-basis of type $`_h`$.

Fix $`h\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$. Let $`V^{}=V_1\mathrm{}V_{n+1}`$, where $`V_j`$ is a highest weight $`sl_N`$–module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ and highest weight vector $`v_j`$. Fix a weight subspace $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]V^{}`$, $`\nu =_{j=1}^n\mathrm{\Lambda }_j_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _k`$, where $`\nu _0=_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _kQ^+`$. Consider the complex space $`^{n+1}`$ with coordinates $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n+1}`$.

#### The PBW–basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to $`_h`$.

For any positive root $`\alpha _{k,l}`$, set $`a_{k,l}(h)`$ equal to the number of integers $`p`$, $`k<p<l`$, such that $`\alpha _{k,p}_h\alpha _{p,l}`$. The number $`a_{k,l}(h)`$ counts the $`A_2`$ subsystems of the order $`_h`$ which have $`\alpha _{k,l}`$ as their middle root and which are ordered oppositely to the standard order. Set $`F_{k,l}(h)=(1)^{a_{k,l}(h)}e_{l,k}`$. $`F(h)=\{F_{k,l}(h)\}_{k<l}`$ is a basis of $`𝐧_{}`$ called the basis corresponding to $`_h`$. Order the basis according to $`_h`$, $`F_{k,l}(h)F_{k^{},l^{}}(h)`$ if and only if $`\alpha _{k,l}_h\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$. The corresponding PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ is

(18)
$$\left\{F_{I_0}(h)=(1)^{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{l,k}}}\frac{F_{h,h+1}(h)^{i_{h+1,h}}}{i_{h+1,h}!}\mathrm{}\frac{F_{N1,N}(h)^{i_{N,N1}}}{i_{N,N1}!}\right\},$$

where $`I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$ runs over all sequences of positive integers.

Let $`\{F_{I_1}(h),\mathrm{},F_{I_{n+1}}(h)\}`$ be elements of the PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to $`_h`$. Set $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{},I_{n+1})`$ and $`F_I(h)v=F_{I_1}(h)v_1\mathrm{}F_{I_{n+1}}(h)v_{n+1}`$. The vector $`F_I(h)v`$ belongs to $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ if $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$.

#### The rational function $`\varphi (z,t;h)`$.

For any $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$ and any $`s=(j,k,l,q)S(I)`$, set

(19) $`\varphi _h^{(s)}`$ $`=f^{(s)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{l1h}}{t_h^{(\beta _h(I)(s))}z_j}}\text{ if }kh<l,`$
$`\varphi _h^{(s)}`$ $`=f^{(s)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_{l1}^{(\beta _{l1}(I)(s))}z_j}}\text{ if }k<lh,`$
$`\varphi _h^{(s)}`$ $`=f^{(s)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{l1k}}{t_k^{(\beta _k(I)(s))}z_j}}\text{ if }h<k<l,`$
where $`\{\beta _p(I)\}_p`$ is the set of bijections we fixed in the definition of $`f^{(s)}`$, see Section 4. Set

$$\varphi (I,h)=\underset{sS(I)}{}\varphi _h^{(s)},\varphi (z,t;h)=\underset{IP(\nu _0,n)}{}\varphi (I,h)F_I(h)v.$$

Notice that $`\varphi (I,N1)=\varphi (I)`$.

#### Example.

Let $`𝐠=sl_3`$, $`n=0`$. The basis $`F(1)=\{e_{3,2},(e_{3,1}),e_{2,1}\}`$ of $`𝐧_{}`$ corresponds to $`_1`$. If $`\nu ^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\alpha _1\alpha _2`$, then

$$\varphi ^{}(z,t;1)=\frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}z_1)(t_2^{(1)}z_1)}e_{2,1}e_{3,2}v_1+\frac{1}{(t_2^{(1)}t_1^{(1)})(t_1^{(1)}z_1)}e_{3,1}v_1.$$

If $`\nu ^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_12\alpha _1\alpha _2`$, then

$$\varphi ^{}=\frac{1}{(t_1^{(1)}z_1)(t_1^{(2)}z_1)(t_2^{(1)}z_1)}\frac{e_{2,1}^2}{2}e_{3,2}v_1+\frac{1}{(t_2^{(1)}t_1^{(1)})(t_1^{(1)}z_1)(t_1^{(2)}z_1)}e_{2,1}e_{3,1}v_1.$$

The corresponding expressions for $`\varphi ^{}(z,t;2)`$ are given in the example in Section 4, since $`_2`$ is the standard order of positive roots of $`sl_3`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The next theorem is our second main result.

###### Theorem 6.2.

For any $`h`$, we have $`\varphi (z,t;h)=\varphi (z,t)`$.

The proof of the theorem is in Section 8.

As a corollary, we obtain new Matsuo’s type formulae for solutions of the KZ equations.

###### Corollary 6.3.

(a) Let $`u(z^{})`$ be the hypergeometric solution of the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$ in the subspace of singular vectors of $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ indicated in Theorem 4.1. Then, for every $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, we have

$$u(z^{})=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{1/k}\left(\underset{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}{}\varphi (I,h)F_I(h)v^{}\right)𝑑t.$$

(b) Let $`v(z,\lambda )`$ be the hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equation with parameters $`\kappa `$ and $`\lambda 𝐡`$ taking values in the weight space $`V[\nu ]`$ of $`V`$ indicated in Corollary 4.2. For every $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, define a function $`v(z,\lambda ;h)`$

$$v(z,\lambda ;h):=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda )^{1/k}\left(\underset{IP(\nu _0,n)}{}\varphi (I,h)F_I(h)v\right)𝑑t.$$

Then $`v(z,\lambda )=v(z,\lambda ;h)`$.

## 7. Additive form of the dynamical difference operators.

### 7.1. Statement of the result.

Consider a PBW-basis $`F=\{F_{I_0}\}_{I_0}`$ of $`U(𝐧_{})`$. Let $`\lambda 𝐡`$ be generic, and let $`M_\lambda `$ be the highest weight Verma module with highest weight $`\lambda `$ and highest weight vector $`v_\lambda `$. The Shapovalov form induces an isomorphism $`S_\lambda :M_\lambda M_\lambda ^{}`$. The set $`\{F_{I_0}v_\lambda \}_{I_0}`$ is a basis of $`M_\lambda `$. Let $`\{(F_{I_0}v_\lambda )^{}\}_{I_0}`$ be the dual basis of $`M_\lambda ^{}`$. For every $`I_0`$, there exists a unique element $`P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )U(𝐧_{})`$ such that $`P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))v_\lambda =S^1_\lambda ((F_{I_0}v_\lambda )^{})`$. By definition, $`P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )`$ is a (rational) function $`𝐡U(𝐧_{})`$, where $`\lambda P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )`$.

#### Remark.

$`P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )`$ is characterized by the property, $`\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))v_\lambda ^{}=(F_{I_0}v_\lambda )^{}`$.

The map $`S_\lambda ^1`$ corresponds to an element of $`M_\lambda \widehat{}M_\lambda `$. Identify $`S_\lambda ^1`$ with this element. In terms of the basis $`F`$ we have $`S_\lambda ^1=_{I_0}F_{I_0}v_\lambda P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )v_\lambda `$.

#### Example.

Let $`𝐠=sl_2`$. Then, $`F=\{e_{2,1}^k\}_k`$ is a basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$, and

(20)
$$P_{e_{2,1}^k}(F,\lambda )=\frac{e_{2,1}^k}{k!\lambda (\lambda 1)\mathrm{}(\lambda k+1)}.$$

Explicit formula for the element $`S_\lambda ^1`$ for $`sl_3`$ is given in Appendix C.

Let $`V=V_1\mathrm{}V_n`$ be a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_N`$ modules and $`V[\nu ]V`$ a weight subspace. Recall that $`\tau :U(𝐠)U(𝐠)`$ is the Chevalley involution, and $`A:U(𝐠)U(𝐠)`$ is the antipode map.

The next theorem is our third main result.

###### Theorem 7.1.

For every $`r=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, and every $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

(21)
$$𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{I_0𝒜(r)}{}A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )v,$$

where $`F(r)=\{F_{I_0}(r)\}_{I_0}`$ is the PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to the order $`_r`$, and $`𝒜(r)=\{I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}|i_{l,k}=0\text{ if }k>r,\text{ or }lr\}`$.

Notice that $`A(F_{I_0}(r))U(𝐧_{})`$ and $`\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )U(𝐧_+)`$, while according to the definition, given in Section 3, $`𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}`$ is a product of elements $`𝔹_V^\alpha `$ each of which contains $`U(𝐧_{})`$ and $`U(𝐧_+)`$ terms. See Proposition 7.7 as well.

The theorem is proved in Section 7.4.

Example. (a) Let $`𝐠=sl_2`$. Then $`𝔹_{\omega [1],V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1}(\lambda )`$.

(b) Let $`𝐠=sl_3`$. By definition, we have $`𝔹_{\omega [1],V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _1}(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔹_{\omega [2],V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _2}(\lambda )`$. Set $`(\lambda ,\alpha _j)=\lambda _j`$, for $`j=1,2`$, and $`p_k(t)=t(t1)\mathrm{}(tk+1)[t]`$ for any $`k`$. Then, for any $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

$`𝔹_{\omega [2],V}(\lambda +\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )v`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{s,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e_{3,1}^ke_{3,2}^s}{k!s!}}({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e_{1,2}^je_{1,3}^{kj}e_{2,3}^{s+j}\left(\begin{array}{c}k\\ j\end{array}\right)}{p_{s+j}(\lambda _2)p_k(\lambda _2+\lambda _1+1)}})v,`$
$`𝔹_{\omega [1],V}(\lambda +\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )v`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{s,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e_{3,1}^ke_{2,1}^s}{k!s!}}({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^je_{2,3}^je_{1,3}^{kj}e_{1,2}^{s+j}\left(\begin{array}{c}k\\ j\end{array}\right)}{p_{s+j}(\lambda _1)p_k(\lambda _2+\lambda _1+1)}})v.`$
### 7.2. The universal fusion matrix.

Let $`R(𝐡)`$ be the quotient field of the algebra $`U(𝐡)`$. Then $`R(𝐡)`$ is isomorphic to the field of rational functions over $`𝐡`$, using the identification of the Cartan subalgebra $`𝐡`$ with its dual. Define algebras $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_\pm )=U(𝐡𝐧_\pm )_{U(𝐡)}R(𝐡)`$. Consider the space $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})\widehat{}U_1(𝐡𝐧_+)`$, which is a formal series completion of $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})U_1(𝐡𝐧_+)`$. For any basis $`\{a_Kb_K\}_K`$ of $`U(𝐧_{})U(𝐧_+)`$, an element of $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})\widehat{}U_1(𝐡𝐧_+)`$ has the form $`_Ka_K\psi _{1,K}b_K\psi _{2,K}`$, where $`\psi _{1,K},\psi _{2,K}R(𝐡)`$.

Denote $`\pi _𝐡`$ the natural projection $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})\widehat{}U_1(𝐡𝐧_+)R(𝐡)R(𝐡)`$. Let $`\{x_k\}`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`𝐡`$.

###### Theorem 7.2 (Proposition 1 in \[ABBR\]).

For every $`\lambda 𝐡`$, there exists a unique solution $`J(\lambda )`$ of the ABBR-equation

(22)
$$[1(\lambda +\rho \frac{1}{2}\underset{k}{}x_k^2),J(\lambda )]=(\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}e_\alpha e_\alpha )J(\lambda ),$$

such that $`J(\lambda )`$ belongs to $`U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})\widehat{}U_1(𝐡𝐧_+)`$ and $`\pi _𝐡(J(\lambda ))=11`$. Moreover, $`F(\lambda )`$ is of weight zero, and has the following expansion

$$J(\lambda )=\underset{K=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_K(b_K\psi _K(\lambda )),$$

where $`a_KU(𝐧_{})`$, $`b_KU(𝐧_+)`$, $`\psi _KR(𝐡)`$, for all K, $`a_0=b_0=\psi _0(\lambda )=1`$.

For technical reasons a proof of the theorem is given at the end of this section.

The solution $`J(\lambda )`$ is called the universal fusion matrix of $`U(𝐠)`$. Theorem 7.5 and equality (20) give a formula for the universal fusion matrix of $`U(sl_2)`$. See Appendix C for a similar formula in the $`sl_3`$ case.

Set $`Q^{}(\lambda )=_{K0}A(a_K)b_K\psi _K(\lambda )`$, cf. \[EV\]. The element $`Q^{}(\lambda )`$ belongs to a formal series completion of $`U(sl_N)_{U(𝐡)}R(𝐡)`$. Its action is well defined in a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_N`$ modules.

###### Theorem 7.3 (Theorem 34 in \[EV\]).

Let $`w_0`$ be the longest element in the Weyl group $`𝕎`$. For any $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

$$𝔹_{w_0,V}(\lambda +\rho \frac{1}{2}\nu )v=Q^{}(\lambda )v.$$

Next, we present a connection between the Shapovalov form and the universal fusion matrix.

###### Theorem 7.4 (Prop. 13.1 in \[ES\]).

We have $`S_\lambda ^1=\left((1\tau )J(0)\right)(v_\lambda v_\lambda )`$, where $`S_\lambda ^1`$ is identified with the corresponding element of $`M_\lambda \widehat{}M_\lambda `$.

More explicitly, in terms of a basis $`F`$ of $`U(𝐧_{})`$, we have

(23)
$$\underset{I_0}{}F_{I_0}v_\lambda P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )v_\lambda =\left(\underset{K0}{}a_K\tau (b_K\psi _K(0))\right)(v_\lambda v_\lambda ).$$

Let $`F(\lambda )`$ be a rational function of $`\lambda 𝐡`$ with values in $`R(𝐡)`$. Assume that the $`\lambda `$ dependence in $`F(\lambda )`$ is through a finite number of inner products $`\{(\lambda ,\beta _j)\}_{j=1}^k`$, $`F(\lambda )=F((\lambda ,\beta _1),\mathrm{},(\lambda ,\beta _k))`$, where $`\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k𝐡`$. Set $`F_+(\lambda )=F((\lambda ,\beta _1)+\beta _1,\mathrm{},(\lambda ,\beta _k)+\beta _k)`$. The function $`F_+(\lambda )`$ is a rational function of $`\lambda 𝐡`$ with values in $`R(𝐡)`$.

###### Theorem 7.5.

Let $`F=\{F_{I_0}\}_{I_0}`$ be a homogeneous basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$. Set $`J_+(\lambda )=_Ka_K(b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda ))`$. Then $`J_+(\lambda )`$ is well defined, and

$$J_+(\lambda )=\underset{I_0}{}F_{I_0}\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )).$$

Notice that, in particular, the theorem says that $`J_+(\lambda )`$ takes values in $`U(𝐧_{})\widehat{}U(𝐧_+)`$ for any $`\lambda 𝐡`$. The proof of the theorem is given at the end of this section.

We derive the following corollary from Theorems 7.3 and 7.5.

###### Corollary 7.6.

Let $`w_0`$ be the longest element in the Weyl group $`𝕎`$. Then,

$$𝔹_{w_0,V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\left(\underset{I_0}{}A(F_{I_0})\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))\right)v,$$

for any homogeneous basis $`F=\{F_{I_0}\}_{I_0}`$ of $`U(𝐧_{})`$, and any homogeneous element $`vV[\nu ]`$.

Indeed, by Theorem 7.3, we have

$$𝔹_{w_0,V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=Q^{}(\lambda +\nu )v=\underset{K0}{}A(a_K)b_K\psi _K(\lambda +\nu )v.$$

Theorem 7.5 gives

$$J_+(\lambda )=\underset{K0}{}a_K(b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda ))=\underset{I_0}{}F_{I_0}\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )).$$

Finally, the equality $`((\lambda ,\beta )+\beta )v=((\lambda ,\beta )+(\nu ,\beta ))v=(\lambda +\nu ,\beta )v`$ for any $`\lambda ,\beta 𝐡`$, implies

$$\underset{K0}{}A(a_K)b_K\psi _K(\lambda +\nu )v=\underset{K0}{}A(a_K)b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )v=\underset{I_0}{}A(F_{I_0})\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))v.\mathrm{}$$

Proof of Theorem 7.2. Fix $`\lambda 𝐡`$. Denote $`wt(.)`$ the weight function defined on homogeneous elements in $`U(𝐠)`$ with values in $`𝐡`$. Fix a basis $`\{a_Kb_K\}_K`$ of $`U(𝐧_{})U(𝐧_+)`$, such that $`a_K`$ and $`b_K`$, $`K0`$, are homogeneous elements of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ and $`U(𝐧_+)`$, respectively. Let $`J(\lambda )=_{K0}a_K\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )b_K\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )`$, where $`\psi _{1,K}(\lambda ),\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )R(𝐡)`$

The ABBR equation (22) is

$`{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(a_K\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )`$ $`b_K\psi _{2,K}(\lambda ))(1((\lambda +\rho ,wt(b_K)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K))wt(b_K)))=`$
(24) $`=({\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(e_\alpha a_K\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )e_\alpha b_K\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )).`$
Equality (24) presents a system of recurrence relations for $`\{\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )\}_{k0}R(𝐡)R(𝐡)`$. Together with the initial conditions $`\psi _{1,0}(\lambda )=\psi _{2,0}(\lambda )=1`$, they uniquely determine $`\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )`$ for all $`K`$. Moreover, the solution is such that $`\psi _{1,K}(\lambda )=1`$. Set $`\psi _K(\lambda )=\psi _{2,K}(\lambda )`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 7.5. Observe that $`\psi _K(\lambda )`$ is a function of $`\lambda `$ with values in $`R(𝐡)`$, it depends on $`\lambda `$ via the inner products $`\{(\lambda ,wt(b_L(\lambda ))\}`$, $`0wt(b_L(\lambda ))wt(b_K(\lambda ))`$. Thus, the shifted function $`(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )`$ is well defined for any $`K`$, and $`J_+(\lambda )`$ is well defined.

Write a system of recurrence relations for $`J_+(\lambda )`$ by shifting the system of reccurence relations (24). We have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(a_K`$ $`(b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )))(1((\lambda +\rho ,wt(b_K)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K))))=`$
(25) $`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(e_\alpha a_K(e_\alpha b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda ))).`$
Equation (25) implies a system of reccurence relations for the functions $`\{(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )\}_{K0}`$. The initial condition is $`(\psi _0)_+(\lambda )=1`$. Therefore, for the unique solution, each $`(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )`$ is a complex-valued functions. The shifted universal fusion matrix $`J_+(\lambda )`$ takes values in $`U(𝐧_{})\widehat{}U(𝐧_+)`$.

Next we study $`J(0)`$ which is connected to $`_{I_0}F_{I_0}\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))`$ by Theorem 7.4. The ABBR reccurence relations (24) applied to $`J(0)`$ give

(26) $`{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(a_K`$ $`(b_K\psi _K(0)))(1((\rho ,wt(b_K)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K))wt(b_K)))=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(e_\alpha a_K(e_\alpha b_K\psi _K(0))).`$
Consider $`(1\tau )(J(0))=_{K0}a_K\tau (b_K\psi _K(0))`$ $`U(𝐧_{})\widehat{}U_1(𝐡𝐧_{})`$. Its action on the vector $`v_\lambda v_\lambda M_\lambda M_\lambda `$ defines an element of $`M_\lambda \widehat{}M_\lambda `$. Notice that $`\tau ((\rho ,wt(b_K))\frac{1}{2}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K))wt(b_K))=((\rho ,wt(b_K))\frac{1}{2}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K))+wt(b_K))`$, because $`\tau `$ restricted to $``$ is the identity and $`\tau `$ restricted to $`𝐡`$ is multiplication by $`1`$. Since $`wt(b_K)v_\lambda =(\lambda ,wt(b_K))v_\lambda `$, equality (26) implies

(27) $`{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(a_Kv_\lambda `$ $`\tau (b_K\psi _K(0))v_\lambda )((\lambda +\rho ,wt(b_K)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K)))=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}e_\alpha a_Kv_\lambda \tau (e_\alpha b_K\psi _K(0))v_\lambda .`$
For any $`K`$, define a complex-valued function $`\psi _K(0,\lambda )`$, such that $`\tau (\psi _K(0))v_\lambda =\psi _K(0,\lambda )v_\lambda `$. Therefore, we have $`\psi _K(0,\lambda )(a_Kv_\lambda \tau (b_K)v_\lambda )=a_Kv_\lambda \tau (b_K\psi _K(0))v_\lambda `$. Now (27) takes the form

(28) $`{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(a_Kv_\lambda `$ $`\tau (b_K)v_\lambda )\psi _K(0,\lambda )((\lambda +\rho ,wt(b_K)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wt(b_K),wt(b_K)))=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{K0}{}}(e_\alpha a_Kv_\lambda \tau (e_\alpha b_K)v_\lambda )\psi _K(0,\lambda ).`$
Equality (28) together with the isomorphism between $`M_\lambda `$ and $`U(𝐧_{})`$ imply a system of recurrence relations for the functions $`\{\psi _K(0,\lambda )\}_{K0}`$ with initial condition $`\psi _0(0,\lambda )=1`$. This systems of recurrence relations coincides with the systems of recurrence relations for $`\{(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )\}_{k0}`$. The initial condition in both cases is the same. Therefore the solutions coincide, i.e. for every $`K`$, $`(\psi _K)_+(\lambda )=\psi _K(0,\lambda )`$ and $`a_K(b_K(\psi _K)_+(\lambda ))=a_K(b_K\psi _K(0,\lambda ))`$.

In our notation, Theorem 7.4 together with the linear isomorphism between $`M_\lambda `$ and $`U(𝐧_{})`$ give the following explicit formula, $`_{K0}a_K\tau (b_K)\psi _K(0,\lambda )=_{I_0}F_{I_0}P_{I_0}(F,\lambda )`$. Therefore, $`J_+(\lambda )=_{I_0}F_{I_0}\tau (P_{I_0}(F,\lambda ))`$, which is the statement of the corollary. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 7.3. Normal orders on the set of positive roots and multiplicative presentations of $`𝔹_{w_0,V}(\lambda )`$.

Let $`\omega =s_{i_m}\mathrm{}s_{i_1}`$ be a reduced decomposition of an element $`\omega 𝕎`$. Set $`\alpha ^1=\alpha _{i_1}`$, $`\alpha ^p=s_{i_1}\mathrm{}s_{i_p1}\alpha _{i_p}`$, for $`p=2,\mathrm{},m`$.

###### Proposition 7.7 (\[TV\]).

$`𝔹_{\omega ,V}(\lambda )=𝔹_V^{\alpha ^m}(\lambda )\mathrm{}𝔹_V^{\alpha ^1}(\lambda )`$.

Let $`\omega _0=s_{i_m}\mathrm{}s_{i_1}`$ be a reduced decomposition of the longest element $`\omega _0𝕎`$. Then $`\alpha ^m\mathrm{}\alpha _1`$ is a normal order on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$, and any normal order corresponds to a reduced decomposition of the longest element, see \[Z\].

###### Corollary 7.8.

If $`\alpha ^m\mathrm{}\alpha ^1`$ is a normal order on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$, then

$$𝔹_{\omega _0,V}(\lambda )=𝔹_V^{\alpha ^m}(\lambda )\mathrm{}𝔹_V^{\alpha ^1}(\lambda ).$$

### 7.4. The proof of Theorem 7.1.

Fix $`r\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$. Recall that the element $`\omega _{[r]}`$ is defined by $`\omega _{[r]}=\omega _0\omega _0^r𝕎`$, where $`\omega _0`$ (respectively, $`\omega _0^r`$) is the longest element in $`𝕎`$ (respectively, in $`𝕎^r`$ generated by all simple reflections $`s_l`$ preserving the dual fundamental weight $`\omega _r^{}`$). The explicit form of $`\omega _r^{}=_{k=1}^r(1\frac{r}{N})e_{k,k}_{k=r+1}^N\frac{r}{N}e_{k,k}`$ implies that $`𝕎^r`$ is generated by the simple reflections $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_{r1},s_{r+1},\mathrm{},s_{N1}`$. Denote $`𝕎_2`$ the subgroup of $`𝕎`$ generated by $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_{r1}`$, and denote $`𝕎_1`$ the subgroup of $`𝕎`$ generated by $`s_{r+1},\mathrm{},s_{N1}`$. Denote $`R_2`$ the root system with base $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{r1}`$, and denote $`R_1`$ the root system with base $`\alpha _{r+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _{N1}`$. Then $`𝕎_1`$ is the Weyl group of $`R_1`$, and $`𝕎_2`$ is the Weyl group of $`R_2`$, and $`𝕎^h=𝕎_2\times 𝕎_1`$.

Consider the normal order $`_r`$. Set $`m_1=(Nr1)(Nr)/2`$, $`m_2=(r1)r/2`$, $`m_3=r(Nr)`$, $`m=m_1+m_2+m_3`$. Write explicitly the order $`_r`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$, $`\alpha ^m_r\mathrm{}_r\alpha ^1`$. We have $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+=A_rB_rC_r`$. Moreover, $`A_r=\{\alpha ^m,\mathrm{},\alpha ^{1+m_2+m_1}\}`$, $`B_r`$ is the set of positive roots for $`R_2`$, $`C_r`$ is the set of positive roots for $`R_1`$, and $`A_r_rB_r_rC_r`$. Let $`\omega _0=s_{i_m}\mathrm{}s_{i_1}`$ be the reduced decomposition of $`\omega _0`$ corresponding to $`_r`$. Denote $`\omega _1=s_{i_{m_1}}\mathrm{}s_{i_1}`$, $`\omega _2=s_{i_{m_2+m_1}}\mathrm{}s_{i_{1+m_1}}`$, $`\omega _3=s_{i_m}\mathrm{}s_{i_{1+m_2+m_1}}`$. Clearly, $`\omega _2\omega _1=\omega _0^r`$, $`\omega _3=\omega _{[r]}`$.

Let $`\{\beta ^{m_3},\mathrm{},\beta ^1\}`$ be the set of positive roots corresponding to the reduced presentation $`\omega _{[r]}=s_{i_m}\mathrm{}s_{i_{1+m_2+m_1}}`$. Then $`𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda )=𝔹_V^{\beta ^{m_3}}(\lambda )\mathrm{}𝔹_V^{\beta ^1}(\lambda )`$. The definition of the correspondence between normal orders and reduced presentations of $`\omega _0`$ implies that $`A_r=`$ $`(\omega _0^r)^1(\{\beta ^{m_3},\mathrm{},\beta ^1\})`$ as ordered sets. Thus, we have $`\{\beta ^{m_3},\mathrm{},\beta ^1\}=`$
$`\omega _0^r(\{\alpha ^m,\mathrm{},\alpha ^{1+m_2+m_1}\})`$.

###### Lemma 7.9.

The reflection $`\omega _0^r`$ reverses $`A_r`$, $`\omega _0^r(A_r)=\{\alpha ^{1+m_1+m_2},\mathrm{},\alpha ^m\}`$. Therefore,

$$𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda )=𝔹_V^{\alpha ^{1+m_1+m_2}}(\lambda )\mathrm{}𝔹_V^{\alpha ^m}(\lambda ).$$

The proof is a straightforward computation. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 7.10.

$$𝔹_{\omega _0,V}(\lambda )=𝔹_{\omega _1,V}(\lambda )𝔹_{\omega _2,V}(\lambda )𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda ).$$

Proof. Consider the normal order $`^r`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ reverse to $`_r`$. For any $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ we have $`\alpha ^r\beta `$ if and only if $`\alpha _r\beta `$. Notice that $`A_r^hB_r^rC_r`$ and the order $`^r`$ within each of the sets $`A_r`$, $`B_r`$, $`C_r`$ is reverse to $`_r`$. Consider the presentation of $`𝔹_{\omega _0,V}(\lambda )`$ corresponding to $`^r`$ given in Corollary 7.8. Apply Lemma 7.9 to obtain the statement of the corollary. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall that $`F(r)=\{F_{I_0}(r)\}_{I_0}`$ is the PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to $`_r`$.

###### Lemma 7.11.

For any homogeneous vector $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

$$𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{I_0𝒜(r)}{}A(F_{I_0}(r))Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )v,$$

where $`\{Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )\}_{I_0}`$ is a subset of homogeneous elements of $`U(𝐧_+)`$.

Proof. For every positive root $`\alpha `$, every $`\lambda 𝐡`$ and every positive integer $`s`$, set $`p_{0,\lambda ,\alpha }=1`$, and $`p_{s,\lambda ,\alpha }=s!((\lambda +\rho ,\alpha )1)\mathrm{}((\lambda +\rho ,\alpha )s)`$. Use formula (7) to obtain

$$𝔹_V^\alpha (\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F_\alpha ^sE_\alpha ^s(p_{s,\lambda ,\alpha })^1v.$$

Since by definition $`A_r=\{\alpha _{r,r+1},\alpha _{r1,r+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _{2,N},\alpha _{1,N}\}`$, see Figure 2, Lemma 7.9 implies

(29)
$$𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{s_{r,r+1}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{}\underset{s_{1,N}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{F_{\alpha _{1,N}}^{s_{1,N}}E_{\alpha _{1,N}}^{k_{1,N}}\mathrm{}F_{\alpha _{r,r+1}}^{s_{r,r+1}}E_{\alpha _{r,r+1}}^{s_{r,r+1}}}{p_{s_{k_{1,N},\lambda ,\alpha _{1,N}}}\mathrm{}p_{s_{r,r+1},\lambda ,\alpha _{r,r+1}}}v.$$

Next, we need to rearrange the right hand side of formula (29) by moving all elements of type $`F_{k,l}`$ to the left through elements of type $`E_{k^{},l^{}}`$, using the commutation relations of $`sl_N`$. Since $`E_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}=e_{k^{},l^{}}`$ and $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}=e_{l,k}`$, we have

$`(a)[E_{\alpha _{k^{},l}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=E_{\alpha _{k^{},k}},\text{ if }k^{}<k;(b)[E_{\alpha _{k^{},l}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=F_{\alpha _{k,k^{}}},\text{ if }k<k^{};`$
$`(c)[E_{\alpha _{k,l^{}}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=E_{\alpha _{l,l^{}}},\text{ if }l<l^{};(d)[E_{\alpha _{k,l^{}}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=F_{\alpha _{l^{},l}},\text{ if }l^{}<l;`$
$`(e)[E_{\alpha _{k,l}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=H_{\alpha _{k,l}};(f)[E_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}},F_{\alpha _{k,l}}]=0,\text{ if }kk^{}\text{ and }ll^{}.`$
The initial ordering of the product of $`E`$’s and $`F`$’s in formula (29) is according to the $`_r`$ ordering of $`A_r`$, $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}^{s_{k,l}}E_{\alpha _{k,l}}^{s_{k,l}}`$ is to the left of $`F_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}^{s_{k^{},l^{}}}E_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}^{s_{k^{},l^{}}}`$ if and only if $`\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}_r\alpha _{k,l}`$. See Figure 2 for the definition of $`_r`$ on $`A_r`$. The set of indices $`\{(k,l)\}`$ is characterized by $`1kr<lN`$.

We first move all $`F_{\alpha _{2,N}}`$’s to the left through all $`E_{\alpha _{1,N}}`$’s, then we move all $`F_{\alpha _{3,N}}`$’s and so on. The last step is to move all $`F_{\alpha _{r,r+1}}`$’s to the left through all $`E`$’s resulting from the previous steps.

Claim. After each step we have:
(\*) all $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}`$’s in the respective rearranged version of formula (29) satisfy $`kr<l`$;
(\**) if $`k=k^{}r<l^{}l`$, or $`kk^{}r<l^{}=l`$ then any $`E_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}`$ is to the right of any $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}`$.

In the initial state represented in formula (29) the claim follows from the definition of the order $`_r`$. Now, assume that the claim is valid after $`p`$ rearranging steps. Assume that we move $`F_{\alpha _{k,l}}`$ at the $`p+1`$-st step.

If the $`p+1`$-st step is of type $`(a)`$ or $`(c)`$, then we get an additional $`\pm E_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}`$ with $`k^{}<l^{}r`$ or $`r<k^{}<l^{}`$. $`E`$’s of this type does not affect the claim, so it remains valid.

If the $`p+1`$-st step is of type $`(b)`$ or $`(d)`$, then we get an additional $`\pm F_{\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}}`$ with $`kk^{}r<l^{}l`$. Other $`F`$’s are excluded because of condition (\**). Moreover, a simple check up shows that condition (\**) remains valid for the additional summand.

Condition (\**) shows that the $`p+1`$-st step can not be of type $`(e)`$, and after a step of type $`(f)`$ the claim is trivially satisfied.

Inductive argument shows that the claim is satisfied after each step of the rearrangement. As a final result we get

(30)
$$𝔹_{\omega _{[r]},V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{s_{r,r+1}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{}\underset{s_{1,N}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{kr<l}{}F_{\alpha _{k,l}}^{s_{k,l}})\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\{s_{k,l}\}}(\lambda )v,$$

where each $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\{s_{k,l}\}}(\lambda )`$ is a homogeneous element of $`U(𝐧_+)`$. Finally, identify the set $`\{s_{k,l}_0|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}kr<lN\}`$ with the set $`𝒜(r)=\{s_{k,l}_0|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}k<lN,s_{k,l}=0\text{ if }r<k,\text{ or }lr\}`$. The relation $`(_{kr<l}F_{\alpha _{k,l}}^{s_{k,l}})=\pm (_{kr<l}s_{k,l}!)A(F_{\{s_{k,l}\}}(r))`$ together with equality (30) imply the statement of the lemma. $`\mathrm{}`$

Since $`\omega _1`$ is the longest element in $`𝕎(Nr1)`$ and $`\omega _2`$ is the longest element in $`𝕎(r1)`$ we can apply Corollary 7.6 to $`𝔹_{\omega _1,V}`$ and $`𝔹_{\omega _2,V}`$. Choose $`F(r)=\{F_{I_0}(r)\}_{I_0}`$ as the weighted PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$. Then, for every $`vV[\nu ]`$, we have

$`𝔹_{\omega _1,V}(\lambda +\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )v`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒞(r)}{}}A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))v,`$
$`𝔹_{\omega _2,V}(\lambda +\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )v`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{I_0(r)}{}}A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))v,`$
where $`𝒞(r)=\{I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}|i_{l,k}=0\text{ if }kr\}`$, and $`(r)=\{I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}|i_{l,k}=0\text{ if }l>r\}`$. It is easy to see that, for any $`I_1𝒞(r)`$, $`I_2(r)`$, we have $`[\tau (P_{I_1}(F,\lambda ),A(F_{I_2})]=0`$. Therefore,

(31)
$$𝔹_{\omega _1,V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )𝔹_{\omega _2,V}(\lambda +\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )v=\underset{I_0𝒞(r)}{}A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))v,$$

where $`𝒞(r)=\{I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}|i_{l,k}=0\text{ if }kr<l\}`$.

Apply Corollary 7.6 to the right hand side of Corollary 7.10, and Lemma 7.11 and formula (31) to the left hand side of Corollary 7.10. For any $`vV`$, we obtain

(32) $`{\displaystyle \underset{I_0}{}}`$ $`A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))v=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒞(r)}{}}A(F_{I_0}(r))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )){\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒜(r)}{}}A(F_{I_0}(r))Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )v.`$
Set $`V=M_\lambda `$ the Verma module with highest weight $`\lambda `$. Weight considerations imply

$$\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda =0,Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda =0\text{ if }wt(F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda )wt(F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda ).$$

The defining property of $`P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )`$ gives

$$S_\lambda (\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda ,v_\lambda )=S_\lambda (F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda ,A(P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))v_\lambda )=\pm \delta _{I_0,J_0}.$$

Therefore $`\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda =\pm v_\lambda `$, and $`\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda =0`$ if $`J_0I_0`$ and $`wt(F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda )=wt(F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda )`$.

Finally, apply equality (32) to $`F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda `$, for $`I_0𝒜`$, and use induction on the partialy ordered set $`\{wt(F_{I_0}(r)v_\lambda )\}_{I_0𝒜}`$ to obtain $`Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda =\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))F_{J_0}(r)v_\lambda `$, for any $`J_0`$, and thus $`Q_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda )=\tau (P_{I_0}(F(r),\lambda ))`$. The last equality and Lemma 7.11 imply the statement of Theorem 7.1 $`\mathrm{}`$

## 8. Proof of Theorem 6.2.

### 8.1. Sequence of elementary transformations converting $`_h`$ into $`_{h1}`$.

Recall that $`h\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$. The following construction is very important. Namely, there exists a sequence $`\sigma `$ of elementary transformations

(33)
$$\sigma =\{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _M\},$$

which converts the normal order $`_h`$ into the normal order $`_{h1}`$. The sequence is such that, for every pair of positive integers $`(k,l)`$, $`1k<h<lN`$, the $`A_2`$ elementary transformation of type $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,l},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{k,h},\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\alpha _{k,h},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{h,l},\mathrm{}`$ is used exactly once in this sequence and all other elementary transformations in the sequence are of type $`A_1A_1`$. The sequence is given as follows.

#### The construction of $`\sigma `$.

We have $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_+=A_hB_hC_h=A_{h1}B_{h1}C_{h1}`$, and
$`A_h_hB_h_hC_h`$, $`A_{h1}_{h1}B_{h1}_{h1}C_{h1}`$. Moreover,

$`A_{h1}=A_h+\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1}\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N},B_{h1}=B_h\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1},`$
$`C_{h1}=C_h+\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N},`$
where $`\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1}B_h`$, $`\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N}A_h`$. The roots $`\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1}`$ are the largest elements in $`B_h`$ according to $`_h`$ and are the largest elements in $`A_{h1}`$ according to $`_{h1}`$. The linear order $`_h`$ on the set $`\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1}`$ is the same as the linear order $`_{h1}`$. The roots $`\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N}`$ are the largest elements in $`C_{h1}`$ according to $`_{h1}`$. The linear order $`_h`$ on the set $`\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N}`$ is the same as the linear order $`_{h1}`$.

The procedure changing the order $`_h`$ into the order $`_{h1}`$ consists of two parts described in detail below. In part one, we move the sequence of roots $`\{\alpha _{k,h}\}_{k=1}^{k=h1}B_h`$ to the left through the set $`A_h`$. In part two, we move the roots $`\{\alpha _{h,l}\}_{l=h+1}^{l=N}A_h`$ to the right through the set $`B_{h1}`$. The result after part two is the order $`_{h1}`$.

Part one. The root $`\alpha _{h1,h}`$ is the largest root in $`B_h`$. Thus, it immediately succeeds the set of roots $`A_h`$ with respect to the order $`_h`$. On the other hand, it is the highest element of the order $`_{h1}`$. We need to move $`\alpha _{h1,h}`$ through all elements of the set $`A_h`$. Make $`h2`$ elementary transformations of type $`A_1A_1`$ moving $`\alpha _{h1,h}`$ over $`\alpha _{1,N},\mathrm{},\alpha _{h2,N}`$. Then perform $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,N},\alpha _{h1,N},\alpha _{h1,h},\mathrm{}`$ $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h1,h},\alpha _{h1,N},\alpha _{h,N},\mathrm{}`$. Again, make $`h2`$ elementary transformations of type $`A_1A_1`$ moving $`\alpha _{h1,h}`$ over $`\alpha _{1,N1},\mathrm{},\alpha _{h2,N1}`$. Then perform $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,N1},\alpha _{h1,N1},\alpha _{h1,h},\mathrm{}`$ $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h1,h},\alpha _{h1,N1},\alpha _{h,N1},\mathrm{}`$. After $`Nh`$ groups of steps of the above type the root $`\alpha _{h1,h}`$ is greater than any root of the set $`A_h`$. Now, the root $`\alpha _{h2,h}`$ is the largest root in $`B_h\{\alpha _{h1,h}\}`$ and it immediately succeeds the set $`A_h`$ in the normal order resulting after the above $`Nh`$ groups of steps. Repeat the procedure for the root $`\alpha _{h2,h}`$, and then for the roots $`\alpha _{h3,h},\mathrm{},\alpha _{1,h}`$. This is the end of part one. The resulting order after part one is shown in Figure 3. In part one we used exactly one $`A_2`$ elementary transformation of type $`\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,l},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{k,h},\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\alpha _{k,h},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{h,l},\mathrm{}`$ for every pair of positive integers $`(k,l)`$, $`1k<h<lN`$. All other elementary transformations in part one were of the type $`A_1A_1`$.

Part two. We need to move the roots $`\alpha _{h,N},\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,h+1}`$ from $`A_h`$ through $`B_{h1}`$ to put them in front of $`C_h`$, see Figure 3. We first move $`\alpha _{h,N}`$, then $`\alpha _{h,N1}`$ and so on. It is easy to see that all elementary transformations we use in this part are of type $`A_1A_1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 8.2. Intermediate normal orders between $`_h`$ and $`_{h1}`$.

Consider again the sequence of elementary transformations $`\sigma =\{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _M\}`$. Denote $`^p`$ the normal order we obtain from $`_h`$ after applying $`\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _p`$. Set $`^0=_h`$. We have $`^M=_{h1}`$. From the construction of the sequence $`\sigma `$ it follows that $`A_2`$ elementary transformations in $`\sigma `$ are labeled by pairs $`(k,l)`$, $`1k<h<lN`$. Namely, a pair $`(k,l)`$ labels the transformation

$$\mathrm{},\alpha _{h,l},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{k,h},\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\alpha _{k,h},\alpha _{k,l},\alpha _{h,l},\mathrm{}.$$

For $`p=0,\mathrm{},M`$, let $`X_p`$ be the set of pairs $`(k,l)`$ which label $`A_2`$ transformations in $`\{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _p\}`$.

For every pair of integers $`(k,l)`$, $`k<l`$, set $`F_{k,l}(^p)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ for $`(k,l)X_p`$, and $`F_{k,l}(^p)=F_{k,l}(h)`$ for $`(k,l)X_p`$. The set $`\{F_{k,l}(^p)\}_{k<l}`$ is a basis of $`𝐧_{}`$. Order it according to $`^p`$. The corresponding PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ is

$$F_I(^p)=(1)^{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{l,k}}}\underset{k<l}{}\frac{F_{k,l}(^p)^{i_{l,k}}}{i_{l,k}!}.$$

Let $`\{F_{I_1}(^p),\mathrm{},F_{I_{n+1}}(^p)\}`$ be elements of the PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to $`^p`$. Set $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{},I_{n+1})`$ and $`F_I(^p)v=F_{I_1}(^p)v_1\mathrm{}F_{I_{n+1}}(^p)v_{n+1}`$. The vector $`F_I(^p)v`$ belongs to $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ if $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$

Introduce the rational function $`\varphi (I;^p)`$ as

$$\varphi (I;^p)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}\left(\underset{(k^{},l^{})X_p}{}\underset{q=1}{\overset{i_{l^{},k^{}}}{}}\varphi _{h1}^{(j,k^{},l^{},q)}\times \underset{(k,l)X_p}{}\underset{q=1}{\overset{i_{l,k}}{}}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\right).$$

### 8.3.  Geometric interpretation of the rational functions $`\varphi (I,h)`$ and $`\varphi (I;^p)`$.

For any pair of integers $`(l,k)`$, $`1k<lN`$, let the string of type $`(l,k)`$ corresponding to $`_h`$ be the oriented graph with $`lk`$ vertices labeled by positive integers $`k,\mathrm{},l1`$ given in Figure 4, cases (a), (c), (e). For any $`z`$, let the string of type $`(l,k)`$ corresponding to $`_h`$ grounded at $`z`$ be the oriented tree with labeled vertices given in Figure 4, cases (b), (d), (f).

Let $`I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$ be a set of non-negative integers. Define the tree $`T(I_0,h,z)`$ as the union of strings corresponding to $`_h`$ grounded at $`z`$, such that the string of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z`$ enters exactly $`i_{l,k}`$ times and all vertices $`z`$ of all strings are then identified, see Figure 5.

Define the tree $`T(I_0,^p,z)`$ as follows. For every $`(k,l)X_p`$ take $`i_{l,k}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ corresponding to $`_{h1}`$ and grounded at $`z_1`$. For every $`(k,l)X_p`$ take $`i_{l,k}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ corresponding to $`_h`$ and grounded at $`z_1`$. Let $`T(I_0,^p,z)`$ be the union of all selected strings with all vertices $`z_1`$ then identified.

For any $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{}I_{n+1})P(\nu _0,n+1)`$, let the forest $`T(I,h)=_{j=1}^{n+1}T(I_j,h,z_j)`$ be the disjoint union of trees, and let the forest $`T(I,^p)=_{j=1}^{n+1}T(I_j,h,^p)`$ be the disjoint union of trees.

For any $`p=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, the number of vertices in the forest $`T(I,h)`$ labeled by $`p`$ equals $`m_p`$. For every $`p`$ fix a bijection $`\beta _p^h(I):`$ $`\{`$the vertices of $`T(I,h)`$ labeled by $`p\}`$ $`S_p`$. To every oriented edge $`(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ from a vertex $`w^{}`$ labeled by an integer $`p^{}`$ to a vertex $`w^{\prime \prime }`$ labeled by an integer $`p^{\prime \prime }`$ assign the function $`f(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })=1/(t_p^{}^{(\beta _p^{}^h(I)(w^{}))}t_{p^{\prime \prime }}^{(\beta _p^{}^h(I)(w^{\prime \prime }))})`$. To every oriented edge $`(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ from vertex $`w^{}`$ labeled by an integer $`p^{}`$ to a vertex $`w^{\prime \prime }`$ labeled by a complex number $`z`$ assign the function $`f(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })=1/(t_p^{}^{(\beta _p^{}^h(I)(w^{}))}z)`$. Define rational functions corresponding to a forest (respectively, a tree, a grounded string, or a string) as the product of the functions $`f(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ over all edges $`(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ of the forest (respectively, the tree, the grounded string, or the string). It is clear that the rational function corresponding to the forest $`T(I,h)`$ is exactly the function $`\varphi (I,h)`$ defined in Section 6.

Define a rational function corresponding to the forest $`T(I,^p)`$ analogously. The rational function corresponding to the forest $`T(I,^p)`$ equals $`\varphi (I,^p)`$.

### 8.4. Consistency of the definitions.

Let $`h^{}\{h1,h\}`$. Since $`^0=_h`$, $`^M=_{h1}`$, we have given two different definitions of the basis of $`𝐧_{}`$ corresponding to $`_h^{}`$, the rational function $`\varphi (I,h^{})`$, and the forest $`T(I,h^{})`$, see Sections 6.2, 8.2, 8.3. We will show that these two definitions are consistent.

In the case $`h^{}=h`$, we have $`X_0=\mathrm{}`$. Trivially, $`T(I,h)=T(I,^0)`$, $`\varphi (I,h)=\varphi (I,^0)`$, and $`F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(^0)`$ for $`k<l`$.

In the case $`h^{}=h`$, we have $`X_M=\{(k,l)|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}k<h<lN\}`$. We start with the basis of $`𝐧_{}`$. Recall that $`F_{k,l}(h^{})=(1)^{a_{k,l}(h^{})}e_{l,k}`$, for any $`h^{}`$. The following five cases exhaust all possibilities.
$``$ If $`k<h<l`$, then $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ by definition.
$``$ If $`k<l<h`$, then $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h)`$, and $`a_{k,l}(h)=a_{k,l}(h1)=0`$. Thus, $`F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ and $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$.
$``$ If $`k<l=h`$, then $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h)`$, $`a_{k,l}(h)=0`$, and $`a_{k,l}(h1)=l(h1)1`$. Thus, $`F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ and $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$.
$``$ If $`h<k<l`$, then $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h)`$, $`a_{k,l}(h)=a_{k,l}(h1)=lk1`$. Thus, $`F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ and $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$.
$``$ If $`h=k<l`$, then $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h)`$, $`a_{k,l}(h)=lh1`$, and $`a_{k,l}(h1)=lk1`$. Thus, $`F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$ and $`F_{k,l}(^M)=F_{k,l}(h1)`$.

Similarly, for every set of non-negative integers $`I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$, we compare the tree $`T(I_0,z,^M)`$ with the tree $`T(I_0,z,h1)`$. In order to construct the tree $`T(I_0,z,h1)`$, for every pair $`(l,k)`$, $`k<l`$, we took $`i_{l,k}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ which correspond to the order $`_{h1}`$ and then we identified all vertices $`z_1`$. In the construction of the tree $`T(I_0,z,^M)`$, for every pair $`(l,k)`$, $`k<h<l`$, we took $`i_{l,k}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ which correspond to the order $`_{h1}`$, and for every pair $`(l,k)`$, $`hk<l`$ or $`k<lh`$, we took $`i_{l,k}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ which correspond to the order $`_h`$. Then we identified all vertices $`z_1`$. For every pair $`(l,k)`$, $`hk<l`$ or $`k<lh`$, the string of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ which corresponds to the order $`_{h1}`$ coincides with the string of type $`(l,k)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ which corresponds to the order $`_h`$, see Figure 4. Therefore, the tree $`T(I_0,z,^M)`$ coincides with the tree $`T(I_0,z,h1)`$. Conclude that the forest $`T(I,h1)`$ coincides with the forest $`T(I,^M)`$, and we have $`\varphi (I,h1)=\varphi (I,^M)`$.

### 8.5. Proof of Theorem 6.2.

The theorem states that, for any $`h`$, we have $`\varphi (z,t;h)=\varphi (z,t)`$. The equality $`\varphi (z,t;N1)=\varphi (z,t)`$ is valid by definition. It suffices to show that $`\varphi (z,t;h)=\varphi (z,t;h1)`$ for every $`h`$.

First consider the case $`n=0`$. Recall that $`n+1`$ is the number of tensor factors in $`V^{}`$. Thus, $`V^{}=V_1`$ is a Verma module. The discussion in Section 8.4 implies that

$$\varphi (z,t;h)=\underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}\varphi (I,^0)F_I(^0)v_1,\underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}\varphi (I,^M)F_I(^M)v_1=\varphi (z,t;h1).$$

In order to finish the case $`n=0`$, it suffice to show that

(34)
$$\underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}\varphi (I,^p)F_I(^p)v_1=\underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}\varphi (I,^{p+1})F_I(^{p+1})v_1,\text{ for }p=0,\mathrm{},M1.$$

Fix $`p\{0,\mathrm{},M1\}`$.

####

Assume that $`\sigma _{p+1}`$ is of type $`A_1A_1`$. We have $`X_p=X_{p+1}`$ and $`\varphi (I,^p)=\varphi (I,^{p+1})`$ for every index $`IP(\nu _0,1)`$. The case $`A_1A_1`$ of Lemma 6.1 implies $`F_I(^p)=F_I(^{p+1})`$ for every index $`IP(\nu _0,1)`$. This implies (34).

####

Assume that $`\sigma _{p+1}`$ is of type $`A_2`$ and is labeled by a pair of integers $`(k,l)`$, $`k<h<l`$. The set $`X_{p+1}`$ equals the set $`X_p\{(k,l)\}`$. Let us check, that we can apply the $`A_2`$ case of Lemma 6.1 to the triple $`F_{h,l}(^p),F_{k,l}(^p),F_{k,h}(^p)sl_N`$. Set $`f_\alpha =F_{h,l}(h)`$, $`f_\beta =F_{k,h}(h)`$ . Then $`f_\alpha =F_{h,l}(^p)=F_{h,l}(^{p+1})`$, $`f_\beta =F_{k,h}(^p)=F_{k,h}(^{p+1})`$,

$`[f_\alpha ,f_\beta ]`$ $`=(1)^{lh1}[e_{l,h},e_{h,k}]=(1)^{lh1}e_{l,k}=F_{k,l}(h)=F_{k,l}(^p),`$
$`[f_\beta ,f_\alpha ]`$ $`=(1)^{l(h1)1}e_{l,k}=F_{k,l}(h1)=F_{k,l}(^{p+1}).`$
Here we used the explicit form of the numbers $`\{a_{k,l}(h)\}`$, namely,

$$a_{k,l}(h)=0\text{ if }k<lh,a_{k,l}(h)=lk1\text{ if }h<k<l,a_{k,l}(h)=lh1\text{ if }kh<l.$$

By Lemma 6.1, we have

$$\frac{F_{h,l}(^p)^a}{a!}\frac{F_{k,l}(^p)^c}{c!}\frac{F_{k,h}(^p)^b}{b!}=\underset{r}{}\left(\begin{array}{c}c+r\\ r\end{array}\right)(1)^{cr}\frac{F_{k,h}(^{p+1})^{br}}{(br)!}\frac{F_{k,l}(^{p+1})^{c+r}}{(c+r)!}\frac{F_{h,l}(^{p+1})^{ar}}{(ar)!}.$$

Use this equality to transform $`_{IP(\nu _0,1)}\varphi (I,^p)F_I(^p)v_1`$. Set $`a=i_{h,l}`$, $`b=i_{k,h}`$, $`c=i_{k,l}`$, $`I^{}=\{i_{p,q}\}_{(p,q)\{(h,l),(k,h),(k,l)\}}`$, $`|I^{}|=i_{p,q}`$. We have $`I=\{I^{},a,b,c\}`$ and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}}`$ $`\varphi (I,^p)F_I(^p)v_1={\displaystyle \underset{I^{},d_1,d_2}{}}(1)^{|I^{}|}{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}a+c=d_1,\\ b+c=d_2\end{array}}{}}(1)^{a+b+c}\varphi (\{I^{},a,b,c\};^p)\times `$
$`\times \mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{h,l}(^p)^a}{a!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,l}(^p)^c}{c!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,h}(^p)^b}{b!}}\mathrm{}v_1`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{I^{},d_1,d_2}{}}(1)^{|I^{}|}{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}a+c=d_1,\\ b+c=d_2\end{array}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\left(\begin{array}{c}c+r\\ r\end{array}\right)(1)^c(1)^{a+b+cr}\varphi (\{I^{},a,b,c\};^p)\times `$
$`\times \mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,h}(^{p+1})^{br}}{(br)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,l}(^{p+1})^{c+r}}{(c+r)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{h,l}(^{p+1})^{ar}}{(ar)!}}\mathrm{}v_1.`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{IP(\nu _0,1)}{}}`$ $`\varphi (I,^p)F_I(^p)v_1={\displaystyle \underset{I^{},d_1,d_2}{}}(1)^{|I^{}|}{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}a^{}+c^{}=d_1,\\ b^{}+c^{}=d_2\end{array}}{}}(1)^{a^{}+b^{}+c^{}}\psi (\{I^{},a^{},b^{},c^{}\};^p)\times `$
(35) $`\times \mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,h}(^{p+1})^b^{}}{(b^{})!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{k,l}(^{p+1})^c^{}}{(c^{})!}}{\displaystyle \frac{F_{h,l}(^{p+1})^a^{}}{(a^{})!}}\mathrm{}v_1,`$
where $`\psi (\{I^{},a^{},b^{},c^{}\};^p)=_r\left(\begin{array}{c}c^{}\\ r\end{array}\right)(1)^{c^{}r}\varphi (\{I^{},a^{}+r,b^{}+r,c^{}r\};^p)`$.

The following claim implies (34).
Claim. For every $`I=\{I^{},a^{},b^{},c^{}\}P(\nu _0,1)`$ we have

(36)
$$\psi (\{I^{},a^{},b^{},c^{}\};^p)=\varphi (\{I^{},a^{},b^{},c^{}\};^{p+1}).$$

####

The right hand side of (36) equals the product of the functions $`f(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ over all oriented edges $`(w^{},w^{\prime \prime })`$ of the tree $`T(I,z_1,^{p+1})`$. The left hand side of (36) depends on rational functions $`\{\varphi (\{I^{},a^{}+r,b^{}+r,c^{}r\};^p)\}_r`$ which correspond to trees $`\{T(\{I^{},a^{}+r,b^{}+r,c^{}r\},z_1,^{p+1})\}_r`$. For every $`r`$, the tree $`T(I,z_1,^{p+1})`$ and the tree $`T(\{I^{},a^{}+r,b^{}+r,c^{}r\},z_1,^{p+1})`$ differ only at the grounded strings of types $`(k,l),(h,l),(k,h)`$. Namely, the tree $`T(I,z_1,^{p+1})`$ has $`a^{}`$ strings of type $`(h,l)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_h`$, $`b^{}`$ strings of type $`(k,h)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_h`$ and $`c^{}`$ strings of type $`(k,l)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_{h1}`$. The tree $`T((I^{},a^{}+r,b^{}+r,c^{}r),z_1,^{p+1})`$ has $`a^{}+r`$ strings of type $`(h,l)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_h`$, $`b^{}+r`$ strings of type $`(k,h)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_h`$ and $`c^{}r`$ strings of type $`(k,l)`$ grounded at $`z_1`$ corresponding to $`_h`$.

The claim now follows from identities

(37) $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_ht_{h1})(t_{h1}z)}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_hz)(t_{h1}z)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t_{h1}t_h)(t_hz)}},`$
(38) $`{\displaystyle \underset{q=1}{\overset{c^{}}{}}}\varphi _{h1}^{(1,k,l,q)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{q=1}{\overset{c^{}}{}}}(\varphi _h^{(1,k,h,q)}\varphi _h^{(1,h,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(1,k,l,q)})`$
Identity (37) has a simple tree interpretation shown in Figure 6.

Identity (38) has a tree interpretation shown in Figure 7.

In Figure 7 multiplication of trees means disjoint union of trees, addition is formal, and multiplication distributes through addition, see the example in Figure 8.

The claim is proved. Thus, the statement of Theorem 6.2 is proved for $`n=0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The statement of Theorem 6.2 for arbitrary $`n`$ is proved as the case $`n=0`$ since we execute the changes of bases and the reorganization of rational functions separately for each tensor factor. There is no interference between the rational functions corresponding to different tensor factors since the grounding points of the strings are distinct. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 9. Proof of Theorem 5.1.

Let $`V=M_1\mathrm{}M_n`$, where $`M_j`$ is the $`sl_N`$ Verma module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ and highest weight vector $`v_j`$. Set $`v=v_1\mathrm{}v_n`$. Fix a weight subspace $`V[\nu ]V`$, where $`\nu =_{j=1}^n\mathrm{\Lambda }_j_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _k`$, and $`_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _kQ^+`$. Recall the notation $`m=_{k=1}^{N1}m_k`$, $`\nu _0=_{k=1}^{N1}m_k\alpha _k`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}=\lambda \rho \frac{1}{2}\nu `$. Let $`M_{n+1}`$ be the $`sl_N`$ Verma module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}`$ and highest weight vector $`v_{n+1}`$. Consider the auxiliary space $`V^{}=VM_{n+1}`$ and its weight space $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$, where $`\nu ^{}=\nu +\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}`$.

### 9.1. Vector spaces of rational functions

. For every $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$ fix a set of bijections $`\{\beta _p(I)\}`$ and define a vector space of rational functions $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(\{t_k^{(d)}\},\{z_j\})=\{\varphi (I)|IP(\nu _0,n+1)\}`$. These functions depend on the complex variables $`t_k^{(d)},z_j`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, $`d\{1,\mathrm{},m_k\}`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},n+1`$. Denote $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ the restriction $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(\{t_k^{(d)}\},z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0)`$. We will use the same notation $`\varphi (I)`$ for a function in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$.

For every $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$ fix a set of bijections $`\{\beta _p(I)\}`$ and define a vector space of rational functions $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{\varphi (I)|IP(\nu _0,n)\}`$. These functions depend on the complex variables $`t_k^{(d)},z_j`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, $`d\{1,\mathrm{},m_k\}`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Identify each index $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$ with the index $`I^{}=(I,\{i_{l,k}^{(n+1)}=0\}_{k<l})P(\nu _0,n+1)`$. Since $`\varphi (I^{})=\varphi (I)`$ for an appropriate choice of bijections $`\{\beta _p(I^{})\}`$, $`\{\beta _p(I)\}`$ we will consider $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ as a subset of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$.

Consider the set of rational functions with poles in $`𝒟`$, see Section 4. Note that it contains $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$. Define an equivalence relation $``$ on the set. Namely, let $`\varphi _1,\varphi _2`$ be two elements of the set. We write $`\varphi _1\varphi _2`$ if $`_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }^{1/\kappa }\varphi _1𝑑t=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }^{1/\kappa }\varphi _2𝑑t`$ for any horizontal family of integration cycles $`\gamma (z)`$, which satisfies Matsuo’s assumption.

#### Examples.

(a) For a fixed $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$, the functions $`\varphi (I)`$ corresponding to different choices of bijections $`\{\beta _p(I)\}`$ are equivalent under $``$.
(b) If there exists a rational form $`\eta `$ with poles in $`𝒟`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}(\varphi _1\varphi _2)dt=d_t(\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\eta )`$, where $`d_t`$ denotes the exterior differentiation with respect to the variables $`t_k^{(d)}`$, then $`\varphi _1\varphi _2`$ because $`\gamma (z)`$ is a family of closed cycles.

The set $`\{(F_Iv^{})^{}\}_{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}`$ is a basis of $`(V^{}[\nu ^{}])^{}`$, see the definition of $`\{F_Iv^{}\}`$ in Section 4. Define a linear map $`D^{}:(V^{}[\nu ^{}])^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ by setting $`D((F_Iv^{})^{})=\varphi (I)`$, for all $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$. Analogously, define a linear map $`D:(V[\nu ])^{}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ by setting $`D((F_Iv)^{})=\varphi (I)`$, for all $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$.

For indices $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$ and $`I^{}=(I,\{i_{l,k}^{(n+1)}=0\}_{k<l})P(\nu _0,n+1)`$ we have

(39)
$$D^{}(F_I^{}v^{})=D^{}(F_Ivv_{n+1})=\varphi (I^{})=\varphi (I)=D(F_Iv).$$

Reformulate Theorem 6.2 as follows.

###### Theorem 9.1.

For every $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, we have $`_{IP(\nu _0,n)}D((F_I(h)v)^{})F_I(h)v=\varphi (t,z)`$. Moreover, for all $`I`$, $`D((F_I(h)v)^{})=\varphi (I,h)`$.

### 9.2. The action of $`sl_N`$ on $`(V^{})^{}`$.

For every set of non-negative integers $`I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}`$, and every $`l^{},k^{}`$, $`k^{}<l^{}`$, denote $`I_0\pm 1_{l^{},k^{}}=\{i_{l,k}^{}\}_{k<l}`$, where $`i_{l^{},k^{}}^{}=i_{l^{},k^{}}\pm 1`$ and $`i_{l,k}^{}=i_{l,k}`$ if $`(l,k)(l^{},k^{})`$. Let $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{},I_{n+1})`$, where $`I_j=\{i_{l,k}^{(j)}\}_{k<l}`$ is a set of non-negative integers. Let $`I\pm 1_{l^{},k^{}}^{(j)}`$ denote addition in the component $`I_j`$.

###### Lemma 9.2 (cf. Lemma 4.2 in \[Ma\]).

For every $`I`$, and every $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, we have

$`E_{\alpha _h}(F_Iv^{})^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{p=h+2}{\overset{N1}{}}}i_{p,h+1}^{(j)}(F_{I+1_{p,h}^{(j)}1_{p,h+1}^{(j)}}v^{})^{}{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h1}{}}}i_{h,p}^{(j)}(F_{I+1_{h+1,p}^{(j)}1_{h,p}^{(j)}}v^{})^{}+`$
$`+((\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\alpha _h)+{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h1}{}}}i_{h,p}^{(j)}{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h}{}}}i_{h+1,p}^{(j)})(F_{I+1_{h+1,h}^{(j)}}v^{})^{}).`$
The proof is a straightforward computation. We use the standard PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 9.3.

For every $`I`$, and every $`k,h,l`$, $`1kh<lN`$, we have

(40)
$$F_{k,l}(h)(F_I(h)v^{})^{}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}i_{l,k}^{(j)}(F_{I1_{l,k}^{(j)}}(h)v^{})^{}.$$

The proof is a straightforward computation. We use the PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_{})`$ corresponding to $`_h`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Next, we will compute the image of $`E_{\alpha _h}(F_Iv^{})^{}V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ under $`D^{}`$. According to Lemma 9.2 $`D^{}(E_{\alpha _h}(F_Iv^{})^{})`$ is a sum of rational functions with complex coefficients, $`_{JP(\nu _0,n+1)}c_J\varphi (J)`$. For each index $`J`$, we can choose a set of bijections $`\{\beta _p(J)\}`$ such that the function $`\varphi (J)`$ has the form $`\frac{1}{t_h}\varphi (I)`$, where $`t_h`$ is a new variable of type $`h`$, and $``$ is any of the $`t`$ variables fixed by the set of bijections $`\{\beta _p(I)\}`$, or a complex number in the set $`\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0\}`$.

###### Lemma 9.4 (\[Ma\], Lemma 3.4).

Let $`s=(j,k,l,q)S(I)`$. Then, we have

$`(a){\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_hz_j}}\varphi ^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi ^{(j,h,h+1,i_{h+1,h}^{(j)}+1)}\varphi ^{(j,k,l,q)},`$
$`(b)\left({\displaystyle \underset{p=k}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\alpha _h,\alpha _p)}{t_ht_p^{(\beta _p(I)(s))}}}\right)\varphi ^{(j,k,l,q)}\{\begin{array}{ccc}\varphi ^{(j,h,l,i_{l,h}^{(j)}+1)}& \mathrm{if}& h=k1,\\ \varphi ^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi ^{(j,h,h+1,i_{h+1,h}^{(j)}+1)}& \mathrm{if}& h=l1,\\ \varphi ^{(j,k,h+1,i_{h+1,l}^{(j)}+1)}\varphi ^{(j,k,h,q)}\varphi ^{(j,h,h+1,i_{h+1,h}^{(j)}+1)}& \mathrm{if}& h=l,\\ 0& & \mathrm{otherwise}.\end{array}`$
###### Corollary 9.5.

$`(a){\displaystyle \frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\varphi (I)`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{p=h+2}{\overset{N1}{}}}i_{p,h+1}^{(j)}\varphi (I+1_{p,h}^{(j)}1_{p,h+1}^{(j)})+{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h1}{}}}i_{h,p}^{(j)}\varphi (I+1_{h+1,p}^{(j)}1_{h,p}^{(j)})+`$
$`+((\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\alpha _h){\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h1}{}}}i_{h,p}^{(j)}+{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{h}{}}}i_{h+1,p}^{(j)})\varphi (I+1_{h+1,h}^{(j)})).`$
$`(b)`$ $`D^{}(E_{\alpha _h}(F_Iv^{})^{})\frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\varphi (I)`$.

Proof. (a) Our choice of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}`$ is consistent with the definition of the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, that is $`(t_k^{(d)})^{(\alpha _k,\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})}`$ is the contribution of the point $`z_{n+1}=0`$ in $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Observe that

$$\frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}\left((\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\alpha _h)\frac{d(t_hz_j)}{(t_hz_j)}+\underset{k<l}{}\underset{q=1}{\overset{i_{l,k}^{(j)}}{}}\underset{h=k}{\overset{l1}{}}(\alpha _h,\alpha _p)\frac{d(t_ht_p^{(\beta _p(I)(s))})}{(t_ht_p^{(\beta _p(I)(s))})}\right),$$

and apply Lemma 9.4.

(b) Part (a) and Lemma 9.2 imply statement (b). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 9.6.

For any $`xU(𝐧_+)`$ and any $`u^{}=uu_{n+1}V^{}=VV_\lambda `$, such that $`xuV^{}[\nu ^{}]`$, we have $`D^{}(uxu_{n+1})D^{}(A(x)uu_{n+1})`$, where $`A`$ is the antipode map.

Proof. It is sufficient to show that for any $`h=1,\mathrm{},N1`$, we have $`D^{}(E_{\alpha _h}(F_Iv^{})^{})0`$. Equivalently, we may show $`\frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\varphi (I)0`$. Introduce the logarithmic $`(m1)`$-form

$$\eta _I=\underset{sS(I)}{}\left(\underset{p=k}{\overset{l2}{}}\frac{d(t_p^{(\beta _p(I)(s))}t_{p+1}^{(\beta _{p+1}(I)(s))})}{t_p^{(\beta _p(I)(s))}t_{p+1}^{(\beta _{p+1}(I)(s))}}\right)\frac{d(t_{l1}^{(\beta _{l1}(I)(s))}z_j)}{t_{l1}^{(\beta _{l1}(I)(s))}z_j}.$$

We have $`d_t\eta _I=0`$, and

$$\kappa d_t(\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\eta _I)=\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\frac{d_t\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\eta _I=\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}\frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\eta _I.$$

Let $`i`$ be the inclusion map $`i:^m\{(z,0)\}\times ^m^{n+1}\times ^m`$, and as usual, $`dt`$ denotes the standard volume form on $`_t^m`$. We have $`i^{}(\frac{d_t\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\eta _I)=\pm \frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\varphi (I)dt`$. Thus, $`\frac{d_{t_h}\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\varphi (I)0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 9.3. Proof of Theorem 5.1.

Let $`v(z,\lambda )`$ be the hypergeometric solution of the trigonometric KZ equation indicated in Corollary 4.2. Fix $`h\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$. By definition,

$$v(z,\lambda +\kappa \omega _h^{})=_{\gamma (z)}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,t;\lambda +\kappa \omega _h^{})^{1/k}\varphi (z,t)𝑑t.$$

The function $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}`$ changes as follows.

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}(z,t;\lambda +\kappa \omega _h^{})=\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _h^{})}\underset{d=1}{\overset{m_h}{}}\frac{1}{t_h^{(d)}}\right)\mathrm{\Phi }^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}(z,t;\lambda ).$$

We study the product $`[_{j=1}^nz_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _h^{})}_{d=1}^{m_h}(t_h^{(d)})^1]\varphi (z,t)`$, using the expansion
$`\varphi (z,t)=_{IP(\nu _0,n)}\varphi (I,h)F_I(h)v`$ obtained in Theorem 6.2.

The identity

$$\frac{1}{(t_h^{(d)}z_j)t_h^{(d)}}=\frac{1}{z_j}\left(\frac{1}{t_h^{(d)}z_j}\frac{1}{t_h^{(d)}}\right)$$

implies the tree interpretation shown in Figure 9.

Set $`m_{h,j}(I)`$ to be equal to the number of elements of the set $`\{(j^{},k,l,q)S_h(I)|j^{}=j\}`$. For all $`I`$, we have $`_{j=1}^nm_{h,j}(I)=m_h`$. Use the equality of rational functions presented in Figure 9 and the definition $`\varphi (I,h)=_{j=1}^n_{(j,k,l,q)S(I)}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}`$ to obtain

$$(\underset{d=1}{\overset{m_h}{}}(t_h^{(d)})^1)\varphi (I,h)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_j^{m_{h,j}(I)}\left(\underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}(\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(n+1,k,l,q)})\underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\right).$$

Therefore, we have

(41) $`[{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}`$ $`z_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _h^{})}{\displaystyle \underset{d=1}{\overset{m_h}{}}}(t_h^{(d)})^1]\varphi (z,t)=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}}(\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(n+1,k,l,q)}){\displaystyle \underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\right)F_I(h)v.`$
We see that the shift of the parameter $`\lambda `$ reduces to the following operation on rational functions. Take each function $`\varphi (I,h)`$ in the formula for $`\varphi (z,t)`$, $`z^n`$, $`t^m`$, and substitute it with the rational function $`_{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}(\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(n+1,k,l,q)})_{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}`$, which depends on variables $`(z,z_{n+1})^{n+1}`$, $`t^m`$. Then set $`z_{n+1}=0`$. The result is a function that depends on the initial set of variables, $`z^n`$, $`t^m`$.

###### Lemma 9.7.

For every $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$ we have

$$\underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}(\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(n+1,k,l,q)})\underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}=\underset{I_0𝒜(h)}{}D^{}(F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{}).$$

Proof. We will compare additive presentations of the two sides of the equality. The left hand side, after expansion of the products, has the following tree interpretation. It is the rational function corresponding to a formal sum of forests. An element of this formal sum is a new forest produced from $`T(I,h)`$ as follows. We add one tree, consisting only of strings of type $`(l,k)`$, $`kh<k`$, corresponding to $`_h`$ and grounded at zero. For each string of type $`(l,k)`$ belonging to the new tree, one string of type $`(l,k)`$ is removed from one of the trees which belong to the original forest $`T(I,h)`$. The coefficient assigned to the new forest is a combinatorial coefficient times a sign coefficient, namely minus one to the power equal to the number of strings which comprise the additional tree. Recall the definition of the index set $`𝒜(h)=\{I_0=\{i_{l,k}\}_{k<l}|i_{l,k}=0\text{ if }k>h,\text{ or }lh\}`$. Thus, the additional tree is always of the form $`T(I_0,h,0)`$ for some $`I_0𝒜(h)`$. In this notation the sign coefficient in the above description is $`(1)^{|I_0|}`$. Let us give an explicit formula for the combinatorial coefficient. Consider $`I_0𝒜(h)`$, $`I=(I_1,\mathrm{},I_n)P(\nu _0,n)`$, where $`I_j=\{i_{l,k}^{(j)}\}_{k<l}`$ is a set of non-negative integers. In order to remove $`i_{l,k}^0`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ from the forest $`T(I,h)`$, we should choose numbers $`i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}`$, where $`0i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}i_{l,k}^{(j)}`$ and $`_{j=1}^ni_{l,k}^{(j,0)}=i_{l,k}^{(0)}`$. Then, for each $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, we remove $`i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}`$ strings of type $`(l,k)`$ from the tree $`T(I,h,z_j)T(I,h)`$. The combinatorial coefficient of this choice is $`_{k<l}_{j=1}^n\left(\begin{array}{c}i_{k,l}^{\left(j\right)}\\ i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}\end{array}\right)`$. Therefore, the left hand side equals

(42)
$$\underset{I_0𝒜(h)}{}(1)^{|I_0|}\underset{\{i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}\}}{}\left(\underset{k<l}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\begin{array}{c}i_{k,l}^{\left(j\right)}\\ i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}\end{array}\right)\right)\varphi (\{I\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{k<l}{}i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}1_{l,k}^{(j)},I_0\},h).$$

Next, we consider the right hand side. Repeated application of Lemma 9.3 gives

$$(1)^{|I_0|}F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}=\underset{\{i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}\}}{}\left(\underset{k<l}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\begin{array}{c}i_{k,l}^{\left(j\right)}\\ i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}\end{array}\right)\right)(F_{I_{j=1}^n_{k<l}i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}1_{l,k}^{(j)}}(h)v)^{},$$

Therefore

(43) $`F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{}=`$
$`(1)^{|I_0|}{\displaystyle \underset{\{i_{l,k}^{(j,0)}\}}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k<l}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(\begin{array}{c}i_{k,l}^{\left(j\right)}\\ i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}\end{array}\right)\right)(F_{I_{j=1}^n_{k<l}i_{k,l}^{(j,0)}1_{l,k}^{(j)}}(h)v)^{}(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{}.`$
Finally, formula (42), equality (43), and the definition of the map $`D^{}`$ imply the statement of the lemma. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 9.8.

For every $`IP(\nu _0,n)`$, and every $`I_0𝒜(h)`$, we have

$`(a)`$ $`D^{}(F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{})D(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}).`$
$`(b)`$ $`D(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}(F_I(h)v)^{},A(F_{I_0}(h))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_J(h)vD((F_J(h)v)^{}).`$
Proof. Part (a).

$`D^{}(F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}`$ $`(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{})=D^{}(F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))(v_{n+1})^{})`$
$`D^{}(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}(v_{n+1})^{})`$
$`=D(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}).`$
We use the property $`(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{}=\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})(v_{n+1})^{})`$ to write the first equality, Corollary 9.6 to write the second equivalence, and the identification (39) for the last step.

Part (b) is trivial. We write $`A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}`$ in terms of the dual basis $`\{(F_Jv)^{}\}`$ of $`V[\nu ]^{}`$, then use the linear property of the map $`D`$ and the definition of $`sl_N`$-action on the dual space.

$`D`$ $`(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{})=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}D(A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{},F_J(h)v(F_J(h)v)^{})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}A\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{},F_J(h)vD((F_J(h)v)^{})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}(F_I(h)v)^{},A(F_{I_0}(h))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}))F_J(h)vD((F_J(h)v)^{}).\mathrm{}`$
Finally, we combine all the steps in the following computation.

$`[{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _h^{})}{\displaystyle \underset{d=1}{\overset{m_h}{}}}(t_h^{(d)})^1]\varphi (z,t)=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}{\displaystyle \underset{IP(\nu _0,n)}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}}(\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)}\varphi _h^{(n+1,k,l,q)}){\displaystyle \underset{(j,k,l,q)S_h(I)}{}}\varphi _h^{(j,k,l,q)})F_Iv`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}{\displaystyle \underset{IP(\nu _0,n)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒜(h)}{}}D^{}(F_{I_0}(h)(F_I(h)v)^{}(F_{I_0}(h)v_{n+1})^{})F_Iv`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}{\displaystyle \underset{I,JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒜(h)}{}}(F_I(h)v)^{},A(F_{I_0}(h))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})(F_J(h))v\times `$
$`\times D((F_J(h)v)^{})F_I(h)v`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}{\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{I_0𝒜(h)}{}}D((F_J(h)v)^{})A(F_{I_0}(h))\tau (P_{I_0}(F(h),\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})(F_J(h)v)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}z_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}{\displaystyle \underset{JP(\nu _0,n)}{}}D((F_J(h)v)^{})(𝔹_{\omega [h]}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )(F_J(h)v)).`$
We have applied equality (41), Lemma 9.7, Lemma 9.8, contraction of the summation by $`I`$, and Theorem 7.1 consequtively.

Lemma 9.1 asserts that $`D((F_J(h)v)^{})=\varphi (J,h)`$. Since $`\lambda =\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu `$ and $`K_h(z,\lambda )=_{j=1}^nz_j^{(\omega _h^{})^{(j)}}𝔹_{\omega [h]}(\lambda )`$ we have

(44)
$$[\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_j^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j,\omega _h^{})}\underset{d=1}{\overset{m_h}{}}(t_h^{(d)})^1]\varphi (z,t)K_h(z,\lambda )\varphi (z,t),$$

which is equivalent to the statement of the theorem for a hypergeometric solution $`v(z,\lambda )`$ with values in a tensor product of Verma modules. The statement of the theorem for a hypergeometric solution with values in a tensor product of any highest weight $`sl_N`$-modules follows from the functorial properties of the operator $`K_h`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 10. APPENDIX A: Matsuo’s hypergeometric solutions of the KZ equations for $`sl_N`$

A construction in \[Ma\] gives hypergeometric solutions of the rational KZ equations in a tensor product of lowest weight $`sl_N`$ modules. We modify that procedure to a construction of solutions of the rational KZ equations in a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_N`$ modules, cf. \[SV\].

Adopt the notation from Section 4. We have defined a function $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:_z^{}^{n+1}\times _t^m`$, integration cycles $`\gamma (z^{})`$ and rational functions $`\{\varphi _I\}_{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}`$.

Order the basis $`\{e_{N1,N},\mathrm{},e_{1,2}\}`$ of the Lie subalgebra $`𝐧_+`$ by $`e_{k,l}e_{k^{},l^{}}`$ if and only if $`\alpha _{k,l}\alpha _{k^{},l^{}}`$. The corresponding PBW-basis of $`U(𝐧_+)`$ is

$$\left\{E_{I_0}=\frac{e_{N1,N}^{i_{N,N1}}}{i_{N,N1}!}\mathrm{}\frac{e_{1,2}^{i_{2,1}}}{i_{2,1}!}\right\}.$$

The index $`I_0=(i_{l,k})_{l>k}`$ runs over all sequences of non-negative integers.

Let $`W^{}=W_1\mathrm{}W_{n+1}`$, where $`W_j`$ is a lowest weight $`sl_N`$ module of lowest weights $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ with lowest weight vector $`w_j`$. Fix a weight subspace $`W^{}[\nu ^{}]W^{}`$, where $`\nu ^{}=_{j=1}^{n+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }_j_{i=1}^{N1}m_i\alpha _i`$ as in Section 4.

To every $`IP(\nu _0,n+1)`$, associate a vector $`E_Iw=E_{I_1}w_1\mathrm{}E_{I_{n+1}}w_{n+1}`$.

###### Theorem 10.1 (Theorem 2.4 in \[Ma\]).

The function

$$w(z^{})=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{1/k}(\underset{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}{}\varphi _IE_Iw)𝑑t$$

takes values in the subspace of singular vectors of $`W^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ and satisfies the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$.

#### From lowest weight modules to highest weight modules.

Recall that $`\tau `$ denotes the Chevalley involution. We have $`\tau (e_{k,l})=e_{l,k}`$ for any $`1lkN`$.

Let $`\lambda 𝐡`$, and let $`V_\lambda `$ be the highest weight Verma module of highest weight $`\lambda `$ with highest weight vector $`v_\lambda `$, and let $`W_\lambda `$ be the associated lowest weight Verma module of lowest weight $`\lambda `$ with lowest weight vector $`w_\lambda `$. The following proposition is well known.

###### Proposition 10.2.

The Chevalley involution defines an isomorphism of Verma modules $`W_\lambda V_\lambda `$ for generic $`\lambda 𝐡`$. Namely, for all $`xU(𝐧_+)`$ we have $`xw_\lambda \tau (x)v_\lambda `$. This isomorphism induces an isomorphism from any lowest weight $`sl_N`$ module to the corresponding highest weight $`sl_N`$ module.

Assume that $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_j)_{j=1}^{n+1}`$ are generic. Let $`V^{}=V_1\mathrm{}V_{n+1}`$, where $`V_j`$ is a highest weight module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j`$ and highest weight vector $`v_j`$, corresponding to $`W_j`$ under the isomorphism of Proposition 10.2. Notice that $`\tau (E_J)=F_J`$ for every set of positive integers $`J=(j_{l,k})_{k<l}`$. Thus, $`_{IP(\nu _0,n+1)}\varphi _IE_Iw\varphi ^{}`$. Theorem 10.1 and Proposition 10.2 imply the following corollary.

###### Corollary 10.3.

The function

$$u(z^{})=_{\gamma (z^{})}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z^{},t)^{1/k}\varphi ^{}(z^{},t)𝑑t$$

takes values in the subspace of all singular vectors of $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ and satisfies the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$.

## 11. APPENDIX B: Proof of Proposition 2.1

Recall the statement of Proposition 2.1.
Fix a weight subspace $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]V^{}`$, $`\nu ^{}=_{j=1}^{n+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }_j\nu _0`$, where $`\nu _0Q_+`$. Let $`u:^{n+1}V^{}`$ be a solution of the rational KZ equations with parameter $`\kappa `$ taking values in the subspace of $`V^{}[\nu ^{}]`$ consisting of all singular vectors. Set $`\nu =_{j=1}^n\mathrm{\Lambda }_j\nu _0`$.

Then $`v(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)=u(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0)|v_{n+1}^{}_{i=1}^nz_i^{\frac{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho )}{2\kappa }}`$ is a solution of the trigonometric KZ equations with values in the weight subspace $`V[\nu ]V`$ with parameter $`\lambda =\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu 𝐡`$ and the same parameter $`\kappa `$.

Proof. Set $`u_0=u(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,0)`$. The function $`u_0`$ satisfies the system of equations $`_i(\kappa ,\lambda )u_0=0`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Rewrite this equations separating the input of the $`(n+1)^{st}`$ point in the sum:

(45)
$$\kappa \frac{u_0}{z_i}=\left(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^{(ij)}}{z_iz_j}+\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,n+1)}}{z_i}\right)u_0.$$

Multiply equation (45) by $`z_i`$ and rearrange it using $`{\displaystyle \frac{z_i\mathrm{\Omega }^{(ij)}}{z_iz_j}}=r(z_i/z_j)^{(ij)}+(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}`$ to obtain

$$\kappa z_i\frac{u_0}{z_i}=\left(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}\left(r(z_i/z_j)^{(ij)}+(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}\right)+\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,n+1)}\right)u_0.$$

Set $`v^{}=u_0|v_{n+1}^{}`$. For all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, we have $`e_\alpha ^{(i)}v^{}=(e_\alpha ^{(i)}u_0)|v_{n+1}^{}`$. $`e_\alpha ^{(i)}v^{}=(e_\alpha ^{(i)}u_0)|v_{n+1}^{}`$. This implies

(46)
$$\kappa z_i\frac{v^{}}{z_i}=(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}r(z_i/z_j)^{(ij)})v^{}+(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}v^{}+(\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}).$$

Now we claim that

(47)
$$(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu \frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho ))^{(i)}v^{}=\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}v^{}+(\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}).$$

First write

(48)
$$(\mathrm{\Omega }^{(i,n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=(\underset{k}{}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(n+1)}u_0)|v_{n+1}^{}+\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)}+e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}.$$

The coupling $`|v_{n+1}^{}`$ allows us to compute the first summand explicitly

(49)
$$(\underset{k}{}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(n+1)}u_0)|v_{n+1}^{}=\underset{k}{}(x_k,\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1})x_k^{(i)}u_0)|v_{n+1}^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}^{(i)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}^{(i)}v^{}.$$

Obviously $`(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=0`$.

Since $`u_0`$ is a singular vector we have $`e_\alpha u_0=0`$. Equivalently, $`e_\alpha ^{(n+1)}u_0=_{j=1}^ne_\alpha ^{(j)}u_0`$. Therefore

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}e_\alpha ^{(i)}({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}e_\alpha ^{(j)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}}e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(j)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(i)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}}(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}`$
(50) $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(i)}+{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}}e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(i)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(j)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}.`$
Since $`u_0V[\nu ]`$ we have

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{k}{}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(j)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=\underset{k}{}(x_k,\nu )x_k^{(i)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=\nu ^{(i)}u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=\nu ^{(i)}v^{}.$$

Let $`CU(𝐠)`$ be the Casimir element. Since $`e_\alpha e_\alpha =h_\alpha +e_\alpha e_\alpha `$ we have

$$(\frac{1}{2}\underset{k}{}x_k^{(i)}x_k^{(i)}+\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(i)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=\frac{1}{2}C^{(i)}v^{}+\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}h_\alpha ^{(i)}v^{}=\frac{1}{2}C^{(i)}v^{}+\rho ^{(i)}v^{}.$$

We have $`C^{(i)}v^{}=(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho )v^{}`$. Rewrite (50) as

(51)
$$\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }_+}{}(e_\alpha ^{(i)}e_\alpha ^{(n+1)})u_0|v_{n+1}^{}=(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^{(ij)}\frac{1}{2}C^{(i)}+\rho ^{(i)}+\frac{1}{2}\nu ^{(i)})v^{}.$$

Combine (51), (49) and (48) to obtain claim (47). Equation (46) for $`v^{}`$ becomes

(52)
$$\kappa z_i\frac{v^{}}{z_i}=\left(\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{n}{}}r(z_i/z_j)^{(ij)}+(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{n+1}+\rho +\frac{1}{2}\nu )^{(i)}\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho )\right)v^{}.$$

Finally, $`v=v^{}_{i=1}^nz_i^{\frac{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_i+2\rho )}{2\kappa }}`$, and equation (52) implies the proposition. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 12. APPENDIX C: Formulae for $`sl_3`$.

Let $`M_\lambda `$ be the $`sl_3`$ Verma module with highest weight $`\lambda 𝐡`$ and highest weight vector $`v_\lambda `$. Let $`V`$ be a tensor product of highest weight $`sl_3`$-modules.

Set $`(\lambda ,\alpha _j)=\lambda _j`$, for $`j=1,2`$, $`p_k(t)=t(t1)\mathrm{}(tk+1)[t]`$ for any $`k`$.

Formulae for the dynamical operators $`𝔹_{\omega [1],V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _1}(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔹_{\omega [2],V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _2}(\lambda )`$ are given in Section 7.

Let $`\omega _0`$ be the longest element of the Weyl group. It has two reduced presentations, $`\omega _0=s_1s_2s_1=s_2s_1s_2`$, which imply two presentations for the operator $`𝔹_{\omega _0,V}`$,
$`𝔹_{\omega _0,V}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _1}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _2}(\lambda )=𝔹^{\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}(\lambda )𝔹^{\alpha _1}(\lambda )`$. For any $`vV[\nu ]`$, direct computation gives

$`𝔹_{\omega _0,V}(\lambda +\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\nu )v`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^mB_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{21}^{am}e_{31}^me_{32}^{bm}e_{12}^{ak}e_{13}^ke_{23}^{bk}v`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^mB_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{32}^{bk}e_{31}^ke_{21}^{ak}e_{23}^{bm}e_{13}^me_{12}^{am}v,`$
where, for any four non-negative integers $`a,b,m,k`$, such that $`\mathrm{max}(m,k)\mathrm{min}(a,b)`$, $`B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )`$ is a complex-valued function depending on $`\lambda 𝐡`$ defined by

$$B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )=\frac{1}{m!k!p_{am}(\lambda _1)p_{bk}(\lambda _2)}\underset{l=\mathrm{max}(m,k)}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}\frac{(1)^ll!}{(al)!(bl)!(lk)!(lm)!p_l(\lambda _1+\lambda _1+1)}.$$

The shifted universal fusion matrix is

$`J_+(\lambda )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^{a+b}B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{32}^{bm}e_{31}^me_{21}^{am}e_{12}^{ak}e_{13}^ke_{23}^{bk}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^{a+b+m+k}B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{21}^{ak}e_{31}^ke_{32}^{bk}e_{23}^{bm}e_{13}^me_{12}^{am}.`$
The inverse to the Shapovalov form as an element of $`M_\lambda \widehat{}M_\lambda `$ is

$`S_\lambda ^1`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^kB_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{32}^{bm}e_{31}^me_{21}^{am}v_\lambda e_{21}^{ak}e_{31}^ke_{32}^{bk}v_\lambda `$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^kB_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{21}^{ak}e_{31}^ke_{32}^{bk}v_\lambda e_{32}^{bm}e_{31}^me_{21}^{am}v_\lambda .`$
Finaly, given $`vV`$, there is a unique singular vector, $`sing(v_\lambda v)`$, in $`M_\lambda V`$ of the form $`sing(v_\lambda v)=v_\lambda v+\{\text{lower order terms}\}`$. In \[ESt\] the vector $`sing(v_\lambda v)`$ is given in terms of the inverse of the Shapovalov form. As a corollary we get

$`sing(v_\lambda v)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^{a+b}B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{32}^{bm}e_{31}^me_{21}^{am}v_\lambda e_{12}^{ak}e_{13}^ke_{23}^{bk}v`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a,b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(a,b)}{}}}(1)^{a+b+m+k}B_{m,k}^{a,b}(\lambda )e_{21}^{ak}e_{31}^ke_{32}^{bk}v_\lambda e_{23}^{bm}e_{13}^me_{12}^{am}v.`$