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# On the Rees algebra of certain codimension two perfect ideals.

## 0. Introduction.

Let $`R`$ be a commutative ring with identity and $`IR`$ an ideal of $`R`$. The Rees algebra of $`I`$ is defined to be the subring

$$R[It]=RItI^2t^2\mathrm{}R[t],$$

and denoted by $`_R(I)`$ (or simply $`(I)`$, if there is no confusion on the ring $`R`$ being discussed).

The Rees algebra of an ideal is a classical object that has been studied throughout many decades. Our interest to Rees algebras comes from the fact that they provide the algebraic realizations for certain class of rational $`n`$-folds, namely those obtained from $`^n`$ by blowing up at a subscheme. In this paper, we study the Rees algebras of certain codimension two perfect ideals. To be more precise, we study the Rees algebra of the defining ideal of a set of points in $`^2`$.

The first important result on the Rees algebras of codimension two perfect ideals in a polynomial ring was due to Morey and Ulrich (\[31, Theorem 1.3\]). They showed that the Rees algebra of any codimension two perfect ideal with a linear presentation matrix in a polynomial ring of $`d`$ variables, which is minimally generated by more than $`d`$ generators and satisfies the condition $`G_d`$ (condition $`G_s`$, $`s`$ an integer, for an ideal $`I`$ of a ring $`R`$ means that the minimal number of generators of $`I_p`$ is less than or equal to the dimension of $`R_p`$ for every prime ideal $`pI`$ such that $`dimR_ps1`$), is Cohen-Macaulay and generated by the maximal minors of a matrix of linear forms. When reduced to the class of defining ideals for a generic set of points in $`^2`$, their restriction on the presentation matrix of the ideal requires the number of points to be a binomial coefficient number. When the number of points is arbitrary, or the set of points are not in generic position, not much is known about the Rees algebra of its defining ideal.

In our approach to the problem, inspired by works of Mumford () and Green (), we look at an arbitrary set of points in $`^2`$ and study how the Rees algebras of the ideals generated by the homogeneous pieces of its defining ideal behave asymptotically. More precisely, suppose $`𝕏`$ is a set of points in of $`^2`$ and $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_tR=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$ its defining ideal, we will study the asymptotic behaviour of the Rees algebras $`(I_t)`$ of the ideals generated by $`I_t`$, as $`t`$ gets large. These Rees algebras have a geometric significance in the following sense. Suppose $`t\alpha `$ and $`G_0,\mathrm{},G_m`$ is a minimal system of generators for the vector space $`I_t`$. We consider the rational map:

$$\phi :^2^m,$$

given by sending each point $`P^2\backslash 𝕏`$ to the point $`[G_0(P):\mathrm{}:G_m(P)]^m`$. Suppose $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ are the graph and its closure of $`\phi `$ in $`^2\times ^m`$. It is known (cf. \[19, Chapter 2\]) that the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is the bi-graded coordinate ring of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, and when $`t`$ is at least as large as the degrees of the generators of a minimal system of generators for $`I_𝕏`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is the blowup of $`^2`$ along the points of $`𝕏`$, embedded into the product space $`^2\times ^m`$.

The basic outline of the paper is as follows. In the first section, we start by looking at the case when the points in $`𝕏`$ are in generic position. We prove the following results.

###### Theorem 0.1 (Theorem 1.3).

Let $`I=_{td}I_t`$ be the defining ideal of $`s=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)`$ points in $`^2`$ which are in generic position. Then the defining equations for the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ are the $`2\times 2`$ minors of a $`3\times (d+2)`$ matrix of linear forms. Moreover, $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and has the same Betti numbers as that of the ideal of $`2\times 2`$ minors of a generic $`3\times (d+2)`$ matrix.

###### Theorem 0.2 (Theorem 1.7).

Let $`I=_{td}I_t`$ be the defining ideal for a set of $`s=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)+k`$ ($`1kd`$) points in $`^2`$. Then for a general choice of the points, the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay and its defining ideal is generated by the $`3\times 3`$ minors of a $`k\times 3`$ matrix $`B`$ of linear forms, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of a $`3\times (dk+2)`$ matrix $`X`$ of indeterminates and the entries of the product matrix $`B.X`$.

Note that these results can be extended to a larger class of codimension two perfect ideals of any polynomial ring (Theorems 1.4 and 1.8). These results also provide the necessary information to completely answer questions on the defining equations of certain projective embeddings of $`^2(𝕏)`$, as discussed in \[19, Chapter 4\].

Theorems 0.1 and 0.2 give motivation toward the study of asymptotic behaviour of the Rees algebras $`(I_t)`$ as $`t`$ gets large, for the defining ideal $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_t`$ of an arbitrary set of points $`𝕏^2`$. This study is carried out in the last section of this paper. The main result of this section is the following Mumford-typed theorem.

###### Theorem 0.3 (Theorem 2.4).

Suppose $`𝕏=\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ is an arbitrary set of $`s`$ points in $`^2`$, and $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_tR=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$ is its defining ideal. Then, there exists an integer $`d_0`$ such that for all $`td_0`$, the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ of the ideal generated by $`I_t`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and its defining ideal is generated by quadratics.

In this section, we also introduce the notion of being arithmetic Cohen-Macaulay (a.CM) for a subscheme of the product scheme $`^n\times ^m`$. We give a characterization for this property in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 0.4 (Theorem 2.2).

Suppose $`V^n\times ^m`$ is a proper closed subscheme of dimension $`d`$ of $`^n\times ^m`$. Then,

1. If $`V`$ is a.CM, then $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`1id`$, where $`_V`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`V`$ in $`^n\times ^m`$.
2. Suppose $`dn,m`$, and $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`1id`$. If in addition, $`H^{d+1}(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$, and for every $`j>0`$,

$$R^j\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0p,q0,$$

and

$$R^j\pi _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0q,p0,$$

then $`V`$ is a.CM.

Here, $`\pi _1`$ and $`\pi _2`$ are the two projection maps $`^n\times ^m^n`$ and $`^n\times ^m^m`$ restricted to $`V`$.

Throughout this paper, $`k`$ will be our ground field. For simplicity, we assume that $`k`$ is algebraically closed and of charateristic 0. For each $`n1`$, we also let $`^n=_k^n`$ be the $`n`$-dimensional projective space over $`k`$.

## 1. Ideal of a generic set of points

We start by considering the situation where our set of points is in generic position. In particular, let $`𝕏=\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ be a set of $`s`$ distinct points in $`^2`$ which are in generic position. Let $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_t`$ be the defining ideal of $`𝕏`$ in $`R=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$, and $`^2(𝕏)`$ the blowup of $`^2`$ centered at $`𝕏`$. We now proceed by considering different cases depending on the number of points in $`𝕏`$. Even though the heart of the matter lies in the case when the number of points in $`𝕏`$ is arbitrary, we start with the simplest situation, where we have a binomial coefficient number of points.

Binomial coefficient number of points

Our main result in this subsection (Theorem 1.3) can be obtained from that of Morey and Ulrich (\[31, Theorem 1.3\], our method, nevertheless, is quite different. Our argument in this case is very similar to the argument on the Room surfaces of . We refer the readers to Theorem 1.2 of . Suppose $`s=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)`$ (for some integer $`d`$). Then, from , $`\sigma (I_𝕏)=d`$ and $`I_𝕏`$ is generated by $`I_d`$. By the Hilbert-Burch theorem, these generators are the $`d\times d`$ minors of a $`d\times (d+1)`$ matrix, say $`𝐋`$, of linear forms :

$$𝐋=(L_{ij}),L_{ij}R_1\text{ for }i=1,2,\mathrm{},d\text{ and }j=1,2,\mathrm{},d+1.$$

In this notation,

$$I_𝕏=(F_1,\mathrm{},F_{d+1}),F_i=(1)^{i+1}\text{det}(𝐋\backslash i^{\text{th}}\text{ column}).$$

We shall now establish the defining equations for the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ of the ideal generated by $`I_{d+1}`$.

A system of generators of the vector space $`I_{d+1}`$ is given by $`3(d+1)`$ forms $`w_iF_j`$ for $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`j=1,\mathrm{},d+1`$. Consider the rational map :

$$\phi _{d+1}:^2^N,N=3(d+1)1,$$

given by $`\phi _{d+1}(P)=[w_iF_j]`$ for any point $`P^2\backslash 𝕏`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}`$ be the graph and the image of $`\phi _{d+1}`$, and let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$ be their closures in appropriate spaces. We use homogeneous coordinates $`[x_{ij}]_{1jd+1,1i3}`$ of $`^N`$ such that

(1.1) $`\phi _{d+1}([\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}])`$ $`=`$ $`[\overline{x_{ij}}],\text{ where }\overline{x_{ij}}=\overline{w_i}F_j.`$
The vector space dimension of $`I_{d+1}`$ is $`2d+3`$, so there must be $`d`$ linear dependence relations between the $`w_iF_j`$’s. Those relations can be found by expanding the following zero determinants:

$$0=\text{ det }\left(\begin{array}{c}L_{l1}L_{l2}\mathrm{}L_{l,d+1}\\ 𝐋\end{array}\right)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{d+1}{}}L_{lj}F_j,$$

for each $`l=1,2,\mathrm{},d`$. Now, let $`L_{lj}=_{i=1}^3\lambda _{lji}w_i`$, then by grouping similar terms, we get a collection of dependence relations among the $`w_iF_j`$’s as follows:

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{d+1}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\lambda _{lji}w_iF_j=0,l=1,2,\mathrm{},d.$$

This gives rise to a collection of equations, where the coordinates of the points in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy:

(1.2) $`{\displaystyle \underset{1i3,1jd+1}{}}\lambda _{lji}x_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,2,\mathrm{},d.`$
There are exactly $`d`$ equations, and as it was also proved in , those equations are linearly independent, so they are indeed all the equations obtained from the linear dependence relations of the $`w_iF_j`$s.

Consider the matrix

$$M=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}w_1& x_{11}& x_{12}& \mathrm{}& x_{1,d+1}\\ w_2& x_{21}& x_{22}& \mathrm{}& x_{2,d+1}\\ w_3& x_{31}& x_{32}& \mathrm{}& x_{3,d+1}\end{array}\right]$$

From $`(\text{1.1})`$, it is easy to see that the points of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy all the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$. Denote the collection of these equations by (\**). Let

$$M^{}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}x_{11}& x_{12}& \mathrm{}& x_{1,d+1}\\ x_{21}& x_{22}& \mathrm{}& x_{2,d+1}\\ x_{31}& x_{32}& \mathrm{}& x_{3,d+1}\end{array}\right],$$

and recall Proposition 1.1 of .

###### Proposition 1.1.

For each $`Q=[\overline{x_{ij}}]^N`$ satisfying the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M^{}`$, there exists a unique $`P^{}=[\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}]^2`$ such that the coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy

$$()\{\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{x_{2j}}\overline{w_1}\overline{x_{1j}}\overline{w_2}& =& 0\\ \overline{x_{3j}}\overline{w_2}\overline{x_{2j}}\overline{w_3}& =& 0\\ \overline{x_{1j}}\overline{w_3}\overline{x_{3j}}\overline{w_1}& =& 0\end{array}\text{ for }j=1,2,\mathrm{},d+1.$$

Similar to what was done in , we have the following result.

###### Theorem 1.2.

Equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and (\**) are the defining equations of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ in $`^2\times ^N`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`𝐕`$ be the algebraic set in $`^2\times ^N`$ defined by all the bi-homogeneous equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and (\**). We shall first prove that $`𝐕=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ as sets.

Clearly, the coordinates of the points of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy all the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and (\**), so as sets, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}𝐕`$, hence $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}𝐕`$. To prove the reverse inclusion, let $`(P,Q)𝐕`$ (where $`P^2`$ and $`Q^N`$). The coordinates of $`Q`$ satisfy equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M^{}`$, so by Proposition 1.1, and following the same argument as that of , there exists a unique $`P^{}=[\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}]`$ such that the coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy $`()`$, and $`Q`$ must have the form

(1.3) $`Q=[\overline{w_1}c_1:\overline{w_2}c_1:\overline{w_3}c_1:\mathrm{}:\overline{w_1}c_{d+1}:\overline{w_2}c_{d+1}:\overline{w_3}c_{d+1}],`$
for some $`c_1,c_2,\mathrm{},c_{d+1}k`$. This and the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ implies that

$$𝐋(P^{})\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{d+1}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\end{array}\right].$$

Thus, if $`P^{}𝕏`$ then

(1.10) $`\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{d+1}\end{array}\right]=\rho \left[\begin{array}{c}F_1(P^{})\\ \mathrm{}\\ F_{d+1}(P^{})\end{array}\right],`$
for some $`\rho k`$; and otherwise, if $`P^{}𝕏`$, then $`Q`$ lies on the exceptional line corresponding the the blowup at $`P`$. Thus, $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$.

We also note that the equations in $`()`$ and the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M^{}`$ are exactly the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$. Thus, Proposition 1.1 shows that for each $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$, there exists a unique $`P^{}^2`$ such that the coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$. This implies $`P=P^{}`$. Since the linear system $`I_{d+1}`$ is very ample (), the projection map $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$ defined by sending $`(P^{\prime \prime },Q)\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ to $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$ is an isomorphism; and so, for each $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$, there exists a unique $`P^{\prime \prime }^2`$, such that $`(P^{\prime \prime },Q)\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$. Moreover, the coordinates of every point on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy $`()`$, so the coordinates of every point on $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ also satisfy $`()`$. Thus, the coordinates of $`(P^{\prime \prime },Q)`$ satisfy $`()`$, and so all the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$. Therefore, $`P=P^{}=P^{\prime \prime }`$, i.e. $`(P,Q)\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$. We have shown that $`𝐕\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$. Hence, $`𝐕=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$.

In conclusion, the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$ describe $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ as a set. Furthermore, $`M`$ is a matrix of indeterminates, so it is a well known fact that the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$ form a prime ideal. Similar to the last part of the proof of \[20, Theorem 3.6\], we consider the following sequence of surjective ring homomorphisms:

$$R[x_{ij}]\stackrel{\varphi }{}R[w_it_j]\stackrel{\psi }{}R[w_iF_jt],$$

where $`\varphi `$ sends $`R`$ to $`R`$, and sends $`x_{ij}`$ to $`w_it_j`$; and $`\psi `$ sends $`R`$ to $`R`$, and sends $`w_it_j`$ to $`w_iF_jt`$. Then from the proofs of equations $`(\text{1.3})`$ and $`(\text{1.10})`$, we further deduce that the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$ form the kernel of $`\varphi `$, and the images of equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ through $`\varphi `$ form the kernel of $`\psi `$. Therefore, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$ and the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ form the kernel of $`\psi \varphi `$, which is a prime ideal. Hence, the equations in $`(\text{1.2})`$ and the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`M`$ form the defining ideal for $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ in $`^2\times ^N`$. The theorem is proved. ∎

This gives rise to the following result.

###### Theorem 1.3.

Let $`I=_{td}I_t`$ be the defining ideal of $`s=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)`$ points in $`^2`$ which are in generic position. Then the defining equations for the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ are the $`2\times 2`$ minors of a $`3\times (d+2)`$ matrix of linear forms. Moreover, $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and has the same Betti numbers as that of the ideal of $`2\times 2`$ minors of a generic $`3\times (d+2)`$ matrix.

###### Proof.

The first statement of the theorem follows from Theorem 1.2 and the fact that the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ is the bi-graded coordinate ring of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ in $`^2\times ^N`$ (cf. \[19, Chapter 2\]). For the second statement of the theorem, we observe that the defining ideal of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ is the ideal of $`2\times 2`$ minors of a matrix of linear forms of size $`3\times (d+2)`$, so $`\text{codim}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}2(d+1)`$. Furthermore, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ is a surface in the product space $`^2\times ^{2d+2}`$ (after factoring out the linear forms in $`(\text{1.2})`$), so its codimension is exactly $`2(d+1)`$. This implies that the defining ideal of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ is perfect, and has the same Betti numbers as that of the ideal of $`2\times 2`$ minors of a generic $`3\times (d+2)`$ matrix. The result then follows. ∎

Remark: The resolution of the ideal of minors of a generic matrix was computed by many authors (cf. , ). One can apply their results to get the Betti numbers for $`(I_{d+1})`$.

We lastly observe that it is not hard to extend the whole discussion to the case of reduced codimension 2 perfect ideals with linear presentation in a polynomial ring. More precisely, one can follow the same argument to obtain the following result.

###### Theorem 1.4.

Suppose $`IR=k[w_1,\mathrm{},w_n]`$ is a reduced codimension 2 perfect ideal with a generic linear presentation. Let $`I=_{td}I_t`$ be its homogeneous decomposition. Then the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and its defining equations are the $`2\times 2`$ minors of a $`n\times (d+2)`$ matrix of linear forms. Moreover, the Betti numbers of $`(I_{d+1})`$ are the same as those of the ideal of $`2\times 2`$ minors of a generic $`n\times (d+2)`$ matrix.

Arbitrary number of points

Our argument in this section inherits a great deal from that of . We refer the readers to Theorem 4.2 and Proposition 4.4 of . Suppose $`s=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)+k`$ with $`0<k<d+1`$. Then $`I_𝕏=_{td}I_t`$, and $`\sigma (I_𝕏)=d+1`$. The ideal generation conjecture is true in $`^2`$ (cf.  or ), so we may take $`𝕏`$ general enough to have this conjecture satisfied. If we add the hypothesis that no $`d+1`$ points of $`𝕏`$ lie on a line, then the linear system $`I_{d+1}`$ is very ample on $`^2(𝕏)`$ (). That is, the rational map from $`^2`$ to $`^N`$ given by a system of generators of the vector space $`I_{d+1}`$ gives an embedding of $`^2(𝕏)`$. We shall now establish the defining equations for the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ under these conditions.

The ideal generation conjecture states that $`I_𝕏`$ is minimally generated by $`dk+1`$ forms of degree $`d`$, and $`h`$ forms of degree $`d+1`$, where $`h`$ is either $`0`$ or $`2kd`$, depending on whether $`d2k`$ or not. Moreover, by the Hilbert-Burch theorem, these generators can be seen as the $`\rho +1`$ maximal minors of a $`\rho \times (\rho +1)`$ matrix $`𝐋`$, where

$$\rho =\{\begin{array}{cc}k\hfill & \text{if }d2k\\ dk\hfill & \text{if }d2k.\end{array}$$

In the case when $`d<2k`$, the matrix $`𝐋`$ is given by

$$𝐋=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}L_{1,1}& \mathrm{}& L_{1,2kd}& Q_{1,1}& \mathrm{}& Q_{1,dk+1}\\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\\ L_{k,1}& \mathrm{}& L_{k,2kd}& Q_{k,1}& \mathrm{}& Q_{k,dk+1}\end{array}\right].$$

where the $`L_{i,j}`$s are linear forms and the $`Q_{i,j}`$s are forms of degree 2. We denote by $`F_j`$ the minor obtained by deleting column $`2kd+j`$ for $`j=1,\mathrm{},dk+1`$, and by $`G_l`$ the minor obtained by deleting column $`l`$ for $`l=1,\mathrm{},2kd`$. In this case $`I_𝕏=<F_1,\mathrm{},F_{dk+1},G_1,\mathrm{},G_{2kd}>`$, where $`F_jI_d`$ and $`G_lI_{d+1}`$ for all $`j`$ and $`l`$.

In the case when $`d2k`$, the matrix $`𝐋`$ is given by

$$𝐋=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}Q_{1,1}& Q_{1,2}& \mathrm{}& Q_{1,dk+1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ Q_{k,1}& Q_{k,2}& \mathrm{}& Q_{k,dk+1}\\ L_{1,1}& L_{1,2}& \mathrm{}& L_{1,dk+1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ L_{d2k,1}& L_{d2k,2}& \mathrm{}& L_{d2k,dk+1}\end{array}\right].$$

where, again, the $`L_{i,j}`$s are linear forms and the $`Q_{i,j}`$s are forms of degree 2. We denote by $`F_j`$ the minor obtained by deleting colomn $`j`$ for all $`j=1,\mathrm{},dk+1`$. In this case, $`I_𝕏=<F_1,\mathrm{},F_{dk+1}>`$, where $`F_jI_d`$ for all $`j`$.

If $`d<2k`$, a minimal system of generators for the vector space $`I_{d+1}`$ is given by $`\{w_iF_j,G_l|i=1,2,3;j=1,\mathrm{},dk+1;l=1,\mathrm{},2kd\}`$. On the other hand, if $`d2k`$, a system of generators for the vector space $`I_{d+1}`$ is given by $`\{w_iF_j|i=1,2,3;j=1,\mathrm{},dk+1\}`$, but this may not be minimal. In this case, the system $`w_iF_j`$’s gives $`3(dk+1)`$ generators, while the vector space dimension of $`I_{d+1}`$ is $`2dk+1`$, so there must be $`d2k`$ linear dependence relations among those generators. Those relations can be found by expanding the following zero determinants :

$$0=\text{det }\left[\begin{array}{c}𝐋\\ L_{l,1}\mathrm{}L_{l,dk+1}\end{array}\right]=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}Q_{1,1}& Q_{1,2}& \mathrm{}& Q_{1,dk+1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ Q_{k,1}& Q_{k,2}& \mathrm{}& Q_{k,dk+1}\\ L_{1,1}& L_{1,2}& \mathrm{}& L_{1,dk+1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ L_{d2k,1}& L_{d2k,2}& \mathrm{}& L_{d2k,dk+1}\\ L_{l,1}& L_{l,2}& \mathrm{}& L_{l,dk+1}\end{array}\right|.$$

Write $`L_{l,j}=_{i=1}^3\lambda _{lji}w_i`$ for all $`l=1,\mathrm{},d2k`$, then

(1.13) $`0=\left|\begin{array}{c}𝐋\\ L_{l,1}\mathrm{}L_{l,dk+1}\end{array}\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}L_{l,j}F_j={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\lambda _{lji}w_iF_j.`$
Again, it was proved in  that these $`d2k`$ equations are linearly independent, so they are indeed all the dependence relations there are.

We consider the rational map on $`^2`$

$$\phi _{d+1}:^2^N,$$

defined by sending each point $`P=[\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}]𝕏`$ to $`[\overline{w_i}F_j(P):G_l(P)]`$ if $`d<2k`$, or to $`[\overline{w_i}F_j(P)]`$ if $`d2k`$. Here, $`(N+1)`$ is the appropriate number of generators chosen for $`I_{d+1}`$. Again, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}`$ be the graph and the image of $`\phi _{d+1}`$, and let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$ be their closures in $`^2\times ^N`$ and $`^N`$, respectively. If $`d<2k`$, we use $`[x_{ij}:y_l]`$ to represent the homogeneous coordinates of $`^N`$ such that $`\phi _{d+1}([\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}])=[\overline{x_{ij}}:\overline{y_l}]`$, where $`\overline{x_{ij}}=\overline{w_i}F_j(\overline{w_1},\overline{w_2},\overline{w_3})`$ and $`\overline{y_l}=G_l(\overline{w_1},\overline{w_2},\overline{w_3})`$. If $`d2k`$, we use $`[x_{ij}]`$ to represent the homogeneous coordinates of $`^N`$ such that $`\phi _{d+1}([\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}])=[\overline{x_{ij}}]`$, where $`\overline{x_{ij}}=\overline{w_i}F_j(\overline{w_1},\overline{w_2},\overline{w_3})`$.

When $`d2k`$, the linear dependence relations of the $`w_iF_j`$’s in $`(\text{1.13})`$ give rise to a collection of linear equations which are satisfied on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ as follows.

(1.14) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\lambda _{lji}x_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ for all }l=1,\mathrm{},d2k.`$
Now, consider the matrix

$$X=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}w_1& x_{11}& \mathrm{}& x_{1,dk+1}\\ w_2& x_{21}& \mathrm{}& x_{2,dk+1}\\ w_3& x_{31}& \mathrm{}& x_{3,dk+1}\end{array}\right].$$

Clearly on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$, the homogeneous coordinates of the points satisfy the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`X`$. To proceed, similar to what was done in , we separate the two cases.

Case 1: $`d<2k`$. In this case, for each $`u=1,\mathrm{},k`$, expanding the following zero determinant:

$$\text{det }𝐋_u=\left|\begin{array}{c}𝐋\\ L_{u,1}\mathrm{}L_{u,2kd}Q_{u,1}\mathrm{}Q_{u,dk+1}\end{array}\right|,$$

we obtain

$$0=\underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}L_{u,l}G_l+\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}Q_{u,j}F_j.$$

Let $`L_{u,l}=_{i=1}^3\lambda _{uli}w_i`$ and $`Q_{u,j}=_{i,h=1}^3\gamma _{uihj}w_iw_h`$. Then

$$0=\underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\lambda _{uli}w_i)G_l+\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}(\underset{i,h=1}{\overset{3}{}}\gamma _{uihj}w_iw_h)F_j.$$

Rewriting this as

(1.15) $`0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}}\lambda _{uli}G_l)w_i+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\gamma _{uihj}w_hF_j)w_i.`$
Also, for each $`v=1,\mathrm{},dk+1`$, we get

(1.16) $`0`$ $`=`$ $`F_v\left({\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\lambda _{uli}w_i)G_l+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{i,h=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\gamma _{uihj}w_iw_h)F_j\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}}\lambda _{uli}G_l)w_iF_v+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\gamma _{uihj}w_hF_j)w_iF_v.`$
The equations in (1.15) and (1.16) give a collection of bi-homogeneous equations that are satisfied by the coordinates of the points in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$:

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}(\underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}\lambda _{uli}y_l)w_i+\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}(\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}\underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}\gamma _{uihj}x_{hj})w_i=0,$$

for all $`u=1,\mathrm{},k`$, and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}(\underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}\lambda _{uli}y_l)x_{iv}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}(\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}\underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}\gamma _{uihj}x_{hj})x_{iv}=0,$$

for all $`u=1,\mathrm{},k`$ and $`v=1,\mathrm{},dk+1`$.

Now, let $`B=(b_{ui})_{1uk,1i3}`$ be the matrix given by

$$b_{ui}=\underset{l=1}{\overset{2kd}{}}\lambda _{uli}y_l+\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}\underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}\gamma _{uihj}x_{hj},$$

then the collection of the equations above can be rewritten as:

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}b_{ui}w_i=0,\text{ for any }u=1,\mathrm{},k,$$

and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}b_{ui}x_{iv}=0,\text{ for any }u=1,\mathrm{},k\text{ and }v=1,\mathrm{},dk+1.$$

These equations are exactly all the entries of $`B.X`$ where $`B`$ and $`X`$ are the matrices as defined.

It follows also from  that the coordinates of all the points of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy the $`3\times 3`$ minors of $`B`$. We let $`𝐉`$ be the ideal in $`k[\underset{¯}{w},\underset{¯}{x},\underset{¯}{y}]`$ defined by the $`3\times 3`$ minors of $`B`$, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`X`$ and the entries of $`B.X`$.

Case 2: $`d2k`$. Similar to what was done in the previous case, we expand the zero determinants:

$$\text{det }\left[\begin{array}{c}𝐋\\ Q_{u,1}\mathrm{}Q_{u,dk+1}\end{array}\right],$$

for $`u=1,\mathrm{},k`$. We also let $`B=(b_{ui})_{1uk,1i3}`$ be the matrix given by

$$b_{ui}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{dk+1}{}}\underset{h=1}{\overset{3}{}}\gamma _{uihj}x_{hj},$$

where $`Q_{u,j}=_{i,h=1}^3\gamma _{uihj}w_iw_h`$. Again, let $`𝐉`$ be the ideal defined by the $`3\times 3`$ minors of $`B`$, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`X`$ and the entries of $`B.X`$. Similar to the previous case, we can prove that the coordinates of the points on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy the equations in $`𝐉`$.

We now establish a collection of equations which are similar to those in $`()`$ as follows:

$$()\{\begin{array}{ccc}x_{2j}w_1x_{1j}w_2& =& 0\\ x_{3j}w_2x_{2j}w_3& =& 0\\ x_{1j}w_3x_{3j}w_1& =& 0\end{array}\text{ for }j=1,2,\mathrm{},dk+1.$$

From the proof of Proposition 4.4 of , one can deduce the following proposition:

###### Proposition 1.5.

If $`Q^N`$ whose homogeneous coordinates satisfy the $`3\times 3`$ minors of $`B`$, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of

$$Y=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}x_{11}& \mathrm{}& x_{1,dk+1}\\ x_{21}& \mathrm{}& x_{2,dk+1}\\ x_{31}& \mathrm{}& x_{3,dk+1}\end{array}\right],$$

and the entries of $`B.Y`$, then there exists a unique point $`P^{}^2`$ such that the homogeneous coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy the equations in $`()`$.

We obtain our first result when the number of points in $`𝕏`$ is arbitrary.

###### Theorem 1.6.

Let $`𝐕`$ be the subvariety of $`^2\times ^N`$ defined by $`𝐉`$ if $`d<2k`$, or defined by $`𝐉`$ and the equations in $`(\text{1.14})`$ if $`d2k`$. Then $`𝐕=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ as sets.

###### Proof.

The proof goes in the same manner of that of Theorem 1.2. First, since all the points on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ satisfy the defining equations of $`𝐕`$, we have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}𝐕`$, whence $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}𝐕`$.

To prove the reverse inclusion, suppose $`(P,Q)𝐕`$, where $`P^2`$ and $`Q^N`$. By Proposition 1.5 and follow the same argument as that of , there exists a unique $`P^{}=[\overline{w_1}:\overline{w_2}:\overline{w_3}]`$ such that the coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy the equations in $`()`$, and $`Q`$ must have the form

$$Q=[\overline{w_1}c_1:\overline{w_2}c_1:\overline{w_3}c_1:\mathrm{}:\overline{w_1}c_{dk+1}:\overline{w_2}c_{dk+1}:\overline{w_3}c_{dk+1}],$$

for some $`c_1,\mathrm{},c_{dk+1}k`$, if $`d2k`$, or

$$Q=[\overline{w_1}c_1:\overline{w_2}c_1:\overline{w_3}c_1:\mathrm{}:\overline{w_1}c_{dk+1}:\overline{w_2}c_{dk+1}:\overline{w_3}c_{dk+1}:\overline{y_1}:\mathrm{}:\overline{y_{2kd}}],$$

for some $`c_1,\mathrm{},c_{dk+1},\overline{y_1},\mathrm{},\overline{y_{2kd}}k`$, if $`d<2k`$.

Now, substituting the coordinates of $`Q`$ into the entries of the product matrix $`B.X`$ and the equations in (1.14), we get

$$𝐋(P^{})\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{dk+1}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\end{array}\right],$$

if $`d2k`$, or

$$𝐋(P^{})\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{dk+1}\\ y_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ y_{2kd}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\\ 0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\end{array}\right],$$

if $`d<2k`$. Thus, if $`P^{}𝕏`$, then

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{dk+1}\end{array}\right]=\rho \left[\begin{array}{c}F_1(P^{})\\ \mathrm{}\\ F_{dk+1}(P^{})\end{array}\right],$$

if $`d2k`$, or

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ c_{dk+1}\\ y_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ y_{2kd}\end{array}\right]=\rho \left[\begin{array}{c}F_1(P^{})\\ \mathrm{}\\ F_{dk+1}(P^{})\\ G_1(P^{})\\ \mathrm{}\\ G_{2kd}(P^{})\end{array}\right],$$

if $`d<2k`$ (for some $`\rho k`$); and if $`P^{}𝕏`$, then $`Q`$ belongs to the exceptional line corresponding the the blowup at $`P^{}`$. Therefore, $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$.

We note further that the equations in $`()`$ are among the equations of $`𝐉`$, so Proposition 1.5 shows that for each $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$, there exists a unique $`P^{}`$ such that the coordinates of $`P^{}`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy the equations of $`𝐉`$ (when $`d<2k`$), or of $`𝐉`$ and $`(\text{1.14})`$ (when $`d2k`$). Thus, $`P=P^{}`$. Now, with our assumption that there are no $`d+1`$ points of $`𝕏`$ lying on a line, the linear system $`I_{d+1}`$ is very ample, so the projection that sends $`(P^{\prime \prime },Q)^2\times ^N`$ to $`Q^N`$ is an isomorphism from $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$ to $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$. Thus, for each $`Q\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{d+1}}`$ there exists a unique $`P^{\prime \prime }^2`$ such that $`(P^{\prime \prime },Q)\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$. Moreover, since $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}𝐕`$, the coordinates of $`P^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`Q`$ satisfy the equations of $`𝐉`$ (when $`d<2k`$), or of $`𝐉`$ and $`(\text{1.14})`$ (when $`d2k`$). Hence, $`P=P^{}=P^{\prime \prime }`$. In other words, $`(P,Q)\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$. We just proved that $`𝐕\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}}`$.

Hence, $`𝐕=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{d+1}`$ as sets. ∎

This gives rise to the following result.

###### Theorem 1.7.

For a general choice of the points in $`𝕏`$, the defining equations of the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ are the equations in $`𝐉`$ if $`d<2k`$, or the equations in $`𝐉`$ together with the equations in $`(\text{1.14})`$ if $`d2k`$. Moreover, $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay.

###### Proof.

We first show that for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the ideal $`𝐉`$ is prime and perfect. Similar to what was done in , we consider a new polynomial ring $`R^{}=k[\underset{¯}{w},\underset{¯}{x},\underset{¯}{y},\underset{¯}{z}]`$ (in the case where $`d2k,R^{}=k[\underset{¯}{w},\underset{¯}{x},\underset{¯}{z}]`$), where $`\underset{¯}{z}=\{z_{ui}\}_{1uk,1i3}`$, and let $`B^{}=(z_{ui})`$. Then we can view $`𝐉`$ as the quotient ideal of $`𝐉^{}`$ in the ring $`R^{}/(H_{ui})`$, where $`𝐉^{}`$ is the ideal in $`R^{}`$ defined by the $`3\times 3`$ minors of $`B^{}`$, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`X`$ and the entries of $`B^{}.X`$, and

$$H_{ui}=z_{ui}b_{ui},\text{ for all }u=1,\mathrm{},k\text{ and }i=1,2,3.$$

Since, $`𝐉`$ and $`𝐉^{}`$ are both bi-homogeneous, they are in particular also homogenous, so they define subvarieties of certain projective spaces. Let $`𝐖`$ be the subvariety of $`^{N+3}`$ defined by $`𝐉`$, and let $`𝐖^{}`$ be the subvariety of $`^{N+3+3k}`$ defined by $`𝐉^{}`$. Then $`𝐖`$ is obtained from $`𝐖^{}`$ by cutting $`𝐖^{}`$ with $`3k`$ hyperplanes $`H_{ui}`$. In other words, $`𝐖`$ is the intersection between $`𝐖^{}`$ and a $`3k`$-codimensional linear subspace of $`^{N+3+3k}`$. By Huneke’s theorem (\[24, Theorem 60\]), we know that $`𝐖^{}`$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ be the grassmannian which parameterizes the linear subspaces of codimension $`3k`$ of $`^{N+3+3k}`$. It follows from Bertini’s theorem (cf. , ) that the subset $`𝒰^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$, such that for any $`U^{}𝒰^{}`$, $`U^{}𝐖^{}`$ is again an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety, is non-empty and open. We also let $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ be the grassmannian which parameterizes the linear subspaces of codimension $`3k`$ of $`^{N+3+3k}`$ that lie inside the variety defined by the equations $`w_1=w_2=w_3=0`$. In \[14, Theorem 4.2\], the authors actually showed that for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the $`3k`$-codimensional linear subspace of $`^{N+3+3k}`$ given by the hyperplanes $`\{H_{ui}|u=1,\mathrm{},k;i=1,2,3\}`$ is general in $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Moreover, consider the element $`T^{}\mathrm{\Theta }^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ given by $`3k`$ linear equations $`z_{ui}=0`$, then $`T^{}𝐖^{}`$ is the subvariety of $`^{N+3}`$ given by the $`2\times 2`$ minors of $`X`$, so it is an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety. In other words, $`T^{}𝒰^{}\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ is a closed subset of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$, we deduce that $`𝒰^{}\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ is a non-empty open subset of $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. All these facts, put together, imply that for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the $`3k`$-codimensional linear subspace of $`^{N+3+3k}`$ given by the hyperplanes $`\{H_{ui}|u=1,\mathrm{},k;i=1,2,3\}`$ is in $`𝒰^{}\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. In other words, for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, $`𝐖`$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay subvariety of $`^{N+3}`$, which, in turn, implies that $`𝐉`$ is a perfect prime ideal.

For $`d<2k`$, this and Theorem 1.6 clearly imply that $`𝐉`$ is the defining ideal of $`(I_{d+1})`$.

For $`d2k`$, let $`l`$ be the least integer such that $`3ld2k`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be the grassmannian which parameterizes the linear subspaces of codimension $`3l`$ of $`^{N+3}`$, and let $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ be the grassmannian which parameterizes the linear subspaces of codimension $`3l`$ of $`^{N+3}`$ that lie inside the variety defined by the equations $`w_1=w_2=w_3=0`$. Again, it follows from Bertini’s theorem that the subset $`𝒰\mathrm{\Omega }`$, such that for any $`U𝒰`$, $`U𝐖`$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety, is non-empty and open (for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, $`𝐖`$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety). One can follow a similar argument as above, and consider the element $`T`$ in $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ given by $`3l`$ linear equations $`\{x_{ij}=0|i=1,2,3;j=dkl+2,\mathrm{},dk+1\}`$, to show that $`𝒰\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a non-empty open subset of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Moreover, from , it is easy to see that for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the $`3l`$-codimensional linear subspace of $`^{N+3}`$ given by the equations in (1.14) and $`3l(d2k)`$ other general hyperplanes is general in $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus, for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the $`3l`$-codimensional subspace of $`^{N+3}`$ given by the equations in (1.14) and $`3l(d2k)`$ other general hyperplanes is in $`𝒰\mathrm{\Theta }`$, i.e. this $`3l`$-codimensional subspace of $`^{N+3}`$ is general enough to intersect $`𝐖`$ at an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety. In particular, the hyperplanes given by the equations in (1.14) are general enough for a general choice of the points in $`𝕏`$. This and the fact in the previous paragraph show that for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, the hyperplanes $`H_{ui}`$ and the hyperplanes defined by the equations in (1.14) are general enough to intersect $`𝐖^{}`$ at an integral Cohen-Macaulay variety. Hence, for a general choice of $`𝕏`$, $`𝐉`$ together with the equations in $`(\text{1.14})`$ form a perfect prime ideal, i.e. $`𝐉`$ and the equations in $`(\text{1.14})`$ form the defining ideal of $`(I_{d+1})`$.

The Cohen-Macaulayness of $`(I_{d+1})`$ follows from the perfection of its defining ideal. The theorem is proved. ∎

We finally observe that the same argument can be extended to a class of codimension 2 perfect ideals with presentation matrix in the form of $`𝐋`$ (i.e. constituted by rows and columns of linear forms or quadratics). The generality of the points in $`𝕏`$ transforms to the genericity of the presentation matrix of the ideal. One can follow the same argument to obtain the following result.

###### Theorem 1.8.

Suppose $`IR=k[w_1,\mathrm{},w_n]`$ is a generic codimension 2 perfect ideal, whose presentation matrix looks like that of $`𝐋`$. Suppose also that $`I=_{td}I_t`$ is its homogeneous decomposition. Then the defining equations of the Rees algebra $`(I_{d+1})`$ are the $`n\times n`$ minors of a $`k\times n`$ matrix $`B`$ of linear forms, the $`2\times 2`$ minors of an $`n\times (dk+2)`$ matrix $`X`$ of linear forms, and the entries of $`B.X`$. Moreover, $`(I_{d+1})`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and its defining ideal has the generic grade.

## 2. Asymptotic behaviour of the Rees algebras

If instead of a generic set of points in $`^2`$, we start with an arbitrary set of points $`𝕏`$, then the presentation matrix of its defining ideal $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_t`$ no longer possesses a nice structure as it had in the previous section. It then becomes incredibly difficult to decide whether the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay or to find its defining equations for a specific value of $`t`$. It is, however, possible to answer questions on the Cohen-Macaulayness or the degrees of the generators of $`(I_t)`$ as $`t`$ gets large. In this section, we address these questions.

We begin by discussing a few properties of subschemes of a product scheme $`^n\times ^m`$. For details on the definitions of product scheme $`^n\times ^m`$, sheaves associated to bi-graded modules, and sheaf cohomology groups on $`^n\times ^m`$, we refer the readers to . Let $`S=k[x_0,\mathrm{},x_n,y_0,\mathrm{},y_m]`$ be a polynomial ring over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of characteristic 0. Then $`^n\times ^m`$, by definition, is the bi-Proj of $`S`$ with the natural bigradation on $`S`$ with respect to $`(x_0,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ and $`(y_0,\mathrm{},y_m)`$. Let $`m=(x_iy_j)_{i,j}S`$ be the bihomogeneous irrelevant ideal of $`S`$. We first recall the following known fact (cf. , ).

###### Proposition 2.1.

Suppose $`M`$ is a bi-graded $`S`$-module, and $``$ is the sheaf on $`^n\times ^m`$ associated to $`M`$. Then, we have an exact sequence

$$0H_m^0(M)M_{a,b}H^0((a,b))H_m^1(M)0,$$

and isomorphisms

$$_{a,b}H^i((a,b))H_m^{i+1}(M)i>0.$$

It is of our interest to study the Cohen-Macaulayness of the bi-graded coordinate ring of a variety in the product space $`^n\times ^m`$. This is equivalent to the variety being arithmetic Cohen-Macaulay (a.CM). The definition of a.CM is given as follows.

Definition. Suppose $`V^n\times ^m`$ is a subscheme defined by the bihomogeneous ideal $`IS`$. We say $`V`$ is a.CM if the bi-graded coordinate ring of $`V`$ is a Cohen-Macaulay ring, or equivalently, if $`I`$ is a perfect ideal in $`S`$.

On a product space $`^n\times ^m`$ (for any $`n`$ and $`m`$), let $`\pi _1:^n\times ^m^n`$ and $`\pi _2:^n\times ^m^m`$ be the two projection maps. If $`V`$ is a subscheme of $`^n\times ^m`$, when working on $`V`$, by abuse of notation, we also use $`\pi _1`$ and $`\pi _2`$ for the projection maps restricted on $`V`$. A necessary and a sufficient conditions for property a.CM are shown in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.2.

Suppose $`V^n\times ^m`$ is a proper closed subscheme of dimension $`d`$ of $`^n\times ^m`$. Then,

1. If $`V`$ is a.CM, then $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`1id`$, where $`_V`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`V`$ in $`^n\times ^m`$.
2. Suppose $`dn,m`$, and $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`1id`$. If in addition, $`H^{d+1}(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$, and for every $`j>0`$,

$$R^j\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0p,q0,$$

and

$$R^j\pi _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0q,p0,$$

then $`V`$ is a.CM.

###### Proof.

Similar criteria for varieties with negative $`a^{}`$-invariants were given in \[25, Theorem 2.5\]. We adopt his argument with a slight modification to prove our result. Let $`n=(x_0,\mathrm{},x_n,y_0,\mathrm{},y_m)S`$ be the maximal homogeneous ideal of $`S`$. Let $`n_1=(x_0,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ and $`n_2=(y_0,\mathrm{},y_m)`$ be the ideals in $`S`$ generated by the two sets of variables with respect to the standard bi-gradation of $`S`$. Then $`n_1+n_2=n`$ and $`n_1n_2=m`$. Let $`I_V`$ and $`S_V=S/I_V`$ be the defining ideal and the coordinate ring of $`V`$, respectively. Then, $`dimS_V=d+2`$. It is also not hard to see that the Cohen-Macaulayness of $`S_V`$ is equivalent to the condition that $`H_n^i(S_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+1`$, which is the same as the condition that $`H_n^i(I_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+2`$.

(1) Suppose that $`V`$ is a.CM. Equivalently, $`H_n^i(I_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+2`$. Consider the following Mayer-Vietoris sequence of local cohomology:

$$\mathrm{}H_n^i(I_V)H_{n_1}^i(I_V)H_{n_2}^i(I_V)H_m^i(I_V)H_n^{i+1}(I_V)\mathrm{}$$

The condition $`H_n^i(I_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+2`$, implies that the homomorphism

$$H_{n_1}^i(I_V)H_{n_2}^i(I_V)H_m^i(I_V)$$

is an isomorphism for $`1id+1`$ and injective for $`i=d+2`$. Localizing $`H_n^i(I_V)`$ at the maximal ideals of $`_tS_{(0,t)}`$ and $`_tS_{(t,0)}`$, respectively, and making use of \[25, Lemma 1.1 and Lemma 2.3\], we have:

$$H_{n_1}^i(I_V)=H_{n_2}^i(I_V)=0i=1,\mathrm{},d+1.$$

This implies $`H_m^i(I_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+1`$. Together with Proposition 2.1, it then follows that $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$.

(2) Suppose now that $`H^i(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$ and $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, and $`H^{d+1}(_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$. We observe the following. For $`i=1`$, this is to say that the homomorphism $`S_{(a,b)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,𝒪_V(a,b))`$ is surjective. In other words, the homomorphism

$$S_{V}^{}{}_{(a,b)}{}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,𝒪_V(a,b))$$

is an isomorphism. Furthermore, the vanishing of $`H^i(_V(a,b))`$ for all $`a,b`$, and all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, is the same as having $`H_m^i(I_V)=0`$ for all $`i=2,\mathrm{},d+1`$. This is equivalent to having $`H_m^i(S_V)=0`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$. Since $`mI_V`$, $`H_m^0(S_V)`$ is clearly also 0. Lastly, the vanishing of $`H^{d+1}(_V(a,b))`$ for all $`a,b0`$ implies that $`H^d(𝒪_V(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$, i.e. $`[H_m^{d+1}(S_V)]_{(a,b)}=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$.

Suppose, in addition, for every $`j>0`$, $`R^j\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0p,q0`$ and $`R^j\pi _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))=0q,p0`$. We need to show that $`V`$ is a.CM.

Let $`T=_tS_{V}^{}{}_{(t,0)}{}^{}`$ and $`W=\text{Proj }T`$, then $`\pi _1:VW`$ is the canonical projection. For all $`p`$ and $`q0`$, the Leray spectral sequence

$$E_2^{i,j}=H^i(W,R^j\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q)))H^{i+j}(V,𝒪_V(p,q))$$

degenerates. Thus, the edge homomorphisms $`H^i(W,\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q)))H^i(V,𝒪_V(p,q))`$ are just isomorphisms for all $`p,q0`$ and $`i0`$.

Let $`T_{<q>}`$ ($`q0`$) be the $`T`$-module given by $`T_{<q>}=_tS_{V}^{}{}_{(t,q)}{}^{}`$, and let $`𝒯_{<q>}`$ be the sheaf associated to $`T_{<q>}`$ on $`W`$. It is easy to see that for $`p0`$,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(W,𝒯_{<q>}(p))=S_{V}^{}{}_{(p,q)}{}^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,𝒪_V(p,q))=\mathrm{\Gamma }(W,\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))).$$

Also, $`\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))𝒪_W(p^{})=\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p+p^{},q))`$. Thus, the canonical homomorphism $`𝒯_{<q>}(p)\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q))`$ is an isomorphism for all $`p`$ and $`q0`$. It now follows that the homomorphisms

$$H^i(W,𝒯_{<q>}(p))H^i(W,\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_V(p,q)))H^i(V,𝒪_V(p,q)),$$

similar to what was mentioned in \[25, Theorem 1.4\], are isomorphisms for all $`p`$, $`q0`$ and $`i0`$. Applying the five lemma on the diagram of \[25, Theorem 1.4\], it then implies that the homomorphism

$$[H_{n_1}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}[H_m^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}$$

is an isomorphism for all $`p`$, $`q0`$ and $`i0`$. By symmetry, the homomorphism

$$[H_{n_2}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}[H_m^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}$$

is also an isomorphism for all $`q`$, $`p0`$ and $`i0`$. Thus, for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$,

$$[H_{n_1}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}=0p,q0\text{ and }[H_{n_2}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}=0q,p0,$$

and

$$[H_{n_1}^{d+1}(S_V)]_{(p,q)}=0=[H_{n_2}^{d+1}(S_V)]_{(p,q)}p,q0.$$

Moreover, it is also easy to see that, for all $`i>0`$,

$$[H_{n_1}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}=0\text{ if }q<0\text{ and }[H_{n_2}^i(S_V)]_{(p,q)}=0\text{ if }p<0.$$

Therefore, in the following Mayer-Vietoris sequence of local cohomology

$$\mathrm{}H_n^i(S_V)H_{n_1}^i(S_V)H_{n_2}^i(S_V)H_m^i(S_V)H_n^{i+1}(S_V)\mathrm{}$$

the homomorphisms

$$H_{n_1}^i(S_V)H_{n_2}^i(S_V)H_m^i(S_V)$$

are isomorphisms for $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, and injective for $`i=d+1`$. We get $`H_n^i(S_V)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},d+1`$. This is equivalent to $`S_V`$ being Cohen-Macaulay, i.e. $`V`$ being a.CM. The theorem is proved. ∎

Now, suppose $`FS`$ is a bihomogeneous polynomial. By abuse of notation, we denote by $`(F)`$ both the ideal generated by $`F`$ in $`S`$ and the subscheme of $`^n\times ^m`$ defined by the equation $`F=0`$.

###### Proposition 2.3.

Suppose $`V`$ is a closed irreducible subscheme of $`^n\times ^m`$ of dimension at least 2, and $`L`$ is a general linear form in the indeterminates $`\{y_j|j=0,\mathrm{},m\}`$. Then $`V`$ is a.CM if and only if $`V(L)`$, considered as a subscheme of $`(L)`$, is a.CM.

###### Proof.

Let $`I`$ be the defining ideal of $`V`$. Then $`I`$ is a bihomogeneous ideal in $`S`$, so in particular, $`I`$ is a homogeneous ideal in $`S`$. Let $`W`$ then be the subscheme of $`^{n+m+1}`$ defined by $`I`$. We observe that our discussion only involves the perfection of the defining ideal of $`V`$ (and $`V(L)`$) which is the same as the defining ideal of $`W`$ (and $`W(L)`$). Thus, the proposition would remain the same if instead of $`V`$ (and $`V(L)`$) we look at $`W`$ (and $`W(L)`$). The proposition now follows from \[30, Theorem 1.3.2\]. ∎

From here onwards, we focus our attention back to the study of the asymptotic behaviour of the Rees algebras $`(I_t)`$ for the defining ideal of an arbitrary set of points in $`^2`$. Again, suppose $`𝕏=\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ is a set of $`s`$ distinct points in $`^2`$. Let $`I_𝕏=\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_sR=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$ be the defining ideal of $`𝕏`$ ($`\mathrm{}_i`$ is the ideal of $`P_i`$), and suppose $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_t`$ is its homogeneous decomposition.

###### Theorem 2.4.

Suppose $`𝕏=\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ is an arbitrary set of $`s`$ points in $`^2`$, and $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_tR=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$ is its defining ideal. Then, there exists an integer $`d_0`$ such that for all $`td_0`$, the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ of the ideal generated by $`I_t`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, and its defining ideal is generated by quadratics.

###### Proof.

Let $`\sigma =\sigma (I_𝕏)`$, the least integer at which the difference function of the Hilbert function of $`𝕏`$ equals 0, and take $`d_0=\mathrm{max}\{4,\sigma +1,s+1\}`$ (note that $`\sigma s`$, so we in fact only need to take $`d_0=\mathrm{max}\{4,s+1\}`$). We shall prove that this value of $`d_0`$ satisfies the requirements of the theorem.

Suppose $`t`$ is an arbitrary integer which is bigger than or equal to $`d_0`$. We add $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{2}\right)s`$ general smooth points to $`𝕏`$ to obtain a set of points $`\stackrel{~}{𝕏}`$ with the generic Hilbert function up to degree $`t2`$, i.e.

$$H_{\stackrel{~}{𝕏}}:136\mathrm{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{2}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{2}\right)\mathrm{}.$$

We start by showing that the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay using induction on the number $`l=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{2}\right)s`$ of points we add into $`𝕏`$ to get $`\stackrel{~}{𝕏}`$.

If $`l=0`$, then $`𝕏`$ is a set of $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{2}\right)`$ points in $`^2`$ with the generic Hilbert function. It follows from  that the presentation matrix of $`I_𝕏`$ has linear entries, $`I_𝕏`$ is generated in degree $`t1`$, and $`\sigma (I_𝕏)=t1`$. It now follows from Theorem 1.3 that the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay. The assertion that the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay is true for the base case.

Suppose now that our assertion is true for a set of points $`𝕏^{}=𝕏\{P_{s+1}\}`$, and we need to prove the assertion for the set of points $`𝕏`$. Let $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_t`$ and $`I_𝕏^{}=_{t\alpha ^{}}I_t^{}`$ be the defining ideals of $`𝕏`$ and $`𝕏^{}`$ respectively. Since a general point $`P_{s+1}`$ imposes one independent condition at degree $`t`$, a system of generators for $`I_t`$ and for $`I_t^{}`$ may be given by $`\{F_0,\mathrm{},F_{r1},F_r\}`$ and $`\{F_0,\mathrm{},F_{r1}\}`$, respectively. Consider the following rational maps

$$\phi :^2^r\text{ and }\phi ^{}:^2^{r1}$$

given by $`\phi (P)=[F_0(P):\mathrm{}:F_r(P)]`$ and $`\phi ^{}(P)=[F_0(P):\mathrm{}:F_{r1}(P)]`$. Let $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ be the closure of the graphs of these maps in $`^2\times ^r`$ and $`^2\times ^{r1}`$, respectively. Clearly, the Rees algebras $`(I_t)`$ and $`(I_t^{})`$ are the bi-graded coordinate rings of $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$, respectively. By induction hypothesis, we know that $`V^{}`$ is a.CM. We need to show that $`V`$ is also a.CM.

Let $`[y_0:\mathrm{}:y_r]`$ represent the homogeneous coordinates of $`^r`$. Let $`S=k[w_1,w_2,w_3,y_0,\mathrm{},y_r]`$ and $`S_V`$ be the bi-graded coordinate rings of $`^2\times ^r`$ and $`V`$, respectively. Let $`H=V(y_r)`$. By Proposition 2.3, we only need to show that $`H`$, considered as a subscheme of $`^2\times ^{r1}`$, is a.CM.

Clearly, $`\pi _1(V)=\pi _1(V^{})=^2`$. Let $`\overline{V}=\pi _2(V)`$ and $`\overline{V^{}}=\pi _2(V^{})`$. By the construction of $`\stackrel{~}{𝕏}`$, we know that $`\sigma (I_𝕏)\sigma (I_{\stackrel{~}{𝕏}})=t1`$ and $`\sigma (I_𝕏^{})\sigma (I_{\stackrel{~}{𝕏}})=t1`$. Therefore, the linear systems $`I_t`$ and $`I_t^{}`$ are very ample (). Thus, $`\pi _2`$ is an isomorphism from $`V`$ onto $`\overline{V}`$ and from $`V^{}`$ onto $`\overline{V^{}}`$. It is easy to see that since the coordinate $`y_r`$ of $`^r`$ is chosen generally, $`H`$ meets each exceptional curve of $`V`$ no more than once. Thus, $`\pi _1^1(P)`$, restricted to $`H`$, is at most one point, for every $`P^2`$. Since $`\pi _2`$ is an isomorphism on $`V`$, it is also an isomorphism on $`H`$, whence $`\pi _2^1(Q)`$, restricted to $`H`$, is also at most one point, for every $`Q^{r1}`$. Therefore, by \[21, Corollary III.11.2\], for every $`j>0`$, one gets

$$R^j\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_H(p,q))=0\text{ and }R^j\pi _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝒪_H(p,q))=0p,q.$$

By Theorem 2.2, to show that $`H`$ is a.CM, it is now enough to show $`H^1(_H(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$, and $`H^2(_H(a,b))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$, where $`_H`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`H`$ in $`^2\times ^{r1}`$.

It is easy to see that since $`V^{}`$ is the projection of $`V`$ on $`(y_r)`$ centered at the point $`P_{s+1}\times \phi (P_{s+1})`$, $`HV^{}`$. Consider the following exact sequence

$$0_V^{}_H_{H,V^{}}0,$$

where $`_{H,V^{}}`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`H`$ considered as a subscheme of $`V^{}`$. Since $`V^{}`$ is a.CM, taking the cohomology groups, we get

$$H^1(_H(a,b))=H^1(_{H,V^{}}(a,b))\text{ and }H^2(_H(a,b))H^2(_{H,V^{}}(a,b)).$$

Thus, it suffices to show that

$$H^1(_{H,V^{}}(a,b))=0a,b\text{ and }H^2(_{H,V^{}}(a,b))=0a,b0.$$

Let $`E_0`$ be the pull back to $`V^{}`$ of the class of a general line in $`^2`$, and let $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_{s+1}`$ be the classes of the exceptional divisors corresponding to the blowup at the points $`P_1,\mathrm{},P_{s+1}`$, respectively. Let $`\overline{E_0},\mathrm{},\overline{E_{s+1}}`$ be the images of $`E_0,\mathrm{},E_{s+1}`$ through $`\pi _2`$, respectively, then they generate the Picard group of $`\overline{V^{}}`$. $`\overline{V}(y_r)`$ is a hyperplane section of $`\overline{V}`$ and since the coordinates in $`^r`$ are chosen generally, we may assume that $`\overline{V}(y_r)`$ belongs to the divisor class $`|t\overline{E_0}\overline{E_1}\mathrm{}\overline{E_s}|`$. Thus, $`H|tE_0E_1\mathrm{}E_s|`$. We have

$`_{H,V^{}}(a,b)=𝒪_V^{}(H)(a,b)`$
$`=`$ $`𝒪_V^{}(H)\pi _1^{}(𝒪_^2(a))\pi _2^{}(𝒪_{\overline{V^{}}}(b))`$
$`=`$ $`𝒪_V^{}(H)\pi _1^{}(𝒪_^2(a))\pi _2^{}(𝒪_{\overline{V^{}}}(bt\overline{E_0}b\overline{E_1}\mathrm{}b\overline{E_s}b\overline{E_{s+1}}))`$
$`=`$ $`𝒪_V^{}(H)𝒪_V^{}(aE_0)𝒪_V^{}(btE_0bE_1\mathrm{}bE_sbE_{s+1})`$
$`=`$ $`𝒪_V^{}((a+(b1)t)E_0(b1)E_1\mathrm{}(b1)E_sbE_{s+1})`$
Let $`D_{a,b}=(a+(b1)t)E_0(b1)E_1\mathrm{}(b1)E_sbE_{s+1}`$ on $`V^{}`$. We first prove $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$. We shall use double induction on $`b`$ and $`a`$.

For $`b=0`$ and $`0at`$, we first have $`D_{a,0}=(at)E_0+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_s`$. The canonical divisor on $`V^{}`$ is $`K_V^{}=3E_0+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_{s+1}`$. Let $`H^{}=tE_0E_1\mathrm{}E_{s+1}`$. From , $`H^{}`$ is very ample on $`V^{}`$. We also have, $`K_V^{}.D_{a,0}=3(ta)s>3t+s+1=K_V^{}.H^{}`$. Thus, $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,0}))=0`$ (cf. \[21, Lemma V.1.7\]). Suppose now that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,0}))=0`$ is true for $`at`$, we shall show that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,0}))=0`$. Indeed, consider the exact sequence

$$0𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,0})𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,0})𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,0})0.$$

Since $`\mathrm{deg}𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,0})=a+1t>0`$, and since $`E_0`$ is a rational curve, we have

$$H^1(𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,0}))=0\text{ and }H^2(𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,0}))=0.$$

Thus, $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,0}))=H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,0}))=0`$.

For $`b=1`$, we first have $`D_{0,1}=E_{s+1}`$. We also have $`K_V^{}.D_{0,1}=1>3t+s+1=K_V^{}.H^{}`$. Thus, $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{0,1}))=0`$ (cf. \[21, Lemma V.1.7\]). Suppose now that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,1}))=0`$ is true for $`a0`$, we shall show that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,1}))=0`$. Indeed, as before, consider the exact sequence

$$0𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,1})𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,1})𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,1})0.$$

Since $`\mathrm{deg}𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,1})=a+1>0`$, and since $`E_0`$ is a rational curve, we have

$$H^1(𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,1}))=H^2(𝒪_{E_0}(D_{a+1,1}))=0.$$

Thus, $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a+1,1}))=H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,1}))=0`$.

Now, suppose that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0`$ is true for any $`a0`$ and some $`b1`$, we shall show that $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b+1}))=0`$. Indeed, consider the exact sequence

$$0𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b})𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b+1})𝒪_H^{}(D_{a,b+1})0.$$

Since $`\mathrm{deg}𝒪_H^{}(D_{a,b+1})=(a+bt)tb(s+1)1>2\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t1}{2}\right)+1=2g(H^{})+1`$, we have $`H^1(𝒪_H^{}(D_{a,b+1}))=H^2(𝒪_H^{}(D_{a,b+1}))=0`$. Thus,

$$H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b+1}))=H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0.$$

Hence, $`H^2(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0`$ for all $`a,b0`$.

It remains now to prove that $`H^1(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$. Similar to what we did above, we can rewrite

$$𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b})=𝒪_V^{}(E_{s+1})(a,b1)=_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(a,b1),$$

where $`_{E_{s+1},V^{}}`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`E_{s+1}`$ considered as a subscheme of $`V^{}`$. It was proved in \[13, Proposition 2.1\] that $`H^1(𝒪_{\overline{V^{}}}((n1)t\overline{E_0}(n1)\overline{E_1}\mathrm{}(n1)\overline{E_s}n\overline{E_{s+1}})=0`$ for all $`n`$. That is, $`H^1(_{\overline{E_{s+1}},\overline{V^{}}}(n1))=0`$ for all $`n`$, where $`_{\overline{E_{s+1}},\overline{V^{}}}`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`\overline{E_{s+1}}`$ considered as a subscheme of $`\overline{V^{}}`$. Therefore, $`\overline{E_{s+1}}`$, considered as a subscheme of $`\overline{V^{}}`$, is projective CM (see  for definition of projective CM). By considering the exact sequence

$$0_{\overline{V^{}}}_{\overline{E_{s+1}}}_{\overline{E_{s+1}},\overline{V^{}}}0,$$

where $`_{\overline{V^{}}}`$ and $`_{\overline{E_{s+1}}}`$ are the ideal sheaves of $`\overline{V^{}}`$ and $`\overline{E_{s+1}}`$ in $`^{r1}`$, and from the fact that $`\overline{V^{}}`$ is projective CM (), we deduce that in $`^{r1}`$, the homogeneous coordinate ring of $`\overline{E_{s+1}}`$ is CM. It is also clear that $`E_{s+1}=P_{s+1}\times \overline{E_{s+1}}`$. Thus, the coordinate ring of $`E_{s+1}`$ in $`^2\times ^{r1}`$ is CM, i.e. $`E_{s+1}`$ is a.CM in $`^2\times ^{r1}`$. Hence, by Theorem 2.2, $`H^1(_{E_{s+1}}(a,b1))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$, where $`_{E_{s+1}}`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`E_{s+1}`$ in $`^2\times ^{r1}`$. By considering the exact sequence

$$0_V^{}_{E_{s+1}}_{E_{s+1},V^{}}0,$$

and from the hypothesis that $`V^{}`$ is a.CM, we conclude that $`H^1(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(a,b1))=0`$ for all $`a,b`$. Hence,

$$H^1(𝒪_V^{}(D_{a,b}))=0\text{ for all }a,b.$$

The assertion is proved, i.e. $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay for all $`td_0`$.

We now proceed to prove that the defining ideal of $`(I_t)`$ is generated by quadratics. Again, we use induction on $`l`$, the number of general smooth points being added to $`𝕏`$ to get $`\stackrel{~}{𝕏}`$. If $`l=0`$, then it follows from Theorem 1.3 that the defining ideal of $`(I_t)`$ is generated by quadratics. Thus, the base case of the assertion that the defining ideal of the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is generated by quadratics is proved.

Suppose now that this assertion is true for a set of points $`𝕏^{}=𝕏\{P_{s+1}\}`$, and we need to show it for the set of points $`𝕏`$. Let $`V,V^{}`$ and $`H`$ be defined as before. By induction hypothesis, $`V^{}`$ is generated by quadratics. We need to show that $`V`$ is also generated by quadratics. Since $`V`$ is a.CM, this amounts to showing that $`H`$ is generated by quadratics. Moreover, since $`HV^{}`$ and $`V^{}`$ is generated by quadratics, we only need to show that $`I_{H,V^{}}`$ (the ideal of $`H`$ in the coordinate ring of $`V^{}`$) is generated in its quadratic degree. It suffices to show that the following multiplication maps are onto:

(2.1) $`H^0(_{H,V^{}}(2,0))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(1,0))H^0(_{H,V^{}}(3,0))`$
(2.2) $`H^0(_{H,V^{}}(0,2))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(0,1))H^0(_{H,V^{}}(0,3))`$
(2.3) $`H^0(_{H,V^{}}(1,1))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(1,0))H^0(_{H,V^{}}(2,1))`$
(2.4) $`H^0(_{H,V^{}}(0,2))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(1,0))H^0(_{H,V^{}}(1,2)),`$
where $`_{H,V^{}}`$ is the ideal sheaf of $`H`$ in $`V^{}`$.

To prove (2.1), for each integer $`a`$, as it was done above, we rewrite

$$_{H,V^{}}(a,0)=𝒪_V^{}(H)(a,0)=𝒪_V^{}((at)E_0+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_s).$$

Again, the canonical divisor on $`V^{}`$ is $`K_V^{}=3E_0+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_s+E_{s+1}`$. Let

$$D_a=(at)E_0+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_s\text{ and }H^{}=tE_0E_1\mathrm{}E_sE_{s+1}.$$

As before, from , $`H^{}`$ is every ample on $`V^{}`$. For $`a=2,3`$, we also have

$$(K_V^{}D_a).H^{}=(ta3)t+1>3t+s+1=K_V^{}.H^{}.$$

Therefore, it follows from \[21, Lemma V.1.7\] that, for $`a=2\text{ and }3`$,

$$H^0(𝒪_V^{}(D_a))=H^2(𝒪_V^{}(K_V^{}D_a))=0.$$

Hence, (2.1) follows vacuously.

To prove (2.2), for each integer $`b`$, as before, we rewrite

$`_{H,V^{}}(0,b)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒪_V^{}((b1)tE_0(b1)E_1\mathrm{}(b1)E_sbE_{s+1})`$
$`=`$ $`_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(0,b1).`$
Thus, (2.2) is equivalent to

$$H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(0,1))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(0,1))H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(0,2)).$$

This is indeed true, since $`E_{s+1}`$ is a line in $`V^{}`$, and hence, is obviously generated in degree 1.

Similarly, it can be shown that (2.3) and (2.4) are equivalent to

$$H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(1,0))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(1,0))H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(2,0)),$$

and

$$H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(0,1))H^0(𝒪_V^{}(1,0))H^0(_{E_{s+1},V^{}}(1,1)),$$

respectively. Those are again true since $`E_{s+1}`$ is a line on $`V^{}`$, and so, generated in degree 1. The theorem is proved. ∎

Remark: Most of our arguments do not use the fact that $`𝕏`$ is a set of points. Thus, if we couple with \[31, Theorem 1.3\], the Cohen-Macaulayness of Theorem 2.4 is actually true for any subscheme of $`^2`$ whose defining ideal satisfies condition $`G_3`$. An example of such subscheme is any locally complete intersection subscheme of $`^2`$.

Inspired by the notion of having property $`N_p`$, introduced by Green, together with many supportive evidences, we conjecture the following.

Conjecture: Suppose $`𝕏`$ is an arbitrary set of points in $`^2`$, and $`I_𝕏=_{t\alpha }I_tR=k[w_1,w_2,w_3]`$ its defining ideal. Then, for any non-negative integer $`p`$, there exists an integer $`d_p`$ such that for any $`td_p`$, the Rees algebra $`(I_t)`$ is Cohen-Macaulay, generated by quadratics, and the first $`p`$ steps in its minimal free resolution are linear, i.e. the first $`p`$ matrices are of linear forms.

Theorem 2.4 proves this conjecture for $`p=0`$.

Acknowledgement. This paper is part of the author’s PhD thesis. I would like to thank my research advisor A.V. Geramita for his inspiration and guidance. I would also like to thank Prof. A. Iarrobino, Prof. M. Johnson, Dr. J. Chipalkatti and Mr. M. Mustata for their useful suggestions during the preparation of this paper.


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# Hopf bimodules are modules over a diagonal crossed product algebra

## 1 Introduction

Let $`H`$ be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra. In  C. Cibils and M. Rosso introduced an algebra $`X=(H^{op}H)\underset{¯}{}(H^{}H^{op})`$ having the property that Hopf bimodules over $`H^{}`$ coincide with left $`X`$-modules. This algebra $`X`$ was further used in  by R. Taillefer who proved that if $`M`$ and $`N`$ are (finite dimensional) Hopf bimodules over $`H^{}`$ then the Gerstenhaber-Schack cohomology groups $`H_{GS}^{}(M,N)`$ are isomorphic to $`Ext_X^{}(M,N)`$. The multiplication of $`X`$ is a “twist” of the one of $`(H^{op}H)(H^{}H^{op})`$, and it was also proved in  that $`X`$ is isomorphic to the direct tensor product between a Heisenberg double and (the opposite of) a Drinfel’d double.
In this paper we introduce two algebras, $`Y`$ and $`Z`$, with the same property as $`X`$ (Hopf bimodules over $`H^{}`$ coincide with left modules over $`Y`$ or $`Z`$) but which are more “structured” than $`X`$. Namely, $`Y`$ is the $`twosidedcrossedproduct`$ (in the sense of F. Hausser and F. Nill ) $`H^{}\mathrm{\#}(HH^{op})\mathrm{\#}H^{op}`$, and $`Z`$ is the $`diagonal`$ $`crossedproduct`$ (also in the sense of Hausser and Nill) $`(H^{}H^{op})(HH^{op})`$. We also write down explicit isomorphisms between the algebras $`X,Y,Z`$ having the property that if $`M`$ is a Hopf bimodule over $`H^{}`$ then the actions of $`X,Y,Z`$ on $`M`$ correspond via these isomorphisms.
Let us mention that, among these three algebras, our favourite is $`Z`$, because the formulae for its multiplication and action on a Hopf bimodule look more elegant than in the other two cases. However, our approach relies on the structure of the algebra $`Y`$ and the use of “three corners” Hopf modules.
Also, let us note that, as a consequence of the Maschke-type theorem for diagonal crossed products (see , Th. 8.2) it follows that if $`H`$ is semisimple and cosemisimple then $`Z`$ is semisimple, so we obtain a proof for the semisimplicity of $`X`$ independent on the isomorphism $`X`$$``$$`(H^{})D(H^{})^{op}`$.

## 2 The algebras $`X,Y,Z`$

Throughout, $`k`$ will be a fixed field and all algebras, linear spaces etc. will be over $`k`$; unadorned $``$ means $`_k`$. For coalgebras and Hopf algebras we shall use the framework of . In particular for coalgebras we shall use $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-notation: $`\mathrm{\Delta }(h)=h_1h_2`$, $`(id\mathrm{\Delta })(\mathrm{\Delta }(h))=(\mathrm{\Delta }id)(\mathrm{\Delta }(h))=h_1h_2h_3`$ etc.
In what follows, $`H`$ will be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra with antipode $`S`$. We start by stating some results which are either well-known (see for instance ) or easy to prove.
If $`A`$ is a left $`H`$-module algebra, that is $`A`$ is an algebra and also a left $`H`$-module with action denoted by $`haha`$ and such that $`h(ab)=(h_1a)(h_2b)`$ and $`h1_A=\epsilon (h)1_A`$ for all $`hH`$ and $`a,bA`$, the (left) smash product $`A\mathrm{\#}H`$ is the algebra structure on $`AH`$ given by

$$(a\mathrm{\#}h)(b\mathrm{\#}g)=a(h_1b)\mathrm{\#}h_2g$$

A left $`A\mathrm{\#}H`$-module may be identified with a vector space $`M`$ which is a left $`H`$-module and a left $`A`$-module (actions denoted by $`hmhm`$ and $`amam`$) related by the following compatibility condition:

$$h(am)=(h_1a)(h_2m)$$

for all $`hH`$, $`aA`$, $`mM`$.
If $`B`$ is a right $`H`$-module algebra, that is $`B`$ is an algebra and also a right $`H`$-module with action denoted by $`bhbh`$ and such that $`(ab)h=(ah_1)(bh_2)`$ and $`1_Bh=\epsilon (h)1_B`$ for all $`hH`$ and $`a,bB`$, the (right) smash product $`H\mathrm{\#}B`$ is the algebra structure on $`HB`$ given by

$$(h\mathrm{\#}a)(g\mathrm{\#}b)=hg_1\mathrm{\#}(ag_2)b$$

We are not interested in right $`H\mathrm{\#}B`$-modules, but also in left $`H\mathrm{\#}B`$-modules. One can check that a left $`H\mathrm{\#}B`$-module may be identified with a vector space $`M`$ which is a left $`H`$-module and a left $`B`$-module (actions denoted by $`hmhm`$ and $`bmbm`$) related by the following compatibility condition:

$$b(hm)=h_1((bh_2)m)$$

for all $`hH`$, $`bB`$, $`mM`$.
If $`A`$ is a right $`H`$-comodule algebra, that is $`A`$ is an algebra and a right $`H`$-comodule with structure map $`\rho :AAH`$ which is an algebra map, we can consider the categories A$``$H and $``$$`{}_{}{}^{H}{}_{A}{}^{}`$ of relative Hopf modules (see , p. 144). It is well-known (see ) that the category A$``$H may be identified with the category of left $`A\mathrm{\#}H^{}`$-modules ($`A`$ becomes a left $`H^{}`$-module algebra as usual). Also (see ) $``$$`{}_{}{}^{H}{}_{A}{}^{}`$ may be identified with the category of right $`A\mathrm{\#}H^{}`$-modules, but we need to identify it with a category of left modules, and this may be done as follows: since $`A`$ is a left $`H^{}`$-module algebra, $`A^{op}`$ becomes a right $`H^{}`$-module algebra with action given by $`ap=S(p)a`$ for all $`aA`$ and $`pH^{}`$, where we denoted also by $`S`$ the antipode of $`H^{}`$. Then one can prove that $``$$`{}_{}{}^{H}{}_{A}{}^{}`$ may be identified with the category of left modules over the right smash product $`H^{}\mathrm{\#}A^{op}`$.
We are interested in the categories of Hopf modules $`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$$`^H^{}`$ and $`^H^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$ (see for instance ) and mainly in the category of Hopf bimodules $`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$ (introduced for the first time in ). We have the obvious identifications:
$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$ $`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}_{H^{}}^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}H^{cop}}_{H^{}}^{}`$ $``$$`^{(HH^{op})^{}}`$
$`^H^{}`$$``$$`{}_{H^{}}{}^{H^{}}`$ $``$$`{}_{H^{}}{}^{H^{}H^{cop}}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{(HH^{op})^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$
where $`H^{}`$ becomes a right $`H^{}H^{cop}`$-comodule algebra via the map $`H^{}H^{}(H^{}H^{cop})`$, $`pp_2(p_3p_1)`$.
Let $`A`$ be a left $`H`$-module algebra and $`B`$ a right $`H`$-module algebra (with actions denoted by $`haha`$ and $`bhbh`$). The $`twosidedcrossedproduct`$ $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$, introduced by F. Hausser and F. Nill in , is an algebra structure on $`AHB`$, given by

$$(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)(a^{}\mathrm{\#}h^{}\mathrm{\#}b^{})=a(h_1a^{})\mathrm{\#}h_2h_1^{}\mathrm{\#}(bh_2^{})b^{}$$

(the unit is $`1\mathrm{\#}1\mathrm{\#}1`$). Obviously the natural maps from $`H,A,B,A\mathrm{\#}H,H\mathrm{\#}B`$ to $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$ are all algebra maps.
Define the category $`(A,H,B)mod`$ to be the category whose objects are vector spaces $`M`$ which are left $`A`$-modules, left $`H`$-modules and left $`B`$-modules, with actions denoted by $`amam`$, $`hmhm`$, $`bmbm`$, related by the compatibility conditions:
$`(i)b(am)=a(bm)`$
$`(ii)b(hm)=h_1((bh_2)m)`$
$`(iii)h(am)=(h_1a)(h_2m)`$
for all $`aA,bB,hH,mM`$. The morphisms are the maps which are $`A`$-linear, $`H`$-linear and $`B`$-linear. Let us also note that the conditions $`(ii)`$ and $`(iii)`$ above are respectively equivalent to

$$h(bm)=(bS^1(h_2))(h_1m)$$

$$a(hm)=h_2((S^1(h_1)a)m)$$

Now we can describe the category of left $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$-modules.

###### Proposition 2.1

There is a natural isomorphism of categories

$$A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}Bmod(A,H,B)mod$$

Proof: The identifications are given as follows:

$$am=(a\mathrm{\#}1\mathrm{\#}1)m$$

$$hm=(1\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}1)m$$

$$bm=(1\mathrm{\#}1\mathrm{\#}b)m$$

and conversely

$$(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)m=a(h(bm))$$

for all $`aA,hH,bB,mM`$. We shall only prove that the formula $`(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)m=a(h(bm))`$ gives indeed a left $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$-module structure on $`M`$ provided $`(i)`$, $`(ii)`$ and $`(iii)`$ are satisfied, and leave the rest to the reader. We calculate:
$`(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)((a^{}\mathrm{\#}h^{}\mathrm{\#}b^{})m)=a(h(b(a^{}(h^{}(b^{}m)))))=a(h(a^{}(b(h^{}(b^{}m)))))`$
(using $`(i)`$)
$`=a(h(a^{}(h_1^{}((bh_2^{})(b^{}m)))))`$
(using $`(ii)`$)
$`=a(h(a^{}(h_1^{}(((bh_2^{})b^{})m))))=a((h_1a^{})(h_2h_1^{}(((bh_2^{})b^{})m)))`$
(using $`(iii)`$)
$`=(a(h_1a^{}))(h_2h_1^{}(((bh_2^{})b^{})m))=(a(h_1a^{})\mathrm{\#}h_2h_1^{}\mathrm{\#}(bh_2^{})b^{})m=((a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)(a^{}\mathrm{\#}h^{}\mathrm{\#}b^{}))m`$, q.e.d.

From the above discussion it follows that a left $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$-module is a left $`H`$-module $`M`$ which is also a left $`A`$-module and a left $`B`$-module such that $`a(bm)=b(am)`$ for all $`aA,bB,mM`$ and such that $`M`$ is also a left $`A\mathrm{\#}H`$-module and a left $`H\mathrm{\#}B`$-module.
Define the algebra $`Y=H^{}\mathrm{\#}(HH^{op})\mathrm{\#}H^{op}`$, where $`H^{}`$ is a left $`HH^{op}`$-module algebra with action

$$(hh^{})f=hfh^{}$$

for all $`h,h^{}H`$ and $`fH^{}`$, where $``$ and $``$ are the regular actions of $`H`$ on $`H^{}`$, given by $`(hf)(h^{})=f(h^{}h)`$, $`(fh^{})(h)=f(h^{}h)`$, and $`H^{op}`$ is a right $`HH^{op}`$-module algebra with action

$$f(hh^{})=S(hh^{})f=(S(h)S^1(h^{}))f=S(h)fS^1(h^{})$$

So, the multiplication in $`Y`$ is given by:

$$(p\mathrm{\#}(hg)\mathrm{\#}q)(p^{}\mathrm{\#}(h^{}g^{})\mathrm{\#}q^{})=$$

$$=p(h_1p^{}g_1)\mathrm{\#}(h_2h_1^{}g_1^{}g_2)\mathrm{\#}q^{}(S(h_2^{})qS^1(g_2^{}))$$

where the multiplications on the last two positions are made in $`H`$ and $`H^{}`$ ($`not`$ in $`H^{op}`$ and $`H^{op}`$).
Now we come to Hopf bimodules. It is clear that a $`H^{}`$-Hopf bimodule is a left $`HH^{op}`$-module $`M`$ (i.e. a $`H^{}`$-bicomodule) which is also an $`H^{}`$-bimodule and such that $`M`$ is an object in the categories $`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$$`^H^{}`$ and $`^H^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$. Regarding the right $`H^{}`$-module structure of $`M`$ as a left $`H^{op}`$-module structure, it is clear that $`a(bm)=b(am)`$ for all $`aA=H^{}`$ and $`bB=H^{op}`$.
Now, from the identifications
$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}_{H^{}}^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{(HH^{op})^{}}_{H^{}\mathrm{\#}(HH^{op})}^{}`$ $``$
$`^H^{}`$$``$$`{}_{H^{}}{}^{H^{}}`$$``$$`{}_{H^{}}{}^{(HH^{op})^{}}_{(HH^{op})\mathrm{\#}H^{op}}^{}`$$``$
and from all the above, we obtain finally:

###### Proposition 2.2

There is a natural isomorphism of categories between $`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$ and the category of left $`H^{}\mathrm{\#}(HH^{op})\mathrm{\#}H^{op}`$-modules.

We write down explicitly the $`Y`$-module structure of a Hopf bimodule $`M_H^{}^H^{}`$$``$$`{}_{}{}^{H^{}}{}_{H^{}}{}^{}`$. Denote by $`pmpm`$ and $`mqmq`$ the $`H^{}`$-bimodule structure of $`M`$ and by $`MH^{}MH^{}`$, $`mm_{(1)}m_{(0)}m_{(1)}`$ the $`H^{}`$-bicomodule structure of $`M`$ (the left $`HH^{op}`$-module structure of $`M`$ is then given by $`(hg)m=m_{(1)}(g)m_{(1)}(h)m_{(0)}`$). Then the action of $`Y`$ on $`M`$ is given by:
$`(p\mathrm{\#}(hg)\mathrm{\#}q)m=p((hg)(mq))=p((mq)_{(1)}(g)(mq)_{(1)}(h)(mq)_{(0)})=p((m_{(1)}q_1)(g)(m_{(1)}q_3)(h)m_{(0)}q_2)=m_{(1)}(g_1)q_1(g_2)m_{(1)}(h_1)q_3(h_2)pm_{(0)}q_2=m_{(1)}(g_1)m_{(1)}(h_1)pm_{(0)}(h_2qg_2)`$
for all $`p,qH^{}`$, $`h,gH`$ and $`mM`$.
Recall now from ,  the structure of the algebra $`X`$ of Cibils and Rosso (we write it for $`H^{}`$, that is in the formulae in  and  one has to take $`A=H^{}`$). The algebra structure of $`X`$ is $`X=(H^{op}H)\underset{¯}{}(H^{}H^{op})`$, where the multiplication is defined such that the first two and last two tensorands keep natural multiplication, $`(gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq)=((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11))((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))`$ and

$$((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11))=$$

$$=p_1(S(g_1))p_3(S^1(h_1))q_1(S^1(g_3))q_3(S(h_3))((g_2h_2)\underset{¯}{}(p_2q_2))=$$

$$=(g_2h_2)\underset{¯}{}(S^1(h_1)pS(g_1)S(h_3)qS^1(g_3))$$

If $`M`$ is a Hopf bimodule over $`H^{}`$, with notation as above, $`M`$ becomes a left $`X`$-module with action given by:

$$((gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq))m=m_{(1)}(g_2)m_{(1)}(h_2)(h_1pg_1)m_{(0)}(h_3qg_3)$$

Now, if we look at this formula and the one of the action of $`Y`$ on $`M`$, it is quite clear how to define an algebra isomorphism between $`X`$ and $`Y`$, such that the actions on $`M`$ correspond.

###### Proposition 2.3

The map $`\phi :XY`$, given by

$$\phi ((gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq))=h_1pg_1\mathrm{\#}(h_2g_2)\mathrm{\#}q$$

is an algebra isomorphism, having the property that

$$((gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq))m=\phi ((gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq))m$$

for all $`g,hH`$, $`p,qH^{}`$ and $`m`$ in a $`H^{}`$-Hopf bimodule $`M`$. The inverse of $`\phi `$ is given by $`\phi ^1:YX`$,

$$\phi ^1(p\mathrm{\#}(hg)\mathrm{\#}q)=(g_2h_2)\underset{¯}{}(S^1(h_1)pS(g_1)q)$$

Proof: We shall only prove that

$$\phi (((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11)))=$$

$$=\phi ((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))\phi ((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11))$$

and leave the rest of the computations to the reader. We calculate:
$`\phi (((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11)))==\phi ((g_2h_2)\underset{¯}{}(S^1(h_1)pS(g_1)S(h_3)qS^1(g_3)))=(h_2)_1S^1(h_1)pS(g_1)(g_2)_1\mathrm{\#}((h_2)_2(g_2)_2)\mathrm{\#}S(h_3)qS^1(g_3)=p\mathrm{\#}(h_1g_1)\mathrm{\#}S(h_2)qS^1(g_2)=(p\mathrm{\#}(11)\mathrm{\#}q)(1\mathrm{\#}(hg)\mathrm{\#}1)=\phi ((11)\underset{¯}{}(pq))\phi ((gh)\underset{¯}{}(11))`$, q.e.d.

Recall from  the definition of the $`diagonalcrossedproduct`$ (which, in a slightly different form, appears also in  under the name $`righttwistedsmashproduct`$). If $`C`$ is an $`H`$-bimodule algebra with actions denoted by $`hchc`$ and $`chch`$, the diagonal crossed product is the following associative algebra structure on $`CH`$:

$$(ch)(c^{}h^{})=c(h_1c^{}S^1(h_3))h_2h^{}$$

This structure is denoted by $`CH`$; its unit is $`11`$ and it contains $`CC1`$ and $`H1H`$ as subalgebras.
As noted in , a linear space $`M`$ is a left $`CH`$-module if and only if it is a left $`H`$-module and a left $`C`$-module with actions $`hmhm`$ and $`cmcm`$ such that $`h(cm)=(h_1cS^1(h_3))(h_2m)`$ (the $`CH`$-module structure of $`M`$ is then given by $`(ch)m=c(hm)`$).
If $`A`$ is a left $`H`$-module algebra and $`B`$ is a right $`H`$-module algebra, it was proved in  that $`C=AB`$ is an $`H`$-bimodule algebra with actions $`h(ab)g=habg`$ for all $`aA,bB,h,gH`$, and the map $`f:A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B(AB)H`$ given by

$$f(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)=((a1)h)((1b)1)=(abS^1(h_2))h_1$$

is an algebra isomorphism, with inverse $`f^1:(AB)HA\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$, given by

$$f^1((ab)h)=(1\mathrm{\#}1\mathrm{\#}b)(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}1)=a\mathrm{\#}h_1\mathrm{\#}bh_2$$

From the description of modules over two-sided crossed products and over diagonal crossed products one can see that left modules over $`A\mathrm{\#}H\mathrm{\#}B`$ coincide with the ones over $`(AB)H`$ and that $`f(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)m=(a\mathrm{\#}h\mathrm{\#}b)m`$ for all $`aA,bB,hH`$ and $`mM`$, where $`M`$ is such a module.
We have seen that $`H^{}`$ is a left $`HH^{op}`$-module algebra and $`H^{op}`$ is a right $`HH^{op}`$-module algebra, so we can consider the diagonal crossed product $`Z=(H^{}H^{op})(HH^{op})`$, whose multiplication may be written as:

$$((pq)(hg))((p^{}q^{})(h^{}g^{}))=$$

$$=(p(h_1p^{}g_1)(h_3q^{}g_3)q)(h_2h^{}g^{}g_2)$$

(where, as above, the products in the second and fourth positions are in $`H^{}`$ and $`H`$, $`not`$ in $`H^{op}`$ and $`H^{op}`$).
From the above discussion, the modules over $`Z`$ are also the same as Hopf bimodules over $`H^{}`$, and the algebras $`Y`$ and $`Z`$ are isomorphic via the maps $`\alpha :YZ`$, $`\alpha ^1:ZY`$,

$$\alpha (p\mathrm{\#}(hg)\mathrm{\#}q)=(p(h_2qg_2))(h_1g_1)$$

$$\alpha ^1((pq)(hg))=p\mathrm{\#}(h_1g_1)\mathrm{\#}S(h_2)qS^1(g_2)$$

Hence, the algebras $`X`$ and $`Z`$ are also isomorphic, via the maps $`\beta :XZ`$, $`\beta ^1:ZX`$, $`\beta =\alpha \phi `$, $`\beta ^1=\phi ^1\alpha ^1`$, that is

$$\beta ((gh)\underset{¯}{}(pq))=(h_1pg_1h_3qg_3)(h_2g_2)$$

$$\beta ^1((pq)(hg))=(g_2h_2)\underset{¯}{}(S^1(h_1)pS(g_1)S(h_3)qS^1(g_3))$$

and, if $`M`$ is an $`H^{}`$-Hopf bimodule, the actions of $`X`$ and $`Z`$ on $`M`$ correspond via these isomorphisms. The action of $`Z`$ on $`M`$ is given by

$$((pq)(hg))m=m_{(1)}(g)m_{(1)}(h)pm_{(0)}q$$


text:
# Inflation from a massive scalar field and scalar perturbations of the metric

## I Introduction

Inflationary cosmology was developed by Guth in the 80’s in order to solve some of the shortcomings of the big bang theory, and in particular to explain the extraordinary homogeneity of the observable universe. However, the universe after inflation in this scenario becomes very inhomogeneous. Following a detailed investigation of this problem, A. Guth and E. Weinberg concluded that the old inflation model could not be improved.

These problems were sorted out by A. Linde in 1983 with the introduction of chaotic inflation. In this scenario inflation can occur in theories with potentials such as $`V(\phi )\phi ^n`$. It may begin in the absence of thermal equilibrium in the early universe, and it may start even at the Planckian density, in which case the problem of initial conditions for inflation can be easily solved. According to the simplest versions of chaotic inflationary theory the universe is not a single expanding ball of fire produced in the big bang, but rather a huge eternally growing fractal. It consists of many inflating balls that produce new balls, which produce more new balls, ad infinitum.

Within this context, the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation plays a fundamental role. Data coming from COBE and the other CMB radiation detectors have started shifting inflation from a mainly theoretical subject to a more constrained field. It is expected that new observations from the MAP, to be launched this summer, and Planck missions, planned for 2007, are crucial for the understanding of an inflationary stage in the universe. With the advent of new CMBR physics, it is thought that the measurements of the power spectrum of temperature fluctuations at much smaller angular separations, of the order of fractions of a degree, might be sensitive to the standard model parameters with unprecedented precision. This will bring a remarkable change in the field.

The dynamics of a scalar field $`\phi `$ minimally coupled to a classical gravitational one is described by the Lagrangian:

$$(\phi ,\phi _{,\mu })=\sqrt{g}\left[\frac{R}{16\pi }+\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }\phi _{,\mu }\phi _{,\nu }+V(\phi )\right].$$
(1)
If the spacetime has a Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, $`ds^2=dt^2+a^2(t)dr^2`$, which describes a globally isotropic and homogeneous universe, the equations of motion for the field operator $`\phi `$ and the Hubble parameter $`H\frac{\dot{a}}{a}`$ are:

$`\ddot{\phi }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}^2\phi +3H\dot{\phi }+V^{}(\phi )=0,`$ (2)
$`H^2={\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{3M_p^2}}\dot{\phi }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}(\stackrel{}{}\phi )^2+2V(\phi ),`$ (3)
where the overdot denotes the time derivative and $`V^{}(\phi )\frac{dV}{d\phi }`$. The expectation value is assumed to be a constant function of the spatial variables for consistency with the FRW metric. When inflation ends the field starts oscillating rapidly and its potential energy is converted into thermal energy. This is the general scheme of the inflationary scenario without considering the quantum effects.

In this work we consider a semiclassical expansion of the theory. To obtain this we decompose the inflaton operator in a classical field $`\varphi _c`$ plus the quantum fluctuations $`\varphi `$, $`\phi =\varphi _c+\varphi `$. The spatially homogeneous field $`\varphi _c(t)`$ is defined as the solution to the classical equation of motion \[here, $`H(\phi )H_c(\varphi _c)`$\]:

$$\ddot{\varphi }_c+3H_c\dot{\varphi }_c+V^{}(\varphi _c)=0,$$
(4)
where the prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`\varphi _c`$. The evolution of the quantum operator $`\varphi `$ is given by:

$$\ddot{\varphi }\frac{1}{a^2}^2\varphi +3H_c(\varphi _c)\dot{\varphi }+V^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _c)\varphi =0,$$
(5)
where $`H_c(\varphi _c)=\frac{\dot{a}}{a}`$ is the Hubble parameter and the classical Friedmann equation is

$$H_c^2=\frac{4\pi }{3M_p^2}\left[\dot{\varphi }_c^2+2V(\varphi _c)\right].$$
(6)
From eqs.(4) and (6), we obtain the classical dynamics of the Hubble parameter and the inflaton field given by the following relations:

$`\dot{\varphi }_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M_p^2}{4\pi }}H_c^{},`$ (7)
$`\dot{H}_c`$ $`=`$ $`H_c^{}\dot{\varphi }_c={\displaystyle \frac{M_p^2}{4\pi }}(H_c^{})^2.`$ (8)
Hence, from eq. (3) we derive the expression for the scalar potential $`V(\varphi _c)`$

$$V(\varphi _c)=\frac{3M_p^2}{8\pi }\left(H_c^2\frac{M_p^2}{12\pi }(H_c^{})^2\right).$$
(9)
Equations (7) and (8) define the classical evolution of space-time, and determine the relation between the classical potential and the inflationary regimes. On the other hand eq.(5) defines the quantum dynamics of the field $`\varphi `$.

If during inflation the slow-roll condition is impossed, the following conditions are required

$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\kappa ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H_c^{}}{H_c}}\right)^2,`$ (10)
$`\eta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\kappa ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{H_c^{\prime \prime }}{H_c}},`$ (11)
where $`\kappa ^2=\frac{8\pi }{M_p^2}`$ and $`M_p1.210^{19}GeV`$ is the Planckian mass. Furthermore, to solve the flatness problem $`60`$ or more e-folds are required.The number of e-folds during inflation is

$$N=\frac{a(t_f)}{a(t_i)}=_{t_i}^{t_f}H_c(t)𝑑t,$$
(12)
where $`a`$ is the scale factor of the universe and $`t_i`$ and $`t_f`$ are respectively the times when inflation starts and ends.

In this work we consider an inflaton field with mass $`m=10^5M_p`$.

## II Gauge-invariant metric fluctuations

The issue of gauge-invariance becomes critical when we attempt to analyze how the scalar metric perturbations produced in the very early universe influence a globally flat FRW background metric. For a diagonal stress $`T_{ij}`$ the perturbed FRW metric is described by

$$ds^2=\left(1+2\psi \right)dt^2a^2(t)\left(12\psi \right)dx^2,$$
(13)
where $`\psi `$ are the perturbations of the metric.

After linearizing the Einstein equations in terms of $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi `$, one obtains

$`\ddot{\psi }`$ $`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}2{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}}\right)\dot{\psi }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}^2\psi +2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{a}}{a}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}}\right]\psi =0,`$ (14)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}`$ $`\left(a\psi \right)_{,\beta }={\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{M_p^2}}\left(\dot{\varphi }_c\varphi \right)_{,\beta },`$ (15)
$`\ddot{\varphi }`$ $`+`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\dot{\varphi }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}^2\varphi +V^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _c)\varphi +2V^{}(\varphi _c)\psi 4\dot{\varphi }_c\dot{\psi }=0,`$ (16)
where the dynamics of $`\varphi _c`$ is given by the eqs. (4) and (7). Eq. (14) can be simplified by introducing the field $`h=e^{1/2{\scriptscriptstyle \left[\dot{a}/a2\ddot{\varphi }_c/\varphi _c\right]𝑑t}}\psi `$

$`\ddot{h}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}^2h[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}2{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{a}a\dot{a}^2}{a^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\frac{d}{dt}\left(\ddot{\varphi }_c\dot{\varphi }_c\right)4\dot{\varphi }_c^2}{\dot{\varphi }_c^2}})`$ (17)
$``$ $`2({\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{a}}{a}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}})]h=0.`$ (18)
This field can be expanded in terms of the modes $`h_k=e^{i\stackrel{}{k}.\stackrel{}{x}}\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k(t)`$

$$h(\stackrel{}{x},t)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}d^3k\left[\alpha _kh_k+\alpha _k^{}h_k^{}\right],$$
(19)
where $`\alpha _k`$ and $`\alpha _k^{}`$ are the annihilation and creation operators with commutation relations

$`[\alpha _k,\alpha _k^{}^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{(3)}(kk^{}),`$ (20)
$`[\alpha _k,\alpha _k^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`[\alpha _k^{},\alpha _k^{}^{}]=0.`$ (21)
The equation for the modes $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k`$ is

$$\ddot{\stackrel{~}{\xi }}_k+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_k^2(t)\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k=0,$$
(22)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_k^2=k^2/a^2\stackrel{~}{k}_0^2/a^2`$ is the squared time dependent frequency and $`\stackrel{~}{k}_0`$ separates the infrared and ultraviolet sectors, and is given by

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{k}_0^2}{a^2}=\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{\dot{a}}{a}2\frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}\right)^2+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\ddot{a}a\dot{a}^2}{a^2}\frac{2\frac{d}{dt}\left(\ddot{\varphi }_c\dot{\varphi }_c\right)4\ddot{\varphi }_c^2}{\dot{\varphi }_c^2}\right)2\left[\frac{\ddot{a}}{a}\left(\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\right)^2\frac{\dot{a}}{a}\frac{\ddot{\varphi }_c}{\dot{\varphi }_c}\right].$$
(23)
Note that for super Hubble scales ($`k^2\stackrel{~}{k}_0^2`$), eq. (22) can be approximated by

$$\ddot{\stackrel{~}{\xi }}_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{k}_0^2}{a^2}\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0=0,$$
(24)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0`$ denotes the zero-mode $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{k=0}(t)`$.

Finally, the fluctuations for the energy density are

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }=2\psi .$$
(25)
## III The massive scalar field

We consider a massive scalar field with potential

$$V(\varphi _c)=\frac{m^2}{2}\varphi _c^2.$$
(26)
If the slow rolling conditions (10) and (11) are fulfilled, the second term inside the brackets of eq. (9) can be neglected, so that the Hubble parameter is given by

$$H_c(\varphi _c)=2\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{3}}\frac{m}{M_p}\varphi _c.$$
(27)
From eq. (7) one obtains the time evolution for the scalar field

$$\varphi _c(t)=\varphi _i\frac{mM_p}{2\sqrt{3\pi }}t,$$
(28)
where $`\varphi _i\varphi _c(t_i)`$ is the value of the homogeneous field when inflation starts. The scale factor, written as a function of $`\varphi _c`$, is expressed as

$$a(\varphi _c)=a_ie^{\frac{2\pi }{M_p^2}\varphi _c^2},$$
(29)
and increases with time due to the fact that $`\varphi _c`$ decreases with time. Here, $`a_ia(t_i)`$. From eqs. (27), (10) and (11) one obtains the slow roll parameters

$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M_p^2}{4\pi }}\varphi _c^2,`$ (30)
$`\eta `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (31)
which complies with the required conditions for slow-rolling for $`\varphi _c\frac{M_p}{2\sqrt{\pi }}`$.

### A Super Hubble matter field fluctuations

The equation of motion (5) for the matter field fluctuations $`\varphi `$ can be simplified by means of the change of variable $`\chi =a^{3/2}\varphi `$. With this transformation the following equation for the redefined field $`\chi `$ becomes

$$\ddot{\chi }+\left[\frac{k^2}{a^2}\frac{k_0^2}{a^2}\right]\chi =0,$$
(32)
where $`k_0`$ is the wavenumber that separates the infrared ($`k^2k_0`$) and ultraviolet ($`k^2k_0^2`$) sectors. The squared time dependent parameter of mass $`\mu ^2(t)=\frac{k_0^2}{a^2}`$ is given by

$$\mu ^2(t)=\frac{9}{4}H_c^2+\frac{3}{2}\dot{H}_cV_c^{\prime \prime }.$$
(33)
The redefined matter field fluctuations $`\chi (\stackrel{}{x},t)`$ for the scalar field in the infrared sector can be written as a Fourier expansion in terms of the modes $`\chi _k=e^{\mathrm{i}\stackrel{}{k}.\stackrel{}{x}}\xi _k(t)`$

$$\chi _{cg}(\stackrel{}{x},t)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}d^3k\theta (kϵk_0)\left[a_k\chi _k+a_k^{}\chi _k^{}\right],$$
(34)
where $`a_k`$ and $`a_k^{}`$ are the anihilation and creation operators, which satisfy the commutation relations: $`[a_k,a_k^{}^{}]=\delta ^{(3)}(kk^{})`$, $`[a_k^{},a_k^{}^{}]=[a_k,a_k^{}]=0`$. Furthermore, $`ϵ1`$ is a dimensionless constant, which is of the order $`ϵ10^310^4`$.

From eq. (28), one can write the equation of motion for the time dependent modes $`\xi _k`$ as a function of the homogenous scalar field $`\varphi _c`$

$$\xi _k^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _c)+\left[\frac{12\pi k^2}{(mM_p)^2a^2}4M^2\varphi _c^2+6M\right]\xi _k(\varphi _c)=0,$$
(35)
where the prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`\varphi _c`$ and $`M=\frac{3\pi }{M_p^2}`$. Since we are interested in studying the super Hubble ($`k^2k_0^2`$) matter field fluctuations, the equation (35) takes the form

$$\xi _0^{\prime \prime }\left[4M^2\varphi _c^26M\right]\xi _0=0.$$
(36)
The solutions of this equation describe the infrared sector and thus must be real to obtain classicality conditions of matter field fluctuations in this sector. Hence, the real solution for $`\xi _k`$ comes out to be

$$\xi _0(\varphi _c)=|c_1|e^{M\varphi _c^2}\varphi _c,$$
(37)
where $`c_1`$ is an arbitrary constant. The squared amplitude for the infrared matter field fluctuations $`\varphi _{cg}=a^{3/2}\chi _{cg}`$ are $`\varphi _{cg}^2_{IR}=\frac{a^3}{2\pi ^2}_0^{ϵk_0}𝑑kk^2\xi _0^2`$, so that

$$\varphi _{cg}^2_{IR}\frac{c_1^2ϵ^3}{6\pi ^2}\left[4M^2\varphi _c^26M\right]^{3/2}\varphi _c^2e^{2M\varphi _c^2}.$$
(38)
For inflation to take place one requires that $`4M^2\varphi _c^26M>0`$, so that $`\varphi _c^2>\frac{M_p^2}{2\pi }`$. Furthermore, the energy density fluctuations $`\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }\frac{V_c^{}}{V_c}\varphi _{cg}^2^{1/2}`$ are

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }\frac{c_1ϵ^{3/2}}{\sqrt{6}\pi }\left[4M^2\varphi _c^26M\right]^{3/4}e^{M\varphi _c^2},$$
(39)
which agree with the COBE data, $`\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }10^5`$, for $`c_1208.71`$. The power spectrum is given by $`𝒫_{\varphi _{cg}}=\left|\delta _k\right|^2`$, for $`\varphi _{cg}^2_{IR}=_0^{ϵk_0}\frac{dk}{k}𝒫_{\varphi _{cg}}`$, such that the spectral density $`\delta _k`$ for this model is

$$\delta _k=\frac{c_1ϵ^{3/2}}{\sqrt{6}\pi }\left[4M^2\varphi _c^26M\right]e^{M\varphi _c^2}k^{3/2}.$$
(40)
The spectrum $`n1=6\gamma +2\eta `$ is given by \[see eqs. (10) and (11)\]

$$|n1|=\frac{3M_p^2}{2\pi }\varphi _c^2,$$
(41)
which is very close to the Harrison - Zeldovich spectrum (i.e., $`n=1`$) for $`\varphi _cM_p`$ and is in good agreement with CMB data spectrum $`|n1.2|<0.3`$.

### B Super Hubble metric fluctuations for a massive scalar field

Since $`\varphi _c(t)=\varphi _i\frac{mM_p}{2\sqrt{3\pi }}t`$, the eq. (24) for $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0(\varphi _c)`$ can be written as

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0^{\prime \prime }\left(4L^2\varphi _c^2+6L\right)\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0=0,$$
(42)
where $`L=\frac{\pi }{M_p^2}`$. This has the real solution

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0(\varphi _c)=e^{L\varphi _c^2}\left[D_1\varphi _c+D_2e^{2L\varphi _c^2}+D_2\sqrt{2\pi L}\varphi _c\mathrm{Erf}[\sqrt{2L}\varphi _c]\right],$$
(43)
where ($`D_1`$,$`D_2`$) are real constants and $`\mathrm{Erf}`$ is the error function. Hence, the amplitude of fluctuations for the metric perturbations for super Hubble scales is

$$\psi _{cg}^2\frac{a^1}{2\pi ^2}_0^{ϵk_0}𝑑kk^2\left[\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0(\varphi _c)\right]^2,$$
(44)
and the fluctuations for energy density are \[see eq. (25)\]

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }}|_{IR}`$ $``$ $`2\psi _{cg}^2^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{2aϵ^{3/2}}{\sqrt{6}\pi }}\stackrel{~}{\xi }_0(\varphi _c)\mu ^{3/2}`$ (45)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2a_ie^{L\varphi _c^2}}{\sqrt{6}\pi }}ϵ^{3/2}\left(4L^2\varphi _c^2+6L\right)^{3/4}\left[D_1\varphi _c+D_2\left(e^{2L\varphi _c^2}+\sqrt{2\pi L}\varphi _c\mathrm{Erf}[\sqrt{2L}\varphi _c]\right)\right],`$ (46)
which increase when $`\varphi _c`$ decreases (i.e., when the time increases). This means that super Hubble scalar metric fluctuations increase during inflation for a massive scalar field.

## IV Final Comments

In this work we studied the evolution of both, super Hubble matter and metric fluctuations during inflation. We have considered the case of a massive scalar field with a potential given by $`V(\varphi _c)=\frac{m^2}{2}\varphi _c^2`$. The fact that the modes for the redefined fields $`\chi _{cg}`$ and $`h_{cg}`$ can be mapped as functions of $`\varphi _c`$, makes it possible to find solutions for the zero modes ($`k=0`$) for $`\xi _k`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k`$, and thus $`\varphi _{cg}^2`$ and $`\psi _{cg}^2`$ can be calculated by means of a semiclassical method.

We find that super Hubble matter field fluctuations increase during inflation so that at the end of inflation $`\delta \rho /\rho 10^5`$ is reached. Furthermore, we get a spectral index $`n1`$, which describes a nearly scale invariant spectrum for super Hubble matter field fluctuations. Finally, we find that scalar metric fluctuations increase during inflation. This behaviour agrees with results from a previous work in which the IR scalar metric perturbations are studied for a power-law expanding universe. It is interesting to point out, however, that metric perturbations are not amplified after $`m^2\varphi ^2`$ inflation. As it has been recently shown, they cease to grow during reheating.

## Acknowledgements

F. Astorga and M. Bellini would like to thank Conacyt and CIC of Universidad Michoacana for financial support in the form of a research grant.