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# Spin-Peierls transition with strong structural fluctuations in the vanadium oxide VOSb2O4

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## Abstract

We report on the magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance measurements on polycrystalline samples of the vanadium oxide VOSb2O4, a quasi-one dimensional S=1/2 Heisenberg system. We show that the susceptibility vanishes at zero temperature, as in a gapped system, and we argue that this is due to a spin-Peierls transition with strong structural fluctuations.

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Although the study of the spin-Peierls (SP) transition in $`S=1/2`$ antiferromagnetic (AF) Heisenberg chains has started a long time ago with the discovery of the first SP transition in the organic system TTFCuBDT in 1975, a major breakthrough in the field was the discovery in 1993 by Hase et al. of the first inorganic system exhibiting a SP transition, namely CuGeO3. The possibility to grow large single crystals has led to a very intensive experimental activity, and the understanding of the properties of such systems, in particular in strong magnetic fields, has been dramatically improved.

However CuGeO3 is representative of only one class of spin-Peierls systems, namely systems in which structural fluctuations are to a certain extent negligible. In such systems, the dimerization of the lattice is very brutal, and the susceptibility exhibits a characteristic cusp at the transition temperature. The irrelevance of structural fluctuations in a 1D system is very surprising, and the first theories actually predicted a strongly fluctuating regime above the transition. This discrepancy was resolved by Cross and Fisher, who showed that an appropriate treatment of 3D phonons can lead to a significant suppression of fluctuations.

The study of fluctuations in spin-Peierls systems has recently restarted however with the careful analysis of the spin-Peierls transition in the organic system (BCPTTF)2X by Dumoulin et al. in 1996 who convincingly showed the presence of very strong structural fluctuations above the spin-Peierls transition. Judging from the impact of CuGeO3 on the field, the search for inorganic systems with similar properties is a real challenge. However the inorganic spin 1/2 chains synthetized so far do not seem to fill this gap. Most of them just do not show any sign of a SP instability, like Sr2CuO3 or MgVO3, while the transition observed in NaV2O5 is very abrupt and is now believed to involve charge degrees of freedom as well.

In this paper we report on the magnetic properties of a vanadium oxide, VOSb2O4, which we believe is the first example of an inorganic system that undergoes a SP transition with very strong fluctuation effects. This system is made of almost isolated chains of VO5 pyramids. According to Darriet, Bovin and Galy  VOSb2O4 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group $`C2/c`$, with the unit cell dimensions $`a`$=18.03 Å, $`b`$=4.800 Å, $`c`$=5.497 Å, $`\beta `$=94.58 (Z=4). The vanadium atoms are fivefold coordinated in a slightly distorted square pyramids with one characteristic short vanadyl bond V-O close to 1.59 Å towards its apex and 2$`\times `$2 longer bonds at 1.91 and 2.04 Å with the oxygens of the square base. Along the  direction the apices of the VO5 pyramids alternately point up and down relative to a plane of the square base (see Fig. 1(a)). The smallest in-chain V-V distance is approximately 3.01 Å. The distances between the chains are 4.80 and 18.03 Å for the  and the  direction, respectively. Thus from a magnetic point of view, the VOSb2O4 structure can be viewed as infinite isolated chains of V4+ ions running along the  direction. The antimony atoms exhibit the typical one-sided threefold coordination of the oxygen atoms having a stereoactive lone pair $`E`$  (see Fig. 1(b)).

Polycrystalline samples of VOSb2O4 having a light-green color were synthesized by solid-state reaction . ESR X-band spectra were collected using a Bruker ESP300 spectrometer equipped with a standard TE102 cavity and a continuous helium flow cryostat that allows temperature scans between 4 and 300 K. The temperature and the field variation of the magnetization was measured with a Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer from 300 to 1.8 K in fields up to 4 T.

The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility $`\chi _{raw}(T)`$ of a 100 mg polycrystalline sample of VOSb2O4 in a field of 2 T is shown in Fig. 2. Below room temperature, when the temperature is lowered, $`\chi (T)`$ passes through a broad maximum at $`T_{\mathrm{max}}160`$ K, which is typical of a $`S=1/2`$ Heisenberg chain with $`J/k250`$ K. However, on further cooling the sample, there is a rapid decrease which starts around $`40`$ K, and the slope exhibits a clear maximum at $`T_{sp}=13`$ K. Finally, there is a minimum at $`10`$ K followed by an increase of the susceptibility indicating the presence of magnetic impurities. The drop that starts around $`40`$ K is reminiscent of a SP transition, but there is a dramatic difference with CuGeO3: there is no cusp in the susceptibility around the temperature where it becomes much smaller than the Bonner-Fisher prediction. On the contrary, the susceptibility drops rapidly but smoothly below $`35`$ K, very much like in (BCPTTF)2X.

Before we can start discussing the physical origin of this unusual behaviour, the first thing we must check is whether the susceptibility indeed goes to zero at zero temperature, as in a SP transition. Let us first study in more details the impurity contribution. To characterize more quantitatively this impurity contribution $`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ to $`\chi _{raw}(T)`$, particularly with an idea to separate it from the intrinsic susceptibility of the VOSb2O4 phase, which we will call $`\chi _{cor}(T),`$we have carried out magnetization measurements vs. $`H`$ at various fixed temperatures from $`80`$ K to $`1.8`$ K. The results are shown in Fig. 3. An important information about $`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ is contained in the low temperature nonlinear dependence of $`M_{imp}(H,T)`$ when $`\mu H>kT`$. Therefore we have to examine the data in Fig. 3 using the following equation $`M(H,T)=M_{imp}(H,T)+\chi _{cor}(T)H,`$ where $`M_{imp}(H,T)`$ is expressed in a standard way as $`M_{imp}(H,T)`$=$`p_{imp}N_Ag\mu _BSB_S(g\mu _BSH/kT)`$, $`B_S`$ is the Brillioun function, $`S`$ is an impurity spin value and $`p_{imp}`$ defines the relative impurity concentration. The results of a fit of the experimental data with this equation are shown in Fig. 3 as solid lines. The following parameters $`S=1/2`$, $`p_{imp}`$=0.00573(5) were extracted ( $`g`$=1.975 was fixed in the fit procedure) together with the AF Curie-Weiss constant $`\theta 0.6`$ K obtained from the low-$`T`$ dependence of $`\chi _{raw}^1(T)`$. We are now in a position to correct $`\chi _{raw}(T)`$ for the impurity contribution. In Fig. 2 $`\chi _{imp}(T)=`$$`p_{imp}C/(T+\theta )`$ ($`C=0.366`$ cm$`{}_{}{}^{3}`$K/mol) is plotted (dashed line) along with the $`\chi _{cor}(T)=`$$`\chi _{raw}(T)\chi _{imp}(T)`$. This behaviour is consistent with a zero contribution to the spin susceptibility $`\chi _{spin}(T)=\chi _{cor}(T)\chi _0`$ at zero temperature if the sum of the diamagnetic and Van Vleck contributions $`\chi _0`$ is equal to $`\chi _{cor}(T=0)`$. While the diamagnetic contribution can be estimated from standard tables ($`\chi _{dia}1.01\times 10^4`$cm$`{}_{}{}^{3}/`$mol ), an unbiased estimate of the Van Vleck susceptibility would require susceptibility data at temperatures much larger than the typical exchange integrals, a regime which is not accessible.

To go around this difficulty, we have performed extensive ESR measurements. A representative series of X-band ESR spectra recorded from $`320`$ to $`7.3`$ K on a polycrystalline sample (12 mg) is presented in Fig. 4(a). We note the axial symmetry of the obtained spectra, especially apparent at $`T=20`$ K, reflecting the axial symmetry of the crystal field acting on V4+ ions in the fivefold pyramidal environment. The computer spectra simulations over the temperature range 13 - 320 K give two $`T`$-independent $`g`$-factors: $`g_{}`$=1.978, $`g_{}`$=1.930 with the average value of $`1.962\pm 0.002`$ already reported for low-dimensional vanadates . At low $`T`$ it is found that the measured spectra contain an additional ESR signal. The intensity of this additional signal roughly follows Curie law and the average $`g`$factor is found to be $`1.975\pm 0.005`$. We ascribe this signal to the magnetic impurities which are responsible for the steep increase of the magnetic susceptibility at low temperatures (see above).

To extract information from these ESR spectra, we have proceeded in the following way. Since the ESR is insensitive to the diamagnetic and Van Vleck contributions to the susceptibility, we are able, by double integration of the ESR spectra, to reconstruct the sum $`\chi _{spin}(T)+`$$`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ and then using an appropriate procedure for the substraction of $`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ to restore the $`T`$-dependence of $`\chi _{spin}(T)`$.

In the case of VOSb2O4 the substraction of $`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ is a rather tedious but unambiguous procedure because i) the impurity ESR spectra have quite different line parameters (such as the linewidth, g-factor and the temperature dependence of spectra intensity) as compared to the main spectra; ii) from the magnetization measurements we know the $`T`$evolution of $`\chi _{imp}(T)`$ so, we can use this information to check the correctness of the substraction at each $`T`$. We drop out the technical details of this procedure and postpone them to our forthcoming paper. The $`\chi _{spin}^{ESR}(T)`$ data as extracted from ESR are given in an inset of Fig. 4(b). It is clearly seen that the spin magnetic susceptibility of VOSb2O4 goes to zero in the limit $`T0`$, a result which is qualitatively apparent from the examination of ESR spectra at 20, 13 and 7.3 K in Fig. 4(a). For example, the 7.3 K ESR spectrum is almost for 95% an impurity one. The fact that $`\chi _{spin}(T0)`$$`0`$ clearly evidences that the VOSb2O4 ground state at low temperature is a nonmagnetic singlet $`S=0`$. Note that the temperature dependence is consistent with that deduced from the susceptibility measurements after substraction of the impurity contributions and assuming that the Van Vleck contribution is such that $`\chi _{cor}=0`$ (see inset of Fig. 4(b)).

Another very useful information is contained in the temperature dependence of the line width. As seen from Fig. 4(b), the peak-to-peak linewidth $`\mathrm{\Delta }H_{pp}`$ shows a characteristic V-like temperature dependence (a strong decrease of $`\mathrm{\Delta }H`$ replaced at $`T13`$ K by a rapid increase of $`\mathrm{\Delta }H`$). Such a behaviour has been previously observed in both SP materials NaV2O5 and CuGeO3, the minimum temperature being equal to the SP transition temperature.

Let us now discuss the various possibilities to explain this behaviour. Assuming that the chains are well isolated magnetically, which is very reasonable given the geometry, we can think of only two possibilities to explain a vanishing susceptibility, hence the presence of a spin gap, at zero temperature: Frustration or dimerization due to a SP transition. Let us analyze both possibilities.

Frustration: It is well known that a coupling $`J_2`$ to second neighbours can lead to a spin gap if its ratio to the first-neighbour coupling $`J_1`$ is larger than 0.24. However the presence of a significant coupling between second neighbours will not just open a gap at low temperature, but will modify the temperature dependence of the susceptibility at high temperature as well. We have thus tried to fit $`\chi _{spin}(T)`$ with a significant value of $`J_2`$. The resulting fit is very bad, and much worse actually than without $`J_2`$ between 40 K and 300 K. So this possibility seems unlikely. Besides, if we compare with MgVO3, another quasi-1D vanadium oxide which does not show any anomaly at low temperature, the chains have the same structure. But the magnetic measurements performed on MgVO3 show no indication whatsoever of intra-chain frustration. So it seems more plausible that the difference between the magnetic properties of these systems comes from the interaction between the chains. In fact, the chains are further apart in VOSb2O4 than in MgVO3, especially in the $`a`$ direction, where most of the residual coupling is believed to occur in MgVO3. So it is not surprising that typical 1D effects show up in VOSb2O4 and not in MgVO3.

Dimerization due to SP transition: In principle, a $`S=1/2`$ chain is always unstable towards dimerization, but the transition temperature can be strongly reduced due to fluctuations of the lattice, especially if the system is very one-dimensional. In the present case, a good fit of the high-temperature susceptibility with the susceptibility of the S=1/2 chain  is possible (see Fig. 2), although with an effective $`g`$-factor smaller than the actual one measured in ESR. This discrepancy is actually ubiquitous in V4+ vanadates, whose properties are quite well understood otherwise, and it seems legitimate not to worry too much about it. It might come from different factors ranging from a poor determination of the weight due to the absorption of water by the sample to the presence of some non-magnetic impurity phase.

The next question is whether we do have a SP transition. From the susceptibility measurements alone, it is not possible to conclude. But if there is a transition, it seems likely that it does not take place at the onset of the drop, like in CuGeO3, but at the temperature where the derivative of the susceptibility is maximal, i.e. 13 K. This scenario is actually favoured by ESR measurements since the line-width changes dramatically at the same temperature. However, clear signatures of the transitions, like new Bragg peaks or new phonons lines below 13 K, are not available yet.

If on the contrary the system remains fluctuating with a pseudo-gap down to zero temperature, as in the Lee-Rice-Anderson theory of the Peierls transition in metallic systems , the susceptibility is expected to decrease smoothly to zero. This would be consistent with our data. The behaviour of the line-width under such circumstances is not known however, and more work is needed to check whether our data can exclude this possibility.

To summarize, we have presented clear evidence that a spin gap opens in the quasi-1D vanadium oxide VOSb2O4 from susceptibility, magnetization and ESR data. The overall behaviour strongly suggests that this is due to the inherent SP instability of this spin 1/2 chain, but with very strong fluctuations. Given the lack of inorganic materials exhibiting this physics so far, the properties of this system are likely to attract a lot of attention in the future.


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# Discrete dynamical systems associated with root systems of indefinite type

## 1 Introduction

The singularity confinement method has been proposed by Grammaticos et al.  as a criterion for the integrability of (finite or infinite dimensional) discrete dynamical systems. The singularity confinement method demands that when singularities appear due to particular initial values such singularities should disappear after a finite number of iteration steps, in which case the information on the initial values ought to be recovered (hence the dynamical system has to be invertible).

However “counter examples” were found by Hietarinta and Viallet . These mappings satisfy the singularity confinement criterion but the orbits of their solutions exhibit chaotic behavior. The authors of  introduced the notion of algebraic entropy in order to test the degree of complexity of successive iterations. The algebraic entropy is defined as $`s:=lim_n\mathrm{}\mathrm{log}(d_n)/n`$ where $`d_n`$ is the degree of the $`n`$th iterate. This notion is linked to Arnold’s complexity since the degree of a mapping gives the intersection number of the image of a line and a hyperplane. While the degree grows exponentially for a generic mapping, it was shown that it only grows polynomially for a large class of integrable mappings .

The discrete Painlevé equations have been extensively studied . Recently it was shown by Sakai  that all of (from the point of view of symmetries) these are obtained by studying rational surfaces in connection with the extended affine Weyl groups.

Surfaces obtained by successive blow-ups  of $`^2`$ or $`^1\times ^1`$ have been studied by several authors by means of connections between the Weyl groups and the groups of Cremona isometries on the Picard group of the surfaces . Here, the Picard group of a rational surface $`X`$ is the group of isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves on $`X`$ and it is isomorphic to the group of linear equivalent classes of divisors on $`X`$. A Cremona isometry is an isomorphism of the Picard group such that a) it preserves the intersection number of any pair of divisors, b) it preserves the canonical divisor $`K_X`$ and c) it leaves the set of effective classes of divisors invariant. In the case where $`9`$ points (in the case of $`^2`$, $`8`$ points in the case of $`^1\times ^1`$) are blown up, if the points are in general position the group of Cremona isometries becomes isomorphic with an extension of the Weyl group of type $`E_8^{(1)}`$. In case the $`9`$ points are not in general position, the classification of connections between the group of Cremona isometries and the extended affine Weyl groups was first studied by Looijenga  and more generally by Sakai. Birational (bi-meromorphic) mappings on $`^2`$ (or $`^1\times ^1`$) are obtained by interchanging the procedure of blow downs. Discrete Painlevé equations are recovered as the birational mappings corresponding to the translations of affine Weyl groups. It was shown that for every Painlevé equation in Sakai’s list the order of the $`n`$th iterate is at most $`O(n^2)`$ .

Our aim in this paper is to characterize some birational mappings which satisfy the singularity confinement criterion but exhibit chaotic behavior from the point of view of the theory of rational surfaces. Considering one such mapping and the space of its initial values, we obtain a rational surface associated with some root system of hyperbolic type. Conversely, we recover the mapping from the surface and consequently obtain the extension of the mapping to its non-autonomous version. It is important to remark that this method also allows the construction of other mappings starting from suitable rational surfaces. We also show some other examples of such constructions.

In Section 2, we start from one of the mappings found by Hietarinta and Viallet (we call it the HV eq. in this paper) and construct the space such that the mappings is lifted to an automorphism, i.e. bi-holomorphic mapping, of the surface. The mapping $`\phi ^{}`$ is called a mapping lifted from the mapping $`\phi `$ if $`\phi ^{}`$ coincides with $`\phi `$ on any point where $`\phi `$ is defined. For this purpose we compactify the original space of initial values, $`^2`$, to $`^1\times ^1`$ and blow-up $`14`$ times.

In Section 3, we study the symmetry of the space of initial values. We show that the group of all the Cremona isometries of the Picard group of the surface is isomorphic to an extended Weyl group of hyperbolic type. As a corollary, we prove that there does not exist any Cremona isometry whose action on the Picard group commutes with the action of the HV eq. except the action itself.

In Section 4, we show a method to recover the HV eq. from the surface as an element of the extended Weyl group. Each element of the extended Weyl group which acts on the Picard group as a Cremona isometry, is realized as a Cremona transformation (i.e. a birational mapping) on $`^1\times ^1`$ by interchanging the blow down structure. Here, a blow down structure is the sequence designating the procedure of blow downs. As a result of this we obtain the non-autonomous version of the equation.

In Section 5, we discuss the construction of other mappings from certain rational surfaces and show some examples which are associated with root systems of indefinite type.

## 2 Construction of the space of initial values by blow-ups

We consider the dynamical system written by the birational (bi-meromorphic) mapping

$`\phi :`$ $`^2`$ $`^2`$ (7)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}x_n\\ y_n\end{array}\right)`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{c}x_{n+1}\\ y_{n+1}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}y_n\\ x_n+y_n+a/y_n^2\end{array}\right)`$
where $`a`$ is a nonzero constant. This equation was found by Hietarinta and Viallet  and we call it the HV eq.. To test the singularity confinement, let us assume $`x_00`$ and $`y_0=ϵ`$ where $`|ϵ|1`$. With these initial values we obtain the sequence:

$`\begin{array}{ccc}x_0\hfill & =\hfill & x_0\hfill \\ x_1=y_0\hfill & =\hfill & ϵ\hfill \\ x_2=y_1\hfill & =\hfill & aϵ^2x_0+ϵ\hfill \\ x_3=y_2\hfill & =\hfill & aϵ^2x_0+a^1ϵ^4+O(ϵ^6)\hfill \\ x_4=y_3\hfill & =\hfill & ϵ+2a^1ϵ^4+4x_0a^2ϵ^6+O(ϵ^7)\hfill \\ x_5=y_4\hfill & =\hfill & x_0+3ϵ+O(ϵ^2)\hfill \\ x_6=y_5\hfill & =\hfill & (ax_0^2+x_0)+O(ϵ)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{}\hfill & .\hfill \end{array}`$
In this sequence singularities appear at $`n=1`$ as $`ϵ0`$ and disappear at $`n=4`$ and the information on the initial values is hidden in the coefficients of higher degree $`ϵ`$. However, taking suitable rational functions of $`x_n`$ and $`y_n`$ we can find the information of the initial values as finite values. The fact that the leading orders of $`(x_1^2y_1a)y_1,(x_2^3(y_2/x_21)^2a)x_2`$ and $`(x_3y_3^2a)x_3`$ become $`ax_0,ax_0`$ and $`ax_0`$ actually suggests that the HV eq. can be lifted to an automorphism of a suitable rational surface (although these rational functions are of course not uniquely determined).

Let us consider the HV eq. $`\phi `$ to be a mapping from the complex projective space $`^1()\times ^1()`$ (= $`^1\times ^1`$) to itself. We use the terminology space of initial values as follows (analogous to the space of initial values of Painlevé equations introduced by Okamoto).

Definition. A sequence of algebraic varieties $`X_i`$ is (or $`X_i`$ themselves are) called the space of initial values for the sequence of rational mappings $`\phi _i`$, if each $`\phi _i`$ is lifted to an isomorphism from $`X_i`$ to $`X_{i+1}`$, for all $`i`$.

Our aim in this section is to construct the surface $`X`$ by blow-ups $`^1\times ^1`$ such that $`\phi `$ is lifted to an automorphism of $`X`$, where the mapping $`\phi ^{}`$ is called a mapping lifted from the mapping $`\phi `$ if $`\phi ^{}`$ coinsides with $`\phi `$ on any point where $`\phi `$ is defined.

### 2.1 Regular mapping from $`Y_1`$ to $`^1\times ^1`$

Let the coordinates of $`^1\times ^1`$ be $`(x,y),(x,1/y),(1/x,y)`$ and $`(1/x,1/y)`$ and let $`x=\mathrm{}`$ denote $`1/x=0`$. We denote the HV eq. as

$`\phi `$ $`:`$ $`(x,y)(\overline{x},\overline{y})=(y,x+y+a/y^2)`$ (9)
where $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})`$ means the image of $`(x,y)`$ by the mapping. This mapping has two indeterminate points: $`(x,y)=(\mathrm{},0),(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})`$. By blowing up at these points we can ease the indeterminacy.

We denote blowing up at $`(x,y)=(x_0,y_0)^2`$:

$`\{(x,y):x,y\}`$
$`\stackrel{\mu _{(x_0,y_0)}}{}`$ $`\{(xx_0,yy_0;\zeta _1:\zeta _2)|x,y,\zeta _1,\zeta _2`$
by

$`(x,y)(xx_0,(yy_0)/(xx_0))((xx_0)/(yy_0),yy_0).`$ (10)
In this way, blowing up at $`(x,y)=(x_0,y_0)`$ gives meaning to $`(xx_0)/(yy_0)`$ at this point.

First we blow-up at $`(x,y)=(\mathrm{},0)`$, $`(1/x,y)(1/x,xy)(1/xy,y)`$ and denote the obtained surface by $`Y_0`$. Then $`\phi `$ is lifted to a rational mapping from $`Y_0`$ to $`^1\times ^1`$. For example, in the new coordinates $`\phi `$ is expressed as

$`(u_1,v_1):=(1/x,xy)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})=(u_1v_1,(u_1v_1^2+u_1^3v_1^3+a)/(u_1^2v_1^2))`$
$`(u_2,v_2):=(1/xy,y)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})=(v_2,(v_2+u_2v_2^3+au_2)/(u_2v_2^2))`$
This maps the exceptional curve at $`(x,y)=(\mathrm{},0)`$ , i.e.$`u_1=0`$ and $`v_2=0`$, almost to $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})=(\mathrm{},0)`$ but has an indeterminate point on the exceptional curve: $`(u_2,v_2)=(0,0).`$ Hence we have to blow-up again at this point. In general it is known that, if there is a rational mapping $`XX^{}`$ where $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are smooth projective algebraic varieties, the procedure of blowing up can be completed in a finite number of steps, after which one obtains a smooth projective algebraic variety $`Y`$ such that the rational mapping is lifted to a regular mapping from $`Y`$ to $`X^{}`$ (theorem of the elimination of indeterminacy ).

Here we obtain the surface $`Y_1`$ defined by the following sequence of blow-ups. (For simplicity we take only one coordinate of (10).)

$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _1}{\overset{(\mathrm{},0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},y)\underset{\mu _2}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},xy^2)`$
$`\underset{\mu _3}{\overset{(0,a)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},xy(xy^2a))\underset{\mu _4}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},x^2y^2(xy^2a))`$
$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _9}{\overset{(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}})\underset{\mu _{10}}{\overset{(0,1)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1))`$
where $`\mu _i`$ denotes the $`i`$th blow-up. Of course the above sequence is not unique since there is freedom in choosing the coordinates.

### 2.2 Automorphism of $`X`$

We have obtained a mapping from $`Y_1`$ to $`^1\times ^1`$ which is lifted from $`\phi `$. But our aim is to construct a rational surface $`X`$ such that $`\phi `$ is lifted to an automorphism of $`X`$.

First we construct the rational surface $`Y_2`$ such that $`\phi `$ is lifted to a regular mapping from $`Y_2`$ to $`Y_1.`$ For this purpose it is sufficient to eliminate the indeterminacy of mapping from $`Y_1`$ to $`Y_1`$. Consequently we obtain $`Y_2`$ defined by the following sequence of blow-ups.

$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1))`$ $`\underset{\mu _{11}}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2(x/y1)}},x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1))`$
$`\underset{\mu _{12}}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2(x/y1)}},x^3({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)^2)`$
$`\underset{\mu _{13}}{\overset{(0,a)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2(x/y1)}},x^2({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)(x^3({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)^2a))`$
$`\underset{\mu _{14}}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2(x/y1)}},x^4({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)^2(x^3({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)^2a))`$
Next eliminating the indeterminacy of mapping from $`Y_2`$ to $`Y_2`$, we obtain $`Y_3`$ defined by the following sequence of blow-ups.

$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _5}{\overset{\text{at}(0,\mathrm{})}{}}`$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})\underset{\mu _6}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}(x^2y,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})`$
$`\underset{\mu _7}{\overset{(a,0)}{}}`$ $`(xy(x^2ya),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})\underset{\mu _8}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}(x^2y^2(x^2ya),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})`$
It can be shown that the mapping from $`Y_3`$ to $`Y_3`$ which is lifted from $`\phi `$ does not have any indeterminate points.

To show this, let us define the total and proper transforms.

Definition. Let $`S`$ be the set of zero points of $`_{iI}f_i(u,v)=0`$, where $`(u,v)^2`$ and the $`\{f_i\}_{iI}`$ is a finite set of polynomials, and let $`U_1:(u_1,v_1)`$ and $`U_2:(u_2,v_2)`$ the new coordinates of blow-up at the point $`(u,v)=(a,b)`$, i.e. $`(u_1,v_1)=(ua,(vb)/(ua)),`$ $`(u_2,v_2)=((ua)/(vb),vb)`$. The total transform of $`S`$ is

$$\{(u_1,v_1)U_1;f_i(u_1+a,u_1v_1+b)=0\}\{(u_2,v_2)U_2;f_i(u_2v_2+a,v_2+b)=0\}$$

and the proper transform of $`S`$ is

$$\left\{(u_1,v_1)U_1;\frac{f_i(u_1+a,u_1v_1+b)}{u_1^m}=0\right\}\left\{(u_2,v_2)U_2;\frac{f_i(u_2v_2+a,v_2+b)}{v_2^n}=0\right\}$$

where $`m`$ or $`n`$ is the maximum integer simplifying the respective equations for $`u_1`$ or $`v_2`$ respectively.

For example, by blowing up at $`(u,v)=(0,0)`$, the total transform of $`u=0`$ is $`\{(u_1,v_1)U_1;u_1=0\}\{(u_2,v_2)U_2;u_2v_2=0\}`$ and its proper transform is $`\{(u_1,v_1)U_1;1=0\}(=\varphi )\{(u_2,v_2)U_2;u_2=0\}`$.

We denote the total transform of the point of the $`i`$th blow-up by $`E_i`$ and denote the proper transform of the exceptional curves of the $`i`$th blow-up by

$`D_0,D_1,D_2,C_0=E_4,D_3,D_4,D_5,C_1=E_8,D_6,D_{12},D_7,D_8,D_9,C_2=E_{14}.`$ (11)
Moreover we denote the proper transforms of $`x=0`$, $`x=\mathrm{}`$, $`y=0`$, $`y=\mathrm{}`$ as

$`C_3,D_{10},C_4,D_{11}`$ (12)
(See Fig 1.)

The proper transforms of $`C_4,D_0,D_1,D_2`$ and $`C_0`$ are written as

$`C_4:`$ $`(x,y)=(x,0)`$
$`D_0:`$ $`(u_1,v_1)=(u_1,0)`$
$`D_1:`$ $`(u_2,v_2)=(0,v_2)`$
$`D_2:`$ $`(u_3,v_3)=(0,v_3)`$
$`C_0:`$ $`(u_4,v_4)=(0,v_4)`$
where $`u_i`$ and $`v_i`$ are the new coordinate of the $`i`$th blow-up (more precisely, these express the total transforms of curves and we have to write each curve by using the coordinates of the last blow-up but this makes the notation rather complicated) and therefore the relations

$`\begin{array}{cc}x=1/(u_1v_1),\hfill & y=v_1,\hfill \\ u_1=u_2,\hfill & v_1=u_2v_2,\hfill \\ u_2=u_3,\hfill & v_2=u_3v_3+a,\hfill \\ u_3=u_4,\hfill & v_3=u_4v_4\hfill \end{array}`$
hold. The proper transforms of $`C_1,D_5,D_4,D_3`$ and $`C_3`$ are written as

$`C_1:`$ $`(u_8,v_8)=(u_8,0)`$
$`D_5:`$ $`(u_7,v_7)=(u_7,0)`$
$`D_4:`$ $`(u_6,v_6)=(u_6,0)`$
$`D_3:`$ $`(u_5,v_5)=(0,v_5)`$
$`C_3:`$ $`(x,1/y)=(0,1/y)`$
and the relations

$`\begin{array}{cc}u_8=u_7/v_7,\hfill & v_8=v_7,\hfill \\ u_7=(u_6a)/v_6,\hfill & v_7=v_6,\hfill \\ u_6=u_5/v_5,\hfill & v_6=v_5,\hfill \\ u_5=x,\hfill & v_5=1/(xy)\hfill \end{array}`$
hold.

Using these relations one can calculate the images of the curves. For example, in the case of $`C_4`$: From the above relations and (9) we can calculate $`(\overline{u_8},\overline{v_8})`$ using initial values corresponding to $`C_1`$ as

$`(\overline{u_8},\overline{v_8})|_{(x,y)=(x,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`((x+y)(a+y^2(x+y))^2,{\displaystyle \frac{y}{axy^2+y^3}})|_{(x,y)=(x,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a^2x,0)`$
This then implies that the image of $`C_4`$ $`(=\overline{C_4})`$ is $`C_1`$.

Analogously, from the equation

$`(\overline{u_7},\overline{v_7})|_{(u_1,v_1)=(u_1,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{(1+u_1v_1^2)(au_1v_1+u_1v_1^3)}{u_1^2}},{\displaystyle \frac{u_1v_1}{au_1v_1+u_1v_1^3}})|_{(u_1,v_1)=(u_1,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{a}{u_1}},0)`$
which implies $`\overline{D_0}=D_5`$. In this way we can show that

$`\begin{array}{cc}& (D_0,D_1,D_2,D_3,D_4,D_5,D_6,D_7,D_8,D_9,D_{10},D_{11},D_{12},C_0,C_1,C_2,C_4)\hfill \\ \hfill & (D_5,D_4,D_3,D_7,D_8,D_9,D_6,D_0,D_1,D_2,D_{11},D_{12},D_{10},C_3,C_2,C_0,C_1).\hfill \end{array}`$ (17)
It is obvious that this mapping has an inverse (the mapping lifted from $`\phi ^1`$). Hence we obtain the following theorem.

###### THEOREM 1

The HV eq. (7) can be lifted to an automorphism of $`X(=Y_3)`$.

## 3 The Picard group and symmetry

### 3.1 Action on the Picard group

We denote the (linear equivalent classes of) total transform of $`x=\mathrm{constant},`$ (or $`y=\mathrm{constant}`$) on $`X`$ by $`H_0`$ (or $`H_1`$ respectively) and the (linear equivalent classes of) total transform of the point of the $`i`$th blow-up by $`E_i`$. From  we know that the Picard group of $`X`$, Pic($`X`$), is

$$\mathrm{Pic}(X)=H_0+H_1+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_{14}$$

and that the canonical divisor of $`X`$, $`K_X`$, is

$$K_X=2H_02H_1+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_{14}$$

It is also known that the intersection form, i.e. the intersection numbers of pairs of base elements, is

$`H_iH_j=1\delta _{i,j},E_kE_l=\delta _{k,l},H_iE_k=0`$ (18)
where $`\delta _{i,j}`$ is $`1`$ if $`i=j`$ and $`0`$ if $`ij,`$ and the intersection numbers of any pairs of divisors are given by their linear combinations.

Remark. Let $`X`$ be a rational surface. It is known that Pic($`X`$), the group of isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves of $`X`$, is isomorphic to the following groups.
i)The group of linear equivalent classes of divisors on $`X`$.
ii)The group of numerically equivalent classes of divisors on $`X`$, where divisors $`D`$ and $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ are numerically equivalent if and only if for any divisors $`D^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`X`$, $`DD^{\prime \prime }=D^{}D^{\prime \prime }`$ holds.
Hence we identify them in this paper.

The (linear equivalent classes of) prime divisors in (11), (12) as elements of Pic($`X`$) are described as
$`C_0=E_4,C_1=E_8,C_2=E_{14},C_3=H_0E_5,C_4=H_1E_1(1\text{ curve)}`$
$`D_0=E_1E_2,D_1=E_2E_3,D_2=E_3E_4,`$
$`D_3=E_5E_6,D_4=E_6E_7,D_5=E_7E_8,`$
$`D_6=E_9E_{10},D_7=E_{11}E_{12},D_8=E_{12}E_{13},D_9=E_{13}E_{14}(2\text{ curve)}`$
$`D_{10}=H_0E_1E_2E_9,D_{11}=H_1E_5E_6E_9,`$
$`D_{12}=E_{10}E_{11}E_{12}(3\text{ curve)}`$
where by $`n`$ curve we mean a curve whose self-intersection number is $`n`$. See Fig.2.

The anti-canonical divisor $`K_X`$ can be reduced uniquely (see appendix A) to prime divisors as

$`D_0+2D_1+D_2+D_3+2D_4+D_5`$
$`+3D_6+D_7+2D_8+D_9+2D_{10}+2D_{11}+2D_{12}`$ (19)
and the connection of $`D_i`$ are expressed by the following diagram.

(20)
The HV eq.(7) acts on curves as (17). Hence the HV eq. acts on Pic($`X`$) as

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}H_0\\ H_1,E_1,E_2\\ E_3,E_4,E_5,E_6\\ E_7,E_8,E_9,E_{10}\\ E_{11},E_{12},E_{13},E_{14}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}3H_0+H_1E_5E_6E_7E_8E_9E_{10}\\ H_0,H_0E_8,H_0E_7\\ H_0E_6,H_0E_5,E_{11},E_{12}\\ E_{13},E_{14},H_0E_{10},H_0E_9\\ E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4\end{array}\right)`$
(this table means $`\overline{H_0}=3H_0+H_1E_5E_6E_7E_8E_9E_{10},`$ $`\overline{H_1}=H_0,`$ $`\overline{E_1}=H_0E_8`$ and so on) and their linear combinations.

Remark. Let $`\theta `$ be an isomorphism from the rational surface $`X`$ to the rational surface $`X^{}`$. Let $`D`$ be a divisor and $`[D]`$ its class. The class of $`\theta (D)`$ coincides with the class $`\theta ([D])\mathrm{Pic}(X^{})`$ and the action of $`\theta `$ on Pic($`X`$) ($``$ Pic($`X^{}`$)) is linear.

### 3.2 Cremona isometries and the root system

Defnition. An automorphism $`s`$ of Pic($`X`$) is called a Cremona isometry if the following three properties are satisfied:
a) $`s`$ preserves the intersection form in Pic($`X`$);
b) $`s`$ leaves $`K_X`$ fixed;
c) $`s`$ leaves the semigroup of effective classes of divisors invariant.

In general, if a birational mapping can be lifted to an isomorphism from $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$ by blow-ups, its action on the resulting Picard group is always a Cremona isometry. We will show that the group of Cremona isometries is an extended Weyl group of hyperbolic type. In the next section we will show these Cremona isometries can be realized as Cremona transformations, i.e. birational mappings, on $`^1\times ^1`$.

###### LEMMA 1

Let $`s`$ be a Cremona isometry, then
c’) $`s`$ is an automorphism of the diagram(20).

Proof. First we show that for any $`i\{0,1,\mathrm{},12\}`$ there exists $`j\{0,\mathrm{},12\}`$ such that $`D_i=s(D_j)`$. Notice that $`K_X`$ can be uniquely reduced to prime divisors in the form $`K_X=_im_iD_i`$ (see (19)) and the condition b). We have $`s(K_X)=K_X=_im_is(D_i)`$, where all $`s(D_i)`$ are effective divisors due to the condition c) (and moreover $`D_iD_i=s(D_i)s(D_i)`$). By the uniqueness of decomposition of $`K_X`$, we have that for any $`i`$ there exists $`j`$ such that $`D_i=s(D_j)`$ and $`m_i=m_j`$. According to this fact and the condition a) we have the lemma. (Another proof is shown in )

Let us define $`<D_i>`$ and $`<D_i>^{}`$ as

$$<D_i>=\underset{i=0}{\overset{12}{}}D_i$$

and

$$<D_i>^{}=\{\alpha \mathrm{Pic}(X);\alpha D_i=0\text{ for }i=0,1,\mathrm{},12\}.$$

###### LEMMA 2

The Cremona isometry $`s`$ leaves $`<D_i>^{}`$ invariant.

Proof. Let $`\alpha <D_i>^{}`$. By the condition c’) we have that for any $`i\{0,\mathrm{},12\}`$ there exists $`j\{0,\mathrm{},12\}`$ such that $`s(\alpha )D_i=s(\alpha )s(D_j)=\alpha D_j=0`$. It implies $`s(\alpha )<D_i>^{}`$.

In this case $`<D_i>^{}`$ can be written as

$$<D_i>^{}=<\alpha _i>:=\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3$$

where

$`\alpha _1`$ $`=`$ $`2H_1E_1E_2E_3E_4,`$
$`\alpha _2`$ $`=`$ $`2H_0E_5E_6E_7E_8,`$
$`\alpha _3`$ $`=`$ $`2H_0+2H_12E_92E_{10}E_{11}E_{12}E_{13}E_{14}.`$
We consider $`<\alpha _i>`$ with the intersection form to be a root lattice with a symmetric bilinear form. Let us define the transformation $`w_i(i=1,2,3)`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$ as

$`w_i(\alpha )=\alpha 2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _i\alpha }{\alpha _i\alpha _i}}\alpha _i`$ (23)
for $`\alpha <\alpha _i>`$. The transformation $`w_i(\alpha _j)`$ has the form $`w_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _jc_{ij}\alpha _i`$, where $`c_{ij}=2(\alpha _i\alpha _j)/(\alpha _i\alpha _i)`$, and the matrix $`c_{ij}`$ becomes a generalized Cartan matrix. Here, the generalized Cartan matrix and its Dynkin diagram are of the hyperbolic type $`H_{71}^{(3)}`$  as follows:

$`\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2& \hfill 2& \hfill 2\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 2& \hfill 2\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 2& \hfill 2\end{array}\right]`$ and (27)
Hence the group $`W`$ generated by the actions $`w_1,w_2,w_3`$, is a Weyl group of hyperbolic type. The extended (including the full automorphism group of the Dynkin diagram) Weyl group, $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$, is generated by

$`\{w_1,w_2,w_3,\sigma _{12},\sigma _{13}\}`$ (29)
and the fundamental relations:

$`w_i^2=\sigma _{1j}^2=1,(\sigma _{12}\sigma _{13})^3=1,`$
$`\sigma _{12}w_1=w_2\sigma _{12},\sigma _{12}w_2=w_1\sigma _{12},\sigma _{12}w_3=w_3\sigma _{12}`$ (30)
$`\sigma _{13}w_1=w_3\sigma _{13},\sigma _{13}w_2=w_2\sigma _{13},\sigma _{13}w_3=w_1\sigma _{13}`$
where the action of $`\sigma _{12}`$ or $`\sigma _{13}`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$ is defined by the exchange of indices of $`\alpha _i`$; the action of $`\sigma _{1j}`$ and $`w_k`$ on $`\alpha _i`$ can be summarized as follows:

$`\sigma _j(\alpha _i)\text{ and }w_k(\alpha _i)`$
$`\begin{array}{cccccc}& & & & & \\ & \sigma _{12}& \sigma _{13}& w_1& w_2& w_3\\ & & & & & \\ \alpha _1& \alpha _2& \alpha _3& \alpha _1& \alpha _1+2\alpha _2& \alpha _1+2\alpha _3\\ & & & & & \\ \alpha _2& \alpha _1& \alpha _2& \alpha _2+2\alpha _1& \alpha _2& \alpha _2+2\alpha _3\\ & & & & & \\ \alpha _3& \alpha _3& \alpha _1& \alpha _3+2\alpha _1& \alpha _3+2\alpha _2& \alpha _3\end{array}`$ .
Moreover, by the following property we have the fact that the group of Cremona isometries is included in $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}`$.

###### PROPOSITION 1

( §5.10) If the generalized Cartan Matrix $`c_{ij}`$ is a symmetric matrix of finite, affine, or hyperbolic type, then the group of all automorphisms of $`<\alpha _i>`$ preserving the bilinear form is $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}`$.

Remark. If $`s`$ is a Cremona isometry, then $`s`$ can not satisfy the condition c).

Next we consider uniqueness for the extension of action of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ to the action on Pic($`X`$).

###### LEMMA 3

Let $`s`$ and $`s^{}`$ be Cremona isometries such that the action of $`s`$ is identical to the action of $`s^{}`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$, then $`s=s^{}`$ as Cremona isometries, i.e. $`s`$ is identical to $`s^{}`$ as an automorphism of $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$.

Proof. Let $`s`$ and $`s^{}`$ be Cremona isometries such that the actions of $`s`$ is identical to the action of $`s^{}`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$. The actions of $`s^{}s^1`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$ is the identity.

We investigate where the exceptional divisor $`E_4`$ is moved by the action of $`s^{}s^1`$. In $`\{D_i;i=0,\mathrm{},12\}`$, only $`D_2`$ has an intersection with $`E_4`$. By the condition c’), $`s^{}s^1(D_2)`$ is $`D_0,D_2,D_3,D_5,D_7`$ or $`D_9`$ and only $`s^{}s^1(D_2)`$ has an intersection with $`s^{}s^1(E_4)`$ in $`\{s^{}s^1(D_i);i=0,\mathrm{},12\}`$.

i) Assume $`s^{}s^1(D_2)=D_2`$. $`s^{}s^1(E_4)`$ has an intersection only with $`D_2`$ in $`\{D_i;i=0,\mathrm{},12\}`$ (this condition on the coefficients of basis of Pic($`X`$) can be considered to be a system of linear equations of order $`13`$). Then we have the general solution with three integers $`z_1,z_2,z_3`$:

$$s^{}s^1(E_4)=E_4+z_1\alpha _1+z_2\alpha _2+z_3\alpha _3.$$

Multiplying this equation by $`s^{}s^1(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$, we have the system of linear equations:

$`\{\begin{array}{ccc}14z_1+4z_2+4z_3& =& 1\\ 0+4z_14z_2+4z_3& =& 0\\ 0+4z_1+4z_24z_3& =& 0\end{array}.`$
It implies $`s^{}s^1(E_4)=E_4`$.

ii) Assume $`s^{}s^1(D_2)=D_0`$. We have $`s^{}s^1(E_4)=(H_1E_1)+z_1\alpha _1+z_2\alpha _2+z_3\alpha _3`$. Multiplying this equation by $`s^{}s^1(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$, one has that this equation does not have integer solutions.

iii) The other cases. $`s^{}s^1(D_2)=D_3,D_5,D_7`$ or $`D_9`$ implies $`s^{}s^1(E_4)=L+z_1\alpha _1+z_2\alpha _2+z_3\alpha _3`$, where $`L=H_0E_5,E_8,H_0+H_1E_9E_{10}E_{11}`$ or $`E_{14}`$ respectively. This implies that this equation does not have integer solutions.

According to i),ii) and iii) $`s^{}s^1(E_4)=E_4`$ and $`s^{}s^1(D_2)=D_2`$.

Analogously we have $`s^{}s^1(H_1E_1)=H_1E_1`$ and $`s^{}s^1(D_0)=D_0`$ and so on. Due to this fact and the condition c’), $`s^{}s^1`$ must be the identity as an Cremona isometry. This implies the lemma.

Next we consider the extension of actions of elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ on $`<\alpha _i>`$ to the actions on Pic($`X`$). Let us define $`\alpha _{i,j}(i=1,2,3j=1,2)`$ as

$`\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _{1,1}=H_1E_1E_4,\hfill & \alpha _{1,2}=H_1E_2E_3,\hfill \\ \alpha _{2,1}=H_0E_5E_7,\hfill & \alpha _{2,2}=H_0E_6E_7,\hfill \\ \alpha _{3,1}=H_0+H_1E_9E_{10}E_{11}E_{14},\hfill & \\ \alpha _{3,2}=H_0+H_1E_9E_{10}E_{12}E_{13}\hfill & \end{array}`$
and define the action of $`\alpha _{i,j}(i=1,2,3j=1,2)`$ on $`\alpha <\alpha _i>`$ as

$$w_{i,j}(\alpha ):=\alpha 2\frac{\alpha _{i,j}\alpha }{\alpha _{i,j}\alpha _{i,j}}\alpha _{i,j}.$$

It is easy to see that $`w_i(\alpha )=w_{i,1}w_{i,2}(\alpha )=w_{i,2}w_{i,1}(\alpha )`$. We define the action of $`w_i`$ on $`D`$Pic($`X`$) as $`w_i(D):=w_{i,1}w_{i,2}(D)=w_{i,2}w_{i,1}(D)`$. These actions are explicitly written as follows (See Fig.2). (For brevity we did not write the invariant elements under each action.)

$`\begin{array}{ccc}& w_1:\hfill & \left(\begin{array}{c}H_0,\\ E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}H_0+2H_1E_1E_2E_3E_4\\ H_1E_4,H_1E_3,H_1E_2,H_1E_1\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & w_2:\hfill & \left(\begin{array}{c}H_1,\\ E_5,E_6,E_7,E_8\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}2H_0+H_1E_5E_6E_7E_8\\ H_0E_8,H_0E_7,H_0E_6,H_0E_5\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & w_3:\hfill & \left(\begin{array}{c}H_0,H_1,E_9,E_{10}\\ E_{11},E_{12},E_{13},E_{14}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}H_0+\alpha _3,H_1+\alpha _3,E_9+\alpha _3,E_{10}+\alpha _3\\ E_{11}+\alpha _{3,1},E_{12}+\alpha _{3,2},E_{13}+\alpha _{3,2},E_{14}+\alpha _{3,1}\end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}`$ (49)
We define the action of $`\sigma _{12}`$ and $`\sigma _{13}`$ on Pic($`X`$) as follows.

$`\begin{array}{ccc}& \sigma _{12}:\hfill & \left(\begin{array}{c}H_0,H_1,E_1,E_2,E_3\\ E_4,E_5,E_6,E_7,E_8\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}H_1,H_0,E_5,E_6,E_7\\ E_8,E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & \sigma _{13}:\hfill & \left(\begin{array}{c}H_1,E_1,E_2\\ E_3,E_4,E_9,E_{10}\\ E_{11},E_{12}E_{13},E_{14}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}H_0+H_1E_9E_{10},E_{11},E_{12}\\ E_{13},E_{14},H_0E_{10},H_0E_9\\ E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4\end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}`$ (62)
By direct calculation, it is easy to check that each $`w_i`$ (or $`\sigma _{1i}`$) expressed by (49) (or (62) resp.) acts on $`<\alpha _i>`$ as (23) (or as the exchanges of indices of $`\alpha _i`$ resp.) and that they satisfy the fundamental relations (30) (the later property is of course guaranteed by the uniqueness of extension of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$). Moreover it is also easy to check that the actions of all elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ on Pic($`X`$) satisfy the conditions a),b) and c’).

###### THEOREM 2

The group of Cremona isometries of $`X`$ is isomorphic to $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ is generated by $`\{w_1,w_2,w_3,\sigma _{12},\sigma _{13}\}`$ and the fundamental relations (30). The actions of elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ on $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$ are given by (49) and (62) and their composition.

To show this theorem, it is enough to show that (49) and (62) satisfy the condition c). For this purpose, it is enough to realize them as isomorphisms from $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$, where $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ have the same semigroup of classes of effective divisors. We show this fact in the next subsection.

From (49) and (62) it is straightforward to show that the action of the HV eq. on Pic($`X`$) is identical to the action of $`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}`$.

###### COROLLARY 1

There does not exist any Cremona isometry of $`X`$ whose action on $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$ commutes with the action of the HV eq. except $`(w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12})^m`$, where $`m`$.

Proof. In this proof we denote $`\sigma _{12}`$ or $`\sigma _{13}`$ by $`\sigma _2`$ or $`\sigma _3`$ respectively and omit the symbol of composition $``$. Each element of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ can be uniquely written in the form

$$w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}s$$

where all indices of $`w`$ (or $`\sigma `$) are considered in Mod 3 (or 2 resp.) and $`i_li_{l+1}`$ and $`s\{1,\sigma _j,\sigma _j\sigma _{j+1},\sigma _j\sigma _{j+1}\sigma _j\}`$. Assume $`g=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}s`$ commutes with $`w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2`$.

i) The case of $`s=1`$. According to the relation

$$w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2,$$

we have the relation

$$w_2w_{i_1+1}w_{i_2+1}\mathrm{}w_{i_n+1}\sigma _3\sigma _2=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2.$$

It implies $`i_12,i_23,\mathrm{},i_nn+1,2n+2`$ and therefore there exists the integer $`m`$ such that $`n=3m`$. On the other hand $`(w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2)^{3m}=w_2w_3\mathrm{}w_{n+1}`$. It implies $`g=(w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2)^{3m}`$.

ii) The case of $`s=\sigma _3\sigma _2`$ or $`\sigma _2\sigma _3`$. Similar to the case i), $`n`$ must be $`n=3m+1`$ or $`n=3m+2`$ respectively and $`g`$ becomes $`(w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2)^n`$.

iii) The case of $`s=\sigma _j`$. Suppose $`j=2`$. According to the relation

$$w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}\sigma _2=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}\sigma _2w_2\sigma _3\sigma _2,$$

we have the relation

$$w_2w_{i_1+1}w_{i_2+1}\mathrm{}w_{i_n+1}\sigma _3=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}w_1\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2.$$

It implies $`\sigma _3=\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2`$ but this is a contradiction. Similarly $`s=\sigma _3`$ is impossible.

v) The case $`s=\sigma _j\sigma _{j+1}\sigma _j`$. Suppose $`j=2`$. Similar to the case iii), we have the relation

$$w_2w_{i_1+1}w_{i_2+1}\mathrm{}w_{i_n+1}\sigma _2=w_{i_1}w_{i_2}\mathrm{}w_{i_n}w_3\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2.$$

It implies $`\sigma _2=\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2`$ and hence $`1=\sigma _3\sigma _2\sigma _3\sigma _2`$ which leads to a contradiction. Similarly it can be shown that $`s=\sigma _3\sigma _2\sigma _3`$ is impossible.

Conclusion of the section.
We have shown in this section that a) the “Dynkin diagram”(20) of the irreducible components of the anti-canonical divisor $`K_X`$ does not correspond to a generalized Cartan matrix, b) the group of Cremona isometries is isomorphic to an extended Weyl group of hyperbolic type and c) there does not exist a Cremona isometry which is commutative with the action of the HV eq. except itself, while for the discrete Pailevé equations a) affine type, b) affine type and c) there does exist such a Cremona isometries except for the trivial exceptions (the type of root system is $`A_1^{(1)}`$ etc.).

## 4 The inverse problem

A birational mapping is called a Cremona transformation. One method for obtaining a Cremona transformation such that its action on Pic($`X`$) is a Cremona isometry is to interchange the blow down structures, i.e. to interchange the procedure of blow downs. Following this method, we construct the Cremona transformations on $`^1\times ^1`$ which yield the extended Weyl group (29), (30) and thereby recover the HV eq. from its action on Pic($`X`$).

An element of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ is an automorphism of Pic($`X`$) but does not have to be an automorphism of $`X`$ itself, i.e. the blow-up points can be changed with a transformation satisfying the condition a),b) and c) in Section 3.2. In order to do this, one has to consider not only autonomous but also non-autonomous mappings.

By $`a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6`$ or $`a_7`$ we denote the point of the $`10,3,4,7,8,11,13,14`$-th blow-up or the corresponding coordinates and we call them “the parameters”. In short these points can be expressed as follows:

$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},xy^2)=(0,a_1),({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},xy(xy^2a_1))=(0,a_2),`$
$`(x^2y,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})=(a_3,0)),(xy(x^2ya_3),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})=(a_4,0),`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}})=(0,a_0)),\text{where we normalize }a_0\text{ to be }a_0=1,`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1))=(0,a_5),({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x(x(\frac{x}{y}1)a_5)}},x(x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)a_5)^2)=(0,a_6),`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x(x(\frac{x}{y}1)a_5)}},x(x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)a_5)\left\{x(x({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1)a_5)^2a_6\right\})=(0,a_7),`$
where $`a_i`$ and $`a_1,a_3,a_6`$ are nonzero.

The point of the $`2,6,12`$-th blow-up is determined by intersection numbers. Moreover the point of the $`1,5,9,10,11`$-th blow-up can be fixed by acting with a suitable automorphism of $`^1\times ^1`$, i.e. a Möbius transformation of each coordinate combination with an exchange of the coordinates. We call this operation “normalization”. It can also be seen that we can normalize $`a_5=1`$ except the case $`a_5=0`$.

In this section we consider a realization of the generating elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ as Cremona transformations which can be lifted to isomorphisms from $`X`$ to $`\overline{X}`$, where $`\overline{X}`$ is the same rational surface as $`X`$ except for a difference in parameters.

First we realize the action of $`w_2`$ as a Cremona transformation on $`^1\times ^1`$

### 4.1 The calculation of interchanging the blow down structure

In the following we shall present a scheme in which the blow down structure is changed. This method is based on the following fact:

By $`F_n`$ we denote the $`n`$th Hirzebruch surface with the coordinate system

$`(,\mathrm{})(,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{}},^n\mathrm{})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{^n\mathrm{}}}).`$ (63)
Blowing up the $`n`$th Hirzebruch surface at the point $`(1/,^n\mathrm{})=(0,0)`$ and blowing down along the line $`1/=1/(^{n+1}\mathrm{})=0`$, we obtain the $`n+1`$-th Hirzebruch surface as follows:

$`\begin{array}{ccccc}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^n\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^n\mathrm{}})\\ \stackrel{\mathrm{up}}{}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^{n+1}\mathrm{})(\frac{1}{^{n+1}\mathrm{}},^n\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^n\mathrm{}})\\ \stackrel{\mathrm{down}}{}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^{n+1}\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^{n+1}\mathrm{}}).\end{array}`$
On the other hand, blowing up the $`n`$th Hirzebruch surface at the point
$`(1/,1/(^n\mathrm{}))=(0,0)`$ and blowing down along the line $`1/=^{n1}\mathrm{}=0`$, we obtain the $`n1`$-th Hirzebruch surface as follows:

$`\begin{array}{ccccc}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^n\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^n\mathrm{}})\\ \stackrel{\mathrm{up}}{}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^n\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^{n1}\mathrm{}})(^{n1}\mathrm{},\frac{1}{^n\mathrm{}})\\ \stackrel{\mathrm{down}}{}& (,\mathrm{})& (,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}})& (\frac{1}{},^{n1}\mathrm{})& (\frac{1}{},\frac{1}{^{n1}\mathrm{}}).\end{array}`$
The Next figure shows the order of the blow-ups and the blow downs to obtain the Cremona transformation corresponding to $`w_2`$. (This table has to be read from the left to the right.)

where double lines mean the lines which are blown down in the next steps.

The calculation of changing the blow down structure is as follows.

$`(x,y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})=^1\times ^1`$
$``$ $`(x,y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})(xy,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})`$
$``$ $`(x,xy)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})=F_1`$
$``$ $`(x,xy)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})(x^2y,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})`$
$``$ $`(x,x^2y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})=F_2`$
$``$ $`(x,x^2ya_3)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2ya_3}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2ya_3}{x^2}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{x^2ya_3}})=F_2`$
$``$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{x^2ya_3}{x}})({\displaystyle \frac{x}{x^2ya_3}},x^2ya_3)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2ya_3}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2ya_3}{x^2}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{x^2ya_3}})`$
$``$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{x^2ya_3}{x}})(x,{\displaystyle \frac{x}{x^2ya_3}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2ya_3}{x^2}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{x^2ya_3}})=F_1`$
$``$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}{a_3x}})(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3x}{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}})\mathrm{}=F_1`$
$``$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}{a_3x^2}})({\displaystyle \frac{a_3x^2}{(a_3(x^2ya_3)a_4x}},{\displaystyle \frac{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}{a_3x}})`$
$`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3x}{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}})\mathrm{}`$
$``$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)_{}a_4x}{a_3x^2}})(x,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3x^2}{a_3\left(x^2ya_3\right)a_4x}})\mathrm{}=^1\times ^1`$
where $`\mathrm{}`$ is

$$(\frac{1}{x},\frac{a_3(x^2ya_3)a_4x}{a_3x^2})(\frac{1}{x},\frac{a_3x^2}{a_3(x^2ya_3)a_4x})$$

and $``$ means an automorphism of the Hirzebruch surface and is determined as the point of blow-up in (4) is moved to the origin.

Writing

$$w_2^{}:(x,y)(x,y\frac{a_3}{x^2}\frac{a_4}{a_3x})$$

we obtain $`w_2=tw_2^{}`$ where $`t`$ is an automorphism of $`^1\times ^1`$. By taking a suitable $`t`$, we can normalize $`w_2`$ to get the required result.

### 4.2 Normalization and the action on the space of parameters

First we determine the automorphism for normalization $`t`$. By (49), $`w_2`$ does not move the points $`(x,y)=(\mathrm{},0),(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})`$. According to the fact: $`w_2^{}:(\mathrm{},0)(\mathrm{},0),(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})`$, $`t`$ is reduced to the mapping $`t:(x,y)(c_1x+c_2,c_3y)`$, where $`c_1,c_2,c_3`$ are nonzero constants.

Similarly, $`w_2`$ moves the point $`a_3`$ to the proper transform of the point of the $`6`$-th blow-up. We denote this fact as

$$(\overline{u_6},\overline{v_6})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(a_3,0)}=(0,0),$$

where $`(u_n,v_n)`$ is the coordinate of the $`n`$th blow-up. On the other hand,

$`(\overline{u_6},\overline{v_6})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(a_3,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(\overline{x}^2\overline{y},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{x}\overline{y}}})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(a_3,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(x^2(y{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_4}{a_3x}}),{\displaystyle \frac{a_3x}{a_3(x^2ya_3)a_4x}})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(a_3,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a_3+u_6{\displaystyle \frac{a_4u_6v_6}{a_3}},{\displaystyle \frac{a_3u_6v_6}{a_3^2a_3u_6+a_4u_6v_6}})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(a_3,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(0,0)`$
holds. Hence $`t`$ does not move the point $`(x,y)=(0,\mathrm{})`$ and therefore $`c_2=0`$.

Similarly, since $`w_2`$ does not move the points of the $`10`$-th and the $`11`$-th blow-ups, we have $`c_1=c_3=1`$ (moreover we can normalize $`a_5`$ to be $`a_5=1`$ or $`a_5=0`$ by taking a suitable value of $`c_1=c_3`$). Hence $`t`$ has to be the identity.

Next we calculate how the parameters $`a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_6,a_7`$ are changed by the action of $`w_2`$. Notice that $`w_2`$ is an isomorphism from $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$, where $`w_2`$ satisfy the conditions a),b) and c) in Section 3.2. and therefore $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ have the same sequence of blow-ups except their parameters. By $`\overline{a_i}`$ we denote the parameter of the $`i`$th blow-up of $`X^{}`$.

Since the action of $`w_2`$ moves the points of blow-ups as follows

$`(u_2,v_2)=(0,a_1)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_2},\overline{v_2})=(0,\overline{a_1})`$
$`(u_3,v_3)=(0,a_2)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_3},\overline{v_3})=(0,\overline{a_2})`$
$`(u_6,v_6)=(0,0)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_6},\overline{v_6})=(\overline{a_3},0)`$
$`(xy,1/y)=(0,0)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_7},\overline{v_7})=(\overline{a_4},0)`$
$`(u_{12},v_{12})=(0,a_6)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_{12}},\overline{v_{12}})=(0,\overline{a_6})`$
$`(u_{13},v_{13})=(0,a_7)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{u_{13}},\overline{v_{13}})=(0,\overline{a_7}),`$
$`\overline{a_i}`$ can be calculated. For example $`\overline{a_1}`$ is calculated as follows

$`(0,\overline{a_1})`$ $`=`$ $`(\overline{u_2},\overline{v_2})|_{(u_2,v_2)=(0,a_1)}`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{x}\overline{y}}},\overline{x}\overline{y}^2)|_{(u_2,v_2)=(0,a_1)}`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{a_3u_2}{a_3a_4u_2a_3^2u_2^3v_2}},{\displaystyle \frac{v_2(a_3+a_4u_2+a_3^2u_2^3v_2)^2}{a_3^2}})|_{(u_2,v_2)=(0,a_1)}`$
$`=`$ $`(0,a_1),`$
and therefore $`\overline{a_1}=a_1`$.

Similarly we can calculate $`\overline{a_2},\overline{a_3},\overline{a_4}`$ as follows:

$`(0,\overline{a_2})`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{x}\overline{y}}},\overline{x}\overline{y}(\overline{x}\overline{y}^2\overline{a_1})|_{(u_3,v_3)=(0,a_2)}`$
$`=`$ $`(0,a_2{\displaystyle \frac{a_1a_4}{a_3}}),`$
$`(\overline{a_3},0)`$ $`=`$ $`(\overline{x}^2\overline{y},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{x}\overline{y}}})|_{(u_6,v_6)=(0,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a_3,0),`$
$`(\overline{a_4},0)`$ $`=`$ $`(\overline{x}\overline{y}(\overline{x}^2\overline{y}\overline{a_3}),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{x}\overline{y}}})|_{(xy,1/y)=(0,0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a_4,0).`$
Consequently $`w_2`$ changes the parameters $`a_i`$ as

$`\begin{array}{cccc}\overline{a_1}=a_1,\hfill & \overline{a_2}=a_22a_1a_4/a_3,\hfill & \overline{a_3}=a_3,\hfill & \overline{a_4}=a_4,\hfill \\ \overline{a_5}=a_5,\hfill & \overline{a_6}=a_6,\hfill & \overline{a_7}=a_7+2a_4a_6/a_3\hfill & .\hfill \end{array}`$
We write the action of $`w_2`$ on $`^1\times ^1`$ and the space of parameters together as

$`w_2:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(\overline{x},\overline{y};\overline{a_1},\overline{a_2},\overline{a_3},\overline{a_4},\overline{a_5},\overline{a_6},\overline{a_7})`$
$`=`$ $`(x,y{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_4}{a_3x}};a_1,a_2{\displaystyle \frac{2a_1a_4}{a_3}},a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_4a_6}{a_3}}).`$
Here, in the calculation of the next iteration step we have to use $`\overline{a_3}=a_3`$ instead of $`a_3`$ and so on.

As was remarked before the mapping $`w_2`$ is of order 2 as an element of an extended Weyl group and can be lifted to an isomorphism from $`X`$ to $`\overline{X}`$.

### 4.3 The actions of other elements

Next we calculate the action of $`\sigma _{13}`$ from $`X`$ to $`\overline{X}`$.

The following figure shows the order of the blow-ups and the blow downs.

Its calculation is as follows.

$`(x,y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})=^1\times ^1`$
$``$ $`(x,y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},y)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{y}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})`$
$``$ $`(x,y)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{y}{x}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}})=F_1`$
$``$ $`(x,yx)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yx}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{yx}{x}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{yx}})=F_1`$
$``$ $`(x,yx)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yx}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},yx)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{yx}},{\displaystyle \frac{yx}{x}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{yx}})`$
$``$ $`(x,yx)(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yx}})({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},yx)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yx}})=^1\times ^1`$
Similar to the case of $`w_2`$, we have the action of $`\sigma _{13}`$ on $`X`$ and the space of parameters as follows

$`\sigma _{13}:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(x,xya_5;a_6,a_72a_5^2a_6,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_1,a_2+2a_1a_5^2).`$
Similarly the action of $`\sigma _{12}`$ on $`X`$ and the space of parameters is

$`\sigma _{12}:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(y,x;a_3,a_4,a_1,a_2,a_5,a_6,a_74a_5^2a_6).`$
The action of $`w_1`$ or $`w_3`$ is determined by the relation $`w_1=\sigma _{12}w_2\sigma _{12}`$ or $`w_3=\sigma _{13}w_1\sigma _{13}`$ respectively as follows

$`w_1:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(x{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_1y}},y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_3}{a_1}},a_5,a_6,a_7+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_6}{a_1}}).`$
$`w_3:(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$`(x{\displaystyle \frac{a_6}{\left(xya_5\right)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_72a_5^2a_6}{a_6\left(xya_5\right)}},y{\displaystyle \frac{a_6}{\left(xya_5\right)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_72a_5^2a_6}{a_6\left(xya_5\right)}};`$
$`a_1,a_2+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_1\left(a_72a_5^2a_6\right)}{a_6}},a_3,a_4+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_3\left(a_72a_5^2a_6\right)}{a_6}},a_5,a_6,a_74a_5^2a_6).`$
### 4.4 The non-autonomous HV equation

The composition $`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}`$ is reduced to

$`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}:(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(y,xya_5{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_1y}};a_6,a_72a_5^2a_6{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_6}{a_1}},`$
$`a_1,a_2,a_5,a_3,a_42a_3a_5^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_3}{a_1}})`$
where $`a_5`$ can be normalized to be $`a_5=0`$ or $`1`$.

Of course this mapping satisfies the singularity confinement criterion by construction and in the case of $`a_2=a_4=a_5=a_7=0`$ and $`a_1=a_3=a_6=a`$ it coincides with the HV eq.(7) except their signs. The difference between them comes from the assumption $`\overline{a_5}=a_5`$. Assuming $`\overline{a_5}=a_5`$ under the actions of $`w_2`$, $`\sigma _{13}`$ and $`\sigma _{12}`$, we have $`w_2`$, $`\sigma _{13}`$ and $`\sigma _{12}`$ as new $`w_2`$, $`\sigma _{13}`$ and $`\sigma _{12}`$ and therefore (4.4) becomes as follows

$`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}:(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(y,x+y+a_5+{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_1y}};`$
$`a_6,a_7+2a_5^2a_6+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_6}{a_1}},a_1,a_2,a_5,a_3,a_4+2a_3a_5^2{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_3}{a_1}}).`$
Actually in the case of $`a_2=a_4=a_5=a_7=0`$ and $`a_1=a_3=a_6=a`$ it coincides with the HV eq.(9).

## 5 Some other examples

We present some examples of rational mappings which satisfy the singularity confinement criterion and some of which have positive algebraic entropy.

### 5.1 Example 1

Let $`w_1,w_2,w_3`$ and $`a_i`$ be as in § 4. First we consider the mapping $`w_1w_2`$

$`w_1w_2:(x,y;a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7)`$
$``$ $`(x{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_1y}},y{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{\left(xa_1/y^2a_2/\left(a_1y\right)\right)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_42a_2a_3/a_1}{a_3\left(xa_1/y^2a_2/\left(a_1y\right)\right)}},;`$
$`a_1,a_2+{\displaystyle \frac{2\left(a_1a_42a_2a_3\right)}{a_3}},a_3,a_4{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_3}{a_1}},a_5,a_6,a_7+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_2a_6}{a_1}}+2(a_42{\displaystyle \frac{a_2a_3}{a_1}}){\displaystyle \frac{a_6}{a_3}})`$
This mapping has the following properties.

1)This mapping satisfies the singularity confinement criterion.
2)The order of the $`n`$th iterate of mapping is $`O(n^2)`$ (easily seen from the action on the root lattice $`<\alpha _i>`$ ).
3)The actions on the parameters $`a_5,a_6,a_7`$ can be ignored.

This mapping is nothing but one of the discrete Painlevé equations, since the surface obtained by blowing down the curves $`E_9,E_{10},\mathrm{},E_{14}`$ in $`X`$ is also the space of initial values and the type of Dynkin diagram corresponding to the irreducible components of anti-canonical divisor is $`D_7^{(1)}`$ with the symmetry $`A_1^{(1)}`$. Actually the irreducible components of anti-canonical divisor are

$`E_1E_2,E_2E_3,E_3E_4,E_5E_6,E_6E_7,E_7E_8,`$
$`H_0E_1E_2,H_1E_5E_6`$
and the root basis of orthogonal lattice is

$`\alpha _1`$ $`=`$ $`2H_1E_1E_2E_3E_4,`$
$`\alpha _2`$ $`=`$ $`2H_0E_5E_6E_7E_8.`$
Next we consider the mapping $`w_3w_2w_1`$. This mapping is almost identical to the nonautonomous HV eq. after $`3`$ steps. Actually the latter becomes $`w_2w_3w_1`$.

At last we consider the mapping $`w_2w_3w_2w_1`$. This mapping satisfies the singularity confinement criterion and its algebraic entropy is $`17+12\sqrt{2}`$.

### 5.2 Example 2

We consider the following diagram as irreducible components of the anti-canonical divisor.

This diagram is realized by the sequence of blow-ups from $`^1\times ^1`$ as follows

$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _1}{\overset{(\mathrm{},0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}},y)\underset{\mu _2}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy^2}},y)\underset{\mu _3}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy^2}},xy^3)`$
$`\underset{\mu _4}{\overset{(0,a_1)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy^2}},xy^2\left(xy^3a_1\right))\underset{\mu _5}{\overset{(0,a_2)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy^2}},xy^2\left(xy^2\left(xy^3a_1\right)a_2\right))`$
$`\underset{\mu _6}{\overset{(0,a_3)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy^2}},xy^2\left(xy^2\left(xy^2\left(xy^3a_1\right)a_2\right)a_3\right)),`$
$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _7}{\overset{(0,\mathrm{})}{}}`$ $`(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{xy}})\underset{\mu _8}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}(x,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})\underset{\mu _9}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}(x^3y,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})`$
$`\underset{\mu _{10}}{\overset{(a_4,0)}{}}`$ $`(x^2y\left(x^3ya_4\right),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})\underset{\mu _{11}}{\overset{(a_5,0)}{}}(x^2y\left(x^2y\left(x^3ya_4\right)a_5\right),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})`$
$`\underset{\mu _{12}}{\overset{(a_6,0)}{}}`$ $`(x^2y(x^2y(x^2y(x^3ya_4)a_5),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2y}})`$
and

$`(x,y)`$ $`\underset{\mu _{13}}{\overset{(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}})\underset{\mu _{14}}{\overset{(0,1)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},x\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{y}}1\right))\underset{\mu _{15}}{\overset{(0,a_7)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz}},z),`$
where we denote $`z:=x(x/y1)a_7`$,

$`\underset{\mu _{16}}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz^2}},z)\underset{\mu _{17}}{\overset{(0,0)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz^2}},xz^3)\underset{\mu _{18}}{\overset{(0,a_8)}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz^2}},xz^2\left(xz^3a_8\right))`$
$`\underset{\mu _{19}}{\overset{(0,a_9)}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz^2}},xz^2\left(xz^2\left(xz^2a_8\right)a_9\right))`$
$`\underset{\mu _{20}}{\overset{(0,a_{10})}{}}`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{xz^2}},xz^2\left(xz^2\left(xz^2\left(xz^3a_8\right)a_9\right)a_{10}\right)).`$
Similar to the case of the HV eq.(§ 4 ), we obtain

$`w_2`$ $`:`$ $`\left(x,y:a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_{10}\right)`$
$``$ $`(x,y{\displaystyle \frac{a_4}{x^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_5}{a_4x^2}}({\displaystyle \frac{a_6}{a_4^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_5^2}{a_4^3}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}:`$
$`a_1,a_2,a_3+{\displaystyle \frac{3a_1^2a_5^2}{a_4^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{3a_1^2a_6}{a_4^2}},a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7,a_8,a_9,a_{10}{\displaystyle \frac{3a_5^2a_8^2}{a_4^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3a_6a_8^2}{a_4^2}}),`$
$`\sigma _{13}`$ $`:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_{10})`$
$``$ $`(x,xya_7;a_8,a_9,a_{10}3a_7^2a_8^2,a_4,a_5,a_6,a_7,a_1,a_2,a_3+3a_1^2a_7^2),`$
$`\sigma _{12}`$ $`:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_{10})`$
$``$ $`(y,x;a_4,a_5,a_6,a_1,a_2,a_3,a_7,a_8,a_9,a_{10}+6a_7^2a_8^2)`$
and finally

$`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}:(x,y;a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_{10})`$
$`(y,y+xa_7{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_1y^2}}+({\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{a_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{a_2^2}{a_1^3}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}};a_8,a_9,`$
$`a_{10}+3a_8^2a_7^2{\displaystyle \frac{3a_2^2a_8^2}{a_1^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3a_8^2a_3}{a_1^2}},a_1,a_2,a_3,a_7,a_4,a_5,a_6+3a_4^2a_7^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3a_2^2a_4^2}{a_1^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{3a_3a_4^2}{a_1^2}})`$
In the case $`a_i=0`$ for $`i=2,3,5,6,9,10`$, this mapping reduces to

$`w_2\sigma _{13}\sigma _{12}:`$ $`(x,y;a_1,a_4,a_7,a_8)`$
$``$ $`(y,xya_7+{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{y^3}};a_8,a_1,a_7,a_4).`$
We present some basic properties of this mapping.

The Picard group of the space of initial values is

$$\mathrm{Pic}(X)=H_0+H_1+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_{20}$$

and the canonical divisor of $`X`$ is

$$K_X=2H_02H_1+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_{20}.$$

The irreducible components of the anti-canonical divisor are

$`E_1E_2,E_2E_3,E_3E_4,E_4E_5,E_5E_6,`$
$`E_6E_7,E_7E_8,E_8E_9,E_9E_{10},E_{11}E_{12},`$
$`E_{12}E_{13},E_{15}E_{16},E_{16}E_{17},\mathrm{},E_{19}E_{20},`$
$`H_0E_1E_2E_3E_{13},H_1E_5E_6E_7E_{13},E_{14}E_{15}E_{16}E_{17}`$
and the root basis is

$`\alpha _1`$ $`=`$ $`3H_1E_1E_2E_3E_4E_5E_6,`$
$`\alpha _2`$ $`=`$ $`3H_0E_7E_8E_9E_{10}E_{11}E_{12},`$
$`\alpha _3`$ $`=`$ $`3H_0+3H_13E_{13}3E_{14}E_{15}E_{16}E_{17}E_{18}E_{19}E_{20}.`$
The Cartan matrix $`2(\alpha _i\alpha _j)/(\alpha _i\alpha _i)`$ is

$`\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2& \hfill 3& \hfill 3\\ \hfill 3& \hfill 2& \hfill 3\\ \hfill 3& \hfill 3& \hfill 2\end{array}\right].`$ (71)
This Cartan matrix is not finite, affine nor hyperbolic type.
The algebraic entropy is $`2+\sqrt{3}`$.

Acknowledgment. The author would like to thank J. Satsuma, H. Sakai, T. Tokihiro, K.Okamoto, R. Willox, A. Nobe, T. Tsuda and M. Eguchi for discussions and advice.

## Appendix A Uniqueness of the decomposition of the anti-canonical divisor

###### THEOREM 3

Let $`X`$ be the space of initial values of the HV eq. obtained in Section 2. The anti-canonical class of divisors $`K_X`$ can be reduced uniquely to prime divisors as

$`D_0+2D_1+D_2+D_3+2D_4+D_5`$
$`+3D_6+D_7+2D_8+D_9+2D_{10}+2D_{11}+2D_{12}`$
Proof. Suppose that $`K_X`$ is reduced to prime divisors as $`K_X=_{i=1}^mf_iF_i`$, where $`F_i`$ is a prime divisor and $`f_i`$ is a positive integer. $`F_i`$ has the form

$$h_0^{(i)}H_0+h_1^{(i)}H_1\underset{j=1}{\overset{14}{}}e_j^{(i)}E_j,$$

where $`h_j`$ and $`e_j`$ are nonnegative integers and $`h_j2`$ and moreover $`h_0`$ or $`h_1`$ is strictly positive (remember that $`K_X=2H_0+2H_1_{j=1}^{14}E_j`$), or in the case the curve is included in the total transform of a blow-up point:

$`E_1E_2,E_2E_3,E_3E_4,E_4,E_5E_6,E_6E_7,E_7E_8,E_8,`$
$`E_9E_{10},E_{10}E_{11}E_{12},E_{11}E_{12},E_{12}E_{13},E_{13}E_{14},E_{14}.`$
Let us first suppose that there does not exist $`F_i`$ such that $`F_i=E_{13}E_{14}`$. Then there exists a $`F_i`$ such that $`F_i`$ has the form as $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{14}e_jE_j`$ where $`e_{14}`$ is strictly positive. This means that $`F_i`$ has an intersection point with $`E_{14}`$ and therefore this divisor passes the point of the $`14`$-th blow-up before the blow-up. Namely,

$$(\frac{1}{x^2(x/y1)},x^2(\frac{x}{y}1)(x^3(\frac{x}{y}1)^2a))=(0,0)$$

as $`x,y\mathrm{}`$. Denoting $`u=1/x,v=1/v`$, we have $`u^3/(vu)=0`$ and $`(vu)(v^22v+1au^5)/u^8=0`$ as $`u,v0`$. This implies $`v^22v+1au^5=o(\frac{u^8}{vu})`$ and hence we have $`h_05`$, which is a contradiction.

Similarly there does not exist a divisor which has the form $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{13}e_jE_j`$ where $`e_{12}`$ or $`e_{13}`$ is strictly positive and $`h_j2`$.

Now, we can consider the case where there does not exist a $`F_i`$ such that $`F_i=E_{14}`$. Then according to the above result, there should exist integers $`j,k`$ such that $`F_j=E_{13}E_{14},F_k=E_{12}E_{13}`$ and $`f_j=1,f_k=2`$ (in the absence of a prime divisor $`E_{14}`$, the form of $`K_X`$ forces $`f_j=1`$ and subsequently $`f_k=2`$ in order to have the correct $`E_{13}`$ dependence). Considering the new coefficient of $`E_{12}`$, we have that the sum of the coefficients of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ and $`E_{10}E_{11}E_{12}`$ has to be $`3`$.

Then we have the following possibilities:
i) the coefficient of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ is $`0`$;
ii) the coefficient of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ is $`1`$;
iii) the coefficient of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ is $`2`$;
iv) the coefficient of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ is $`3`$.

In the case i),ii),iii) or iv) the coefficient of $`E_{11}`$ is $`3,1,1`$ or $`3`$ respectively. Hence i) is impossible. To pass the point of the $`11`$-th blow-up, a divisor whose class has the form $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{11}e_jE_j`$ must satisfy the equation $`u=0`$ and $`(vu)/u^2=0`$. This implies $`h_02,h_11`$ and $`e_{11}=1`$ and therefore iii) and iv) are impossible. Consequently the coefficient of $`E_{11}E_{12}`$ has to be $`1`$ and the coefficient of $`E_{10}E_{11}E_{12}`$ has to be $`2`$.

Along the same lines, considering the coefficient of $`E_{10}`$, we have the following possibilities:
a) the coefficient of $`E_9E_{10}`$ is $`0`$, in which case the coefficient of $`E_9,E_{10}`$ is $`0,2`$;
b) the coefficient of $`E_9E_{10}`$ is $`1`$, in which case the coefficient of $`E_9,E_{10}`$ is $`1,1`$;
c) the coefficient of $`E_9E_{10}`$ is $`2`$, in which case the coefficient of $`E_9,E_{10}`$ is $`2,0`$;
d) the coefficient of $`E_9E_{10}`$ is $`3`$, in which case the coefficient of $`E_9,E_{10}`$ is $`3,1`$.

To pass the point of the $`10`$-th blow-up, a divisor whose class has the form $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{11}e_jE_j`$ must satisfy the equation $`u=0`$ and $`v/u=1`$. It implies two possibilities: i) $`h_01,h_11`$, $`e_9=e_{10}=1`$ and $`e_2,e_3,e_4,e_6,e_7,e_8=0`$ (since if $`e_2`$ would be strictly positive, the intersection of the divisor $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{11}e_jE_j`$ and $`x=\mathrm{}`$ ($`=H_0`$) is greater than or equal to $`3`$, which is impossible) or ii) $`h_0H_0+h_1H_1_{j=1}^{11}e_jE_j=2H_0+2H_12E_92E_{10}`$. Therefore a) is impossible. In the case b) the coefficient of $`E_9`$ becomes $`1`$ (or $`1,3`$ in the cases c), d) respectively) and the coefficients of $`H_0`$ and $`H_1`$ become equal to $`2`$ (or become greater than or equal to $`1`$, become $`0`$ in the cases c), d) respectively).

In the case b) the coefficients of $`E_1,E_2,\mathrm{},E_8`$ is $`0`$ and hence the remaining contribution $`E_1\mathrm{}E_8`$ must be a sum of the terms:

$`E_1E_2,E_2E_3,E_3E_4,E_4,E_5E_6,E_6E_7,E_7E_8,E_8`$ (72)
with nonnegative integer coefficients. Obviously this is impossible. In the case c) the remaining contribution has the form $`b_0^{}H_0+b_1^{}H_1b_1E_1\mathrm{}b_8E_82E_9`$, where $`b_0^{},b_1^{}=0\text{ or }1`$, $`b_2,b_3,b_4,b_6,b_7,b_8=1`$ and $`b_1,b_2=0\text{ or }1`$ and hence it must be a sum of $`H_0E_1E_2E_9`$, $`H_1E_5E_6E_9`$ and (72) with nonnegative integer coefficients. By straight forward discussion it can be seen that this case is also impossible.

The coefficient of $`E_9E_{10}`$ therefore has to be equal to $`3`$ and hence the coefficient of $`E_9`$ has to be $`3`$ as well, from which point on it can be easily seen that the remaining contributions to $`K_X`$ are uniquely determined.

Similarly, starting from the supposition that there does exist a $`F_i`$ such that $`F_i=E_{14}`$, similar proof can be given.