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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

### 1.1 Noncommutative Algebraic Geometry

A standard construction of algebraic geometry associates to any graded, finitely generated commutative $``$-algebra $`A=_{i0}A_i,`$ with $`A_0=,`$ a projective scheme, $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$. Then a well-known theorem essentially due to Serre says that the abelian category of coherent sheaves on the scheme $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$ is equivalent to $`\text{qgr}(A):=\text{gr}(A)/\text{tor}(A)`$, the quotient of the abelian category of finitely generated graded $`A`$-modules by the Serre subcategory of finite dimensional modules. Now, the category $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ makes sense for any non-commutative graded algebra $`A`$ as well, in which case we let $`\text{gr}(A)`$ stand for the category of finitely generated right $`A`$-modules, for definitiveness. One may think of $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ as a category of coherent sheaves on a ‘non-commutative scheme’ $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$. This is the (limited) framework in which ‘non-commutative algebraic geometry’ will be understood in this paper.

Of course, for the category $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ to be reasonably nice, the non-commutative algebra $`A`$ can not be arbitrary, and it has to satisfy some reasonable conditions. Throughout this paper we assume that $`A=_{n0}A_n`$ is a positively graded $``$-algebra such that all graded components, $`A_n`$, are finite dimensional over $``$. Write $`\text{mod}(A)`$ for the category of all (not necessarily graded) finitely generated right $`A`$-modules.

We will use the following definition, cf. \[AZ\]:

###### Definition 1.1.1

An algebra $`A`$ as above is called strongly regular of dimension $`d`$ if

$`(\mathrm{𝟢})`$$`A_0`$ is a (not necessarily commutative) semisimple $``$-algebra.

$`(𝗂)`$$`A`$ has finite global dimension equal to $`d`$, that is $`d`$ is the minimal integer, such that

$`Ext_{\text{mod}(A)}^{>d}(M,N)=0,`$ for all $`M,N\text{mod}(A)`$.

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂})`$$`A`$ is a Noetherian algebra of polynomial growth, i.e., there exist integers $`m,n>0`$ such that: $`dim_{_{}}A_imi^n,`$ for all $`i0`$;

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂𝗂})`$$`A`$ is Gorenstein with parameters $`(d,l)`$, i.e. $`Ext_{\text{mod}(A)}^i(A_0,A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A_0(l),& \text{if }i=d\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{else\hspace{0.17em}.}\hfill \end{array}`$

Remark. In \[AZ\], the authors consider only the algebras $`A`$ such that $`A_0=`$, and called such an $`A`$ regular if the conditions 1.1.1(i)-(iii) above hold. It has been shown in \[AZ\] that any strongly regular algebra in the sense of Definition 1.1.1 satisfies the following

$`𝝌`$-condition:$`dim_{_{}}Ext_{\text{mod}(A)}^i(A_0,M)<\mathrm{},`$ for all $`i0`$ and  $`M\text{mod}(A)`$.
To see this, note that any finitely generated right $`A`$-module $`M`$ can be included in a short exact sequence $`0M^{}PM0`$, where $`P`$ is a free $`A`$-module of finite rank, and $`M^{}`$ is automatically finitely generated due to the noetherian property. Once we know the Gorenstein property, the $`(\chi )`$-condition can be proved easily by considering the long exact sequence of $`Ext`$-groups and using the descending induction starting at $`i=gl.dim(A).\mathrm{}`$

Given a strongly regular algebra $`A`$, we let $`\pi :\text{gr}(A)\text{qgr}(A)`$ be the projection functor. The objects of $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ will be referred to as ‘sheaves on $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$’, and we will often write $`\text{coh}(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A)`$ instead of $`\text{qgr}(A)`$.

For a graded $`A`$-module $`M`$ and $`k`$, write $`M(k)`$ for the same module with the grading being shifted by $`k`$. For each $`k`$, we put $`𝒪(k):=\pi \left(A(k)\right),`$ a sheaf on $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$. Similarly, for any sheaf $`E=\pi (M)`$ we write $`E(k)`$ for the sheaf $`\pi (M(k))`$. Further, for any sheaves $`E,F\text{qgr}(A)`$, let $`Ext^p(E,F)`$ be the $`p`$-th derived functor of the $`Hom`$-functor: $`Hom(E,F)=Hom_{\text{qgr}(A)}(E,F)`$.

The crucial properties of the category $`\text{coh}(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A)=\text{qgr}(A)`$ that follow from the strong regularity of $`A`$ are:

The sequence $`\{𝒪(i)\}_i`$ is ample, that is, for any $`E\text{coh}(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A)`$, there exists an epimorphism: $`𝒪(n)^mE`$, and for any epimorphism: $`EF,`$ the morphism: $`Hom(𝒪(n),E)Hom(𝒪(n),F)`$ is surjective for $`n0`$.

There are integers $`d0`$ (dimension) and $`l`$ (index of the canonical class) such that one has functorial isomorphisms

$$Ext^i(E,F)Ext^{di}(F,E(l))^{},E,F\text{coh}(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A)$$
(1.1.2)
where $`()^{}`$ stands for the dual in the category of $``$-vector spaces.

Write $`\text{gr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)`$ for the abelian category of finitely generated graded left $`A`$-modules, and $`\pi _{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}:\text{gr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)\text{qgr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A):=\text{gr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)/\text{tor}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A),`$ for the projection to the quotient by the Serre subcategory of finite dimensional modules. Observe that the left action of the algebra $`A`$ on itself by multiplication induces, for each $`i`$, natural morphisms: $`A_kHom_{\text{qgr}(A)}(𝒪(i),𝒪(i+k))`$. This gives, for any $`E\text{qgr}(A)`$, a graded left $`A`$-module structure on the graded space $`_{k0}Hom(E,𝒪(k))`$. Thus, $`\underset{¯}{om}(E,𝒪)=\pi _{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}\left(_{k0}Hom(E,𝒪(k))\right)`$ is a well defined object of $`\text{qgr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)`$. This way we have defined an internal Hom-functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪):\text{qgr}(A)\text{qgr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)`$. Note that it takes right modules to left modules, and the other way around. The functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$ is left exact, and we write $`\underset{¯}{xt}^p(,𝒪):\text{qgr}(A)\text{qgr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A)`$ for the corresponding derived functors. One can check that

$$\underset{¯}{xt}^p(E,𝒪)=\pi _{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(_{k0}Ext^p(E,𝒪(k))),p0.$$
(1.1.3)
For a sheaf $`E\text{coh}(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A)`$, we define $`H^p(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A,E)`$ $`:=Ext^p(𝒪,E).`$ One has a functorial isomorphism: $`H^0(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A,\underset{¯}{om}(E,𝒪))Hom(E,𝒪),`$ and also a functorial spectral sequence:

$$E_2^{p,q}=H^p(\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A,\underset{¯}{xt}^q(E,𝒪))Ext^{}(E,𝒪).$$

###### Definition 1.1.4

$`(𝗂)`$A sheaf $`E\text{qgr}(A)`$ is called locally free if $`\underset{¯}{xt}^p(E,𝒪)=0,p>0.`$

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂})`$A sheaf $`E\text{qgr}(A)`$ is called torsion free if it admits an embedding into a locally free sheaf.

The sheaves $`𝒪(i)`$ are locally free. Moreover, $`\underset{¯}{om}(𝒪(i),𝒪(j))=𝒪(ji)`$.

Remark. It is easy to see that in the case of a smooth commutative projective variety $`X`$ the definitions given above are equivalent to the standard ones. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 1.2 Noncommutative $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$

In §3 we will study torsion-free sheaves on a particular 2-dimensional non-commutative scheme analogous to $`^2`$. Specifically, let $`(L,\omega )`$ be a 2-dimensional symplectic vector space, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }Sp(L)`$ a finite subgroup. We form the graded algebra: $`TL[z]`$, the polynomial algebra in a dummy variable $`z`$ ( placed in degree 1) with coefficients in the tensor algebra of the vector space $`L`$. Let $`(TL[z])\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the smash product of $`TL[z]`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the group algebra of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, acting naturally on $`TL`$ and trivially on $`z`$.

To any element $`\tau `$ in $`𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the center of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we associate following Crawley-Boevey and Holland \[CBH\], a graded algebra $`A^\tau `$ as follows.

###### Definition 1.2.5

$`A^\tau =\left(\left(TL[z]\right)\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/uvvu=\omega (u,v)\tau z^2_{u,vL},`$
where $`\mathrm{}`$ stands for the two-sided ideal generated by the indicated relation.

It is convenient to choose and fix a symplectic basis $`\{x,y\}`$ in $`L`$, and to identify $`L`$ with $`^2`$ and $`Sp(L)`$ with $`SL_2()`$. Then $`TL`$ gets identified with a free associative algebra on two generators. Writing $`x,y,z`$ for the free associative algebra generated by $`x`$, $`y`$ and $`z`$, we have

$$A^\tau =\left(x,y,z\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/[x,z]=[y,z]=0,[y,x]=\tau z^2$$

The algebra $`A^\tau `$ has a natural grading defined by $`\mathrm{deg}x=\mathrm{deg}y=\mathrm{deg}z=1`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}\gamma =0,`$ for any $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Thus $`A^\tau =_{n0}A_n^\tau `$ is a positively graded algebra, such that $`A_0^\tau =\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We will see in Appendix B that the algebra $`A^\tau `$ is strongly regular in the sense of Definition 1.1.1.

###### Example 1.2.6

$`(𝗂)`$If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial then $`\tau `$ reduces to a complex number. The corresponding algebra, is a non-commutative deformation of the polynomial algebra $`[x,y,z]`$.

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂})`$If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is arbitrary and $`\tau =0`$ then the algebra $`A^\tau `$ is the smash product of the polynomial algebra $`[x,y,z]`$ with the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

We set $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}(A^\tau ),`$ and write $`\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)=\text{qgr}(A^\tau ),`$ for the corresponding category of ‘coherent sheaves’ on the non-commutative scheme $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$. Further, let $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}([x,y]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be a noncommutative variety corresponding to the graded algebra $`[x,y]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The projection: $`A^\tau A^\tau /A^\tau z[x,y]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ can be considered as a closed embedding $`i:__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$. Let $`i^{}:\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1)`$ and $`i_{}:\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1)\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$ be the corresponding pull-back and push-forward functors given in terms of modules by the formulas

$$i^{}(\pi (M))=\pi (M/Mz),i_{}(\pi (N))=\pi (N),\text{ with }z\text{ acting by zero.}$$

###### Definition 1.2.7

Let $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ be the set of isomorphism classes of coherent torsion free sheaves $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ with an isomorphism $`i^{}EW__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$ (framing of type $`W`$) and such that $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))V`$, as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules.

In §4 we will give a description of torsion free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ in terms of monads, similar to the well-known description of vector bundles on the commutative $`^2`$, cf. \[OSS\]. We will see that the linear algebra data given by a monad associated with a sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ is nothing but a Nakajima quiver. This way one obtains a bijection between the moduli space $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ and the Nakajima quiver variety, see Theorem 1.3.10 below.

### 1.3 Quiver Varieties

We keep the above setup, in particular, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a finite subgroup of $`SL_2()`$ and $`L`$ is the tautological 2-dimensional representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Given a pair $`(V,W)`$ of finite dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules, and an element $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, consider the locally closed subvariety of quiver data

$$𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,V_{}L)Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(W,V)Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,W)$$
(1.3.8)
formed by all triples $`(B,I,J)`$ satisfying the following two conditions:

$`[B,B]+IJ=\tau |__V`$ (here $`[B,B]End__\mathrm{\Gamma }V^2LEnd__\mathrm{\Gamma }V`$)

if $`V^{}V`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-submodule such that $`B(V^{})V^{}L`$ and
$`I(W)V^{}`$ then $`V^{}=V`$.

The group $`G__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant automorphisms of $`V`$ acts on $`𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ by the formula: $`g(B,I,J)=(gBg^1,gI,Jg^1).`$ Note that the $`G__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$-action is free, due to the stability condition.

###### Definition 1.3.9

The quiver variety is defined as the Geometric Invariant Theory quotient: $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)=𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)/G__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$.

Thus, the quiver variety above depends only on $`[V]`$, the isomorphism class of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`V`$, but abusing the notation we will write $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ rather than $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau ([V],W)`$.

The relation of the above definition of quiver variety with the original definition of Nakajima is provided by McKay correspondence. Recall that McKay correspondence, cf. \[Re\], establishes a bijection between affine Dynkin graphs of $`ADE`$-type, and finite subgroups $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SL_2()`$ (up to conjugacy). Given such a subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the corresponding affine Dynkin graph can be recovered as follows.

Let $`R_i`$, $`i=0,\mathrm{},n`$ be the complete set of the isomorphism classes of complex irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. For any $`i,j\{0,\mathrm{},n\},`$ let $`a_{ij}`$ be the multiplicity of $`R_j`$ in the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`R_i_{}L`$, where $`L`$ is the tautological 2-dimensional representation. Since $`L`$ is self-dual, we have $`a_{ij}=a_{ji}`$. Following McKay, we attach to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a graph $`Q=Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by taking $`\{0,\mathrm{},n\}`$ as the set of vertices of $`Q`$, and connecting $`i`$ and $`j`$ by $`a_{ij}`$ edges. Then $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is an affine Dynkin graph of ADE-type, with Cartan matrix $`a(Q)=a_{ij}`$. The Nakajima’s quiver variety corresponding to $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ coincides with the variety $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ defined above.

Remark. The case: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{1\}`$ is somewhat degenerate. In this case $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ should stand for the quiver with one vertex, and one (rather than two) loop. $`\mathrm{}`$

Our first important result relates torsion free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ with the Nakajima quiver variety:

###### Theorem 1.3.10

There exists a natural bijection: $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)\stackrel{}{}𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$.

Remark. It is natural to expect that the bijection of the theorem establishes an isomorphism of algebraic varieties. We are unaware, however, of any construction of a scheme (or stack) structure on the set $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$, since the formalism of moduli spaces of sheaves on noncommutative varieties is not yet developed.$`\mathrm{}`$

The above theorem can be viewed in the following context. The Kleinian singularity, $`^2/\mathrm{\Gamma },`$ has a semiuniversal deformation, a family $`\{𝒳_\tau \}`$ of surfaces parametrised by the points $`\tau `$ in the vector space $`𝔥=𝖹^0(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the codimension one hyperplane in $`𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ formed by all central elements which have trace zero in the regular representation $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Thus, $`𝒳_0=^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Now, let $`W=\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}`$ be the trivial $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module, and $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the regular representation. For each $`\tau 𝔥`$ put $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_\tau =𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏})`$. According to Kronheimer \[Kr\], the family $`\{\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_\tau \}_{\tau 𝔥}`$ gives a simultanious resolution: $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_\tau 𝒳_\tau `$ of the semiuniversal deformation, $`\{𝒳_\tau \}_{\tau 𝔥}`$. In particular, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_0^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the minimal resolution.

Kronheimer and Nakajima \[KN\] showed further that, for arbitrary $`V`$ and $`W`$, and $`\tau 𝔥=𝖹^0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the quiver variety $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ is isomorphic to the moduli space of anti-self-dual connections on $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_\tau `$ with a suitable decay condition at infinity. If $`\tau =0`$, then there is an alternative, purely algebraic, interpretation of $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ as the moduli space of framed torsion-free sheaves (satisfying an appropriate stability condition) on $`\widehat{𝒳}_0`$, a natural projective completion of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_0`$. Such an interpretation of $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ in terms of moduli spaces of framed torsion-free sheaves on $`\widehat{𝒳}_\tau `$ doesn’t seem to be possible, however, for other $`\tau 𝔥\{0\}`$.

A way to circumvent this difficulty has been suggested by Kapranov and Vasserot, who proved in \[KV\] that considering framed torsion-free sheaves on $`\widehat{𝒳}_0`$ is equivalent to considering $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant framed sheaves on $`^2`$. Furthermore, Varagnolo and Vasserot proved in \[VV\] that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant framed torsion-free sheaves on $`^2`$ (equivalently, framed torsion-free sheaves on the non-commutative $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}`$-scheme corresponding to the graded algebra $`A^0=[x,y,z]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) are parametrised by the points of $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^0(V,W)`$. Thus, our theorem above is a very natural extension of \[VV\].

Notice further, that while the spaces $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}_\tau `$ are only defined for $`\tau 𝔥=𝖹^0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the quiver varieties $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ exist for all $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. This discrepancy has been resolved by Crawley-Boevey and Holland, who constructed in \[CBH\] a family of associative algebras $`𝒜_\tau `$ parametrised by all $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and such that the algebra $`𝒜_\tau `$ is isomorphic to the coordinate ring of the variety $`𝒳_\tau `$, if $`\tau 𝔥`$, and is non-commutative otherwise. From this perspective, our theorem can also be viewed as describing framed torsion-free sheaves on a projective completion of $`\text{Spec}^{}𝒜_\tau `$, the non-commutative affine scheme corresponding to the algebra $`𝒜_\tau `$.

Next we introduce the algebra

$$^\tau =A^\tau /(z1)A^\tau \left(x,y\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/[y,x]=\tau ,$$

which can be thought of as the ‘coordinate ring’ of $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$, a non-commutative affine plane.

The algebra $`^\tau `$ comes equipped with a natural increasing filtration, $`F_{}^\tau `$, such that $`F_0^\tau =\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It follows from \[Q\] that the assignment: $`RR__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau `$ gives a natural isomorphism: $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })\stackrel{}{}K(^\tau ),`$ between the Grothendieck group of the category of finite dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules and that of finitely generated projective $`^\tau `$-modules. Further, the map assigning the integer $`dimR`$ to a finite dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`R`$ extends to a canonical group homomorphism $`dim:K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Composing this with the isomorphism $`K(^\tau )K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, one gets a function $`\stackrel{~}{dim}:K(^\tau )`$.

The second major result of this paper is a classification of isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective $`^\tau `$-modules $`N`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{dim}N=1`$. In order to formulate it we need the following technical result whose proof is given in §8.

###### Proposition 1.3.11

Let $`RK(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be such that $`dimR=1`$. Then there exist uniquely determined (up to isomorphism) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules $`W`$ and $`V`$, such that in $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ we have: $`R=[W]+[V]([L]2[\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}])`$ and, moreover, $`dimW=1`$ and $`V`$ does not contain the regular representation as a submodule.

The Theorem below is a generalization of a conjecture of Crawley-Boevey and Holland, see \[BLB\], Example 5.7. The conjecture corresponds, when reformulated in terms of deformed preprojective algebras, see §6, to the special case of the Theorem: $`R=[W],V=0.`$

###### Theorem 1.3.12

Assume that $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is generic in the sense of \[CBH\], i.e., it does not belong to root hyperplanes. Let $`RK(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be such that $`dimR=1`$, and $`V,W`$ the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules attached to this class by Proposition 1.3.11. Then there exists a natural bijection:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\text{Isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective}\hfill \\ ^\tau \text{-modules }N\text{ such that }[N]=R\text{ in }K(^\tau )=K(\mathrm{\Gamma })\hfill \end{array}\right\}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W).$$

Recall that to define ”root hyperplanes” in $`𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, one has to identify this space with the underlying vector space of the affine root system, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{aff}𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })^{}`$, associated to the Dynkin graph $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma }),`$ see also Sections 5 and 6 of \[CBH\]. The vertices of $`Q`$ may be identified with the base of the space $`𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })^{}`$ formed by the irreducible characters of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and the root system $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{aff}`$ is given in this basis by the Cartan matrix $`a(Q)=a_{ij}`$ of the graph $`Q`$.

To prove Theorem 1.3.12 we observe first that, for generic $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, any torsion-free sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ is in effect locally free. We show further that ‘restriction’ from $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ to $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$, gives, for generic $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, a bijection between locally free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ and $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$, respectively. The latter objects being nothing but finitely generated projective $`^\tau `$-modules, the result follows from Theorem 1.3.10.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{1\}`$ so that: $`R=\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}`$, and $`𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })=`$. The parameter $`\tau `$ is generic in the above sense if and only if $`\tau 0`$. The algebra $`^\tau `$ becomes, for $`\tau 0`$, the first Weyl algebra with two generators, $`x,y`$, subject to the relation: $`[y,x]=\tau 1`$. Further, the variety $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏})`$ becomes in this case the Calogero-Moser variety, $`𝔐^\tau (^k)=𝔐_{_{\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{1\}}}^\tau (^k,)`$, introduced in \[KKS\] and studied further in \[W\]. Explicitly, we have:

$$𝔐^\tau (^k)=\left\{(B_1,B_2)𝔤𝔩_n()\times 𝔤𝔩_n()\right|[B_1,B_2]\tau \text{Id}__^n=\text{rank }1\text{ matrix}\}/\text{Ad}GL_n.$$

Since any rank 1 projective module over the Weyl algebra $`^\tau `$ is isomorphic to a right ideal in $`^\tau `$, Theorem 1.3.12 reduces in the special case of the trivial group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to the following result proved recently by Berest-Wilson \[BW\].

###### Corollary 1.3.13

The set of isomorphism classes of right ideals (viewed as $`^\tau `$-modules) in the Weyl algebra $`^\tau `$ is in a natural bijection with the set: $`_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}𝔐^\tau (^k).`$

The proof of this result given in \[BW\] is totally different from ours, and relies heavily on the earlier results of \[W\] and \[CaH\].

## 2 Sheaves on a noncommutative Proj-scheme

In this section we fix a strongly regular graded $``$-algebra $`A=_{k0}A_k`$, set $`X=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$, and write $`\text{coh}(X)=\text{qgr}(A)`$. Recall that the quotient category $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ is defined as follows. The objects of $`\text{qgr}(A)`$ are the same as those of $`\text{gr}(A)`$, while

$$Hom_{\text{qgr}(A)}(M,N)=\underset{}{lim}Hom_{\text{gr}(A)}(M^{},N),$$

where the limit is taken over all submodules $`M^{}M`$, with $`M/M^{}\text{tor}(A)`$.

Recall the integer $`d`$ entering the definition 1.1.1 of a strongly regular algebra and the Serre duality property (1.1.2)

###### Proposition 2.0.1

For any coherent sheaves $`E`$ and $`F`$ on $`X`$ we have

$$Ext^{>d}(E,F)=0,\underset{¯}{xt}^{>d}(E,𝒪)=0.$$

Proof: The first part follows from Serre duality and the second follows from the first and from (1.1.3). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 2.0.2

Any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`X`$ admits a resolution of the form

$$\mathrm{}𝒪(n_k)^{m_k}\stackrel{\varphi _k}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\varphi _1}{}𝒪(n_0)^{m_0}E0.$$
(2.0.3)
Proof: Follows immidiatelty from the ampleness property. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall the notions of locally free and torsion free sheaves on $`X`$, see Definition 1.1.4. We write $`E^{}`$ instead of $`\underset{¯}{om}(E,𝒪)`$, for brevity.

###### Proposition 2.0.4

Let $``$, $`_1,\mathrm{},_d`$ be locally free sheaves on $`X`$.

(1) For any complex: $`_1\stackrel{\varphi _1}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\varphi _{d1}}{}_d,`$ which is exact at the terms: $`_2`$, …, $`_{d1},`$ the sheaf $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi _1`$ is locally free.

(2) The sheaf $`^{}`$ is locally free.

(3) The canonical morphism: $`^{}`$ is an isomorphism.

(4) For any $`k`$, the sheaf $``$ has a resolution of the form

$$0𝒪(n_0)^{m_0}\mathrm{}𝒪(n_k)^{m_k}$$
(2.0.5)
(5) If $`d2`$, then for any sheaf $`E`$, the sheaf $`E^{}`$ is locally free.<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1we will usually denote arbitrary sheaves by roman letters, and locally free sheaves by script letters.

Proof: (1) Let $`K=𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi _1`$ and $`C=𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫\varphi _{d1}`$. Applying the functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$ to the sequence $`0K_1\mathrm{}_dC0`$ we get a spectral sequence converging to zero. The first term of the sequence looks as

Hence $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{>0}(K,𝒪)=0`$.

(2) Choose a resolution (2.0.3) for $``$ with $`k=d`$ and let $`=𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi _d`$. Then by (1) the sheaf $``$ is locally free. Applying the functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$ to this resolution we get a resolution

$$0^{}𝒪(n_0)^{m_0}\mathrm{}𝒪(n_d)^{m_d}^{}0$$

Hence $`^{}`$ is locally free by (1).

(3) For $``$, choose a resolution of type (2.0.3) with $`k=d`$, and apply to it the functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪),𝒪)`$. Since the canonical morphism: $`𝒪(n)𝒪(n)^{}`$ is an isomorphism it follows that: $`\stackrel{}{}^{}`$ is also an isomorphism.

(4) For $`^{}`$, choose a resolution of type (2.0.3), and apply $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$.

(5) For $``$, choose a resolution of type (2.0.3) with $`k=1`$. Apply to it the functor $`Hom(,𝒪)`$, and use (1). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 2.0.6

If $`E`$ is a torsion free sheaf then $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪)=0`$.

Proof: Given $`E`$, choose an embedding: $`E`$ into a locally free sheaf. Applying the functor $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$ to the exact sequence $`0E/E0`$ we get an epimorphism: $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(,𝒪)\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪)0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.0.7

For $`n0`$, there is a canonical isomorphism:

$$H^0(X,\left(\underset{¯}{xt}^k(E,𝒪)\right)(nl))H^{dk}(X,E(n))^{},k0.$$

Proof: It is clear that $`H^p(X,\left(\underset{¯}{xt}^k(E,𝒪)\right)(nl))=H^p(X,\underset{¯}{xt}^q(E(n),𝒪(l)))`$. Further, there is a standard spectral sequence for the derived functor of composition:

$$E_2^{p,q}=H^p(X,\underset{¯}{xt}^q(E(n),𝒪(l)))Ext^{p+q}(E(n),𝒪(l)).$$

On the other hand, for $`n0`$ we have: $`H^{>0}(X,\left(\underset{¯}{xt}^k(E,𝒪)\right)(nl))=0`$, hence the spectral sequence degenerates and $`H^0(X,\left(\underset{¯}{xt}^k(E,𝒪)\right)(nl))=Ext^k(E(n),𝒪(l))`$. Finally, Serre duality gives

$$Ext^k(E(n),𝒪(l))H^{dk}(X,E(n))^{}.\mathrm{}$$

###### Definition 2.0.8

A sheaf $`F`$ on $`X`$ is called an Artin sheaf if $`H^{>0}(X,F(k))=0,k`$.

Remark. In the situations studied in this paper, any Artin sheaf has finite length. We don’t know if this is true in general, as well as whether a subsheaf of an Artin sheaf is Artin. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 2.0.9

Assume that $`d=dimX2`$.

(1) If $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf and $``$ is locally free then $`Ext^{>0}(,F)=0`$.

(2) For any sheaf $`E`$ the sheaf $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪)`$ is Artin.

(3) $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf if and only if $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{<d}(F,𝒪)=0`$.

(4) If $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf then $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(F,𝒪)=0`$ implies $`F=0`$.

(5) Any extension of Artin sheaves is Artin.

Proof: (1) First note that $`Ext^p(𝒪(k),F)=H^p(X,F(k))=0`$, for $`p>0`$. Now, assume $``$ is locally free and take a resolution of $``$ of type (2.0.5) with $`k=d`$. Applying the functor $`Hom(,F)`$ to this resolution we deduce that $`Ext^{>0}(,F)=0`$.

(2) We have a spectral sequence

$$E_2^{p,q}=H^p(X,\underset{¯}{xt}^q(E,𝒪(k)))Ext^{p+q}(E,𝒪(k)).$$

It is easy to see that any nonzero element in $`H^p((X,\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪(k)))`$ with $`p>0`$ gives a nonzero contribution in $`Ext^{d+p}(E,𝒪(k))`$. But the latter space is zero for $`p>0`$. Hence $`H^p((X,\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪(k)))=H^p((X,\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪)(k))=0`$, that is $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(E,𝒪)`$ is an Artin sheaf.

(3) If $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf then it follows from Lemma 2.0.7 and ampleness that $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{<d}(F,𝒪)=0`$. Conversely, assume that $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{<d}(F,𝒪)=0`$. We have a spectral sequence

$$E_2^{p,q}=\underset{¯}{xt}^p(\underset{¯}{xt}^q(F,𝒪),𝒪)E_{\mathrm{}}^i=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill F,& \text{if }i=0\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{<d}(F,𝒪)=0,`$ the spectral sequence degenerates at the second term and yields an isomorphism: $`F\underset{¯}{xt}^d(\underset{¯}{xt}^d(F,𝒪),𝒪)`$. Hence $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf by (2).

(4) It follows from the proof of (3) that for any Artin sheaf $`F`$ we have a canonical isomorphism:

$$F\underset{¯}{xt}^d(\underset{¯}{xt}^d(F,𝒪),𝒪).$$

Hence, $`\underset{¯}{xt}^d(F,𝒪)=0`$ implies $`F=0`$. (5) is clear. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Torsion-free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$

In this section we set $`A^\tau =\left(x,y,z\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/[x,z]=[y,z]=0,[y,x]=\tau z^2,`$ see Definition 1.2.5. We write: $`A^\tau =_{i0}A_i,`$ and put $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}(A^\tau )`$.

### 3.1 Beilinson Spectral Sequence

The noncommutative projective plane $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ shares a lot of properties with the commutative projective plane. In particular, we have, see Appendix B for the definition of $`{}_{}{}^{}A_{j}^{}`$:

$$H^p(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,𝒪(i))=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A_i,& \text{if }p=0\text{ and }i0\hfill \\ \hfill {}_{}{}^{}A_{i3}^{},& \text{if }p=2\text{ and }i3\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.1.1)
Our approach to the classification of torsion free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ mimics the standard approach, see \[OSS\],\[KKO\], to the study of coherent sheaves on $`^2`$ by means of Beilinson’s spectral sequence, see Appendix B. The latter allows one to describe coherent sheaves in terms of linear algebra data, sometimes called the ‘ADHM-equations’.

Beilinson’s spectral sequence for a general Koszul algebra, given in Appendix B, simplifies considerably in the ‘2-dimensional’ case of $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$. Specifically, let $`T`$ denote the coherent sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ defined by either of the following two exact sequences:

$${}_{}{}^{!}A_{0}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪{}_{}{}^{!}A_{1}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)T,T{}_{}{}^{!}A_{2}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(2){}_{}{}^{!}A_{3}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(3),$$
(3.1.2)
where $`{}_{}{}^{!}A_{k}^{}`$ stand for the graded components of the Koszul dual algebra, see Appendix B. Then, for any sheaf $`E`$, there is a spectral sequence with the $`E_1^{p,q}`$-term looking like a 3-term complex:

$$E_1^{p,q}=\left\{Ext^q(𝒪(1),E)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(2)Ext^q(T(1),E)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)Ext^q(𝒪,E)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪\right\}$$

The above complex corresponds to the groups $`E_1^{p,q}`$ with $`p=2,1,0`$, all other groups being zero. This spectral sequence converges to (see e.g., \[OSS\] for details in the commutative case):

$$E_1^{p,q}E_{\mathrm{}}^{p+q}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E,& \text{for }p+q=0\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}.$$

Recall that $`K()`$ stands for the Grothendieck group of an abelian category.

###### Corollary 3.1.3

We have $`K(\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2))K(\mathrm{\Gamma })^3`$. In particular, $`K(\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2))`$ is a free $``$-module with a basis given by classes of sheaves $`R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k)`$, where $`R`$ runs through the set of isomorphism classes of irreducible $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules and $`k\{2,1,0\}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

For any $`E\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$ we define the Hilbert function of $`E`$ as

$$h_E(t)=_{p=0}^2(1)^pdim_{}H^p(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(t)).$$

###### Lemma 3.1.4

For any $`E\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$, the function $`h_E(t)`$ is a polynomial in $`t`$ (of degree $`2`$) of the form

$$h_E(t)=r\frac{t^2}{2}+\mathrm{},r=1,2,3,\mathrm{}.$$

Proof: It is clear that $`h_E(t)`$ depends only on the class of $`E`$ in $`K(\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2))`$. Thus by Corollary 3.1.3 it suffices to compute the Hilbert function only for the sheaves of the form $`R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(p),p`$, where $`R`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module. Further, from (3.1.1) one deduces that for $`t+k0`$ we have: $`H^{>0}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(t+k))=0`$. Therefore, we find:

$$\begin{array}{c}h_{R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k)}(t)=dim_{_{}}H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(t+k))=\hfill \\ =dim_{_{}}\left(R__\mathrm{\Gamma }A_{t+k}^\tau \right)=dim_{_{}}\left(R__\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{_{}}Sym^{t+k}x,y,z\right)\right)=\hfill \\ =dim_{_{}}\left(R_{_{}}Sym^{t+k}x,y,z\right)=\frac{(t+k+1)(t+k+2)}{2}dim_{_{}}R\hfill \end{array}$$

A similar computation shows that this formula also holds for $`t+k<0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 3.1.5

Define the rank $`r(E)`$ of $`E\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$ to be the leading coefficient $`r`$ of the Hilbert polinomial $`h_E(t)`$, see Lemma 3.1.4.

###### Corollary 3.1.6

The rank, $`r()`$, is a well-defined linear function on $`K(\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2))`$. Moreover, $`r(R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(i))=dim_{_{}}R`$, for any $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`R`$ and any $`i`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.2 Sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$

Recall that in §1.2 we have defined the noncommutative projective line as the $`\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}`$-scheme corresponding to the algebra $`[x,y]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The following result is clear

###### Proposition 3.2.7

The embedding of graded algebras $`[x,y][x,y]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ induces an equivalence of categories

$$\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1)\text{coh}__\mathrm{\Gamma }(^1),$$

where $`\text{coh}__\mathrm{\Gamma }(^1)`$ is the category of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant coherent sheaves on the commutative $`^1`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

Note that the equivalence of Proposition 3.2.7 commutes with the functors $`Ext^p`$, $`\underset{¯}{xt}^p,`$ and $`H^p`$. It follows that a sheaf $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ is locally free (resp. Artin) if and only if it is locally free (resp. Artin) as a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant sheaf on $`^1`$. For any sheaf $`E\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1),`$ we denote by $`h_E(t)`$, resp. $`r(E)`$, the Hilbert polynomial, resp. the rank, of $`E`$, considered as a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant sheaf on $`^1`$.

###### Corollary 3.2.8

(1) For any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ we have $`EF`$, where $`F`$ is an Artin sheaf and $``$ is a locally free sheaf.

(2) Any locally free sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ has the form: $`=_k\left(R_k__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k)\right)`$, for certain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules $`R_k`$.

(3) If $``$ is a locally free sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ and $`r()=1`$, then $`R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k),`$ where $`R`$ is a 1-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module.$`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.3 The functors $`i^{}`$ and $`i_{}`$

Recall that in section 1.2 we have defined the functors

$$i_{}:\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1)\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)\text{and}i^{}:\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1).$$

It is clear that $`i_{}`$ is the right adjoint of the functor $`i^{}`$. It follows from the definition that $`i^{}`$ is right exact. We denote by $`L^pi^{}`$ the left derived functor.

###### Proposition 3.3.9

(1) The functor $`i_{}`$ is exact and faithful.

(2) For any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ there is a canonical exact sequence:

$$0i_{}L^1i^{}EE(1)\stackrel{z}{}Ei_{}L^0i^{}E\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}$$

(3) For any $`E`$ we have $`L^{>1}i^{}E=0`$ and the functor $`L^1i^{}`$ is left exact.

(4) If $``$ is locally free then $`L^{>0}i^{}=0`$.

(5) If $`E`$ is torsion free then $`L^{>0}i^{}E=0`$.

(6) If $``$ is a locally free sheaf on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ then $`i^{}`$ is locally free.

(7) If $`E`$ is torsion free then $`r(i^{}E)=r(E)`$.

(8) For any sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$, the adjunction morphism: $`Ei_{}i^{}E`$ is an epimorphism.

(9) We have: $`i^{}i_{}E=E`$, $`L^1i^{}i_{}E=E(1),`$ for any sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$.

(10) If $`i^{}E=0`$ then $`EE(1)`$, and $`E`$ is an Artin sheaf.

Proof: (1) This claim becomes clear when translated into the module language.

(2) Since $`i_{}`$ is exact it suffices to check that: $`i_{}i^{}EEi_{}𝒪_{_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1}`$ (which is clear from the point of view of modules), and to apply the resolution

$$0𝒪(1)\stackrel{z}{}𝒪i_{}𝒪_{__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1}0.$$

(3) Follows from (2) and (1).

(4) It is clear that $`L^{>0}i^{}𝒪(n)=0`$. Choosing an embedding $`𝒪(n)^m`$ like in (2.0.5) and applying (3) we obtain the claim.

(5) Given a torsion free sheaf $`E`$, choose an embedding: $`E,`$ into a locally free sheaf. Now, apply (3) and (4).

(6) Note that derived functor $`L^{}i^{}`$ commutes with the derived functor $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{}(,𝒪)`$. Applying (4) to the locally free sheaf $``$ we conclude that $`\underset{¯}{xt}^{>0}(i^{},𝒪_{_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1})=0`$. Hence $`i^{}`$ is locally free.

(7) Since $`L^{>0}i^{}E=0`$ by (5) it follows that: $`h_{i^{}E}(t)=h_E(t)h_E(t1)=r(E)t+\mathrm{}.`$ The claim follows.

(8) Follows from (2). (9) Note that by (2) we have

$$i_{}i^{}i_{}E=𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫(i_{}E(1)\stackrel{z}{}i_{}E)\text{and}i_{}L^1i^{}i_{}E=𝐊𝐞𝐫(i_{}E(1)\stackrel{z}{}i_{}E).$$

On the other hand $`z`$ vanishes on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$, hence the morphism: $`i_{}E(1)\stackrel{z}{}i_{}E`$ vanishes. Thus $`i_{}i^{}i_{}E=i_{}E`$ and $`i_{}L^1i^{}i_{}E=i_{}E(1)`$. Hence by (1) we have: $`i^{}i_{}E=E`$, $`L^1i^{}i_{}E=E(1)`$.

(10) The equation: $`i^{}E=0`$ implies by (2) that the multiplication by $`z`$ homomorphism: $`E\stackrel{z}{}E(1)`$ is surjective. Let $`M`$ be the graded $`A`$-module corresponding to $`E`$. It follows that, for $`k0`$, the $`z`$-multiplication: $`M_k\stackrel{z}{}M_{k+1}`$ is a surjection, by the ampleness. Since $`M`$ is finitely generated it follows that $`M_kM_{k+1}`$ for $`k0`$. Hence $`EE(1)`$. But this implies that for any $`k`$ we have $`H^{>0}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(k))=0`$. Thus, $`E`$ is an Artin sheaf. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 3.3.10

A sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ is said to be supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ if it admits an increasing finite filtration: $`0=E_0E_1\mathrm{}E_n=E,E_i\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2),`$ such that $`E_k/E_{k1}=i_{}F_k`$, for some $`F_k\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1)`$.

###### Proposition 3.3.11

(1) If $`E`$ is supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ then $`r(E)=0`$.

(2) Assume that $`E`$ is supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. Let $`E^0=E`$ and, for $`k>0`$, define $`E^k`$ inductively by $`E^{k+1}:=𝐊𝐞𝐫(E^ki_{}i^{}E^k)`$. Then $`E^n=0`$, for $`n0`$.

(3) If $`E`$ is supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ and $`i^{}E`$ is Artin then $`E`$ is Artin.

Proof: (1) It is clear that $`r(E)=r(E_k/E_{k1})=r(i_{}F_k)`$. On the other hand, we have

$$h_{i_{}F}(t)=h_F(t)=r(F)t+\text{const},$$

for any sheaf $`F`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. Hence $`r(i_{}F)=0`$.

(2) It suffices to prove the following claim: Assume that we have an exact sequence

$$0E^{}Ei_{}F0.$$

Then $`𝐊𝐞𝐫(Ei_{}i^{}E)`$ is a subsheaf in $`E^{}`$. Indeed, if the claim is true then it is easy to prove by induction that $`E^kE_{nk}`$, where $`E_{}`$ is a filtration from the definition of a sheaf supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. Hence $`E_nE_0=0`$, and (2) follows.

We now prove the claim. Since the canonical map: $`i_{}Fi_{}i^{}i_{}F`$ is an isomorphism by 3.3.9 (9) it follows that the projection: $`Ei_{}F`$ factors through the morphism: $`Ei_{}i^{}E`$. Thus, the claim follows from the inclusion:

$$𝐊𝐞𝐫(Ei_{}i^{}E)𝐊𝐞𝐫(Ei_{}F)=E^{}.$$

(3) Assume that $`E`$ is supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ and that $`i^{}E`$ is an Artin sheaf. We define inductively the sequence of sheaves $`E^0=E,`$ $`E^{k+1}=𝐊𝐞𝐫(E^ki_{}i^{}E^k),k=0,1,2,\mathrm{},`$ as in (2). According to part (2), there exists $`n>0`$ such that $`E^n=0`$. We prove by descending induction on $`k`$, starting at $`k=n`$, that $`E^k`$ is an Artin sheaf. Applying the functor $`i^{}`$ to the exact sequence

$$0E^{k+1}E^ki_{}i^{}E^k\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}$$

we get an exact sequence:

$$L^1i^{}i_{}i^{}E^ki^{}E^{k+1}i^{}E^ki^{}i_{}i^{}E^k\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.$$

Here, the morphism $`i^{}E^ki^{}i_{}i^{}E^k`$ is an isomorphism by 3.3.9 (9). It follows that $`i^{}E^{k+1}`$ is a quotient of the Artin sheaf $`L^1i^{}i_{}i^{}E^kE^k(1),`$ see 3.3.9 (10). Since a quotient of an Artin sheaf on the commutative $`^1`$ is obviously Artin again, it follows that $`i^{}E^{k+1}`$ is an Artin sheaf. The induction hypothesis implies that $`E^{k+1}`$ is an Artin sheaf. Hence $`E`$, being an extension of Artin sheaves, is also Artin by 2.0.9 (5). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 3.3.12

A sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ is called $`z`$-torsion free if either of the following equivalent conditions hold (equivalence is proved in $`\text{3.3.9}(2)`$)

(1) the map $`z:EE(1)`$ is a monomorphism;

(2) $`L^1i^{}E=0`$.

###### Lemma 3.3.13

(1) If $`E`$ is torsion free then $`E`$ is $`z`$-torsion free.

(2) For any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ there exists a unique subsheaf $`FE`$ supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ such that $`E/F`$ is $`z`$-torsion free.

Proof: (1) Follows from 3.3.9 (5).

(2) First we will check the existence. Consider the sequence: $`F_k=𝐊𝐞𝐫(E\stackrel{z^k}{}E(k)),k=0,1,2,\mathrm{},`$ of subseaves in $`E`$. Since the algebra $`A^\tau `$ is noetherian the sequence $`F_k`$ stabilizes. Thus we have $`F_{n+k}=F_n`$ for some $`n`$ and for all $`k0`$. The sheaf $`F=F_n`$ is clearly supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. We claim that $`E/F`$ is $`z`$-torsion free. To see this, note that the equality: $`F_n=F_{n+1}`$ means that the composition of the embedding: $`E/FE(n)`$ with the morphism: $`E(n)\stackrel{z}{}E(n+1)`$ is an embedding. But this composition can be factored through the morphism: $`E/F\stackrel{z}{}(E/F)(1)`$. Thus, $`E/F`$ is $`z`$-torsion free.

It remains to prove the uniqueness. Assume that $`F^{}`$ is a subsheaf of $`E`$ supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ and such that $`E/F^{}`$ is $`z`$-torsion free. Then for any $`k`$ we have an exact sequence

$$𝐊𝐞𝐫\left(F^{}\stackrel{z^{n+k}}{}F^{}(n+k)\right)𝐊𝐞𝐫\left(E\stackrel{z^{n+k}}{}E(n+k)\right)𝐊𝐞𝐫\left(E/F^{}\stackrel{z^{n+k}}{}(E/F^{})(n+k)\right)$$

It is clear that for $`k0`$ the first term in the above sequence coincides with $`F^{}`$, the second term coincides with $`F_{n+k}=F`$ and the third term vanishes. Thus $`F^{}=F`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.4 Properties of $`\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$ for generic $`\tau `$

The definition of ”generic” parameters $`\tau `$, due to \[CBH\], has been sketched in the Introduction. The only property that will be used below is that, for generic $`\tau `$, the algebra $`^\tau `$ has no non-trivial finite-dimensional modules. In the context of deformed preprojective algebras, an equivalent propery has been proved in \[CBH, §7\].

###### Proposition 3.4.14

Suppose that $`\tau `$ is generic. Then:

(1) If $`i^{}E=0`$ then $`E=0`$.

(2) If $`\varphi Hom(E,F)`$ and $`i^{}\varphi `$ is an epimorphism, then $`\varphi `$ is an epimorphism.

(3) If $`\varphi Hom(E,F)`$ and both $`i^{}\varphi `$ and $`L^1i^{}\varphi `$ are isomorphisms then so is $`\varphi `$.

(4) If $`\varphi Hom(E,F)`$, $`i^{}\varphi `$ is a monomorphism and $`L^1i^{}F=0`$ then $`\varphi `$ is a monomorphism.

(5) A sheaf $`E`$ is locally free if and only if $`L^{>0}i^{}E=0`$ and $`i^{}E`$ is locally free.

(6) If $`E\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$ is torsion free, and the sheaf $`i^{}E`$ is locally free, then $`E`$ is locally free.

Proof: (1) The statement translated into the language of $`A^\tau `$-modules reads: If $`M`$ is a finitely generated graded $`A^\tau `$-module such that $`dim_{_{}}(M/zM)<\mathrm{}`$, then $`dim_{_{}}(M)<\mathrm{}`$. To prove this, Note first that, for any $`i0`$, the space $`M_i`$ is finite dimensional, since $`M`$ is finitely generated. Now, assume $`M/zM`$ is finite dimensional. Hence, the multiplication map $`z:M_iM_{i+1}`$ is surjective, for $`i0`$. It follows that, for $`i0`$, the sequence: $`dimM_idimM_{i+1}\mathrm{},`$ stabilizes, hence the map $`z:M_iM_{i+1}`$ is an isomorphism. But for such an $`i`$, the endomorphisms $`z^1x,z^1y:M_iM_i`$ provide $`M_i`$ with the structure of a finite dimensional $`^\tau `$-module. For generic $`\tau `$, the algebra $`^\tau `$ has no finite-dimensional representations (because it is Morita equivalent to the deformed preprojective algebra, and the latter has no finite-dimensional representations by Theorem 7.7 of \[CBH\]). Therefore $`M_i=0`$ for $`i0`$, hence $`M`$ is finite dimensional.

(2) Assume that $`\varphi Hom(E,F)`$ is such that $`i^{}\varphi `$ is an epimorphism. Since $`i^{}`$ is right exact it follows that $`i^{}𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫\varphi =0`$, hence $`𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫\varphi =0`$ by $`(1)`$.

(3) It follows from $`(2)`$ that $`\varphi `$ is an epimorphism. Hence we have an exact sequence

$$L^1i^{}E\stackrel{L^1i^{}\varphi }{}L^1i^{}Fi^{}\left(𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi \right)i^{}E\stackrel{i^{}\varphi }{}i^{}F0.$$

It follows that $`i^{}𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi =0`$, hence $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi =0`$ by (1), that is $`\varphi `$ is a monomorphism. Thus $`\varphi `$ is an isomorphism.

(4) If $`L^1i^{}F=0`$ then $`i^{}𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi =𝐊𝐞𝐫i^{}\varphi =0`$, hence $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi =0`$ by $`(1)`$.

(5) If $`E`$ is locally free then by 3.3.9(4) and 3.3.9(6) we have $`L^{>0}i^{}E=0`$ and $`i^{}E`$ is locally free. Conversely, assume that $`L^{>0}i^{}E=0`$. Then we have a spectral sequence

$$E_2^{p,q}=L^qi^{}\underset{¯}{xt}^p(E,𝒪)\underset{¯}{xt}^k(i^{}E,𝒪_{_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1}).$$

It follows from 3.3.9 (3) that the spectral sequence degenerates in the second term. Hence, if $`i^{}E`$ is locally free, we get

$$E_2^{1,0}=i^{}\underset{¯}{xt}^1(E,𝒪)=0\text{and}E_2^{2,0}=i^{}\underset{¯}{xt}^2(E,𝒪)=0$$

Thus, $`E`$ is locally free by (1).

(6) Follows from (5) and 3.3.9 (5) $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Interpretation of quiver varieties

### 4.1 From quiver data to a sheaf

Let $`L^{}`$ be the dual of the tautological 2-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module. We fix $`V`$ and $`W`$, finite dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules, and a triple:

$$(B,I,J)Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,V_{_{}}L^{})Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(W,V)Hom__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,W).$$

Let $`\{e_x,e_y\}`$ be the basis of $`L^{}`$ dual to the basis $`\{x,y\}`$ of $`L`$. Then we can consider $`e_xx+e_yyL^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }L`$ as an element of

$$L^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }(L\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏})=L^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }A_1=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,L^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1))=Hom(𝒪(1),L^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪),$$

where $`\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}`$ stands for the trivial 1-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module. Dually, viewing $`e_xx+e_yy`$ as an element of $`L__\mathrm{\Gamma }L^{}`$, we get a natural element in:

$$(L\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏})__\mathrm{\Gamma }L^{}=A_1__\mathrm{\Gamma }L^{}=Hom(L__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪,𝒪(1)).$$

Thus, we can define canonical sheaf morphisms: $`a=a_{_{B,I,J}}`$ and $`b=b_{_{B,I,J}}`$, by:

$`a=(\begin{array}{c}Bz\text{Id}_V(e_xx+e_yy)\\ Jz\end{array}):V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\left((V_{_{}}L)W\right)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$ (4.1.3)
$`b=(Bz\text{Id}_V(e_xx+e_yy),Iz):\left((V_{_{}}L)W\right)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1).`$
From now on we use the canonical $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module isomorphism: $`L^{}L`$, to identify $`L^{}`$ with $`L`$. Thus, the maps (4.1.3) give the following morphisms of coherent sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$:

$$V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\stackrel{a_{_{B,I,J}}}{}\left((V_{_{}}L)W\right)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪\stackrel{b_{_{B,I,J}}}{}V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1).$$
(4.1.4)
###### Definition 4.1.5

A monad is a three-term complex, $`𝒞`$, concentrated in degrees: $`1,0,1,`$ with the single non-zero cohomology group, $`H^0(𝒞)`$, referred to as the cohomology of the monad.

###### Proposition 4.1.6

If $`a_{_{B,I,J}}`$ and $`b_{_{B,I,J}}`$ are given by $`(\text{4.1.3})`$ with $`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W),`$ cf. (1.3.8), then $`(\text{4.1.4})`$ is a monad and its middle cohomology sheaf $`E`$ admits a canonical framing $`i^{}EW__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$ and, moreover, $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))V`$.

The proof will take the rest of this subsection. It will be divided into a sequence of lemmas. We begin with an obvious

###### Lemma 4.1.7

The restriction of $`(\text{4.1.4})`$ to $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ is a complex which is canonically quasi-isomorphic to $`W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.1.8

The triple $`(B,I,J)`$ satisfies the Moment Map Equation if and only if $`b_{_{B,I,J}}{}_{^{}}{}^{}a_{_{B,I,J}}^{}=0.`$

Proof: Straightforward computation shows that $`b_{_{B,I,J}}{}_{^{}}{}^{}a_{_{B,I,J}}^{}=([B,B]+IJ\tau )z^2`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

From now on assume that $`(B,I,J)`$ satisfies the Moment Map Equation. Then (4.1.4) is a complex by Lemma 4.1.8. We choose the cohomological grading of this complex so that its middle term has degree zero. Let $`^p`$, $`p=1,0,1,`$ denote the cohomology sheaves of this complex.

###### Lemma 4.1.9

We have $`i^{}^1=i^{}^1=0`$ and $`i^{}^0`$ is a subsheaf in $`W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$. In particular, $`^1`$ and $`^1`$ are Artin sheaves. If $`W=0`$ then $`^0`$ is Artin as well.

Proof: It follows from Lemma 4.1.7 that we have a spectral sequence with the second term

$$E_{p,q}^2=L^qi^{}^pE_i^{\mathrm{}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪,& \text{if }i=0\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

On the other hand 3.3.9 (3) implies that $`E_{p,q}^2=0`$, for $`q0,1`$, hence this spectral sequence degenerates at the second term. Hence $`i^{}^1=i^{}^1=0`$ and $`i^{}^0`$ is a subsheaf in $`W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$. But then 3.3.9 (10) implies that $`^1`$ and $`^1`$ are Artin sheaves, and $`^0`$ is also Artin whenever $`W=0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.1.10

The map $`a_{_{B,I,J}}`$ is injective.

Proof: We note that the sheaf $`^1=𝐊𝐞𝐫a`$ is simultaneously an Artin sheaf by 4.1.9 and locally free by 2.0.4 (1). Hence it vanishes by 2.0.9 (4). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.1.11

If $`(B,I,J)`$ is stable then $`b_{_{B,I,J}}`$ is surjective.

Proof: The sheaf $`^1=𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫b`$ is Artin by 4.1.9. Let $`\varphi :V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)^1`$ be the canonical projection and let

$$V^{}=𝐊𝐞𝐫[\varphi (1):H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪)H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,^1(1))].$$

Note that $`z`$-multiplication gives an isomorphism: $`^1(1)\stackrel{}{}^1`$ (see 4.1.9 and 3.3.9 (10)). Hence the condition $`\varphi b=0`$ implies: $`I(W)V^{}`$ and $`B(V^{})V^{}L`$. Stability of $`(B,I,J)`$ then yields: $`V^{}=V`$. Since $`\varphi `$ is surjective and $`^1`$ is Artin it follows that $`^1=0`$, that is, $`b`$ is surjective. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.1.12

The sheaf $`^0`$ is torsion free.

Proof: Let $`𝒞`$ denote the complex (4.1.4) and let $`𝒞^{}`$ denote the dual complex (in the category $`\text{qgr}_{_{\mathrm{𝗅𝖾𝖿𝗍}}}(A^\tau )`$ of sheaves of left modules). We have a spectral sequence:

$$E_{p,q}^2=\underset{¯}{xt}^q(^p(𝒞),𝒪)E_i^{\mathrm{}}=^i(𝒞^{}).$$

Since $`^1=0`$ by 4.1.10, it follows that the spectral sequence degenerates at the third term. Moreover, $`\underset{¯}{xt}^2(^0(𝒞),𝒪)=0,`$ and $`\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0(𝒞),𝒪)`$ is a quotient of the sheaf $`^1(𝒞^{})`$. On the other hand, the complex $`𝒞^{}`$ is the complex, corresponding to the dual quiver data $`(B^{},J^{},I^{})`$ (in the category of sheaves of left modules), hence by 4.1.9 we have: $`i^{}^1(𝒞^{})=0`$. Since $`i^{}`$ is right exact it follows that $`i^{}\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0(𝒞),𝒪)=0`$. Therefore, $`\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0(𝒞),𝒪)`$ is Artin by 3.3.9 (10).

Now consider the spectral sequence

$$E_{p,q}^2=\underset{¯}{xt}^q(\underset{¯}{xt}^p(^0(𝒞),𝒪),𝒪)E_i^{\mathrm{}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill ^0(𝒞),& \text{if }i=0\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

We have already proved that $`\underset{¯}{xt}^2(^0(𝒞),𝒪)=0,`$ and that $`\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0(𝒞),𝒪)`$ is Artin. It follows that the spectral sequence degenerates at the third term giving rise to a short exact sequence (see 2.0.9 (3)):

$$0^0(𝒞)\left(^0(𝒞)\right)^{}\underset{¯}{xt}^2(\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0(𝒞),𝒪),𝒪)0.$$

The middle sheaf here is locally free by 2.0.4 (5), hence $`^0(𝒞)`$ is torsion free by definition. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of proposition 4.1.6. If $`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ then (4.1.4) is a complex by 4.1.8, which is left exact by 4.1.10 and right exact by 4.1.11. Hence it is a monad. Moreover, its middle cohomology sheaf $`E`$ is torsion free by 4.1.12 and admits a canonical framing by 4.1.7. Finally, it is easy to see that $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))V`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Associating to any quiver data $`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$, the middle cohomology sheaf of the corresponding monad (4.1.4) we obtain a map: $`𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$. It is clear that this map is $`G__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$-equivariant. Indeed, any element $`gG__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$ gives an isomorphism between the complex corresponding to a quiver data $`(B,I,J)`$ and the complex corresponding to the quiver data $`(gBg^1,gI,Jg^1)`$. It follows that the corresponding middle cohomology sheaves are isomorphic. Thus we obtain a well-defined map:

$$𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W),$$
(4.1.13)
We will show that this map provides the bijection claimed in Theorem 1.3.10.

### 4.2 From a framed sheaf to quiver data

We are going to study framed torsion free sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ using the Beilinson spectral sequence. We will need the following lemma, cf. \[KKO\].

###### Lemma 4.2.14

Let $`E`$ be a framed torsion free sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$. We have

(1) $`H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=0`$;

(2) $`H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=0`$;

(3) $`Hom(T(1),E(1))=Ext^2(T(1),E(1))=0`$;

(4) $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))`$.

Proof: (1) We have: $`L^0i^{}E=W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪`$, and $`L^1i^{}E=0`$, by Proposition 3.3.9 (5). Thus, the exact sequence of Proposition 3.3.9 (2) reads

$$0E(k1)E(k)i_{}L^0i^{}E(k)=i_{}(W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.$$
(4.2.15)
Since $`H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,i_{}(W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k)))=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1,W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))=0,`$ for all $`k<0`$, we get

$$H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=\mathrm{}=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(k)),k>0.$$

Since $`E`$ is torsion free it can be embedded into a sheaf $`𝒪(n)^m`$, by 2.0.4 (4)). Hence

$$H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(k))H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,𝒪(nk)^m)=0,k>n.$$

It follows that: $`H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=H^0(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=0`$.

(2) Similarly, since $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,i_{}(W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k)))=H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1,W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))=0,`$ for all $`k1,`$ we get

$$H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=\mathrm{}=H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(k)),k>0.$$

But the ampleness implies that, for $`k`$ sufficiently large, one has: $`H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(k))=0`$. Thus, $`H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(2))=H^2(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))=0`$.

(3) The first of the sequences (3.1.2) and part (1) imply: $`Hom(T(1),E(1))=0`$. Similarly, the second of the sequences (3.1.2) and part (2) imply: $`Ext^2(T(1),E(1))=0`$.

(4) Follows from (4.2.15) for $`k=1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 4.2.16

Any framed torsion free sheaf $`E`$ can be represented as the middle cohomology sheaf of a monad of the form:

$$0\stackrel{~}{V}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\stackrel{~}{V}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪\stackrel{~}{V}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)0;$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{V}=H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{V}^{}=Ext^1(T,E)`$.

Proof. Follows from Beilinson’s spectral sequence, see §3.1, applied to $`E(1)`$, and the vanishing results of Lemma 4.2.14. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, fix $`E𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W),`$ and put $`\stackrel{~}{V}=H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{V}^{}=Ext^1(T,E)`$, and fix a monad as in Lemma 4.2.16. Choose a triple $`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$, and consider the corresponding monad (4.1.4)

###### Lemma 4.2.17

Any vector space isomorphism $`\phi :\stackrel{~}{V}\stackrel{}{}V`$ can be uniquely extended to an isomorphism of monads:

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\text{monad }\text{4.2.16}\text{:}\hfill & \stackrel{~}{V}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)& & \stackrel{~}{V}^{}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪& & \stackrel{~}{V}__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\\ & \phi & & & & \\ \text{monad }\text{4.1.4}\text{:}\hfill & V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)& \stackrel{a_{_{B,I,J}}}{}& \left((V_{_{}}L)W\right)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪& \stackrel{b_{_{B,I,J}}}{}& V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1),\end{array}$$

which is compatible with framings.

Proof: A repetition of the proof in \[KKO\], Theorem 6.7. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.2.18

If the monad in Corollary 4.2.16 is isomorphic to a complex $`(\text{4.1.4})`$ for some $`(B,I,J)`$, then the data $`(B,I,J)`$ satisfy both the Moment Map Equation and the Stability Condition.

Proof: The first part follows immediately from 4.1.8. Thus we have to check the stability. Assume that the triple $`(B,I,J)`$ is not stable and let $`V^{}V`$ be a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-submodule such that $`V^{}V`$, $`I(W)V^{}`$, and $`B(V^{})V^{}L`$. Let $`V^{\prime \prime }=V/V^{}`$ and let $`𝒞(V,W)`$, $`𝒞(V^{},W)`$ and $`𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)`$ be the complexes of the form (4.1.4) given by the triples, induced by $`(B,I,J)`$. Then we have an exact sequence of complexes

$$0𝒞(V^{},W)𝒞(V,W)𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)0,$$

which gives rise to a long exact sequence of cohomology sheaves:

$$\mathrm{}^0𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)^1𝒞(V^{},W)^1𝒞(V,W)^1𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)0.$$
(4.2.19)
Note that $`^1𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)=0`$ by 4.1.10. The cohomology $`^0𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)`$ is both an Artin sheaf by 4.1.9, and a torsion free sheaf, by 4.1.12. It follows that $`^0𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)=0`$, by 2.0.6 and 2.0.9 (4). Assume: $`^1𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)=0`$. Then the complex $`𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)(1)`$ is quasi-isomorphic to zero, hence the hypercohomology spectral sequence with $`E_2^{p,q}`$-term: $`E_2^{p,q}=H^p(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,^q𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)(1))`$ would converge to zero. This sequence, however, clearly converges to the vector space $`V^{\prime \prime }`$. Therefore, $`^1𝒞(V^{\prime \prime },0)0`$. But then the long exact sequence (4.2.19) would force: $`^1𝒞(V,W)0,`$ which is a contradiction, because $`𝒞(V,W)`$ is a monad. The contradiction implies that $`V^{\prime \prime }=0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 4.2.20

The map: $`𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ defined in (4.1.13) is a bijection.

Proof: Surjectivity of the map follows from 4.2.16, 4.2.17 and 4.2.18. To check injectivity, note that it follows from 4.2.17 that the quiver data $`(B,I,J)`$ are uniquely determined by a torsion free framed sheaf $`E`$ up to isomorphism $`H^1(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,E(1))V`$, that is up to the action of the group $`G__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proposition 4.2.20 completes the proof of Theorem 1.3.10.

We finish this section with a few remarks.

###### Definition 4.2.21

A triple $`(B,I,J)`$ is costable if for any $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-submodule $`V^{}V`$ such that $`J(V^{})=0`$ and $`B(V^{})V^{}L`$ we have: $`V^{}=0`$.

Note that a triple $`(B,I,J)`$ is costable if and only if the dual triple $`(B^{},J^{},I^{})`$ is stable.

###### Proposition 4.2.22 (\[VV\])

The framed sheaf corresponding to a (stable) quiver data$`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ is locally free if and only if the triple $`(B,I,J)`$ is costable.

Proof: Repeating the arguments in the proof of 4.1.12 we see that for the middle cohomology sheaf $`^0`$ of the complex (4.1.4) we have $`\underset{¯}{xt}^2(^0,𝒪)=0`$, while $`\underset{¯}{xt}^1(^0,𝒪)=0`$ if and only if the complex corresponding to the dual triple is exact at the right term. But 4.1.11 and 4.2.18 imply that this holds if and only if the dual triple is stable. $`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. In general, locally-free framed sheaves form an open dense subset in $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ since the Costability Condition is open. However, for a generic value of the parameter $`\tau `$ every stable quiver data is automatically costable, i.e. all torsion free framed sheaves are automatically locally free, cf. 3.4.14 (6). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Proof of the Crawley-Boevey and Holland Conjecture

Throughout this section we assume $`\tau `$ to be generic, though some results remain true for an arbitrary $`\tau `$.

Recall that we have defined in the Introduction the algebra $`^\tau =A^\tau /(z1)A^\tau ,`$ where $`z`$ is the degree one central variable in the algebra $`A^\tau `$. Explicitly, we have: $`^\tau =x,y\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }/[y,x]\tau .`$ The standard grading on the algebra $`A^\tau `$ induces a canonical increasing filtration: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=_0^\tau _1^\tau _2^\tau \mathrm{},`$ on $`^\tau `$ such that $`\text{gr}(^\tau )`$, the associated graded algebra, has finite homological dimension. Thus, it follows from a general result due to Quillen \[Q\], that the assignment: $`RR__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau `$ induces an isomorphism: $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })\stackrel{}{}K(^\tau )`$ of the corresponding Grothendieck groups of projective modules. Let $`[N]`$ denote the class of a $`^\tau `$-module $`N`$ in $`K(^\tau )K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

Recall that by Proposition 1.3.11, to any 1-dimensional class $`RK(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, one can canonically attach (isomorphism classes of) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules $`W`$ and $`V`$, such that in $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ we have: $`R=[W]+[V]([L]2[\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}])`$ and, moreover, $`dimW=1`$ and $`V`$ does not contain the regular representation as a submodule. The goal of this section is to prove the following

###### Theorem 5.0.1

Given a class $`RK(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`dimR=1`$, let $`V,W`$ be $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules attached to $`R`$ in Proposition 1.3.11. Then, there exists a natural bijection:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\text{Isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective}\hfill \\ ^\tau \text{-modules }N\text{ such that }[N]=R\text{ in }K(^\tau )=K(\mathrm{\Gamma })\hfill \end{array}\right\}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W).$$

This theorem together with Theorem 1.3.10 yields Theorem 1.3.12.

### 5.1 From sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ to projective $`^\tau `$-modules

Let $`\text{mod}(^\tau )`$ denote the category of finitely generated (right) $`^\tau `$-modules. There is a natural ”open restriction” functor $`j^{}:\text{gr}(A^\tau )\text{mod}(^\tau ),MM/(z1)M.`$

It will be convenient to use an equivalent definition of the algebra $`^\tau `$ that will make the open restriction functor $`j^{}`$ manifestly exact. Namely, let $`A^\tau [z^1]`$ denote the localization of the algebra $`A^\tau =_kA_k^\tau `$ with respect to $`z`$, and $`A^\tau [z^1]_0,`$ the degree zero component of the localized algebra. We have:

$$^\tau A^\tau [z^1]_0=\underset{}{lim}A_k^\tau ,$$

where the direct limit is taken with respect to the embeddings: $`A_k^\tau \stackrel{z}{}A_{k+1}^\tau ,`$ induced by multiplication by $`z`$. Using this formula one can rewrite the functor $`j^{}`$ in the form:

$$j^{}:M=_kM_kj^{}M=\underset{}{lim}M_k,$$

where the limit is taken with respect to the embeddings: $`M_k\stackrel{z}{}M_{k+1},`$ induced by the $`z`$-action.

###### Lemma 5.1.2

(1) The functor $`j^{}`$ factors through the category $`\text{qgr}(A^\tau )=\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)`$.

(2) The functor $`j^{}`$ is exact.

(3) The functor $`j^{}:\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)\text{mod}(^\tau )`$ commutes with the dualization, i.e. for any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ we have $`j^{}(E^{})=Hom_{\text{mod}(^\tau )}(j^{}E,^\tau )`$.

(4) For any $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`R`$ we have: $`j^{}(R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))=R__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau `$. In particular, we have $`[j^{}(R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))]=[R]K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

(5) If $`j^{}E=0`$ then the sheaf $`E`$ is supported on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. In particular, $`r(E)=0`$.

Proof: (1) It suffices to check that, for any finite dimensional graded $`A^\tau `$-module $`M`$, we have: $`j^{}M=0`$. But this is clear, because in this case, for $`k0`$, one has: $`M_k=0`$, hence $`\underset{}{lim}M_k=0`$.

(2) It follows from the exactness of the direct limit.

(3) Let $`M`$ be the graded $`A^\tau `$-module corresponding to a sheaf $`E`$. Then we have

$$Hom_{\text{mod}(^\tau )}(j^{}E,^\tau )=Hom_{\text{mod}(^\tau )}(\underset{}{lim}_kM_k,^\tau ).$$

The dual sheaf $`E^{}`$ corresponds to the $`A^\tau `$-module $`_kHom_{\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)}(E,𝒪(k))`$, by definition. Hence, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}j^{}(E^{})=\underset{}{lim}_kHom_{\text{coh}(_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2)}(E,𝒪(k))\hfill \\ =\underset{}{lim}_kHom_{\text{qgr}(A^\tau )}(\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}M_n,A^\tau (k))=\underset{}{lim}_{m,k}Hom_{\text{gr}(A^\tau )}(\underset{n=m}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}M_n,A^\tau (k))\hfill \\ =\underset{m}{\underset{}{lim}}Hom_{\text{gr}(A^\tau )}(\underset{n=m}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}M_n,\underset{k}{\underset{}{lim}}A^\tau (k))=Hom_{\text{mod}(^\tau )}(\underset{n}{\underset{}{lim}}M_n,^\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$

This is precisely what we need.

(4) We have: $`j^{}(M__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(k))=\underset{}{lim}_l\left(M__\mathrm{\Gamma }A_{k+l}^\tau \right)=M__\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\underset{}{lim}_lA_{k+l}^\tau \right)=M__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau .`$

(5) Let $`M`$ be the graded $`A^\tau `$-module corresponding to a sheaf $`E`$. Then $`j^{}E=0`$ implies that for any $`mM`$, there exists $`n0`$ such that $`mz^n=0`$. Since $`M`$ is finitely generated we conclude that $`Mz^n=0`$ for some $`n0`$. Let $`M_k=𝐊𝐞𝐫z^kM`$ and put $`E_k=\pi (M_k)`$. This gives a filtration on $`E`$. Finally, for each $`k`$, the element $`z`$ annihilates the quotient $`M_k/M_{k1}`$, hence $`E_k/E_{k1}=i_{}F_k`$ for some coherent sheaves $`F_k`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 5.1.3

If $`E𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ is a framed torsion free sheaf then $`N:=j^{}E`$ is a projective $`^\tau `$-module with

$$[N]=[W]+[VL]2[V]K(^\tau )=K(\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$
(5.1.4)
Proof: If $`E`$ is a torsion free sheaf, one can find an embedding: $`E𝒪(n)^m`$, for some $`n`$ and $`m`$. Applying $`j^{}`$ we obtain an embedding: $`N(^\tau )^m`$. On the other hand by \[CBH\] Theorem 0.4, for generic $`\tau `$, the global homological dimension of the algebra $`^\tau `$ equals 1. It follows that any submodule of a free $`^\tau `$-module is projective. Thus $`N`$ is projective.

It remains to compute the class of $`N`$ in $`K(^\tau )`$. To this end we use the monadic description of torsion free sheaves provided by Corollary 4.2.16 and Lemma 4.2.17. Writing $`E`$ as the cohomology of the monad corresponding to a triple $`(B,I,J)𝕄__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V,W)`$ and using 5.1.2 (1), (4), we find:

$$\begin{array}{c}[N]=[j^{}E]=[j^{}\left((VLW)__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪\right)]\hfill \\ [j^{}\left(V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\right)][j^{}\left(V__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(1)\right)]=[W]+[VL]2[V].\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

Note, that if $`R=\mathrm{\Gamma }^k`$ is a multiple of the regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ then we have an isomorphism of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules: $`RLRR`$, hence, $`[RL]2[R]=0`$. Therefore, given a 1-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`W`$ and a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`V`$ that does not contain the regular representation as a submodule, we see from Proposition 5.1.3 that the assignment: $`Ej^{}E`$ gives a map

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W)& \stackrel{j^{}}{}& \left\{\begin{array}{c}\text{projective }^\tau \text{-modules }N\text{ such that}\\ [N]=[W]+[V]([L]2[\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}])\end{array}\right\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.1.5)
(here $`[N]K(^\tau )`$ is treated as a class in $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ via the isomorphism: $`K(^\tau )K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, as above). We will prove below that (5.1.5) is a bijection. This will imply Theorem 5.0.1.

### 5.2 Extending $`^\tau `$-modules to sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$

In this subsection we show that, given a projective $`^\tau `$-module $`N`$, there exists an essentially unique (up to isomorphism) way to extend $`N`$ to a framed torsion free sheaf $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ such that $`j^{}EN`$.

Recall first that the standard grading on the algebra $`A^\tau `$ induces a canonical increasing filtration: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=_0^\tau _1^\tau _2^\tau \mathrm{},`$ on the algebra $`^\tau =A^\tau /(z1)A^\tau `$. Given a $`^\tau `$-module $`N`$, we say that an increasing filtration $`\{N_k\}`$ on $`N`$ is compatible with the canonical filtration on $`^\tau `$ if, for all $`k`$, $`l,`$ we have $`N_k_l^\tau N_{k+l}`$. The filtration $`\{N_k\}`$ is said to be finitely generated if $`dimN_k<\mathrm{},i,`$ and there exists $`k`$ such that $`N_k_l^\tau =N_{k+l}`$ for all $`l0`$. The filtration is called exhausting if $`N=_kN_k`$. Finally, two filtrations: $`\{N_k\}`$ and $`\{N_k^{}\}`$ on $`N`$ are called equivalent, for all $`k0`$, we have: $`N_k=N_k^{}`$.

###### Proposition 5.2.6

The set of $`z`$-torsion free coherent sheaves $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ such that $`j^{}EN`$ is in bijection with the set of equivalence classes of finitely generated increasing exhausting filtrations $`\{N_k\}`$ on $`N,`$ compatible with the canonical filtration of the algebra $`^\tau `$.

Proof: (1) If $`M=M_k`$ is the graded $`A^\tau `$-module corresponding to a $`z`$-torsion free sheaf $`E`$ then, for $`k0`$, the $`z`$-multiplication map: $`M_k\stackrel{z}{}M_{k+1}`$ is injective. Hence the images of $`\{M_k\}_{k0}`$ form an increasing filtration on $`\underset{}{lim}M_k=j^{}E.`$ This filtration is clearly finitely generated, exhausting and compatible with the canonical filtration of $`^\tau `$.

Conversely, assume that $`N`$ is a $`^\tau `$-module with a finitely generated increasing exhausting filtration $`\{N_k\}`$ compatible with the canonical filtration of $`^\tau `$. Then the graded vector space $`_kN_k`$ admits the structure of a graded $`A^\tau `$-module by means of the standard Rees construction. Specifically, we let $`x,yA^\tau `$ act on $`N=_kN_k`$ via the maps $`x,y:N_kN_{k+1}`$ induced by the same named elements of $`^\tau `$, and we let $`z`$ act as the tautological embedding: $`N_kN_{k+1}`$. It is clear that the graded $`A^\tau `$-module thus defined is finitely generated and the corresponding coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ is $`z`$-torsion free. Moreover, it is easy to show that equivalent filtrations give rise to isomorphic coherent sheaves. Finally, it is clear that the construction of this paragraph is inverse to that of the preceding one. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 5.2.7

If $`E`$ and $`E^{}`$ are $`z`$-torsion free sheaves on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2,`$ and $`\varphi :j^{}Ej^{}E^{}`$ is a morphism of $`^\tau `$-modules then there exists $`n0`$ and a morphism $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:EE^{}(n),`$ such that $`j^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\varphi `$.

Proof: Let $`N=j^{}E`$, $`N^{}=j^{}E^{}`$ and let $`\{N_k\}`$, $`\{N_k^{}\}`$ be the corresponding finitely generated filtrations on $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$. Since the filtration $`\{N_k\}`$ is finitely generated it follows that there exists $`n0`$ such that $`\varphi (N_k)N_{k+n}^{},`$ for all $`k0`$. Hence $`\varphi `$ gives a morphism of graded $`A^\tau `$-modules: $`_kN_k_kN_{k+n}^{}`$ or, equivalently, a morphism of coherent sheaves $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:EE^{}(n)`$. It is clear that $`j^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\varphi `$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 5.2.8

For any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ we have: $`r(E)=dim_{_{}}[j^{}E],`$ where $`dim_{_{}}:K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the linear function given by $`dim_{_{}}([R])=dim_{_{}}R.`$

Proof: Note that both RHS and LHS are linear functions on $`K(\text{coh}(__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2))`$, see 3.1.6 and 5.1.2 (2). Thus it suffices to verify the equality only for $`E=R__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(i)`$, see 3.1.3. This has been done in 3.1.6 and 5.1.2 (4). $`\mathrm{}`$

### 5.3 Proof of bijectivity

From now untill the end of this section we fix a class $`RK(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`dimR=1`$. By Proposition 1.3.11, in $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ we can write: $`R=[W]+[V]([L]2[\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}]),`$ for certain uniquely determined (isomorphism classes of) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules $`W`$ and $`V`$, such that $`dimW=1`$ and such that $`V`$ does not contain the regular representation as a submodule. With $`W`$ and $`V`$ as above, we have

###### Proposition 5.3.9

If $`N`$ is a projective finitely generated $`^\tau `$-module such that $`[N]=R`$, then there exists a framed locally free sheaf $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W)`$ such that $`j^{}N`$.

Proof: Choose an arbitrary finitely generated increasing exhausting filtration on $`N`$ compatible with canonical filtration of $`^\tau `$ and let $`E`$ be the corresponding $`z`$-torsion free sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ such that $`j^{}EN`$ (see 5.2.6). Now, for the sheaf $`E^{}`$, by 5.1.2 (3) we have:

$$j^{}(E^{})=Hom_^\tau (j^{}(E^{}),^\tau )=Hom_^\tau (Hom_^\tau (N,^\tau ),^\tau )=N,$$

since $`N`$ is projective. On the other hand, $`E^{}`$ is a locally free sheaf by 2.0.4 (5). Hence $`i^{}E^{}`$ is locally free by 3.3.9 (6). Moreover, by 3.3.9 (7) and 5.2.8, we get

$$r(i^{}E^{})=r(E^{})=dim_{_{}}[j^{}E^{}]=dim_{_{}}[N]=dim_{_{}}[R]=1$$

Hence by 3.2.8 (3) we have: $`i^{}E^{}W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(n),`$ for a 1-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`W`$ and some $`n`$.

Let $`=E^{}(n)`$. Then $``$ is a locally free framed sheaf on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$, hence $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }(V^{},W)^\tau `$, for a certain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`V^{}`$. On the other hand it is clear that

$$j^{}=j^{}(E^{}(n))j^{}E^{}N.$$

Hence by 5.1.3 we have: $`[R]=[W]+[VL]2[V],`$ hence Lemma 1.3.11 yields: $`V^{}V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k`$, moreover, $`V`$ and $`W`$ are $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules corresponding to the class $`[R]`$ in the sense of Lemma 1.3.11. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 5.3.10

Let $`𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W)`$ and $`^{}𝓜__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k^{},W)`$ be locally free sheaves such that $`j^{}j^{}^{}`$. Then, $`k=k^{}`$, and $`^{}`$.

Proof: An isomorphism $`j^{}j^{}^{}`$ gives by 5.2.7 a morphism $`\varphi :^{}(n)`$ such that $`j^{}\varphi `$ is an isomorphism. Let $`K=𝐊𝐞𝐫\varphi `$, $`C=𝐂𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫\varphi `$. Then by 5.1.2 (2) we have $`j^{}K=j^{}C=0`$, hence by 5.1.2 (5) both $`K`$ and $`C`$ are supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$. On the other hand, a locally free sheaf contains no sheaves supported on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$, by 3.3.13 (2) and (1). It follows that $`K=0`$. Thus we have a short exact sequence:

$$0\stackrel{\varphi }{}^{}(n)C\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.$$
(5.3.11)
Applying the functor $`i^{}`$ we get a short exact sequence:

$$0L^1i^{}CW__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪\stackrel{i^{}\varphi }{}W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(n)i^{}C\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.$$

Since $`dim_{_{}}W=1`$ it follows that either $`i^{}\varphi =0`$ or $`i^{}C`$ is an Artin sheaf.

If $`i^{}C`$ is Artin then by 3.3.11 (3) the sheaf $`C`$ is Artin as well. On the other hand, applying $`\underset{¯}{om}(,𝒪)`$ to (5.3.11) we get an exact sequence

$$\underset{¯}{xt}^1(,𝒪)\underset{¯}{xt}^2(C,𝒪)\underset{¯}{xt}^2(^{}(n),𝒪)$$

But $``$ and $`^{}`$ are locally free, hence $`\underset{¯}{xt}^2(C,𝒪)=0`$, hence $`C=0`$ by 2.0.9 (4). Thus $`\varphi `$ is an isomorphism. It follows that $`i^{}\varphi `$ is an isomorphism, hence $`W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪W__\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒪(n)`$, hence $`n=0`$ and $`^{}`$.

If $`i^{}\varphi =0`$ it follows that $`\varphi `$ factors through the embedding: $`^{}(n1)\stackrel{z}{}^{}(n)`$. Repeating this argument for $`n`$ being replaced by $`n1,n2,\mathrm{},`$ we obtain that either $`^{}`$ or there exists an embedding: $`^{}(n)`$, for arbitrarily small $`n`$. The latter is impossible by 2.0.2 and 2.0.4 (4). $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, Proposition 5.3.9 gives surjectivity of the map (5.1.5), and Proposition 5.3.10 gives injectivity of (5.1.5). Hence, this map is bijective, and Theorem 5.0.1 follows.

## 6 Appendix A: Graded preprojective algebra.

In this section we define a graded version $`𝐏`$ of the deformed preprojective algebra introduced in \[CBH\]. Let $`Q`$ be a quiver, i.e. an oriented graph with vertex set $`𝒱`$. For any (oriented) edge $`aQ`$, we write $`in(a)=j`$, $`out(a)=i,`$ if $`a:ij`$. Let $`\overline{Q}`$ be the double of $`Q`$, obtained by adding a reverse edge $`a^{}:ji`$ for every edge $`a:ij`$ in $`Q`$.

Let $`𝐏_0=_{v𝒱}`$ be the direct sum of $`|𝒱|`$ copies of the field $``$, a commutative semisimple $``$-algebra. For $`v𝒱`$, we write $`e_v𝐏__0`$ for the projector on the $`v`$-th copy (an idempotent). We define a $`𝐏__0`$-bimodule $`𝐏__1`$ by the formula

$$𝐏__1=\left(_{a\overline{Q}}a\right)𝐏__0.$$

Here, in the first summand, for $`a\overline{Q}`$, with $`in(a)=j`$, $`out(a)=i,`$ we put: $`e_ia=ae_j=a`$, and all other products: $`e_ka`$, $`ae_s`$ are set equal to zero. Let $`f`$ denote the canonical generator of the second summand in $`𝐏__1`$ corresponding to the element $`1𝐏__0`$. We put $`f_i=e_if=fe_i,`$ so that $`f=f_i`$.

The $`𝐏__0`$-bimodule $`𝐏__1`$ gives rise to the tensor algebra $`T_{_{𝐏__0}}^{}(𝐏__1)=_{n0}T_{_{𝐏_0}}^n𝐏__1`$, where $`T_{_{𝐏_0}}^n𝐏__1=𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}\mathrm{}_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏__1`$ is the $`n`$-fold tensor product. Note that, since the product is taken over $`𝐏__0`$, for any two arrows $`a,a^{}\overline{Q}`$, in $`T_{_{𝐏__0}}^{}(𝐏__1)`$ we have: $`aa^{}=0`$ unless $`in(a^{})=out(a)`$.

Definition. Choose an element $`\tau 𝐏__0`$, $`\tau =_{i=0}^n\tau _ie_i`$. The graded deformed preprojective algebra, $`𝐏^\tau =𝐏^\tau (Q)`$, is defined as $`𝐏^\tau =T_{_{𝐏__0}}^{}(𝐏__1)/R,`$ a quotient of the tensor algebra $`T_{_{𝐏__0}}^{}(𝐏__1)`$ by the two-sided ideal generated by the $`𝐏__0`$-bimodule $`R𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏__1`$ formed by the following quadratic relations:

(a) $`f_ia=af_j`$$`,`$ if $`a:ij`$ is an arrow in $`\overline{Q}`$

(b) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\{aQ|out(a)=i\}}{}}aa^{}{\displaystyle \underset{\{aQ|in(a)=i\}}{}}a^{}a=\tau _if_i^2,i𝒱`$.

Koszul complex. By the definition the algebra $`𝐏^\tau `$ is quadratic (see Appendix B). Therefore one can write its right Koszul complex $`𝒦^{}𝐏^\tau `$ (see Apendix B for the definition, and also \[BGS\]). In our particular case it boils down to

$$0𝒦^3_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏^\tau (3)𝒦^2_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏^\tau (2)𝒦^1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏^\tau (1)𝐏^\tau 𝐏__00$$

where $`𝒦^i=𝒦^i𝐏^\tau `$ are $`𝐏__0`$-bimodules given by:

(a) $`𝒦^1𝐏^\tau =𝐏__1`$;

(b) $`𝒦^2𝐏^\tau =R𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏__1,`$ is the submodule of generating relations;

(c) $`𝒦^3𝐏^\tau =\left(𝒦^2_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏__1\right)\left(𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝒦^2\right)T_{_{𝐏__0}}^3𝐏__1`$ is a $`𝐏__0`$-bimodule that can be shown to have a single generator:

$$\tau fff+\underset{aQ}{}afa^{}faa^{}a^{}fa+fa^{}aaa^{}f+a^{}af$$

The differentials of the Koszul complex are given by restricting the map:

$$T_{_{𝐏__0}}^n𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏^\tau (1)T_{_{𝐏__0}}^{n1}𝐏__1_{_{𝐏__0}}𝐏^\tau ;(v_1\mathrm{}v_n)x(v_1\mathrm{}v_{n1})v_nx.$$

The algebra $`{}_{}{}^{!}𝐏_{}^{\tau }`$, see Appendix B for the general definition of the dual quadratic algebra, is generated by the $`𝐏__0`$-bimodule $`{}_{}{}^{!}𝐏_{_1}^{}`$ which is spanned over $``$ by two collections of elements: $`\{b\}_{b\overline{Q}},`$ and $`\{r_i\}_{i𝒱},`$ subject to the following relations

$$\begin{array}{cc}\text{(a) }br_i+r_jb=0\hfill & \text{if }b:ij\text{ is an arrow in }\overline{Q}\text{;}\hfill \\ \text{(b) }b_1b_2=0\text{ }\hfill & \text{unless }b_1Q\&b_2=b_1^{},\text{ or }b_2Q\&b_1=b_2^{}\text{;}\hfill \\ \text{(c) }\tau _ibb^{}=r_i^2\hfill & \text{if }bQ\text{ and }in(b)=i\hfill \\ \text{(d) }\tau _ib^{}b=r_i^2\hfill & \text{if }bQ\text{ and }out(b)=i\hfill \\ \text{(e) }b_1^{}b_1=b_2b_2^{}\hfill & \text{if }b_1,b_2Q\text{ and }in(b_2)=i=out(b_1).\hfill \end{array}$$

(relation (e) does not follow from (c) and (d) if and only if $`\tau _i=0`$). One can check that the relations above imply $`{}_{}{}^{!}𝐏_{i}^{\tau }=0`$, for all $`i4`$.

It is known, see \[GMT\], that, for any quiver $`Q`$, the corresponding algebra $`𝐏^\tau =𝐏^\tau (Q)`$ is Koszul. However, $`𝐏^\tau `$ is noetherian and has polynomial growth if and only if the underlying graph $`Q`$ is either of affine or of finite Dynkin ADE-type.

We assume that $`Q`$ is an affine Dynkin graph, hence it is associated, by means of McKay correspondence, to a finite subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SL_2()`$. We write $`Q=Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and let $`R_i`$ be the simple $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module corresponding to a vertex $`i𝒱`$. Given $`\tau 𝖹(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, let $`\tau _i`$ be the complex number such that $`\tau `$ acts in $`R_i`$ as the scalar operator: $`\tau _i\text{Id}_{_{R_i}}`$. This way we identify $`\tau `$ with the element $`_i\tau _ie_i𝐏__0`$, still to be denoted by $`\tau `$. With this understood, one proves as in \[CBH\]:

###### Proposition 6.0.1

Let $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the graph of affine ADE-type arising from a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SL_2()`$ via the MacKay corresondence. Then

$`(𝗂)`$The algebras $`A^\tau `$ and $`𝐏^\tau =𝐏^\tau (Q)`$ are Morita equivalent. In particular,

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂})`$The category $`\text{gr}(A^\tau )`$ is equivalent to the category $`\text{gr}(𝐏^\tau )`$, resp. category $`\text{qgr}(A^\tau )`$ is equivalent to $`\text{qgr}(𝐏^\tau )`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 6.0.2

The deformed preprojective algebra of the quiver $`Q`$ is defined as the quotient algebra

$$\mathrm{\Pi }^\tau :=𝐏^\tau (Q)/f\tau =𝐏^\tau (Q)/f_i\tau _i_{i𝒱}$$

Let $`v𝒱`$ be a vertex of the graph $`Q=Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and let $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ be the graph obtained from $`Q`$ by removing ‘$`v`$’. The vertex ‘$`v`$’ is said to be a special vertex of $`Q`$ if $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ is a Dynkin graph of finite type and the graph $`Q`$ is the extended affine graph for $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ (so that ‘$`v`$’ becomes the extended vertex). From Theorem 1.3.12 we deduce the following generalization of the Crawley-Boevey & Holland conjecture, cf. \[BLB, Example 5.7\]:

###### Corollary 6.0.3

Let $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the McKay graph of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`v𝒱`$ a special vertex of $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Let $`\tau `$ be generic, and $`R`$ be the 1-dimensional (simple) representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ corresponding to the vertex $`v`$. Then, there exists a natural bijection:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\text{Isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Pi }^\tau \text{-modules }N\text{ such that }[N]=[R]\text{ in }K(\mathrm{\Pi }^\tau )=K(\mathrm{\Gamma })\hfill \end{array}\right\}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝔐__\mathrm{\Gamma }^\tau (V\mathrm{\Gamma }^k,W).\mathrm{}$$

Here we have used the natural isomorphism: $`K(\mathrm{\Pi }^\tau )K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, see \[Q\].

## 7 Appendix B: Algebraic generalities.

### 7.1 Linear algebra over a semisimple algebra \[BGS, §2.7\]

Let $`A_0`$ be a finite dimensional semisimple $``$-algebra.

Recall that for any left $`A_0`$-module $`V`$ the space $`V^{}=Hom_{A_0\text{-mod}}(V,A_0)`$ can be given the structure of a right $`A_0`$-module via the assignment: $`(fa)(v)=(f(v))a`$. Similarly, for any right $`A_0`$-module $`W`$ the space $`{}_{}{}^{}W=Hom_{\text{mod-}A_0}(W,A_0)`$ can be given the structure of a left $`A_0`$-module via the assignment: $`(ag)(w)=a(g(w))`$. For finitely generated left $`A_0`$-modules $`V,W,`$ the canonical evaluation maps: $`V{}_{}{}^{}(V^{})`$ and $`W(^{}W)^{}`$ are isomorphisms.

For an $`A_0`$-bimodule $`V`$, both $`V^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}V`$ are bimodules defined as follows: $`(af)(v)=f(va)`$ and $`(ga)(v)=g(av)`$, $`g{}_{}{}^{}V`$, $`fV^{}`$, $`vV`$, $`aA_0`$.

All standard results of linear algebra over a field can be generalized in an appropriate way to $`A_0`$-modules (e.g. $`W^{}V^{}(VW)^{}`$) if we take all tensor products over $`A_0`$. We will use these generalizations freely, referring the interested reader to \[BGS, §2.7\].

Fix an algebra $`A=_{n0}A_n`$, and put $`X=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$. The following result has been proved in \[AZ, Theorem 8.1(3)\]:

###### Proposition 7.1.1

If $`A`$ is strongly regular of dimension $`d`$, then one has:

$$H^p(X,𝒪(i))=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A_i,& \text{if }p=0\text{ and }i0\hfill \\ \hfill {}_{}{}^{}A_{id1}^{},& \text{if }p=d\text{ and }id1\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`{}_{}{}^{}A_{id1}^{}`$ is the dual of the $`A_0`$-bimodule $`A_{id1}`$ in the sense explained above.

Sketch of Proof. Let $`M`$ be a graded module and $`F`$ the corresponding sheaf. For any fixed $`i0`$, consider the right $`A`$-module $`_{n=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}H^i(F(n)).`$ It was shown in \[AZ, Proposition 7.2(2)\] that, for $`i1`$, one has

$$\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}H^i(F(n))\underset{m\mathrm{}}{lim}\left(\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Ext^i(A/A_m,M(n))\right),A_m=_{km}A_k.$$

Now take $`M=A`$ and apply the above formula. Since $`A/A_m`$ is finite dimensional, the Gorenstein condition implies that the LHS above vanishes for $`i=1,\mathrm{},d1`$. This yields the cohomology vanishing part of the formula of the Proposition. Other claims follow easily using Serre duality.$`\mathrm{}`$

### 7.2 Koszul and co-Koszul algebras

From now on we assume that $`A=_{n0}A_n`$ is a positively graded $``$-algebra such that all graded components $`A_n`$ are finite dimensional over $``$.

Definition. An algebra $`A=_{n0}A_n`$ is called quadratic if

$``$ $`A_0`$ is a finite-dimensional semisimple $``$-algebra;

$``$ the $`A_0`$-bimodule $`A_1`$ generates $`A`$ over $`A_0`$;

$``$ the relations ideal is generated by the subspace of quadratic relations $`RA_1_{A_0}A_1`$.

Given a quadratic algebra $`A=_{n0}A_n`$, we can represent $`A`$ as $`T_{A_0}A_1/R`$, the quotient of the tensor algebra by the ideal $`R`$ generated by the space of quadratic relations $`RA_1_{A_0}A_1`$.

Define $`A^!`$, the left dual of $`A`$, to be the quadratic algebra: $`T_{A_0}(A_1^{})/R^{},`$ with $`R^{}A_1^{}_{A_0}A_1^{}=(A_1_{A_0}A_1)^{}`$ being the annihilator of $`R`$. Analogously, the right dual $`{}_{}{}^{!}A`$ is defined as the algebra: $`T_{A_0}({}_{}{}^{}A_{1}^{})/{}_{}{}^{}R,`$ with $`{}_{}{}^{}R{}_{}{}^{}A_{1}^{}_{A_0}{}_{}{}^{}A_{1}^{}={}_{}{}^{}(A_1_{A_0}A_1)`$.

The right Koszul complex $`𝒦^{}A`$ is a complex of the form, see e.g., \[BGS\],\[Ma\]:

$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{d}{}({}_{}{}^{!}A_{3}^{})^{}_{A_0}A(3)\stackrel{d}{}({}_{}{}^{!}A_{2}^{})^{}_{A_0}A(2)\stackrel{d}{}({}_{}{}^{!}A_{1}^{})^{}_{A_0}A(1)AA_00$$

where the differential ‘$`d`$’ is defined as follows. Observe that: $`({}_{}{}^{!}A_{i}^{})^{}_{A_0}A=`$$`Hom_{A_0\text{-mod}}({}_{}{}^{!}A_{i}^{},A)`$. Under the canonical isomorphism $`Hom_{\text{mod-}A_0}(A_1,A_1)=A_1_{A_0}{}_{}{}^{}A_{1}^{}`$, let $`\text{Id}_{A_1}=v_\alpha \stackrel{ˇ}{v}_\alpha `$. Then for $`fHom_{A_0\text{-mod}}({}_{}{}^{!}A_{i+1}^{},A)`$ and $`a{}_{}{}^{!}A_{i}^{}`$ we set $`df(a)=v_\alpha f(\stackrel{ˇ}{v}_\alpha a)`$. One can check that this formula indeed defines a complex. One can also define a left Koszul complex. It is known, cf. for example \[BGS\], that the exactness of the right Koszul complex is equivalent to the exactness of the left Koszul complex.

Similarly, there is a natural differential on the space $`𝒦_{}A={}_{}{}^{!}A_{A_0}A,`$ see \[Ma\], making it into a complex, called the (right) co-Koszul complex of $`A`$.

###### Definition 7.2.2

$`(𝗂)`$A quadratic ring $`A`$ is called Koszul if its (right) Koszul complex, $`𝒦^{}A`$ has the only non-trivial cohomology in degree zero.

$`(\mathrm{𝗂𝗂})`$A quadratic ring $`A`$ is called co-Koszul of degree $`d`$, if its (right) co-Koszul complex, $`𝒦_{}A`$ has the only non-trivial cohomology in degree $`d`$ and, moreover, $`H^d(𝒦_{}A)A_0(d)`$.

The conditions in the Proposition below are the basic conditions that allow us to start out with the non-commutative geometry as discussed in §2.

###### Proposition 7.2.3

Let $`A=_{n0}A_n`$ be a quadratic algebra with $`{}_{}{}^{!}A=_k{}_{}{}^{!}A_{k}^{}`$. Assume that:

$``$ $`{}_{}{}^{!}A`$ has no non-zero graded components in degrees $`k>d`$, and $`{}_{}{}^{!}A_{d}^{}A_0`$;

$``$The algebra $`A`$ is Noetherian, and has polynomial growth;

$``$The algebra $`A`$ is both Koszul and co-Koszul (of degree $`d`$).

Then $`A`$ is strongly regular of dimension $`d`$ in the sense of Definition 1.1.1.

Proof: To prove that the global dimension, $`gl.dim(A)`$, is finite we apply \[Hu\] and conclude that $`gl.dim(A)`$ equals the minimal length of projective resolution for $`A_0`$. The Koszul complex, if exact, provides such a minimal resolution. Thus, for a Koszul algebra $`A`$, the global dimension equals the number of non-zero graded components of the algebra $`{}_{}{}^{!}A`$. Since $`dim_{_{}}({}_{}{}^{!}A)`$ is finite, we conclude that: $`gl.dim(A)<\mathrm{}`$.

Notice next that an obvious canonical isomorphism: $`{}_{}{}^{!}A_{A_0}AHom_A(({}_{}{}^{!}A)^{}_{A_0}A,A),`$ gives an isomorphism of complexes: $`𝒦_{}AHom_A(𝒦^{}A,A).`$ It follows that, for a Koszul algebra $`A`$, the complex $`𝒦_{}A`$ computes the $`Ext`$-groups: $`Ext_A^{}(A_0,A)`$. Thus, $`A`$ is co-Koszul of degree $`d`$ if and only if it is Gorenstein with parameters $`(d,d)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. One shows similarly that if $`A`$ is Koszul of global dimension $`d`$ and Gorenstein, then it is Gorenstein with parameters $`(d,d)`$, coKoszul of degree $`d`$ and, moreover, the dual algebra $`{}_{}{}^{!}A`$ is Frobenius of index $`d`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

Fix $`A=_{n0}A_n`$, an algebra satisfying the conditions of Proposition 7.2.3, and put $`X=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A`$. A key role in our study of sheaves on $`X`$ is played by

Beilinson spectral sequence (\[KKO\]): For any sheaf $`E`$ on $`X`$ there is a spectral sequence with the first term

$$E_1^{p,q}=Ext^q(Q_p(p),E)_{A_0}𝒪(p)E_{\mathrm{}}^i=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E,& \text{for }i=0\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`p=d,\mathrm{},0`$, and $`Q_p`$ is the sheaf on $`X`$ corresponding to the cohomology $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_p`$ of the truncated Koszul complex:

$$0AA_1^!_{A_0}A(1)\mathrm{}A_p^!_{A_0}A(p)\stackrel{~}{Q}_p0$$

(here $`A(n)`$ stands for the algebra $`A`$ with the grading being shifted by $`n`$). Equivalently, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_p`$ can be described as follows

$$0\stackrel{~}{Q}_pA_{1p}^!_{A_0}A(1p)\mathrm{}A_{d+1}^!_{A_0}A(d+1)A_0(d+1)0.$$

Note that all the sheaves $`Q_p`$ are naturally $`A_0`$-bimodules, hence the tensor product in the $`E_1`$-term makes sense.

### 7.3 Special case: $`𝐀=𝐀^𝝉`$

Recall that: $`A^\tau =\left(\left(TL[z]\right)\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/uvvu\omega (u,v)\tau z^2_{u,vL},`$ see Definition 1.2.5. Write $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}`$ for the exterior algebra of the 2-dimensional vector space $`L^{}`$, and let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}{}_{}{}^{}\dot{}{}_{}{}^{}[\xi ]`$ be the super-tensor product of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}`$ with the polynomial algebra in an odd variable $`\xi `$ of degree 1. Thus, by definition, for any $`vL^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{},`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}{}_{}{}^{}\dot{}{}_{}{}^{}[\xi ]`$ we have: $`v\xi =\xi v`$. We will view $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}`$ as a subalgebra in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}{}_{}{}^{}\dot{}{}_{}{}^{}[\xi ]`$. Further, let $`\omega \mathrm{\Lambda }^2L^{}`$ be the element corresponding to the symplectic form on $`L`$.

###### Proposition 7.3.4

The algebra $`A^\tau `$ is a Noetherian algebra of polynomial growth. Moreover, $`A^\tau `$ is both Koszul and co-Koszul (of degree 3), and we have:

$${}_{}{}^{!}A_{}^{\tau }=\left(\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }L^{}{}_{}{}^{}\dot{}{}_{}{}^{}[\xi ]\right)\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }\right)/\omega \xi ^2\tau .$$

Proof: For $`\tau =0`$ we have: $`A^\tau =[x,y,z]\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. In this case all the claims are easy and follow e.g., from \[GMT\]. Next, one checks that the relations defining $`A^\tau `$ are 3-self-concordant in the sense of \[Dr\]. Hence the graded components of $`A^\tau `$ are isomorphic to those of $`A^0`$ as vector spaces (cf. \[Dr\]). This implies that $`A^\tau `$ has polynomial growth, for any $`\tau `$. Furthermore, it follows from the Drinfeld’s result that we may view the family of Koszul complexes $`𝒦^{}A^\tau `$, resp. $`𝒦_{}A^\tau `$, as a family of varying (with $`\tau `$) differentials on the Koszul complex for $`A^0`$. Since the differential for $`\tau =0`$ has a single non-trivial cohomology, the same is true for all values of $`\tau `$ close enough to zero. However, the algebras $`A^\tau `$ and $`A^{\alpha \tau }`$ are isomorphic for any $`\alpha ^{}`$. Thus, $`A^\tau `$ is both Koszul and co-Koszul, for any $`\tau `$.

The expression for $`{}_{}{}^{!}A_{}^{\tau }`$ is obtained by a direct calculation. It shows, in particular, that the algebra $`{}_{}{}^{!}A_{}^{\tau }`$ has non-vanishing graded components in degrees $`i=0,1,2,3`$ only. Thus, $`d=gl.dim(A^\tau )=3`$. In particular, formula (3.1.1) follows from Proposition 7.1.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`R_i`$, $`i𝒱,`$ be a complete collection of the isomorphism classes of simple modules over $`A_0=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`_i=\pi (R_i__\mathrm{\Gamma }A^\tau )`$ the coherent sheaf corresponding to the graded right $`A^\tau `$-module $`R_i__\mathrm{\Gamma }A^\tau `$. Since $`R_i`$ is a direct summand in $`A_0`$, the sheaf $`_i`$ is a direct summand of $`𝒪`$. In particular, for any $`i𝒱`$, the sheaf $`_i`$ is locally free in the sense of Definition 1.1.4.

Remark. Consider collection $`\{_0,\mathrm{},_n,\mathrm{},_0(d1),\mathrm{},_n(d1)\}`$ of sheaves on $`__\mathrm{\Gamma }^2=\mathrm{𝖯𝗋𝗈𝗃}A^\tau `$. It follows from the explicit form of the cohomology of the sheaves $`𝒪(n)`$ that the above collection is a strong exceptional collection, see \[Ru\]. The Beilinson spectral sequence of a sheaf $`E`$ can be considered as a decomposition of $`E`$ with respect to the above exceptional collection.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 7.3.5

Any coherent sheaf $`E`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ admits a resolution of the form

$$0_{i𝒱}V_i^d_{}_i(kd)\mathrm{}_{i𝒱}V_i^0_{}_i(k)E\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}$$

where $`V_i^d,\mathrm{},V_i^0`$ are certain complex vector spaces.

Proof: Consider the Beilinson spectral sequence of the sheaf $`E(n)`$. By ampleness, for $`n0`$ all higher $`Ext`$-groups in the spectral sequence vanish and only the $`q=0`$ row of it will be non-trivial. This gives a resolution of type (2.0.3) for the sheaf $`E(n)`$. Now tensor it with $`𝒪(n)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 8 Appendix C: Minuscule classes

The goal of this section is to prove Proposition 1.3.11. Thus, we fix $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, a finite subgroup in $`SL_2`$ and let $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ denote the corresponding affine Dynkin graph. We identify the set $`I`$ of vertices of $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with simple roots of the affine root system associated to $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and write $`\omega _i`$, resp. $`R_i`$, for the fundamental weight, resp. irreducible $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module, corresponding to the vertex $`iI`$. Thus, the $`\omega _i`$’s form a basis of the weight lattice $`\widehat{𝖯}`$ (of the affine root system), and the $`R_i`$’s form a basis of $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. The correspondence: $`\omega _iR_i`$ yields an isomorphism of lattices: $`\widehat{𝖯}K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

Let $`L`$ denote the tautological two dimensional representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and let $`\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}`$ be the trivial (one dimensional) representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The map $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })K(\mathrm{\Gamma }),[V]`$$`[V]([L]2[\mathrm{𝗍𝗋𝗂𝗏}])`$ gets identified under the isomorphism $`\widehat{𝖯}K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the Cartan operator $`\widehat{C}:\widehat{𝖯}\widehat{𝖯}`$, i.e., the linear map given (in the basis $`\{\omega _i\}`$) by the Cartan matrix.

Let $`\widehat{𝖯}^{}=Hom(\widehat{𝖯},)`$ be the coroot lattice, and $`\widehat{C}^{}:\widehat{𝖯}^{}\widehat{𝖯}^{}`$ the dual Cartan operator. Note that $`dim𝐊𝐞𝐫\widehat{C}=1`$ and $`dim𝐊𝐞𝐫\widehat{C}^{}=1`$, since our root system is of affine type. Let $`\widehat{\theta }\widehat{𝖯}`$ and $`\widehat{\theta }^{}\widehat{𝖯}^{}`$ denote the minimal positive elements in $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\widehat{C}`$ and in $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\widehat{C}^{},`$ respectively. In the other words, $`\widehat{\theta }`$ and $`\widehat{\theta }^{}`$ are the minimal positive imaginary root and coroot, respectively. The class in $`K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ of the regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ gets identified with $`\widehat{\theta }\widehat{𝖯}`$, while the dimension function $`dim:K(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ gets identified with the element $`\widehat{\theta }^{}\widehat{𝖯}^{}`$ considered as a function $`\widehat{𝖯}`$.

We see that the isomorphism classes of one dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules are in bijection with special vertices of $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, i.e., the vertices $`iI`$ such that $`dim[R_i]=1`$, or equivalently $`\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega _i)=1`$. A vertex $`iI`$ is known to be special if and only if the graph $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is obtained from a finite Dynkin graph $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ with vertex set $`I\{i\}`$ by adding the vertex $`i`$.

Now Proposition 1.3.11 can be reformulated as follows.

###### Lemma 8.0.1

For any $`\omega \widehat{𝖯}`$ such that $`\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega )=1`$ there exists a uniquely determined pair $`(i,\omega _0)`$, where $`iI`$ is a special vertex and $`\omega _0\widehat{𝖯}`$ is a dominant weight, such that the weight $`\omega _0\theta `$ is not dominant and

$$\omega =\omega _i+\widehat{C}(\omega _0).$$

Since $`𝐊𝐞𝐫\widehat{C}=\widehat{\theta }`$ it follows that for any $`\omega 𝐈𝐦\widehat{C}`$ there exists a unique $`\omega _0\widehat{𝖯}`$ such that $`\omega _0`$ is dominant, $`\omega _0\theta `$ is not dominant and $`\omega =\widehat{C}(\omega _0)`$. Hence Lemma 8.0.1 is equivalent to

###### Lemma 8.0.2

For any $`\omega \widehat{𝖯}`$ such that $`\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega )=1`$ there exists a uniquely determined special vertex $`i`$ such that

$$\omega \omega _i𝐈𝐦\widehat{C}.$$

From now on we fix some special vertex $`vI`$ and let $`I^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}=I\{v\}`$ be the vetex set of the corresponding Dynkin graph $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ of finite type. Let $`𝖯`$ be the weight lattice of $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$, let $`C:𝖯𝖯`$ be its Cartan operator, and let $`\theta 𝖯`$ and $`\theta ^{}𝖯^{}`$ denote the maximal root and coroot in the root and coroot system of $`Q^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ respectively.

The decomposition $`I=I^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}\{v\}`$ gives rise to the direct sum decompositions $`\widehat{𝖯}=𝖯\omega _v`$ and $`\widehat{𝖯}^{}=𝖯^{}\alpha _v^{}`$, where $`\alpha _v^{}`$ is the simple coroot of $`Q(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ corresponding to the vertex $`v`$. It is well known that we have

$$\widehat{\theta }^{}=(\theta ^{},\alpha _v^{}),\widehat{\theta }=(\theta ,\omega _v),\text{and}\widehat{C}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}C& ,& \\ & ,& \end{array}\right).$$

It follows that the projection $`\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}:\widehat{𝖯}=𝖯\omega _v𝖯`$ gives rise to the following isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \left\{\omega \widehat{𝖯}\right|\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega )=1\}& & 𝖯\hfill \\ \hfill \left\{iI\right|\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega _i)=1\}& & \{v\}\left\{iI^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}\right|\theta ^{}(\omega _i)=1\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.0.3)
It follows from (8.0.3) that if $`\widehat{\theta }^{}(\omega )=1`$ then the condition

$$\omega =\omega _i+\widehat{C}(\omega ^{}),\text{where }i\text{ is a special vertex in }I$$
(8.0.4)
is equivalent to the condition $`\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\omega )=\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\omega _i)+\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\widehat{C}(\omega ^{})).`$ On the other hand, it is clear that $`\omega ^{}=\omega ^{\prime \prime }+\alpha _v^{}(\omega _v)\omega _v`$, for some $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }𝖯`$. Hence $`\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\widehat{C}(\omega ^{}))=\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\widehat{C}(\omega ^{\prime \prime }))=C(\omega ^{\prime \prime }).`$ Thus condition (8.0.4) is equivalent to

$$\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\omega )=\mathrm{𝚙𝚛}(\omega _i)+C(\omega ^{\prime \prime }),\text{where }i\text{ is a special vertex in }I^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}\text{, or }\omega _i=0.$$

Thus we obtain the following reformulation of Lemma 8.0.2.

###### Lemma 8.0.5

For any $`\omega 𝖯`$ there exists a uniquely determined pair $`(i,\omega ^{\prime \prime })`$, where $`i`$ is either $`v`$ or a special vertex of $`I^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$ and $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }𝖯`$ is a weight, such that

$$\omega =\omega _i+C(\omega ^{\prime \prime }).$$

Proof of Lemma 8.0.5: The image of the Cartan operator $`C`$ is the root sublattice $`𝖰𝖯`$. On the other hand, it is well known (see \[Bou\], §2, Ex. 5) that each coset in $`𝖯/𝖰`$ contains a unique minuscule weight or zero. Finally, according to \[Bou\], §1, Ex. 24 the set of minuscule weights coincides with the set of fundamental weights of special vertices of $`I^{^{\mathrm{𝖿𝗂𝗇}}}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

V.B.: Caltech, Mathematics 253-37, Caltech, Pasadena CA 91125, USA;
x baranovs@caltech.edu

V.G.: Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA;
x ginzburg@math.uchicago.edu

A.K.: Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russia;
x sasha@kuznetsov.mccme.ru