text:
# Evidence of phonon mediated coupling between charge transfer and ligand field excitons in Sr2CuO2Cl2

## I Introduction

The excitation spectrum of transition metal oxides is characterized by strong coupling of spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom, and the complexity of these interactions has severely hindered progress in understanding the phenomenon of high–temperature superconductivity in the layered copper oxides. Even the basic energy level spectrum of the undoped, insulating cuprates continues to be controversial. The dominant optical absorption feature in these materials is a broad excitonic peak at the charge-transfer (CT) gap, about half an electron volt wide, which exhibits strong dependence on temperature and doping . Despite the strong interest in insulating cuprates and the fundamental physical significance of the CT gap exciton, few attempts have been made to explain its structure and coupling to phonons.

In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of the linear absorption of Sr2CuO2Cl2 and a new theory for the CT excitation in the CuO-plane. The theory includes the coupling of the exciton to phonons and to an additional, low energy electronic continuum of states. It explains the linear absorption of Sr2CuO2Cl2, and in particular the Urbach behaviour over a wide range of temperatures and energies.

## II Sample structure

Sr2CuO2Cl2 is a two-dimensional, spin-$`1/2`$ Heisenberg antiferromagnet with a Néel temperature T$`{}_{N}{}^{}`$ 250 K and an exchange interaction energy J=125 meV . In the ground state a single hole per CuO2 unit cell is located on the Cu site and exhibits a 3$`d_{x^2y^2}`$ symmetry.

The lowest energy optically allowed electronic excitation in this material corresponds to the Cu 3$`d_{x^2y^2}`$ to O 2$`p\sigma `$ transfer of a hole in the CuO2 layer. This transition classifies the material as a charge–transfer insulator . The optical absorption spectrum consists mainly of a rather sharp peak near the band edge at about 2 eV and another wider peak at about 2.5 eV . A detailed analysis of the energy region below the band edge reveals a weak absorption step at about 1.4 eV, two orders of magnitude smaller than the main CT structure. It is attributed to a Cu ligand field transition , which should be optically forbidden, but acquires a small oscillator strength owing to a breaking of the crystal symmetry. This transition has also been observed in resonant X-ray Raman spectroscopy and large–shift Raman scattering.

The dominant peak at the band edge is attributed to a bound excitonic state. A model by Zhang and Ng  predicts an exciton formed by an electron at a Cu site and a delocalized hole at the four neighbouring O sites, with a stronger weight at the O site from which the electron came. The model gives a large bandwidth for the center of mass motion of this exciton of about 1.5 eV. This means that the exciton has an effective mass smaller than the electron or hole alone, which can be understood by the fact that the transfer of the exciton from one site to another does not disturb the antiferromagnetic order of the background.

## III Experiment

We used high quality single crystals of Sr2CuO2Cl2 which were grown by the technique described in Ref. . This method yields platelets with a fairly large (001) surface. By tape-cleaving the crystals, we reduced the sample thickness, $`d`$, to below 100 nm. These thin samples enabled us to measure the absorption coefficient, $`\alpha (\omega )`$, across the charge transfer gap directly, by comparing as a function the frequency $`\omega `$ the intensity transmitted through the sample on the substrate, $`I_{Tot}`$, with the intensity transmitted through the substrate only, $`I_{Sub}`$: $`\alpha (\omega )=\frac{1}{d}\mathrm{ln}(\frac{I_{Tot}}{I_{Sub}})`$. This procedure is more precise and direct than the previous reflectivity measurements, which relied on Kramers–Kronig transformation to extract information about the absorption coefficient. Figure 1 shows the linear absorption coefficient for selected temperatures. The crystal used for this measurement was $`d=95\pm `$5 nm thick and held inside a cold finger cryostat. The inset details the weak onset of the absorption at 1.4 eV and was measured using a 300 $`\mu `$m thick sample.

The excitonic peak shows a strong temperature dependence. With increasing temperature the width — measured as the half width at half maximum — increases from 180 meV at 15 K to 270 meV at 350 K. The maximum exhibits a redshift of about 80 meV in this temperature range. The temperature dependence of the excitonic peak is shown in figure 2. Both the shift towards lower energies and the broadening can be fit by a Bose–Einstein occupation function with a single oscillator. From this fit we find the energy of this oscillator, $`\mathrm{}\omega _045`$ meV, to agree with that of a previously identified bond–bending longitudinal optical (LO) phonon and well below the characteristic magnetic energy of J=125 meV in Sr2CuO2Cl2. Experimental evidence therefore suggests coupling of the CT-exciton to phonons rather than to magnetic excitations as the origin of its red shift and broadening . This is further supported by a careful analysis of the line shape of the low energy side of the CT excitation. As shown in figure 3, $`\alpha (\omega )`$ exhibits an exponential behaviour over a wide range of temperatures and energies. We find the experimental data can be fit very well to the Urbach formula

$`\alpha (\omega ,T)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _0\mathrm{exp}{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma (T)(EE_0)}{k_BT}};`$ (1)
$`\sigma (T)`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _0{\displaystyle \frac{2k_BT}{\mathrm{}\omega _0}}\mathrm{tanh}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}\omega _0}{2k_BT}}.`$ (2)
where E0 and $`\alpha _0`$ are temperature independent parameters, and $`\mathrm{}\omega _0`$ is the energy of the phonon to which the exciton couples. The parameter $`\sigma _0`$ yields information on the strength of this coupling and E0 is related to the strength of the exciton binding. From a global best fit to the data plotted in figure 3 data we obtain $`\mathrm{}\omega _0`$=45 meV, E0=1.95 eV and $`\sigma _0=0.35`$. The latter indicates a very strong coupling between excitons and phonons. Furthermore, the fact that E0 is smaller than the energy E($`\alpha `$=max) where the absorption is maximal, suggests a tightly bound exciton .

It is worth noting that it is very surprising to observe an Urbach behavior at temperature as low as 15 K where the occupation probability of LO–phonons with $`\mathrm{}\omega _0`$=45 meV is $`N_0`$2$`\times `$10-16 and absorption of thermal phonons is negligible.

## IV Theory

To the best of our knowledge, the model of Falck et al. is the only one in the literature describing the temperature dependence of the CT excitations. Falck et al.  investigated the absorption line shape of a related compound, the charge–transfer insulator La2CuO4. The excitonic peak in this material also shows a temperature shift and broadening. Approximating the Coulomb interaction with an attractive contact interaction between the electron and hole, they derived a simple expression for the absorption coefficient. While without interactions the interband contribution to the absorption is just the density of states, the Coulomb interaction leads to an increase of the absorption near the band edge. This describes the basic shape of the spectrum. Falck et al. account for the shift of the band edge and the finite lifetime of the exciton by inserting the real and imaginary part of the one–phonon self energy. With four parameters they are able to fit well the linear absorption in La2CuO4.

Our experimental results show the exponential behavior of an Urbach tail down to very low temperatures. It is in striking contradiction with the prediction of Ref. , which by construction always produces a Lorentzian tail. The coupling constant used in Ref.  was $`\alpha =10.8`$. This is an extremely high value compared to normal semiconductors (where it is well below 1.0) and even other materials with a strong electron–phonon coupling. For such a high coupling constant the one–phonon approximation is no longer valid.

Since a strong coupling to LO–phonons seems to be the reason for the strong temperature dependence of the spectra, we propose a more advanced model, taking into account many–phonon processes. The approach was inspired by results obtained for conventional semiconductors , where Urbach tails are found for high temperatures.

The theoretical analysis is organized as follows: First we introduce the Hamiltonian in an exciton basis. The Green’s function of that Hamiltonian will be calculated by means of the cumulant expansion. We will then discuss the dependence of the results on model parameters for different cases of physical interest. We will show that it is necessary to include ligand field (LF) excitations, which were not yet known at the time of Ref. . These are the states into which the CT exciton can scatter even at low temperatures by phonon emission, thus leading to the Urbach tail.

The model Hamiltonian:

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`H_0+V`$ (3)
$`H_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{jn𝐤}{}}E_{n,𝐤}^ja_{n,𝐤}^ja_{n,𝐤}^j+\mathrm{}\omega _0{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪}{}}b_𝐪^{}b_𝐪`$ (4)
$`V`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{jj^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{nm𝐪}{}}M_{nm,𝐪}^{jj^{}}a_{n,𝐤+𝐪}^ja_{m,𝐤}^j^{}\left[b_𝐪+b_𝐪^{}\right]`$ (5)
is written in an exciton basis, where $`a_{n,𝐤}^j`$ is the creation operator for an exciton of type $`j`$, internal quantum number $`n`$ and center of mass momentum $`𝐤`$. In the case of the $`j`$=CT exciton we account for a bound state ($`n=0`$), and for the unbound exciton electron–hole continuum ($`n>0`$). The pair $`(n,𝐤)`$ can then be transformed to the pair of electron and hole momentum, which is more suited to describe the free electron–hole pair. In the case of the ligand field excitation ($`j`$=LF) we consider continuum states only. The operators $`b_𝐪`$ and $`b_𝐪^{}`$ respectively describe the annihilation and creation of an dispersionless LO–phonon of frequency $`\omega _0`$.

The imaginary part of the dielectric function and hence the spectral features of the absorption coefficient are given by the imaginary part of the retarded Green’s function

$$\epsilon _2(\omega )\text{Im}\left\{\underset{j=\text{CT},n𝐤}{}G^j(n𝐤=0;\omega )\right\},$$
(6)
where the summation includes only the optically active CT-exciton.

Since the excitation starts from a ground state characterized by empty hole and electron states, the retarded Green’s function equals the time–ordered one, for which an expansion in the electron–phonon coupling exists:

$`G^j(n𝐤;t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}\theta (t){\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}W_\nu ^j(n𝐤;t)`$ (7)
$`W_\nu ^j(n𝐤;t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(i)^{2\nu }}{\mathrm{}^{2\nu }(2\nu )!}}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{t}{}}}𝑑t_1\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{t}{}}}𝑑t_{2\nu }T\overline{a}_{n,k}^j(t)\overline{V}(t_1)\mathrm{}\overline{V}(t_{2\nu })\overline{a}_{n,k}^j(0),`$ (8)
with the time-ordering operator $`T`$. The unperturbed Green’s function is given by $`G_0^j(n𝐤;t)=i/\mathrm{}\theta (t)\mathrm{exp}(iE_{n,𝐤}^jt/\mathrm{})`$. The first order term in (7) would give rise to one–phonon processes. However, it is possible to account for multi-phonon processes by resumming the expansion Eq. (7) in form of an exponential, leading to the cumulant expansion or linked–cluster theory. We write

$`G^j(n𝐤;t)=G_0^j(n𝐤;t)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}F_\nu ^j(n𝐤;t)\right),`$ (9)
where $`F_\nu `$ denotes a contribution which contains the $`2\nu `$-th power of the coupling matrix–element. Comparing the different powers of the expansions (7) and (9) the following relations hold:

$`F_1^j(n𝐤;t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{iE_{n,𝐤}^jt/\mathrm{}}W_1^j(n𝐤;t)`$ (10)
$`F_2^j(n𝐤;t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{iE_{n,𝐤}^jt/\mathrm{}}W_2^j(n𝐤;t){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2!}}F_1^{j\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}(n𝐤;t).`$ (11)
The advantage of this re-summation is that $`F_1`$ already includes independent phonon scattering to infinite order. Thus as long as they are independent from each other, the first term in the cumulant expansion $`F_1`$ accounts for all these contributions in contrast to the expansion (7). Similarly $`F_2`$ describes all electron–phonon interactions involving simultaneously two phonons, etc. The cumulant expansion (9) is expected to converge much faster than (7) and to be appropriate for low and intermediate coupling constants. Up to now we restricted ourself to the lowest order only, which means that we treat the fields induced by the lattice distortions classically.

The time–integrations in (8) can be performed analytically, yielding:

$`F_1^j(n𝐤=0;t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{h^{}m𝐪}{}}|M_{nm,𝐪}^{jj^{}}|^2\{(N_0+1)\overline{f}(E_{m,𝐪}^j^{}E_{n,0}^j+\mathrm{}\omega _0,t)`$ (13)
$`+N_0\overline{f}(E_{m,𝐪}^j^{}E_{n,0}^j\mathrm{}\omega _0,t)\}.`$
The time dependence is described by the function

$$\overline{f}(\epsilon ,t)=\frac{1}{\epsilon ^2}\left(1e^{i\epsilon t/\mathrm{}}\frac{i\epsilon t}{\mathrm{}}\right).$$
(14)
This function is regular for all values of $`\epsilon `$ and has its maximum value at $`\epsilon =0`$ for finite times, which in Eq. (13) corresponds to $`E_{m,𝐪}^j^{}=E_{n,0}^j\pm \mathrm{}\omega _0`$, i.e. the absorption and emission of LO-phonons in the $`(j^{},m𝐪)(j,n)`$ transition. At low temperatures only the emission term proportional $`(N_0+1)1`$ contributes, which peaks out one phonon energy below the CT exciton.

In order to keep our model simple, we neglect the $`𝐪`$ dependence of the coupling matrix elements $`M_{nm,𝐪}^{jj^{}}`$ as well as the dependence on the relative momentum if $`m>0`$ or $`n>0`$, i.e., for the electron–hole continuum. This means we have to consider the following five scattering processes:

* Scattering from the CT-exciton into its center of mass continuum;
* Scattering from the CT-exciton into its own electron–hole continuum;
* Scattering within the CT electron–hole continuum;
* Scattering from the CT-exciton into the LF exciton band;
* Scattering from the CT electron–hole continuum into the LF exciton band;

Since the matrix–elements do not depend on momentum variables any more, the summations over momentum variables in (13) can be transformed into energy integrals with the density of states into which the CT-exciton is scattered:

$`F_1(n=\{x,c\},0;t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\epsilon \underset{m=\{x,c,d\}}{}M_{nm}z_m(\epsilon )}`$ (15)
$`\times `$ $`\left\{(N_0+1)\overline{f}(\epsilon E_{n,0}+\mathrm{}\omega _0,t)+N_0\overline{f}(\epsilon E_{n,0}\mathrm{}\omega _0,t)\right\}.`$ (16)
The densities of states are defined as:

$`z_x(\epsilon )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪}{}}\delta (\epsilon E_{x,𝐪})\text{and}`$ (17)
$`z_c(\epsilon )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{𝐪𝐤}}{}}\delta (\epsilon E_{𝐤,𝐪}).`$ (18)
We model the energy dispersion of the exciton by a two dimensional tight binding dispersion $`E_{x,𝐪}=B/4(2\mathrm{cos}q_x\mathrm{cos}q_y)`$ with a bandwidth of $`B`$=1.2 eV and a electron–hole relative motion continuum, also with a 2d tight binding dispersion, but a 0.6 eV bandwidth. We have solved numerically Eq. (6) with this dispersion law in three cases of physical interest. In case (1) we consider the situation where phonon scattering occurs only within the CT-exciton states, i.e., CT bound-exciton and its electron–hole continuum, and the transitions into other exciton bands are not allowed, $`M_{xd}=0`$ and $`M_{cd}=0`$. In the other cases we assume that phonon scattering can also occur with other excitonic states (LF exciton band) of energy lower than the CT exciton, $`M_{xd}0`$ and $`M_{cd}0`$, and to explore the generality of our assumptions we consider two slightly different LF exciton bandwidths in the cases (2a) and (2b).

The results in case (1), for the contribution of the bound CT-exciton ($`n=x`$ in (9)) to the absorption only, are shown in figure 4 and are in obvious contradiction with experiment. Clearly the coupling to LO–phonons leads to a broadening of the CT-exciton line. It becomes asymmetric with a longer tail at the high energy side. On the low energy side, the spectrum has an Urbach tail, but the width is extremely small, especially at low temperatures. This is true even for very high coupling constants. Accounting for the large width at low temperatures by assuming an homogenous or inhomogenous broadening would lead to a Lorentzian or Gaussian profile of the lower energy side of the spectrum.

The shortcoming of our model in case (1) is clear. Since the Urbach behavior is observed at very low temperature phonon emission governs the interaction with the lattice as implied by Eq. (15). Therefore, for broad CT-exciton peak with a flat exponential tail to occur there must be states available below its energy and the CT-exciton must be able to couple to these states by phonons. Only then can LO–phonon scattering be strong even at zero temperature. Both our own data and the experiments in Ref.  show that such a continuum exists and starts at about 1.4 eV. It is assigned to Cu d-d transitions and can couple to the excitons by means of LO–phonons.

Therefore we expanded the model by including the continuum of LF excitations. Since little is known about the bandwidth of these excitations we have considered two values for this parameter. In case (2a) we assumed that the LF bandwidth is the same as that of the CT electron–hole continuum. The CT exciton binding energy was fitted to be 240 meV, and $`\left|M_{nm}\right|^2=20(\mathrm{}\omega _0)^2`$ was used for all the coupling constants. In addition to the LO–phonon broadening we included an inhomogeneous broadening $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_I`$=60 meV to account for sample imperfections. An homogenous broadening also should be included, however, it must be very small compared to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_I`$ because otherwise a Lorentzian profile would show up for energies far below the CT exciton energy in contradiction with experiment. Therefore, in order to limit the number of parameters we have not included it in our calculations. Finally, to fit the spectral contribution of the CT continuum we found that the spectral weight of the electron–hole continuum needs to be twice that of the exciton.

The solid lines in figures 5 and 6 show the theoretical results in case (2a) both on a linear and logarithmic scale. They are in excellent agreement with the experimental data, shown by the dots. The broadening and the shift of the CT exciton are reproduced correctly and even the decrease in oscillator strength is well described.

It may be argued that the LF excitations bandwidth should be smaller than that of the CT electron–hole continuum. In order to investigate this eventuality, we have considered in case (2b) the effects of a narrower LF bandwidth, only 1 eV, while maintaining the flat density of states starting at 1.4 eV in agreement with the experimental absorption spectrum. In that case we find that we can also achieve an excellent agreement with experiment, of the same quality as in case (2a) (not shown), but then we need two independent coupling constants, one describing the phonon coupling to the LF excitations and another coupling within the CT manifold. Interestingly, the numerical integration points out that the temperature shift of the CT exciton is governed by the coupling to its own continuum, whereas its broadening is mostly determined by the coupling to the LF excitations. With these two parameters the model is also robust against changes of the onset of the LF excitations.

Although the model formally has a number of fit parameters, many (phonon energy, CT exciton bandwidths, onset of LF excitations etc.) are fixed by experiment. Furthermore, we have limited the number of parameters by limiting the number of phonon coupling constants to one (case-2a) or two (case-2b), so that in fact only few parameters are free: the (one or two) phonon coupling constants, the inhomogenous broadening, the relative spectral weight of the CT exciton and its continuum, the CT exciton binding energy and an overall scaling factor.

The results indicate that the coupling constants thus obtained are indeed large. Due to the different models they cannot be directly compared to the results of Falck et al. It is straight forward to check if accounting only for independent one–phonon processes is sufficient, since one can calculate $`F_2`$ with not too much effort if the $`𝐪`$-dependence of the matrix elements is neglected. This has not yet been done. Another theory often used to describe localized electronic excitations coupled to LO–phonons is Toyozawa’s. In the strong coupling regime it predicts a self-trapping of the excitons, i. e. due to the phonon cloud surrounding the exciton its effective mass becomes extremely large. Since we have shown on very general physical grounds that the low temperature Urbach behavior requires the coupling of the CT-exciton to a continuum of states below the exciton energy, we expect that a model based on Toyozawa’s theory would give results qualitatively similar to ours.

In conclusion we have presented measurements of the linear absorption of the material Sr2CuO2Cl2 which exhibits broadening and shift of the charge transfer gap exciton and, importantly, an Urbach behavior down to very low temperatures. This behavior cannot be explained by the current theories. We have developed a model based on a cumulant expansion that explains well all our data providing that the charge transfer gap exciton is coupled by LO–phonons to a continuum of states with lower energy. We identify this continuum with the Cu d-d continuum which is revealed in the linear absorption spectra owing to a weak crystal field symmetry breaking. A consequence of our interpretation is that the magnetic degrees of freedom do not seem to play a significant role in the temperature dependence of the charge transfer absorption edge in this material.

## V Acknowledgments

The authors thank W. Schäfer, S. Louie and A. Millis for helpful comments. A. B. S. gratefully acknowledges support by the German National Merit Foundation. The work at Berkeley was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science, Division of Materials Sciences and Office of Science, U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. The work at Ames Laboratory was supported in part by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Science under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-82.


format: text

text:
# Integrability of characteristic Hamiltonian systems on simple Lie groups with standard Poisson Lie structure

## 1 Introduction

The discovery of Lax pair for the Korteveg-de-Vris equation opened new class of exactly solvable ordinary and partial differential equations. Solutions to such equations can be expressed in terms of solutions to certain spectral problems, or in terms of certain factorization problems of either Gauss type or Riemann-Hilbert type.

It has been discovered later that for most of such systems there is a Hamiltonian structure with respect to which they are integrable system in a sense of Lioville.

A Lie theoretical explanation of this fact has been provided by Kostant \[K79\] on the example of the Toda system. He noticed that the phase space of the Toda system can be naturally identified with an orbit of a Borel subgroup acting by adjoint representation a simple Lie group which passes through the proncipal nilptent element in the opposite Borel subalgebra. The Hamiltonians of the Toda system are restrictions of central functions on the corresponding simple Lie algebra to these orbits. Then Adler \[Adl79\] applied this approach to the KdV equation and interpreted it in terms of Lie algebra of pseudo-differential operators (see also \[Sym80\]). This approach has been generalized in \[RSTS79\]. The key observation was that one should consider certain Lie algebra structure on the space dual to the Lie algebra instead of Borel subalgebras.

It has been discovered in a number of examples \[S80\] that if the Poisson brackets between matrix elements of Lax operator have certain special structure (so-called $`r`$-matrix structure ) and that spectral functions on such Lax operators generate integrable systems. In contrast to Toda systems, KdV equations and others interpreted in terms of Lie algebras, most of these systems had nonlinear (quadratic) Poisson brackets. Such Poisson structures were later categorized by Drinfeld \[Dr87\] when he introduced the notion of a Poisson Lie group. The theory of Kostant was generalized to Poisson Lie groups by Semenov-Tian-Shanski \[STS85\]. In this case the phase space of a system is a symplectic leaf of a factorizable Poisson Lie group. Integrals of such system are adjoint invariant functions restricted to the symplectic leaf. They Poisson commute, but generically there will less independent invariant functions then half of the dimension of the phase space. However, the Hamiltonian flow generated by an adjoint invariant function can be explicitly described in terms of the factorization on corresponding Lie group, which is an indication of integrability of such systems. We will call such systems characteristic ( in algebraic case the integrals are characters of finite dimensional representations).

As it was already mentioned that the phase space of the Toda system corresponding to a simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is a special coadjoint orbit of the Poisson Lie group whose tangent Lie bialgebra is dual to $`𝔤`$. The integrals are given by restriction to this orbit of functions which are invariant with respect to the adjoint action of $`𝔤`$. It is natural to study Hamiltonian systems generated by such functions on other orbits. This has been done in \[DLNT86\] \[EFS93\]\[GS97\]. In \[DLNT86\] the integrability of such systems on generic orbit has been proven for classical Lie algebras. In \[EFS93\] it was argued that such systems are integrable for generic triangular orbits. In \[GS97\] it was proven that such systems on generic orbit are integrable for any simple finite dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. An important result of \[GS97\] is that these systems are not only integrable in the usual Lioville sense but there are also so-called degenerate integrable systems (with the dimension of the invariant tori less then half of the dimension of the phase space). Such degenerate integrable systems were systematically introduced in \[N72\] and they are also known as systems with non-commutative integrability (see \[F88\] where they were used in a special case). This notion is a classical version of hidden symmetries in quantum mechanics (see \[P26\] \[FMSUW65\]).

Similar question can be asked about corresponding Poisson Lie groups. In this case special symplectic leaves give generalizations of Toda systems \[HKKR\] known for $`SL_n`$ as relativistic Toda systems. For generic symplectic leaves of $`SL_n`$ the integrability of characteristic systems has been proven in \[Li97\].

In this paper we will show the degenerate integrability of a characteristic Hamiltonian system on any symplectic leaf of any simple Poisson Lie groups. We will focus on complex algebraic case and will consider the systems corresponding to real forms only briefly.

The author would like to thank D. Ben-Zvi, E. Frenkel, M. Gekhtman, C. Procesi, M. Semenov-Tian-Shansky and M. Yakimov for interesting discussions.

## 2 Characteristic Hamiltonian systems of factorizable Poisson Lie groups

### 2.1 Factorizable Lie bialgebras

Recall that a Lie bialgebra is a pair $`(𝔤,\delta )`$ where $`𝔤`$ is a Lie algebra and the linear map $`\delta :𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ is a $`𝔤𝔤`$-valued 1-cocycle on $`𝔤`$ which induces Lie algebra structure on the dual vector space to $`𝔤`$.

A Lie bialgebra $`(𝔤,\delta )`$is called factorizable if there exists $`r𝔤𝔤`$ such that:

* $`r+\sigma (r)`$ ($`\sigma (xy)=yx`$) is a nondegenerate element of $`𝔤𝔤`$ invariant with respect to the diagonal adjoint $`𝔤`$-action,
* $`\delta (x)=[r,x]`$, where the bracket is the diagonal adjoint action of $`x`$ on $`𝔤𝔤`$ and the result is in $`𝔤𝔤𝔤𝔤`$,
* $$[r_{12},r_{13}]+[r_{12},r_{23}]+[r_{13},r_{23}]=0$$

where $`𝔤^3U(𝔤)^3`$ and $`r_{12}=r1,r_{23}=1r`$ etc..

Let $`𝔤`$ be a factorizable Lie bialgebra with classical r-matrix $`r𝔤𝔤`$.

###### Lemma 1

The linear maps $`r_\pm :𝔤^{}𝔤`$

$$r_+(l):=r,lid,r_{}(l):=r,idll𝔤^{};$$

are Lie bialgebra homomorphisms.

The proof of this lemma we will leave as an exercise. It follows from the classical Yang-Baxter equation for $`r`$.

The linear map $`I:𝔤^{}𝔤,lr_+(l)r_{}(l)`$ is a linear isomorphism. It is called *the factorization map*.

###### Corollary 1

The subspaces $`𝔤_\pm =\text{Im}(r_\pm )`$ are Lie subbialgebras in the Lie bialgebra $`𝔤`$.

###### Lemma 2

(1) The subspaces $`𝔫_\pm =r_\pm (\text{ker}(r_{}))`$ are Lie ideals in $`𝔤_\pm `$ respectively.

(2) The map $`\theta :𝔤_+/𝔫_+𝔤_{}/𝔫_{}`$ which sends the residue class of $`r_+(e)\text{mod}𝔫_+`$ to $`r_{}(e)\text{mod}𝔫_{}`$ is defined and is an isomorphism of Lie algebras.

Proof. The first statement follows from the facts that ker$`(r_\pm )`$ are Lie ideals in $`𝔤^{}`$ and that $`r_\pm `$ are Lie algebra homomorphisms.

Let $`\mathrm{}𝔤^{}`$, $`n\text{ker}(r_+)`$, $`m\text{ker}(r_{})`$. Consider representative $`r_+(\mathrm{})+r_+(m)`$ of $`r_+(\mathrm{})\text{mod}(𝔫_+)`$ by linearity $`r_+(\mathrm{})+r_+(m)=r_+(\mathrm{}+m)=r_+(\mathrm{}+n+m)`$. Now, $`r_{}(n+\mathrm{}+m)=r_{}(\mathrm{}+n)=r_{}(\mathrm{})+r_{}(n)`$ represents the equivalence class $`r_{}(\mathrm{})\text{mod}(𝔫_{})`$. Therefore the map $`\theta :𝔤_+/𝔫_+𝔤_{}/𝔫_{}`$ is defined and it is a linear isomorphism.

We leave as an exercise to prove that it is a Lie algebra homomorphism.

###### Theorem 1

(1) Every element $`x𝔤`$ admits unique factorization

$$x=x_+x_{}$$

where $`x_\pm 𝔤_\pm `$, and $`\theta (x_+\text{mod}𝔫_+)=x_{}\text{mod}𝔫_{}`$.

(2) The Lie algebra $`𝔤^{}`$ is isomorphic to the following Lie subalgebra of $`𝔤_+𝔤_{}`$:

$$\{(x_+,x_{})𝔤_+𝔤_{}\theta (x_+\text{mod}𝔫_+)=x_{}\text{mod}𝔫_{}\}$$

(3) If we model $`𝔤^{}`$ as in (2) the factorization map $`I:xr_+(x)r_{}(x)`$ acts as $`(x_+,x_{})x_+x_{}`$, where on the right side we consider $`𝔤_\pm `$ as Lie subalgebras of $`𝔤`$.

### 2.2 Factorizable Poisson Lie groups

A Poisson Lie group is a Lie group with the such Poison manifold structure on it that the multiplication map $`G\times GG`$ is a Poisson map.

There is a bijection between connected simply-connected finite- dimensional Poisson Lie groups and finite-dimensional Lie bialgebras. Each finite-dimensional Lie bialgebra can be ”exponentiated” to a connected simply-connected Poisson Lie group and conversely, a Poisson Lie structure on a finite-dimensional Poisson Lie group defines a Lie bialgebra structure on the corresponding Lie algebra. This Lie bialgebra structure is called tangent Lie bialgebra to a Poisson Lie group. Thus, we have Poisson Lie counterparts of Lie bialgebras introduced above: coboundary, quasitriangular, triangular, factorizable.

If $`(G,p)`$ is a quasitriangular Poisson Lie group, the Poisson tensor has the following explicit description:

$$p(x)=\text{Ad}_x(r)r^2TG^2g.$$

Here we trivialized the tangent bundle by left translations. For the Poisson brackets on a quasitriangular Poisson Lie group we have:

$$\{f_1,f_2\}=r,d_lf_1d_lf_2r,d_rf_1d_rf_2$$

where $`d_l`$ and $`d_r`$ are, respectively, left and right differentials on $`G`$.

For factorizable Poisson Lie groups we have

* maps $`r_\pm `$ lift to Lie group homomorphisms $`r_\pm :G^{}G`$.
* $`G^\pm =\text{Im}(r_\pm )G`$ are Poisson Lie subgroups (connected simply connected)
* $`N^\pm =\text{Im}(\text{ker}(r_\pm ))G^\pm `$ are normal Lie subgroups
* Lie algebra isomorphism $`\theta :𝔤_+/𝔫^+\stackrel{}{}𝔤_{}/𝔫_{}`$ lifts to Lie group isomorphism $`\theta :G^+/N^+\stackrel{}{}G^{}/N^{}`$.
* Lie group $`G^{}`$ can be modeled as:

$$G^{}=\{(g_+,g_{})G^+\times G^{}\theta (g_+\text{mod}N^+)=g_{}\text{mod}N^{}\}$$
* There exist open dense subsets $`G^{},G^{\prime \prime }G`$ such that for each $`gG^{}`$ there exists unique factorization $`g=g_+g_{}^1`$, $`\theta (g_+\text{mod}N_+)=g_{}\text{mod}N^{}`$ and for each $`gG^{\prime \prime }`$ there exists unique factorization $`g=g_{}^1g_+`$ with the same conditions on $`g_\pm `$.
* Left, respectively right, factorization maps $`G^{}G`$ map $`(g_+,g_{})`$ to $`(g_+g_{}^1)`$, respectively to $`g_{}^1g_+`$.

Here we assume that $`G^{}`$ is represented as a subgroup of $`G^+\times G^{}`$.

### 2.3 The double

The double $`D(𝔤)`$ of the Lie bialgebra $`𝔤`$ is the Lie bialgebra which is the direct sum $`𝔤𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}`$ of Lie coalgebras. The Lie bracket on it is determined uniquely by the requirement that the natural bilinear form $`<(x,l),(y,m)>=l(y)+m(x)`$ is $`D(𝔤)`$-invariant and the isotropic subspaces $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ are Lie subalgebras. We will denote these Lie bialgebra inclusions $`i:𝔤D(𝔤)`$ and $`j:𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}D(𝔤)`$.

The double $`D(G)`$ of $`G`$ is the connected, simply connected Poisson Lie group having $`D(𝔤)`$ as its Lie bialgebra. The maps $`i`$ and $`j`$ lift to injective Poisson Lie maps $`i:GD(G)`$, $`j:G_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}D(G)`$ and consequently to a map $`\mu (i\times j):G\times G_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}D(G)`$: $`(x,y)i(x)j(y)`$ which is also a local Poisson isomorphism. Here $`G_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}`$ is the Lie Poisson group $`G^{}`$ with the opposite Poisson structure.

### 2.4 Symplectic leaves in Poisson Lie groups

The Poisson Lie group $`G_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}`$ acts on $`D(G)`$ via left multiplication, $`yx:=j(y)x`$. We also have a map $`\phi :GD(G)/j(G^{op})`$ which is the composition of $`i`$ with the natural projection. This map is Poisson. In a neighborhood of the identity this map $`\phi `$ is a Poisson isomorphism. The map $`\phi `$ has open dense range but it is not surgective if the factorization problem in $`D(G)`$ does not have global solution. It intertwines local dressing action of $`G^{}`$ on $`G`$ \[STS85\] and the action of $`G^{}`$ on the cosets.

The symplectic leaves of $`G`$ are orbits of dressing action of $`G^{op}`$. Or, equivalently, they are connected components of preimages of left $`G^{op}`$-orbits in $`D(G)/j(G^{op})`$. Notice that this description does use the Poisson structure on the groups and therefore we can use notation $`G^{}`$ instead of $`G^{op}`$ without a danger of confusion.

### 2.5 Characteristic Hamiltonian systems on factorizable Poisson Lie groups

Let $`(G,p)`$ be a factorizable Poisson-Lie group. Let $`I(G)C^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ be the subspace of $`Ad_G`$-invariant functions on $`G`$.

###### Theorem 2

1. $`I(G)`$ is a commutative Poisson algebra in $`C^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$.
2. In a neighborhood of $`t=0`$ the flow lines of the Hamiltonian flow induced by $`HI(G)`$ passing through $`xG`$ at $`t=0`$ have the form

$$x(t)=g_\pm (t)^1xg_\pm (t),$$

where the mappings $`g_\pm (t)`$ are determined by

$$g_+(t)g_{}(t)^1=\mathrm{exp}\left(tI\left(dH(x)\right)\right),$$

and $`I:𝔤^{}𝔤`$ is the factorization isomorphism.

###### Definition 1

Characteristic Hamiltonian system on a factorizable Poisson Lie group is a Hamiltonian system whose phase space is a symplectic leaf of a factorizable Poisson Lie group and whose Hamiltonian is an adjoint invariant function on $`G`$.

The theorem above implies that the equations of motion of a characteristic Hamiltonian system on a factorizable Poisson Lie group can be solved via factorization. Below we will show that such systems are integrable for all simple Poisson Lie groups.

## 3 Standard Poisson Lie structure on simple Lie groups

### 3.1 Standard factorizable Lie bi-algebra structure on simple Lie algebras and standard Poisson Lie structure on simple Lie groups

Let $`𝔤`$ be a simple complex Lie algebra. Fix a Borel subalgebra $`𝔟`$. Let $`(H_i,e_i,f_i)`$ $`i=1,\mathrm{},r=\text{rank}(𝔤)`$ be elements of the Chevalley basis of $`𝔤`$ for this choice of Borel subalgebra which correspond to simple roots. It is well known that $`𝔤`$ is freely generated by $`(H_i,e_i,f_i)`$ modulo determining relations

$`[H_i,H_j]`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (1)
$`[H_i,e_j]`$ $`=`$ $`a_{ij}e_j,`$ (2)
$`[H_i,f_j]`$ $`=`$ $`a_{ij}f_j,`$ (3)
$`[e_i,f_j]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ij}H_i,`$ (4)
$`(ad_{e_i})^{1a_{ij}}(e_j)`$ $`=`$ $`0,ij,`$ (5)
$`(ad_{f_i})^{1a_{ij}}(f_j)`$ $`=`$ $`0,ij,`$ (6)
where $`(a_{ij})`$ denotes the Cartan matrix of $`𝔤`$.

Consider a linear map $`\delta :𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ acting on the generators as

$`\delta (H_i)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (7)
$`\delta (e_i)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}d_iH_ie_i,`$ (8)
$`\delta (f_i)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}d_iH_if_i,`$ (9)
where $`d_i`$ is the length of the i-th root, in particular,

$$d_ia_{ij}=a_{ji}d_j.$$

###### Theorem 3

There exists unique such linear map $`\delta :𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ which has the following properties:

1. $`\delta `$ is a 1-cocycle.
2. $`(\delta id)\delta =0`$.

###### Remark 1

The definition of the standard Lie bialgebra structure on $`𝔤`$ requires the choice of a Borel subalgebra $`𝔟𝔤`$.

###### Theorem 4

$`(𝔤,\delta )`$ is factorizable with

$$r=\frac{1}{2}\underset{ij}{}(B^1)_{ij}H_iH_j+\underset{a>0}{}e_\alpha f_\alpha ,$$

where $`B_{ij}=d_ia_{ij}`$ is the symmetrized Cartan matrix.

This induces the Poisson Lie structure on $`G`$ for which the Lie bialgebra described above is the tangent Lie bialgebra. The Borel subgroup $`B`$ and its opposite $`B^{}`$ are Poisson Lie subgroups.

The Lie bialgebra $`Lie(G)`$ is isomorphic to the double of the Lie bialgebra $`Lie(B)`$ quotioned by the diagonally embedded Cartan subalgebra \[Dr87\].

We denote by $`𝔫^+`$ and $`N^{}`$ the nilpotent subgroups of $`B^{}`$ and $`B^{}`$, respectively. Since $`H=B^+B^{}`$ we have two natural projections $`[]_0:B^+B^+/N^+H`$ $`b[b]_0`$ and $`[]_0:B^{}B^{}/N^{}H`$. We shall also write $`B^+`$ and $`N^+`$ for $`B`$ and $`N`$, respectively.

### 3.2 Symplectic leaves

#### 3.2.1 Symplectic leaves of $`B^\pm `$.

It is known that $`(B^+)^{\text{op}}B^{}`$ as a Poisson Lie group and that $`D(B^+)G\times H`$ as a Lie group. Fix these isomorphisms. The double $`D(B^+)`$ is a factorizable Poisson Lie group with Poisson Lie imbeddings $`i:B^+D(B^+)`$, $`j:B^{}D(B^+)`$

$$i(b^+)=(b^+,[b^+]_0),j(b^{})=(b^{},[b^{}]_0^1)$$

The group $`B^{}`$ acts on cosets $`D(B^+)/j(B^{})`$ by multiplication from the left. Define Lie subalgebras $`𝔥^w=coker\{wid\}`$ and $`𝔥_w=ker\{wid\}`$ of the Cartan subalgebra. Here the element $`wW`$ of the Weyl group $`W`$ of $`G`$ is considered as a linear operator on the Cartan subalgebra. Let $`H^w`$ and $`H_w`$ be corresponding Lie subgroups in $`H`$.

We have left Bruhat decoposition of $`D(B^+)`$:

$$D(B^+)=_{wW}D(B^+)_w,D(B^+)_w=B^{}wB^{}\times H.$$

Orbits of the action of $`B^{}`$ on the cosets $`D(B^+)/j(B^{})`$ have the following structure:

* $`j(B^{})\backslash D(B^+)_w/j(B^{})H_w`$
* each $`B^{}`$ orbit in $`D(B^+)_w/j(B^{})`$ is isomorphic to $`N_w^{}\times H^w`$.

Here $`N_w^{}`$ is the subspace of the nilpotent subgroup $`N^{}`$ generated by one parametric subgroups generated by those negative roots which remain negative after the action of $`w`$.

Symplectic leaves of $`B^+`$ are irreducible components of preimages of $`B^{}`$-orbits with respect to the map

$$\phi :B^+\stackrel{i}{}D(B^+)D(B^+)/j(B^{}).$$

The image of $`\phi `$ intersects $`j(B^{})`$ orbits. Consider sets $`B_w^+=B^+B^{}wB^{}`$. It is a Poisson subvariety \[DCKP92\] \[HKKR\] in $`G`$.

###### Lemma 3

Let $`𝒪_wB^{}wB^{}\times H/j(B^{})`$ be an orbit of the right $`B^{}`$ action on this coset, then $`\phi (B_w^+)𝒪_w𝒪_w`$ is Zariski open.

From this and from the fact that $`\phi `$ is a cover map one can show that $`B_w^+=B^+B^{}wB^{}`$ is a Poisson subvariety in $`B^+`$ with symplectic leaves of have dimension $`\mathrm{}(w)+`$ corank $`(w\text{id})`$ \[DCKP92\].

One can give ”explicit” description of symplectic leaves as connected components of Casimir functions.

According to \[FZ99\] define generalized minors as the following functions on the group $`G`$. Let $`G_0`$ be the subset in $`G`$ formed by elements who have Gaussian factorization $`x=[x]_{}[x]_0[x]_+`$ with $`[x]_\pm N^\pm `$ and $`[x]_0H`$. For a weight $`\lambda `$ define function

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\lambda (x)=[x]_0^\lambda $$

.

Let $`\omega _i`$ be a highest weight of $`i`$-th fundamental representation of $`G`$ and $`\overline{\overline{u}}`$ and $`\overline{v}`$ are special representatives of elements $`u,vW`$ in $`G`$. Generalized minors are the following functions:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{u\omega _i,v\omega _i}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}(\overline{\overline{u}}^1x\overline{v})$$
(10)
where $`\overline{u}`$ and $`\overline{\overline{u}}`$ are special representatives of the element $`uW`$ (see \[FZ99\] for details).

###### Lemma 4

The generalized minors $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,w^1\omega _i}(x)`$ do not vanish on $`B_w^+`$ and generalized minors $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{w\omega _i,\omega _i}(x)`$ do not vanish on $`B_w^{}`$.

Proof. Let us prove that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,w^1\omega _i}`$ does not vanish on $`B^{}wB^{}`$. Consider $`x=b_{}\overline{w}\beta _{}B^{}wB^{}`$ and let $`b_{}=[b_{}]_0[b_{}]_{}`$ and $`\beta _{}=[\beta _{}]_0[\beta _{}]_{}`$ be Gauss decompositions, then we have

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,w^1\omega _i}(b_{}\overline{w}\beta _{})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}([b_{}]_0\overline{w}\beta _{}\overline{w}^1)=`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,\omega _i}([b_{}]_0w([\beta _{}]_0)\overline{w}[\beta _{}]_{}\overline{w}^1)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}([b_{}]_0w([\beta _{}]_0))`$
The last function does not vanish, which proves the first statement of the lemma. The proof of the last one is similar.

Here and below we will denote by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _r`$ the weight lattice in $`𝔥^{}`$.

###### Proposition 1

Symplectic leaves of $`B_w^+`$ are irreducible components of level surfaces of functions

$$c_{w,t}^+(x)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,w^1\omega _i}(x)^{t_i}([x]_0^{\omega _i})^{t_i}$$
(11)
where $`t=_{i=1}^rt_i\omega _i\mathrm{ker}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(w\mathrm{id})𝔥^{}`$.

Proof. First, let us prove that functions $`c_{w,t}^+(x)`$ are invariant with respect to the (local) dressing action.

Dressing action of $`b_{}B^{}`$ on $`b^+B^+`$ is the map $`b_{}:b_+b_+^b_{}`$ given by the solution to the factorization equations:

$`b_+b_{}^1`$ $`=`$ $`(b_{}^{b_+})^1b_+^b_{}`$
$`\left[b_+\right]_0[b_{}]_0`$ $`=`$ $`[(b_{}^{b_+}]_0[(b_{}^b_{}]_0`$
where $`b_{}^{b_\pm }B^{}`$. This system has a unique solution when $`b_{}`$ is sufficiently close to 1.

1. Assume that $`[b_{}]_{}=1`$, then $`b_{}=[b_{}]_0H`$ and

$$b_+^b_{}=[b_{}]_0b_+[b_{}]_0^1.$$

It is clear that functions $`c_{u,t}^+`$ are invariant with respect to such action of $`HB^{}`$ iff $`t=u(t)`$.

2. Assume that $`[b_{}]_0=1`$, then $`b_{}N^{}`$. Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{x}_\pm B^\pm `$ the result of “opposite” factorization of $`(x,h)G\times H=D(B^+)`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{x}_{}^1\stackrel{~}{x}_+=x,[\stackrel{~}{x}_{}]_0[\stackrel{~}{x}_+]_0=h.$$

Then we have

$`b_+b_{}^1`$ $`=`$ $`b_{}^1(b_{}b_+b_{}^1)=b_{}^1(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_{}^1(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_+`$
$`\left[b_+\right]_0`$ $`=`$ $`[(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_{}]_0[(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_+]_0`$ (12)
###### Lemma 5

Functions $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(x)`$ on $`B_{}uB_{}G`$ are invariant with respect to the left action of $`N^{}`$.

Proof. Let $`xB_{}uB_{}`$ and $`x=\beta _{}^{}\overline{u}\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }`$ where $`\overline{u}G`$ is a special representative of $`uW`$ (see FZ for definition of $`\overline{u}`$), $`\beta _{}^{}N^{}`$ and $`\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }B^{}`$. Then for $`n_{}N^{}`$ we have

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(xn_{})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}(xn_{}\overline{u}^1)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}(\beta _{}^{}\overline{u}\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }n_{}\overline{u}^1)`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}(u([\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }]_0)\overline{u}\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }n_{}\overline{u}^1)`$
The element $`\overline{u}\beta _{}^{\prime \prime }n_{}\overline{u}^1`$ always admits factorization into the product $`x_{}x_+`$, $`x_{}N^{}`$ and therefore

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(xn_{})=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i}(u[\beta ^{\prime \prime }]_0)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(x).$$

Now let us compute $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+^b_{})`$ for $`b_{}N^{}`$:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+^b_{})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_+`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_{}b_+b_{}^1)([b_{}b_+b_{}^1)_{}]_0^{\omega _i})^1`$
$`=`$ $`[b_+]_0^{\omega _i}([(\stackrel{~}{b_{}b_+b_{}^1})_+]_0^{\omega _i})^1\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+b_{}^1)`$
$`=`$ $`[b_+]_0^{\omega _i}([b_+^b_{}]_0^{\omega _i})^1\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+).`$
Here we used (3.2.1) (factor b) and the Lemma. Thus, the function

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+)[b_+]_0^{\omega _i}$$

is invariant with respect to the dressing action of $`N^{}`$.

Thus, functions (11 ) are invariant with respect to the action of $`H`$ and $`N^{}`$ and therefore they are invariant with respect to the dressing action of $`B^{}`$ on $`B^{}uB^{}`$ and therefore they are Poisson Casimirs for $`B^{}uB^{}`$. They do not vanish on $`B^{}uB^{}`$ and therefore their level surfaces are Poisson subvarieties and they form a fiber bundle over $`(^\times )^{\text{corank}(u\text{id})}`$. Dimension of fibers coincide with the dimension of symplectic leaves of $`B^+`$ which are in $`B^+B^{}uB^{}`$ which proves the proposition.

Similarly for $`B^{}`$. The subsets $`B_w^{}=B^{}B^+wb^+`$ are Poisson subvarieties whose symplectic leaves have dimension $`\mathrm{}(w)+`$ corank$`(w\text{id})`$.

###### Proposition 2

Symplectic leaves of $`B_w^{}`$ are irreducible components of level surfaces of functions

$$c_{w,s}^{}(x)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{w\omega _i,\omega _i}(x)^{s_i}([x]_0^{\omega _i})^{s_i}$$

where $`s=_{i=1}^rs_i\omega _i\mathrm{ker}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(w\mathrm{id})𝔥^{}`$.

#### 3.2.2 Symplectic leaves of $`D(B^+)`$.

The dual Poisson Lie group to $`D(B^+)=G\times H`$ can be identified with $`B^+\times B^{}`$ (as a Lie group). We also have an isomorphism of Lie groups $`D(D(B^+))D(B^+)\times D(B^+)`$. Fix these isomorphisms.

The Poisson Lie imbeddings $`i:D(B^+)D(B^+)\times D(B^+)`$, $`j:D(B_+)^{\text{op}}D(B^+)\times D(B^+)`$ are

$$i(g,h)=((g,h),(g,h)),j((b_+,b_{}))=((b_+,[b_+]_0),(b_{},[b_{}]_0^1).$$

Symplectic leaves of $`D(B^+)=G\times H`$ are connected components of preimages of left $`j(D(B^+)^{\text{op}}`$-orbits in $`D(B^+)\times D(B^+)/jD(B^+)^{\text{op}}`$ with respect to the map

$$\varphi :D(B^+)D(B^+)^{\times 2}D(B^+)^{\times 2}/j(D(B^+)^{\text{op}}).$$

Let $`G^{u,v}=B^+uB^+B^{}vB^{}`$ be the double Bruhat cell corresponding to the pair $`(u,v)W\times W`$. One can show that $`G^{u,v}\times H`$ is a Poisson subvariety with symplectic leaves of dimension $`\mathrm{}(u)+\mathrm{}(v)+\text{corank}(u\text{id})+\text{corank}(v\text{id})`$ \[HKKR\]. Since generalized minors $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(x)`$ do not vanish on $`B_u^+`$ and generalized minors $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(x)`$ do not vanish on $`B_v^{}`$ neither of them vanish on the intersection $`G^{u,v}=B^+uB^+B^{}vB^{}`$.

Next proposition describes symplectic leaves of $`D(B^+)`$ in terms of level sets of Casimir functions.

###### Proposition 3

Symplectic leaves of $`G^{u,v}\times H`$ are irreducible components of level surfaces of functions

$$c_{u,v,s,t}(x,h)=c_{u,s}^+(x,h)c_{v,t}^{}(x,h)$$

where $`s=_{i=1}^ts_i\omega _i\text{ker}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(u\text{id})𝔥^{}`$, $`t=_{i=1}^rt_i\omega _i\text{ker}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(v\text{id})𝔥^{}`$ and

$`c_{u,s}^+(x,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(x)^{s_i}(h^{\omega _i})^{s_i},`$
$`c_{v,t}^{}(x,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(x)^{t_i}(h^{\omega _i})^{t_i}.`$
Proof. We have the following natural identifications of groups:

$$D(B^+)=G\times H,D(B^+)^{}=B^+\times B^{},D(D(B^+))=D(B^+)\times D(B^+).$$

Left and right factorizations of an element in $`D(D(B^+))`$ are:

$$((g_1,h_1),(g_2,h_2))=((g,h)(g,h))(i(\xi _+),j(\xi _{}))=(i(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_+),j(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}))((\stackrel{~}{g},\stackrel{~}{h}),(\stackrel{~}{g},\stackrel{~}{h})),$$

or, in components:

$$g\xi _\pm =\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{g},h[\xi _+]_0=[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\pm ]_0^{\pm 1}\stackrel{~}{h}.$$

Such factorization exists on an open dense subset of $`D(D(B))`$.

The map $`\xi :D(B^+)D(B^+)`$ acting as $`\xi :g\stackrel{~}{g}`$, $`h\stackrel{~}{h}`$ determines the (local) dressing action. For each $`(g,h)`$, it is defined for $`\xi `$ sufficiently close to 1.

Using Lemma 5 we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{g})=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}^1g\xi _{})=[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}]_0^{\omega _i}[\xi _{}]_0^{u^1(\omega _i)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g).$$

Similarly,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{g})=\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}^1g\xi _+)=[\xi _+]_0^{\omega _i}[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_+]_0^{v^1(\omega _i)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(g).$$

From here we see that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{g})^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _j,\omega _j}(\stackrel{~}{g})^{s_j}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _j,\omega _j}(g)^{s_j}`$
$`[\xi _{}]_0^{t+u^1(t)}[\xi _+]_0^{v^1(s)+s}(h\stackrel{~}{h}^1)^{v^1(s)+t}`$
Thus, the functions $`c_{u,v,t,s}`$ on $`D(B^+)`$ are invariant with respect to dressing transformations if and only if

$$t=u(t),s=v(s).$$

Thus, functions $`c_{u,v,t,s}`$ are Casimirs in the Poisson algebras of functions on $`G^{u,v}\times H`$. On the other hand, they do not vanish on $`G^{u,v}\times H`$. Therefore their level surfaces form a fiber bundle over the torus $`(^\times )^{\text{corank}(uv^1\text{id})}\times (^\times )^{\text{corank}(u\text{id})}`$. The fibers are Poisson subvarieties and they have the same dimension as symplectic leaves of $`G^{u,v}\times H`$.

#### 3.2.3  Symplectic leaves of $`G`$.

Since $`G`$ is a factorizable Poisson Lie group and its symplectic leaves can be described very similarly to those of $`D(B^+)`$ \[HL93\]. Taking into account that $`D(G)=G\times G`$ we have the composition of Poisson maps:

$$\varphi :GG\times G(G\times G)/j(G^{})$$

where $`j(G^{})=\{(b,b_{})B^+\times B^{}|[b]=[b_{}]^1\}`$. Connected components of primages of $`j(G^{})`$-orbits on cosets are symplectic leaves of $`G`$.

The following proposition describes symplectic leaves of $`G`$ in terms of Casimir functions.

###### Proposition 4

Double Bruhat cell $`G^{u,v}=B^+uB^+B^{}vB^{}`$ is a Poisson subvariety in $`G`$ with symplectic leaves of dimension $`\mathrm{}(u)+\mathrm{}(v)+\mathrm{corank}(uv^1\mathrm{id})`$. They are irreducible components of level surfaces of functions

$$c_{u,v,t}(x)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(x)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(x)^{u^1(t)_i}$$

where $`t=_{i=1}^rt_i\omega _i\mathrm{ker}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(uv^1\mathrm{id})𝔥^{}`$.

Proof. The (local) dressing action of $`G^{}=\{(\xi _+,\xi _{})[\xi _+]_0=[\xi _{}]_0^1\}B^+\times B^{}`$ on $`G`$ is given by the map $`(\xi _+,\xi _{}):g\stackrel{~}{g}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ is the solution to the factorization problem:

$`g\xi _\pm `$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{g}`$
$`\left[\xi _+\right]_0`$ $`=`$ $`[\xi _{}]_0^1,[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_+]_0=[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}]_0^1.`$ (13)
Such $`\stackrel{~}{g},\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\pm `$ exist for each $`g`$ where $`(\xi _+,\xi _{})`$ are sufficiently close to 1. Double Bruhat cells are invariant submanifolds for this action.

On $`G^{u,v}`$ we have (as above for $`D(B^+)`$)

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{g})`$ $`=`$ $`[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}]_0^{\omega _i}[\xi _{}]_0^{u^1(\omega _i)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _{\mathrm{}},\omega _{\mathrm{}}}(\stackrel{~}{g})`$ $`=`$ $`[\xi _+]_0^{\omega _i}[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_+]_0^{v^1(\omega _i)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(g)`$
Therefore

$`{\displaystyle \underset{ij=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\stackrel{~}{g})^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _j,\omega _j}(\stackrel{~}{g})^{s_j}`$ (14)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{ij=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _j,\omega _j}(g)^{s_j}`$ (15)
$`[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}]_0^t[\xi _{}]_0^{u^1(t)}[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_+]_0^{v^1(s)}[\xi _+]_0^s`$ (16)
Using relations (3.2.3) we can write the “$`\xi `$”-factor as

$$[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{}]_0^{t+v(s)}[\xi _{}]_0^{u^1(t)s}.$$

Thus, functions (14) are invariant if and only if

$$t=(s),s=u^1(t).$$

Thus, the functions (14) are Poisson Casimirs and they do not vanish on $`G^{u,v}`$. Therefore their level sets form the fiber bundle over

$$(^\times )^{\text{corank}(uv^1\text{id})}$$

with fibers being Poisson submanifolds. The dimension of the fibers is the same as of the symplectic leaves of $`G^{u,v}`$. This proves the theorem.

## 4 Degenerate integrability of Hamiltonian systems

The notion of degenerate integrability was introduced in \[N72\]. First examples of such systems were known long before ( see for example \[P26\] \[FMSUW65\]) with the model of the hydrogen atom \[P26\] as a classical example. Such systems are also known as superintegrable systems \[FMSUW65\] and as systems with non-commutative integrability \[F88\].

We will say that a subalgebra $`A`$ of the algebra of functions on a smooth manifold $``$ is generated by functions $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_n`$ if for each function $`fA`$ the form $`dff_1\mathrm{}𝔥_n`$.

Assume that we have the following structure on a real symplectic manifold $`(_{2n},\omega )`$.

* $`2nk`$ independent functions $`J_1,\mathrm{},J_{2nk}`$ generating Poisson subalgebra $`C_J()`$ in $`C()`$.
* $`k`$ independent functions $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ generating Poisson center of the Poisson subalgebra $`C_J()`$.

Let $`HC()`$ be a function which Poisson commute with $`J_1,\mathrm{},J_{2nk}`$:

$$\{H,J_i\}=0,i=1,\mathrm{},2nk$$

We will say that the level surface $`(c_1,\mathrm{},c_{2nk})=\{x|J_i(x)=c_i\}`$ of functions $`J_i`$ is called generic relative to functions $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_n`$ if the form $`dI_1\mathrm{}dI_k`$ does not vanish identically on it. Then the following is true \[N72\]:

###### Theorem 5

1. Flow lines of $`H`$ are parallel to level surfaces of $`J_i`$.
2. Each connected component of a generic level surface has canonical affine structure generated by the flow lines of $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$.
3. The flow lines of $`H`$ are linear in this affine structure.

When $`k=n`$ this theorem reduces to the Liouville integrability \[Arn89\].

When $`_2n=N_{2k}\times \stackrel{~}{N}_{2n2k}`$ and functions $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ are constant along $`\stackrel{~}{N}_{2n2k}`$ the degenerate integrability of a system with commuting integrals $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ is equivalent to the Liouville integrability of the system on $`N_k`$ with integrals $`I_i|_N`$ .

Because the theorem 5 generalizes the Liouville theorem to the case when the dimension of invariant tori is less the the dimension of $``$ we will call these system degenerate integrable systems.

Geometrically, the structure described above means that we have two Poisson projections

$$_{2n}\stackrel{\psi }{}B_{2nk}^J\stackrel{\pi }{}B_k^I$$
(17)
where $`B^J`$ and $`B^I`$ are Poisson manifolds (level surfaces of $`J_i`$ and $`I_i`$ respectively) and $`B^I`$ has the trivial Poisson structure .

Degenerate integrable systems admit action-angle variables. Let us call the point $`bB_I`$ regular if the connected components of fibers of the preimage $`\pi ^1(b)`$ are Poisson submanifolds in $`B_J`$ which consist of a single open dense symplectic leaf.

Let $`aB^I`$ be a regular point and $`D`$ be an open neighborhood of $`a`$. Choose a generic point $`cB_J`$ which belongs to an open dense symplectic leaf of one of the connected components of $`\pi ^1(b)`$. Let $`U`$ be a neighborhood of $`c`$. Choose the trivialization of $`\pi `$ over $`D`$:

$$\pi ^1(D)\pi ^1(b)\times D.$$

Let $`\stackrel{~}{U}\pi ^1(D)`$ be a neighborhood of $`c`$ such that with respect to this trivialization,

$$\stackrel{~}{U}U\times D.$$

Together with the choice of the trivialization of $`\pi `$ over $`W`$ this gives the isomorphism

$$f:\psi ^1(\stackrel{~}{U})\psi ^1(c)\times U\times D.$$

The functions $`I_1,\mathrm{},I_k`$ give a local coordinate system on $`D`$. Their Hamiltonian flows generate $`k`$ independent Hamiltonian vector fields on $`\psi ^1`$. Define affine coordinates $`\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _k`$ on this level surface as natural coordinates along these vector fields.

###### Theorem 6

Assume that $`\psi ^1(c)`$ is compact. Then there exist a trivialization $`f:\psi ^1(\stackrel{~}{U})\psi ^1(c)\times U\times D`$ such that the symplectic form $`\omega `$ on $``$ has the form

$$\omega =f^{}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}dI_id\phi _i+\pi ^{}(\omega _{\pi ^1(b)})\right)$$

where $`\omega _{\pi ^1(b)}`$ is the symplectic form on the open dense symplectic leaf of the connected component of $`\pi ^1(b)`$ which contains $`c`$.

The coordinates $`\varphi _i,I_i`$ are called action-angle variable for degenerate integrable systems.

One can replace real smooth manifolds by complex manifolds (complex algebraic) and Poisson structures by complex holomorphic (complex algebraic) structures. In this paper we assume that $``$ is an affine algebraic variety. Poisson structure on $``$ is determined by the structure of Poisson algebra on the ring of functions.

A degenerate integrable system on an algebraic symplectic manifold $``$ consists of Poisson subalgebra $`J`$ in the algebra of functions on $``$ with $`dim(Spec(J))=2nk`$ and if $`Z(J)`$ is the Poisson center of $`J`$, then $`dim(Spec(Z(J)))=k`$. Here $`Spec(A)`$ is the spectrum of primitive ideals of $`A`$.

## 5 Degenerate integrability of characteristic systems on standard simple Lie groups with Poisson Lie structure

### 5.1 Poisson structure on $`G\times G//Ad_G^{}`$

#### 5.1.1 The map $`\psi `$

Let $`M`$ be an affine algebraic variety and let $`G`$ be an algebraic Lie groups acting on it. Denote by $`C_G(M)`$ the algebra of $`G`$-invariant functions on $`M`$. We will use notation $`M//G`$ for the affine variety which is the categorical quotient, $`M//G=Spec(C_G(M))`$. Assume that $`M`$ is Poisson (the ring of functions on $`M`$ is a Poisson algebra). If $`M`$ has a Poisson structure, $`G`$ is a Poisson Lie group and the action is Poisson, then the algebra $`C_G(M)`$ is a Poisson subalgebra in $`C(G)`$ and therefore $`M//G=Spec(C_G(M))`$ has natural Poisson structure on it.

###### Theorem 7

Let $`G`$ be an algberaic Poisson Lie group. The projection $`D(G)D(G)//Ad_G^{}`$ is a Poisson map.

Proof. Similar to the previous section consider two functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ on $`D(G)`$ which are invariant with respect to the adjoint action of the subgroup $`G^{}`$. Let $`xD(G)`$ and $`bG^{}`$, then

$`\{f,g\}(bxb^1)`$ $`=`$ $`<r_D,d_+fd_{}gd_+^{}fd_{}^{}g>(bxb^1)`$ (18)
$`=`$ $`<(Ad_bAd_b)(r_D),(dfd^{}f)d_{}g>(x)`$ (19)
$`=`$ $`<(Ad_b^{}Ad_b)(r_D),(d_+fd_+^{}f)d_{}g>(x)`$ (20)
$`+`$ $`<(Ad_b^{}Ad_b)(r_D),(d_{}fd_{}^{}f)d_{}g>(x)`$ (21)
$`=`$ $`<(Ad_b^{}Ad_b)(r_D),(d_+fd_+^{}f)d_{}g>(x)`$ (22)
Here $`d_+f`$ is the differential ”in the $`G`$-direction in $`D(G)`$”, $`d_{}f`$ is the differential ”in $`G^{}`$-direction in $`D(G)`$” and $`r_D`$ is the $`r`$-matrix for the double $`D(𝔤)`$ which is invariant with respect to $`Ad^{}Ad`$ action of $`G^{}`$. Thus, the Poisson bracket of two $`G^{}`$-invariant functions is again $`G^{}`$-invariant and this proves the theorem.

Define the variety $`D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}`$ again as the geometric quotient, i. e. as the spectrum of the $`Ad_{D(G)}`$-invariant functions on $`D(G)`$. Since $`D(G)=G\times G`$ and $`G//Ad_GH/W`$ we have

$$D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}H/W\times H/W$$

The natural imbedding $`G^{}D(G)`$ gives the map

$$D(G)//Ad_G^{}D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}$$

and therefore the inclusion $`C_{D(G)}(G)C_G^{}(G)`$.

###### Proposition 5

The map $`D(G)//Ad_G^{}D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}`$ is Poisson.

Proof. We should show that the subalgebra $`C_{D(G)}(D(G))C_G^{}(D(G))`$ is in the center of the Poisson algebra $`C_G^{}(G)`$. Let $`f`$ be an $`Ad_{D(G)}`$-invariant function on $`D(G)`$ and $`g`$ be $`Ad_G^{}`$-invariant function on $`D(G)`$. Then $`df=d^{}f,d_{}g=d_{}^{}g`$ and therefore

$$\{f,g\}(x)=<r_D,(d_+fd_+^{}f)d_{}g>=0$$

Thus, the pull-back of $`\eta `$ gives central functions on $`D(G)/Ad_G^{}`$. This proves the proposition.

Consider the composition map

$`\psi `$ :

$$\psi :GD(G)D(G)//Ad_G^{}$$
(23)
The map $`\psi `$ is a composition of Poisson maps and therefore is a Poisson map itself. Now assume that $`G`$ is a factorizable Poisson Lie group. In this case $`D(G)=G\times G`$.

###### Theorem 8

1. $`\psi ^1(\psi (g))=Z(g)G^{}`$ where $`Z(g)`$ is the centralizer of $`g`$ in $`G`$ and $`G^{}`$ is the subset of factorizable elements.
2. The following diagram is commutative

$$\begin{array}{ccc}D(G)//Ad_G^{}& & D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}=G//Ad_G\times G//Ad_G\\ & & \\ G& & G//Ad_G\end{array}$$

Here left vertical arrow is the map $`\psi `$ and the right vertical arrow is the diagonal embedding.

Proof.

Now assume that $`G`$ is a simple Lie group with a factorizable Poisson Lie structure. In this case $`G//Ad_GH/W`$ and we have a composition of Poisson projections

$$G\psi (G)H/W$$
(24)
###### Corollary 2

If $`g`$ simple element $`dim(\psi ^1(\psi (g)))=r`$.

#### 5.1.2 The map $`\beta `$

The following lemma is a combination of well known facts(see \[Dr87\] and \[STS85\] for example).

###### Lemma 6

1. The subset $`[B^{}\times B^+]=\{(b_{},b_+)B^{}\times B^+|[b_+]_0=[b_{}]_0\}`$ is a Poisson submanifold in $`B^{}\times B^+`$.
2. The map

$$[B^{}\times B^+]G,(b^{},b^+)b^+(b^{})$$
(25)
is Poisson. Its image is open dense in $`G`$ and it is a covering map with the group of deck transformations isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{\epsilon H|\epsilon ^2=1\}`$.
3. The adjoint action $`h:(b_{},b_+)(h^1b_{}h,hb_+h^1)`$ of $`j(H)`$ on $`[B^{}\times B^+]`$ is Poisson.

Notice that $`[B^{}\times B^+]`$ can be naturally identified with the left coset $`(B^{}\times B^+)/j(H)`$ as a Poisson manifolds.

###### Corollary 3

The coset manifold $`[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}`$ carries natural Poisson structure.

###### Proposition 6

There is an isomorphism of Poisson manifolds

$$[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}[N^{}\times N^+]/Ad_{j(H)}\times H$$
(26)
This proposition follows directly from the explicit form of the Poisson brackets for $`B^+`$ (see Appendix 2).

We have a natural map $`B^{}\times B^+G/Ad_{N^+}\times G/Ad_N^{}`$ acting as

$$(b_{},b_+)(Ad_{N^+}(b_{}),Ad_N^{}(b_+))$$
(27)
This map induces the map

$$\beta :[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}D(G)//Ad_G^{}=(G//Ad_{N^+}\times G//Ad_N^{})/Ad_{j(H)}.$$
(28)
###### Theorem 9

The map $`\beta `$ is Poisson.

Proof. It follows from the theorem 7 that the map $`G\times G(G\times G)//Ad_G^{}`$ is Poisson. Consider the composition map $`B^{}\times B^+G\times G(G\times G)//Ad_G^{}`$. Each of these maps is Poisson, therefore the composition is also Poisson.

In Appendix 2 we explain why maps $`B^\pm G/Ad_N^{}`$ are branched cover maps over their images. The third part of the theorem follows from this.

Let $`I:[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_HH`$ be the projection to the second factor in (26). It is a Poisson map.

###### Theorem 10

1. Let $`gG`$ be a semisimple element (i.e. the elements which is conjugate to an element of $`H`$). Then $`\psi (g)\beta ([B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)})`$ (in other words, then there exist elements $`n_\pm N^\pm `$ and $`b_\pm B^\pm `$ such that $`g=n_+b_{}n_+^1=n_{}b_+n_{}^1`$) .
2. The following diagram is commutative

$$\begin{array}{ccc}D(G)//Ad_G^{}& & D(G)//Ad_{D(G)}=H/W\times H/W\\ \beta & & \\ [B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}& \stackrel{\widehat{I}}{}& H/W\end{array}$$

Here the map $`\widehat{I}`$ is the composition of the map $`I`$ and of the natural projection $`HH/W`$ and the right vertical map is the the diagonal embedding $`H/WH/W\times H/W`$.

Proof. The second part of the theorem is obvious.

Let us prove that $`\psi `$ map semisimple elements into the image of $`\beta `$ in $`D(G)/Ad_G^{}`$. Assume that $`x=ghg^1`$ where $`hH`$ and $`gG`$. Assume that $`gB^+wB^+`$ for some $`wW`$. Let $`\overline{w}`$ be a representative of $`w`$ in $`N(H)G`$. Then $`g=b_+\overline{w}n_+`$ for some $`b_+B^+`$ and $`n_+N_w^+`$ where $`N_w^+`$ is the subset of elements in $`N^+`$ which map into $`N^{}`$ after conjugation with $`\overline{w}`$. We have:

$`ghg^1`$ $`=`$ $`b_+\overline{w}n_+hn_+^1\overline{w}^1b_+^1`$ (29)
$`=`$ $`b_+w(h)(\overline{w}h^1n_+hn_+\overline{w}^1)b_+^1`$ (30)
$`=`$ $`b_+w(h)\stackrel{~}{n}_{}b_+^1`$ (31)
This proves that each semisimple element can be written as $`x=n_+b_{}n_+^1`$ for some $`n_+N^+`$ and $`b_{}B^{}`$. Similarly one can prove that $`x=n_{}b_+n_{}^1`$ for some $`n_{}N^{}`$ and $`b_+B^+`$. This proves the first part of theorem.

### 5.2 Symplectic leaves of $`[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}`$

Let $`uW`$ be an element of the Weyl group and $`u=s_{i_1}\mathrm{}s_i_{\mathrm{}}`$ be its reduced decomposition. The subset $`|u|\{1,\mathrm{},r\}`$ of numbers which appear in the sequence $`\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_r\}`$ is called the support of $`u`$.

Denote by $`H(u)`$ the subgroup of $`H`$ generated by 1-parametric subgroups corresponding to simple roots $`\alpha _i`$ with $`i|u|`$. We have the following decomposition of $`B^{}\times B^+`$:

$$B^{}\times B^+=_{u,vW}B_u^{}\times B_v^+,$$

where $`B_w^\pm =B^\pm B^{}wB^{}`$. This decomposition gives the decomposition of $`[B^{}\times B^+]`$:

$$[B^{}\times B^+]=_{u,vW}[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}$$

where

$$[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}=\{(b^{},b^+)B_v^{}\times B_u^+[b^+]_0=[b^{}]_0,[b^\pm ]_0H\}$$

###### Theorem 11

1. The subsets $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$ are Poisson submanifolds.
2. The Poisson submanifold $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$ is fibered over $`^{d_{u,v}}`$ where $`d_{u,v}=dim(ker_𝔥^{}(uv^1id)`$ with fibers being common level sets of functions $`c_{u,v,t}(b^{}b^+)`$, where $`tker_\mathrm{\Lambda }(uv^11)𝔥^{}`$. Symplectic leaves of $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$ are irreducible components of these fibers.

Proof. The map $`[B^{}\times B^+]G`$, $`(b^{},b^+)b^{}b^+`$ is Poisson. It is a cover map with the group of deck transformations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{\epsilon H\epsilon ^2=1\}`$ with the image which is open dense in $`G`$. Symplectic leaves of $`G`$ are irreducible components of level surfaces of functions $`c_{u,v,t}`$. The intersection of each symplectic leaf of $`G`$ with the image of this map is open dense in the symplectic leaf . Therefore symplectic leaves of $`[B^{}\times B^+]`$ are irreducible components of preimages of open dense subsets of symplectic leaves of $`G`$. This proves the theorem.

###### Proposition 7

The subgroup $`(H(u)H(v))^{}H`$ is the stabilizer of the adjoint action of $`j(H)`$ on $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$.

This follows from the factorization formulae for $`B_v^{},B_u^+`$ (see \[FZ99\]).

###### Proposition 8

The adjoint action of $`H(u,v)=H/(H(u)H(v))^{}H(u)H(v)`$ is transitive on $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$ and is Hamiltonian. Corresponding Hamiltonian vector fields are generated by linear functions on the Lie algebra of $`H(u,v)`$.

Transitivity of the adjoint action of $`H(u,v)`$ is obvious. The second part of the theorem follows from the $`r`$-matrix form of Poisson brackets on $`G`$.

For $`t=_{i=1}^rt_i\omega _iker_\mathrm{\Lambda }(uv^1id)𝔥^{}`$ define functions $`[c_uc_v]_t`$ on $`[B^{}\times B^+]`$ as

$$[c_vc_u]_t(b_{},b_+)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(b_{})^{u^1(t)i}$$
(32)
These functions are $`Ad_{j(H)}`$-invariant and therefore define functions on $`[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}`$.

###### Corollary 4

The set of orbits of adjoint action of $`j(H)`$ passing through $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}`$ is isomorphic to $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}/Ad_{j(H(v,u))}`$.

###### Theorem 12

1. The isomorphism (26) induces the isomorphism of Poisson varieties $`[B^{}\times B^+]_{v,u}/Ad_{j(H(u,v)}(N_v^{}\times N_u^+)/Ad_{j(H(v,u))}\times H`$. The Poisson structure on the last factor is trivial.
2. Functions $`[c_uc_v]_t`$ are constant the subspace $`H(u,v)`$ in the second factor.
3. Symplectic leaves of $`(N_v^{}\times N_u^+)/Ad_{j(H(v,u))}`$ are common level sets of functions $`[c_uc_v]_t`$, where $`tker_\mathrm{\Lambda }(uv^11)𝔥^{}`$.

This theorem follows from the Hamiltonian reduction via moment map.

### 5.3 Symplectic leaves of $`\psi (G)D(G)//Ad_{j(G)}`$

Let $`\psi :G(G\times G)/Ad_{j(G^{})}`$ and $`\beta :[B^{}\times B^+]/Ad_{j(H)}(G\times G)/Ad_{j(G^{})}`$ be the maps defined in (23)(28).

For $`u,vW`$ and $`t=_{i=1}^rt_i\omega _i𝔥^{}`$ define functions $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t}`$ on $`G\times G`$ as

$$\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t}(g_1,g_2)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g_1)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(g_2)^{u^1(t)_i}$$

Here functions $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{u\omega _i,v\omega _i}`$ are defined in (10).

###### Proposition 9

1. Function $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t}`$ are invariant with respect to the $`Ad_{j(G^{})}`$-action.
2. $`c_{u,v,t}=\psi ^{}(\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t})`$.
3. $`[c_uc_v]_t=\beta ^{}(\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t})`$ were functions $`[c_uc_v]_t`$ are defined in (32).

Proof. Recall that functions $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ have the following property:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(\xi _{}^1g\xi _{})=[\xi _{}]_0^{\omega _i+u^1\omega _i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(g)$$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(\xi _+^1g\xi _+)=[\xi _+]_0^{\omega _iv\omega _i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(g)$$

This proves the first part of the proposition. The second part follows from the definition of $`c_{u,v,t}`$. For $`\beta ^{}(\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t})`$ we have:

$$\beta ^{}(\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t})(b_{},b_+)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\omega _i,u^1\omega _i}(b_+)^{t_i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{v\omega _i,\omega _i}(b_{})^{u^1(t)_i}=[c_uc_v]_t(b_{},b_+)$$

This proves the third part.

Let $`S_g^{u,v}G`$ be the symplectic leaf in $`G`$ passing through $`g`$. Denote by $`H^W(u,v)`$ the set of $`W`$-orbits in $`H`$ which intersect $`H(u,v)H`$.

###### Theorem 13

Let $`g=n_+b_{}n_+^1=n_{}b_+n_{}^1G^{u,v}`$ be a semisimple element. Denote $`[g]=Ad_{j(H)}(b_{},b_+)[B_u^{}\times B_v^+]/Ad_{j(H)}`$ and denote by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]}^{u,v}`$ the symplectic leaf in $`[B_u^{}\times B_v^+]/Ad_{j(H)}`$ passing through $`[g]`$ . Let $`𝒪_g`$ be the $`Ad_G`$-orbit passing through $`G`$. Then

1. if $`(b_{}^{},b_+^{})`$ is a different pair representing $`g`$ then $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]}^{u,v}=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]^{}}^{u,v}`$.
2. $`\psi (S_g^{u,v}𝒪_g)=\beta (\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]}^{u,v})`$.
3. $`\pi \psi (S_g^{u,v}𝒪_g)=A_G(g)H^W(u,v)`$, assuming the identification $`G//Ad_G=H/W`$.

Proof. The symplectic leaf $`S_g^{u,v}`$ is the common level surface of functions $`c_{u,v,t}`$ which contains $`g`$. It follows from this fact and from the proposition 9 that the common level surface of function $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{u,v,t}`$ which contains $`\psi (g)`$ is a Poisson subvariety in $`\psi (G)`$. On the other hand $`\psi (g)=\beta ([g])`$ and by similar reasoning the subvariety of the common level surface of $`\stackrel{~}{c}`$ passing through $`\psi (g)`$ which consists of $`\psi `$ images of elements $`g^{}=n_+^{}b_{}^{}n_{}^{}{}_{+}{}^{1}=n_{}^{}b_+^{}n_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}`$ with $`[b_+^{}]_0=w[b_+]_0`$ for some $`wW`$, is $`\beta (\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]}^{u,v})`$.

###### Corollary 5

If $`g`$ is semisimple the submanifold $`\psi (S_g^{u,v}𝒪_g)=\beta (\mathrm{\Sigma }_{[g]}^{u,v})`$ is a symplectic leaf in $`\psi (G)`$ .

###### Corollary 6

If $`[h]H^W(u,v)`$ is a generic orbit corresponding to the coset $`Ad_G(g)`$, then connected components of $`\pi ^1([h])`$ are symplectic leaves of $`\psi (S_g^{u,v})`$ of dimension $`dim(S^{u,v})2dim(H(u,v)`$.

### 5.4 Integrability of characteristic systems on $`G`$

In order to prove the integrability of the characteristic system on the symplectic leaf $`S^{u,v}G^{u,v}`$ we should describe the system of projections with properites (17).

Let $`S_g^{u,v}`$ be a symplectic leaf in $`G`$ through $`gG^{u,v}`$. The restriction of Poisson maps (24) to $`S_g^{u,v}G`$ gives the composition map

$$S_g^{u,v}\stackrel{\psi }{}\psi (S_g^{u,v})\stackrel{\pi }{}Ad_G(S_g^{u,v})H^W(u,v)$$
(33)
where $`Ad_G(S_g^{u,v})`$ is the set $`Ad_G`$ orbits intersecting $`S_{u,v}`$ and $`H^W(u,v)`$ is the set of $`W`$-orbits in $`H`$ passing through $`H(u,v)`$.

Let $`[h_g]H^W(u,v)`$ be the element corresponding to the orbit $`Ad_G(g)`$. According to the corollary 6 connected components of $`\pi ^1([h_g])`$, $`[h_g]H^W(u,v)`$ are symplectic leaves of $`\psi (S_g^{u,v})`$ of dimension

$$dim(\pi ^1([h_g]))=dim(S_g^{u,v})2dim(H(u,v)).$$

###### Lemma 7

Let $`gG^{u,v}`$ be a semisimple element. Then $`dim(\psi ^1(\psi (g))=dim(H(u,v)`$.

Proof. Assume that $`g.g^{}G^{u,v}`$ are semisimple elements such that $`\psi (g)=\psi (g^{})`$ Then

$$g^{}=\stackrel{~}{b_\pm }g\stackrel{~}{b_\pm }^1$$

for some $`\stackrel{~}{b_\pm }B^\pm `$ with $`[\stackrel{~}{b_+}]_0=[\stackrel{~}{b_\pm }]_0^1`$.

Since $`g,g^{}`$ are semisimple we can represent them as

$$g=n_\pm b_{}n_\pm ^1,g^{}=n_\pm ^{}b_{}^{}n_{}^{}{}_{\pm }{}^{1}$$

where $`b_{}B_v^{}`$ and $`b_+B_u^+`$. Then we have:

$$b_{}^{}=\beta _+b_{}\beta _+^1,\beta _+=n_{}^{}{}_{+}{}^{1}\stackrel{~}{b}_+n_+,$$

$$b_+^{}=\beta _{}b_+\beta _{}^1,\beta _{}=n_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\stackrel{~}{b}_{}n_{}.$$

Notice that $`[\beta _\pm ]_0=[\stackrel{~}{b}_\pm ]_0`$ and therefore $`[\beta _+]_0=[\beta _{}]_0^1`$. Let $`\beta _\pm =h^{\pm 1}\nu _\pm `$ where $`\nu _\pm N^\pm `$. For $`\nu _\pm `$ there is only discrete choice (determined by the action of the Weyl group on $`H`$). The subgroups $`H(u)^{}`$ and $`H(v)^{}`$ act trivially ( via conjugation) on $`B_u^+`$ and on $`B_v^{}`$ respectively. Therefore for given semisimple $`gG^{u,v}`$ the variety of semisimple elements $`g^{}G^{u,v}`$ such that $`\psi (g)=\psi (g^{})`$ has dimension $`dim(H(u,v)`$ and therefore $`dim(\psi ^1(\psi (g)))=dim(H(u,v)`$.

This lemma together with previous results proves the following theorem.

###### Theorem 14

Projection $`\psi `$ in (33) has $`dim(H(u,v)`$-dimensional kernel, the image of $`\pi `$ has the same dimension and connected components of $`\pi ^1`$ of generic points are symplectic leaves in the image of $`\psi `$. Therefore a Hamiltonian system generated by an $`Ad_G`$-invariant function on $`S_g^{u,v}`$ is integrable.

###### Remark 2

When $`H(u,v)H`$ (or, equivalently, when reduced decompositions of $`u`$ and $`v`$ contain all simple reflections) we say that the symplectic leaf $`S^{u,v}`$ is not of full rank. In this case it is a symplectic leaf of the full rank an appropriate semi-simple Poisson Lie subgroup in $`G`$.

###### Remark 3

Among symplectic leaves in $`G`$ of full rank there are symplectic leaves corresponding Coxeter elements. They have dimension $`2r`$ and are integrable in the usual Liouville sense (the invariant tori have dimension $`r`$). Corresponding integrable systems have been studied in \[HKKR\]. They are deformations of Toda systems.

### 5.5 Action-angle variables

We will say the element $`xG`$ of a simple, complex Lie group is generic if it is a conjugate to a generic element from the Cartan subgroup: $`x=uhu^1.`$ Let $`V_\lambda `$ be a finite dimensional irreducible representation of $`G`$ with the weight decomposition

$$V_\lambda =_{\mu 𝔇(\lambda )}V_\lambda (\mu ).$$

For generic $`xG`$ denote by $`P_\mu ^\lambda `$ the complete system of orthogonal projections on the eigenspace of $`x`$ in $`V_\lambda :`$

$$x=\underset{\mu }{}t_\mu P_\mu ^\lambda ,P_\mu ^\lambda P_\nu ^\lambda =P_\mu ^\lambda \delta _{\mu ,\nu }$$

where $`t_\mu C^\times .`$ Since $`x`$ is generic $`P_\mu ^\lambda =uQ_\mu ^\lambda u^1,`$ where $`Q_\mu ^\lambda `$ is the projection to the subspace of $`V_\lambda (\mu )`$ in the weight decomposition of $`V_\lambda .`$ For the same reason $`t_\mu `$ is the value of $`h`$ on $`V_\lambda (\mu ).`$

Let $`H`$ be an $`Ad`$-invariant function on $`G`$ and $`g_\pm (t,x)`$ be the factorized components of $`g(t,x)=\mathrm{exp}tH(x):`$

$$g_+(t,x)g_{}(t,x)^1=g(t,x)$$
(34)
This factorization exists for sufficiently small $`t.`$

Denote by $`v_\lambda `$ the highest weight vector of $`V_\lambda `$ and by $`(,)`$ the Cartan form, i.e the non degenerate bilinear form such that $`(\omega (a)x,y)=(x,ay)`$ where $`\omega `$ is the Cartan antiinvolution ($`[\omega (a),\omega (b)]=\omega ([a,b])`$):

$$\omega (e_i)=f_i,\omega (f_i)=e_i,\omega (h_i)=h_i$$

and we assume the normalization $`(v_\lambda ,v_\lambda )=1.`$

Introduce variables (functions on generic elements of $`G`$):

$$r_\mu ^\lambda =(v_\lambda ,P_\mu ^\lambda v_\lambda )$$

###### Theorem 15

Let $`\{x(t)\}`$ be the flow line of the Hamiltonian vector field generated by H, passing through c at t=0. Then

$$r_\mu ^\lambda (x(t))=\frac{e^{tX_\mu (x)}r_\mu ^\lambda }{_{\nu 𝔇_\lambda }e^{tX_\nu (x)}r_\nu ^\lambda }$$
(35)
Here $`X_\mu (x)`$ is the eigenvalue of $`H(x)`$ on $`P_\mu ^\lambda .`$

Proof: According to \[STS85\] we have:

$$x(t)=g_+(t,x)^1xg_+(t,x)$$

where $`g_\pm (x,t)`$ are determined by (34). Therefore

$$r_\mu ^\lambda (x(t))=(v_\lambda ,P_\mu ^\lambda (x(t))v_\lambda )=(v_\lambda ,g_+(t,x)^1P_\mu ^\lambda (x(t))g_+(t,x)v_\lambda )$$

On the other hand $`g_\pm (t,x)`$ are elements of the Borel subalgebras $`B_\pm `$ of $`G`$. Write $`g_\pm (t,x)`$ as

$`g_+(t,x)`$ $`=`$ $`u_+(t,x)h(t,x)`$
$`g_{}(t,x)`$ $`=`$ $`u_{}(t,x)h(t,x)^1`$
where $`u_\pm `$ belong to corresponding unipotent subgroups and $`h`$ is in the Cartan subgroup.

According to the definition of $`(,)`$ we have:

$$r_\mu ^\lambda (x(t))=(\omega (g_{}(t))^1v_\lambda ,g(t)^1P_\mu ^\lambda g_+(t)v_\lambda )$$

and therefore

$$r_\mu ^\lambda (x,t)=h_\lambda (t)\overline{h}_\lambda (t)e^{tX_\mu (x)}r_\mu ^\lambda $$
(36)
where

$$h(t)v_\lambda =h_\lambda (t)v_\lambda ,\omega (h(t))v_\lambda =\overline{h}_\lambda (t)v_\lambda $$

On the other hand

$$(v_\lambda ,g(t)^1v_\lambda )=(v_\lambda ,g_{}(t)g_+(t)^1v_\lambda )=h_\lambda (t)^1\overline{h}_\lambda (t))^1$$
(37)
and

$$(v_\lambda ,g(t)^1v_\lambda )=\underset{\mu 𝔇_\lambda }{}e^{X_\mu (x)t}r_\mu ^\lambda $$

substituting this into (36) and (37) we obtain (35). q.e.d.

Let $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ be two weights in an irreducible representation $`V_\lambda .`$ Consider

$$r_{\mu _1,\mu _2}=\frac{r_{\mu _1}^\lambda }{r_{\mu _2}^\lambda }$$

We have:

$$r_{\mu _1\mu _2}(t)=exp(t(X_{\mu _2}(x)X_{\mu _1}(x)))r_{\mu _1\mu _2}$$

Therefore the logarithms of $`r_{\mu _1\mu _2}`$ are affine coordinates on invariant tori and therefore $`n`$ independent variables of this type can serve as angle variables. The eigenvalues of $`x`$ are action variables for the Toda system.

For example for $`SL_n`$ we can choose $`\lambda =\omega _1,\mu =\omega _1\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _i`$. This is equivalent to Moser’s construction for Toda symplectic leaf for $`SL_n`$.

###### Remark 4

Coxeter-Toda systems are characteristc systems on symplectic leaves corresponding to a pair of Coxeter elements of the Weyl group. In real totally positive case the action-angle variables are global coordinates on the phase space for such systems. It will be interesting to see if similar property holds for any symplectic leaf.

One should note that this construction of action-angle variables is very similar to the one given by Kostant \[K79\] in linear case.

## 6 Conclusion

We proved that a Hamiltonian system on any symplectic leaf of a simple Poisson Lie group with the standard Poisson structure is integrable if the Hamiltonian is $`Ad_G`$-invariant. Liouville tori of such systems are intersections of dressing and adjoint orbits.

One of the most interesting next questions is to describe the spectrum of corresponding quantum systems. In case of Toda systems this involves Wittaker vectors and some other facts about principal unitary series of representations of split real form of $`G`$.

In our case the analongs of Wittaker vectors and of principal unitary series of representations for the split real forms of quantized universal enveloping algberas $`U(𝔤)`$ should play similar role.

## 7 Appendix 1.

Here will prove some useful fact which was not used this paper.

###### Theorem 16

Let $`(D(G),p)`$ be the double of Poisson Lie group $`G`$. Let $`(D(G),p_{})`$ be the Poisson structure on the manifold $`D(G)`$ induced by the factorization map. Then if $`f`$ and $`g`$ are $`Ad_G^{}`$ invariant functions on $`D`$,

$$\{f,g\}=\{f,g\}_{}.$$

Proof. The Poisson brackets $`\{,\}`$ and $`\{,\}_{}`$ have the following form

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`r,dfdgr,d^{}fd^{}g=(d_+f,d_{}g)(d_+^{}f,d_{}^{}g)`$
$`\{f,g\}_{}`$ $`=`$ $`+r,dfdg+d^{}fd^{}g+r,d^{}fdgd^{}gdf`$
$`=`$ $`+\frac{1}{2}((d_+f,d_{}g)+(d_+^{}f,d_{}^{}g)(d_+g,d_{}f)(d_+^{}g,d_{}^{}f))`$
$`(d_+^{}f,d_{}g)+(d_+^{}g,d_{}f)`$
Now assume that $`f`$ and $`g`$ are $`Ad_G^{}`$-invariant. Then $`d_{}fd_{}^{}f`$, $`d_{}g=d_{}^{}g`$ and we have

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`(d_+fd_+^{}f,d_{}g)=\frac{1}{2}(d_+fd_+^{}f,d_{}g)\frac{1}{2}(d_+gd_+^{}g,d_{}f)`$
$`\{f,g\}_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}((d_+f,d_{}g)(d_+^{}f,d_{}g)(d_+g,d_{}f)+(d_+g,d_{}^{}f)`$
$`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}(d_+f,d_{}^{}gd_{}g)+\frac{1}{2}(d_+g,d_{}^{}fd_{}f)`$
The theorem follows.

## 8 Appendix 2. The Poisson structure on $`G//Ad_B^{}`$

### 8.1 Poisson brackets of $`Ad_B^{}`$-invariant functions on $`G`$

Recall that the Poisson bracket on functions on the double $`D(B_+)=G\times H`$ of $`B_+`$ (with standard Poisson structure) has the following form

$$\{f,g\}=r_0,d_0^+fd_0^{}gr_0,d_0^+^{}fd_0^{^{}}g+r_1,d_+fd_{}gr_q,d_+^{}fd_{}^{}g.$$

Here we assume that decompositions $`B_\pm =HN_\pm `$ are fixed, together with imbeddings $`B_\pm G\times H`$, $`b_\pm (b_\pm ,([b]_0)^{\pm 1})`$, where $`[]_0:B_\pm H`$ are projections to the Cartan subgroup.

Elements $`r_0,r_1`$ are canonical elements in $`𝔥𝔥`$ and in $`𝔫_+𝔫_{}`$ respectively

$$r_0=\underset{i}{}H_i^+(H^{})^i,r_1=\underset{\alpha }{}e_\alpha f_\alpha .$$

Here we assume that the first factor in $`𝔥𝔥`$ is the image of the Cartan subalgebra in $`B`$ and the second in the image of the Cartan subalgebra in $`B_{}`$ under projections $`[]_0`$.

Differentials $`d_0^\pm `$ are taken in the direction of Cartan subgroup $`HB^\pm `$ imbedded in $`G\times H`$ via maps $`i`$ and $`j`$ respectively . Differentials $`d_\pm `$ are taken in the direction of $`N_\pm G\times H`$. If one trivializes tangent bundle to $`G`$ by identifying tangent spaces to $`G`$ with $`𝔤`$ we have

$`\xi _0,d_0^+f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{t\xi _0}g,e^{t\xi _0}h)|_{t=0},`$
$`\xi _0,d_0^+^{}f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(ge^{t\xi _0},he^{t\xi _0})|_{t=0},`$
$`\xi _\mathrm{"}0,d_0^{}f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{t\xi _0}g,e^{t\xi _0}h)|_{t=0},`$
$`\xi ,d_0^{^{}}f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(ge^{t\xi _0},he^{t\xi _0})|_{t=0}`$
and

$`\xi _\pm ,d_\pm f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{\xi _\pm t}g,h)|_{t=0},`$
$`\xi _\pm ,d_\pm ^{}f(g,h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(ge^{\xi _\pm t},h)|_{t=0}.`$
Here $`\xi _0𝔥`$, $`\xi _\pm 𝔫_\pm `$.

In other words,

$`\xi ,d_0^\pm f`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ,d_0f\pm \xi ,d_Hf`$
$`\xi ,d_0^\pm f`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ,d_0^{}f\pm \xi ,d_Hf`$
where $`d_0f,d_0^{}f`$ are left and right differentials of $`f`$ in the Cartan direction $`HG`$, $`d_Hf`$ is the differential in the direction of the second factor in $`G\times H`$. Thus, for the Poisson bracket we have

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`r_0,d_0fd_0gr_0,d_0^{}fd_0g`$
$`+r_0,d_Hfd_0gd_0fd_Hgr_0,d_Hfd_0^{}gd_0^{}fd_Hg`$
$`+r_1,d_+fd_{}gr_1,d_+^{}fd_{}^{}g`$
Antisymmetrizing this bracket we obtain:

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`r_0,d_Hf(d_0gd_0^{}g)(d_0fd_0^{}f)d_Hg`$
$`+\frac{1}{2}r_1,d_+fd_{}gd_+gd_{}fd_+^{}fd_{}^{}g+d_+^{}gd_{}^{}f.`$
Let $`C_{Ad_B^{}}(D)`$ be the algebra of $`Ad_B^{}`$-invariant functions on $`D`$.

As it follows from the previous subsection the algebra $`C_{Ad_B^{}}(D)`$ is finitely generated. Define the variety $`D//Ad_B^{}=Spec(C_{Ad_B^{}}(D))`$.

The adjoint action of $`B^{}`$ on $`D`$ is trivial on $`H`$-component of $`D=G\times H`$. Thus,

$$D//Ad_B^{}=G//Ad_B^{}\times H$$
(38)
as a variety.

###### Lemma 8

The formula (38) describes the Poisson variety $`D(G)//Ad_B^{}`$ as the product of two Poisson varieties with the trivial Poisson structure on the $`H`$-factor.

Indeed, if $`f`$ and $`g`$ are $`Ad_B^{}`$-invariant functions on $`G\times H`$ we have $`d_0f=d_0^{}f`$, $`d_{}f=d_{}^{}f`$ and the same for $`g`$. Therefore for the Poisson bracket between $`f`$ and $`g`$ we have

$$\{f,g\}=\frac{1}{2}r_1,(d_+fd_+^{}f)d_{}g\frac{1}{2}r_1,(d_+gd_+^{}g)d_{}f$$
(39)
This means that functions constant along $`G`$ are central in the Poisson algebra which proves the lemma.

The map $`B^+D(B^+)D(B^+)//Ad_B^{}`$ is a composition of Poisson maps and therefore is Poisson. Projecting to the second factor in the (38) we have the Poisson projection:

$$B^+G//Ad_B^{}.$$
(40)
The projection $`B^+B^+/Ad_H`$ is Poisson. This follows from the $`Ad_H`$-invariance of the standard Poisson structure on $`G`$. It is also clear that the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}B^+& & G//Ad_B^{}\\ & & \pi \\ & & B^+/Ad_H\end{array}$$

is commutative. Therefore the map

$$B^+G//Ad_B^{}$$

is Poisson.

The image of this map is open dense in $`G//Ad_B^{}`$ and the map is a finite branched cover. The number of branches over generic point is equal to $`|W|`$ and the Weyl group $`W`$ acts naturally on the fibers.

### 8.2 Poisson structure on $`B^+/Ad_H`$

The Poisson structure on $`B^+/Ad_H`$ can be described explicitly.

###### Theorem 17

The Poisson bracket of two $`Ad_H`$-invariant functions on $`B^+`$ has the following form:

$$\{f,g\}(x)=(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x^1}(r_1),d_+f_+^{}g(x)$$
(41)
Here $`d_+f`$ is the left differential of $`f`$ at the point $`xB^+`$ and $`_+^{}g`$ is the right differential of $`g`$ projected on $`𝔫_+T_xB^+`$.

Proof. This theorem can be derived as a pull-back of the Poisson structure on $`G//Ad_B^{}`$ or from the restriction of the standard Poisson structure on $`G`$ to $`Ad_H`$-invariant functions.

Let us first compute it as a pull-back.

Assume that $`xG`$ belongs to the image of (40), i.e. there exists an element $`x_+B^+`$ and $`n_{}N^{}`$ such that $`x=n_{}x_+n_{}^1`$.

###### Lemma 9

The value of the Poisson bracket of two $`\mathrm{Ad}_B^{}`$-functions on such element $`x=n_{}x_+n_{}^1G`$ has the following form

$$\{f,g\}(x_+)=\{f,g\}(x_+)=\underset{i}{}\rho ^i,d_+fd_+^{}f(x_+)\rho _i,d_{}f(x_+)$$
(42)
Proof. For $`\xi _+𝔫_+`$ and $`b_{}B^{}`$ we have

$`\xi _+,d_+fd_+^{}f(b_{}xb_{}^1)={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{\xi _+t}b_{}xb_{}^1e^{\xi _+t})|_{t=0}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{(\xi _+^{b_{}^1})_+t}xe^{(\xi _+^{b_{}^1})_+t})|_{t=0}`$
$`=(\xi _+^{b_{}^1})_+,d_+fd_+^{}f(x)`$
Here $`(\xi _+^{b_{}^1})_+𝔫_+`$. On the other hand,

$$\xi _{},d_{}g(b_{}xb_{}^1)=\frac{d}{dt}g(e^{t\xi _{}}b_{}xb_{}^1)|_{t=0}=\frac{d}{dt}g(e^{\xi _{}^{b_{}^1}}x)|_{t=0}=\xi _{}^{b_{}^1},d_{}g(x_+).$$

The element $`r_1=_i\rho ^i\rho _i`$ is $`(\text{Ad}^{}\text{Ad})_N^{}`$-invariant and is also invariant with respect to the diagonal action of $`H`$. Therefore

$`r_1,(d_+fd_+^{}f)d_{}g(b_{}xb_{}^1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(((\rho ^i)^{b_{}^1})_+,d_+fd_+^{}f(x)\rho _i^{b_{}^1},d_{}f(x_+)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\rho ^i,d_+fd_+^{}f(x)\rho _i,d_{}f(x)`$
This proves the lemma.

To prove the theorem we should verify that the Poisson bracket (42) between two $`Ad_{B^+}`$-invariant functions is given by (41).

For $`\xi _+𝔫_+`$ and $`x_+B^+`$ we have:

$$\xi _+,d_+fd_+^{}f(x_+)=\xi _+\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\xi _+),d_+f(x_+).$$

For $`\xi _{}𝔫_{}`$ and $`x_+B_+`$ we have

$`\xi _{},d_{}g(x_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}g(e^{t\xi _{}}x_+)|_{t=0}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}g(e^{t\eta _{}}e^{ta_+}x_+e^{t\eta _{}})|_{t=0}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}g(e^{ta_+}x_+)|_{t=0}=a_+,_+g(x_+)`$
Here $`\eta _{}𝔫_{}`$ and $`a_+b_+`$ satisfy the equation

$$\xi _{}=\eta _{}+a_+\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{}).$$

This equation gives the equation for $`\eta _{}`$:

$$\xi _{}=\eta _{}(\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{}))_{}$$
(43)
and for $`a_+`$ we have

$$a_+=(\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{}))_+$$

Here $`(\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{}))_+`$ is the $`𝔟_+`$ part of $`\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{})`$. Thus,

$$\xi _{},d_{}g(x_+)=(\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\eta _{}))_+,_+g(x_+)$$

where $`\eta _{}𝔫_{}`$ is the solution to (43). Here $`_+f`$ is the differential of $`f`$ ”in the direction of $`B^+G`$.

For the value of the Poisson bracket of two Ad$`_B^{}`$-invariant functions on the element $`x=n_{}xn_{}^1G`$ we have ,

$`\{f,g\}(x)=\{f,g\}(x_+)`$ $`=`$ $`r_1(\text{Ad}_{x_+}\text{id})(r_1),d_+fd_{}g(x_+)`$
$`=`$ $`\rho ^i\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\rho ^i),d_+f(x_+)\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\sigma _i),_+g(x_+)`$
Here $`\sigma _i`$ is the solution to

$$\rho _i=\sigma _i(\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\sigma _i))_{}.$$

Because $`r_1`$ is the canonical element in $`𝔫_+𝔫^{}`$ (assuming we fixed an isomorphism
$`𝔫^{}(𝔫_+)^{}`$ by the choice of Killing form) we have:

$$\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\rho ^i)\rho _i=\rho ^i(\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i))_{}$$

and therefore

$$(\rho ^i\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\rho ^i))\sigma _i=\rho ^i(\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i))_{}.$$

Thus,

$$\{f,g\}(x_+)=\rho ^i,d_+f(x_+)\text{Ad}_{x_+}((\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i))_{}),_+g(x_+),$$

On the other hand,

$`\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i)_{}),_+g(x_+)`$
$`=\rho _i\text{Ad}_{x_+}(\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i))_+),_+g(x_+)`$
$`=\text{Ad}_{x_+^1}(\rho ^i)_+,_+^{}g(x_+)`$
The theorem is proved.

### 8.3 The second proof of the theorem 17

Let $`G//N^{}`$ be the categorical quotient for the right action of $`N^{}`$ on $`G`$. The following is well known.

###### Theorem 18

The map $`GG//N^{}`$ is Poisson.

Proof. Let $`f`$ and $`g`$ be two functions on $`G`$ invariant with respect to the right action of $`N^{}`$. We have $`d_{}^{}g=0`$ and

$$<r_0,d_0^{}fd_0^{}g>(xn_{})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{d^2}{dsdt}f(xn_{}e^{th_i})g(xn_{}e^{sh^i})=<r_0,d_0^{}fd_0^{}g>(x)$$

For the Poisson brackets of two such functions we have:

$$\{f,g\}=r_0,d_0fd_0gd_0^{}fd_0^{}g+\frac{1}{2}r_1,d_+fd_{}g(x_+)\frac{1}{2}r_1,d_+gd_{}f$$

Here the first and the second term are invariant with respect to the left action of $`N^{}`$ the invariance of the second term is shown above and the forth term vanishes. Thus, the Poisson bracket of two invariant functions again invariant. Therefore the map is Poisson.

###### Theorem 19

1. The map $`\varphi :B^+GG//N^{}`$ is Poisson for the standard Poisson structure on $`G`$ and and is a local isomorphism ( an isomorphism in a neighborhood of the identity in $`B^+`$) .
2. Let $`f`$ and $`g`$ be two left $`N^{}`$-invariant functions on $`G`$, then the pull-back of $`\varphi `$ gives the following Poisson brackets

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`r_0,d_0fd_0gd_0^{}fd_0^{}g`$
$`+\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+f_+g\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+g_+f`$
$`=`$ $`r_0,d_0fd_0gd_0^{}fd_0^{}g+(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+f_+g`$
This Poisson bracket is the standard Poisson structure on $`B^+`$.

Proof. The map $`\varphi `$ is Poisson since the since the left action of $`N^{}`$ on $`G`$ is admissible (in a sense of \[STS85\]). It is also clear that it is an isomorphism in a neighborhood of $`1`$.

For the Poisson bracket on functions on $`G`$ we have:

$$\{f,g\}=r_0,d_0fd_0gd_0^{}fd_0^{}g+\frac{1}{2}r_1,d_+fd_{}g(x_+)\frac{1}{2}r_1,d_+gd_{}f$$

For $`\xi 𝔫^{}`$ we have

$$\xi ,d_{}f(x)=\frac{d}{dt}f(e^{t\xi }x_+)|_{t=0}=\frac{d}{dt}f(x_+e^{t(\xi ^{x_+^1})_+})|_{t=0}$$

Here we used decomposition $`\eta =\eta _++\eta _{}`$ where $`\eta =𝔤`$, $`\eta _+𝔟_+`$, $`\eta _{}𝔫^{}`$. Thus,

$`\{f,g\}`$ $`=`$ $`r_0,d_0fd_0gd_0^{}fd_0^{}g`$
$`+\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+f_+^{}g`$
$`\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+g_+^{}f.`$
###### Corollary 7

If functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ are $`Ad_H`$-invariant,

$$\{f,g\}=(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Ad}_{x_+^1})(r_1),d_+f_+g$$

This gives the second proof of the formula (41).