text:
# A Characterisation of the Weylian Structure of Space–Time by Means of Low Velocity Tests

## 1 Introduction

Because of the direct physical interpretability of all introduced notions and the logical self–consistency it is most preferable to introduce the space–time geometry by means of a constructive axiomatics. For the classical domain this task was solved in a generally accepted way by Ehlers, Pirani and Schild (1972), EPS. They used point particles and light rays as primitive objects and axiomatized their dynamical behaviour by means of mathematical statements describing basic experiences. For light rays the basic experience consists in the fact that there are only two light rays from any world line to a neighbouring event. For massive point particles the equivalence principle is a basic experience. This leads to the conformal and to the projective structure, respectively. These two structures are not compatible in the sense that point particles obeying the equivalence principle may be non–causal with respect to the conformal structure. The compatibility between these two structures can be achieved by demanding that no point particle is faster than light, but can chase light rays arbitrarily close. This compatibility results in the geometrical notion of a Weylian structure which is defined by an equivalence class of metrics $`[g]`$ and a 1–form $`a`$.

A more general approach to the Weylian structure has been given by Coleman and Korte (1984) who showed that the compatibility of a path structure with the conformal structure (in the sense of local compatibilty with the Special Theory of Relativity) necessarily leads to a Weylian structure. They proved that this is true even for higher order structures, Coleman and Korte (1993).

The above versions of compatibility rest mainly on the high velocity behaviour of massive point particles: The whole light cone has to be filled up with particle paths. This means that one has to transfer an infinite amount of energy to the point particles in order to test the compatibility in the above form. However, the compatibility does not show up in the high velocity behaviour of massive point particles only, but also in certain low velocity effects. This is what we intend to do in this article. We want to describe some low velocity effects whose requirement to vanish can be taken as alternative to the compatibility axiom using fast particles with velocities arbitrarily close to the velocity of light. At least in the classical domain massive low velocity particles are more easy to handle with than fast particles.

In the following we very shortly review the EPS scheme for introducing the conformal and projective structures and their compatibility axiom. Then we introduce measurable quantities whose definitions do not depend on the notion of the projective structure. Only light rays are needed. These quantities are the radial and Coriolis acceleration and the rotation of a zig–zag construction. We will show that with these quantities it is possible to replace the compatibility axiom of EPS by demanding for freely falling low velocity particles a certain outcome for measurements of these quantities. The procedural advantage of this form of the compatibility axiom lies in the fact that one can make measurements with slow particles and some of these measurements are null experiments. The only things we need are some clock, light rays and a device to register whether two light rays propagate along the same direction.

In this connection also the role of the standard clock defined by Perlick (1987) will be interpreted further insofar as we show that such a clock can be constructed uniquely in Weylian space–times only.

## 2 The conformal and the projective structure

We assume that space–time is a differentiable manifold $``$. This has also been axiomatically founded by EPS, and, in an alternative way, in a series of papers by Schröter and Schelb (1988), (1992), and Schelb (1992).

The conformal structure of space–time is introduced by EPS by means of light rays possessing essentially the property that there are only two light rays between a world–line and a nearby event (for a more rigorous formulation, see e.g. EPS or Perlick (1997)). This and an additional topological requirement allows it to define a conformal class of metric tensors, the conformal structure

$$[g]:=\{g^{}g^{}=e^\lambda g,\lambda \text{function on}\},$$
(1)
where $`g`$ is a non–degenerate second rank tensor of signature $`2`$. Two representatives $`g,g^{}[g]`$ are related by a conformal transformation $`g^{}=e^\lambda g`$. For each $`g[g]`$ there is a unique torsionless covariant derivative $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}`$ fulfilling $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ug=0`$ for all vector fields $`uT`$.

The tangents $`l`$ to the light rays are characterized by $`g(l,l)=0`$, that is, light rays are null curves. In addition, light rays obey the equation of motion

$$\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_lll.$$
(2)
The second type of primitive objects, the massive point particles described by paths $`P(\tau )`$, are assumed (i) to obey the weak equivalence principle (universality of free fall) and (ii) to lead to a unique determination of the path of the particle if the velocity $`vT`$ (tangent to the path) is given at a certain point $`p`$. Therefore, the particle paths are given by some path structure, which is an equivalence class of curves $`\gamma ::\tau x(\tau )`$ which tangent vectors $`v=dx(\tau )/d\tau `$ an equations of the form $`\text{D}_vv:={\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\tau }}+H(x,v)=\alpha v`$. $`H(x,v)`$ is homogeneous of degree two in $`v`$ and can be used to define a velocity dependent connection; see e.g. Rund (1959). The appearance of $`\alpha `$ is connected with the choice of the parametrisation of the path. Coleman and Korte call $`H(x,v)+\alpha v`$ the acceleration field.

Since we assume that a conformal structure is given, the equation for the path structure can formally be rewritten as

$$\text{D}_vv=\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv+\text{f}(v)=\alpha v.$$
(3)
with a chosen $`g[g]`$ and with $`\text{f}(v):=\text{D}_vv\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vvT`$. For conformal transformations f transforms according to $`\text{f}(v)\text{f}^{}(v)=\text{f}(v)+d\lambda (v)v\frac{1}{2}g(v,v)g(d\lambda ,)`$ (it is possible to absorb the component of f which is parallel to $`v`$ into the coefficient $`\alpha `$; however, this will not be done in our approach).

EPS introduced the projective structure as a special case of a path structure by means of the requirement that at each point $`p`$ of the manifold there is a coordinate system and a parametrisation so that for each trajectory of a massive point particle passing this point, the equation of motion is given by the inertial law $`d^2x^\mu /dt^2=0`$. (There are alternatives of this characterisation given by Douglas (1928), Ehlers and Köhler (1977), Coleman and Korte (1980), Pfister and Heilig (1991), and Coleman and Schmidt (1993). Coleman and Korte (1987) claim to be able also to introduce the projective structure even in the presence of ‘non–geometrical’ forces, see, however, the critique stated by Schröter and Schelb (1995).) In an arbitrary coordinate system and for an arbitrary parametrisation $`\tau `$ this equation reads

$$D_vvv,v:=\frac{dx}{d\tau }.$$
(4)
where $`D`$ is some still unspecified linear connection. By means of this equation not all of the 64 components of the connection $`D_{e_\mu }e_\nu ,\theta ^\rho `$ can be measured ($`e_\mu `$ are a basis of $`T`$, $`\theta ^\mu `$ its dual defined by $`e_\mu ,\theta ^\nu =\delta _\mu ^\nu `$). For a chosen coordinate system and parametrisation, the connection can be measured up to projective transformations and torsion terms $`S(u,v):=D_uvD_vu[u,v]`$. This defines an equivalence class of connections, the projective structure

$$[D]:=\{D^{}D^{}=D+p\delta +\delta p+A,pT^{},A\text{antisymmetric}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{2}\right)\text{-tensor field}\}$$
(5)
$`A`$ automatically drops out of Eq.(4) and has therefore no influence on the following, that is, cannot be measured using point particles.

The geodesic equation (4) can again be reformulated by means of the Christoffel covariant derivative:

$$D_vv=\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv+f(v,v)=\alpha v.$$
(6)
The field of symmetric $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{2}\right)`$–tensors $`f`$ is defined by $`D_vv\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv=:f(v,v)T`$ and can be decomposed into a tracefree part $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$ and traces: $`f=\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}+\frac{1}{2}(\delta p+p\delta )+\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{a}g`$ with $`pT^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{a}T`$. Inserting this decomposition into (6) gives

$$\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv+\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(v,v)+p(v)v+\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{a}g(v,v)=\alpha v$$
(7)
We also define the $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{0}{3}\right)`$–tensor by $`f^{}(u,v,w):=g(f(u,v),w)`$ which in the following we denote by $`f`$ too. The totally symmetric tracefree part of $`f`$ or $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$ will be denoted by $`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}`$.

Until now we established no connection between the propagation phenomena for light and for massive point particles. For example, the particle motion may be acausal with respect to the metric $`g`$. To make these two phenomena compatible, EPS required that particles cannot cross the light cone and that the light cone can be filled up with particle paths. Especially this last requirement needs high energy particles to be tested. In the classical domain it may be difficult for massive point particles to be accelerated to velocities being arbitrarily close to the velocity of light. This compatibility condition gives a connection between the Christoffel connection $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}`$ and the connection $`D`$: $`f(v,v)=\gamma vv`$ with $`g(v,v)=0`$ and for some unspecified function $`\gamma `$. This requirement results in $`D[\stackrel{W}{D}]`$ where $`\stackrel{W}{D}`$ is defined by $`\stackrel{W}{D}g=ag`$ with a 1–form $`a`$. This connection is related to the above one by $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}=0`$ and $`a=p=g(\stackrel{~}{a},)`$, that is, $`\stackrel{W}{D}=\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}\frac{1}{2}(\delta a+a\delta \stackrel{~}{a}g)`$. Because of the fact that $`D`$ is independent of conformal transformations, $`a`$ has to transform according to $`aa^{}=ad\lambda `$. The geodesic equation reads $`\stackrel{W}{D}_vv=\beta v`$. Manifolds endowed with a conformal structure and an equivalence class of connections represented by the Weyl connection will be called a Weylian structure. A space–time with the connection $`\stackrel{W}{D}`$ is called a Weylian space–time (For more interpretation see Perlick (1987)).

However, a violation of this compatibility condition does appear not only as an acausal motion of point particles but also shows up in low velocity effects which we are going to describe below. Consequently, with the help of these effects we can state a number of alternative compatibility conditions which may have the advantage of being experimentally more accessible than the causality condition of EPS. We see by inspection of (7) that

$$[D]=[\stackrel{W}{D}+\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}],$$
(8)
so that a Weylian structure is characterized by $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}=0`$. Therefore any condition which also gives this result is equivalent to the compatibility condition of EPS.

In the following we consider a space–time which consists of a manifold $``$ endowed with a conformal and a projective structure which we do not assume to be compatible.

## 3 Measuring velocity, acceleration, and direction

In this section we introduce that measurable quantities which are used in the following in order to state alternative versions of the compatibility axiom.

We want to describe the observation of the motion of a particle crossing the worldline of an observer. In doing so neither the motion of the particle nor the motion of the observer are restricted in any way except that the observer is time–like with respect to the conformal structure. All considerations in this chapter are carried through without use of the projective structure given by the geodesic equation (4); instead, we use (3) only. With these observable quantities it is possible to characterize the compatibility of the projective with the conformal structure in a way alternative to the EPS axiomatics. (The following consideration may also be used for a low velocity characterisation of the projective structure.)

The observations will be carried through by means of a steady flow of light rays emitted from the observer to the particle which reflects these light rays. The dates of emission and receipt of the rays are recorded by some clock. This clock is just some monotonically growing parameter (see Fig.1).

In order to formalize this kind of observations, we at first consider a single observer described by a path $`O:`$ with some strongly monotonically growing parameter $`t`$. Following Perlick (1987) we introduce with respect to some event $`p_0=O(t_0)`$ a time– and a distance function $`\tau (q)`$ and $`\rho (q)`$ provided $`q`$ lies within a sufficient small neighbourhood of $`p_0`$. There is exactly one function $`\tau (q)`$ and one function $`\rho (q)`$ so that the point $`q`$ can be connected by means of light rays with $`O(\tau (q)+\rho (q))`$ and $`O(\tau (q)\rho (q))`$.

Next we describe along the lines of Perlick (1987) the observations made with a second particle $`P:`$ with parameter $`t^{}`$. We assume that $`P`$ crosses $`O`$ at $`p_0=O(t_0)`$. Then, by means of Einstein’s synchronisation procedure, we can introduce a parameter on $`P`$ via $`\tau (P(t))=t`$. This means that $`P(t)`$ and $`O(t)`$ are synchroneous. $`x(t):=\rho (P(t))`$ is the radial distance between $`O(t)`$ and $`P(t)`$.

The vector $`u`$ is the tangent to $`O`$ and $`v`$ the tangent to $`P`$. The observation is made with light rays which are emitted from $`O`$ and received and reflected by $`P`$ and again received by $`O`$. Thus the entities observed by $`O`$ are the direction of the emitted and received light rays $`l^{}`$ and $`l^+`$ and their times of emission and reception. The situation is illustrated by Fig.1. This will be done in a small neighbourhood of the intersection point $`p_0`$ so that emitted (received) light rays do not intersect. The set of emitted light rays $`l^{}`$ define a two–surface $`N_{}`$ and the set of received light rays $`l^+`$ a two–surface $`N_+`$. These two surfaces can be parametrized by the time function $`\tau `$ and the distance function $`\rho `$ which define vector fields $`R:={\displaystyle \frac{}{\rho }}`$ and $`T:={\displaystyle \frac{}{\tau }}`$. We have $`\underset{\rho 0}{lim}T=u`$ and $`l^+TR`$ and $`l^{}T+R`$. Therefore

$`g(T\pm R,T\pm R)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (9)
$`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_{T\pm R}(T\pm R)`$ $`=`$ $`\beta ^{}(T\pm R).`$ (10)
In addition, every vector field $`w`$ on $`N_+`$ or $`N_{}`$ may be decomposed with respect to $`R`$ and $`T`$ according to

$$w=w(\rho )R+w(\tau )T.$$
(11)
If we take $`v={\displaystyle \frac{dP(t)}{dt}}TN_\pm `$, then we get $`v(t)=\dot{x}(t)R_{P(t)}+T_{P(t)}`$. $`\dot{x}(t)`$ is the radial velocity of the passing particle $`P`$ as observed by $`O`$. In $`p_0`$

$$v(t_0)=\dot{x}(t_0)r+u(t_0)$$
(12)
with $`r:=\underset{tt_0}{lim}R_{P(t)}`$ and $`g(r,r)=g(u,u)`$. The velocity $`x_0:=\dot{x}(t_0)`$ is independent of the chosen parametrisation. If $`v`$ is tangent to a light ray, then $`0=g(v,v)=g(u+\dot{x}_0r,u+\dot{x}_0r)=g(u,u)\left(1\dot{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)`$, that is, $`\dot{x}_0=\pm 1`$ (+1 for an outgoing, -1 for an incoming light ray).

Equations (9, 10 and 11) are the mathematical tools we need for the following where we are going to describe some notions which are based upon the preceding considerations. For doing so we merely assume that the particle paths are given by some particle structure (3). By means of the following procedures we can in principle search for a non–vanishing f.

### 3.1 The radial acceleration

We want to determine the radial acceleration $`\ddot{x}(t)`$ of the crossing particle $`P`$ as measured by the observer $`O`$ with the parametrisation $`t`$. With the help of (11) we can calculate

$$\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv=v(v(\rho ))R+v(\rho )\left(v(\rho )\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_RR+v(\tau )\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR\right)+v(v(\tau ))T+v(\tau )\left(v(\rho )\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_RT+v(\tau )\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TT\right).$$
(13)
By means of (10) in the form of $`\beta ^\pm l^\pm =D_{l^\pm }l^\pm =\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TT\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_RT+\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_RR`$ we can eliminate $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_RR`$:

$`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv`$ $`=`$ $`[(v(v(\rho ))\beta ^\pm (v(\rho ))^2]R+[v(v(\tau ))+\beta ^\pm (v(\rho ))^2]T`$ (14)
$`+\left[(v(\tau ))^2(v(\rho ))^2\right]\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TT+2v(\rho )(v(\tau )\pm v(\rho ))\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR`$
where, in addition, we used $`[T,R]=0`$. For $`tt_0`$ we get

$$\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv=(\ddot{x}_0\beta ^\pm \dot{x}_0^2)R+\beta ^\pm \dot{x}_0^2T+(1\dot{x}_0^2)\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uu+2\dot{x}_0(1\pm \dot{x}_0)\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur.$$
(15)
Projecting this equation onto $`R`$ and $`u`$, subtracting (adding) the results and using $`g(\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uu,ur)=\pm g(\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uR,ur)`$ yields

$$g(\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv,ur)=\pm \ddot{x}_0g(u,u)+(1\pm \dot{x}_0)^2g(\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uu,ur).$$
(16)
Now we insert the general path structure (3) and get

$$g(\text{D}_vv\text{f}(v),ur)=\pm \ddot{x}_0g(u,u)+(1\pm \dot{x}_0)^2g(\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u),ur).$$
(17)
For freely falling particles $`P`$, that ist, for $`\text{D}_vv=\gamma v`$, this amounts to

$$g(\gamma v\text{f}(v),ur)=\pm \ddot{x}_0g(u,u)+(1\pm \dot{x}_0)^2g(\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u),ur).$$
(18)
(We do not assume at the moment that $`O`$ is freely falling too, that is, for $`u`$ there may appear a force F in the equation of motion: $`\text{D}_uu=\alpha u+\text{F}`$.) The unknown function $`\gamma `$ can be eliminated by considering the two equations contained in (18). We get for the radial acceleration in the point $`p_0`$

$$\frac{\ddot{x}}{1\dot{x}_0^2}=\frac{1}{g(u,u)}\left(g(\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u),r)\dot{x}_0g(\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u),u)+\frac{g(f(v),r+\dot{x}_0u)}{1\dot{x}_0^2}\right).$$
(19)
The observed acceleration depends on the velocity of the observed particle as well as on the form of the force $`f(v)`$ and on the state of motion and the parametrisation of the observer $`O`$.

If the path $`P`$ is a light ray, then we have to insert $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vvv`$ with $`g(v,v)=0`$ into (16) and proceed as above. We get $`\ddot{x}_0=0`$. Consequently, light rays are always observed to be not accelerated irrespective of the state of motion of the observer.

### 3.2 A geometrical Coriolis acceleration

In Galileian mechanics, the Coriolis force bends the path of some particle with respect to a non–inertial system if the particle passes the origin of this system. By decomposing the coordinates of the particles into a radial and an angular part this results in a non–vanishing rotational motion of the position vector. Similarly in our case a rotational motion of the same kind can be observed by comparing the direction of the incoming or the outgoing light rays $`l^\pm `$ with the direction defined by a bouncing photon (Pirani (1965)). This amounts to consider the transport of the vector $`R`$ along the observers worldline $`O(t)`$ at the point $`p_0`$. (Although the notion ‘Coriolis force’ usually is taken for the bending of a path in a non–inertial system, we keep this notion, indicating that in our case where the inertial system is replaced by a non–rotating system in the sense of the bouncing photon, such a bending may still occur. Here this bending is due to some geometrical field.)

For doing so we use Eq.(14) and solve for $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR`$. In the following we use the projection operator $`P_S:=\delta {\displaystyle \frac{Sg(S,)}{g(S,S)}}`$ for a non–null $`ST`$ which projects into the rest space of $`S`$. The observable quantity describing the rotation of the direction $`R`$ is $`P_RP_T\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR`$ which will be taken at $`p_0`$ (we denote $`\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur=\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TR`$ at the point $`p_0`$):

$`P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur`$ $`=`$ $`P_rP_u{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\dot{x}_0}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\dot{x}_0}}\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_vv(1\dot{x}_0)\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uu\right)`$ (20)
$`=`$ $`P_rP_u{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\dot{x}_0}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\dot{x}_0}}\left(\text{D}_vv\text{f}(v)\right)(1\dot{x}_0)\left(\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u)\right)\right).`$
This relation is valid only for particles with $`\dot{x}_00`$. This transport equation is independent of the parametrisation of the observer and therefore describes an invariant measurable quantity. Because of $`P_{P_Tl^+}P_T\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_TP_Tl^+=P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur`$ in $`p_0`$ the corresponding observation is most easily carried through by recording the directions of the incoming light rays emitted by the particle $`P`$.

If $`P`$ is a light ray then again we get no effect: $`P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur=0`$.

### 3.3 The zig–zag construction

In analogy to the bouncing photon construction of Pirani (1965) one can perform a ’bouncing particle’, or a zig–zag construction, Ehlers and Schild (1973). Although this could be done in a purely affine way we will use the metric instead. The zig–zag construction consists in a central particle $`O`$ with tangent $`u`$ and other particles which, within some neighbourhood of the central particle, cross the central particle again and again after being reflected nearby, see Fig.2. In this way the particles define a 2–surface, or, after projection into the rest space of the central particle, a direction in the rest space propagating along the path of the central particle.

Again we make use of the general equation of motion (3) for all particles. The condition that the particles with tangent $`v`$ and $`w`$ lie in the same plane with the central particle $`u`$ is

$$u=\sigma v+\mu w\text{for some functions}\sigma ,\mu .$$
(21)
The condition that, after reflection, the particles will cross the central worldline again, is secured by

$$_vw=ϵw+\delta v\text{for some functions}ϵ,\delta .$$
(22)
We now want to determine the equation which governs the transport of the spacelike directions

$$V:=P_uv\text{or}W:=P_uw.$$
(23)
With the help of $`\sigma V=\mu W`$ we can calculate

$$P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uV=\frac{1}{\sigma }P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_u(\sigma V)=\frac{1}{2\sigma }P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_u(\sigma V\mu W).$$
(24)
Inserting (21, 22 and 23) and the equations of motion (3) for the particles $`v`$ and $`w`$, we finally get

$$P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uV=\frac{1}{2\sigma }P_VP_u\left(\mu ^2\text{f}(w)\sigma ^2\text{f}(v)+\left(\mu ^2g(w,w)\sigma ^2g(v,v)\right)\frac{\text{D}_uu\text{f}(u)}{g(u,u)}\right)$$
(25)
This equation is invariant against reparametrisation of the paths, so that it indeed describes the propagation of the direction $`V`$.

If $`v`$ and $`w`$ are tangent to light rays, then the above equation reduces to

$$P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uV=0.$$
(26)
This is precisely the characterisation of the bouncing photon usually taken as definition for non–rotation, Pirani (1965). If for another space–like vector $`q`$ defined along $`P`$ the above expression does not vanish, then the operator $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, which is a $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{1}\right)`$–tensor defined by $`P_qP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uq=\mathrm{\Omega }q`$ along $`P`$, is called the rotation of $`q`$.

## 4 Low velocity compatibility conditions

In this section we show that certain demands on the radial acceleration, on the Coriolis acceleration of freely falling particles or on the zig–zag construction which are measured by an observer, who may be in arbitrary motion, can be fulfilled only if the equations of motions for the freely falling particles are restricted in such a way that space–time is described by a Weylian structure.

For doing so we assume a projective structure, which characterizes the strong equivalence principle for point particles. In this case we get for a vector $`v`$ the decomposition $`f(v)=f(v,v)=\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(v,v)+2p(v)v+\stackrel{~}{a}g(v,v)`$.

### 4.1 The compatibility with the standard clock

For the projective structure represented by (7) the measured radial acceleration (19) results in

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{x}_0}{1\dot{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g(D_uu,r)}{g(u,u)}}\dot{x}_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{g(D_uu,u)}{g(u,u)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r,u)\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,u)}{g(u,u)}}g(\stackrel{~}{a},u)p(u)\right)`$ (27)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{x}_0}{g(u,u)(1\dot{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})}}(\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,u)+3\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,r,r))+\dot{x}_0(\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(r,r,r)+3\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,r)))`$
According to this equation the measured radial acceleration depends on the non-Weylian terms only in combination with the measured velocity. Therefore, having in mind the definition of a standard clock of Perlick (1987), we can use this observation to state:

Theorem: Space–time has a Weylian structure iff for all observers there exists a parameter so that for all freely falling particles the observable quantity $`{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{x}_0}{1\dot{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}`$ is independent of the velocity $`\dot{x}_0`$ for $`|\dot{x}_0|1`$.

Proof: Since the ”only–if” part of the proof is clear we proof the ”if”–part only. Expansion of the right–hand–side of (27) up to third order in $`\dot{x}_0`$ and the assumption that the result is independent of $`\dot{x}_0`$ gives three conditions

$`0`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,u)+3\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,r,r)`$ (28)
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(r,r,r)+3\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,r)`$ (29)
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g(D_uu,u)}{g(u,u)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r,u)\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u,u,u)}{g(u,u)}}g(\stackrel{~}{a},u)p(u)`$ (30)
which are valid for all $`r`$ and $`u`$ with $`g(u,r)=0`$. Addition of (28) and (29) gives $`0=\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(u+r,u+r,u+r)\text{timelike}u,\text{spacelike}r`$ with $`g(r,r)=g(u,u)`$ and $`g(u,r)=0`$. This is equivalent to

$$0=\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}(l,l,l)l\text{with}g(l,l)=0.$$
(31)
From this equation we conclude $`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{f}=0`$. Insertion of this result into (30) gives

$$0=g(\stackrel{W}{D}_uu,u)+\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r,u)\text{timelike}u,\text{spacelike}r$$
(32)
where we used $`\stackrel{W}{D}`$ defined at the end of section 2. This implies

$$\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r,u)=\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r^{},r^{},u)\text{spacelike}r,r^{}.$$
(33)
Now we take another particle with $`r^{}=r+\delta r`$ and small $`\delta r`$. Because of $`g(r,r)=g(r^{},r^{})=g(u,u)`$ we have to first order in $`\delta r`$: $`g(u,\delta r)=g(r,\delta r)=0`$. Insertion into (33) gives $`P_uP_r\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,,u)=0,\text{spacelike}r,\text{timelike}u`$. After some calculation this condition yields $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}=0`$. The final condition $`0=g(\stackrel{W}{D}_uu,u)`$ merely singles out a distinguished parametrization of the observer’s path but gives no further constraint on the geometry. $``$

Therefore, for an arbitrary parametrization, we finally get as measured radial acceleration in a Weylian space–time

$$\frac{\ddot{x}_0}{1\dot{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}=\frac{g(\stackrel{W}{D}_uu,r)}{g(u,u)}\dot{x}_0\frac{g(\stackrel{W}{D}_uu,u)}{g(u,u)}$$
(34)
which has already been calculated by Perlick (1987) assuming a Weyl geometry from the beginning. The term $`g(\stackrel{W}{D}_uu,u)`$ on the right hand side of (34) is responsible for the acceleration to depend on the parameter chosen on the wordline of the observer. Because this term is connected with the measured velocity one can, according to Perlick (1987), define a standard clock as that parameter $`t`$ of an observer for which the left hand side of (34) is independent of $`\dot{x}_0`$. Therefore we can state:

Corollary: A standard clock only exists in a Weylian structure.

The reason for the fact that one cannot define a standard clock in a non–Weylian structure can be read off from Eq.(27): The accereleration not only depends on the radial velocity $`\dot{x}`$ but also on the direction $`r`$ along which the particle $`P`$ propagates. If one is given a transport law for directions $`r`$ (e.g. (35) or (36), see below) then it is possible to define for each direction $`r`$ a distinguished parameter similar to the standard clock of Perlick. However, in this case a clock is not a geometrically induced property of a path; it also depends on an additional rest–space direction. Of course, this feature may be regarded as tool to measure the non–Weylian parts of the connection: The differences of the time intervals for the various clocks which depend on directions $`r`$ are directly connected with the non–Weylian parts $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$.

The above corollary means that non–Weylian parts of a connection are obstructions for the construction of a unique standard clock. Note that the above procedure shows that the equation of motion for the observer has to be written in terms of the Weyl connection $`\stackrel{W}{D}`$: An observer $`O`$ with a standard clock is described uniqueley by the equation $`\stackrel{W}{D}_vv=\text{f}`$ where f is a force acting on $`O`$ in its rest space: $`g(\text{f},u)=0`$.

### 4.2 Geometrical Coriolis acceleration

For the projective structure given by (7) the measured Coriolis acceleration (20) is ($`\dot{x}0`$)

$$P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur=\frac{1}{2(1+\dot{x}_0)}P_rP_u(2\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(u,r)+\dot{x}_0(\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(u,u)+\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r)))\frac{1\dot{x}_0}{2\dot{x}_0}P_rP_uD_uu.$$
(35)
In the case of a nongeodesic observer this acceleration becomes larger for smaller velocities $`\dot{x}_0`$ because the curvature of the path in the rest space of $`u`$ becomes larger.

Since the Coriolis acceleration is connected with the non–Weylian part $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$ we can state the

Theorem: Space–time has a Weylian structure iff $`\dot{x}_0(1+\dot{x}_0)P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur`$ does not depend on $`\dot{x}_0`$ for small $`\dot{x}_0`$.

Proof: Expansion of $`\dot{x}_0(1+\dot{x}_0)P_rP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_ur`$ with respect to $`\dot{x}_0`$ leads to the condition $`P_uP_r\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(u,r)=0`$ for all timelike $`u`$ and spacelike $`r`$ with $`g(u,r)=0`$ which gives $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}=0`$. $``$

Special cases are provided by the next two corollaries.

Corollary: Space–time has a Weylian structure iff the Coriolis acceleration of all freely falling particles measured by freely falling observers does not depend on the velocity $`\dot{x}_0`$ for small $`\dot{x}_0`$.

Proof: The condition that the right hand side of (35) should be independent of $`\dot{x}_0`$ for small $`\dot{x}_0`$ implies $`2\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(u,r)=\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(u,u)+\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(r,r)`$ for all spacelike $`r`$ and timelike $`u`$. This is equivalent to $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(ur,ur)=0`$, or $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(l,l)=0l`$ with $`g(l,l)=0`$. Consequently, $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}=0`$ since $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$ is tracefree. $``$

Corollary: The Coriolis acceleration of all freely falling particles measured by freely falling observers vanishes only if space–time has a Weyl geometry.

### 4.3 The zig–zag construction and the bouncing photon

For the projective structure (7) the zig–zag construction (25) gives

$$P_VP_u\stackrel{\left\{\right\}}{D}_uV=P_VP_u\left(\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}(V,u)\frac{1}{2\sigma g(u,u)}(\sigma ^2g(v,v)\mu ^2g(w,w))D_uu\right)$$
(36)
Again, $`\stackrel{\mathrm{o}}{f}`$ disturbs distinguished transportation features. Therefore we can state (the proof is the same as above):

Theorem: Space–time has a Weylian structure iff the vector $`V`$ constructed according to the zig–zag construction with freely falling central particle does not rotate.

We can also make two zig–zag constructions and compare the motion of the two space–like directions which are defined by these two constructions. For this we introduce as usual the notion of the angle $`\phi `$ between two space–like vectors $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ through $`\mathrm{cos}\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{g(V,V^{})}{\sqrt{g(V,V)g(V^{},V^{})}}}`$. Then we can state the

Theorem: Space–time has a Weylian structure iff the angle between two vectors $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ constructed according to two zig–zag construction is constant.

This statement means that only in a Weyl structure there is a kind of isotropy: for each freely falling central particle no direction in its rest space can be distinguished by means of the zig–zag constructuon.

## 5 Discussion

We have shown that it is possible to replace the compatibility axiom of EPS which needs massive point particles with velocities arbitrarily close to the velocity of light, by a number of requirements using point particles with low velocity only. These alternative compatibility conditions require the velocity–independence of the radial acceleration, the vanishing of the Coriolis acceleration and of the zig-zag construction. The latter two can (in principle) be tested by null experiments.

A next step might be to apply these low velocity compatibilty conditions to the general path structure. Having the analysis of Coleman and Korte (1984) in mind one expects that even in this genaralized situation the Weylian structure will be the only geometrical frame within which the outcome of the respective experiments is as demanded.

Another step in a space–time axiomatics consists in the reduction of the Weyl structure to a Riemannian one. This has to be done by calculating specific effects connected with the Weylian field strength $`f:=da`$. Effects of such type are the second clock effect or an additional Weyl induced rotation of congruences in Weylian space–times, see Perlick (1991). The requirement that such effects are absent is sufficient for the intended reduction. Another method for the reduction to a Riemannian structure by classical means is presented by Schelb (1997). However, on a classical level such experimental constructions don’t seem to be easily realisable. Only the identification of standard clocks with atomic clocks or other quantum standards leads to the result that with high accuracy there is no second clock effect. Indeed, it is a general feature that space–time axiomatics using elements of quantum mechanics from the very beginning automatically lead to a Riemannian structure of space–time (Audretsch and Lämmerzahl (1993)).

## Acknowledgement

The author gratefully thanks V. Perlick for discussions and the referees for helpful comments.

## References

* Audretsch J., Lämmerzahl C. (1993): A New Constructive Axiomatic Scheme for the Geometry of Space–Time, in: Majer U., Schmidt H.-J. (edts.): Semantical Aspects of Space–Time Geometry, BI Verlag, Mannheim, p.21.
* Coleman R.A., Korte H. (1980): Jet bundles and path structures, J. Math. Phys. 21 1340.
* Coleman R.A., Korte H. (1984): Constraints on the nature of inertial motion arising from the universality of free fall and the conformal causal structure of space–time, J. Math. Phys. 25 3513.
* Coleman R.A., Korte H. (1987): Any physical monopole equation of motion structure uniquely determines a projective structure and an $`(n1)`$–force, J. Math. Phys. 28 1492.
* Coleman R.A., Korte H. (1993): Why fundamenal structures are first or second order, preprint., Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung, Universität Bielefeld.
* Coleman R.A., Schmidt H.-J. (1993): A geometric formulation of the equivalence principle, preprint, Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung, Universität Bielefeld .
* Douglas J. (1928): The general geometry of paths, Ann. Math. 29 143.
* Ehlers J., Pirani F.A.E., Schild A. (1972): The Geometry of Free Fall and Light Propagation, in: L. O’Raifeartaigh (ed.): General Relativity, Papers in Honour of J.L. Synge, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
* Ehlers J., Köhler E. (1977): Path Structure on Manifolds, J. Math. Phys. 18 2014.
* Ehlers J., Schild, A. (1973): Geometry in a Manifold with Projective Structure, Comm. Math. Phys. 32 119.
* Heilig U., Pfister H. (1991): Characterization of free fall paths by a global or local Desargues property, JPG 7 419.
* Perlick V. (1987): Characterisation of Standard Clocks by Means of Light Rays and Freely Falling Particles, Gen. Rel. Grav. 19 1059.
* Perlick V. (1991): Observer fields in Weylian spacetime models, Class. Quantum Grav. 8 1369.
* Pirani F.A.E. (1965): A note on bouncing photons, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Math. Astr. Phys. 13 239.
* Rund, H. (1959): The Differential Geometry of Finsler Spaces, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Springer–Verlag, Berlin.
* Schelb U. (1992): An axiomatic basis of space–time theory, part III: Construction of a differentiable manifold, will apear in Rep. Math. Phys. 31 297.
* Schelb U. (1997): On a new condition distinguishing Weyl and Lorentz space–times, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 36 1341.
* Schröter J. (1988): An axiomatic basis of space–time theory, part I: Construction of a causal space with coordinates, Rep. Math. Phys. 26 305.
* Schröter J., Schelb U. (1992): An axiomatic basis of space–time theory, part II: Construction of a $`C^0`$–manifold, Rep. Math. Phys. 31 5.
* Schröter and Schelb (1995): Remarks concerning the notion of free fall in axiomatic space–time theory, Gen. Rel. Grav. 27 605.

Dr. Claus Lämmerzahl

To July 13th, 1993

Prof. Dr. A. Held

Institute of Theoretical Physics

Room 121

Sidlerstr. 5

CH - 3012 Berne

Switzerland

Dear Professor Held,

enclosed you will find 3 copies of my manuscript entitled

A Characterisation of the Weylian Structure of Space-Time

by Means of Low Velocity Tests

for publication in General Relativity and Gravitation.

Sincerely Yours

(C. Lämmerzahl)

Phone: +49(0)7531 88-3795

Fax: +49(0)7531 88-3888

e-mail: Claus@spock.physik.uni-konstanz.de


format: text

text:
# Calculation of Dip Features in the SIS Conductance of D-Wave Superconductors Using Eliashberg Formalism

## I Introduction

Recent measurements  of the SIS tunneling conductance of a series of Bi-2212 superconducting crystals, with oxygen doping ranging from overdoped to underdoped, have revealed a variation with doping in the position of a dip relative to the main tunneling conductance peak. The separation between the main conductance peak and the dip, expressed in meV , agrees closely with neutron scattering measurements of the energy of a magnetic resonance mode in these superconductors.

Theoretical work on the origin of dip features in tunneling and photoemission in the cuprates has been in existence for several years . An example of more recent calculations is that of  which, using a strong coupling method, explored the role of spin fluctuations in producing a d-wave symmetry superconducting state. In that work, which shows a dip in the calculated density of states, the experimentally measured resonance mode was associated with a peak in the calculated spin fluctuation spectrum near the Q vector $`(\pi ,\pi `$). The recent experimental observations, that the energy separation between the main SIS conductance peak and the dip minimum agrees closely with the measured mode energy in Bi-2212 , present a good test of strong coupling scenarios based on a pairing mechanism arising from spin fluctuations.

As a reminder of what to look for in the density of states, consider a strong coupling Eliashberg calculation for an s-wave symmetry superconductor with a spectral weight, $`\alpha ^2F(E)`$, consisting of a single peak at an energy $`E_{mode}=1.0`$ as depicted in figure (1). This will lead to a dip feature in the resulting superconducting density of states. The dip has an onset at an energy $`E=\mathrm{\Delta }+E_{mode}`$, with the position of the dip minimum occuring at a higher energy  as illustrated in figure (2). For a coupling strength $`\lambda =\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}\alpha ^2F(E)/E`$ of the order of 2.0, for example, the position of the dip minimum is located noticeably further out from the onset threshold of the dip in the density of states. Consequently, for the s-wave strong coupling case, the energy separation between the exact position of the dip minimum and the main density of states peak will not be an accurate measure of the energy of the original peak in the underlying $`\alpha ^2F(E)`$. This is the case whether the density of states is studied, or the corresponding SIS conductance curves which result from a convolution of two such s-wave density of states.

The aim of calculations presented here, which are based on conventional Eliashberg strong coupling theory, is to study variations in the position of dip features in the density of states resulting from a model spectral weight with single peak at $`E=E_{mode}`$ for a d-wave symmetry superconductor. The use of a spectral weight with a single peak is motivated by the recent neutron scattering measurements of the magnetic resonance mode and speculation that it could be at the origin of d-wave superconductivity in the cuprates. The results are compared with recent SIS tunneling measurements.

## II METHOD

The spectral weight function used in this work is given by

$$\alpha ^2\mathrm{F}(\omega )=[c_S+c_D\mathrm{cos}(2(\varphi \varphi ^{^{}}))]f(\omega )$$
(1)
where $`f(\omega )`$ is a single peaked Lorentzian, a typical example of which is depicted in Figure 1 where $`E=\mathrm{}\omega `$.
$`\varphi `$ represents the angular position on a two dimensional Fermi surface. This type of interaction which combines an s-wave coupling ($`c_S`$) and a d-wave coupling ($`c_D`$) has been studied in the context of mixed s and d-wave superconducting states . In , the d-wave phase was preferred for sufficiently small values of $`c_S/c_D`$. In the present study, this ratio is varied from 0 up to 0.4.

Assuming a strong coupling renormalization $`Z(\omega )`$ that is independent of angle $`\varphi `$ and a d-wave superconducting gap function that can be written as $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\omega )\mathrm{cos}(2\varphi )`$, the conventional Eliashberg strong coupling equations  can be written in the form

$$\omega Z(\omega )=\omega _0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega ^{^{}}_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\varphi ^{^{}}}{2\pi }\frac{c_S\omega ^{^{}}K_{}(\omega ^{^{}},\omega )}{\sqrt{\omega ^{}_{}{}^{}2}\mathrm{\Delta }^2(\omega ^{^{}})\mathrm{cos}^2(2\varphi ^{^{}})}$$
(2)
and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\omega )=\frac{1}{Z(\omega )}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega ^{^{}}_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\varphi ^{^{}}}{2\pi }\frac{c_D\mathrm{\Delta }(\omega ^{^{}})\mathrm{cos}^2(2\varphi ^{^{}})K_+(\omega ^{^{}},\omega )}{\sqrt{\omega ^{}_{}{}^{}2}\mathrm{\Delta }^2(\omega ^{^{}})\mathrm{cos}^2(2\varphi ^{^{}})}$$
(3)
where

$$K_{+/}(\omega ^{^{}},\omega )=_0^{\mathrm{}}d\omega ^{^{\prime \prime }}\alpha ^2F(\omega ^{^{\prime \prime }})(\frac{1}{\omega +\omega ^{^{}}+\omega {}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }+i\delta }/+\frac{1}{\omega \omega ^{^{}}\omega {}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }+i\delta })$$
(4)
The density of states is given by

$$\mathrm{N}(\omega )=\frac{1}{2\pi }_0^{2\pi }𝑑\varphi \mathrm{Real}\frac{\omega }{(\omega ^2\mathrm{\Delta }^2(\omega )\mathrm{cos}^2(2\varphi )}$$
(5)
and the SIS tunneling conductance curves are calculated from dI/dV where

$$I=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega N(\omega )N(\omega +eV)[f(\omega )f(\omega +eV)]$$
(6)
## III Discussion

Results for d-wave SIS conductance (dI/dV) curves are presented in figures 3 and 4. Tables I and II provide a list of the values of the gap parameter, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, the dip position $`E_{dip}`$ obtained from the SIS conductance curves and the corresponding parameter values for $`c_S`$, $`c_D`$ and $`E_{mode}`$. For the results shown in figure 3, the position of the peak in the spectral weight function $`f(E)`$ of equation (1) is kept fixed at $`E_{mode}=1.0`$, the coupling constant $`c_S`$ is increased from 0 to 0.4 and $`c_D`$ is kept fixed at 1.0. For figure 4, the position of the peak in the spectral weight function $`f(E)`$ is decreased from $`E_{mode}=0.7`$ to $`0.4`$, the coupling constant $`c_S`$ is increased from 0.25 to 0.4 and $`c_D`$ is kept fixed at 1.0.

The results shown in figures 3 and 4 show variations in the calculated position of the dip in the calculated SIS conductance curves as the ratio $`c_S/c_D`$ is changed. In calculating these curves, the experimental measurements , which give values for the ratio $`E_{mode}/\mathrm{\Delta }`$ ranging from 0.5 (underdoped) up to 2.0 (overdoped), provide a useful guide for the overall magnitude of $`\alpha ^2F(\omega )`$ in equations (2) and (3). For comparison, for an s-wave superconducting state to yield values of $`E_{mode}/\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in the same range as the experiments on the Bi-2212 crystals, a strong coupling calculation based on a spectral weight function of the type shown in figure 1 would require a $`\lambda =\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}\alpha ^2F(E)/E`$ of the order of 2.0. This would result in the type of density of states $`N(E)`$ curve shown in figure 2.

In the dI/dV curves shown in figures 3 and 4, the energy separation between the main conductance peak at $`2\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and the dip at $`E_{dip}`$, which is listed in column 3 of Tables I and II, is approximately equal to the energy of the mode in the spectral weight function $`f(E)`$. This approximate equality begins to break down somewhat as $`c_S`$ gets larger in both sets of results.

As the energy of the peak in $`f(E)`$, $`E_{mode}`$, is decreased and $`c_S`$ is increased in the calculations leading to figure 4, the superconducting gap decreases from 0.42 to slightly less than 0.19 and the dip feature moves away from the main tunneling conductance peak while weakening in strength. The energy separation between the conductance peak at $`2\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and the dip at $`E_{dip}`$ decreases and is close to the mode energy in all four curves of figure 4, with the largest deviation occuring for curve D. Furthermore, the ratio of the mode energy to the superconducting gap energy ($`E_{mode}/\mathrm{\Delta }`$ ) ranges from 1.67 up to 2.1. The variation for $`E_{mode}/\mathrm{\Delta }`$ seen in the curves of figure 4 and the approximate equality between the mode energy and the conductance peak-dip energy separation are consistent with the recent tunneling data on the Bi-2212 crystals .

A broadening of the main SIS conductance peak is evident in some of the curves of Figures 3 and 4. The peak is at its sharpest when $`c_S`$ is largest (curve E of figure 3 and curve D of figure 4). The decrease in the overall magnitude of the imaginary part of the gap, Im$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\omega )`$, which is shown in figure 5, for curves A and D of figure 4, is seen to be at the origin of the sharpening of the main dI/dV peaks in figure 4. Similiar behavior is present in the results leading to figure 3. A sharpening of the main SIS tunneling conductance peak with decreasing superconducting gap is also observed in the results of .

Finally, the effect of choosing a more sharply peaked $`f(E)`$ in the spectral weight function of equation (1) is depicted in Figure 6 where the superconducting density of states is labelled as Curve A and the corresponding SIS conductance as Curve B. The $`f(E)`$ function for these curves is depicted in Figure 7.

## IV Conclusion

Results are presented for the SIS conductance for a d-wave symmetry superconducting state using a conventional Eliashberg strong coupling formalism incorporating the model spectral weight of equation (1). The aim is to study the position of a dip feature which is a signature of the single peak in the spectral weight.

It is possible, using the model spectral weight of equation (1), to arrange for the energy difference between the positions of main SIS conductance peak and the dip minimum to be comparable to the energy of the spectral weight peak, which is denoted by $`E_{mode}`$ in this work. Recent SIS tunneling measurements  have noted this correspondence. The results presented here are a consequence of variations in the ratio of the coupling constants, $`c_S/c_D`$, of the model spectral weight function of equation (1) and are used to model the influence of oxygen doping variations on the electronic properties of the Bi2212 crystals in the experiment . To more fully exploit the recent SIS experimental observations , more sophisticated strong coupling calculations incorporating the tight band structure appropriate to the cuprates are required in which the effect of variations in the chemical potential $`\mu `$ on the properties of the spin fluctuation spectral weight and the resulting d-wave superconductivity can be studied. Of particular interest would be the variation in position of the dip feature in the density of states and the relationship of this position to the energy of the $`(\pi ,\pi )`$ peak in the spin fluctuation susceptibility.

The author wishes to acknowledge useful conversations with J. F. Zasadzinski and D. Coffey.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The main goal of our paper is to study a combinatorial relationship between the space of states for generalized $`XXZ`$ model and that for $`XXX`$ one. In our previous paper  we gave a combinatorial description of states for generalized $`XXZ`$ model in terms of the so–called $`sl(2)`$$`XXZ`$ rigged configurations. On the other hand it is well–known that when the anisotropy parameter $`p_0`$ of $`XXZ`$ model goes to infinity then the $`XXZ`$ model under consideration transforms to the $`XXX`$ one. We are going to describe this transformation from combinatorial point of view in the case when $`p_0`$ is an integer.

A combinatorial completeness of Bethe’s states for generalized $`XXX`$–model had been proved in  and appeared to be a starting point for numerous applications to combinatorics of Young tableaux and representation theory of symmetric and general linear groups, see e.g. . Here we mention only a ”fermionic” formula for the Kostka–Foulkes polynomials, see e.g. , and the relationship of the latter with $`\widehat{sl}(2)`$–branching functions $`b_\lambda ^{k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0}(q)`$, see e.g. . We will show in Section 1, Theorem 2.3 and Remark 2.5, that $`q`$–counting of the number of $`XXZ`$ states using Bethe’s ansatz approach , gives rise to the Rogers–Ramanujan–Gordon–Andrews’ type identity for any rational number $`p_01`$.

It seems an interesting problem to find a polynomial version of the Rogers–Ramanujan type identity (2.18) from our Theorem 2.3.

Another question which we are interested in is to understand a combinatorial nature of the limit

$$XXZ{}_{\stackrel{}{p_0+\mathrm{}}}{}^{}XXX.$$

In Section 3 we describe a combinatorial rule which shows how the $`XXZ`$–configurations fall to the $`XXX`$ pieces. For simplicity we consider in our paper only the case $`p_0>_ms_m`$. General case will be considered elsewhere.

## 2 Rogers–Ramanujan’s type identity

This paper is a continuation of our previous work . Let us remind the main definitions, notation and results from .

For fixed $`p_0𝐑`$, $`p_01`$ let us define (cf. ) a sequence of real numbers $`p_i`$ and sequences of integer numbers $`\nu _i,m_i,y_i,z_i`$:

$`p_0:=p_0,p_1=1,\nu _i=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{p_i}{p_{i+1}}}\right],p_{i+1}=p_{i1}\nu _{i1}p_i,i=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.1)
$`y_1=0,y_0=1,y_1=\nu _0,y_{i+1}=y_{i1}+\nu _iy_i,i=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.2)
$`z_1=0,z_0=1,z_1=\nu _1,z_{i+1}=z_{i1}+\nu _{i+1}z_i,i=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.3)
$`m_0=0,m_1=\nu _0,m_{i+1}=m_i+\nu _i,i=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.4)
$`r(j)=i,\text{if}m_ij<m_{i+1},j=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.5)
It is clear that integer numbers $`\nu _i`$ define the decomposition of $`p_0`$ into continuous fraction

$$p_0=[\nu _0,\nu _1,\nu _2,\mathrm{}]=\nu _0+\frac{1}{\nu _1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu _2+\mathrm{}}}}.$$

Let us define (see Fig. 1) a piecewise linear function $`n_j`$, $`j0`$,

$$n_j:=y_{i1}+(jm_i)y_i,\text{if}m_ij<m_{i+1}.$$
(2.6)
It is clear that for any integer $`n>1`$ there exists the unique rational number $`t`$ such that $`n=n_t`$.

Let us introduce additionally the following functions (see )

$$q_j=(1)^i(p_i(jm_i)p_{i+1}),\text{if}m_ij<m_{i+1},$$
(2.7)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{k,2s}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2p_0}(q_kq_kn_\chi ),\hfill & \text{if }n_k>2s\text{,}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2p_0}(q_kq_\chi n_k)+\frac{(1)^{r(k)1}}{2},\hfill & \text{if }n_k2s,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`2s=n_\chi 1`$.

In what follows we assume that the anisotropy parameter $`p_01`$ is a rational number, and $`p_0=[\nu _0,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _\alpha ]`$ denotes its decomposition into continuous fraction. It is not difficult to see that

$`p_0`$ $`=`$ $`[\nu _0,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _\alpha ]={\displaystyle \frac{y_{\alpha +1}}{z_\alpha }},`$
$`\overline{p}_0`$ $`:=`$ $`[\nu _0,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{\alpha 1}]={\displaystyle \frac{y_\alpha }{z_{\alpha 1}}},`$
where the numbers $`\{y_j\}_{j=0}^{\alpha +1}`$ and $`\{z_j\}_{j=0}^\alpha `$ are defined by (2.2) and (2.3) correspondingly. We assume that if $`\alpha >0`$, then $`\nu _\alpha 2`$.

In order to formulate our main result of the paper  about the number of Bethe’s states for generalized $`XXZ`$ model, let us consider the following symmetric matrix$`\mathrm{\Theta }^1=(c_{ij})_{1i,jm_{\alpha +1}}`$:

$`i)c_{ij}=c_{ji}\text{and}c_{ij}=0,\text{if}|ij|2.`$
$`ii)c_{j1,j}=(1)^{i1},\text{if}m_ij<m_{i+1}.`$
$`iii)c_{jj}=\{\begin{array}{cc}2(1)^i,\hfill & \text{if }m_ij<m_{i+1}1,i\alpha ,\hfill \\ (1)^i,\hfill & \text{if }j=m_{i+1}1\text{}i\alpha ,\hfill \\ (1)^{\alpha +1},\hfill & \text{if }j=m_{\alpha +1}.\hfill \end{array}`$
Example 1 Let us take $`p_0={\displaystyle \frac{16}{7}}`$, then $`p_0=[2,3,2]`$, $`\alpha =2`$, $`\overline{p}=[2,3]={\displaystyle \frac{7}{3}}`$,

$`\nu _0=2,\nu _1=3,\nu _2=2;`$
$`m_0=0,m_1=2,m_2=5,m_3=7;`$
$`y_0=1,y_1=2,y_2=7,y_3=16;`$
$`z_0=1,z_1=3,z_2=7.`$
Therefore, $`p_0={\displaystyle \frac{y_{\alpha +1}}{z_\alpha }}`$, $`\overline{p}_0={\displaystyle \frac{y_\alpha }{z_{\alpha 1}}}`$, and

$$n_j=\{\begin{array}{cc}j,\hfill & \text{if }0j<2\text{,}\hfill \\ 1+2(j2),\hfill & \text{if }2j<5\text{,}\hfill \\ 2+7(j5),\hfill & \text{if }5j<7\text{,}\hfill \\ 7+16(j7),\hfill & \text{if }7j\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Finally,

$$\mathrm{\Theta }=\frac{1}{16}\left(\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill 9& \hfill 7& \hfill 5& \hfill 3& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 7& \hfill 7& \hfill 5& \hfill 3& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 5& \hfill 5& \hfill 15& \hfill 9& \hfill 6& \hfill 3& \hfill 3\\ \hfill 3& \hfill 3& \hfill 9& \hfill 15& \hfill 10& \hfill 5& \hfill 5\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 2& \hfill 6& \hfill 10& \hfill 4& \hfill 2& \hfill 2\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 3& \hfill 5& \hfill 2& \hfill 9& \hfill 9\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 3& \hfill 5& \hfill 2& \hfill 9& \hfill 7\end{array}\right),$$

$$\mathrm{\Theta }^1=\left(\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 1& & & & & \\ \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& & & & \\ & \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& & & \\ & & \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& & \\ & & & \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \\ & & & & \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ & & & & & \hfill 1& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

and $`det|\mathrm{\Theta }^1|=16`$.

Note, see , Theorem 4.7, that the absolute value of the determinant $`det(\mathrm{\Theta }^1)`$ is equal to $`y_{\alpha +1}`$, i.e. the numerator of $`p_0`$.

To continue, let us consider the matrix $`E=(e_{jk})_{1j,km_{\alpha +1}}`$, where

$$e_{jk}=(1)^{r(k)}(\delta _{j,k}\delta _{j,m_{\alpha +1}1}\delta _{k,m_{\alpha +1}}+\delta _{j,m_{\alpha +1}}\delta _{k,m_{\alpha +1}1}).$$

One can check that the vacancy numbers $`P_j(\lambda )`$, see , (3.9), can be computed as follows

$$P_j(\lambda )+\lambda _j=((E2\mathrm{\Theta })\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^t+b^t)_j,1jm_{\alpha +1},$$

where the $`j`$-th component of vector $`b=(b_1,\mathrm{},b_{m_{\alpha +1}})`$ is defined by the following formula

$$b_j=(1)^{r(j)}\left(n_j\left\{\frac{2s_mN_m2l}{p_0}\right\}\underset{m}{}2\mathrm{\Phi }_{j,2s_m}N_m\right),$$

and for any sequence of integer numbers $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _{m_{\alpha +1}})`$ we denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$ the sequence $`(\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_{m_{\alpha +1}})`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_j=(1)^{r(j)}\lambda _j`$, $`1jm_{\alpha +1}`$.

###### Theorem 2.1

() The number of Bethe’s states $`Z^{XXZ}(N,s|l)`$ of the generalized $`XXZ`$ model is equal to

$$\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{j}{}\left(\begin{array}{c}((EB)\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^t+b^t)_j\\ \lambda _j\end{array}\right),$$
(2.11)
where summation is taken over all sequences of non–negative integer numbers $`\lambda =\{\lambda _k\}_{k=1}^{m_{\alpha +1}}`$ such that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m_{\alpha +1}}{}}}n_k\lambda _k=l,\lambda _k0;`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }=(\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_1,\mathrm{}.\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_{m_{\alpha +1}}),\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_j=(1)^{r(j)}\lambda _j,B=2\mathrm{\Theta }.`$
Recall, see , or Section 3, that $`N`$ and $`s`$ in the above formula for the number of states $`Z^{XXZ}(N,s|l)`$ denote vectors $`N=(N_1,\mathrm{},N_k)`$ and $`s=(\underset{N_1}{\underset{}{s_1,\mathrm{},s_1}},\mathrm{},\underset{N_k}{\underset{}{s_k,\mathrm{},s_k}})`$, i.e. $`N_m`$ is equal to the number of spins in the $`XXZ`$–chain which are equal to $`s_m`$.

One of the main goal of the present paper is to consider a natural $`q`$–analog for (2.11). Namely, let us define the following $`q`$–analog of the sum (2.11)

$$\underset{\lambda }{}q^{\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{\lambda }B\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^t}\underset{j}{}\left[\begin{array}{c}((EB)\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^t+b^t)_j\\ \lambda _j\end{array}\right]_{q^{ϵ_j}},$$
(2.12)
where $`ϵ_j=(1)^{r(j)}`$.

Let us recall that $`\left[\begin{array}{c}M\\ N\end{array}\right]_q`$ is the Gaussian $`q`$–binomial coefficient:

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}M\\ N\end{array}\right]_q=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{(q;q)_M}{(q;q)_N(q;q)_{MN}},\hfill & \text{if }0NM,\hfill \\ & \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Remark 2.2

In our previous paper , see (5.1) and (5.2), we had considered another $`q`$–analog of (2.11). It turned out however that the $`q`$–analog (5.1) from , probably, does not possess good combinatorial properties.

One of the main results of the present paper is the following:

###### Theorem 2.3

Assume that $`p_01`$ be a rational number, and consider a rational function

$$V_l(q):=V_l^{(p_0)}(q)=\underset{\lambda }{}\frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{\lambda }B\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^t}}{{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(q^{ϵ(j)};q^{ϵ(j)})_{\lambda _j}},$$
(2.13)
summation in (2.13) is taken over all sequences of non–negative integer numbers$`\lambda =\{\lambda _k\}_{k=1}^{m_{\alpha +1}}`$ such that

$$l=\underset{k1}{}n_k\lambda _k,\lambda _k0.$$

Then we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l0}{}}q^{\frac{l^2}{p_0}}V_l^{(p_0)}(q)=`$ (2.14)
$`1+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}km0\\ (k,m)(0,0)\end{array}}{}}(1)^{\frac{1+(1)^\alpha }{2}k+m}q^{(ky_{\alpha +1}+my_\alpha )(kz_\alpha +mz_{\alpha 1})+\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha (k,m)}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_{k,m}^{((1)^\alpha )}(q)}{(q;q)_k}},`$ (2.17)
where

$$Q_{k,m}^{(\pm 1)}(q):=Q_{k,m}^{(\pm )}(q)=q^{\frac{11}{2}(k+m)}\left[\begin{array}{c}k1\\ m\end{array}\right]_q+q^{\frac{1\pm 1}{2}(2km)}\left[\begin{array}{c}k1\\ m1\end{array}\right]_q,$$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha (k,m)=\frac{1+(1)^\alpha }{2}\left(\begin{array}{c}km\\ 2\end{array}\right)+\frac{1(1)^\alpha }{2}\left(\begin{array}{c}m\\ 2\end{array}\right).$$

Let us emphasize that polynomials $`Q_{k,m}^{(\pm )}(q)`$ are the same for all rational numbers $`p_01`$.

Taking the sum with respect to the index $`m`$ in the RHS(2.14), we obtain

###### Corollary 2.4

(Rogers–Ramanujan–Gordon–Andrews’ type identity)

$$\underset{l0}{}q^{\frac{l^2}{p_0}}V_l^{(p_0)}(q)=1+\underset{k>0}{}(1)^{\frac{1(1)^\alpha }{2}k}q^{k^2(y_{\alpha +1}+y_\alpha )(z_\alpha +z_{\alpha 1})}\frac{L_k^{(p_0)}(q)}{(q;q)_k},$$
(2.18)
where

$`L_k^{(p_0)}(q)={\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1)^mq^{m^2y_\alpha z_{\alpha 1}km(y_{\alpha +1}z_{\alpha 1}+2y_\alpha z_{\alpha 1}+y_\alpha z_\alpha )+\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha (k,km)}Q_{k,km}^{((1)^\alpha )}(q).`$
A proof of identity (2.14) is a ”$`q`$–version” of that given in , Theorem 4.1.

###### Remark 2.5

(Gordon–Andrews’ type identity) Let $`p_01`$ be an integer, then $`\alpha =0`$, $`y_1=p_0`$, $`y_0=1`$, $`z_0=1`$, $`z_1=0`$, and the RHS of (2.14) takes the following form

$`1+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}km0\\ (k,m)(0,0)\end{array}}{}}(1)^{k+m}q^{(kp_0+m)k+\frac{(km)(km1)}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_{k,m}^{(+)}(q)}{(q;q)_k}}`$ (2.21)
$`=1+{\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}(1)^k{\displaystyle \frac{q^{k^2p_0+\frac{k(k1)}{2}}}{(q;q)_k}}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^mq^{\frac{m(m+1)}{2}}Q_{k,m}^{(+)}(q)\right\}.`$ (2.22)
It is not difficult to see that if $`k>0`$, the sum in the brackets (2.22) is equal to $`(1+q^k)(q;q)_k`$. Hence, if $`p_01`$ is an integer, then we come to the following identity:

$$\underset{l0}{}q^{\frac{l^2}{p_0}}V_l^{(p_0)}(q)=1+\underset{k>0}{}(1)^kq^{k^2p_0+\frac{k(k1)}{2}}(1+q^k).$$
(2.23)
Using the Jacobi triple identity, one can rewrite (2.23) in the following forms

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l0}{}}q^{\frac{l^2}{p_0}}V_l^{(p_0)}(q)={\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}(1q^{(2p_0+1)n})(1q^{(2p_0+1)np_01})(1q^{(2p_0+1)np_0}),`$ (2.24)
(2.25)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l0}{}}q^{\frac{l^2}{p_0}}V_l^{(p_0)}(q)={\displaystyle \underset{n0,p_0,p_0+1(\text{mod }2p_0+1)}{}}(1q^n)^1.`$
It looks very challenging task to find for any rational number $`p_01`$ an explicit product formula (Weyl’s denominator identity) for the right hand side of identity (2.14).

We consider the identity (2.18) as an identity between bosonic and fermionic formulae for the character of ”vacuum representation” of the generalized Kac–Moody algebra corresponding to the matrix $`\mathrm{\Theta }^1`$.

## 3 $`XXZXXX`$ bijection

In this section we are going to describe a bijection between the space of states for $`XXZ`$–model and that of $`XXX`$–model. Let us formulate the corresponding combinatorial problem more explicitly. First of all as it follows from the results of our previous paper, the combinatorial completeness of Bethe’s states for the $`XXZ`$ model is equivalent to the following identity

$$\underset{m}{}(2s_m+1)^{N_m}=\underset{l=0}{\overset{N}{}}Z^{XXZ}(N,s|l),$$
(3.1)
where $`N={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}2s_mN_m`$ and the numbers $`Z^{XXZ}(N,s|l)`$ are given by (2.11). On the other hand it follows from the combinatorial completeness of Bethe’s states for $`XXX`$ model (see ) that

$$\underset{m}{}(2s_m+1)^{N_m}=\underset{l=0}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}N}{}}(N2l+1)Z^{XXX}(N,s|l),$$
(3.2)
where the number $`Z^{XXX}(N,s|l)`$ stands for the multiplicity of $`\left(\frac{N}{2}l\right)`$-spin irreducible representation of $`sl(2)`$ in the tensor product

$$V_{s_1}^{N_1}\mathrm{}V_{s_m}^{N_m}.$$

Let us remark that both numbers $`Z^{XXZ}(N,s|l)`$ and $`Z^{XXX}(N,s|l)`$ admit a combinatorial interpretation in terms of rigged configurations. The difference between the space of states of $`XXX`$ model and that of $`XXZ`$ model is the availability of the so–called $`1^{}`$–configurations (or $`1^{}`$ string) in the space of states for the latter model. The presence of $`1^{}`$–strings in the space of states for $`XXZ`$–model is a consequence of broken $`sl(2)`$–symmetry of the $`XXZ`$–model. Our goal in this section is to understand from a combinatorial point of view how the anisotropy of $`XXZ`$ model breaks the symmetry of the $`XXX`$ chain. More exactly, we suppose to describe a bijection between $`XXZ`$–rigged configurations and $`XXX`$–rigged configurations. Let us start with recalling a definition of rigged configurations.

We consider at first the case of $`sl(2)`$ $`XXX`$–magnet. Given a composition $`\mu =(\mu _1,\mu _2,\mathrm{})`$ and a natural integer $`l`$, by definition a $`sl(2)`$–configuration of type $`(l,\mu )`$ is a partition $`\nu l`$ such that all vacancy numbers

$$P_n(\nu ;\mu ):=\underset{k}{}\mathrm{min}(n,\mu _k)2\underset{kn}{}\nu _k^{}$$
(3.3)
are nonnegative. Here $`\nu ^{}`$ denotes the conjugate partition to that $`\nu `$. A rigged configuration of type $`(l,\mu )`$ is a configuration $`\nu `$ of type $`(l,\mu )`$ together with the collection of integer numbers $`\{J_\alpha \}_{\alpha =1}^{m_n(\nu )}`$ which satisfy the following inequalities

$$0J_1J_2\mathrm{}J_{m_n(\nu )}P_n(\nu ;\mu ).$$

Here $`m_n(\nu )`$ is equal to the number of parts of the partition $`\nu `$ which are equal to $`n`$. It is clear that the total number of rigged configurations of type $`(l,\mu )`$ is equal to the following number

$$Z(l|\mu ):=\underset{\nu l}{}\underset{n1}{}\left(\begin{array}{c}P_n(\nu ;\mu )+m_n(\nu )\\ m_n(\nu )\end{array}\right).$$

The following result had been proved in .

###### Theorem 3.1

Multiplicity of $`(N2l+1)`$–dimensional irreducible representation of $`sl(2)`$ in the tensor product

$$V_{s_1}^{N_1}\mathrm{}V_{s_m}^{N_m}$$

is equal to the number $`Z\left(l|\underset{N_1}{\underset{}{2s_1,\mathrm{},2s_1}},\mathrm{},\underset{N_m}{\underset{}{2s_m,\mathrm{},2s_m}}\right)`$.

Example 2 One can check that

$$V_1^5=6V_0+15V_1+15V_2+10V_3+4V_4+V_5.$$

In our case we have $`\mu =(2^5)`$. Let us consider $`l=5`$. It turns out that there exist three configurations of type $`(3,(2^5))`$, namely

0                                       0           1                               0                    2

Hence, $`Z(3|(2^5))=1+2+3=6=\mathrm{Mult}_{V_0}\left(V_1^5\right)`$.

Now let us give a definition of $`sl(2)`$$`XXZ`$ configuration. We consider in this Section only the case when the anisotropy parameter $`p_0`$ is an integer, $`p_0𝐙_2`$. Under this assumption the formulae (2.6) and (2.7) take the following form:

$`n_j=j,\text{if}1j<p_0,v_j=+1;`$
$`n_{p_0}=1,v_{p_0}=1;`$
$`2\mathrm{\Phi }_{k,2s}={\displaystyle \frac{2sk}{p_0}}\mathrm{min}(k,2s),\text{if}1k<p_0,2s+1<p_0;`$
$`2\mathrm{\Phi }_{p_0,2s}={\displaystyle \frac{2s}{p_0}},\text{if}2s+1<p_0;`$
$`b_{kj}=kj,\text{if}1jk<p_0;`$
$`b_{kp_0}=1,\text{if}1k<p_0;`$
$`a_j:=a_j(l|\mu )={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}\mathrm{min}(j,\mu _m)2lj\left[{\displaystyle \frac{_m\mu _m2l}{p_0}}\right],\text{if}1j<p_0;`$
$`a_{p_0}(l|\mu )=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{_m\mu _m2l}{p_0}}\right].`$
###### Definition 3.2

A $`sl(2)`$$`XXZ`$–configuration of type $`(l,\mu )`$ is a pair $`(\lambda ,\lambda _{p_0})`$, where $`\lambda `$ is a composition with all parts strictly less than $`p_0`$, $`{\displaystyle \underset{j<p_0}{}}j\lambda _j+\lambda _{p_0}=l`$, and such that all vacancy numbers $`P_j(\lambda |\mu )`$ are nonnegative.

Let us recall  that if the anisotropy parameter $`p_02`$ is an integer, then

$`P_j(\lambda |\mu ):=a_j(l|\mu )+2{\displaystyle \underset{j<k<p_0}{}}(kj)\lambda _k+\lambda _{p_0},\text{if}j<p_01;`$ (3.4)
$`P_{p_01}(\lambda |\mu ):=a_{p_01}(l|\mu )+\lambda _{p_0};`$
$`P_{p_0}(\lambda |\mu ):=a_{p_0}(l|\mu )+\lambda _{p_01}.`$
In the sequel we are displaying a configuration

$$(\lambda ,\lambda _{p_0})=(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _{p_01},\lambda _{p_0})$$

as the diagram of the following partition $`(1^{\lambda _1+\lambda _{p_0}},2^{\lambda _2},\mathrm{},(p_01)^{\lambda _{p_01}})`$.

Example 3 Let us consider $`p_0=6`$, $`s=\frac{3}{2}`$, $`N=5`$, $`l=5`$. The total number of type $`(5,(3^5))`$ $`sl(2)`$$`XXZ`$ configurations is equal to $`12`$.

$`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$      0             3       $`\mathrm{}`$     0       $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$                  1                 $`\mathrm{}`$     0       $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$                          6       $`\mathrm{}`$     0       $`\mathrm{}`$           $`\mathrm{}`$                          4           1       $`\mathrm{}`$     0       $`\mathrm{}`$

9       $`\mathrm{}`$     0       $`\mathrm{}`$                          2                          $`\mathrm{}`$     0                               7           1       $`\mathrm{}`$     0                                        7       $`\mathrm{}`$     0

5           1                               5                    2                                               5

The total number of type $`(5,(3^5))`$ rigged configurations is equal to

$$Z^{XXZ}(5|(3^5))=101=1+4+3+7+10+10+6+16+8+12+18+6.$$

Here we have used the symbol $`\mathrm{}`$ to mark the $`1^{}`$–strings.

Now we are ready to describe a map $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ from the space of states for $`XXZ`$ model to that of $`XXX`$ one. More exactly we are going to describe a rule how a $`XXZ`$–configuration falls to the $`XXX`$–pieces. At first we describe this rule schematically:

This decomposition corresponds to the well–known identity

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}m+k\\ k\end{array}\right]_q=\underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}q^j\left[\begin{array}{c}m+j1\\ j\end{array}\right]_q.$$

In what follows we will assume that $`p_0>_ms_m`$.

###### Theorem 3.3

The map $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is well–defined and gives rise to a bijection between the space of states of $`XXZ`$–model and that of $`XXX`$ one.

Proof. Let us start with rewriting the formulae (3.4) for the $`XXZ`$–vacancy numbers in more convenient form, namely,

$`P_j^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}\mathrm{min}(j,2s_m)2{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{}}\nu _k^{}j\left[{\displaystyle \frac{_m2s_m2l}{p_0}}\right],\text{if}1j<p_01;`$ (3.5)
$`P_{p_01}^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )=p_0\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{_m2s_m2l}{p_0}}\right\}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{_m2s_m2l}{p_0}}\right]+\lambda _{p_0};`$
$`P_{p_0}^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{_m2s_m2l}{p_0}}\right]+m_{p_01}(\nu ).`$
Here $`\mu =(2s_1,\mathrm{},2s_m)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$ is a pair $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\lambda _{p_0})`$, where $`\nu `$ is a partition such that $`l(\nu )p_01`$, $`|\nu |+\lambda _{p_0}=l`$. Relationship between $`\lambda `$ from Definition 1 and $`\nu `$ is the following

$$m_j(\nu )=\lambda _j,\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.\nu =(1^{\lambda _1}2^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}(p_01)^{\lambda _{p_01}}).$$

Next, let us consider an integer $`l_ms_m`$ and let $`\nu l`$ be a $`XXX`$–configuration. Let $`\lambda _{p_0}`$ be an integer such that $`2s_m2lp_0<\lambda _{p_0}_ms_ml`$ and consider the pair $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\lambda _{p_0})`$. It is easy to check that

$`P_j^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}\mathrm{min}(j,2s_m)2{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{}}\nu _k^{}=P_j^{XXX}(\nu |\mu )0,\text{if}1j<p_01;`$
$`P_{p_01}^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}2s_m2l+\lambda _{p_0}0;`$
$`P_{p_0}^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu )=\lambda _{p_01}0.`$
Thus the pair $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\lambda _{p_0})`$ is a $`XXZ`$–configuration.

Furthermore it follows from our assumptions (namely, $`_ms_m<p_0`$,$`\lambda _{p_0}>0`$) that $`\lambda _{p_01}=0`$ and both $`1^{}`$–strings and $`(p_01)`$–strings do not give a contribution to the space of $`XXZ`$–states. Thus we see that both $`XXX`$–configuration $`\nu `$ and $`XXZ`$–configuration $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\lambda _{p_0})`$ define the same number of states. Now, if $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\mu )`$ is a $`XXZ`$–configuration then $`\nu `$ is a $`XXX`$ configuration as well. This is clear because (see (3.5))

$$P_j^{XXX}(\nu |\mu )P_j^{XXZ}(\stackrel{~}{\nu }|\mu ),1jp_01.$$

By the similar reasons if $`(\stackrel{~}{\nu },\lambda _{p_0})`$ is a $`XXZ`$–configuration, then for any integer $`k`$, $`0k\lambda _{p_0}`$, the pair $`(\stackrel{~}{\nu },\lambda _{p_0}k)`$ is also a $`XXZ`$–configuration. It follows from the above considerations that $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is a well–defined map. Furthermore there exists one to one correspondence between the space of $`XXX`$–configurations and that of $`XXZ`$–configurations, namely,

$$\nu \stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu ,\lambda _{p_0}),$$

where $`\lambda _{p_0}=[_ms_m|\nu |]`$.

All others $`XXZ`$–configurations $`(\nu ,k)`$ with $`0k<_ms_m|\nu |1`$ give a contribution to the space of descendants for $`\nu \stackrel{~}{\nu }`$.