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# Probing the messenger of supersymmetry breaking by the muon anomalous magnetic moment

## I Introduction

Weak scale supersymmetry (SUSY) is perhaps the most promising candidate for physics beyond the standard model (SM) . Any realistic supersymmetric model at the weak scale contains explicit but soft SUSY breaking terms which are presumed to originate from some high energy dynamics. If one writes down the most general form of soft terms, it would require too many parameters, e.g. more than 100 even for the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). Furthermore, for a generic form of soft terms, the superparticle masses should exceed about 10 TeV in order to avoid dangerous flavor changing processes . Such large superpartner masses spoil the natural emergence of the weak scale, and thus the major motivation for supersymmetry also.

In view of these difficulties of generic soft terms, it is quite demanding to have a theory of soft terms leading to a predictive form of flavor conserving soft terms. In fact, the shape of observable soft terms is mainly determined by the mediation mechanism of SUSY breaking, i.e. by the couplings of the SUSY breaking messenger fields to the observable fields, rather than by the SUSY breaking dynamics itself. This is a good news since in many cases the couplings of the messenger fields can be treated in perturbation theory, while the SUSY breaking dynamics involves nonperturbative effects. Therefore once the messegers of SUSY breaking are identified, one can get a well-defined prediction for soft parameters. As long as the predicted soft parameters conserve the flavors, their size can be of order the weak scale. This would allow the prediction to be tested by the future collider experiments and/or the low energy precision experiments. There already exist many interesting proposals for flavor conserving soft parameters, e.g. dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory , gauge mediation , no-scale  or gaugino mediation , anomaly mediation , and others .

Very recently, the BNL experiment E821 has reported a measurement of the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment, indicating a $`2.6\sigma `$ deviation of $`a_\mu (g_\mu 2)/2`$ from the standard model value :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }a_\mu a_\mu ^{\mathrm{exp}}a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SM}}=(42\pm 16)\times 10^{10}.$$
(1)
Although can be consistent with the standard model value if one takes other theoretical calculations of the hadronic vacuum polarization , this may indeed be a sign of new physics beyond the standard model. In particular, this deviation can easily find its explanation in supersymmetric models through the well-known neutralino-smuon and chargino-sneutrino diagrams . An explicit formula of the SUSY contribution to $`a_\mu `$ is presented for instance in Ref. . The SUSY contribution to $`a_\mu `$ is enhanced as $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ increases, and the chargino-sneutrino diagram provides a dominant contribution for generic SUSY parameters. In the limit of degenerate superparticle masses, the leading contribution is approximately given by

$$a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}\frac{\alpha (M_Z)}{8\pi \mathrm{sin}^2\theta _W}\frac{m_\mu ^2}{m_S^2}\mathrm{tan}\beta \left(1\frac{4\alpha }{\pi }\mathrm{ln}\frac{m_S}{m_\mu }\right),$$
(2)
where $`m_S`$ denotes the superparticle mass in the loop. It has been pointed out already that this new data on $`a_\mu `$ provides useful information on SUSY parameters , e.g. upper bounds on some superparticle masses. It is also noted that much of the parameter space of the minimal anomaly-mediated model can be excluded by the new data when combined with the constraints from $`bs\gamma `$ . Possible origin of $`\mathrm{\Delta }a_\mu `$ other than SUSY is discussed also in Refs. .

In this paper, we wish to study the implications of the precisely measured $`a_\mu `$ for various mediation models of SUSY breaking which lead to predictive forms of flavor conserving soft parameters. The models studied here include the dilaton/modulus-mediated model in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory, no-scale or gaugino-mediated model, gauge-mediated model, and also the minimal and deflected anomaly-mediated models . In the subsequent analysis, we explore the possibility that the deviation (1) is due to the SUSY contribution to $`a_\mu `$ in these models. Throughout the analysis, we will assume that soft parameters (approximately) conserve CP, which may be necessary to avoid a too large neutron electric dipole moment. If one takes (1) as it is, the corresponding $`2\sigma `$ bound on $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ would be given by

$$10\times 10^{10}<a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}<74\times 10^{10}.$$
(3)
The inclusive $`bs\gamma `$ process is known to put strong constraints on the MSSM parameter space. The leading SUSY contribution to $`bs\gamma `$ comes from the charged Higgs boson and chargino mediated diagrams. The charged Higgs boson diagram contributes constructively, while the chargino diagram interferes with the SM amplitude constructively or destructively depending upon the sign of $`\mu `$. The branching ratio for $`bs\gamma `$ is obtained by normalizing the hadronic uncertainty with the semileptonic decay rate :

$$\frac{Br(BX_s\gamma )}{Br(BX_ce\overline{\nu })}=\frac{|V_{ts}^{}V_{tb}|^2}{|V_{cb}|^2}\frac{6\alpha _{\mathrm{em}}}{\pi f(z)}(|D|^2+A)F,$$
(4)
where $`f(z)=(18z+8z^3z^412z^2\mathrm{ln}z)`$ is the phase space factor of the semileptonic decay with $`z=m_c^2/m_b^2`$, $`F=[18\alpha _s(m_b)/3\pi ]/\kappa (z)`$ for the QCD correction factor $`\kappa (z)12\alpha _s[2.1(1z)^2+1.5]/3\pi `$ for the semileptonic decay, and the term $`A`$ describes the bremsstrahlung corrections and virtual corrections satisfying the cancellation of the IR divergence . The amplitude $`D`$ is determined by the Wilson coefficients at $`m_b`$ which can be obtained by the matching condition at the weak scale and the subsequent RG evolution. We perform the matching at the next-to-leading order (NLO) for the SM contribution, while taking the leading order (LO) matching for the MSSM contributions, i.e. the charged Higgs and the chargino contributions. We then perform the RG evolution down to $`m_b`$ at the NLO to find

$$D=C_7^{(0)}(m_b)+\frac{\alpha _s(m_b)}{4\pi }\left(C_7^{(1)}(m_b)+\underset{i=1,8}{}r_iC_i^{(0)}(m_b)\right),$$
(5)
where we follow the notation of  and $`r_i`$ is quoted in Refs. . Combining the recent CLEO  and the ALEPH  results, one finds the $`2\sigma `$ constraint

$$2.18\times 10^4<Br(BX_s\gamma )<4.10\times 10^4,$$
(6)
which will be used to constrain the parameter space in our analysis.

For $`M_3M_2>0`$, the parameter region of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}>0`$ is constrained by the lower bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$, while that of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}<0`$ is constrained by the upper bound. In this regard, the minimal anomaly mediation model is exceptional since it predicts $`M_3M_2<0`$, so $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}>0`$ is constrained by the upperbound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ . It is expected that the constraint from the lower bound becomes weaker when the NLO effects are included , while the constraint from the upper bound can become even stronger .

About the bounds on Higgs boson and superparticle masses, we use the LEP limit $`m_h>113.5`$ GeV  and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }}>72`$ GeV . The other superparticle mass bounds  are satisfied in the allowed region of the Higgs and stau mass limits except for the case of deflected anomaly mediation in which the chargino mass bound $`m_{\chi _1^\pm }>103`$ GeV plays an important role.

In Figs. 1–14, we identify the parameter space of the model which can give $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ in the $`2\sigma `$ range (3), while taking into account other experimental constraints, e.g. $`bs\gamma `$ and the collider bounds on superparticle masses. For dilaton/modulus mediation models in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory, $`bs\gamma `$ favors $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ smaller than the $`1\sigma `$ value ($`26\times 10^{10}`$). It should be remarked that this constraint is from the lower bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$, so can be relaxed by the NLO SUSY effects . The no-scale model is similarly (but less) constrained by $`bs\gamma `$. Gauge mediation models with low messenger scale can give any $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ within the $`2\sigma `$ range (3). However models with high messenger scale favor $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ below the central value ($`42\times 10^{10}`$). The minimal anomaly mediation is constained by the upper bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ implying $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ smaller than the central value. When the NLO correction to the charged Higgs contribution is included, $`bs\gamma `$ contrains $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ more severely . Possible value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ in deflected anomaly mediation is severely constrained by the superparticle mass bounds and also $`bs\gamma `$, but still there is a small parameter region which gives right value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$.

To set up the notation, let us consider generic low energy interactions of the MSSM fields. They consist of supersymmetric couplings encoded in the superpotential

$$W=\frac{1}{6}y_{ijk}\mathrm{\Phi }_i\mathrm{\Phi }_j\mathrm{\Phi }_k\mu H_1H_2,$$
(7)
and also soft supersymmetry breaking terms which can be written as

$$_{\mathrm{SB}}=\pm \frac{1}{2}M_a\lambda _a\lambda _a+\frac{1}{2}m_{ij}^2\varphi _i\varphi _j^{}+\frac{1}{6}A_{ijk}y_{ijk}\varphi _i\varphi _j\varphi _k+B\mu h_1h_2+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.$$
(8)
where $`y_{ijk}`$ denote the Yukawa coupling constants for the MSSM superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ which include the quark superfields, the lepton superfields, and also the two Higgs doublet superfields $`H_1`$ and $`H_2`$. Here $`M_a`$ ($`a=3,2,1`$) stand for the $`SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)`$ gaugino masses, $`m_{ij}^2`$ are the soft scalar masses of the scalar components $`\varphi _i`$ of the MSSM superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$, and $`A_{ijk}`$ and $`B`$ are the trilinear and bilinear coefficients in the scalar potential. To follow up the most frequently used convention for the relative sign of $`M_a`$ and $`A_{ijk}`$, we use different sign conventions of $`M_a`$ for different models: $`+`$ for the dilaton/modulus and no-scale (gaugino) mediation models, $``$ for the gauge and anomaly mediation models.

Each mediation mechanism that will be studied in this paper provides a well-defined prediction for $`M_a`$, $`A_{ijk}`$ and $`m_{ij}^2`$ at certain high energy messenger scale. The predicted high energy parameters can be transformed to the low energy values through the standard renormalization group (RG) analysis. In this procedure, we assume the minimal particle content in the observable sector, viz. the MSSM particles. If there exist more particles with masses between the messenger scale and the weak scale and also with sizable gauge or Yukawa couplings to the MSSM fields, our results would be changed accordingly. We also ignore the effects of small Yukawa couplings of the 1st and 2nd generations in the RG evolution.

The situation for $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ is more involved since they depend on the details of how the $`\mu `$-term is generated as well as on how SUSY breaking is mediated. In the absence of any definite prediction for $`\mu `$ and $`B`$, normally one trade $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =H_2/H_1`$ and $`M_Z`$ through the condition of radiative electroweak symmetry breaking, while leaving $`\mathrm{sign}(\mu )`$ undetermined. Note that $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ do not affect the RG running of other soft parameters, which can be assured by the dimensional argument and selection rules.

It has been noted that an extensive region of the soft parameter space gives rise to a scalar potential with a color or charge breaking minimum or a field direction along which the potential is unbounded from below . For instance, it turns out that the entire parameter space of the dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic string theory and also of the no-scale mediation give such a potentially dangerous scalar potential . In this paper, we do not require that the scalar potential should have a phenomenologically viable global minimum, so the model is allowed as long as the scalar potential has a local minimum with correct low energy phenomenology.

We also do not take into account the cosmological mass density of the lightest superparticle (LSP) in the MSSM sector. There are many different scenarios in which the LSP mass density computed in the framework of $`R`$ parity conserving MSSM becomes irrelevant, e.g. a late time inflation triggered by an MSSM singlet, $`R`$-parity violation, or a modulino/gravitino lighter than the LSP.

## II Probing the messengers of supersymmetry breaking

In this section, we examine the low energy phenomenology of various mediation mechanisms yielding flavor conserving soft parameters. The main purpose is to see which value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ can be obtained without any conflict to $`bs\gamma `$ and the collider bounds on superparticle masses. The models studied here include the dilaton/modulus-mediated model in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory, no-scale or gaugino-mediated model, gauge-mediated model, and finally the minimal and deflected anomaly-mediated models. For each mediation model, the parameter regions allowed by laboratory tests and also the corresponding value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ are summarized in Figs. 1–14.

### A Dilaton/modulus mediation in perturbative heterotic string theory

One possible scheme for flavor-conserving soft parameters is the dilaton/modulus mediation in the framework of weakly coupled heterotic string theory. The Kähler potential and the gauge kinetic function of the four-dimensional effective supergravity are given by

$`K=\mathrm{ln}(S+S^{})3\mathrm{ln}(T+T^{})+(T+T^{})^{n_i}\mathrm{\Phi }_i\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}`$ (9)
$`4\pi f_a=S,`$ (10)
where $`S`$ and $`T`$ are the dilaton superfield and the overall modulus superfield, respectively, and $`n_i`$ is the modular weight of the chiral matter superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$. If all the MSSM superfields have the modular weight $`n_i=1`$, one finds (at the unification scale $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$)

$$M_a=\sqrt{3}M_{\mathrm{aux}},m_{ij}^2=|M_{\mathrm{aux}}|^2\delta _{ij},A_{ijk}=\sqrt{3}M_{\mathrm{aux}},$$
(11)
where $`M_{\mathrm{aux}}=m_{3/2}\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ for the Goldstino angle $`\theta `$ which is defined as $`\mathrm{tan}\theta =F_S/F_T`$. Here we assume that $`F_S/F_T`$ is real to avoid a too large neutron electric dipole moment. The above relations can receive string-loop or supergravity-loop corrections  as well as higher order sigma-model corrections . In weakly coupled heterotic string limit, loop corrections are suppressed by $`g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2/8\pi ^2`$, so can be safely ignored for our purpose. Also at least in orbifold compactification models, there is no sigma-model correction at string tree level.

In fact, the gauge coupling unification scale $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$ predicted within the weakly coupled heterotic string theory is bigger than the phenomenologically favored value $`2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV by about one order of magnitude. One attractive way to avoid this difficulty is to go to the strong coupling limit , i.e. the Horava-Witten heterotic $`M`$-theory , which will be analyzed in the subsequent discussion. Here we simply assume that $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$ can be lowered down to $`2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV by some stringy effects, while keeping the boundary conditions of (11) valid. Another potential problem of the boundary condition (11) is that the resulting scalar potential has a color or charge breaking minimum or has a field direction which is unbounded from below . We do not take this as a serious problem as long as there exists a local minimum of the potential yielding correct low energy phenomenology.

Some phenomenological consequences of (11) has been studied in . Here we perform a detailed numerical analysis of the low energy phenomenology of the boundary condition (11) at $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$, including the SUSY contributions to $`a_\mu `$ and $`bs\gamma `$. As usual, we trade $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`M_Z`$. With this prescription, the dilaton/modulus mediation in perturbative heterotic string theory is described by three input parameters,

$$M_{\mathrm{aux}},\mathrm{tan}\beta ,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ).$$
(12)
The results of our analysis are depicted in Fig. 1 including the contour plot on the plane of $`(M_{\mathrm{aux}},\mathrm{tan}\beta )`$ with $`\mu >0`$. Fig. 1 shows that $`bs\gamma `$ favors $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ smaller than the $`1\sigma `$ value ($`26\times 10^{10}`$). This constraint from $`bs\gamma `$ is expected to be relaxed when the NLO SUSY corrections to $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ are properly taken into account .

### B Dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic $`M`$ theory

It has been pointed out by Witten that the correct value of $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$ can be naturally obtained in compactified heterotic $`M`$ theory which corresponds to the strong coupling limit of heterotic $`E_8\times E_8`$ string theory . At energy scales below the eleven-dimensional Planck scale, the theory is described by an eleven-dimensional supergravity on a manifold with boundary where the two $`E_8`$ gauge multiplets are confined on the two ten-dimensional boundaries . The compactified heterotic $`M`$ theory involves two geometric moduli, the eleventh length ($`\pi \rho `$) and the volume ($`V`$) of six dimensional internal space. In four-dimensional effective supergravity , these two moduli define the scalar components of the chiral superfields $`S`$ and $`T`$,

$$\mathrm{Re}(S)=\frac{V}{(4\pi )^{2/3}\kappa ^{4/3}},\mathrm{Re}(T)=\frac{V^{1/3}\pi \rho }{(4\pi \gamma )^{1/3}\kappa ^{2/3}},$$
(13)
where $`\kappa ^2`$ is the eleven-dimensional gravitational coupling constant and $`\gamma =\frac{1}{6}_{IJK}C_{IJK}`$ for the intersection numbers $`C_{IJK}=\omega _I\omega _J\omega _K`$ of the integer (1,1) cohomology basis {$`\omega _I`$}. Here the superfields $`S`$ and $`T`$ are normalized through the periodicity of their axion components: $`\mathrm{Im}(S)\mathrm{Im}(S)+1`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(T)\mathrm{Im}(T)+1`$.

Four-dimensional couplings and scales can be expressed in terms of $`\mathrm{Re}(S)`$, $`\mathrm{Re}(T)`$ and $`\kappa `$, yielding the relations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{M_\mathrm{P}^2}{M_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2}}=4\pi \gamma ^{1/3}\mathrm{Re}(S)\mathrm{Re}(T),`$ (14)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2}}=\mathrm{Re}(S)+\alpha \mathrm{Re}(T),`$ (15)
where $`M_\mathrm{P}2.5\times 10^{18}`$ GeV and $`g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^20.5`$ are the four-dimensional Planck scale and gauge coupling constant, respectively, and $`\alpha `$ is a model-dependent (positive) rational number which is generically of order unity. Putting $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV, one then finds the following vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of moduli in heterotic $`M`$-theory:

$$\mathrm{Re}(S)=𝒪\left(\frac{4\pi }{g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2}\right),\mathrm{Re}(T)=𝒪\left(\frac{4\pi }{g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2}\right).$$
(16)
It has been noted that the four-dimensional effective supergravity of heterotic $`M`$-theory can be expanded in powers of $`1/\pi (S+S^{})`$ and $`1/\pi (T+T^{})`$ . At leading order in this expansion, the Kähler potential and gauge kinetic function are given by

$`K=\mathrm{ln}(S+S^{})3\mathrm{ln}(T+T^{})+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{T+T^{}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{S+S^{}}}\right)\mathrm{\Phi }_i\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{},`$ (17)
$`4\pi f_a=S+\alpha T.`$ (18)
In fact, holomorphy and the axion periodicity implies that any correction to $`f_a`$ is suppressed by $`e^{2\pi S}`$ or $`e^{2\pi T}`$, so absolutely negligible for the moduli VEVs of Eq. (16). The Kähler potential can receive corrections which are higher order in $`1/\pi (S+S^{})`$ or $`1/\pi (T+T^{})`$. For the moduli VEVs (16), the effects of such higher order corrections are suppressed by $`g_{\mathrm{GUT}}^2/8\pi ^2`$, so can be ignored also for our purpose. With this observation, one finds the following form of soft parameters in heterotic $`M`$-theory (again at $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$) when SUSY breaking is mediated by the $`F`$-components of $`S`$ and $`T`$,

$`M_a`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}m_{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+ϵ}}\mathrm{sin}\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{3}(1+ϵ)}}\mathrm{cos}\theta \right),`$ (19)
$`A_{ijk}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}m_{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{32ϵ}{3+ϵ}}\mathrm{sin}\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}ϵ}{3+ϵ}}\mathrm{cos}\theta \right),`$ (20)
$`m_{ij}^2`$ $`=`$ $`|m_{3/2}|^2\delta _{ij}(1{\displaystyle \frac{3}{(3+ϵ)^2}}\{ϵ(6+ϵ)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta `$ (22)
$`+(3+2ϵ)\mathrm{cos}^2\theta 2\sqrt{3}ϵ\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta \})`$
where $`\theta `$ is the Goldstino angle and

$$ϵ=\alpha (T+T^{})/(S+S^{}).$$

The above results express $`M_a`$, $`A_{ijk}`$ and $`m_{ij}^2`$ in terms of three unknown parameters $`m_{3/2}`$, $`\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ and $`ϵ`$. Once the $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ are traded for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`M_Z`$ through the condition of radiative electroweak symmetry breaking, the dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic $`M`$-theory is described by five input parameters,

$$m_{3/2},\mathrm{sin}\theta ,ϵ,\mathrm{tan}\beta ,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ),$$
(23)
so not more predictive than the minimal supergravity model for instance. However in heterotic $`M`$-theory, the value of $`ϵ`$ is severely constrained, which allows the results of (19) become more predictive. For instance, the hidden gauge coupling is given by $`4\pi /g_\mathrm{H}^2=(1ϵ)\mathrm{Re}(S)`$, so it is required that $`0<ϵ<1`$. Inspecting (14), one also finds that $`ϵ`$ can not be significantly smaller than the unity.

Here we consider two different values $`ϵ=0.5,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.8}`$, and examine the allowed value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$. The results of our analysis are depicted in Figs. 2–5 for $`(ϵ,\mathrm{tan}\beta )=(0.5,10),(0.8,10),(0.5,30),(0.8,30)`$. These figures show that $`bs\gamma `$ favors $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ smaller than the $`1\sigma `$ value ($`26\times 10^{10}`$). Again this constraint is expected to be relaxed when the NLO SUSY corrections to $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ are included. We note that $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 10`$ is significantly constrained by other laboratory bounds also, e.g. the lightest Higgs mass bound.

### C No-scale or gaugino mediation

It has been known for a long time that no-scale supergravity model with non-minimal gauge kinetic function provides an interesting form of flavor conserving soft terms . For instance, one can consider the no-scale Kähler potential together with the simplest non-minimal gauge kinetic functions:

$$K=3\mathrm{ln}(T+T^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_i\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}),4\pi f_a=T,$$
(24)
which give rise to

$$M_a=M_{\mathrm{aux}},m_{ij}^2=0,A_{ijk}=0.$$
(25)
at the messenger scale which is close to the unification scale. Recently it has been noticed that such no-scale boundary condition can naturally emerge in the framework of brane models in which SUSY is broken on a hidden brane in higher dimensional spacetime . The MSSM matter fields are assumed to be confined on a visible brane. However gauge multiplets propagate in bulk and so couple directly to SUSY breaking on hidden brane. Extra-dimensional locality then assures that the soft parameters of the MSSM matter fields vanish, i.e. $`m_{ij}^2=A_{ijk}=0`$, at the compactification scale $`M_c`$ of the extra dimension, while nonzero gaugino masses are allowed, leading to the name of “gaugino mediation” .

In gaugino-mediated model, the compactification scale $`M_c`$ is a model-dependent free parameter. If gaugino masses are universal at $`M_c=M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$, it is rather difficult that the LSP is a neutral particle . One can avoid this difficulty either by assuming $`M_c>M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$ or non-universal gaugino masses . However a neutral LSP is not mandatory. For instance, a charged LSP is allowed if $`R`$-parity is broken or the model includes a modulino lighter than the charged LSP. Here we assume that the no-scale boundary condition (25) is given at $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}=2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV and examine the resulting SUSY contribution to the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment. About $`\mu `$ and $`B`$, in gaugino-mediated model, it is rather natural that $`B=0`$ at $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$. However in generic no-scale supergravity model, $`B`$ can be a free parameter, and then the no-scale mediation is described by three input parameters,

$$M_{\mathrm{aux}},\mathrm{tan}\beta ,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ).$$
(26)
The results of our numerical analysis are summarized in Fig. 6 which is somewhat similar to Fig. 1, i.e. the case of dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic string theory. The analysis of $`bs\gamma `$ for the no-scale boundary condition (25) has been performed recently in Ref. . It should be remarked also that the scalar potential resulting from (25) has a color or charge breaking minimum or a field direction along which the potential is unbounded from below . As we mentioned, we do not take this as a serious difficulty as long as the potential has a phenomenologically viable local minimum.

### D Gauge mediation

The gauge-mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) models also provide a quite predictive form of flavor conserving soft parameters . In GMSB models, SUSY breaking is transmitted via the SM gauge interactions of $`N`$ flavors of messenger superfields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_i,\mathrm{\Psi }_i^c`$ which form a vector-like representation of the SM gauge group, e.g. $`N(\mathrm{𝟓}+\overline{\mathrm{𝟓}})`$ of $`SU(5)`$. Then the resulting soft terms are determined by the gauge quantum numbers, so automatically conserve the flavors. The messenger fields are coupled to a gauge singlet Goldstino superfield $`X`$ through the superpotential

$$W=\lambda _iX\mathrm{\Psi }_i\mathrm{\Psi }_i^c.$$
(27)
When $`X`$ aquires a VEV for both its scalar and $`F`$ components, the superpotential $`W`$ induces the messenger spectrum which is not supersymmetric. Integrating out the messenger fields then give rise to the following MSSM soft parameters at the messenger scale $`M\lambda _iX`$:

$`M_a=N{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _a(M)}{4\pi }}\mathrm{\Lambda },`$ (28)
$`m_{ij}^2=2N\delta _{ij}{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}C_a^i\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _a(M)}{4\pi }}\right)^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^2,`$ (29)
$`A_{ijk}=0,`$ (30)
where $`\alpha _a`$ ($`a=3,2,1`$) are the GUT-normalized gauge coupling constants of $`SU(3)_c\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y`$, $`C_a^i`$ is the GUT-normalized quadratic Casimir invariant of the matter field $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }F_X/X`$.

In fact, the trilinear couplings $`A_{ijk}`$ at the messenger scale $`M`$ receive nonzero contribution at two-loop, however we can safely ignore them since they are further suppressed by the loop factor compared to other soft masses with mass dimension one. Again $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ can be traded for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ through the radiative electroweak symmetry breaking. A distinctive feature of GMSB is that a wide range of the messenger scale $`M`$ is allowed, e.g. from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ to much higher scale around $`10^{15}`$ GeV. Then the GMSB model is described by five input parameters,

$$M,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ).$$
(31)
Low energy phenomenology of GMSB models, including $`bs\gamma `$ and the anomalous muon magnetic moment $`a_\mu `$, has been studied before . Here we examine the allowed value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ for the cases of $`(N,M)=(1,10^6),(1,10^{10}),(1,10^{15}),(5,10^6),(5,10^{10}),(5,10^{15})`$, where the messenger scale $`M`$ is given in the GeV unit. The results for $`\mu >0`$ are depicted in Figs. 7–12 which show that models with lower $`M`$ have a better prospect for $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ bigger than the central value ($`42\times 10^{10}`$). In particular, gauge-mediated models with $`M10^6`$ GeV can give any $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ within the $`2\sigma `$ bound (3). For very high $`M10^{15}`$ GeV, $`bs\gamma `$ constrains $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ as in no-scale or dilaton/modulus mediation model.

### E Minimal anomaly mediation

Anomaly mediation assumes that SUSY breaking in the hidden sector is transmitted to the MSSM fields only through the auxiliary component $`u`$ of the off-shell supergravity multiplet. In the Weyl-compensator formulation, $`u`$ corresponds to the $`F`$-component of the Weyl compensator superfield $`\varphi `$ in appropriate gauge. The couplings of $`\varphi `$ to generic matter multiplets are determined by the super-Weyl invariance. Therefore at classical level, $`\varphi `$ is coupled to the MSSM fields only through dimensionful (supersymmetric) couplings, e.g the bare $`\mu `$ parameter or the coefficients of non-renormalizable terms in the superpotential. However quantum radiative effects induce non-trivial scale dependence of dimensionless couplings, so non-trivial couplings of $`\varphi `$ also. Since $`M_a`$, $`A_{ijk}`$, $`m_{ij}^2`$ are all associated with dimensionless supersymmetric couplings, viz. the gauge couplings $`g_a`$ for $`M_a`$, the wave function renormalization factor $`Z_i`$ for $`A_{ijk}`$ and $`m_{ij}^2`$, these soft parameters are determined entirely by the running behavior of $`g_a`$ and $`Z_i`$ in pure anomaly-mediated scenario. More explicitly, from the super-Weyl invariant effective lagrangian,

$$d^4\theta \left(Z_i(\mu /\sqrt{\varphi \varphi ^{}})\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_i+\frac{1}{8}g_a^2(\mu /\sqrt{\varphi \varphi ^{}})V^aD\overline{D}^2DV^a+\mathrm{}\right),$$
(32)
one finds the following pure anomaly-mediated soft parameters

$`\stackrel{~}{M}_a={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_a^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{dg_a^2}{d\mathrm{ln}\mu }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{F_\varphi }{\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{b_a\alpha _a}{4\pi }}M_{\mathrm{aux}},`$ (33)
$`\stackrel{~}{A}_{ijk}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{ln}Z_i}{d\mathrm{ln}\mu }}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{ln}Z_j}{d\mathrm{ln}\mu }}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{ln}Z_k}{d\mathrm{ln}\mu }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{F_\varphi }{\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\gamma _i+\gamma _j+\gamma _k)M_{\mathrm{aux}},`$ (34)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _{ij}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{ln}Z_i}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )^2}}\right)\left|{\displaystyle \frac{F_\varphi }{\varphi }}\right|^2={\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\gamma }_i}{4}}|M_{\mathrm{aux}}|^2\delta _{ij},`$ (35)
where $`V^a`$ are the real superfields for gauge multiplets, $`b_a=(3,1,33/5)`$ ($`a=3,2,1`$) are the one-loop beta function coefficients for $`SU(3)_c\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y`$ in the GUT normalization.

The expressions of pure anomaly-mediated soft parameters are RG-invariant, so are valid at arbitrary energy scale. Therefore the low energy soft parameters are completely fixed by the low energy values of these couplings and an overall scale $`M_{\mathrm{aux}}`$. However, as can be seen easily, pure anomaly-mediated scenario is simply excluded because it predicts that sleptons have negative mass-squared. So any phenomenologically viable model of anomaly mediation should involve a mechanism to solve the tachyonic slepton problem. One possibility is to introduce a universal positive mass-squared to all soft scalar masses at some high energy scale, e.g. at $`M_{\mathrm{GUT}}`$, which defines the minimal anomaly-mediated model:

$`M_a=\stackrel{~}{M}_a,A_{ijk}=\stackrel{~}{A}_{ijk},`$ (36)
$`m_{ij}^2(M_{\mathrm{GUT}})=\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}^2(M_{\mathrm{GUT}})+m_0^2\delta _{ij}.`$ (37)
After trading $`\mu `$ and $`B`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`M_Z`$, the minimal anomaly mediation can be parameterized by four input parameters,

$$M_{\mathrm{aux}},m_0,\mathrm{tan}\beta ,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ).$$
(38)
Phenomenological aspects of the minimal anomaly-mediated model have been studied in detail in Ref.. It has been noted also that the very recent measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon disfavors the minimal anomaly-mediated model when combined with the constraint from $`bs\gamma `$ . Unlike other models, the minimal anomaly mediation model predicts $`M_3M_2<0`$, so the parameter region of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}>0`$ is constrained by the upper bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$.

Our results depicted in Fig. 13 are similar to . However in our case, $`bs\gamma `$ provides less severe constraint because we use the LO matching condition for the SUSY contributions to $`bs\gamma `$. Including the NLO charged Higgs contribution  makes the constraint from $`bs\gamma `$ stronger as in Ref. .

### F Deflected anomaly mediation

There is an interesting modification of the pure anomaly mediation which cures the tachyonic slepton with $`M_3M_2>0`$ . The parameter region of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}>0`$ in such model may not be severely constrained by $`bs\gamma `$. The so-called deflected anomaly mediation is a kind of hybrid between anomaly mediation and gauge mediation, but still all SUSY breaking effects originate from $`F_\varphi `$. The model contains a light singlet $`X`$ which describes a flat direction in supersymmetric limit as well as $`N`$ flavors of gauge-charged messengers $`\mathrm{\Psi }_i,\mathrm{\Psi }_i^c`$ which are coupled to $`X`$ in the superpotential

$$W=\lambda _iX\mathrm{\Psi }_i\mathrm{\Psi }_i^c.$$
(39)
If the VEV of $`X`$ is determined by the SUSY breaking effects of $`F_\varphi `$, not by SUSY conserving dynamics, one has

$$\frac{F_X}{X}=\rho \frac{F_\varphi }{\varphi }$$
(40)
where $`\rho `$ depends on the details of how $`X`$ is stabilized, but $`\rho 1`$ in general. For instance, in case that $`X`$ is stabilized by the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism, one finds $`\rho =𝒪(1/16\pi ^2)`$ .

At energy scales below $`M\lambda _iX`$, the heavy thresholds effects of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_i,\mathrm{\Psi }_i^c`$ make all soft parameters to leave the RG trajectory of pure anomaly mediation. We then have

$`M_a(M)=(b_aN(1\rho )){\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (M)}{4\pi }}M_{\mathrm{aux}},`$ (41)
$`A_{ijk}(M)=\stackrel{~}{A}_{ijk}(M),`$ (42)
$`m_{ij}^2(M)=\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}^2(M)2N(1\rho )\delta _{ij}{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}C_a^i\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _a(M)}{4\pi }}\right)^2|M_{\mathrm{aux}}|^2,`$ (43)
where $`b_a=(3,1,33/5)`$ ($`a=3,2,1`$), and $`\stackrel{~}{A}_{ijk}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}^2`$ are the pure anomaly-mediated soft parameters in the MSSM framework. Then the deflected anomaly mediation is described by six input parameters,

$$M_{\mathrm{aux}},M,\rho ,\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N,\mathrm{sign}(\mu ).$$
(44)
For numerical analysis, we take $`\rho 0`$ which corresponds to the case that $`X`$ is stabilized by the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism . The results for $`(N,\mathrm{tan}\beta )=(6,30)`$ are depicted in Fig. 14. Possible value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ in this model is severely constrained by the chargino, stau, and lightest Higgs mass bounds as well as by $`bs\gamma `$, however there is still a small parameter region which provides right value of $`a_{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$.

## III conclusion

The recent BNL measurement of the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment $`a_\mu (g_\mu 2)/2`$ may indeed be a sign of new physics. In this paper, we examined the possibility that the deviation $`\mathrm{\Delta }a_\mu `$ from the SM value is due to the SUSY contribution in the framework of various mediation models of SUSY breaking which give rise to predictive flavor conserving soft parameters at high energy scale. The studied models include the dilaton/modulus mediation in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory, no-scale or gaugino mediation, gauge mediation, and also the minimal and deflected anomaly mediation models. For each model, we obtain the range of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ allowed by other laboratory constraints, e.g. $`bs\gamma `$ and the bounds on superparticle masses, together with the corresponding parameter region of the model.

For dilaton/modulus mediation models in heterotic string/$`M`$ theory, the lower bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ favors $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ smaller than the $`1\sigma `$ bound ($`26\times 10^{10}`$). No-scale model is similarly (but less) constrained by $`bs\gamma `$. Gauge mediation models with low messenger scale can give any $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ within the $`2\sigma `$ bound (3). However when the messenger scale is very high, the allowed value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ is constrained by $`bs\gamma `$ as in no-scale or dilaton/modulus mediation models. The possible value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}>0`$ in minimal anomaly mediation is constrained to be smaller than the central value ($`42\times 10^{10}`$) by the upper bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$. Deflected anomaly mediation is severely constrained by the superparticle mass bounds and also by $`bs\gamma `$, however there is still a small parameter region which gives right value of $`a_\mu ^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$. Our analysis uses the LO matching condition for the SUSY contributions to $`bs\gamma `$. It is expected that more involved analysis including the NLO SUSY effects  makes the constraint from the lower bound on $`Br(BX_s\gamma )`$ weaker, while making the constraint from the upper bound stronger.

While this paper is in completion, there appeared several papers which have some overlap with our work. Ref.  contains a discussion of the minimal anomaly-mediated model, which agrees with our result, Refs. , contain some discussion of gauge-mediated model, and the dilaton-mediated and gauge-mediated models are discussed in Ref.  also.

Acknowledgments: We thank Jonathan L. Feng, Konstantin T. Matchev, James D. Wells and Pyungwon Ko for useful discussions. This work is supported by the BK21 project of the Ministry of Education, KRF Grant No. 2000-015-DP0080, KOSEF Grant No. 2000-1-11100-001-1, and KOSEF through the CHEP of KNU.


text:
# Scalar Field as Dark Matter and Machian Cosmological Solution in the Generalized Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation

## Abstract

The Machian cosmological solution satisfying $`\varphi =O(\rho /\omega )`$ in the generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation with the varying cosmological constant is summarized. The scalar field $`\phi `$ with the exponential potential is introduced as dark matter and the barotropic evolution of matter in the universe is discussed. As the universe expands, the coefficient $`\gamma `$ of the equation of state approaches to $`1/3`$ and the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )`$ diverges to $`\mathrm{}`$.
PACS numbers: 04.50.+h, 98.80.-k

It is believed that the field equations of the Brans-Dicke theory  coincide with those of the Einstein theory with the same energy-momentum tensor when the coupling parameter $`\omega `$ goes to the infinity, but this is generally not true -. We proposed the postulate in the Machian point of view: The scalar field of a proper cosmological solution should have the asymptotic form $`\varphi =O(\rho /\omega )`$ when $`\omega `$ is large enough and should converge to zero in the continuous limit $`\rho /\omega 0`$ (the Machian solution) . We proved that the Machian solution necessarily satisfies the relation $`GM/R=const`$ for the homogeneous and isotropic universe .

We extended the Machian solution to the case of a perfect fluid with the negative pressure  (see also ). This solution shows that the time-variation of the gravitational constant vanishes in the limit of $`\gamma =1/3`$ and suggests that the coupling parameter $`\omega `$ of the Brans-Dicke scalar field should vary in time. We investigated various possibilities of the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )`$ in the generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation - and obtained $`\omega (\varphi )=\eta /(\xi 2)`$ to support the reasonable Machian solution . In this cosmological model, the coefficient of the expansion parameter and the scalar field $`\varphi `$ converge to constants respectively as the parameter $`\xi 2`$ ($`\gamma 1/3`$). When $`\xi 2`$, the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )`$ diverges to the minus infinity and the gravitational constant approaches dynamically to the constant $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$. Moreover, if we require the particular form of the cosmological constant, the similar Machian cosmological solution exists in the generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation and the universe shows the slowly accelerating expansion at present , which is compatible with the recent measurements  of the distances to type Ia supernovae.

In this short note, we discuss the scalar field $`\phi `$ as dark matter and the evolution of matter in the universe after summarizing the Machian cosmological solution in the (modified) generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation with the varying cosmological constant. Let us start the following action

$$S=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left\{\varphi \left[R+2\lambda (\varphi ,\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi ^{,\mu })\right]+16\pi L_m\frac{\omega (\varphi )}{\varphi }g^{\mu \nu }\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi _{,\nu }\right\},$$
(1)
where $`\omega (\varphi )`$ is an arbitrary coupling function and the cosmological constant is given as

$$\lambda (\varphi ,\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi ^{,\mu })\frac{1}{2}\lambda _1\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi ^{,\mu }/\varphi ^2.$$
(2)
The action Eq.(1) is equivalent to that of the generalized scalar-tensor theory without the cosmological constant after replacing $`\omega (\varphi )\left[\omega (\varphi )+\lambda _1\right]`$.

The energy-momentum tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ of matter for the perfect fluid is in general described as

$$T_{\mu \nu }=pg_{\mu \nu }(\rho +p)u_\mu u_\nu ,$$
(3)
and the conservation law of the energy-momentum $`T_{;\nu }^{\mu \nu }=0`$ gives the equation of continuity $`\dot{\rho }+3\left(\dot{a}/a\right)\left(\rho +p\right)=0`$. Assuming the barotropic equation of state

$$p(t)=\gamma \rho (t),1\gamma 1/3,$$
(4)
we get

$$\rho (t)a^n(t)=const,$$
(5)
where $`n=3(\gamma +1)`$.

We are interested in the closed model ($`k=+1`$) and the line element for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is

$$ds^2=dt^2+a^2(t)[d\chi ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\chi (d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2)].$$
(6)
We obtain the independent field equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{a^2}}\left(\dot{a}^2+1\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\left[\omega (\varphi )+\lambda _1\right]}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }}{\varphi }}\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{\varphi }}{\varphi }}+`$ (7)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi \rho }{\varphi }}{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi \left(\rho 3p\right)}{3+2\left[\omega (\varphi )+\lambda _1\right]}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\varphi }}`$
and

$$\ddot{\varphi }+3\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\dot{\varphi }=\frac{1}{3+2\left[\omega (\varphi )+\lambda _1\right]}\left[8\pi \left(\rho 3p\right)\frac{d\omega (\varphi )}{d\varphi }\dot{\varphi }^2\right].$$
(8)
We require the particular coupling function

$$\omega (\varphi )\frac{\eta }{\xi 2},$$
(9)
where $`\xi =13\gamma `$ or$`\xi =4n`$, $`\eta `$ is a constant, and this gives$`d\omega /d\varphi =0`$. We introduce another scalar function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(t)`$ by

$$\varphi (t)=\frac{8\pi }{3+2\left[\omega (\varphi )+\lambda _1\right]}\mathrm{\Phi }(t)$$
(10)
for the Machian solution satisfying $`\varphi =O(\rho /\omega )`$ and the same relation between $`\dot{\varphi }(t)`$ and $`\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}(t)`$, which is guaranteed for the very slow time-variation or the large value of $`\omega `$. From Eqs.(7) and (8), we find that the expansion parameter has the form

$$a(t)A(\omega )\alpha (t),$$
(11)
where

$$\frac{3}{A^2(\omega )}=\left|\frac{\omega (\varphi )}{2}+B\right|.$$
(12)
Thus the field equations has a solution

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t)=\zeta \rho (t)t^2,\alpha (t)=bt,$$
(13)
with

$$\zeta =1/(\xi 2),$$
(14)
$$b=\{\begin{array}{c}(4\xi ^2)^{1/2},for\omega /2+B<0and\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}\xi <2\hfill \\ (\xi ^24)^{1/2},for\omega /2+B>0and\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}<\xi 4,\hfill \end{array}$$
(15)
and

$$B=\frac{\lambda _1}{2}\frac{3}{(\xi 2)(\xi +2)}.$$
(16)
There is a discontinuity at $`\xi =2`$ and we restrict to the range $`0\xi <2`$ owing to the evolutionary continuity from $`\xi =0`$ (the radiation era) and $`\xi =1`$ (the dust-dominated era).

Both the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )=\eta /(\xi 2)`$ for $`0\xi <2`$ and the constraint $`\omega (\varphi )/2+B<0`$ lead necessarily to $`\eta >0`$ and $`\omega <0`$. We require $`\eta >3`$ to avoid the singularity ($`\omega <3/2`$). We find the expansion parameter $`a(t)`$ and its asymptotic form when $`\xi 2`$

$$a(t)=\left[6/f(\xi )\right]^{1/2}t\sqrt{3/(2\eta 3)}t,$$
(17)
where the quadratic function $`f(\xi )\lambda _1(\xi 2)(\xi +2)+\eta (\xi +2)6`$. The value $`\eta =3`$ gives the expansion parameter$`a(t)=t`$ (light velocity) when $`\xi 2`$. If we require $`\lambda _1<0`$ and $`0\eta /\lambda _1<2`$, the universe (the closed space) shows the slowly accelerating expansion for the period $`\eta /\lambda _1\xi <2`$.

We find the scalar field $`\varphi (t)`$ and its asymptotic form when $`\xi 2`$

$$\varphi (t)=\frac{8\pi \rho (t)t^2}{\left(3+\lambda _1\right)(\xi 2)+2\eta }\frac{4\pi \rho (t)t^2}{\eta }const,$$
(18)
which converges to a definite and finite constant in the limit. As the parameter $`\xi 2`$, the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )`$ diverges to $`\mathrm{}`$ and the gravitational constant approaches dynamically to $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$. The cosmological constant $`\lambda (t)`$ decreases rapidly in proportion to $`t^2`$ as the universe expands and converges to zero when $`\xi 2`$:

$$\lambda (t)=\frac{\lambda _1}{2}\left(\frac{\dot{\varphi }}{\varphi }\right)^2\frac{(\xi 2)^2}{t^2}0.$$
(19)
When $`\xi 2`$ ($`t+\mathrm{}`$), the abnormal term $`\omega (\varphi )a^2\left(\dot{\varphi }/\varphi \right)^2`$ vanishes and the generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation reproduces the correspondent solution of general relativity with the same energy-momentum tensor, that is, the Friedmann universe with $`\ddot{a}(t)=0`$, $`\lambda (t)=0`$, and $`p=\rho /3`$.

Let us introduce a scalar field $`\phi `$ as dark matter to complete the physical evolution of matter in the universe, of which the Lagrangian is given as

$$L_\phi =(1/2)g^{\mu \nu }\phi _{,\mu }\phi _{,\nu }+V(\phi ).$$
(20)
The energy-momentum tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }^\phi `$ derived from this Lagrangian is

$$T_{\mu \nu }^\phi =\phi _{,\mu }\phi _{,\nu }+(1/2)g_{\mu \nu }\phi _{,\lambda }\phi ^{,\lambda }+g_{\mu \nu }V(\phi ),$$
(21)
and the field equation of the scalar field $`\phi (t)`$ is

$$\ddot{\phi }+3\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\dot{\phi }+\frac{dV}{d\phi }=0.$$
(22)
Let us require a scalar potential $`V(\phi )`$ (see ):

$$V(\phi (a))V_0/a^2>0.$$
(23)
Taking this potential and the expansion parameter $`a(t)=Abt`$ into account, we find a solution of Eq.(22)

$$\phi (a)=\left(\sqrt{V_0}/Ab\right)\mathrm{ln}a,$$
(24)
and thus we obtain the exponential potential of the scalar field $`\phi `$

$$V(\phi )=V_0\mathrm{exp}\left[\left(Ab/\sqrt{V_0}\right)\phi \right].$$
(25)
The density of the scalar field $`\phi `$ is given as

$$\rho _\phi =(1/2)\dot{\phi }^2+V(\phi )=(3/2)\left(V_0/a^2\right)t^2,$$
(26)
and the pressure is

$$p_\phi =(1/2)\dot{\phi }^2V(\phi )=(1/2)\left(V_0/a^2\right).$$
(27)
Thus, we get the relation $`p_\phi =(1/3)\rho _\phi `$ and may regard the scalar field $`\phi `$ as a perfect fluid with the barotropic equation of state Eq.(4). It should be noted that the above Machian cosmological solution produces no changes by introducing the scalar field $`\phi `$. Let us suppose that the total matter of the universe consists of the radiation (density $`\rho _r`$, $`\gamma =1/3`$), the dust-matter (density $`\rho _m`$, $`\gamma =0`$), and the scalar field $`\phi `$ (density $`\rho _\phi `$, $`\gamma =1/3`$) for simplicity:

$$\rho =\rho _r+\rho _m+\rho _\phi .$$
(28)
The densities $`\rho _r`$, $`\rho _m`$, and $`\rho _\phi `$ satisfy the conservation laws $`\rho _ra^4=\rho _{r0}a_0^4`$, $`\rho _ma^3=\rho _{m0}a_0^3`$ , and $`\rho _\phi a^2=\rho _{\phi 0}a_0^2`$ respectively, where a subscript $`0`$ denotes the present value. The total pressure is

$$p=p_r+p_m+p_\phi ,$$
(29)
and satisfies the equation state $`p=\gamma (t)\rho `$.

We find a time when the total pressure vanishes ($`\xi =1`$)

$$a=\sqrt{\rho _{r0}/\rho _{\phi 0}}a_0.$$
(30)
When $`\rho _r\rho _m\rho _\phi `$, which is valid enough at present, we get

$$ϵ2\xi \frac{\rho _{m0}}{\rho _{\phi 0}}\frac{a_0}{a}.$$
(31)
Taking $`\left|\omega \right|10^3`$  and $`\eta 3`$ into account, we obtain $`ϵ10^3`$ from Eq.(9), and thus find $`\rho _{m0}/\rho _{\phi 0}10^3`$ at present. If we adopt $`\rho _{r0}/\rho _{m0}10^3`$, we get $`a10^3a_0`$ for the time $`\xi =1`$. It is interesting that it is the time when the hydrogen-recombination finished in the universe. As the critical density $`\rho _c10^{29}g.cm^3`$ leads to the valid gravitational constant , we may adopt $`\rho _{\phi 0}\rho _c`$. In this case, we find $`\rho _{m0}/\rho _{\phi 0}10^2`$ and get $`ϵ10^2`$, which gives $`\left|\omega \right|10^3`$ with $`\eta 10`$. When the expansion parameter $`a(t)+\mathrm{}`$ ($`t+\mathrm{}`$), the parameter $`\xi `$ surely approaches to $`2`$, the final state of the universe.

Our universe started (classically) from the Big Bang with $`\xi =0`$ (the radiation era), passed the dust-dominated era ($`\xi =1`$) rapidly in the early stage, and has been staying the negative pressure era ($`\xi 2`$) for the almost all period of $`10^{10}yr`$. The barotropic state of the universe has been varying extremely slowly from $`\xi =0`$ to $`\xi 2`$. At $`t5\times 10^9yr`$, the parameter $`ϵ`$ was $`2\times 10^3`$, and thus the gravitational constant was almost $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$ as the same value at present. This situation saves the evolution of life in the Earth in relation to the nuclear fusion of the Sun. Finally, the universe will approach to the state of $`\xi =2`$ ($`\gamma =1/3`$) as it expands for ever.

As a result of the barotropic evolution of matter in the universe, the coupling function $`\omega (\varphi )`$ diverges to the minus infinity when $`t+\mathrm{}`$ and the gravitational constant approaches dynamically to the constant $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$. The cosmological constant $`\lambda (t)`$ decreases in proportion to $`t^2`$ and converges to zero when $`t+\mathrm{}`$. The generalized scalar-tensor theory of gravitation reduces dynamically to general relativity. The Machian cosmological model approaches to the Friedmann universe in general relativity with $`\ddot{a}(t)=0`$, $`\lambda (t)=0`$, and $`p=\rho /3`$.

The scalar field $`\phi `$ play the most important role in the physical evolution of the universe and in the problem of dark matter. Our conjecture  on the barotropic history of the universe was proved. However, the next puzzle arises: Why does the scalar field $`\phi `$ have the exponential potential like Eq.(25)? We also conceive another conjecture: The coupling function $`\omega `$ is rather derived from the scalar field $`\phi `$.
Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to Professor Carl Brans for helpful discussions and his hospitality at Loyola University (New Orleans) where this work was done. He would also like to thank the Nagasaki Prefectural Government for financial support.