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# GRB010222: afterglow emission from a rapidly decelerating shock Based on observations collected at: the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG), operated on the island of La Palma by the Centro Galileo Galilei of the CNAA (Consorzio Nazionale per l’Astronomia e l’Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; the Asiago Astronomical Observatory, Italy; the Bologna Astronomical Observatory in Loiano, Italy; the Campo Imperatore Astronomical Observatory, Italy, and; TIRGO infrared observatory, Switzerland

## 1 Introduction

The light curves of Optical Transients (OTs) associated with GRBs are generally described by single power laws $`f(t)t^\alpha `$ with indices $`\alpha 1.12`$. However, in a number of well monitored cases a change in the light decay rate at about 0.5-1 days after the GRB was detected with a transition to a steeper power law behaviour. The power law indices before and after the temporal break are typically in the range 0.7-1 and 1.7-2.4, respectively (GRB990123: Fruchter et al. 1999, Castro-Tirado et al. 1999, Kulkarni et al. 1999; GRB990510: Stanek et al. 1999, Harrison et al. 1999, Israel et al. 1999; GRB990705: Masetti et al. 2000a; GRB000926: Fynbo et al. 2001a). This behaviour can be caused by the deceleration of a relativistic jet in a homogeneous medium (Sari et al. 1999, Rhoads 1999), or by expansion in a wind (Chevalier & Li 1999, 2000), or by the transition between relativistic and Newtonian conditions in the plasma expansion (Dai & Lu 1999). Fits to multiwavelength data of individual afterglows with the above models have been proved to be satisfactory (Dai & Lu 1999, Panaitescu & Kumar 2000). The multiwavelength optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectra of OTs are generally well accounted for by synchrotron radiation in a relativistically expanding shock, and are described by power laws of different characteristic indices, depending on the location of injection and cooling breaks, and temporal evolution thereof (Sari et al. 1998). Both the fading rate and the spectral slopes are determined by the shape of the electron distribution, in different ways, according to the geometry of the emitting region. Departures of the optical-NIR spectral slopes from those expected based on the flux temporal decrease are often interpreted as due to absorption of the OT light within the GRB host galaxy (e.g. Palazzi et al. 1998, Dal Fiume et al. 2000, Klose et al. 2000, Price et al. 2001a).

GRB010222 was simultaneously detected by the Gamma–Ray Burst Monitor (GRBM) and the Wide Field Camera (WFC) unit 1 onboard BeppoSAX on 2001 Feb 22.30799 UT (Piro 2001a,b) as one of the most intense GRBs observed by both the GRBM and WFC. A quick repointing of the satellite allowed the detection of the X–ray afterglow at a position consistent with that of the prompt event (Gandolfi 2001). A detailed analysis of the high-energy data is presented by in ’t Zand et al. (2001).

Many observers started a ground-based campaign in order to search for the GRB afterglow at lower wavelengths. A bright transient source ($`R`$ 18.4) was independently detected in the optical by Henden (2001a,b; see also Henden & Vrba 2001) and McDowell et al. (2001) about 4 hours after the GRB. The object, which is not present in the DSS-II sky survey, is at coordinates (J2000) $`\alpha `$ = 14h 52m 12$`\stackrel{s}{.}`$55, $`\delta `$ = +43 01 06$`\stackrel{}{.}`$2 with an error of 0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$2 along both directions (Henden & Vrba 2001), well inside the error box of both high-energy prompt event and X–ray afterglow as detected by the BeppoSAX Narrow Field Instruments. The OT is among the brightest ever observed associated with GRBs.

The fading behaviour of the object, first reported by Henden & Vrba (2001) and later confirmed by Stanek et al. (2001a,b), left little doubt on its afterglow nature. Assuming for the $`R`$-band flux a power law decay, typical of optical afterglows, Price et al. (2001b) and Fynbo et al. (2001a) measured a temporal slope $`\alpha `$ = 0.89$`\pm `$0.09 and $`\alpha `$ = 0.86$`\pm `$0.01, respectively. Masetti et al. (2001) reported that a steepening of the decay slope to $`\alpha `$ 1.3 occurred at about 1 day after the GRB start time.

Garnavich et al. (2001) acquired an optical spectrum of the OT soon after its detection. From the presence of Fe ii and Mg ii absorption features, they measured a redshift $`z`$ = 1.477 for the afterglow. Jha et al. (2001a,b) also noticed the presence in the same spectrum of a second absorption system, located at $`z`$ = 1.157. A third absorption system at $`z`$ = 0.928 in the optical spectrum of the afterglow was reported by Bloom et al. (2001). The farthest of the three systems appeared to be formed by substructures at sligtly different redshifts, consistent with internal gas motions in galaxies (Castro et al. 2001).

A bright counterpart was also detected at NIR (Di Paola et al. 2001), submillimetric (Fich et al. 2001) and radio (Berger & Frail 2001) wavelengths.

The good sampling and the optical brightness of the GRB010222 afterglow have allowed a detailed study of its evolution at least up to about 40 days after the explosion. In this paper we present the results of the optical and NIR monitoring of the optical/NIR transient associated with GRB010222 conducted at various Italian telescopes and started about 1 day after the GRB. Section 2 illustrates the observations and the analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic data; the results are presented in Section 3 and discussed in Section 4.

## 2 Observations and data reduction

We observed the GRB010222 field at the 3.58-meter Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) in the Canary Islands (Spain), at the 1.8-meter “Copernicus” telescope at Cima Ekar of the “Leonida Rosino” Astronomical Observatory of Asiago (Italy), and at the University of Bologna 1.52-meter “G.D. Cassini” telescope in Loiano (Italy).

TNG was equipped with the spectrophotometer DOLoReS and a 2048$`\times `$2048 pixels Loral CCD which allows covering a 9$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5$`\times `$9$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5 field in imaging mode with a scale of 0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$275/pix; the “Copernicus” telescope was carrying the AFOSC instrument whose 1100$`\times `$1100 pixels SITE CCD has a field of view of 8$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5$`\times `$8$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5 with a scale of 0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$47/pix; the “Cassini” telescope was mounting the spectrophotometer BFOSC with a 1340$`\times `$1340 pixels EEV CCD, a field of view of 12$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5$`\times `$12$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5 and a scale of 0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$58/pix.

NIR imaging in $`J`$ and $`K`$ bands was acquired at the AZT-24 1.1-meter telescope at Campo Imperatore (Italy) with SWIRCAM, a 256$`\times `$256 pixels infrared camera with a field of view of 4$`\stackrel{}{.}`$4$`\times `$4$`\stackrel{}{.}`$4 and a pixel scale of 1$`\stackrel{}{.}`$03/pix, and in $`J`$ and $`K_s`$ at the 1.5-meter Gornergrat infrared telescope TIRGO (Switzerland) using the 256$`\times `$256 pixels infrared camera ARNICA which has a 4$`\times `$4 field of view and a pixel scale of 0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$97/pix. The $`K_s`$ filter is centered at 2.12 $`\mu `$m and has a full width at half maximum of 0.34 $`\mu `$m. For each NIR observation the total integration time was split into images of 30 s each, and the telescope was dithered in between.

The complete log of our imaging observations is reported in Table 1.

Two 30-min spectra, nominally covering the 3000-8000 Å optical range, were also acquired with TNG+DOLoReS between Feb 23.227 and Feb 23.274 UT. The use of DOLoReS Grism #1 secured a dispersion of 2.4 Å/pix. The slit width was 1$`\stackrel{}{.}`$5.

Optical images were debiased and flat-fielded with the standard cleaning procedure. In some cases, frames taken on the same night in the same band were summed together in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. In Fig. 1 we report our second TNG $`R`$-band image. We chose standard Point Spread Function (PSF) fitting as photometric method, and to this aim we used the DAOPHOT II image data analysis package PSF-fitting algorithm (Stetson 1987) running within MIDAS111MIDAS (Munich Image Data Analysis System) is developed, distributed and maintained by ESO (European Southern Observatory) and is available at http://www.eso.org/projects/esomidas. A two-dimensional Gaussian profile with two free parameters (the half width at half maxima along $`x`$ and $`y`$ coordinates of each frame) was modeled on at least 5 unsaturated bright stars in each image. The errors associated with the measurements reported in Table 1 represent statistical uncertainties (at 1$`\sigma `$) obtained with the standard PSF-fitting procedure. In only one case, i.e. the TNG observation of Mar 31, we used aperture photometry for the magnitude determination as the PSF-fitting procedure could not give reliable results due to the faintness of the transient. In this case we used an aperture diameter equal to the seeing FWHM of the summed image.

To be consistent with magnitude measurements appeared on the GCN circulars archive222GCN Circulars are available at:
http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3\_archive.html, calibration was done using the $`UBVRI`$ magnitudes, as measured by Henden (2001c), of field star ‘A’ indicated by Stanek et al. (2001a). However we used other field stars to check the stability of this calibration: we found it to be accurate to within 5%. Any significant short-term variation of star ‘A’ can be ruled out from our data. Due to the $`UB`$ color dependence of the DOLoReS CCD response in the $`U`$ band, a $``$0.2 mag color-term correction was subtracted from the $`U`$ magnitudes of the OT. We remark that the photometry errors quoted throughout the rest of the paper are only statistical and do not account for any possible (most likely very small) zero point offset.

We also retrieved and reduced the two $`V`$-band images obtained by Billings (2001) on 2001 Feb. 22.502 and 22.547 UT. From these, we obtain $`V`$ = 18.80$`\pm `$0.09 and 19.11$`\pm `$0.11, respectively, assuming the calibration by Henden (2001c) as described above.

Standard procedures were used to reduce the NIR data: a sky estimate for each image was computed from the clipped median of the nearby images. The telescope dithering was measured from the offsets of field objects in each image and the images were averaged together using inter-pixel shifts. Magnitudes were measured inside circular apertures of diameter 10′′ and corrected to total magnitudes. The photometric calibration was performed using NIR standard stars from the list by Hunt et al. (1998).

Given the poor seeing, the objects within 10′′ from the OT location could contribute to the measured NIR flux of the transient. It is not possible to accurately measure this effect, but we estimate that it is at most a small fraction of the total. Indeed, the peak of the emission is in good agreement with the expected position of the OT, and no evidence of flux is seen at the position of an object detected in the optical at about 5′′ north of the OT. Furthermore, the PSF profiles of the OT and of the object located 13′′ south-east of the OT itself are well distincted, suggesting that the latter does not contaminate the OT flux (see Fig. 2).

We rescaled the TIRGO $`K_s`$ magnitude to the standard $`K`$ band. This was done in two steps: we first considered that, given the almost identical characteristics of the $`K_s`$ and $`K^{}`$ filters (Wainscoat & Cowie 1992) we could assume $`K^{}`$ = $`K_s`$ within the large errors associated with our $`K_s`$ measurement. Second, using the relation $`K^{}K`$ = 0.2 $`\times `$ $`(HK)`$ by Wainscoat & Cowie (1992) and assuming the power law spectral shape described in Section 3.3 to estimate the $`H`$-band magnitude of the OT, we obtained $`K^{}K`$ $``$ 0.15. Thus, $`K`$ = 17.35$`\pm `$0.3 at the time of the TIRGO observation.

We then evaluated the Galactic absorption in the optical and NIR bands along the direction of GRB010222 using the Galactic dust infrared maps by Schlegel et al. (1998); from these data we obtained a color excess $`E(BV)`$ = 0.022. By applying the law by Rieke & Lebofsky (1985), this color excess corresponds to $`A_V`$ = 0.07; then, using the relation by Cardelli et al. (1989), we derived $`A_U`$ = 0.12, $`A_B`$ = 0.09, $`A_R`$ = 0.05, $`A_I`$ = 0.04, $`A_J`$ = 0.02, $`A_K`$ = 0.01.

Spectra, after correction for flat-field and bias, were background subtracted and optimally extracted (Horne 1986) using IRAF333IRAF is the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility made available at http://iraf.noao.edu to the astronomical community by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by AURA, Inc., under contract with the U.S. National Science Foundation. STSDAS is distributed by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555.. Helium-Argon lamps were used for wavelength calibration; spectra were then flux-calibrated by using the spectrophotometric standard Feige 34 (Massey et al. 1988) and finally averaged together. The correctness of the wavelength and flux calibrations was checked against the position of night sky lines and the photometric data collected around the epoch in which the spectra were acquired, respectively. The typical error was 0.5 Å for the wavelength calibration and 5% for the flux calibration.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Photometry

We clearly detect the transient in all optical and NIR filters; Fig. 1 shows the TNG $`R`$-band image taken on 2001 Feb. 23.219 UT along with the same portion of sky as it appears on the DSS-II survey. The OT, indicated by the tickmarks, is clearly evident on the TNG image, while no object is present in the DSS-II image at that position. The association of this transient with GRB010222 is confirmed by the fading behaviour of this source (see optical magnitudes reported in Table 1). The light curves in $`UBVRI`$ bands are reported in Fig. 3, where our data are complemented with those published by other authors (GCN circulars archive; Sagar et al. 2001; Stanek et al. 2001c; Cowsik & Bhargavi 2001). Note that we rescaled the $`BVRI`$ magnitudes appeared in the GCN circulars to the zero point measured by Henden (2001c); we did not plot in Fig. 3 the measurements in GCN circulars which could not be tied to this photometric zero point (for instance, unfiltered or independently calibrated magnitudes). No correction has been applied for Galactic extinction, which is anyway small (see previous Section), to the data in Table 1 and Fig. 3; nor has any host galaxy continuum emission been subtracted, this being unknown at present.

We find that a single power law decay of the form $`F(tt_0)^\alpha `$, where $`t_0`$ is the GRB start time, does not provide a satisfactory fit of the light curves. Indeed, considering a decay index $`\alpha `$ 0.9 as reported by Price et al. (2001b) and Fynbo et al. (2001b), we obtain a fit with $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ 65 over 68 degrees of freedom (dof). With this fit, the measurements acquired starting about 1 day after the GRB fall systematically below the expected decay. This is clearly evident in the $`B`$-, $`V`$\- and $`R`$-band light curves, the best sampled since the first hours after the GRB.

We thus hypothesize that the $`R`$-band light curve can be modeled with a smoothly broken power law as the one used by Stanek et al. (1999) to fit the optical light curves of the GRB990510 afterglow. The model we apply is:

$$F_\nu (t)=\frac{k_\nu }{(\frac{t}{t_b})^{\alpha _1}+(\frac{t}{t_b})^{\alpha _2}},$$
(1)
where $`t_b`$ is the time of the light curve break, $`\alpha _1`$ is the asymptotic decay index for $`tt_b`$ and $`\alpha _2`$ is the asymptotic decay index for $`tt_b`$ (times are expressed since $`t_0`$). Note that for the temporal decay indices we use inverted notations with respect to those of Stanek et al. (1999). We obtain a best fit of the $`R`$-band data with $`\alpha _1`$ = 0.23$`\pm `$0.01, $`\alpha _2`$ = 1.57$`\pm `$0.01 and $`t_b`$ = 0.54$`\pm `$0.01 days after the GRB start time; however, this fit is not satisfactory, as it has $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ 14 (66 dof) and systematically underestimates the OT flux for $`t>`$ 5 days after the GRB.

We next try the generalization adopted by Beuermann et al. (1999) of a smoothly broken power law model:

$$F_\nu (t)=(F_1(t)^s+F_2(t)^s)^{\frac{1}{s}},$$
(2)
where $`F_i(t)=k_it^{\alpha _i}`$ (with $`i`$ = 1,2), and in which the parameter $`s`$ indicates the smoothness of the change from a decay index to the other; for very large values of $`s`$, this function assumes a broken power law shape. This model fits much better ($`\chi _\nu ^2`$ = 1.6, 65 dof) the $`R`$ points than model of Eq. (1). An F-test shows that the model by Beuermann et al. (1999) leads to a tiny chance probability of improvement with respect to model of Eq. (1).

The formal fit parameters are: $`\alpha _1`$ = 0.54$`\pm `$0.08, $`\alpha _2`$ = 1.31$`\pm `$0.02, $`t_b`$ = 0.44$`\pm `$0.05 days after the GRB start time, and ‘smoothness parameter’ $`s`$ = 3.1$`\pm `$1.0. The value of this parameter indicates that the slope change occurred quite fastly around 12 hours after $`t_0`$. However, the fit parameters $`\alpha _1`$ and $`t_b`$ are very sensitive to the value of $`s`$, and we have noted that similarly acceptable fits ($`\chi _\nu ^2`$ ranging from 1.6 to 1.7) are obtained when $`s`$ varies from $``$3 to $``$10. Correspondingly, $`\alpha _1`$ varies between $``$0.5 and $``$0.8, and $`t_b`$ between $``$0.4 and $``$0.7 days. The upper bounds of the intervals for these parameters are more consistent with the results of other authors (Sagar et al. 2001; Stanek et al. 2001c). Therefore, we will assume for $`\alpha _1`$ and $`t_b`$ their average values within the above ranges, and the associated dispersions as uncertainties: $`\alpha _1`$ = 0.65$`\pm `$0.15 and $`t_b`$ = 0.55$`\pm `$0.15 days. The parameter $`\alpha _2`$ is instead very weakly sensitive to the value of $`s`$.

The $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ values associated with the fits are larger than 1 and therefore formally not completely satisfactory. By applying a systematic error of 1.5 % to all $`R`$ data points, in addition to the statistical and calibration uncertainties, the $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ becomes $``$1. Such a small additional uncertainty can be ascribed to non-homogeneity of $`R`$-band data set (acquired at different telescopes and analyzed using different methods), although small irregularities in the circumburst medium may produce in the afterglow light curve small time scale fluctuations of similar amplitude (e.g. GRB000301C, Masetti et al. 2000b; see also Wang & Loeb 2000).

The $`U`$ $`B`$, $`V`$, $`I`$ and $`J`$ light curves, albeit less well sampled, are consistent with the model describing the $`R`$-band data (see Fig. 3); therefore, no appreciable color evolution is present in the optical afterglow. On the contrary, the $`K`$-band light curve is consistent with being constant between the two epochs of observation.

From the fits, we obtained the following average color indices (not corrected for Galactic absorption): $`UB`$ = $``$0.55$`\pm `$0.05, $`BV`$ = 0.43$`\pm `$0.05, $`VR`$ = 0.36$`\pm `$0.05, $`RI`$ = 0.55$`\pm `$0.05 and $`IJ`$ = 0.72$`\pm `$0.15. These figures place the OT of GRB010222 in the locus populated by GRB optical afterglows in the optical color-color diagrams, as illustrated by Šimon et al. (2001).

### 3.2 Spectroscopy

We detect several absorption features in the optical spectrum of the GRB010222 afterglow (Fig. 4). As earlier reported by other authors (Garnavich et al. 2001; Jha et al. 2001a,b; Bloom et al. 2001), these correspond to three different metal absorption systems located at different redshifts. Our line fitting, performed with the SPLOT task within IRAF, assumes a Gaussian profile for the absorption lines. A conservative error of $`\pm `$3 Å, comparable with the pixel size, is associated with each line wavelength measurement.

On the averaged TNG spectrum, presented in Fig. 4, we mark the positions of all lines we identified. Each number corresponds to a line in Table 2, where line wavelengths, identifications and redshifts are reported. From our line identifications we measure the three absorption systems at $`z`$ = 0.927$`\pm `$0.001, $`z`$ = 1.155$`\pm `$0.001 and $`z`$ = 1.475$`\pm `$0.001, the highest one thus being the lower limit for the redshift of this GRB. These results are consistent with those of Garnavich et al. (2001), Jha et al. (2001a,b) and Bloom et al. (2001). Our spectral resolution is not sufficient to confirm the presence of a fine structure in the farthest absorbing system as reported by Castro et al. (2001).

In Table 2 we also list the equivalent widths (EWs) of the identified lines computed in the absorber rest frame (i.e. by dividing the measured value by the factor 1+$`z`$). The errors on the EWs are computed by assuming different spectral continuum levels roughly corresponding to 1$`\sigma `$ variation of the continuum itself in proximity of each line.

It can be noted from Table 2 that the metal lines of the absorption system at the highest $`z`$ are very strong. In particular, the detection of Mgi suggests that the optical emission of the GRB afterglow pierced through a dense medium, most likely that of a host galaxy at $`z`$=1.475. If we consider the study of $`z<`$ 1.65 Mgii systems in QSO spectra by Rao & Turnshek (2000) we find that, according to these authors, Mgii systems with rest frame EW of Mgii$`\lambda `$2796 $`0.6`$ Å are primarily associated with Damped Lyman–$`\alpha `$ Absorption (DLA) systems. DLAs are characterized by being mostly Hi interstellar medium clouds of high redshift galaxies. Indeed, about 50% of the Rao & Turnshek’s (2000) sample of Mgii absorbers with Mgii$`\lambda `$2796 and Feii$`\lambda `$2600 EWs larger than 0.5 Å have Hi column density $`N_{\mathrm{HI}}>2\times 10^{20}`$ atoms cm-2 and basically all have $`N_{\mathrm{HI}}>10^{19}`$ atoms cm-2.

Moreover, they found that almost all DLAs with $`N_{\mathrm{HI}}>2\times 10^{20}`$ atoms cm-2 have Mgi$`\lambda `$2852 EW larger than 0.7 Å. Thus, given the EWs of Mgi, Feii and Mgii reported in Table 2, we have good indications that the $`z`$=1.475 absorber, if not associated with the GRB itself, most likely resembles the properties of a DLA system with column density $`N_{\mathrm{HI}}>2\times 10^{20}`$ atoms cm-2. The ratio of the EWs of the Mgii doublet is $`W_{\mathrm{rest}}(\lambda 2796)/W_{\mathrm{rest}}(\lambda 2803)`$ = 0.8$`\pm `$0.1; this indicates that the absorption is saturated and, given the low resolution of the spectrum, the column density is undetermined. Rao & Turnshek (2000) also show that there is no precise relationship between the Hi column density and the rest frame EW of Mgii$`\lambda `$2796. Thus, although we have good indications that the $`z`$=1.475 system bears substantial absorption, the Hi column density is basically unknown. Applying the same approach to the other two absorption systems lying along the GRB line of sight (although in the case of the absorber at $`z`$=1.155 no Mgi is detected), we suggest that these systems have a Hi column density in excess of $`10^{19}`$ atoms cm-2. All this points to the possibility of the presence of additional extragalactic absorption along the GRB010222 line of sight.

Finally, we tested the hypothesis (Sari et al. 1998) that the optical spectrum can be described with a power law in the form F$`{}_{\nu }{}^{}\nu ^\beta `$. If we fit the TNG spectrum with this law, we obtain $`\beta `$ = 1.16$`\pm `$0.05 (with $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ 1), consistent with the fit results from the multiwavelength spectra shown in the next Subsection, but somewhat steeper than the value reported by Jha et al. (2001b).

### 3.3 Multiwavelength spectra

In order to study the temporal evolution of the multiwavelength spectrum of the GRB010222 afterglow, we have selected 5 epochs from $``$0.2 to $``$5 days after the high-energy event, at which best spectral sampling is available. We corrected the afterglow optical/NIR magnitudes for the Galactic absorption and converted them into fluxes using the tables by Fukugita et al. (1995) for the optical and by Bersanelli et al. (1991) for the NIR. If strictly simultaneous observations are not available, we reduced the fluxes to the reference epoch by interpolating the empirical model fitted to the $`R`$-band light curve (see Sect. 3.1), and normalizing to the appropriate band. A 7% systematic error is added quadratically to the measurements to account for interpolation and magnitude-to-flux conversion uncertainties. The results are plotted in Fig. 5.

The optical spectral distributions covering $`B`$, $`V`$, $`R`$ and, when available, $`U`$ and $`I`$ filters are well fit at all epochs by a single power law of average spectral index $`\beta `$ = 1.1$`\pm `$0.1 (the $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ is typically $``$1). A constant spectral shape is consistent with the achromatic evolution of the OT decay.

A single power law fit to the $`UBVRIJK`$ data at the third epoch gives $`\beta `$ = 1.3$`\pm `$0.1 with $`\chi _\nu ^2`$ = 2.3 (5 dof), slightly steeper than the optical slope. Although this may suggest some absorption within the host galaxy in addition to the Galactic one (e.g., Lee et al. 2001), we note that the difference is barely significant, considering the uncertainty on the joint optical/NIR spectral fit. Therefore we conclude that the optical spectra at all epochs and the optical/NIR spectrum at 1.8 days after the GRB do not deviate significantly from a single power law of slope $`\beta 1`$.

On the contrary, the $`K`$-band point at the second epoch ($`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ = 0.97 days after the GRB) strongly deviates from this trend. If we attempt to fit all $`UBVRIJK`$ points at this epoch with a single power law we obtain an unacceptable fit.

## 4 Discussion

The optical light curves of the GRB010222 afterglow are described by a continuously steepening trend, instead of a single power law, a behaviour seen in about 1/3 of the well monitored optical afterglows (GRB980519, Jaunsen et al. 2001; GRB990123, Castro-Tirado et al. 1999; GRB990510, Stanek et al. 1999; GRB990705, Masetti et al. 2000a; GRB991208, Castro-Tirado et al. 2001; GRB991216, Halpern et al. 2000; GRB000301C, Masetti et al. 2000b, Jensen et al. 2001; GRB000926, Fynbo et al. 2001a). In the present case, this cannot be ascribed to the synchrotron cooling frequency $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ crossing the optical band in a spherical regime (Sari et al. 1998), because the expected variation of decay index would be in this case much smaller ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha `$ = 0.25) than observed ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha 0.75`$). Moreover, although the limited optical band hampers a neat distinction, the $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ transition should be wavelength dependent, while the observed steepening is achromatic.

Therefore we have considered a decelerating and sideways expanding jet scenario (Sari et al. 1999). In this case, the index $`\alpha _2`$ should equal the index of the electron energy distribution, thus $`p`$ = 1.3. From this follows that the optical decay index before the collimation break time must be $`\alpha _1`$ = 0.23, in case $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ is above the optical band at those epochs. This is rather different from our value of $`\alpha _1`$, 0.65$`\pm `$0.15. Therefore, within the present picture, at the observing epochs preceding the collimation break time, $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ should have already crossed the optical band, so that the predicted $`\alpha _1`$ would be $``$0.5, more similar to its observed value. The slope of the optical spectrum should then be $`p`$/2 $``$ 0.7, significantly flatter than both our measured value $`\beta `$ = 1.1 and that ($`\beta `$ = 0.9) reported by Jha et al. (2001b).

Local absorption, on top of the Galactic extinction, may account for the difference (see below), but would lead to an intrinsic optical spectral slope rather different than found in X–rays ($`\beta _\mathrm{X}1`$; in ’t Zand et al. 2001), which is inconsistent with the fact that both bands should be above $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$. In addition, the index of the electron energy distribution derived in the sideways expanding jet scenario, $`p`$ = 1.3, is very flat (in general, $`p`$ values larger than 2 are found; see Frontera et al. 2000) and may pose energetic problems (although one can assume that the electron power law has a cut-off at some energy). Emission from the still undetected host galaxy of GRB010222 may flatten the late epoch light curve of the afterglow, but the most recent $`R`$-band photometry (our Fig. 3; Stanek et al. 2001c; Sagar et al. 2001) suggests that the total magnitude of the host cannot be brighter than $`R27`$ and that its contribution at the latest monitoring epochs ($``$40 days after the GRB) is not significant, so that subtracting it from the optical measurements does not alter the fitted value of $`\alpha _2`$, and therefore of $`p`$.

Given the problems posed by the application of the above model to our optical/NIR afterglow data, we have considered two alternatives.

First we have compared our results with a model of an external shock expanding in a pre-ejected wind, which determines a $`r^2`$ dependence for the medium density (Panaitescu & Kumar 2000). In the optical/NIR bands, it is predicted that, at the early epochs (up to 0.1 days after explosion in the source rest frame), the temporal decay is significantly flatter ($`\alpha _1`$ = 0.25) than found by us, while at later epochs our measured $`\alpha _2`$ can be reproduced with $`p`$ = 2.1, which is acceptable.

Then, we have made the hypothesis that the temporal break observed in the optical light curves may be generated by the transition from relativistic to non-relativistic conditions in the shock (Dai & Lu 1999). By applying the prescriptions of Dai & Lu (1999) to our measured decay indices we obtain compatible conditions on $`p`$ only if the $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ is above the optical band during our monitoring. From $`\alpha _1`$ = 0.65$`\pm `$0.15 and $`\alpha _2`$ = 1.31$`\pm `$0.02 we derive $`p`$ = 1.9$`\pm `$0.2 and $`p`$ = 2.27$`\pm `$0.01, respectively, which we consider marginally consistent with $`p`$ 2.1-2.2. This appears to be an acceptable value for the electron distribution shape. The predicted spectrum, for $`\nu _{\mathrm{opt}}<\nu _\mathrm{c}`$, is $`\beta `$ 0.6, much flatter than observed. We have made the hypothesis that intrinsic absorption at the source produces the observed steeper spectrum and we have searched for a de-extinction curve to correct for this.

As noted by Jha et al. (2001b), the optical spectrum lacks, at rest frame $`z`$ = 1.475, the typical 2175 Å dust absorption wide feature seen in the reddening curve of the Milky Way (Pei 1992, Cardelli et al. 1989) and of star forming galaxies (e.g. Calzetti 1997). Thus, intrinsic absorption must not be large. We have considered both an extinction curve appropriate for starburst galaxies (Calzetti 1997) and the SMC curve (Pei 1992), and applied them to our data. With the latter curve we cannot reproduce the predicted spectral slope in the optical/NIR wavelength range for any value of $`E(BV)`$ (while in the optical range only, acceptable fits are obtained, see also Lee et al. 2001). The starburst curve provides instead an acceptable correction and reproduces power-law spectra (except for the deviating $`K`$-band point at epoch 0.97 days) with index $`\beta 0.5`$ for a moderate color excess, $`E(BV)0.35`$ (see Fig. 6). The corrected optical/NIR spectral index is much flatter than that found in X–rays, which suggests that $`\nu _\mathrm{c}`$ lies between the optical and X–ray bands. This is strengthened by the consistency of the X–ray spectral index with $`p/2`$.

An empirical value of $`\nu _\mathrm{c}3.5\times 10^{15}`$ Hz (supposed to be nearly constant during the non-relativistic expansion, Dai & Lu 1999) is determined through the extrapolation of the optical and X–ray spectra (Fig. 6). The hypothesis of extinction within a heavily star forming host galaxy has the advantage of removing the mismatch between the optical and X–ray spectra normalizations (otherwise attributable to other causes, like inverse Compton emission in the X–rays, as suggested by in ’t Zand et al. 2001), and had been applied in a similar context also to GRB971214 (Dal Fiume et al. 2000).

The $`J`$-band light curve behaviour is similar to that of the optical ones, indicating that the injection break frequency $`\nu _\mathrm{m}`$ is below this band at both epochs of NIR observations. However, the behaviour of the $`K`$-band light curve deviates significantly from that observed at shorter wavelengths. Comparison of the broad-band spectra at 0.97 and 1.8 days after GRB could suggest that the injection break may be located between the $`K`$ and $`J`$ bands at the former epoch, and has moved below the $`K`$ band at the latter. Although this would be consistent with the evolution time scale of $`\nu _\mathrm{m}`$ ($`t^{3/2}`$), the higher fluxes detected at sub-mm wavelengths at preceding and successive epochs, indicate that the injection break should be located longward of the NIR band during our monitoring (Fich et al. 2001; Kulkarni et al. 2001). Therefore, we have no straightforward explanation for the deviation of the $`K`$-band point from a single optical-to-NIR power-law at 0.97 days.

At $`z`$ = 1.475, the total isotropic energy emitted in the 2-700 keV range by this GRB is 7.7$`\times `$$`10^{53}`$ erg (in ’t Zand et al. 2001). With this total energy, and assuming a circumburst medium density of $`n=10^510^6`$ cm-3, the epoch of the transition from ultrarelativistic to non-relativistic conditions is about 1 day (Dai & Lu 1999). Therefore, the most viable interpretation of our data appears to be a shock undergoing a substantial deceleration and transition to non-relativistic conditions at about 0.5 days after the GRB (see also Dai & Cheng 2001). The consequent requirement of a thick ambient medium (denser than $`10^6`$ cm-3) is supported by the observation of the absorbing system at $`z`$ = 1.475, likely coinciding with the redshift of the source. This density would be typical for starburst galaxies (Calzetti 1997) or DLAs (Wolfe et al. 1986; Rao & Turnshek 2000), and is similar to that found for a number of GRB hosts (GRB990510, Vreeswijk et al. 2001; GRB000301C, Jensen et al. 2001; GRB000926, Fynbo et al. 2001a). Therefore, as for many previous OTs, there is the suggestion that GRB010222 occurred in a site of substantial star formation.

Our observations and conclusions point to the importance of early optical/NIR monitoring of GRB afterglows to establish their behaviour and to get insight into the GRB progenitor. This will be guaranteed by the current (HETE-2) or soon-to-fly GRB missions (AGILE and Swift).

###### Acknowledgements.

We thank the staff astronomers of the TNG, Asiago, Loiano, Campo Imperatore and TIRGO Observatories. We also thank the anonymous referee for comments and suggestions which helped us improving the paper. We acknowledge Scott Barthelmy for maintaining the GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) and BACODINE services; the BeppoSAX e-mail GRB Alert Service is also acknowledged. Krzysztof Stanek is thanked for having noted a discrepancy between our $`U`$-band calibration and his, and for exchanging his $`U`$-band data with us. C. Bartolini, A. Guarnieri, and A. Piccioni acknowledge the University of Bologna (Funds for Selected Research Topics).


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# Nonclassical Interference Effects In The Radiation From Coherently Driven Uncorrelated Atoms

## Abstract

We demonstrate the existence of new nonclassical correlations in the radiation of two atoms, which are coherently driven by a continuous laser source. The photon-photon-correlations of the fluorescence light show a spatial interferene pattern not present in a classical treatment. A feature of the new phenomenon is, that bunched and antibunched light is emitted in different spatial directions. The calculations are performed analytically. It is pointed out, that the correlations are induced by state reduction due to the measurement process when the detection of the photons does not distinguish between the atoms. It is interesting to note, that the phenomena show up even without any interatomic interaction.

Resonance fluorescence from a single atom driven by a coherent field was the first example allowing to observe nonclassical effects such as antibunching and subpoissonian statistics . These experiments first done with atoms in a beam have later also been performed using single trapped ions . Squeezing in resonance fluorescence has also been investigated . Since the early work of Mollow , Carmichael and Walls  one has studied at length the quantum statistical characteristics of radiation produced by a cooperative system of two and more atoms . Some evidence of cooperative effects have been demonstrated . There are also some recent proposals to investigate cooperative effects including the interactions between the atoms .

In the present paper we study the two atom fluorescence leading to new nonclassical effects. We consider a situation, where the two atoms are driven coherently by a continuous laser source. These nonclassical effects are observed in photon-photon-correlations when state reduction occurs in the measurement process. We note, that in an ealier study by Mandel  correlation effects in a similar system have been discussed. However, in contrast to our paper there no continuously pumped atoms have been considered. We calculate nonclassical two photon correlations for all times including dissipation of the atoms. The dynamics resulting from the excitation by cw fields and by spontaneous emission is very important for the present results. We should mention that on the experimental side first order interference in the radiation produced by a prepared system of two atoms has been reported . We also point out, that the creation of entangled states of distant atoms has been discussed in a different context .

It may be noted, that the trapped ion technology is fairly well advanced to envisage resonance fluorescence measurements with chains of trapped ions driven by coherent fields. One can also use single molecules in crystalline hosts, where recently nonclassical photon statistics have been measured .

We consider two identical atoms with the levels $`|e_i`$ and $`|g_i`$ ($`i=1,2`$) at fixed positions $`𝐱_1`$ and $`𝐱_2`$ with dipole moment $`𝐝`$ and transition frequency $`\omega `$. They are driven by a resonant external laser field with wavevector $`𝐤_L`$. We assume that the only dissipative terms are due to the spontaneous decays of the levels $`|e_{1,2}`$. In the rotating-wave, Markov and Born approximations, the time evolution of the system is given by the master equation

$`\dot{\rho }`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{i}\mathrm{\Omega }{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{2}{}}}[\mathrm{e}^{\left[\mathrm{i}\left(𝐤_L𝐱_\mu \omega _Lt\right)\right]}\sigma _\mu ^++\text{h.c.},\rho ]`$ (2)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{2}{}}}\gamma \left(\sigma _\mu ^+\sigma _\mu ^{}\rho +\rho \sigma _\mu ^+\sigma _\mu ^{}2\sigma _\mu ^{}\rho \sigma _\mu ^+\right),`$
where $`2\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the Rabi frequency of the atom laser system, $`\sigma _\mu ^\pm `$ are the atomic raising and lowering operators for atom number $`\mu `$, and $`2\gamma =\frac{4}{3}|𝐝|^2\frac{\omega ^3}{\mathrm{}c^3}`$ is the Einstein A coefficient for the single atom. As we assume the electromagnetic field outside the laser beam in the vacuum state, the correlation functions can be written as

$`G^{(1)}(𝐫,t)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =1}{\overset{2}{}}}\mathrm{e}^{\left[\mathrm{i}k𝐱_{\mu ,\nu }\widehat{𝐫}\right]}\sigma _\mu ^+\left(t\right)\sigma _\nu ^{}\left(t\right)`$ (3)
$`G^{(2)}(𝐫_1,t;𝐫_2,t+\tau )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu ,\lambda ,\rho =1}{\overset{2}{}}}\mathrm{e}^{\left[\mathrm{i}k(𝐱_{\lambda ,\nu }\widehat{𝐫}_1+𝐱_{\rho ,\mu }\widehat{𝐫}_2)\right]}\times `$ (5)
$`\sigma _\lambda ^+\left(t\right)\sigma _\rho ^+\left(t+\tau \right)\sigma _\mu ^{}\left(t+\tau \right)\sigma _\nu ^{}\left(t\right)`$
with $`𝐱_{\mu ,\nu }:=𝐱_\mu 𝐱_\nu `$ and $`\widehat{𝐫}=\frac{𝐫}{|𝐫|}`$.
The two time correlations (5) can be calculated using the quantum regression theorem and the time evolution of the density operator. Therefore the normalized second order correlation function can be written as

$$g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,t;𝐫_2,t+\tau )=\frac{P(𝐫_2,t+\tau |𝐫_1,t)}{P(𝐫_2,t)}$$
(6)
where $`P(𝐫,t)`$ is the probability of finding a photon at position $`𝐫`$ at time $`t`$, and $`P(𝐫_2,t+\tau |𝐫_1,t)`$ the conditional probability of finding a photon at position $`𝐫_2`$ at time $`t+\tau `$ premising the detection of a photon at point $`𝐫_1`$ at time t. Using the inequality

$$\mathrm{Tr}(\rho (\alpha I(𝐫_1)+\beta I(𝐫_2))^2)0\alpha ,\beta $$
(7)
leads us to

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}(g^{(2)}(𝐫_i;𝐫_i)1)(g^{(2)}(𝐫_1;𝐫_2)1)^2$$
(8)
for classical systems. This gives us a good possibility to estimate the nonclassical behavior of our system.

As there can always be found one state which does not interact with the laser field it is suggestive to use this state to build up the basis for the further calculations. We call this state $`|a`$ and define

$`|e`$ $`:=`$ $`|e,e`$ (9)
$`|s`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }|e,g+\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }|g,e\right)`$ (10)
$`|a`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }|e,g\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }|g,e\right)`$ (11)
$`|g`$ $`:=`$ $`|g,g`$ (12)
$`\text{with}|i,j`$ $`:=`$ $`|i_1|j_2,\varphi :={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐤_L𝐱_{12}`$ (13)
In this representation the master equation reduces to the following sets of 6+3 equations

$`\dot{\rho }_{ee}`$ $`=`$ $`4(\alpha \rho _{es}^i\rho _{ee})`$ (14)
$`\dot{\rho }_{ss}`$ $`=`$ $`2(\rho _{ee}\rho _{ss}+2\alpha (\rho _{sg}^i\rho _{es}^i))`$ (15)
$`\dot{\rho }_{aa}`$ $`=`$ $`2(\rho _{ee}\rho _{aa})`$ (16)
$`\dot{\rho }_{es}^i`$ $`=`$ $`3\rho _{es}^i2\alpha (\rho _{ee}\rho _{ss}+\rho _{eg}^r)`$ (17)
$`\dot{\rho }_{sg}^i`$ $`=`$ $`2\rho _{es}^i\rho _{sg}^i+2\alpha (1\rho _{ee}\rho _{aa}2\rho _{ss}+\rho _{eg}^r)`$ (18)
$`\dot{\rho }_{eg}^r`$ $`=`$ $`2(\rho _{eg}^r+\alpha (\rho _{sg}^i\rho _{es}^i))`$ (19)
$`\dot{\rho }_{ea}^r`$ $`=`$ $`3\rho _{ea}^r2\alpha \rho _{sa}^i`$ (20)
$`\dot{\rho }_{sa}^i`$ $`=`$ $`2(\alpha (\rho _{ea}^r+\rho _{ag}^r)\rho _{sa}^i)`$ (21)
$`\dot{\rho }_{ag}^r`$ $`=`$ $`2\rho _{ea}^r2\alpha \rho _{sa}^i\rho _{ag}^r`$ (22)
with $`\alpha :=\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }}{\sqrt{2}\gamma }`$, $`\rho _{kl}^r:=\mathrm{}(\rho _{kl})`$ and $`\rho _{kl}^i:=\mathrm{}(\rho _{kl})`$.

By solving the first set of equations (14) we find the diagonal elements in the steady-state to be:

$`\rho _{gg}^{SS}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\gamma ^2+\mathrm{\Omega }^2\right)^2}{\left(\gamma ^2+2\mathrm{\Omega }^2\right)^2}}`$ (23)
$`\rho _{ss}^{SS}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^2\left[2\gamma ^2+\mathrm{\Omega }^2\right]}{\left(\gamma ^2+2\mathrm{\Omega }^2\right)^2}}`$ (24)
$`\rho _{aa}^{SS}=\rho _{ee}^{SS}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^4}{\left(\gamma ^2+2\mathrm{\Omega }^2\right)^2}}`$ (25)
This calculation does not depend on the direction of the driving laser, although it is included by the proper definition of our symmetric and antisymmetric state.

If the laser direction is perpendicular to the ion separation ($`\varphi =0`$) this solution corresponds to the earlier found solutions of Richter , where we neglect the dipole-dipole interaction. This is justified when the ion distance is in the range of several wavelengths of the atomic transition. In this case the solutions are completely independent of the separation of the atoms. For strong laser fields ($`\mathrm{\Omega }\gamma `$) the populations are equal for each of the atomic states ($`\rho _{gg}^{SS}=\rho _{ss}^{SS}=\rho _{ee}^{SS}=\rho _{aa}^{SS}=1/4`$).

We next discuss, how a detection event leads to state reduction and entanglement. After a detection at the point $`𝐫`$ we have to find a new density operator in the following way

$`\rho (𝐫)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma ^{}(𝐫)\rho ^{SS}\sigma ^+(𝐫)}{\sigma ^+(𝐫)\sigma ^{}(𝐫)}},\text{where}`$ (26)
$`\sigma ^\pm (𝐫)`$ $`:=`$ $`\sigma _1^\pm +\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}k_L\mathrm{𝐫𝐱}_{12}}\sigma _2^\pm .`$ (27)
If, for instance, the system is in state $`|e`$ before a detection at $`𝐫`$ with $`\widehat{𝐫}𝐱_{12}=0`$, we find it in $`|s`$ after the detection. This explains, how entanglement could come into the system, as the system is transformed from a non-entangled state $`|e`$ to an entangled state $`|s`$ by a detection event.

Let us now check, if the atoms remain uncorrelated after a detection event i.e. $`\rho (𝐫)`$ factorizes into a product of density matrices $`\rho _i`$ with $`\rho _i`$ referring to the density matrix of the i-th atom. We find that this is not the case, for example

$$\mathrm{}(\rho (𝐫)_{sa})=\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^2\mathrm{sin}\varphi }{2(\mathrm{\Omega }^2+\gamma ^2(1+\mathrm{cos}\delta (𝐫)))},\rho _{ee}(𝐫)=0$$
(28)
with $`\delta (𝐫)=(𝐤_Lk_L\widehat{𝐫})𝐱_{12}`$. On the other hand a factorized density matrix would imply, $`\mathrm{}(\rho (𝐫)_{sa})=0`$ after any detection event. Furthermore, the dependence of $`\mathrm{}(\rho (𝐫)_{sa})`$ on the coordinates of the two atoms through $`\delta (𝐫)`$ also points out the nonexistence of a factorized density matrix after detection. Thus there are values of $`𝐫`$, where the state reduction by the measurement leaves the system in an entangled state. With this mechanism the entanglement, which is necessary for nonclassical effects, is brought into the system simply by the detection of a single photon.

To calculate the intensity at position $`𝐫`$ we use the relations

$`\sigma _1^+\sigma _1^{}=\sigma _2^+\sigma _2^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\rho _{ee}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\rho _{ss}+\rho _{aa}\right)`$ (29)
$`\sigma _1^+\sigma _2^{}=\sigma _2^+\sigma _1^{}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}\varphi }\left(\rho _{ss}\rho _{aa}\right),`$ (30)
where we assumed the system to be in the steady state (i.e. $`\rho _{sa}^{SS}=0`$). We then find

$`G^{(1)}(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1+\mathrm{cos}\delta (𝐫)\right)\left[\rho _{ee}(t)+\rho _{ss}(t)\right]+`$ (32)
$`\left(1\mathrm{cos}\delta (𝐫)\right)\left[\rho _{ee}(t)+\rho _{aa}(t)\right].`$
This leads to the well known interference fringes in the first order correlation function as studied in the experiment of Eichmann et al. .

In this case the system behaves as the well known double slit experiment where the atoms act as slits and the two optical paths interfere. Like in a system with prepared initial states the photons emitted by symmetric transitions $`|e|s`$ and $`|s|g`$ show inverse fringes compared to those emitted by antisymmetric transitions $`|e|a`$ or $`|a|g`$. This follows from the $`1\pm \mathrm{cos}\delta (𝐫)`$ terms in (32). One major difference is that the contrast depends on the intensity of the laser light so that the fringes disappear for higher laser intensities when $`\mathrm{\Omega }\gamma `$. The populations $`\rho _{ss}^{SS}`$ and $`\rho _{aa}^{SS}`$ equalize.

To get the second order correlation function we solve the master equation by calculating the Liouville Operator and use for the initial state the density matrix given by (26). This procedure is also equivalent to using the quantum regression theorem.

Remarkably enough we are able to give an analytical expression for the intensity-intensity correlation:

$`g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_2,\tau )=1+{\displaystyle \frac{e^{3t}}{4\nu ^2(s+\mathrm{cos}\delta _1)(s+\mathrm{cos}\delta _2)}}\times `$ (33)
$`\{4\mathrm{e}^{2t}\nu ^2s\mathrm{sin}\delta _1\mathrm{sin}\delta _2+s[\mathrm{e}^t\nu ^2s+(s1)^2]\mathrm{cos}\delta _1\mathrm{cos}\delta _2`$ (34)
$`\mathrm{e}^{3t/2}\nu s^2\left[2\nu \mathrm{cos}(\nu t)+3\mathrm{sin}(\nu t)\right]`$ (35)
$`+2\mathrm{e}^{3t/2}\nu s\left(\mathrm{cos}\delta _1+\mathrm{cos}\delta _2\right)\left[(2s3)\mathrm{sin}(\nu t)2\nu \mathrm{cos}(\nu t)\right]`$ (36)
$`+\mathrm{e}^{t/2}\nu \left(2\mathrm{e}^t\mathrm{cos}\delta _1\mathrm{cos}\delta _2+s\mathrm{sin}\delta _1\mathrm{sin}\delta _2\right)`$ (37)
$`\left[2\nu (s2)\mathrm{cos}(\nu t)+(5s6)\mathrm{sin}(\nu t)\right]`$ (38)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{cos}\delta _1\mathrm{cos}\delta _2[(s(s(4s33)+64)36)\mathrm{cos}(2\nu t)`$ (39)
$`+2\nu (s2)(5s6)\mathrm{sin}(2\nu t)]\}`$ (40)
with $`s:=2\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }}{\gamma }\right)^2+1`$, $`\delta _i=\delta (𝐫_i)`$ and $`\nu :=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{8s9}`$ being parameters for the intensity of the driving field and $`t:=\gamma \tau `$ is the time scaled with the atoms spontaneous emission rate. For $`\tau =0`$ Eq. (33) reduces to

$$g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_2,0)=\frac{s^2\mathrm{cos}^2\left(\frac{\delta _1\delta _2}{2}\right)}{(s+\mathrm{cos}\delta _1)(s+\mathrm{cos}\delta _2)}$$
(41)
Assuming measurements with only one detector at position $`𝐫`$, $`g^{(2)}(𝐫,0;𝐫,0)`$ shows interferences fringes with maxima larger and minima smaller than one (Fig 4). This means that the system is emitting super-poissonian light in one and sub-poissionian light in the other direction. This behavior has no analogy in the first order correlation i.e. in the two slit experiment.

For two detectors the situation is different. For any detector position with $`\delta _2=(2n+1)\pi +\delta _1`$, $`g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_2,0)`$ vanishes completely, while at other positions we find maximum detection probability (Fig 5). After a detection at position $`𝐫_1`$ with $`\delta _1=2n\pi `$ we find $`\rho _{ee}=\rho _{aa}=0`$. Therefore there is no probability to detect any photon at a position with $`\delta _2=(2n+1)\pi `$ at the same time, as no emission into the antisymmetric channel could take place (32). So we again find fringes as a function of $`\delta _2`$. For $`\delta _1=(2n+1)\pi `$ we detect an emission on the antisymmetric channel first, so we find $`g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_2,0)`$ vanishing for positions $`𝐫_2`$ with $`\delta _2=2n\pi `$ for the same reasons as above (Fig 6).

After any detection on a specific channel the system needs time for re-excitation to emit to the orthogonal channel; on the other hand cascade emissions could only take place at the same channel. Note that the behavior of $`g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_2,\tau )`$ is well understood in terms of our symmetrized basis (9). These results show also that the inequality (8) could be violated by choosing the two detector positions in a way that $`g^{(2)}(𝐫_1,0;𝐫_1,0)>1`$ and $`g^{(2)}(𝐫_2,0;𝐫_2,0)<1`$. In this manner we find nonclassical behavior in our system as consequence of the detection induced entanglement of the two atoms. We note that dependence of the type $`\mathrm{cos}^2`$ in the two photon correlations has also been derived by Mandel in his work on radiation from atoms prepared in atomic coherent states . In contrast to that we are dealing here with the more general case of continuous excitation of the atoms including dissipation.

In conclusion it has been shown by analytic calculations, that a system of two atoms coherently excited by a cw laser source shows nonclassical features being dependent on the distance of the atoms, although there is no assumed interaction between the atoms. This can be understood by measurement induced entanglement, which comes into the system if the detection does not distinguish between the two atoms, i.e. the detected photon does not carry which-way-information. On the first glance the system studied seems to be similar to the two slit experiment, however the nonclassical effects discussed here do not show up in the first order correlation and can only be seen in the second order correlation as it should be the case for a quantum phenomenon.

To see the reported effects single ions stored in a linear rf-trap can be used; remaining micromotion could be overcome by a phase-sensitive detection . In this paper the case was discussed, that the detector/or detectors do not discriminate the light emitted by the individual atoms. There are, however, further interesting phenomena observable when the which-way-information is available. One example is that the excitation of one atom and the selective observation of the fluorescence from the other one opens, among other effects, the possibility to investigate the dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms. These results will be described elsewhere.


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# Positive presentations of the braid groups and the embedding problem

## 1. Introduction

We will discover a large class of positive finite presentations of the $`n`$-braid group. Roughly speaking, a presentation in this class has a set of generators determined by a connected graph with $`n`$ vertices immersed in a plane in such a way that each pair of edges intersects at most once. Our class of presentations includes all known positive finite presentations such as the Artin presentation, the band-generator presentation in  and all of Sergiescu’s presentations in . Our first objective is to find a (minimal) collection of positive relations among generators given by a graph as above so that it becomes a presentation of the $`n`$-braid groups.

The semigroup of all positive words plays a crucial role in the solutions to the word problem and the conjugacy problem for the $`n`$-braid group given by Garside, Thurston, and Elrifi-Morton. Their solutions are based on the property that the semigroup embeds in the whole group. Birman-Ko-Lee’s recent work also requires this embedding property in order to give a fast solution to the word problem in the band-generator presentation. Our second objective is to prove that with a few exception all presentations in our class have the embedding property. The Artin and the band-generator presentations are the only nontrivial exceptions. Consequently these two among all presentations are natural and interesting for further study.

## 2. Immersed graphs and known presentations

The $`n`$-braid group $`B_n`$ is the group of isotopy classes of orientation-preserving automorphisms of an $`n`$ punctured plane $`𝐑^2`$ that fix the set of punctures and the outside of a disk containing all punctures. It is customary to place punctures on the $`x`$-axis and equally spaced. Ignoring the punctures, such an automorphism is a homeomorphism of $`𝐑^2`$ permuting the punctures and so is isotopic to the identity map of $`𝐑^2`$. A geometric braid is determined by taking the trace of the punctures under this isotopy. When the punctures are not in the customary location, there is a choice of homeomorphisms of $`𝐑^2`$ that send the punctures to their customary location and a geometric braid is uniquely determined up to conjugation in this case.

Since the symmetric group over $`n`$ letters is naturally a quotient of $`B_n`$, an automorphism that exchanges two punctures is a candidate for a generator of $`B_n`$ and a typical automorphism of this type can be easily depicted as an arc connecting the two punctures so the automorphism exchanges two punctures clockwise or counterclockwise inside an annulus lying along the arc. See Figure 1 for an example. This type of braids will be called the half twist along the given arc.

Therefore by regarding the punctures as vertices and a collection of these arcs as edges, we have a graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ immersed in $`𝐑^2`$ satisfying the following properties:

1. There are no loops;
2. Edges have no self-intersections;
3. Two distinct edges intersect either at interior points transversely or at common end points.
4. There is at least a vertex inside a “pseudo digon”, that is, a region cobounded by two subarcs from two edges so that corners of the region are either two interior intersection points or one vertex and one interior intersection point.

If the number of intersections among edges is minimized, for example, by making all edges geodesics in the hyperbolic structure of the punctured plane, the condition (4) holds automatically. Two immersed graphs are regarded as equivalent if one graph can be transformed to the other by an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of $`𝐑^2`$. Thus we may assume that vertices lie on the customary locations if necessary.

Throughout this article, graphs mean immersed graphs in $`𝐑^2`$ satisfying the condition discussed. If graphs are embedded in $`𝐑^2`$, we call them planar. The set of edges in a graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`n`$ vertices corresponds to a set of elements in $`B_n`$ as in Figure 1. Two equivalent graphs determine two sets of braids that differ by an inner automorphism of $`B_n`$. If the set corresponding to edges generates $`B_n`$, we say that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ generates $`B_n`$ and we are interested in graphs that generate $`B_n`$. Since an edge of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ corresponds to a transposition in the symmetric group, a graph that generates $`B_n`$ must be connected in order to permute any two vertices. But there are connected graphs that do not generate $`B_n`$. The problem of deciding when an immersed graph generates the braid group is considered elsewhere.

We now discuss how a braid word corresponds to an edge of a graph with $`n`$ vertices in the customary location. The Artin generator $`\sigma _i`$(or $`\sigma _i^1`$) for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$ corresponds to the clockwise(counterclockwise, respectively) half twist along the straight edge joining the $`i`$-th and the $`(i+1)`$-st vertices. Given an edge of a graph, we simplify the edge via a sequence of half twists $`\sigma _i`$ or $`\sigma _i^1`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$ until it becomes a straight edge corresponding to, say, $`\sigma _k`$. The required sequence can be expressed as a word $`W`$ in Artin generators in which a half twist applied later is written on the left. Then the edge that we started with corresponds to the braid word $`W^1\sigma _kW`$. The word $`W`$ is not uniquely expressed but $`W`$ as an element of $`B_n`$ is well-defined. The inverse of this correspondence is similar. Given a conjugate $`W^1\sigma _kW`$, apply a sequence of half twists determined from right to left by $`W^1`$ to the straight edge $`\sigma _k`$. Consequently each edge of a graph with $`n`$ vertices is uniquely represented by an element in $`B_n`$ that can be written as a conjugate of an Artin generator. The following lemma summarizes this discussion.

###### Lemma 2.1.

A braid $`\beta `$ in $`B_n`$ is the half twist along an arc joining two punctures in the plane if and only if $`\beta `$ can be written as a conjugate of an Artin generator or its inverse.

From now on as long as no confusion arises, we will not distinguish three concepts, namely an edge of a graph, the half twist along the edge, and a conjugate word expressing the edge. Since any two Artin generators are conjugate each other, any half twist along an arc corresponds to a conjugate of a fixed Artin generator. The following is immediate from the above lemma.

###### Corollary 2.2.

A graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`n`$ vertices generates $`B_n`$ if and only if each Artin generator can be expressed as $`W\alpha W^1`$ for some edge $`\alpha `$ and some word $`W`$ on edges of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

In the view of the above corollary, it is important to know how the conjugate of an edge by another edge in a graph looks like. Let $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ be words in $`B_n`$ that express edges of a graph. If the edges $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ do not intersect each other and are not adjacent, they commute and so $`\alpha \beta \alpha ^1=\beta =\alpha ^1\beta \alpha `$. If the edges $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ do not intersect each other and are adjacent, the three edges $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, and $`\alpha \beta \alpha ^1=\beta ^1\alpha \beta `$ form a triangle counterclockwise and the three edges $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, and $`\alpha ^1\beta \alpha =\beta \alpha \beta ^1`$ form a triangle clockwise as in Figure 2. We note that there should be no other vertex inside the triangles and this can be achieved by drawing thin triangles inside a sufficiently small neighborhood of the union of two edges $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$. When the edges $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ intersect at an interior point, one can still describe the edges $`\alpha \beta \alpha ^1`$ and $`\alpha ^1\beta \alpha `$ but we do not need them in this article.

Give a set $`E`$ of generators of the $`n`$-braid group $`B_n`$, a positive word in $`E`$ is a product of positive powers of generators in $`E`$. A presentation of a group is finite if there are finitely many generators and relations. A presentation is positive if all defining relations are equations of positive words in generators.

We now introduce the graphs that corresponds to some of known positive finite presentations of the braid groups. The set of Artin generators $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\sigma _3,\mathrm{},\sigma _{n1}`$ of $`B_n`$ forms the graph in Figure 3 and a minimal set of defining relations is given by

$`\sigma _i\sigma _j\sigma _i=\sigma _j\sigma _i\sigma _j`$ $`\text{if}|ij|=1`$
$`\sigma _i\sigma _j=\sigma _j\sigma _i`$ $`\text{if}|ij|>1.`$
The graphs in Figure 3 will be called the Artin graph.

Sergiescu  showed how a finite presentation of $`B_n`$ can be obtained from any planar connected graph with $`n`$ vertices. He described a sufficient set of positive relations that depend only on the geometry of a given planar graph. We will give a minimal set of positive relations as a corollary of the main theorem in §3. Let $`n`$ be the number of vertices in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. By choosing a fixed $`n`$ points in $`𝐑^2`$ and a homeomorphism of $`𝐑^2`$ that sends vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to the $`n`$ fixed points, the group $`B_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ introduced in  is identified with the $`n`$-braid group $`B_n`$. These presentations of $`B_n`$ will be called Sergiescu’s presentations. The relations in a Sergiescu’s presentation are highly redundant but they are useful when we need to find a relation locally given by a planar graph.

Recently a new presentation of $`B_n`$ called the band-generator presentation has been developed by Birman-Ko-Lee. This presentation has $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2}\right)`$ generators $`a_{ts}`$ for $`1s<tn`$ corresponds to the graph in Figure 4 and defining relations:

$`a_{ts}a_{sr}=a_{tr}a_{ts}=a_{sr}a_{tr}`$ $`\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}t,s,r\mathrm{with}nt>s>r1`$
$`a_{ts}a_{rq}=a_{rq}a_{ts}`$ $`\text{if }(tr)(tq)(sr)(sq)>0.`$
The Artin generator and the band-generators are related as

$$a_{ts}=(\sigma _{t1}\sigma _{t2}\mathrm{}\sigma _{s+1})\sigma _s(\sigma _{s+1}^1\mathrm{}\sigma _{t2}^1\sigma _{t1}^1)$$

and

$$\sigma _t=a_{(t+1)t}.$$

The set of band-generators are depicted as the graph in Figure 4 that will be called the inner complete graph.

The relations $`a_{ts}a_{sr}=a_{tr}a_{ts}=a_{sr}a_{tr}`$ will be called a triangular relation. A triangular relation is derived whenever a new generator is introduced by means of a conjugation of an edge by an adjacent edge. Triangular relations serve as building blocks of positive relations in the braid groups.

## 3. Positive Presentations from linearly spanned graphs

After an immersed graph is turned into a planar graph by regarding all interior intersections as vertices, a region bounded by a closed edge-path is called a pseudo face if the edge-path contains at least one vertex that is an interior intersection of two edges as in Figure 5.

A graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is said to be linearly spanned if it is connected and there is no vertex in any pseudo face of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. A connected subgraph of a linearly spanned graph is clearly linearly spanned. Two edges of a linearly spanned graph intersect each other at most once since any pseudo digon cobounded by two edges can not exist in a linearly spanned graph. All planar graphs and all subgraphs of the inner-complete graph are linearly spanned. For example the graph on the left in Figure 6 is neither planar nor a subgraph of the inner-complete graph but it is linearly spanned, and the graph on the right is not linearly spanned

The following lemma justifies the terminology ”linearly spanned”.

###### Lemma 3.1.

A linearly spanned graph that is a tree is equivalent to a subgraph of the inner-complete graph.

###### Proof.

Choose a point $`x`$ far away from the graph. Since the graph is a tree and no vertices are surrounded by edges, there are $`n`$ arcs that join $`x`$ to each vertex and are disjoint each other and are disjoint from the graph as in Figure 7. Choose a new horizontal axis disjoint from the graph and move each vertex along each arc by a homeomorphism so that it lies on the new axis as Figure 7. Then the result is a subgraph of the inner complete graph.

###### Corollary 3.2.

A linearly spanned graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`n`$ vertices generates $`B_n`$.

###### Proof.

A maximal tree of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is equivalent to a connected subgraph of the inner-complete graph from which we can obtain the inner complete graph by adding missing edges that are conjugates of an existing edge by an adjacent edge. ∎

###### Lemma 3.3.

Let $`T`$ be a linearly spanned tree with $`n`$ vertices. Then $`T`$ generates $`B_n`$ with $`\frac{(n1)(n2)}{2}`$ positive relations described as in the proof below.

###### Proof.

Induction on $`n`$. It is trivial when $`n=2`$. Suppose a linear spanned tree $`T^{}`$ with $`n1`$ vertices generates $`B_{n1}`$ with $`\frac{(n2)(n3)}{2}`$ positive relations. We add a new vertex and a new edge $`\alpha `$ to $`T^{}`$. For each edge $`\beta `$ of $`T^{}`$, we will have a new positive relation so that $`n2`$ new positive relations will be added. In the following we use Tietze transformations  that add and delete a generator(s) denoted by $`\lambda `$ or $`\mu `$ to utilize triangular relations.

1. If $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ have no intersection, add the positive relation

$$\alpha \beta =\beta \alpha .$$
2. For each set of edges $`\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m`$ simultaneously adjacent to $`\alpha `$ at a vertex of valency $`m+1`$ as in Figure 8(a), add $`m`$ positive relations

$`\alpha \beta _m\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\beta _m\alpha \beta _m`$
$`\alpha \beta _1\beta _m\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\beta _m\alpha \beta _1\beta _m`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`\alpha \beta _{m1}\beta _m\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\beta _m\alpha \beta _{m1}\beta _m`$
3. If $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ intersect and form a pseudo face as in Figure 8(b), add the positive relation

$`\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1^2\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _{m1}`$
$`=`$ $`\beta _2\beta _3\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1^2\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m`$
that is derived from $`\beta \lambda \beta =\lambda \beta \lambda `$ where

$`\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta _m^1\mathrm{}\beta _2^1\beta _1^1`$
$`=`$ $`\beta ^1\beta _m^1\mathrm{}\beta _2^1\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha `$
4. If $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ intersect and form a pseudo face as in Figure 9(a), add the positive relation

$$\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m=\beta _2\beta _3\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha $$

that is derived from $`\beta \lambda =\lambda \beta `$ where

$`\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha \beta _m^1\mathrm{}\beta _2^1\beta _1^1`$
$`=`$ $`\beta ^1\beta _m^1\mathrm{}\beta _2^1\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\alpha `$
5. If $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ intersect and form a pseudo face as in Figure 9(b), add the positive relation

$`\gamma _2\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\alpha \beta \beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _m\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\alpha \beta \beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _{m1}`$
$`=`$ $`\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _m\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\alpha \beta \beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _m\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}`$
that is derived from $`\lambda \mu =\mu \lambda `$ where

$`\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m\beta _{m1}^1\mathrm{}\beta _2^1\beta _1^1\beta ^1`$
$`=`$ $`\beta _m^1\mathrm{}\beta _1^1\beta \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _m`$
$`\mu `$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _1\gamma _2\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\alpha \gamma _{\mathrm{}}^1\mathrm{}\gamma _2^1\gamma _1^1`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha ^1\gamma _{\mathrm{}}^1\mathrm{}\gamma _2^1\gamma _1\gamma _2\mathrm{}\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\alpha `$

The following is the main theorem of this section and the known presentation mentioned in the previous section can be obtained from this.

###### Theorem 3.4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a linearly spanned graph with $`n`$ vertices. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ generates $`B_n`$ with $`\frac{(n1)(n2)}{2}+k`$ positive relations described as in the proof below where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has $`n+k1`$ edges.

###### Proof.

Choose a spanning tree $`T`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Then a linearly spanned tree $`T`$ generates $`B_n`$ with $`\frac{(n1)(n2)}{2}`$ positive relations as in Lemma 3.3. When each edge $`\alpha `$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }T`$ are added, a circuit is formed and the circuit give a new positive relation as follows:

1. If $`\alpha `$ forms a circuit with no intersection with other edges as in Figure 10, add the positive relation

$$\alpha \beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _{l1}=\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _{\mathrm{}}$$

where we regard that the circuit bounds a polygonal disk by cutting open all edges inside the circuit as in Figure 10.
2. If $`\alpha `$ forms a circuit with some intersections with other edges as in Figure 11, add the positive relation

$`\beta _{11}\beta _{12}\mathrm{}\beta _{1l_1}\beta _{2l_2}\alpha \beta _{2(l_21)}\mathrm{}\beta _{22}`$
$`=`$ $`\beta _{12}\mathrm{}\beta _{1l_1}\beta _{2l_2}\alpha \beta _{2(l_21)}\mathrm{}\beta _{22}\beta _{21}`$

## 4. Embedding problem

Two positive words $`U`$, $`V`$ in a positive presentation will be said to be positively equivalent if they are identically equal or they can be transformed into each other through a sequence of positive words such that each word of the sequence is obtained from the preceding one by a single direct application of the defining relations. And we will write $`UV`$ if $`U`$ and $`V`$ are positively equivalent. Given a positive finite presentation $`X|R`$ of $`B_n`$, let $`B_n^+`$ be the free semigroup generated by $`X`$ modulo $`R`$. If any two equivalent positive words $`U`$ and $`V`$ are positively equivalent, then we say that the semigroup $`B_n^+`$ embeds in $`B_n`$ or the presentation $`X|R`$ has the embedding property. A set $`X`$ of generators is said to have the embedding property if a presentation $`X|R`$ has the embedding property for some finite set $`R`$ of positive relations. The embedding problem of a graph that generates $`B_n`$ with positive relations is to decide whether the set of generators given by the graph has the embedding property. Thus a graph does not have the embedding property if and only if no finite set of positive relations over the set of generators given by the graph form a presentation with the embedding property.

Garside showed that the Artin presentation has the embedding property and Birman-Ko-Lee showed that the band-generator presentation has the embedding property. We will show that linearly spanned graphs with more than 3 vertices do not have the embedding property except these two presentations. There are 4 possible linearly spanned graphs with 3 vertices as in Figure 12.

The first two graphs give the Artin and the band-generator presentations of $`B_3`$. The last two graphs have multiple edges. We do not know whether these graphs have the embedding property. In particular the following presentation with 4 defining relations:

$$\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma |\alpha \beta \alpha =\beta \alpha \beta ,\gamma \beta \gamma =\beta \gamma \beta ,\beta ^2\gamma =\alpha \beta ^2,\beta \gamma \alpha =\gamma \alpha \beta $$

may have the embedding property. But all known techniques as in  fail to apply to this example. We will try to avoid these unknown exceptions in the following discussion by allowing no multiple edges.

A subgraph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ of a graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is said to be full if every edge in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ joining two vertices in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is also in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be a connected full subgraph of a linearly spanned graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. If a graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has the embedding property and there is a circle $`C`$ such that $`C`$ contains $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ inside and all vertices in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ lie outside, then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ also has the embedding property.

###### Proof.

Let $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ be the set of generators given by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, respectively and let $`R`$ be a finite set of positive relations on $`X`$ such that $`X|R`$ has the embedding property. Let $`R^{}`$ be the set of relations on $`X^{}`$ which is a “full” subset of $`R`$ in the sense that $`R^{}`$ contains all relations in $`R`$ written on $`X^{}`$. We will prove by contradiction that $`X^{}|R^{}`$ has the embedding property. Suppose that there exists a pair of positive words $`U,V`$ on $`X^{}`$ such that $`U,V`$ are equivalent in the braid group but are not positively equivalent under $`R^{}`$. Since $`X|R`$ has the embedding property, $`UV`$ under $`R`$. Thus there is a sequence of positive words $`W_1,\mathrm{},W_k`$ over $`X`$ such that $`UW_1\mathrm{}W_kV`$ under $`R`$ and each positive equivalence is obtained by one direct application of relations in $`R`$. The sequence must contain at least one positive word, say $`W_i`$, that is not written solely on $`X^{}`$, otherwise $`UV`$ under $`R^{}`$. In the view of Lemma 3.3 and Theorem 3.4, it is impossible that $`R`$ contains any relation $`W=W^{}`$ such that $`W^{}`$ is a positive word over $`X^{}`$ and $`W`$ is a positive word over the edges that are not incident to any vertex of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. Furthermore $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a full subgraph of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Thus $`W_i`$ must contain an edge that joins a vertex $`v`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ to a vertex $`w`$ not in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. Let $`\beta `$ be such an occurrence that comes last in $`W_i`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is connected, the vertex $`v`$ is joined to another vertex $`u`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ by an edge $`\alpha `$. As an automorphism of the punctured plane, $`U`$ does not change the circle $`C`$ because the edges for $`U`$ never touch $`C`$. On the other hand we will show $`W_i`$ must change $`C`$ and this is a contradiction because $`U`$ and $`W_i`$ are isotopic as automorphisms of the punctured disk. The automorphism $`W_i`$ is the composition of the counterclockwise half twists along edges in $`W_i`$. Then the counterclockwise half twist along $`\beta `$ creates an intersection $`x`$ of $`C`$ with the edge $`\alpha `$. The intersection $`x`$ can disappear only via a clockwise half twist along an edge incident at either $`u`$ or $`v`$ as in Figure 13. But all of half twists in $`W_i`$ are counterclockwise because $`W_i`$ is a positive word over edges,

We think the above theorem also holds when we replace the condition ”linearly spanned” by ”connected”.

###### Lemma 4.2.

A linearly spanned graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with 4 vertices has at most one intersection among its edges.

###### Proof.

An intersection between two adjacent edges always creates a pseudo face that must contain a vertex and so there is no intersection between adjacent edges in a linearly spanned graph. Suppose $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has more than one intersection. Figure 14 shows a typical situation with one intersection and another intersection $`x`$. The edge $`\alpha `$ must join vertices $`v_1`$ and $`v_3`$, otherwise $`x`$ is an intersection between two adjacent edges. One can easily check that all possibilities of completing $`\alpha `$ create a pseudo face containing at least a vertex.

###### Lemma 4.3.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a linearly spanned graph and $`X`$ be the set of generators given by edges of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Suppose that for each $`k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$, there are positive words $`W\alpha V\beta `$ and $`W^{}\alpha ^{}V^{}\beta ^{}`$ over $`X`$ for $`\alpha ,\alpha ^{},\beta ,\beta ^{}`$ in $`X`$ such that

1. $`W=W^{}`$;
2. the word length $`|W|=|W^{}|=k+c`$ for some constant $`c`$;
3. $`\alpha V\alpha ^{}P`$ and $`V\beta Q\beta ^{}`$ for any positive words $`P,Q`$ over $`X`$

Then the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ does not have the embedding property.

###### Proof.

Let $`X|R`$ be any positive finite presentation of the braid group. The hypothesis (iii) implies that any shorter positive relation than $`W=W^{}`$ itself can not make $`W`$ positively equivalent to $`W^{}`$. Choose a large $`k`$ such that $`W=W^{}`$ is longer than any relation in $`R`$. Then $`W`$ is not positively equivalent to $`W^{}`$ over $`R`$. ∎

The following theorem completely determines when a linearly spanned graph with 4 vertices and no multiple edges has the embedding property. In the proof given below, $`P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ or $`Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ will denote a positive word over the generators $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k`$.

###### Theorem 4.4.

Among all linearly spanned graphs with 4 vertices and no multiple edges, only two of them, the Artin graph and the inner complete graph as in Figure 15, have the embedding property.

###### Proof.

The graphs in Figure 15 give the Artin presentation and the band-generator presentation. So they have the embedding property.

In order to show that all other linearly spanned graphs with 4 vertices do not have the embedding property, we appeal to Lemma 4.3. To check the hypothesis (iii) of the lemma, we use the fact that the band-generator presentation has the embedding property so that the positive equivalence in the presentation is the same as the equivalence in the braid group. We also utilize the left and right cancellation theorem and the left and right canonical forms in the band-generator presentation in .

In the view of Lemma 4.2, the graphs being considered are divided into two types: planar graphs and graphs with one intersection among edges.

### Planar graphs

Planar graphs with 4 vertices can be divided further into three types: graphs containing neither a triangle nor a rectangle, graphs containing at least a rectangle, and graphs containing at least a triangle but no rectangle, where a triangle (or a rectangle) is non-degenerate, that is, must have 3 (or 4, respectively) vertices and must contain no other vertices inside.

#### I. Graphs containing neither a triangle nor a rectangle

This type is further divided into two types (i) and (ii).

##### (i) Graphs containing a vertex adjacent to all of remaining three vertices

We may have two possible graphs as in Figure 16 up to equivalence. For each of these two graphs, let $`W=\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1\alpha _2`$. We will show that $`W`$ and $`W^{}`$ satisfy Lemma 4.3. Add the edges $`\lambda ,\mu ,\nu `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$$\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1=\alpha _2\lambda \alpha _3^k\alpha _1=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\lambda \alpha _1=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1\alpha _2$$

and so $`W=W^{}`$.

Suppose $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3^k=\alpha _2P`$ for some positive word $`P`$ in the band-generator presentation. Then $`U\lambda \alpha _3^k`$ by the left cancellation in the band-generator presentation. But $`\lambda \alpha _3^k`$ may only start with $`\lambda `$ or $`\alpha _3`$ which commute. Thus $`P`$ can not be written over $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3`$. Similarly $`\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1Q(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)\alpha _2`$. Thus $`W`$ satisfies (iii) of Lemma 4.3.

Due to the triangular relation $`\lambda \mu =\mu \alpha _4=\alpha _4\lambda `$, $`W`$ can not be equivalent to a positive word over $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ that contains $`\alpha _4`$ since $`W`$ is not positively equivalent to a positive word in the band-generator presentation that contains the subword $`\lambda \mu `$. Thus $`W,W^{}`$ also satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.3 over $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$.

##### (ii) Graphs containing no vertex adjacent to all of remaining three vertices

All possible graphs except the Artin graph have multiple edges as in Figure 17.

#### II. Graphs containing at least a rectangle

We may have two possible graphs as in Figure 18 up to equivalence. For each of these five graphs, let $`W=\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _3\alpha _4^k\alpha _1`$.

Add the edges $`\lambda ,\mu `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$$\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3=\alpha _1\alpha _2^{k1}\alpha _3\lambda =\alpha _1\alpha _3\lambda ^k=\alpha _3\alpha _1\lambda ^k=\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1\lambda ^{k1}=\alpha _3\alpha _4^k\alpha _1$$

and so $`W=W^{}`$.

Suppose $`\alpha _1\alpha _2^k=\alpha _2P`$ for some positive word $`P`$ in the band-generator presentation. Then $`P\mu \alpha _2^{k1}`$ by the left cancellation in the band-generator presentation. Thus $`P`$ can not be written over $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$. Similarly $`\alpha _2^k\alpha _3Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4)\alpha _1`$. Thus $`W`$ satisfies (iii) of Lemma 4.3.

Due to the triangular relation $`\alpha _1\alpha _4=\alpha _4\alpha _5=\alpha _5\alpha _1`$, $`W`$ can not be equivalent to a positive word over $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5`$ that contains $`\alpha _5`$ since $`W`$ is not positively equivalent to a positive word in the band-generator presentation that contains the subword $`\alpha _1\alpha _4`$. Thus $`W,W^{}`$ also satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.3 over $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5`$.

#### III. Graphs containing at least a triangle but no rectangle

In this case, graphs are divided two types by the number of triangles.

##### (i) Graphs containing one triangle

We have one possible graph as in Figure 19 up to equivalence. Let $`W=\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1`$.

Add the edges $`\lambda ,\mu `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4=\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _3\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4=\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _2^k\mu \alpha _3\alpha _4`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _3^k\alpha _2\alpha _3\mu \alpha _3\alpha _4=\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _3^k\alpha _2\mu \alpha _3\mu \alpha _4`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _3^k\mu \alpha _2\alpha _3\mu \alpha _4=\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _3^k\mu \alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _1\mu \alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$.

Let $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3=\alpha _2P`$. Then $`P=\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\lambda `$. The right canonical form of $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ is $`\alpha _3^{k3}(\alpha _1\alpha _3)\alpha _4(\alpha _3\alpha _2)(\alpha _3\alpha _2)`$. So $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ may finish with $`\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ over the band-generators and so $`\lambda `$ or $`\mu `$ must appear in $`P`$. Similarly $`\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _4Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4)\alpha _1`$.

##### (ii) Graphs containing two triangles

In this case triangles must share at least 1 edge since we consider only 4 vertices. However if two triangles share 2 edges then it must contain a multiple edge. Thus we have two possible graphs as in Figure 20. For these two graphs, let $`W=\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _4\alpha _1^k\alpha _5\alpha _4\alpha _1`$.

Add the edges $`\lambda `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$`\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^k\alpha _2\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3=\lambda ^k\alpha _2\alpha _5\alpha _3\lambda =\lambda ^k\alpha _2\alpha _4\alpha _5\lambda `$
$`=`$ $`\lambda ^k\alpha _4\alpha _2\alpha _5\lambda =\alpha _4\alpha _1^k\alpha _2\alpha _5\lambda =\alpha _4\alpha _1^k\alpha _5\alpha _1\lambda `$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _4\alpha _1^k\alpha _5\alpha _4\alpha _1`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$.

The left canonical form of $`\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2`$ is $`(\alpha _2\alpha _3)\alpha _3^{k1}\alpha _5\alpha _2`$ and so it can not start with $`\alpha _4`$ over the band-generators. Thus $`\alpha _2\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _4P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5)`$. The right canonical form of $`\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3`$ is $`\alpha _3^k\alpha _5(\alpha _2\alpha _3)`$ and so it can not finish with $`\alpha _1`$. Thus $`\alpha _3^k\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5)\alpha _1`$.

Due to the triangular relation $`\alpha _1\alpha _4=\alpha _4\alpha _6=\alpha _6\alpha _1`$, $`W`$ can not be equivalent to a positive word over $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5`$ that contains $`\alpha _6`$ since $`W`$ is not positively equivalent to a positive word in the band-generator presentation that contains the subword $`\alpha _1\alpha _4`$. Thus $`W,W^{}`$ also satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.3 over $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5`$.

### Graphs with one intersection

The edges $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\alpha _3`$ that intersect each other are transformed to the diagonals of a rectangle. Then 4 more edges are needed to make an inner-complete graph. We have four distinct types of graphs, depending on how many edges are missing from the inner-complete graph.

#### I. Three edges are missing

Figure 21 is the only possible graph in this case. Let $`W=\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1`$.

Add the edges $`\lambda ,\mu ,\nu `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$`\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\lambda \alpha _1=\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\mu \alpha _3\alpha _1`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _1\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1=\alpha _3\nu \alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1=\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$.

Let $`\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3=\alpha _3P`$. Then $`P\nu \alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$. To remove $`\nu `$, $`\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ must start with $`\alpha _2`$. But the left canonical form of $`\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ is $`(\alpha _1\alpha _2)(\alpha _2\alpha _3)\nu ^{k2}`$ and so it may start only with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\lambda `$. Thus $`\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _3P(\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3)`$. Similarly $`\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2Q(\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3)\alpha _1`$.

#### II. Two edges are missing

In this case, there are two possible graphs as in Figure 22 and Figure 23. For the graph in Figure 22, let $`W=\alpha _4\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _3`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _1\alpha _2^2\alpha _1^k\alpha _4`$.

Add the edges $`\lambda ,\nu `$ so that these edges together with $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4`$ form an inner-complete graph. Then

$`\alpha _4\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _3`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \alpha _4\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _3=\lambda \alpha _2^k\alpha _4\alpha _2\alpha _3=\lambda \alpha _2^k\alpha _4\nu \alpha _2`$
$`=`$ $`\lambda \alpha _2^k\alpha _1\alpha _4\alpha _2=\lambda \alpha _2^k\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _4=\lambda \alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _1^k\alpha _4=\alpha _1\alpha _2^2\alpha _1^k\alpha _4`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$.

The left canonical form of $`\alpha _4\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}`$ is $`(\alpha _4\alpha _3)\alpha _2^{k+1}`$ and so it can not start with $`\nu `$ over the band-generators. Thus $`\alpha _4\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _1P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4)`$. The right canonical form of $`\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _3`$ is $`\alpha _3\alpha _2^k(\alpha _2\alpha _3)`$ and so it can not finish with $`\alpha _4`$. Thus $`\alpha _3\alpha _2^{k+1}\alpha _3Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4)\alpha _4`$.

For the graph in Figure 23, let $`W=\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4^k\alpha _2`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _3\alpha _4^k\alpha _2\alpha _3`$. Then $`W,W^{}`$ satisfy Lemma 4.3 by using a similar argument as for Figure 16.

#### III. One edge is missing

The only possible graph is Figure 24. Let $`W=\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2\alpha _3`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _1\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2`$

$`\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2\alpha _3=\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\lambda \alpha _2=\alpha _4\lambda \alpha _5^k\alpha _2=\alpha _1\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$

The left canonical form of $`\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2`$ is itself and so it can not start with $`\nu `$ over the band-generators. Thus $`\alpha _4\alpha _5^k\alpha _2\alpha _1P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5)`$. Let $`\alpha _5^k\alpha _2\alpha _3Q\alpha _2`$ then $`Q\alpha _5^k\nu `$ and $`\alpha _5,\nu `$ commute, so $`\nu `$ can not be removed. Thus $`\alpha _5^k\alpha _2\alpha _3Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _5)\alpha _2`$.

#### IV. No edges are missing

If we add any edge to the inner-complete graph, multiple edges are created. Thus only the inner-complete graph is eligible.

###### Theorem 4.5.

Among all linearly spanned graphs without multiple edges, only the Artin graphs and the inner-complete graphs have the embedding property.

###### Proof.

We have already discussed about linearly spanned graphs with 3 vertices. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a linearly spanned graph with more than 3 vertices that has the embedding property. First we choose a connect full subgraph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ with 4 vertices from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ so that there is a separating circle satisfying the hypothesis of Theorem 4.1. Choose 4 vertices that form a connected subtree in a spanning tree of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Take the full subgraph with these 4 vertices. If there is no other vertices in faces of this full subgraph, then this is a desired full subgraph. If there is other vertices in the faces of this full subgraph and none of them is adjacent to the chosen 4 vertices, then there is an edge-path starting at a vertex $`v`$ on a face and ending at one of the 4 vertices such that the edge-path intersect the full subgraph of the 4 vertices and so $`v`$ is contained in a pseudo face. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is linearly spanned, this can not happen. Thus at least one of vertices on faces, say $`w`$, is adjacent to one of the 4 vertices. Then we have the less number of unwanted vertices contained in faces of a new connected full subgraph that is obtained by replacing one of the 4 vertices by $`w`$. By repeating this process, we eventually obtain a connect full subgraph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ with 4 vertices $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4`$ that can be separated by a circle from other vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.4 say that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ must be either the Artin graph or the inner-complete graph with 4 vertices. Choose a vertex $`v_5`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ that is adjacent to one of $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4`$. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is an inner-complete graph, then each full subgraph with the 4 vertices consisted of $`v_5`$ and any three vertices from $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4`$ must be an inner-complete graph by Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.4. Thus the full subgraph with the 5 vertices $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4,v_5`$ is an inner-complete graph. By repeating this process, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ itself eventually becomes an inner-complete graph.

We now suppose that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is the Artin graph with 4 vertices $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4`$ where $`v_1,v_4`$ are of valency 1 and the other vertices are of valency 2. Choose a vertex $`v_5`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ that is adjacent to any one of $`v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4`$. By Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.4, $`v_5`$ can be adjacent to either one or both of vertices $`v_1,v_4`$. If $`v_5`$ is adjacent to both vertices, we stop the process. If $`v_5`$ is adjacent to one vertex, say $`v_4`$, then $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_5`$ form an Artin graph and we repeat this process. Eventually we see that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ must contain one of the following two types of graphs as a full subgraph separated by a circle as in Theorem 4.1 unless $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ itself is an Artin graph. The proof will be completed when we show that both types of graphs do not have the embedding property.

### $`𝒎`$-Gon

The graph of this type is depicted in Figure 25. Let $`W=\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _i^k\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}`$ and $`W^{}=\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _i^k\mathrm{}\alpha _m`$. Then one can show that $`W,W^{}`$ satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.3 by a similar but longer argument as for Figure 18. Thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ does not have the embedding property

### Pseudo $`𝒎`$-gon

The graph of this type is depicted in Figure 26. Let

$$W=\alpha _2\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}$$

and

$$W^{}=\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}$$

Add supplementary edges $`\lambda ,\mu ,\nu .\alpha _{m1}^{},\tau _{m1},\tau _m`$ as in Figure 26 to form a subgraph of the inner-complete graph with $`m+1`$ vertices. Then

$`\alpha _2\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\lambda \alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\mu \alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\mu \alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\nu \alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _3\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}`$
and so $`W=W^{}`$.

We now show that

$$\alpha _2\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}\alpha _3P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m).$$

Suppose that

$$\alpha _2\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}=\alpha _3P.$$

Then

$`P`$ $``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\lambda \alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`U_m\tau _m`$
where $`U_m\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$. Due to the triangular relation $`\alpha _{m1}\tau _m=\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}`$, the positive word $`U_m`$ must end with $`\alpha _{m1}`$ in order for $`\tau _m`$ to disappear. We will show that $`U_m`$ can not end with $`\alpha _{m1}`$ by an induction on $`m3`$. Clearly $`U_3=\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3`$ can not end with $`\alpha _2`$ in the band-generator presentation.

$`U_m`$ $``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _{m1}\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m4}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m4}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`\alpha _4\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m1}^{}\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m4}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m3}`$
$``$ $`U_{m1}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m3}`$
It is easy to check that $`U_{m1}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}\alpha _{m3}`$ ends with $`\alpha _{m1}`$ if and only if $`U_{m1}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _{m2}`$ ends with $`\alpha _{m1}`$ if and only if $`U_{m1}`$ ends with $`\alpha _{m2}`$ in the band-generator presentation. By the induction hypothesis, $`U_{m1}`$ can not end with $`\alpha _{m2}`$. Similarly we have that

$$\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2^k\alpha _3\mathrm{}\alpha _{m1}\alpha _m\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _{m2}Q(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)\alpha _{m1}.$$

Consequently $`W,W`$ satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.3. ∎