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# Perturbations with angular momentum of Robinson-Trautman spacetimes

## 1 Introduction

Robinson-Trautman spacetimes (RT) have been very useful for estimating the total gravitational radiation in the head-on black hole collision. In reference  we have applied these geometries to the description of the total energy radiated in the head-on black hole collision with equal mass; and it was shown that our calculations agree remarkably well with the numerical exact calculations of Anninos et.al.. The case of unequal mass black hole collision, was treated numerically in reference ; and our technique based on the use of the RT geometries showed again an impressive agreement with the exact calculations. If one wants to generalize these estimates to the case of the black hole collision with orbital angular momentum it is necessary to consider spacetimes with total angular momentum. This is the main physical motivation for this work; the application of these calculations to specific physical models will be presented elsewhere.

The Robinson-Trautman vacuum solutions are algebraically special spacetimes which are characterized by the existence of a congruence of diverging null geodesics without shear and twist. This implies the existence of a prefered family of null hypersurfaces; which provides a set of sections at future null infinity. The angular momentum calculated on these sections is found to be zero. (In a Bondi frame the asymptotic NP quantities $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0`$ and $`\sigma _0`$ are zero; as a consequence the angular momentum vanishes independently of the definition used. See for example reference  and references therein.) In section 2 we present a short review of the RT vacuum solutions.

It is natural then to consider the algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes; since they contain the RT family in the limit when the twist goes to zero.

Algebraically special spacetimes are physically very important solutions since they contain the RT family, the Kerr family of solutions and so also the Schwarzschild solution. In section 3 we present in full detail the algebraically special vacuum solutions in terms of a new frame, the so called ‘standard rotating null tetrad’.

The algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes are governed by rather complicated equations; however, the equations simplify when one analysis the geometry in the far future in the limit of the asymptotic retarded time going to infinity. This is due to the fact that the RT geometry simplifies considerably in this limit. It will be shown that the total angular momentum of these perturbations is constant in the asymptotic future; therefore these spacetimes are not suitable for the description of a perturbed black hole with a dynamic angular momentum. Furthermore, the general algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes turn out to be divergent in the asymptotic future. These characteristics do not seem to be appropriate for the modeling of a spacetime representing the last stage after the collision of two compact objects with non-zero total angular momentum. We are therefore forced to consider general perturbations of RT spacetimes.

We dedicate section 4 to the presentation of general perturbations of RT spacetimes. The radial dependence of the tetrad is explicitly solved; and we also present the intrinsic evolution equations at future null infinity, which are used in the calculation of gravitational radiation.

The important issue of gauge freedom is discussed in both cases, algebraically special spacetimes (section 3) and general perturbation of RT spacetimes (section 4).

Summarizing comments are included in the last section 5.

Throughout the work we will use the GHP notation.

## 2 Robinson-Trautman spacetimes

Robinson and Trautman studied the vacuum solutions containing a congruence of diverging null geodesics, with vanishing shear and twist. The line element of these metrics can be expressed by:

$$ds^2=\left(2Hr+K2\frac{M(u)}{r}\right)du^2+2dudr\frac{r^2}{P^2}d\zeta d\overline{\zeta },$$
(1)
where $`P=P(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, $`H=\frac{\dot{P}}{P}`$, $`K=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{ln}P`$ , a doted quantity denotes its time derivative, a bar means complex conjugate and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the two-dimensional Laplacian for the two-surfaces $`u=\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚝}`$, $`r=\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚝}`$ with line element

$$dS^2=\frac{1}{P^2}d\zeta d\overline{\zeta };$$
(2)
where we are using complex stereographic coordinates $`(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ for the sphere.

It is usually convenient to describe this line element in terms of the line element of the unit sphere; this is done by expressing $`P`$ as the product $`P=V(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })P_0(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, where $`P_0`$ is the value of $`P`$ for the unit sphere. If $`\mathrm{}`$ denotes the vector field that generates the null congruence, then $`\mathrm{}=du`$, $`\mathrm{}(r)=1`$, $`\mathrm{}(\zeta )=0`$ and $`\mathrm{}(\overline{\zeta })=0`$. In other words this is the coordinate system adapted to the geometry. It is convenient to use the parameterization $`u`$ such that the mass parameter $`M(u)=M_0=\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚝}`$.

Alternatively one can express the geometry in terms of a null tetrad; since, given the complex null vector basis $`(\mathrm{}^a,m^a,\overline{m}^a,n^a)`$ with the properties:

$$g_{ab}\mathrm{}^an^b=g_{ab}m^a\overline{m}^b=1$$
(3)
and all other possible scalar products being zero, the metric can be expressed by

$$g_{ab}=\mathrm{}_an_b+n_a\mathrm{}_bm_a\overline{m}_b\overline{m}_am_b.$$
(4)
Using the coordinate system $`(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3)=(u,r,(\zeta +\overline{\zeta }),\frac{1}{i}(\zeta \overline{\zeta }))`$ defined above, one can express the null tetrad as:

$$\mathrm{}_a=\left(du\right)_a$$
(5)
$$\mathrm{}^a=\left(\frac{}{r}\right)^a$$
(6)
$$m^a=\xi ^i\left(\frac{}{x^i}\right)^a$$
(7)
$$\overline{m}^a=\overline{\xi }^i\left(\frac{}{x^i}\right)^a$$
(8)
$$n^a=U\left(\frac{}{r}\right)^a+X^i\left(\frac{}{x^i}\right)^a$$
(9)
with $`i=0,2,3`$ and where the components $`\xi ^i`$, $`U`$ and $`X^i`$ are:

$$\xi ^0=0,\xi ^2=\frac{\xi _0^2}{r},\xi ^3=\frac{\xi _0^3}{r},$$
(10)
with

$$\xi _0^2=\sqrt{2}P_0V,\xi _0^3=i\xi _0^2;$$
(11)
$$U=rU_{00}+U_0+\frac{U_1}{r},$$
(12)
where

$$U_{00}=\frac{\dot{V}}{V},U_0=\frac{1}{2}K_V,U_1=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2^0}{2},$$
(13)
where the curvature $`K_V`$ of the 2-metric appearing in equation (2), is given by

$$K_V=\frac{2}{V}\overline{ð}_Vð_VV\frac{2}{V^2}ð_VV\overline{ð}_VV+V^2,$$
(14)
the leading order behavior $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0`$ of the second component of the Weyl tensor is $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0=M_0`$ and

$$X^0=1,X^2=0,X^3=0;$$
(15)
and where $`ð_V`$ is the edth operator, in the GHP notation, of the sphere with metric (2).

In reference  it was found that the vacuum Einstein equation can be reduced to a parabolic equation for a scalar depending on three variables, the so called Robinson-Trautman equation; which in our notation has the form

$$3M_0\dot{V}=V^4ð^2\overline{ð}^2VV^3ð^2V\overline{ð}^2V;$$
(16)
where $`ð`$ is the edth operator of the unit sphere. We refer to a line element with $`V`$ satisfying this equation as a Robinson-Trautman solution. On the other hand, if the RT equation is not required, then the solution is no longer vacuum and there is only one component of the Ricci tensor different from zero, given by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{22}^{(RT)}=\frac{3M_0\frac{\dot{V}}{V}V^3ð^2\overline{ð}^2V+V^2ð^2V\overline{ð}^2V}{r^2};$$
(17)
where the (RT) is to emphasize the fact that in this case we are using the null tetrad adapted to the null congruence. We refer to this as a Robinson-Trautman geometry.

At this point it is interesting to remark that the spin coefficients $`\sigma ,\tau ,\kappa ,\sigma ^{},\tau ^{}`$ and $`ϵ`$ are zero in the Robinson-Trautman geometries.

## 3 Twisting algebraically special spacetimes

### 3.1 Null tetrad components of the exact solutions

As it was indicated previously, from a geometrical point of view, the twisting algebraically special spacetimes are the natural generalizations of RT spacetimes, since they also have a congruence of null geodesics with vanishing shear and contain the RT metrics as the limit of those spaces when the twist goes to zero.

This kind of solutions have been extensively studied in the literature in terms of different tetrads and coordinate systems (for an account of these formulations of the problem see  and references therein). The tetrad and coordinate system used here do not agree with those ones. This new tetrad corresponds to what we call “standard rotating null tetrad”; they are defined in reference , and they can be applied to any asymptotically flat spacetime. In this section we will express the equations governing twisting algebraically special spacetimes in terms of the “standard rotating null tetrad”.

The null tetrad components defined in equations (6) to (9) can be expressed by the three scalars $`M(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, $`V(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ and $`L(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, and are given by:

$$\xi ^0=\frac{\xi _0^0}{ric},\xi ^2=\frac{\xi _0^2}{ric},\xi ^3=\frac{\xi _0^3}{ric},$$
(18)
where

$$\xi _0^0=LV,\xi _0^2=\sqrt{2}P_0V,\xi _0^3=i\xi _0^2,P_0=\frac{1+\zeta \overline{\zeta }}{2};$$
(19)
$$U=rU_{00}+U_0+\frac{\left(Mr+\mu c\right)}{\left(r+ic\right)\left(ric\right)}\left(\frac{\tau _0\overline{\tau }_{00}}{ric}+\frac{\overline{\tau }_0\tau _{00}}{r+ic}\right)\frac{\tau _0\overline{\tau }_0}{\left(r+ic\right)\left(ric\right)},$$
(20)
where

$$U_{00}=\frac{\dot{V}}{V},U_0=\frac{1}{2}\left(K_V+K_L\right),$$
(21)
$$K_V=2V\overline{ð}ðV2ðV\overline{ð}V+V^2,$$
(22)
$$\begin{array}{c}K_L=2\dot{\overline{L}}\dot{L}V^2+\left(\dot{L}\overline{L}V+\dot{\overline{L}}LV2ðV\overline{L}+Vð\overline{L}+V\overline{ð}L2\overline{ð}VL\right)\dot{V}\hfill \\ \hfill +V^2\ddot{L}\overline{L}+2\ddot{V}VL\overline{L}2\dot{V}^2L\overline{L}+V^2L\ddot{\overline{L}}\\ \hfill +2ð\dot{V}V(L+\overline{L})+V^2(ð\overline{L}+\overline{ð}L)\end{array}$$
(23)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mu =& \ddot{c}LV^2\overline{L}+2\dot{c}\dot{L}V^2\overline{L}+\dot{c}\dot{\overline{L}}LV^2+\dot{c}\overline{ð}LV^2\hfill \\ & +\dot{c}ci+\frac{1}{2}\ddot{L}cV^2\overline{L}+\dot{L}\overline{ð}cV^2+\frac{1}{2}\dot{L}ðcL^1V^2\overline{L}+\dot{L}c^2iL^1\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{2}\ddot{\overline{L}}cLV^2+\frac{1}{2}\dot{\overline{L}}ðcV^2+\overline{ð}(\dot{c})LV^2+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}\dot{L}cV^2+\overline{ð}ðcV^2\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}LðcL^1V^2+ð\dot{c}V^2\overline{L}+\frac{1}{2}ð\dot{\overline{L}}cV^2\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2}ðcð\overline{L}L^1V^2+cðciL^1+c(K_V+K_L)\hfill \end{array}$$
(24)
$$\tau _{00}=\dot{L}V,$$
(25)
$$\tau _0=2ic\tau _{00}iVð_Lc,$$
(26)
$$c=\frac{V^2}{2i}\left(\overline{ð}_LLð_L\overline{L}\right);$$
(27)
$$X^0=1\frac{\overline{\tau }_{00}\xi _0^0}{ric}\frac{\tau _{00}\overline{\xi }_0^0}{r+ic}\frac{\overline{\tau }_0\xi _0^0+\tau _0\overline{\xi }_0^0}{\left(r+ic\right)\left(ric\right)},$$
(28)
$$X^2=\frac{\overline{\tau }_{00}\xi _0^2}{ric}\frac{\tau _{00}\overline{\xi }_0^2}{r+ic}\frac{\overline{\tau }_0\xi _0^2+\tau _0\overline{\xi }_0^2}{\left(r+ic\right)\left(ric\right)},$$
(29)
$$X^3=\frac{\overline{\tau }_{00}\xi _0^3}{ric}\frac{\tau _{00}\overline{\xi }_0^3}{r+ic}\frac{\overline{\tau }_0\xi _0^3+\tau _0\overline{\xi }_0^3}{\left(r+ic\right)\left(ric\right)};$$
(30)
where the operator $`ð_L`$ acting on any function $`f=f(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ is defined by:

$$ð_Lfðf+L\dot{f}$$
(31)
and

$$\overline{ð}_Lf\overline{ð}f+\overline{L}\dot{f}.$$
(32)
The spin coefficients corresponding to this tetrad are:

$$\rho =\frac{1}{r+ic},$$
(33)
$$\sigma =0,$$
(34)
$$\kappa =0,$$
(35)
$$\tau =\frac{\tau _{00}}{r+ic}+\frac{\tau _0}{(r+ic)(ric)},$$
(36)
$$\rho ^{}=\frac{\rho _0^{}}{ric}\frac{Vð_L\tau _0^{}ð_LV\tau _0^{}}{(r+ic)(ric)}+\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0r}{(ric)^2(r+ic)}+\frac{iV\tau _0^{}ð_Lc}{(r+ic)^2(ric)},$$
(37)
$$\sigma ^{}=\frac{\sigma _0^{}}{r+ic}\frac{V\overline{ð}_L\tau _0^{}+\overline{ð}_LV\tau _0^{}}{(r+ic)^2}+\frac{iV\tau _0^{}\overline{ð}_Lc+(\tau _0^{})^2}{(r+ic)^3},$$
(38)
$$\kappa ^{}=\frac{V\overline{ð}_LU}{r+ic}U(\tau ^{}+\overline{\tau }),$$
(39)
$$\tau ^{}=\frac{\overline{\tau }_0}{(r+ic)^2},$$
(40)
$$ϵ=0,$$
(41)
$$ϵ^{}=ϵ_0^{}+\frac{\beta _0\overline{\tau }_{00}}{ric}\frac{\overline{\beta }_0\tau _{00}}{r+ic}+\frac{\beta _0\overline{\tau }_0\overline{\beta }_0\tau _0}{(r+ic)(ric)}+\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0+2\overline{\tau }_0\tau _{00}}{2(r+ic)^2}+\frac{\tau _0\overline{\tau }_0}{(r+ic)^2(ric)},$$
(42)
$$\beta =\frac{\beta _0}{ric}$$
(43)
$$\beta ^{}=\overline{\beta }+\tau ^{};$$
(44)
where

$$\rho _0^{}=\frac{K_V+K_L}{2}\dot{L}\dot{\overline{L}}V^2+\frac{\dot{V}}{V}ic\frac{1}{2}(\overline{ð}_L\dot{L}+ð_L\dot{\overline{L}})V^2,$$
(45)
$$\sigma _0^{}=\dot{\overline{L}}^2V^2\overline{ð}_L(\dot{\overline{L}}V^2),$$
(46)
$$\tau _0^{}=\overline{\tau }_0,$$
(47)
$$\beta _0=\frac{\sqrt{2}V\left(\frac{P_0}{x^2}i\frac{P_0}{x^3}\right)+ð_LV}{2},$$
(48)
$$ϵ_0^{}=\frac{\dot{V}}{2V}.$$
(49)
The Weyl tensor has the properties:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0=0,$$
(50)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_1=0,$$
(51)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_2=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0}{(r+ic)^3},$$
(52)
where

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0=(M+i\mu ).$$
(53)
The components $`\mathrm{\Psi }_3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_4`$ are too complicated to be presented here.

The vacuum equations require several relations among the main functions. The equation $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{12}=0`$ imposes the condition:

$$ð_L(M+i\mu )=3\dot{L}(M+i\mu ).$$
(54)
The other relation has a compact form if one uses the function $`z(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ defined by

$$V=\frac{z}{u}=\dot{z};$$
(55)
using this, the equation $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{22}=0`$ imposes the relation

$$\dot{M}3\frac{\ddot{z}}{\dot{z}}M=\frac{\dot{z}^3}{2}\frac{(ð_Lð_L\overline{ð}_L\overline{ð}_Lz+\overline{ð}_L\overline{ð}_Lð_Lð_Lz)}{u}\dot{z}^2\frac{(ð_Lð_Lz)}{u}\frac{(\overline{ð}_L\overline{ð}_Lz)}{u}.$$
(56)
It is interesting to note that using $`z`$ the quantity $`\mu `$ acquires the compact form

$$\mu =\frac{i\dot{z}^3}{2}(\overline{ð}_L\overline{ð}_Lð_Lð_Lð_Lð_L\overline{ð}_L\overline{ð}_L)z.$$
(57)
It is easy to see that this tetrad goes to the RT tetrad when $`L`$ goes to zero.

The representation of the twisting algebraically special spacetimes in terms of standard rotating null tetrads, we have just gave, is different from that appearing in the book of exact solutions by Kramer et.al. and its references, because we use a different tetrad frame.

The twist of the null congruence, and also the angular momentum of the spacetime, are proportional to the quantity $`c`$ defined above.

The complex equation (54) and the real equation (56) constitute three equations for the real functions $`z`$ and $`M`$ and the complex function $`L`$; in other words one has three real equations for four real scalars. In order to understand this under determined system it is important to mention the gauge freedom available.

### 3.2 The gauge freedom

These solutions are asymptotically flat. The retarded time null coordinate $`u`$ defines, at future null infinity, a set of sections by the equations $`u=\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚝}`$. The main gauge freedom can be associated to a different choice of these sections; therefore let us consider a transformation of the form

$$\stackrel{~}{u}=\stackrel{~}{u}_0(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })+O(\frac{1}{r}),$$
(58)
$$\stackrel{~}{r}=\frac{r}{w(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })}+r_0(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }),$$
(59)
$$\stackrel{~}{\zeta }=\zeta +O(\frac{1}{r});$$
(60)
one could also generalized the last equation to a transformation among the sphere coordinates $`(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, but they are not important for the following equations and therefore we do not consider them main gauge freedom.

The null character of the coordinate $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ requires

$$w=\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0.$$
(61)
Although the vector $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ is proportional to $`\mathrm{}`$, the other tetrad vectors rotate under this transformation. From the study of the rotations one deduces that

$$\stackrel{~}{V}=\frac{V}{w},$$
(62)
$$\stackrel{~}{V}(\stackrel{~}{L}ð\stackrel{~}{u}_0)=VL$$
(63)
and

$$\stackrel{~}{M}+i\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\frac{M+i\mu }{w^3}.$$
(64)
Let us observe that there are several possibilities associated to the three equations (62), (63) and (64). If the twist of the null congruence is different from zero then one can choose $`u_0(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ so that $`\stackrel{~}{V}=1`$, for example.

If we write the spin weight 1 quantity $`L`$ in terms of the spin weight 0 quantity $`J`$ by the relation

$$L=iðJ=ið\mathrm{}eJð\mathrm{}mJ;$$
(65)
where the complex scalar $`J`$ can be expressed in term of its real and imaginary parts $`\mathrm{}eJ`$ and $`\mathrm{}mJ`$, so that $`J=\mathrm{}eJ+i\mathrm{}mJ`$; then equation (63) can be written in the form

$$ið_{\stackrel{~}{V}}\stackrel{~}{J}ð_{\stackrel{~}{V}}\stackrel{~}{u}_0=ið_VJ;$$
(66)
where $`ð_{\stackrel{~}{V}}`$ is the edth operator for the sphere with metric $`dS^2=\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{V}^2P_0^2}d\zeta d\overline{\zeta }`$. From this equation it can be seen that in principle one could use $`u_0`$ to make $`\mathrm{}m\stackrel{~}{J}`$ vanish; but it is not clear that the needed $`u_0`$ would satisfy that $`\dot{u}_0>0`$; as it is required for a non-singular transformation. If $`\mathrm{}m\dot{J}`$ where zero then one can see that a transformation of the form $`\stackrel{~}{u}=u\gamma (\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ would do the job. It is conceivable that for small time variations one can use techniques similar to those of references  and  to prove local existence of transformations that make $`\mathrm{}m\stackrel{~}{J}=0`$.

Another possibility is to use the freedom involved in the choice of $`u_0`$ to make $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$ to be a constant. This can always be made since from equation (64) one always solve for $`\stackrel{~}{u}_0`$, since the function $`M`$, for physically realistic spacetimes, is assumed to be positive definite. This choice shows that from the four original unspecified real scalars, one of them is pure gauge; therefore the complex equation (54) and the real equation (56) constitute a system of three equations for three physical real scalars.

### 3.3 Algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes

Having just presented the exact algebraically special solutions in terms of a new frame, we proceed here with our program by calculating the equations governing the algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes. We will also specialize the discussion to the asymptotic future regime for the retarded time going to infinity, where the equations are solved.

When one studies the case of a linear perturbation of the RT line element, one considers:

$$V=V_{RT}+V_L$$
(67)
and

$$M=M_0+M_L$$
(68)
where $`V_{RT}`$ satisfies the RT equation, $`M_0`$ is the constant RT mass and $`V_L`$ and $`M_L`$ represents the departure from the RT metric that take into account the presence of angular momentum; which are zero when $`L`$ vanishes.

From equation $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{12}=0`$ it is obtained, in first order

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0=& 3\dot{L}M_0ð^3\overline{L}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^33ð^2\overline{L}ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^23ð^2\overline{L}\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}ð\overline{L}V_{RT}^3+ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}^2LV_{RT}^33ðL\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & 6ð\overline{L}ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^22ð\overline{L}\overline{ð}ð^2V_{RT}V_{RT}^3ðM_{L_1}3ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}ð\overline{L}V_{RT}^2\hfill \\ & +3ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}^2LV_{RT}^23ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}ð^2\overline{L}V_{RT}^3+3ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}ðL\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^2\hfill \\ & +6ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}LV_{RT}^2+3ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}^2ðLV_{RT}^33ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}LV_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & 3ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}V_{RT}LV_{RT}^2\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}ð^3\overline{L}V_{RT}^4+\overline{ð}ð^2L\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & +2\overline{ð}ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}LV_{RT}^3+3\overline{ð}ðL\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^3\frac{3}{2}\overline{ð}ðLV_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & 3\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}LV_{RT}^3+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}^2ð^2LV_{RT}^4\hfill \end{array}$$
(69)
while from the equation $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{22}=0`$ the following relation is obtained

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0=& 2\dot{L}ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}^2V_{RT}V_{RT}^3+2\dot{L}\overline{ð}^2ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^4+\dot{L}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^42\dot{\overline{L}}ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & +2\dot{\overline{L}}\overline{ð}ð^2V_{RT}V_{RT}^4\dot{M}_LV_{RT}+3\dot{V}_LM_0\dot{V}_{RT}ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}\overline{L}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & \dot{V}_{RT}ðL\overline{ð}^2V_{RT}V_{RT}^3+\frac{1}{2}\dot{V}_{RT}ð\overline{L}V_{RT}^4+\frac{1}{2}\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}ð^2\overline{L}V_{RT}^4+\frac{1}{2}\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}^2ðLV_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & 12\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}M_0V_L+3\dot{V}_{RT}M_L+2ð\dot{\overline{L}}\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^4+\frac{1}{2}ð\dot{\overline{L}}V_{RT}^5+ð\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}ð\overline{L}V_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +ð\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}^2LV_{RT}^42ð\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}^2V_{RT}LV_{RT}^3+ð^2\dot{\overline{L}}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^4+ð^2\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}\overline{L}V_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +ð^2\overline{L}\overline{ð}\dot{V}_{RT}V_{RT}^4ð^2V_L\overline{ð}^2V_{RT}V_{RT}^32ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{L}V_{RT}^3\hfill \\ & ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}^2V_LV_{RT}^3+ð^2V_{RT}\overline{ð}^2V_{RT}V_LV_{RT}^2+ðL\overline{ð}^2\dot{V}_{RT}V_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +2ð\overline{L}\overline{ð}ð\dot{V}_{RT}V_{RT}^4+ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}ð\dot{\overline{L}}V_{RT}^4+ðV_{RT}\overline{ð}^2\dot{L}V_{RT}^4+2\overline{ð}\dot{L}\overline{ð}ðV_{RT}V_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +\overline{ð}\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}ðLV_{RT}^4+\overline{ð}\dot{V}_{RT}LV_{RT}^4+\overline{ð}ð\dot{L}\overline{ð}V_{RT}V_{RT}^4+2\overline{ð}ð\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}LV_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}ð^2\dot{\overline{L}}V_{RT}^5+2\overline{ð}ð^2\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{L}V_{RT}^4+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}^2ð\dot{L}V_{RT}^5+2\overline{ð}^2ð\dot{V}_{RT}LV_{RT}^4\hfill \\ & +\overline{ð}^2ð^2V_LV_{RT}^4\hfill \end{array}$$
(70)
In the asymptotic future; for $`u\mathrm{}`$ it is known that

$$V_{RT}=1+O(e^{\frac{2u}{M_0}});$$
(71)
therefore to first order in the asymptotic expansion of the retarded time, the above two equations become

$$0=3\dot{L}_1M_0ðM_{L_1}\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}ð^3\overline{L}_1\frac{3}{2}\overline{ð}ðL_1+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}^2ð^2L_1;$$
(72)
and

$$0=\dot{M}_{L_1}+3\dot{V}_{L_1}M_0+\frac{1}{2}ð\dot{\overline{L}_1}+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}ð^2\dot{\overline{L}_1}+\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}^2ð\dot{L}_1+\overline{ð}^2ð^2V_{L_1};$$
(73)
where the subindex 1 means that we are considering first order quantities in the expansion as $`u\mathrm{}`$.

Using the complex scalar $`J`$ which satisfies (65), equations (72) and (73) become

$$0=3ð\left(\mathrm{}m\dot{J}_1\right)iM_0+3ð\left(\mathrm{}e\dot{J}_1\right)M_0ðM_{L_1}ið(\overline{ð}^2ð^2\mathrm{}eJ_1)$$
(74)
and

$$0=\dot{M}_{L_1}+3\dot{V}_{L_1}M_0\overline{ð}^2ð^2\mathrm{}m\dot{J}_1+\overline{ð}^2ð^2V_{L_1};$$
(75)
where it can be seen from equation (74) that if we use the gauge freedom to make $`M_{L_1}`$ a constant, then $`ð\mathrm{}m\dot{J}_1`$ must vanish which implies that $`\mathrm{}m\dot{J}_1=0`$. It is clear from the discussion of the previous subsection that by means of a further gauge transformation one can make $`\mathrm{}mJ_1=0`$. Therefore in this gauge the above equations become

$$0=ð\left(3\dot{J}_1M_0\overline{ð}^2ð^2J_1\right)$$
(76)
where now $`J_1`$ is assumed to be real, and

$$0=3\dot{V}_{L_1}M_0+\overline{ð}^2ð^2V_{L_1}.$$
(77)
The constant $`M_{L_1}`$ now plays no role, and it can be made to vanish by a further reparameterization of the retarded time coordinate. Integrating equation (76) we can write these two equations in a more comparable form

$$3\dot{J}_1M_0=\overline{ð}^2ð^2J_1$$
(78)
and

$$3\dot{V}_{L_1}M_0=\overline{ð}^2ð^2V_{L_1}.$$
(79)
It is important to know the spectrum of the operator appearing on the right hand side. The eigenvalues of the operator $`\overline{ð}^2ð^2`$ are $`\frac{(\mathrm{}1)\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)(\mathrm{}+2)}{4}`$; where $`\mathrm{}`$ is any non-negative integer.

Therefore the leading order behavior for the functions are:

$$J_1=J_1^mY_{1m}(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })+J_2^mY_{2m}(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })e^{\frac{2u}{M_0}}+O(e^{\frac{4u}{M_0}})$$
(80)
and

$$V_{L_1}=V_{L_1}^mY_{2m}(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })e^{\frac{2u}{M_0}}+O(e^{\frac{4u}{M_0}});$$
(81)
where $`J_1^m`$, $`J_2^m`$ and $`V_{L_1}^m`$ are constants and we have used gauge transformations to set to zero spurious integrations constants.

It is observed that $`V_{L_1}`$ has the same asymptotic behavior as $`V_{RT}`$; while $`J_1`$ has a constant angular momentum term and a possible divergent behavior for the higher moments in the limit $`u\mathrm{}`$.

Therefore these spacetimes are not suitable for the description of a perturbed black hole with a dynamic angular momentum. This forces us to consider general perturbations of RT spacetimes, that we treat in the next section.

## 4 General perturbations of RT spacetimes

### 4.1 The vacuum equations

Let us consider now a general perturbation of the RT spacetimes. We will still work with a null tetrad satisfying equations (3-9), with $`\xi ^0=0`$, and the leading order of $`\xi ^2`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ also given by eq. (11); but where now the scalar $`V`$ is given by

$$V=V_{RT}+\lambda V_\lambda ;$$
(82)
where $`V_{RT}`$ is the RT scalar discussed in section 2, $`\lambda `$ the linearization parameter and $`V_\lambda `$ the linear perturbation scalar. Let us emphasize that this means that the tetrad vector $`\mathrm{}^a`$ has no twist, unlike the corresponding one in the rotating null tetrad used in the last section. In this section we use asymptotic coordinates and standard tetrad as defined in ; however it is important to notice that we do not use a Bondi system. We use $`\lambda `$ to emphasize in some equations the linearized terms; but it should be understood that it has the value 1 at any stage.

It is convenient to start the study from the vacuum Bianchi identities.

Assume that in the null hypersurface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, defined by $`u=u_0`$, of the original RT spacetime one is given the function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(u_0,r,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$. Then, noting that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ are zero in the Robinson-Trautman geometries; one obtains, from eq. (3.91) in ref.  that, on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_1=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0}{r^4}+\frac{1}{r^4}^rr_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_0𝑑r^{};$$
(83)
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0=\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0(u_0,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$.

Similarly, from eq, (3.90) of ref.  one obtains that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2`$ is given on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_2=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0}{r^3}+\frac{1}{r^3}^rr_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_1𝑑r^{};$$
(84)
with

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0=\left(M_0+\lambda (M_1+i\mu )\right),$$
(85)
where $`M_0`$ is the constant RT mass, $`M_1=M_1(u_0,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ and $`\mu =\mu (u_0,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ are real functions and $`ð_{V_{RT}}`$ is the edth operator of the 2-sphere with the RT conformal factor.

When calculating $`\mathrm{\Psi }_3`$ from eq. (3.89) of ref. , one should take into account the first order contribution coming from the edth primed operator; due to the fact that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2`$ has zero order terms.

In order to proceed, we need to calculate the first order perturbation of the spin coefficients $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$.

Equation (3.50) of  is

$$\frac{\rho }{r}=\rho ^2;$$
(86)
which has solution

$$\rho =\frac{1}{r};$$
(87)
after appropriately chosen the freedom in the origin of the coordinate $`r`$.

Then eq. (3.51) of  becomes

$$\frac{\sigma }{r}=2\rho \sigma +\mathrm{\Psi }_0;$$
(88)
which has solution

$$\sigma =\frac{\sigma _0}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r^2}^rr_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_0𝑑r^{};$$
(89)
where $`\sigma _0=\sigma _0(u_0,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$.

From eq. (3.52) of  one obtains

$$\frac{\tau }{r}=2\rho \tau +\mathrm{\Psi }_1;$$
(90)
with solution

$$\tau =\frac{\tau _0}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r^2}^rr_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_1𝑑r^{};$$
(91)
where $`\tau _0=\tau _0(u_0,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$.

One can now integrate eq. (3.31) of  to obtain the radial dependence of $`\xi ^i`$. It is deduced that

$$\xi ^i=\frac{\xi _0^i}{r}+\frac{1}{r}^rr^{}\sigma \overline{\xi }^i𝑑r^{};$$
(92)
where $`\xi _0^i`$ does not depend on $`r`$; then, one can write the integral equation

$$\xi ^i=\frac{\xi _0^i}{r}+\frac{1}{r}^rr^{}\sigma \left(\frac{\overline{\xi }_0^i}{r^{}}+\frac{1}{r^{}}^r^{}r^{\prime \prime }\overline{\sigma }\xi ^i𝑑r^{\prime \prime }\right)𝑑r^{};$$
(93)
which can be solved by iterations. But, since we should consider only linear terms on $`\lambda `$, one obtains that in first order

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \xi ^i& =\frac{\xi _0^i}{r}+\frac{1}{r}^r\sigma \overline{\xi }_0^i𝑑r^{}\hfill \\ & =\frac{\xi _0^i}{r}\frac{\overline{\xi }_0^i\sigma _0}{r^2}+\frac{\overline{\xi }_0^i}{r}^r\left(\frac{1}{r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}^r^{}r_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_0𝑑r^{\prime \prime }\right)𝑑r^{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(94)
The radial dependence of the components $`X^i`$ is obtained from eq. (3.28) of ; which is

$$\frac{X^i}{r}=2\overline{\tau }\xi ^i+2\tau \overline{\xi }^i;$$
(95)
which implies, in first order, that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill X^i& =X_0^i+[2\overline{\xi }_0^i^r(\frac{\tau _0}{r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}+\frac{1}{r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}^r^{}r_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_1dr^{\prime \prime })dr^{}+𝚌.𝚌.];\hfill \end{array}$$
(96)
where c.c. means complex conjugate and the $`X_0^i`$ do not depend on $`r`$; but from the coordinate condition at future null infinity, one actually has $`X_0^i=0`$.

In order to determine the dependence of $`U`$ on the coordinate $`r`$, one could use eq. (3.26) of ; which requires to calculate $`ϵ^{}`$ first. Equation (3.58) of the same reference is in our case

$$\frac{ϵ^{}}{r}=2\overline{\tau }\beta +2\tau \beta ^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_2;$$
(97)
therefore

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{(ϵ^{}+\overline{ϵ}^{})}{r}& =2\overline{\tau }(\beta \overline{\beta }^{})+2\tau (\beta ^{}\overline{\beta })(\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2)\hfill \\ & =4\tau \overline{\tau }(\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2);\hfill \end{array}$$
(98)
where we must neglect the product involving $`\tau `$; since it is a quantity of higher order. One concludes that

$$\frac{^2U}{r^2}=(\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2);$$
(99)
which implies that $`U`$ is of the form

$$U=rU_{00}+U_0^r^r^{}(\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2)𝑑r^{\prime \prime }𝑑r^{};$$
(100)
where $`U_{00}`$ and $`U_0`$ do not depend on $`r`$.

The $`r`$ dependence of the tetrad components can be explicitly given in terms of the potential $`W_0(u,r,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$, defined from

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0=\frac{^4W_0}{r^4},$$
(101)
by the relations

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \xi ^0& =0,\hfill \\ \hfill \xi ^2& =\frac{\xi _0^2}{r}+\lambda \overline{\xi }_0^2\left(\frac{\sigma _0}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{^2W_0}{r^2}\frac{2}{r^2}\frac{W_0}{r}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \xi ^3& =\frac{\xi _0^3}{r}+\lambda \overline{\xi }_0^3\left(\frac{\sigma _0}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{^2W_0}{r^2}\frac{2}{r^2}\frac{W_0}{r}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(102)
with

$$\xi _0^2=\sqrt{2}P_0V,\xi _0^3=i\xi _0^2;$$
(103)
$$U=rU_{00}+U_0+\frac{U_1}{r}+\frac{U_2}{r^2}+\mathrm{\Delta }U_3,$$
(104)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill U_{00}& =\frac{\dot{V}}{V},\hfill \\ \hfill U_0& =\frac{1}{2}K_V,\hfill \\ \hfill U_1& =\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2^0\right),\hfill \\ \hfill U_2& =\frac{\lambda }{6}\left(ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1^0+\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }U_3& =\frac{\lambda }{r^2}\left(\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}^2W_0+ð_{V_{RT}}^2\overline{W}_0\right);\hfill \end{array}$$
(105)
and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill X^0& =1,\hfill \\ \hfill X^2& =\lambda \xi _0^2\left(\frac{\overline{\tau }_0}{r^2}+\frac{2\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1^0}{3r^3}+\frac{2}{r^2}\frac{ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{W}_0}{r}\frac{4}{r^3}ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{W}_0\right)+𝚌.𝚌.,\hfill \\ \hfill X^3& =\lambda \xi _0^3\left(\frac{\overline{\tau }_0}{r^2}+\frac{2\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1^0}{3r^3}+\frac{2}{r^2}\frac{ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{W}_0}{r}\frac{4}{r^3}ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{W}_0\right)+𝚌.𝚌.;\hfill \end{array}$$
(106)
where

$$\tau _0=\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\sigma _0,$$
(107)
$$K_V=\frac{2}{V}\overline{ð}_Vð_VV\frac{2}{V^2}ð_VV\overline{ð}_VV+V^2.$$
(108)
In these equations we are explicitly denoting the first order terms by introducing the $`\lambda `$ dependency. The scalar $`V`$ is given by equation (82), and therefore one can express $`K_V`$ by

$$K_V=K_{V_{RT}}+\lambda K_{V_\lambda },$$
(109)
where

$$K_{V_{RT}}=\frac{2}{V_{RT}}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\frac{2}{V_{RT}^2}ð_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}+V_{RT}^2,$$
(110)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}K_{V_\lambda }=\frac{2}{V_{RT}}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}V_\lambda \frac{2}{V_{RT}^2}ð_{V_{RT}}V_\lambda \overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\frac{2}{V_{RT}^2}ð_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}V_\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{2V_\lambda }{V_{RT}^3}ð_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}+V_\lambda V_{RT}+\frac{V_\lambda }{V_{RT}}K_{V_{RT}}.\end{array}$$
(111)
The previous relations make the following spinor components of the Ricci tensor to vanish

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{00}=0,$$
(112)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{01}=0,$$
(113)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{11}=0$$
(114)
and

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.$$
(115)
The other equations, coming from the other spinor components, involve time derivatives of the functions. They are:

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{^2\left(\frac{W_0}{r^3}\right)}{ur}=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\frac{^2W_0}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r^3}\left(4\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\frac{W_0}{r}+\frac{1}{2}K_{V_{RT}}\frac{^2W_0}{r^2}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{1}{r^4}\left(6\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}W_0K_{V_{RT}}\frac{W_0}{r}M_0\frac{^2W_0}{r^2}\right)\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{r^5}\left(\frac{1}{6}ð_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0+\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}W_0+M_0\frac{W_0}{r}+\frac{1}{2}M_0\sigma _02K_{V_{RT}}W_0\right),\end{array}$$
(116)
$$\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1^0=3\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0ð_{V_{RT}}(M_1+i\mu )+\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\left(K_{V_{RT}}\right)\sigma _0,$$
(117)
where $`\mu `$ is actually related to $`\sigma _0`$ by

$$\mu =\frac{1}{2i}\left(ð_{V_{RT}}^2\overline{\sigma }_0\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}^2\sigma _0\right);$$
(118)
the zero order term of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{22}=0`$ gives

$$6M_0\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}=\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}K_{V_{RT}},$$
(119)
which is just another way to write the RT equation, and from the first order one obtains

$$\begin{array}{c}6M_0\frac{\dot{V}_\lambda }{V_{RT}}=\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}K_{V_\lambda }6\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\left(3M\frac{V_\lambda }{V_{RT}}M_1\right)2\dot{M}_1\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}^2\sigma _0+2\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}^2}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\sigma _0\frac{2}{V_{RT}}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\dot{V}_{RT}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}\sigma _0+\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}^2\dot{\sigma }_0\\ \hfill \frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}^2\overline{\sigma }_0+2\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}^2}ð_{V_{RT}}V_{RT}ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{\sigma }_0\frac{2}{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}\dot{V}_{RT}ð_{V_{RT}}\overline{\sigma }_0+ð_{V_{RT}}^2\dot{\overline{\sigma }}_0.\end{array}$$
(120)
One could also consider the leading order asymptotic expansion of $`W_0`$ by writing

$$W_0=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0}{4!r}+W_1;$$
(121)
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0=\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0(u,\zeta .\overline{\zeta })`$; in this way one has

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0}{r^5}+\frac{^4W_1}{r^4},$$
(122)
where the second term is of order $`O(1/r^6)`$.

In this case equation (116) splits into two equations, namely

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0^0=3\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0+ð_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^03M_0\sigma _0$$
(123)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{^2\left(\frac{W_1}{r^3}\right)}{ur}=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\frac{^2W_1}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r^3}\left(4\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\frac{W_1}{r}+\frac{1}{2}K_{V_{RT}}\frac{^2W_1}{r^2}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{1}{r^4}\left(6\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}W_1K_{V_{RT}}\frac{W_1}{r}M_0\frac{^2W_1}{r^2}\right)\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{r^5}\left(+\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}W_1+M_0\frac{W_1}{r}+\frac{1}{2}M_0\sigma _02K_{V_{RT}}W_1\right)\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{r^6}\left(+\frac{1}{24}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}ð_{V_{RT}}\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0\right)\frac{1}{8r^7}\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0M_0.\end{array}$$
(124)
Let us notice that equations (124), (123), (117) and (120) are the evolution equations for the first order quantities $`W_1`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0`$ and $`V_\lambda `$ and $`M_1`$ respectively; while equation (119) (the RT equation) is the evolution equation for the zero order quantity $`V_{RT}`$. The scalar $`\sigma _0`$ is an arbitrary complex function that affects the radiation content of the spacetime. To understand these equations it is important to study the gauge freedoms considered in the next subsection.

### 4.2 The gauge freedom

The main gauge freedom admitted in our calculation is of the form

$`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{u}_0(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{u}_1(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })}{r}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}\right),`$ (125)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{r}{w(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })}}+O\left(r^0\right),`$ (126)
$`\stackrel{~}{\zeta }`$ $`=\zeta +O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\right);`$ (127)
one could also admit a further transformation of the coordinates of the sphere $`(\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ into itself, that was also available in the original Robinson-Trautman geometry; but this will not change the following result.

The condition $`g^{\stackrel{~}{u}\stackrel{~}{r}}=1`$ imposes the relation

$$w=\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0.$$
(128)
This asymptotic coordinate transformation is associated to a corresponding null tetrad transformation; which in the leading orders is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}& =d\stackrel{~}{u}=\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0du+\stackrel{~}{u}_{0\zeta }d\zeta +\stackrel{~}{u}_{0\overline{\zeta }}d\overline{\zeta }+O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)\hfill \\ & =\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0\mathrm{}\frac{ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{r}\overline{m}\frac{\overline{ð}_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{r}m+O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(129)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{n}& =\frac{}{\stackrel{~}{u}}+O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)=\frac{1}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\frac{}{u}+O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}n+O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(130)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{m}& =\frac{\sqrt{2}\stackrel{~}{P}}{\stackrel{~}{r}}\frac{}{\stackrel{~}{\zeta }}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)=\frac{\sqrt{2}P_0\stackrel{~}{V}w}{r}\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{u}_{0\zeta }}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\frac{}{u}+\frac{}{\zeta }\right)+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)\hfill \\ & =\frac{\sqrt{2}P_0\stackrel{~}{V}w}{r}\frac{\stackrel{~}{u}_{0\zeta }}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}n+\frac{\stackrel{~}{V}w}{V}m+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right);\hfill \end{array}$$
(131)
since the metric expressed in terms of the new null tetrad must coincide with the metric expressed in terms of the original null tetrad, it is deduced that

$$\stackrel{~}{V}=\frac{V}{w}=\frac{V}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0};$$
(132)
therefore

$$\stackrel{~}{m}=m\frac{ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_{0\zeta }}{r\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}n+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right).$$
(133)
The null tetrad transformation equations can be used to write the leading order transformation relations for the spinor dyad associated to the null tetrad; namely

$$\stackrel{~}{o}^A=\sqrt{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\left(o^A\frac{ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{r\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\iota ^A\right),$$
(134)
$$\stackrel{~}{\iota }^A=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}}\iota ^A;$$
(135)
which implies that the regular dyad at future null infinity is given by

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{o}}^A=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}^1\stackrel{~}{o}^A=\frac{r}{w}\sqrt{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\left(o^A\frac{ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{r\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\iota ^A\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}}\left(\widehat{o}^A\frac{ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\widehat{\iota }^A\right),$$
(136)
$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\iota }}^A=\stackrel{~}{\iota }^A=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}}\widehat{\iota }^A.$$
(137)
We can now easily calculate the component $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2`$ of the Weyl tensor, in leading order, with respect to the new null tetrad, obtaining

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2^0=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}\mathrm{\Psi }_{ABCD}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{o}}^A\widehat{\stackrel{~}{o}}^B\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\iota }}^C\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\iota }}^D=\frac{1}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0^3}\left(\mathrm{\Psi }_2^0\frac{2ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0}\mathrm{\Psi }_3^0+\frac{(ð_V\stackrel{~}{u}_0)^2}{\dot{\stackrel{~}{u}}_0^2}\mathrm{\Psi }_4^0\right);$$
(138)
where in our case we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_3^0=ð_V\sigma _{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}\overline{ð}_V\rho _{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=\frac{1}{2}\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}K_{V_{RT}}+O(\lambda ),$$
(139)
and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_4^0=\dot{\sigma ^{}}_02U_{00}\sigma _{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}\overline{ð}_V^2U_{00}=\overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}^2\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}+O(\lambda )$$
(140)
where

$$\sigma _{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=\lambda \left(\frac{\dot{V}_{RT}}{V_{RT}}\overline{\sigma }_0\dot{\overline{\sigma }_0}\right),$$
(141)
and

$$\rho _{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=\frac{1}{2}K_V.$$
(142)
Let us consider a first order transformation generated by

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_0=u\lambda \gamma (u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta });$$
(143)
then one has

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2^0& =\left[M_0+\lambda (\stackrel{~}{M}_1+i\stackrel{~}{\mu })\right]\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{(1\lambda \dot{\gamma })^3}\left(\left[M_0+\lambda (M_1+i\mu )\right]\lambda ð_{V_{RT}}\gamma \overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}K_{V_{RT}}\right);\hfill \end{array}$$
(144)
where it is important to note that the transformation law for $`\sigma _0`$ is

$$\lambda \stackrel{~}{\sigma }_0=\lambda \sigma _0\lambda ð_{V_{RT}}^2\gamma $$
(145)
and therefore, since $`\gamma `$ is real, it can be seen from equation (118) that

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\mu .$$
(146)
Then, one concludes that

$$\stackrel{~}{M}_1=3M_0\dot{\gamma }+M_1+ð_{V_{RT}}\gamma \overline{ð}_{V_{RT}}K_{V_{RT}};$$
(147)
where it is observed that the left hand side is real, and the first two terms of the right hand side are also real; therefore for this equation to make sense one should have the last term also real, which at first sight is not obvious. In order to check this let us note that for any quantity $`H`$ of spin weight $`s`$ one has

$$ð_V\overline{ð}_VH\overline{ð}_Vð_VH=sK_VH;$$
(148)
then, taking $`H=ð_V\gamma `$ one has $`s=1`$ and

$$ð_V\overline{ð}_Vð_V\gamma \overline{ð}_Vð_V^2\gamma =K_Vð_V\gamma ;$$
(149)
so that acting with $`\overline{ð}_V`$ on the last expression one obtains

$$\overline{ð}_Vð_V\overline{ð}_Vð_V\gamma \overline{ð}_V^2ð_V^2\gamma =\overline{ð}_VK_Vð_V\gamma K_V\overline{ð}_Vð_V\gamma .$$
(150)
Since $`\overline{ð}_Vð_V`$ and $`\overline{ð}_V^2ð_V^2`$ are real operators, one concludes that $`\overline{ð}_VK_Vð_V\gamma `$ is a real quantity for any $`V`$.

Coming back to equation (147) we observe that given $`M_1(u,\zeta \overline{\zeta })`$ and $`V_{RT}(u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ it is possible to chose $`\gamma (u,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta })`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{M}_1`$ acquires any value that we want.

Alternatively, from equation (132) we have

$$\stackrel{~}{V}=V_{RT}+\lambda (V_\lambda +\dot{\gamma });$$
(151)
therefore we could also choose $`\gamma `$ in order to give to $`\stackrel{~}{V}_\lambda `$ any desired value.

Summarizing, equations (123), (117) and (119) are the evolution equations for the asymptotic quantities $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^0`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^0`$ and $`V_{RT}`$ respectively. And, equation (120) can be understood as the evolution equation for $`V_\lambda `$ if $`M_1`$ is known; alternatively, it can be understood as the evolution equation of $`M_1`$ if $`V_\lambda `$ is given. As it was mentioned previously, the function $`\sigma _0`$ is free data; which contributes to the description of the structure of the sources and to outgoing radiation.

## 5 Final comments

In subsection 3.1 we have presented in full detail the algebraically special vacuum solutions in a new frame. The gauge freedom of these solutions is discussed in subsection 3.2.

The algebraically special perturbations of RT spacetimes, studied in section 3.3, are shown to contain divergent behavior in the asymptotic future, and therefore they do not seem to provide with an appropriate model for the description of a binary collision. This result contrasts with the usual treatments of perturbations of black holes. For example in the study of gravitational perturbations of the Kerr geometry, one normally assumes perturbations which, with respect to the Boyer Lindquist coordinates, have a $`t`$ and $`\varphi `$ dependence given by $`e^{i(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}t+m\varphi )}`$; where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}`$ is a constant considered “mostly real and positive”. However it is interesting to note that equation (7.286) of reference  reads

$$𝒞=D12i\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}M$$

where $`D`$ is a positive real constant, $`M`$ the mass of the spacetime and if particularized to the case of algebraically special perturbation; namely $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0=0`$, then the complex constant $`𝒞`$ must be zero; which indicates that $`e^{i(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}t+m\varphi )}`$ has an exponential divergent behavior for late times, as we have found.

One could also ask, how is that this behavior does not appear in the quasi-normal modes study of Schwarzschild black-hole; and the answer is that the very definition of quasi-normal modes excludes the exponentially growing $`\mathrm{}m\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}<0`$ cases. It is probably worth while to remark that the quasi-normal modes can not describe the Robinson-Trautman geometry as a perturbation of the Schwarzschild metric.

In relation to the general perturbations of the RT spacetimes, we have shown in section 4 that they provide with a suitable family of spacetimes for the discussion of the estimate of the total energy radiated in the collision of two black holes with orbital angular momentum.

In a future work we will apply this construction to the calculations of the mentioned estimates.

## Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support from Fundación YPF, SeCyT-UNC, CONICET and FONCYT BID 802/OC-AR PICT: 00223.


format: text

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# Hyperfine splitting of 2³𝑆₁ state in He3

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge helpful information about experimental results from Peter Mohr. This work was supported by Polish Committee for Scientific Research under Contract No. 2P03B 057 18.


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# First results from the Isaac Newton Telescope Wide Angle Survey: The z>5 quasar survey

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The identification and study of quasars at high redshift provides key diagnostic information on the early Universe. Over the last few years the relationship between high redshift quasars and local galaxies has been given an impetus from the realization that quiescent black holes may lie at the centre of all local bulges including the Milky Way (e.g. Magorrian etal, 1998). The formation and evolution of massive black holes is fast becoming a main stream topic in theories of galaxy formation and evolution (Haehnelt, Natarajan and Rees ; Kauffmann and Haehnelt ).

High redshift quasars are also an important contributor to the UV radiation field in the early Universe. Specifically the lack of an optically thick, Gunn-Peterson trough in the spectra of high redshift objects (e.g. Songaila, Hu, Cowie, McMahon ). implies that the Universe is highly ionized at z$``$5.5. Estimates by Madau indicate that if the ionization is due to starlight the inferred star formation rate at z=5 must be comparable to or greater than the observed value at z=3. The direct detection of galaxies at z$``$3 via the Lyman Break technique and the detection of measurable Lyman continuum photons that escape these galaxies (Steidel, Pettini and Adelberger ) has raised a question over whether quasars or galaxies are the origin of the UV photons that re-ionized the Universe at z$`>`$6. Recent theoretical work (Miralda-Escude, Haehnelt and Rees ; Madau, Haardt and Rees ) indicates that a Gunn-Peterson trough should be present by z$``$6. A major uncertainty in all of this work is a measure of the ionizing background from quasars. The current uncertainty in the contribution of quasars to the UV background is predominantly caused by the unconstrained faint end of the luminosity function.

The resent discovery of several z$`>`$5 quasars by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS Fan et al. ) will constrain the bright end (i$`<`$20.0) of the high redshift luminosity function. We are undertaking a survey 1-2 magnitudes fainter than the SDSS program with the aim of constraining the space density and evolution of lower luminosity quasars where the majority of the ionizing flux arises. In this paper we present results from the first $``$10deg2 of our survey. Unless stated otherwise we use conventional Vega magnitudes and H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=`$50 km s-1 Mpc-1, q0=0.5.

## 2 Survey imaging data

We are using data from the Isaac Newton Telescope(INT) Wide Angle Survey (WAS) (McMahon et al. ; http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/$``$wfcsur/. The survey is carried out with the prime focus Wide Field camera (WFC; Ives,Tulloch and Churchill ) at the 2.5m INT. The WFC consists of a close packed mosaic of 4 thinned EEV42 2kx4k CCDs. with a pixel size of 13.5 $`\mu `$m corresponding to 0.33”/pixel and effective field of view of 0.25deg2. The survey consists of single 600secs exposures in 5 wavebands ($`\mathrm{𝑢𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑧}`$) over an area $``$100deg2 to a nominal 5$`\sigma `$ limiting magnitude(Vega) of 23, 25, 24, 23 and 22 respectively.

The CCD mosaic data from all survey runs is pipeline processed in Cambridge (Irwin and Lewis ) to produce photometrically and astrometrically calibrated images (rms(internal)=0.1”), and morphologically classified merged multicolour catalogues. A preliminary photometric calibration has been applied to the data to the $`\pm `$ 0.1 magnitude level. For the current work we have only used data with seeing of $`<`$1.67 arcsec (FWHM of 5 pixels) and stellar ellipticity (due to trailing) of better than $`<`$0.2 since this defines a practical upper limit for reliable image morphological classification. The current quasar candidate sample has a magnitude limit of $`i`$ or $`z`$$`<`$21, the practical limit for acceptable signal-to-noise spectra with a 4m class telescope in 1800 seconds of observation.

At the time of the spectroscopic follow–up observations in June 2000, object catalogues for data taken between August 1998 and October 1999 were available. This data is taken from two regions of the survey. The first region covers the ISO ELAIS N1 field at J1610+5430 (Oliver et al. ), the second region is in the vicinity of at J2240+0000. A total area of 12.5 deg2 has been used.

## 3 Colour selection of candidates

Figure 1 shows colour-colour plots for INT WFS data in the $`\mathrm{𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑧}`$ bands with the predicted quasar tracks as a function of redshift overplotted. These colour tracks were computed assuming an underlying quasar spectrum based on a power law with spectral index ($`S_\nu \nu ^{0.5}`$) and with an emission line spectrum based on the composite spectrum of Vanden Berk et al. . The absorption model for the intervening Lyman-$`\alpha `$ forest is taken from Madau(1995). The stellar main sequence is clearly visible as the heavily populated strip in the centre of the plots.

Candidate high redshift objects are selected from the multi colour data by selecting all objects that obey a set of colour criteria. To establish these criteria the stellar locus in the colour-colour diagrams has been approximated using piecewise linear fits in the colour space. These fits are then used to establish the boundaries indicated in Figure 1.

Once selected by one of these colour criteria all 5 ugriz images of an object are then visually examined to check the validity of the photometry. This step is required to identify spurious sources such as objects in the diffraction spikes of bright stars or satellites and asteroids that have moved significantly between observations. Candidate z$``$5 quasars are selected using the riz diagram whereas 4$``$z$``$5 candidates are selected from the gri colour diagram. At the current time the followup of the lower redshift sample is incomplete due to limited spectroscopic time.

## 4 Spectroscopic observations

Spectroscopic observations were obtained in two nights (29th and 30th of June 2000) using the red arm of the ISIS dual beam spectrograph on the 4.2 meter William Hershel Telescope on La Palma. The R158R grating was used with the TeK4 CCD giving a spectral resolution of 2.90Å per pixel and wavelength coverage of 2970Å. Initially a central wavelength of 7900Å was selected but during observations it became apparent that a useful spectrum could not be taken of faint objects longward of 9000Å due to strong night sky line emission and so a central wavelength of 7500Å was subsequently used.

The slit width was matched to the seeing which varied over the course of the observing run in the range 0.8”–1.2”. During the periods of poorer seeing($``$1”) brighter candidate objects were observed. These generally proved to be low mass late M and early L stars as expected. Conditions were photometric throughout the run and observations of the spectrophotometric standards HZ 44, Ross 640 and LDS 749B (ING identifiers sp1321+363, sp1626+368 and sp2129+000) were used to flux calibrate the data. Wavelength calibration was carried out using a mixture of arc spectra and night sky lines.

Each observation was taken as a series of 900 second exposures and coadded to improve cosmic ray rejection. Total exposure times range from 900–2700 seconds. Several candidate objects could be identified as late M and early L dwarf stars after only a single 900 second exposure. Observation of these objects was truncated reducing the time spent observing non-quasar candidates.

## 5 Confirmed high redshift quasars

The identification spectra of the confirmed high redshift (z$`>`$4.4) quasars are shown in Figure 2 and the emission line properties are presented in Table 2. Absolute B(Vega) band magnitudes and AB magnitudes at a rest-frame wavelength of 1450Å have been determined from the $`z`$ band magnitudes assuming a power law spectral index of -0.5. We use the $`z`$ band since it is unaffected by the Lyman-$`\alpha `$ forest or any strong emission lines.

Redshift determination for high redshift objects is complicated since in many spectra the only strong line visible is Lyman-$`\alpha `$(1215.7Å). This is often blended on the red side with N V emission(1240.1Å) in quasar spectra and has an asymmetric profile due to absorption of the blue wing of the line by the Lyman-$`\alpha `$ forest. The onset of this absorption of the blue wing of the line is quite abrupt and we take this as our redshift estimate for the quasars.

wfsj224524.2+002414 At z$`=`$5.17, this is currently the fourth highest redshift quasar known. This faint object is identified by the strong Lyman-$`\alpha `$ line at 7498Å and the break in the continuum across the line due to Lyman-$`\alpha `$ forest absorption. Lyman-$`\alpha `$ shows a highly irregular profile with strong absorption features within the line. A strong absorption feature is also at the expected wavelength of N V emission redward of Lyman-$`\alpha `$.

wfsj161253.1+525543 This object shows a broad emission feature interpreted as a blend of Lyman-$`\alpha `$ and N V. The wavelength of any associated C IV emission line is in a region of the spectrum heavily effected by emission from the night sky making detection of an emission feature difficult. At z=4.95 this quasar is the seventh highest redshift quasar known.

wfsj224531.0+003358 Strong Lyman-$`\alpha `$ emission dominates the spectra of this object. Two clear absorption features, characteristic of the class of Broad Absorption line (BAL) quasars, are seen associated with N V and C IV emission lines.

The FIRST and NVSS radio surveys (Becker et al. ; Condon et al. ) cover our survey regions and no radio emission with $`\mathrm{S}_{20\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}`$$`>`$1mJy(5$`\sigma `$) is detected for these quasars. There is also no evidence for X-ray emission from ROSAT All Sky Survey or PSPC pointed phase observations.

Figure 3 shows the equivalent width distribution of Lyman-$`\alpha `$ for the SDSS z$`>`$4.4 quasars compared with our new quasars. Despite the strength of the line in our z=5.17 quasar it is comparable with the strongest lined objects in the SDSS sample.

## 6 Discussion and conclusions

The majority of the $``$250 z$`>`$4 quasars that are currently known (see http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~quasars) have been discovered using photographic plates but despite the relative ease with which z$`>`$4 quasars can be discovered (e.g. Storrie-Lombardi et al.  and refs therein) for almost a decade the highest redshift object known was the optically selected quasar PC1247$`+`$3406 with z=4.89 (Schneider etal, 1991). The addition of the $`z`$ band to multi-colour surveys has changed this. The first quasars with z$`>`$4.9 was discovered by Fan et al.  using SDSS data in the griz bands. In this paper we report two new quasars at z$`>`$4.9 bringing the total sample of published quasars with redshift z$`>`$4.9 to nine, of which 6 have z$``$5 (see Table 3).

We use our sample to make the first estimate of the space density of low luminosity quasars at z$``$5. Figure 4 shows the completeness of our survey with redshift. At the current magnitude limit for the spectroscopic sample the survey is not sensitive to photometric errors and so there is no magnitude effect on completeness. This has been computed using the approach described in Fan et al.  where we use the Madau(1995) IGM model and an intrinsic unabsorbed quasar spectrum with a power law continuum spectrum with a gaussian distribution of spectral indices (mean=$``$0.5; dispersion($`\sigma `$=0.3) and an contribution from emission lines. The relative emission lines strengths are taken from the SDSS composite quasar spectrum (Vanden Berk et al. ) normalised to a Lyman-$`\alpha `$ line strength distribution (Rest frame Equivalent Width: Gaussian with mean 92.91 and sigma 24.0) from Wilkes et al. (1986). Using this completeness we calculate the effective volume assuming H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=`$50 km s-1 Mpc-1, q0=0.5.

The INT WFS is ongoing and to date $``$10% of the final survey imaging data has been investigated for candidate quasars. The final survey is expected to contain 10–20 high redshift (z$`>`$5) low luminosity quasars ($`i`$$`<`$21.5 and should therefore constrain the luminosity density to $``$20%. This statistically significant sample of low luminosity quasars will allow the determination of the faint end slope of the quasar luminosity function and the break point in the distribution (analogue to L for galaxies). This break point is required to allow estimation of the contribution of quasars to the ionizing UV background at high redshift. Our results, when combined with shallower surveys such as the SDSS, will allow detailed studies of the AGN phenomenon at high redshift over a range of UV luminosities. Our knowledge of the relationship between accretion and the formation of black holes and galaxies will then not rely purely on the properties of the rare extreme luminosity quasars.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

RGS acknowledges the receipt of a PPARC studentship. RGM thanks the Royal Society for support. This paper uses data that was made publically available through the Isaac Newton Groups’ Wide Field Camera Survey Programme. The Isaac Newton Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.


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# Teleportation with the entangled states of a beam splitter

## Abstract

We present a teleportation protocol based upon the entanglement produced from Fock states incident onto a beam splitter of arbitrary transmissivity. The teleportation fidelity is analysed, its trends being explained from consideration of a beam splitter’s input/output characteristics.

Entanglement is a resource with which to perform quantum information processing tasks, such as quantum computing DiVincenzo (1995); Grover (1997); Ekert and Jozsa (1998); Jozsa (1998), quantum error correction Bennett et al. (1996); Knill and Laflamme (1997), dense coding Bennett and Wiesner (1992); Braunstein and Kimble (2000) and quantum teleportation Bennett et al. (1993); Furusawa et al. (1998); Bouwmeester et al. (1997); Braunstein and Kimble (1998). In particular, teleportation has generated a lot of interest since it was first proposed Bennett et al. (1993) and demonstrated Furusawa et al. (1998); Bouwmeester et al. (1997). There are many protocols for teleportation using both discrete and continuous variables Braunstein and Kimble (1998); Ralph and Lam (1998); Bennett et al. (1993); Cochrane et al. (2000), nevertheless all are based upon the original proposal. For further related work the reader is directed to references Ralph (1999); Milburn and Braunstein (1999); Clausen et al. (2000); Braunstein et al. (2000); DelRe et al. (2000); van Enk (1999); Trump et al. (2001); Yu and Sun (2000).

In this paper we generalise and expand upon results of previous work Cochrane et al. (2000), showing how harmonic oscillator states entangled on a beam splitter may be used as an entanglement resource for teleportation. We describe the teleportation protocol and derive the fidelity of output showing its behaviour as a function of the difference in photon number incident to the beam splitter and the transmission properties of the beam splitter. The average fidelity trends are as expected from a simple consideration of the beam splitter.

The process of teleportation can be explained in general terms as follows: There are two parties who wish to communicate quantum information between one another; a sender, Alice, and a receiver, Bob. Alice and Bob initially share one part each of a bipartite entangled system. Alice also has a particle of an unknown quantum state, this being the information she wishes to send to Bob. She sends this information by making *joint* measurements on her part of the entangled pair and the unknown particle, and then sending the results of these measurements to Bob via the classical channel. Bob can then recreate the unknown quantum state perfectly (in principle) after performing local unitary transformations on his part of the entangled pair. The important point is that, in principle, perfect transmission of quantum information is possible between spatially separated points but only with the help of quantum entanglement.

There are many processes involved in performing teleportation; the measurements made by Alice, the transmission of the classical information, and the transformations made by Bob. If one assumes that these processes are all performed perfectly, then the only influence on the efficacy of teleportation will be the quality of the entanglement.

Consider the experiment shown schematically in Fig. 1.

Two Fock states, number $`𝒩`$ in mode $`A`$, and $``$ in mode $`B`$, are incident on a beam splitter with transmissivity described by the parameter $`\beta `$. Mode $`A`$ goes to Alice and mode $`B`$ goes to Bob. Alice makes joint number sum and phase difference measurements Cochrane et al. (2000) on the target and mode $`A`$. She sends the results of these measurements to Bob via the classical channel, who then applies the relevant unitary transformations on his mode to attempt to recreate the target state at his location.

The input Fock states are entangled via the beam splitter interaction; described by

$$|\psi _{AB}=e^{i\beta (a^{}b+b^{}a)/2}|𝒩_A|_B,$$
(1)
where $`a`$, $`a^{}`$, $`b`$ and $`b^{}`$ are the usual boson annihilation and creation operators for modes $`A`$ and $`B`$ respectively. The variable $`\beta `$ describes the transmissivity of the beam splitter; $`\beta =0`$ corresponds to all transmission and no reflection, $`\beta =\pi `$ corresponds to all reflection and no transmission and $`\beta =\pi /2`$ corresponds to a 50:50 beam splitter. When the total photon number is fixed, these states can be written in a pseudo-angular momentum algebra, allowing the resource to be expanded in terms of eigenstates of constant number sum. The resource state is:

$$\rho _{AB}=\underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{2N}{}}d_{nN}d_{n^{}N}^{}|n_An^{}||2Nn_B2Nn^{}|.$$
(2)
The $`d_{nN}`$ are

$$d_{nN}=e^{i\frac{\pi }{2}(nNm)}D_{nN,m}^{2N}(\beta ),$$
(3)
where $`m=(𝒩)/2`$ is the incident photon number difference and the $`D_{m^{},m}^j(\beta )`$ being the rotation matrix coefficients Biedenharn and Louck (1981) given by

$`D_{m^{},m}^j(\beta )=\left[(j+m^{})!(jm^{})!(j+m)!(jm)!\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{m^{}m+s}\left(\mathrm{cos}\frac{\beta }{2}\right)^{2j+mm^{}2s}\left(\mathrm{sin}\frac{\beta }{2}\right)^{m^{}m+2s}}{(j+ms)!s!(m^{}m+s)!(jm^{}s)!}}.`$ (4)
The variable $`s`$ ranges over all possible values such that the factorials are positive. The resource states are eigenstates of number-sum and tend to eigenstates of phase-difference in the limit of large total photon number (for details see LABEL:Cochrane:2000:2).

The quality of information transfer is measured by the overlap between the target state and the output state. This is the *fidelity* which we define by

$$F=_T\psi |\rho _{out,B}|\psi _T.$$
(5)
We now show the mechanics of our teleportation protocol in order to calculate the teleportation fidelity. We teleport an arbitrary state of the form

$$\rho _T=\underset{m,m^{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_mc_m^{}^{}|m_Tm^{}|.$$
(6)
The subscript $`T`$ emphasises that this is the “target” state and the $`c_m`$ are chosen such that the state is normalised. The total state of the system is the tensor product between this and $`\rho _{AB}`$.

$$\rho _{TAB}=\rho _T\rho _{AB}$$
(7)
Alice makes joint measurements of number-sum (yielding result $`q`$) and phase-difference (result $`\varphi _{}`$) on the target and her half of the entangled pair, mode $`A`$. The state of the system conditioned on these measurements is

$`\rho ^{(q,\varphi _{})}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w,y,x^{},z^{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{i(yw+x^{}z^{})\varphi _{}}\delta _{wq+y}\delta _{qx^{}z^{}}`$
$`\times |w_Tx^{}||y_Az^{}|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{P(q)}}{\displaystyle \underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{min(q,2N)}{}}}e^{2i(nn^{})\varphi _{}}c_{qn}c_{qn^{}}^{}d_{nN}d_{n^{}N}^{}`$
$`\times |2Nn_B2Nn^{}|,`$
where

$$P(q)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{min(q,2N)}{}}|c_{qn}|^2|d_{nN}|^2,$$
(9)
is the probability of measuring a given number-sum result $`q`$. Alice transmits the results of these measurements to Bob via the classical channel. Bob makes the amplification operations

$`|2Nn_B|qn_B`$ (10)
$`_B2Nn^{}|_Bqn^{}|`$
and the phase shift $`e^{2i(nn^{})\varphi _{}}`$. The unitary amplification operation is described in Wiseman (1995) and in more detail in Wiseman (1994); other amplification techniques are discussed by Yuen Yuen (1986) and Björk and Yamamoto Björk and Yamamoto (1988). The amplifications and phase transformations complete the protocol. Bob’s state is then

$`\rho _{out,B}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{P(q)}}{\displaystyle \underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{min(q,2N)}{}}}c_{qn}c_{qn^{}}^{}d_{nN}d_{n^{}N}^{}`$
$`\times |qn_Bqn^{}|,`$
and the teleportation fidelity is,

$$F(q)=\frac{1}{P(q)}\underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{min(q,2N)}{}}|c_{qn}|^2|c_{qn^{}}|^2d_{nN}d_{n^{}N}^{}.$$
(12)
Note that the fidelity is dependent upon the number sum measurement result ($`q`$). To obtain an overall figure of merit for the protocol we remove this dependence by defining the *average fidelity*,

$$\overline{F}=\underset{q}{}P(q)F(q).$$
(13)
For our protocol this is,

$$\overline{F}=\underset{q=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{min(q,2N)}{}}|c_{qn}|^2|c_{qn^{}}|^2d_{nN}d_{n^{}N}^{}.$$
(14)
If one sets $`𝒩=`$, this result is identical to that obtained in LABEL:Cochrane:2000:2 without decoherence.

Teleportation fidelity for transmission of an “even cat” target state of amplitude $`\alpha =3`$ is shown in Fig. 2. An even cat state is the even superposition of two coherent states of equal amplitude but opposite phase Cochrane et al. (1999), i.e.

$$|cat_{even}=\frac{|\alpha +|\alpha }{\sqrt{2+2\mathrm{exp}(2|\alpha |^2)}}.$$
(15)
Many of the trends shown in Fig. 2 can be explained by simple consideration of a beam splitter. As the beam splitter becomes more biased ($`\beta `$ tends to either 0 or $`\pi `$), the outgoing photons are partitioned less evenly and the entanglement resource is distorted. This is evident by the average fidelity decreasing to the classical level111The classical level is defined as the fidelity achieved with this protocol using no entanglement resource. at $`\beta =0`$ and $`\beta =\pi `$. At these extremes the setup is completely biased with all incident photons being sent in one direction, so there are no phase correlations between the modes above the classical level. Changing the photon number difference also changes the partitioning of outgoing photons, hence the fidelity decreases with increasing $`m`$ for the same reasons outlined above. The input photon number difference and beam splitter transmissivity can have opposing photon partitioning effects, thereby keeping the fidelity high. This is evident by the “ridges” of the fidelity surface. The ridges decrease in height with increasing $`m`$ implying that although the two biases are in opposition, the resource is still being distorted.

We can show why the ridges occur in a more quantitative fashion with the aid of the joint phase probability of the resource state. This is

$$P(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,\beta ,m)=\left|\varphi _1|\varphi _2|\psi _{AB}\right|^2$$
(16)
where the $`|\varphi _j`$ are the phase states

$$|\varphi _j=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e^{i\varphi _jn}|n.$$
(17)
Equation (16) can be written in a more explicit form;

$$P(\varphi _{},\beta ,m)=\left|\underset{n=0}{\overset{2N}{}}e^{in\varphi _{}}d_{nN}(\beta ,m)\right|^2,$$
(18)
where $`\varphi _{}`$ is the phase difference $`\varphi _1\varphi _2`$. This is a function of three variables: phase difference $`\varphi _{}`$, beam splitter transmissivity $`\beta `$ and photon number difference $`m`$, and is consequently not easy to analyse graphically. However, if one finds the maximum of $`P(\varphi _{},\beta ,m)`$ over $`\varphi _{}`$ for given $`\beta `$ and $`m`$ (we call this quantity $`P_{max}`$), and the value of $`\varphi _{}`$ that corresponds to this maximum, then we obtain more easily interpretable information. We show in Fig. 3 the value of $`\varphi _{}`$ corresponding to $`P_{max}`$ as a function of $`\beta `$ and $`m`$.

This function shows the same ridge structure as Fig. 2. When $`\beta =\pi /2`$ and $`m=0`$, the average fidelity is a maximum and the joint phase probability density has a maximum at $`\varphi _{}=\pi /2`$. For other values of $`\beta `$ and $`m`$ the ridges in the average fidelity correspond to where the phase distribution has a maximum near $`\pi /2`$ and where the protocol is therefore better.

Testing our results experimentally will be difficult in the optical regime. However, recent experiments Varcoe et al. (2000); Benson et al. (2000); Kurtsiefer et al. (2000) showing generation of Fock states, and proposals using alternative technologies Foden et al. (2000); Brunel et al. (1999) indicate some future possibility of exploring the ideas presented here.

We have shown how Fock states entangled on a beam splitter may be used as an entanglement resource for teleportation in the case of arbitrary beam splitter properties and arbitrary input Fock states. We have studied how varying the beam splitter transmissivity and input photon number difference influences the average fidelity. The results are consistent with an analysis of how entanglement varies with these parameters.

###### Acknowledgements.

PTC acknowledges the financial support of the Centre for Laser Science and the University of Queensland Postgraduate Research Scholarship. PTC also thanks W. J. Munro for helpful discussions.