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# Multipolar Expansions for the Relativistic N-Body Problem in the Rest-Frame Instant Form.

## I Introduction.

In a recent paper we have given a complete treatment of the kinematics of the relativistic N-body problem in the rest-frame instant form of dynamics . We have shown in particular how to perform the separation of the center-of-mass motion in the relativistic case. This requires the reformulation of the theory of relativistic isolated systems on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces ***Such hypersurfaces are the leaves of a foliation of Minkowski spacetime (namely one among its 3+1 splittings) and are equivalent to a congruence of timelike accelerated observers.. This description is also able to incorporate the coupling to the gravitational field. This is essentially Dirac’s reformulation of classical field theory (suitably extended to particles) on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces (equal time surfaces) and provides the classical basis of the Tomonaga-Schwinger formulation of quantum field theory. For each isolated system (containing any combination of particles, strings and fields) one gets a reformulation as a parametrized Minkowski theory, with the extra bonus of having the theory already predisposed to the coupling to gravity in its ADM formulation, but with the price that the functions $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ describing the embedding of the spacelike hypersurface in Minkowski spacetime become configuration variables in the action principle. Since the action is invariant under separate $`\tau `$-reparametrizations and space-diffeomorphisms, there emerge first class constraints ensuring the independence of the description from the choice of the 3+1 splitting. The embedding configuration variables $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are the gauge variables associated with this kind of general covariance.

Let us remark that, since the intersection of a timelike worldline with a spacelike hypersurface corresponding to a value $`\tau `$ of the time parameter is identified by 3 numbers $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }=\stackrel{}{\eta }(\tau )`$ instead of four, in parametrized Minkowski theories each particle must have a well defined sign of the energy: therefore we cannot describe the two topologically disjoint branches of the mass hyperboloid simultaneously like in the standard manifestly Lorentz-covariant theory. As a consequence there are no more mass-shell constraints. Therefore, each particle with a definite sign of the energy is described by the canonical coordinates $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(\tau )`$ with the derived 4-position of the particles given by $`x_i^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))`$. The derived 4-momenta $`p_i^\mu (\tau )`$ are $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i`$-dependent solutions of $`p_i^2ϵm_i^2=0`$ with the chosen sign of the energy.

As said, parametrized Minkowski theories have separate spatial and time reparametrization invariances, which imply the independence of the description from the choice of the 3+1 splitting of Minkowski spacetime. In Minkowski spacetime we can restrict the foliation to have spacelike hyperplanes as leaves. Then, for each configuration of the isolated system with timelike 4-momentum, we can restrict ourselves to the special foliation whose leaves are the hyperplanes orthogonal to the conserved system 4-momentum, which have been named Wigner hyperplanes. This special foliation is intrinsically determined only by the configuration of the isolated system. In this way it is possible to arrive at the definition of the Wigner-covariant rest-frame instant form of dynamics for every isolated system whose configurations have well defined and finite Poincaré generators with timelike total 4-momentum (see Ref. for the traditional forms of dynamics).

This formulation clarifies the non-trivial definition of a relativistic center of mass. As well known, no such definition can enjoy all the properties of the non-relativistic center of mass. See Refs. for a partial bibliography of all the existing attempts.

As shown in Appendix A of Ref. only four first class constraints survive in the rest-frame instant form on Wigner hyperplanes and the original configuration variables $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )`$ and their conjugate momenta $`\rho _\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(\tau )`$ are reduced to:

i) a decoupled particle $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$, $`p_s^\mu `$ (the only remnant of the spacelike hypersurface) with a positive mass $`ϵ_s=\sqrt{ϵp_s^2}`$ determined by the first class constraint $`ϵ_sM_{sys}0`$ $`M_{sys}`$ being the invariant mass of the isolated system. and with its rest-frame Lorentz scalar time $`T_s=\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}_sp_s}{ϵ_s}`$ put equal to the mathematical time as the gauge fixing $`T_s\tau 0`$ to the previous constraint. Here, $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is a non-covariant canonical variable for the 4-center of mass. After the elimination of $`T_s`$ and $`ϵ_s`$ with the previous pair of second class constraints, one remains with a decoupled free point (point particle clock) of mass $`M_{sys}`$ and canonical 3-coordinates $`\stackrel{}{z}_s=ϵ_s(\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s\frac{\stackrel{}{p}_s}{p_s^o}\stackrel{~}{x}^o)`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_s=\frac{\stackrel{}{p}_s}{ϵ_s}`$ $`\stackrel{}{z}_s/ϵ_s`$ is the classical analogue of the Newton-Wigner 3-position operator, only covariant under the Euclidean subgroup of the Poincaré group.. The non-covariant canonical $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ must not be confused with the 4-vector $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }=0)`$ identifying the origin of the 3-coordinates $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ inside the Wigner hyperplanes. The worldline $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is arbitrary because it depends on $`x_s^\mu (0)`$ and its 4-velocity $`\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ depends on the Dirac multipliers associated with the 4 left first class constraints §§§Therefore this arbitrary worldline may be considered as an arbitrary centroid for the isolated system., as it will be shown in the next Section. The unit timelike 4-vector $`u^\mu (p_s)=p_s^\mu /ϵ_s`$ is orthogonal to the Wigner hyperplanes and describes their orientation in the chosen inertial frame.

ii) the particle canonical variables $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(\tau )`$ They are Wigner spin-1 3-vectors, like the coordinates $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$. inside the Wigner hyperplanes. They are restricted by the three first class constraints (the rest-frame conditions) $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=_{i=1}^N\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i0`$. Since the role of the relativistic decoupled 4-center of mass is taken by $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ (or,after the gauge fixing $`T_s\tau 0`$, by an external 3-center of mass $`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$, defined in terms of $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu `$ and $`p_s^\mu `$ ), the rest-frame conditions imply that the internal 3-center of mass $`\stackrel{}{q}_+=\stackrel{}{\sigma }_{com}`$ is a gauge variable, which can be eliminated with gauge fixings For instance $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$ implies that the internal 3-center of mass is put in the origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }=0)`$..

Therefore, we need a doubling of the concepts:

1) There is the external viewpoint of an arbitrary inertial Lorentz observer, who describes the Wigner hyperplanes, leaves of a foliation of Minkowski spacetime, determined by the timelike configurations of the isolated system. A change of inertial observer by means of a Lorentz transformation rotates the Wigner hyperplanes and induces a Wigner rotation of the 3-vectors inside each Wigner hyperplane. Every such hyperplane inherits an induced internal Euclidean structure while an external realization of the Poincaré group induces the internal Euclidean action. As said above, an arbitrary worldline (centroid) $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is chosen as origin of the internal 3-coordinates on the Wigner hyperplanes.

Three external concepts of 4-center of mass can be defined by using the external realization of the Poincaré algebra (to each one there corresponds a 3-location inside the Wigner hyperplanes):

a) the external non-covariant canonical 4-center of mass (also named 4-center of spin) $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu `$ (with 3-location $`\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{\sigma }}`$),

b) the external non-covariant non-canonical Møller 4-center of energy $`R_s^\mu `$ (with 3-location $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_R`$),

c) the external covariant non-canonical Fokker-Pryce 4-center of inertia $`Y_s^\mu `$ (with 3-location $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_Y`$).

Only the canonical non-covariant center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is relevant in the Hamiltonian treatment with Dirac constraints, while only the Fokker-Pryce $`Y_s^\mu `$ is a 4-vector by construction. See Ref. for the construction of the 4-centers starting from the corresponding 3-centers (3-center of spin, 3-center of energy , 3-center of inertia).

2) There is the internal viewpoint inside the Wigner hyperplanes associated to a unfaithful internal realization of the Poincaré algebra: the total internal 3-momentum of the isolated system vanishes due to the rest-frame conditions. The internal energy and angular momentum are the invariant mass $`M_{sys}`$ and the spin (the angular momentum with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$) of the isolated system respectively. With the internal realization of the Poincaré algebra we can define three internal 3-centers of mass: the internal canonical 3-center of mass, the internal Møller 3-center of energy and the internal Fokker-Pryce 3-center of inertia. But, due to the rest-frame conditions, they coincide. As a natural gauge fixing to the rest-frame conditions we can add the vanishing of the internal Lorentz boosts: it is equivalent to locate the internal canonical 3-center of mass $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$ in $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }=0`$, i.e. in the origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{0})`$. With these gauge fixings and with $`T_s\tau 0`$, the worldline $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ becomes uniquely determined except for the arbitrariness in the choice of $`x_s^\mu (0)`$ \[$`u^\mu (p_s)=p_s^\mu /ϵ_s`$\]

$$x_s^\mu (\tau )=x_s^\mu (0)+u^\mu (p_s)T_s,$$
(1)
and coincides with the external covariant non-canonical Fokker-Pryce 4-center of inertia, $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=x_s^\mu (0)+Y_s^\mu `$.

This doubling of concepts with the external non-covariant canonical 4-center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ (or with the external 3-center of mass $`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$ when $`T_s\tau 0`$) and with the internal canonical 3-center of mass $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$ replaces the separation of the non-relativistic 3-center of mass due to the Abelian translation symmetry. The non-relativistic conserved 3-momentum is replaced by the external $`\stackrel{}{p}_s=ϵ_s\stackrel{}{k}_s`$, while the internal 3-momentum vanishes, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$, as a definition of rest frame.

In the final gauge we have $`ϵ_sM_{sys}`$, $`T_s\tau `$ and the canonical basis $`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i`$ is restricted by the three pairs of second class constraints $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=_{i=1}^N\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i0`$, $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$, so that 6N canonical variables describe the N particles like in the non-relativistic case. We still need a canonical transformation $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i`$ $``$ $`\stackrel{}{q}_+[0]`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+[0]`$, $`\stackrel{}{\rho }_a`$, $`\stackrel{}{\pi }_a`$ \[$`a=1,..,N1`$\] identifying a set of relative canonical variables. The final 6N-dimensional canonical basis is $`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{\rho }_a`$, $`\stackrel{}{\pi }_a`$. To get this result we need a highly non-linear canonical transformation, which can be obtained by exploiting the Gartenhaus-Schwartz singular transformation .

In the end we obtain the Hamiltonian for relative motions as a sum of N square roots, each one containing a squared mass and a quadratic form in the relative momenta, which goes into the non-relativistic Hamiltonian for relative motions in the limit $`c\mathrm{}`$. This fact has the following implications:

a) if one tries to make the inverse Legendre transformation to find the associated Lagrangian, it turns out that, due to the presence of square roots, the Lagrangian is a hyperelliptic function of $`\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}_a`$ already in the free case. A closed form exists only for N=2, $`m_1=m_2=m`$: $`L=ϵm\sqrt{4\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2}`$. This exceptional case already shows that the existence of the limiting velocity $`c`$ (or in other terms the Lorentz signature of spacetime) forbids a linear relation between the spin (center-of-mass angular momentum) and the angular velocity.

b) the N quadratic forms in the relative momenta appearing in the relative Hamiltonian cannot be simultaneously diagonalized. In any case the Hamiltonian is a sum of square roots, so that concepts like reduced masses, Jacobi normal relative coordinates and tensor of inertia cannot be extended to special relativity. As a consequence, for example, a relativistic static orientation-shape SO(3) principal bundle approach \**\**\**See Ref. for a review of this approach used in molecular physics for the definition and study of the vibrations of molecules. can be implemented only by using non-Jacobi relative coordinates.

c) the best way of studying rotational kinematics (the non-Abelian rotational symmetry, associated with the conserved internal spin) is based on the canonical spin bases with the associated concepts of spin frames and dynamical body frames introduced in Ref.: they can be build in the same way as in the non-relativistic case  starting from the canonical basis $`\stackrel{}{\rho }_a`$, $`\stackrel{}{\pi }_a`$.

Let us clarify this point.

In the non-relativistic N-body problem it is easy to make the separation of the absolute translational motion of the center of mass from the relative motions, due to the Abelian nature of the translation symmetry group. This implies that the associated Noether constants of motion (the conserved total 3-momentum) are in involution, so that the center-of-mass degrees of freedom decouple. Moreover, the fact that the non-relativistic kinetic energy of the relative motions is a quadratic form in the relative velocities allows the introduction of special sets of relative coordinates, the Jacobi normal relative coordinates, which diagonalize the quadratic form and correspond to different patterns of clustering of the centers of mass of the particles. Each set of Jacobi normal relative coordinates organizes the N particles into a hierarchy of clusters, in which each cluster of two or more particles has a mass given by an eigenvalue (reduced masses) of the quadratic form; Jacobi normal coordinates join the centers of mass of pairs of clusters.

However, the non-Abelian nature of the rotation symmetry group, whose associated Noether constants of motion (the conserved total angular momentum) are not in involution, prevents the possibility of a global separation of absolute rotations from the relative motions, so that there is no global definition of absolute vibrations. This has the consequence that an isolated deformable body can undergo rotations by changing its own shape (see the examples of the falling cat and of the diver). It was just to deal with these problems that the theory of the orientation-shape SO(3) principal bundle approach has been developed. Its essential content is that any static (i.e. velocity-independent) definition of body frame for a deformable body must be interpreted as a gauge fixing in the context of a SO(3) gauge theory. Both the laboratory and the body frame angular velocities as well as the orientational variables of the static body frame become thereby unobservable gauge variables. This approach is associated with a set of point canonical transformations, which allow to define the body frame components of relative motions in a velocity-independent way.

Since in many physical applications (e.g. nuclear physics, rotating stars,…) angular velocities are viewed as measurable quantities, it is desiderable to have an alternative formulation complying with this requirement, possibly generalizable to special relativity. This program has been realized in a previous paper , of which Ref. is the relativistic extension. Let us summarize the main points of our formulation.

First of all for $`N3`$ we have constructed in Ref. a class of non-point canonical transformations, which allows to build the canonical spin bases quoted above, which are connected to the patterns of the possible clusterings of the spins associated with relative motions. The definition of these spin bases is independent of Jacobi normal relative coordinates, just as the patterns of spin clustering are independent of the patterns of center-of-mass Jacobi clustering. We have found two basic frames associated to each spin basis: the spin frame and the dynamical body frame. Their construction is guaranteed by the fact that, besides the existence on the relative phase space of a Hamiltonian symmetry left action of SO(3)††††††We adhere to the definitions used in Ref.; in the mathematical literature our left action is a right action. ‡‡‡‡‡‡Their generators are the center-of-mass angular momentum Noether constants of motion., it is possible to define as many Hamiltonian non-symmetry right actions of SO(3) \**\**\**Their generators are not constants of motion. as the possible patterns of spin clustering. While for N=3 the unique canonical spin basis coincides with a special class of global cross sections of the trivial orientation-shape SO(3) principal bundle, for $`N4`$ the existing spin bases and dynamical body frames turn out to be unrelated to the local cross sections of the static non-trivial orientation-shape SO(3) principal bundle, and evolve in a dynamical way dictated by the equations of motion. In this new formulation both the orientation variables and the angular velocities become measurable quantities in each canonical spin basis by construction.

For each N every allowed spin basis provides a physically well-defined separation between rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. The non-Abelian nature of the rotational symmetry implies that there is no unique separation of absolute rotations and relative motions. The unique body frame of rigid bodies is replaced by a discrete number of evolving dynamical body frames and of spin canonical bases, both of which are grounded on patterns of spin couplings, direct analogues of the coupling of quantum angular momenta.

In this paper we complete our study of relativistic kinematics for the N-body system by evaluating its rest-frame Dixon multipoles \*†\*†\*†See Ref. for the definition of Dixon’s multipoles in general relativity.. Let us recall that this method is being used for treating extended systems in astrophysics. The starting point is the definition of the energy momentum tensor of the N positive-energy particles on the Wigner hyperplane. In this way we see that the Wigner hyperplane is the natural framework for reorganizing a lot of kinematics connected with multipoles. Moreover, only in this way, a concept like the barycentric tensor of inertia can be introduced in special relativity by means of the quadrupole moments.

A review of the rest-frame instant form of dynamics for N scalar free positive-energy particles is given in Section II.

In Section III we evaluate the energy momentum tensor on the Wigner hyperplanes.

Dixon’s multipoles for the system are defined in Section IV. A special study of monopole, dipole and quadrupole moments is given together with the multipolar expansion.

Other properties of Dixon’s multipoles are reviewed in Section V.

Some comments on open problems are given in the Conclusions.

The non-relativistic N-particle multipolar expansion is given in Appendix A, while in Appendix B there is a review of symmetric trace-free (STF) tensors.

## II Review of the Rest-Frame Instant Form.

Let us review the system of N free scalar positive-energy particles in the framework of parametrized Minkowski theory (see Appendices A and B and Section II of Ref.). As said in the Introduction, each particle is described by a configuration 3-vector $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )`$. The particle worldline is $`x_i^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))`$, where $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are the embedding configuration variables descibing the spacelike hypersurface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ \*‡\*‡\*‡The foliation is defined by an embedding $`R\times \mathrm{\Sigma }M^4`$, $`(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ an abstract 3-surface diffeomorphic to $`R^3`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ is the Cauchy surface of equal time. The metric induced on it is $`g_{AB}[z]=z_A^\mu \eta _{\mu \nu }z_B^\nu `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, a functional of $`z^\mu `$, and the embedding coordinates $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are considered as independent fields. We use the notation $`\sigma ^A=(\tau ,\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}})`$ of Refs.. The $`z_A^\mu (\sigma )=z^\mu (\sigma )/\sigma ^A`$ are flat cotetrad fields on Minkowski spacetime with the $`z_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu `$’s tangent to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. While in Ref. we used the metric convention $`\eta _{\mu \nu }=ϵ(+)`$ with $`ϵ=\pm `$, in this paper we shall use $`ϵ=1`$ like in Ref...

The system is described by the action

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau d^3\sigma (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau L(\tau )},`$ (4)
$`(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))m_i\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+2g_{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )+g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )},`$
$`L(\tau )={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+2g_{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )+g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )}.`$
The action is invariant under separate $`\tau `$\- and $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$-reparametrizations.

The canonical momenta are

$`\rho _\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))m_i`$ (6)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{z_{\tau \mu }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+z_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\mu }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )}{\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+2g_{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )+g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )}}}=`$
$`=`$ $`[(\rho _\nu l^\nu )l_\mu +(\rho _\nu z_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu )\gamma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}z_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\mu }](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (7)
$`\kappa _{i\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L(\tau )}{\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )}}=`$ (9)
$`=`$ $`m_i{\displaystyle \frac{g_{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )}{\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+2g_{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )+g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )}}},`$ (13)
$`\{z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\rho _\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}}\}=\eta _\nu ^\mu \delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}}),`$
$`\{\eta _i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ),\kappa _{j\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )\}=\delta _{ij}\delta _{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}.`$
The canonical Hamiltonian $`H_c`$ is zero, but there are the primary first class constraints

$`_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\rho _\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })l_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\sqrt{m_i^2\gamma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\kappa _{i\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\kappa _{i\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )}`$ (14)
$``$ $`z_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\mu }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\gamma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\kappa _{i\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}0,`$ (15)
so that the Dirac Hamiltonian is $`H_D=d^3\sigma \lambda ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, with the $`\lambda ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ Dirac multipliers.

The conserved Poincaré generators are (the suffix “s” denotes the hypersurface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$)

$`p_s^\mu ={\displaystyle d^3\sigma \rho ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })},`$ (16)
$`J_s^{\mu \nu }={\displaystyle d^3\sigma [z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\rho ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })z^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\rho ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]}.`$ (17)
After the restriction to spacelike hyperplanes the Dirac Hamiltonian is reduced to $`H_D=\lambda _\mu (\tau )\stackrel{~}{}^\mu (\tau )+\lambda _{\mu \nu }(\tau )\stackrel{~}{}^{\mu \nu }(\tau )`$ (only ten Dirac multipliers survive) with the remaining ten constraints given by

$`\stackrel{~}{}^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=p_s^\mu l^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}+b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\kappa _{i\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )0,`$ (18)
$`\stackrel{~}{}^{\mu \nu }(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau ){\displaystyle d^3\sigma \sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu (\tau ){\displaystyle d^3\sigma \sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (19)
$`=`$ $`S_s^{\mu \nu }(\tau )[b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau )b_\tau ^\nu b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu (\tau )b_\tau ^\mu ]{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}`$ (20)
$``$ $`[b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau )b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^\nu (\tau )b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu (\tau )b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^\mu (\tau )]{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )\kappa _i^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau )0.`$ (21)
Here $`S_s^{\mu \nu }`$ is the spin part of the Lorentz generators

$`J_s^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu p_s^\nu x_s^\nu p_s^\mu +S_s^{\mu \nu },`$ (23)
$`S_s^{\mu \nu }=b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\mu (\tau ){\displaystyle d^3\sigma \sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}\rho ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}b_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}^\nu (\tau ){\displaystyle d^3\sigma \sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}\rho ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}.`$
On the Wigner hyperplaneOn it we use the notation $`A=(\tau ,r)`$. The 3-vectors $`\stackrel{}{B}=\{b^r\}`$ on the Wigner hyperplanes are Wigner spin-1 3-vectors. we have the following constraints and Dirac Hamiltonian $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))=L^\mu {}_{r}{}^{}(p_s,\stackrel{}{p}_s)`$ and $`ϵ_\tau ^\mu (u(p_s))=u^\mu (p_s)=L^\mu {}_{o}{}^{}(p_s,\stackrel{}{p}_s)`$ are the columns of the standard Wigner boost for timelike Poincaré orbits. See Appendix B of Ref..

$`\stackrel{~}{}^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`p_s^\mu u^\mu (p_s){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\kappa _{ir}=`$ (24)
$`=`$ $`u^\mu (p_s)[ϵ_s{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}]+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\kappa _{ir}0,`$ (30)
$`or`$
$`ϵ_sM_{sys}0,M_{sys}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2},`$
$`\stackrel{}{p}_{sys}=\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i0,`$
$`H_D`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^\mu (\tau )\stackrel{~}{}_\mu (\tau )=\lambda (\tau )[ϵ_sM_{sys}]\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i,`$ (35)
$`\lambda (\tau )\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )u^\mu (p_s),`$
$`\lambda _r(\tau )\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)),`$
$`\dot{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda (\tau )u^\mu (p_s),`$ (37)
$`\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`\{x_s^\mu (\tau ),H_D\}=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_\nu (\tau )\{x_s^\mu (\tau ),^\mu (\tau )\}`$ (39)
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^\mu (\tau )=\lambda (\tau )u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\lambda _r(\tau ),`$ (40)
$`\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^2(\tau )\stackrel{}{\lambda }^2(\tau )>0,\dot{x}_su(p_s)=\lambda (\tau ),`$ (42)
$`U_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )}}}={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (\tau )u^\mu (p_s)+\lambda _r(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))}{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )\stackrel{}{\lambda }^2(\tau )}}},`$ (44)
$``$ $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=x_s^\mu (0)u^\mu (p_s){\displaystyle _0^\tau }𝑑\tau _1\lambda (\tau _1)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle _0^\tau }𝑑\tau _1\lambda _r(\tau _1).`$ (46)
While the Dirac multiplier $`\lambda (\tau )`$ is determined by the gauge fixing $`T_s\tau 0`$, the 3 Dirac’s multipliers $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )`$ describe the classical zitterbewegung of the origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{0})`$ of the coordinates on the Wigner hyperplane. Each gauge-fixing $`\stackrel{}{\chi }(\tau )0`$ to the 3 first class constraints $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$ (defining the internal rest-frame) gives a different determination of the multipliers $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )`$. Therefore it identifies a different worldline for the covariant non-canonical origin $`x_s^{(\stackrel{}{\chi })\mu }(\tau )`$ which carries with itself the definition $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_{com}`$ of the internal 3-center of mass, conjugate with $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+`$ \*∥\*∥\*∥Obviously each choice $`\stackrel{}{\chi }(\tau )`$ leads to a different set of conjugate canonical relative variables..

Let us remark that the constant $`x_s^\mu (0)`$ \[and, therefore, also $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (0)`$\] is arbitrary, reflecting the arbitrariness in the absolute location of the origin of the internal coordinates on each hyperplane in Minkowski spacetime. The origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ corresponds to the unique special relativistic center-of-mass-like worldline of Refs. \***\***\***See Refs. for the definition of this concept in general relativity. By using the interpretation of Ref., also the special relativistic limit of the general relativistic Dixon centroid of Ref. gives the centroid $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$: it coincides with the special relativistic Dixon centroid of Ref. defined by using the conserved energy momentum tensor, as we shall see in Section IV., which unifies previous proposals of Synge, M$`ø`$ller and Pryce quoted in that paper.

The only remaining canonical variables describing the Wigner hyperplane in the final Dirac brackets are the non-covariant canonical coordinate $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ \*††\*††\*††It describes a point living on the Wigner hyperplanes and has the covariance of the little group O(3) of timelike Poincaré orbits, like the Newton-Wigner position operator. and $`p_s^\mu `$. The point with coordinates $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is the decoupled canonical external 4-center of mass of the isolated system, which can be interpreted as a decoupled observer with his parametrized clock (point particle clock). Its velocity $`\dot{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ is parallel to $`p_s^\mu `$, so that it has no classical zitterbewegung.

The relation between $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ ($`\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{\sigma }}`$ is its 3-location on the Wigner hyperplane) is

$$\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )=(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o(\tau );\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s(\tau ))=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{}{\sigma }})=x_s^\mu (\tau )\frac{1}{ϵ_s(p_s^o+ϵ_s)}\left[p_{s\nu }S_s^{\nu \mu }+ϵ_s(S_s^{o\mu }S_s^{o\nu }\frac{p_{s\nu }p_s^\mu }{ϵ_s^2})\right],$$
(47)
After the separation of the relativistic canonical non-covariant external 4-center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$, on the Wigner hyperplane the N particles are described by the 6N Wigner spin-1 3-vectors $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(\tau )`$ restricted by the rest-frame condition $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=_{i=1}^N\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i0`$.

Inside the Wigner hyperplane, three degrees of freedom of the isolated system \*‡‡\*‡‡\*‡‡As already said, they describe an internal center-of-mass 3-variable $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_{com}`$ defined inside the Wigner hyperplane and conjugate to $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+`$; when the $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_{com}`$ are canonical variables they are denoted $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$. become gauge variables. To eliminate the three first class constraints $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$ the natural gauge fixing is $`\stackrel{}{\chi }(\tau )=\stackrel{}{\sigma }_{com}=\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$ such that $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$ implies $`\lambda _{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau )=0`$: in this way the internal 3-center of mass is located at the origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }=0)`$ of the Wigner hyperplane.

The various spin tensors and vectors are

$`J_s^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu p_s^\nu x_s^\nu p_s^\mu +S_s^{\mu \nu }=\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu p_s^\nu \stackrel{~}{x}_s^\nu p_s^\mu +\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{\mu \nu },`$ (48)
$`S_s^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`[u^\mu (p_s)ϵ^\nu (u(p_s))u^\nu (p_s)ϵ^\mu (u(p_s))]\overline{S}_s^{\tau r}+ϵ^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ^\nu (u(p_s))\overline{S}_s^{rs}`$ (50)
$``$ $`\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))u^\nu (p_s)ϵ^\nu (u(p_s))u^\mu (p_s)\right]{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}+`$ (51)
$`+`$ $`\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right]{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r\kappa _i^s,`$ (52)
$`\overline{S}_s^{AB}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_\mu ^A(u(p_s))ϵ_\nu ^B(u(p_s))S_s^{\mu \nu },`$ (55)
$`\overline{S}_s^{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^r\kappa _i^s\eta _i^s\kappa _i^r),\overline{S}_s^{\tau r}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2},`$
$`\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`S_s^{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{ϵp_s^2}(p_s^o+\sqrt{ϵp_s^2})}}\left[p_{s\beta }(S_s^{\beta \mu }p_s^\nu S_s^{\beta \nu }p_s^\mu )+\sqrt{p_s^2}(S_s^{o\mu }p_s^\nu S_s^{o\nu }p_s^\mu )\right],`$ (58)
$`\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{ij}=\delta ^{ir}\delta ^{js}\overline{S}_s^{rs},\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{oi}={\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{ir}\overline{S}_s^{rs}p_s^s}{p_s^o+\sqrt{ϵp_s^2}}},`$
$`\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}`$ $``$ $`\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}={\displaystyle \underset{i+1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i\times \stackrel{}{\kappa }_i{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i\times \stackrel{}{\kappa }_i\stackrel{}{\eta }_+\times \stackrel{}{\kappa }_+={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\stackrel{}{\rho }_a\times \stackrel{}{\pi }_a.`$ (60)
Let us remark that while $`L_s^{\mu \nu }=x_s^\mu p_s^\nu x_s^\nu p_s^\mu `$ and $`S_s^{\mu \nu }`$ are not constants of the motion due to classical zitterbewung, both $`\stackrel{~}{L}_s^{\mu \nu }=\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu p_s^\nu \stackrel{~}{x}_s^\nu p_s^\mu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{\mu \nu }`$ are conserved.

The canonical variables $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu `$, $`p_s^\mu `$ for the external 4-center of mass, can be replaced by the canonical pairs†\*†\*†\*It makes explicit the interpretation as a point particle clock.

$`T_s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{p_s\stackrel{~}{x}_s}{ϵ_s}}={\displaystyle \frac{p_sx_s}{ϵ_s}},`$ (61)
$`ϵ_s`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \sqrt{ϵp_s^2},`$ (62)
$`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_s(\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}_s}{p_s^o}}\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o),`$ (63)
$`\stackrel{}{k}_s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}_s}{ϵ_s}},`$ (64)
with the inverse transformation

$`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2}(T_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{k}_s\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}}),`$ (65)
$`\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}}+(T_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{k}_s\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}})\stackrel{}{k}_s,`$ (66)
$`p_s^o`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_s\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2},`$ (67)
$`\stackrel{}{p}_s`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_s\stackrel{}{k}_s.`$ (68)
This non-point canonical transformation can be summarized as \[$`ϵ_sM_{sys}0`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=_{i=1}^N\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i0`$\]

$$\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu \hfill & \stackrel{}{\eta }_i\hfill \\ p^\mu _s\hfill & \stackrel{}{\kappa }_i\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}ϵ_s\hfill & \stackrel{}{z}_s\hfill & \stackrel{}{\eta }_i\hfill \\ T_s\hfill & \stackrel{}{k}_s\hfill & \stackrel{}{\kappa }_i\hfill \end{array}$$
(69)
The invariant mass $`M_{sys}`$ of the system, which is also the internal energy of the isolated system, replaces the non-relativistic Hamiltonian $`H_{rel}`$ for the relative degrees of freedom, after the addition of the gauge-fixing $`T_s\tau 0`$ ††††††It implies $`\lambda (\tau )=1`$ and identifies the time parameter $`\tau `$ with the Lorentz scalar time of the center of mass in the rest frame, $`T_s=p_s\stackrel{~}{x}_s/M_{sys}`$; $`M_{sys}`$ generates the evolution in this time.: this reminds of the frozen Hamilton-Jacobi theory, in which the time evolution can be reintroduced by using the energy generator of the Poincaré group as Hamiltonian †‡†‡†‡See Refs. for a different derivation of this result..

After the gauge fixings $`T_s\tau 0`$, the final Hamiltonian and the embedding of the Wigner hyperplane into Minkowski spacetime are

$`H_D`$ $`=`$ $`M_{sys}\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+,`$ (70)
$`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^r=x_s^\mu (0)+u^\mu (p_s)\tau +ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^r,`$ (74)
$`with`$
$`\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dx_s^\mu (\tau )}{d\tau }}+\{x_s^\mu (\tau ),H_D\}=u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\lambda _r(\tau ),`$ (76)
where $`x_s^\mu (0)`$ is an arbitrary point.

The particles’ worldlines in Minkowski spacetime and the associated momenta are

$`x_i^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))=x_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\eta _i^r(\tau ),`$ (77)
$`p_i^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\kappa _{ir}(\tau )ϵp_i^2=m_i^2.`$ (78)
The external rest-frame instant form realization of the Poincaré generators †§†§†§As in every instant form of dynamics, there are four independent Hamiltonians $`p_s^o`$ and $`J_s^{oi}`$, functions of the invariant mass $`M_{sys}`$; we give also the expression in the basis $`T_s`$, $`ϵ_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{z}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{k}_s`$. with non-fixed invariants $`ϵp_s^2=ϵ_s^2M_{sys}^2`$, $`ϵp_s^2\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s^2ϵM_{sys}^2\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}^2`$, is obtained from Eq.(60):

$`p_s^\mu ,`$ (79)
$`J_s^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu p_s^\nu \stackrel{~}{x}_s^\nu p_s^\mu +\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{\mu \nu },`$ (80)
$`p_s^o`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{ϵ_s^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}=ϵ_s\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2}\sqrt{M_{sys}^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}=M_{sys}\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2},`$ (82)
$`\stackrel{}{p}_s`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_s\stackrel{}{k}_sM_{sys}\stackrel{}{k}_s,`$ (83)
$`J_s^{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^ip_s^j\stackrel{~}{x}_s^jp_s^i+\delta ^{ir}\delta ^{js}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^r\kappa _i^s\eta _i^s\kappa _i^r)=z_s^ik_s^jz_s^jk_s^i+\delta ^{ir}\delta ^{js}ϵ^{rsu}\overline{S}_s^u,`$ (84)
$`K_s^i`$ $`=`$ $`J_s^{oi}=\stackrel{~}{x}_s^op_s^i\stackrel{~}{x}_s^i\sqrt{ϵ_s^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_s+\sqrt{ϵ_s^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}}}\delta ^{ir}p_s^s{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^r\kappa _i^s\eta _i^s\kappa _i^r)=`$ (85)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2}z_s^i{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{ir}k_s^sϵ^{rsu}\overline{S}_s^u}{1+\sqrt{1+\stackrel{}{k}_s^2}}}\stackrel{~}{x}_s^op_s^i\stackrel{~}{x}_s^i\sqrt{M_{sys}^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{ir}p_s^sϵ^{rsu}\overline{S}_s^u}{M_{sys}+\sqrt{M_{sys}^2+\stackrel{}{p}_s^2}}}.`$ (86)
On the other hand the internal realization of the Poincaré algebra is built inside the Wigner hyperplane by using the expression of $`\overline{S}_s^{AB}`$ given by Eq.(60) †¶†¶†¶This internal Poincaré algebra realization should not be confused with the previous external one based on $`\stackrel{~}{S}_s^{\mu \nu }`$; $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and $`W^2`$ are the two non-fixed invariants of this realization.

$`M_{sys}=H_M={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2},`$ (87)
$`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(0),`$ (88)
$`\stackrel{}{J}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i\times \stackrel{}{\kappa }_i,J^r=\overline{S}^r={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{ruv}\overline{S}^{uv}\overline{S}_s^r,`$ (89)
$`\stackrel{}{K}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i=M_{sys}\stackrel{}{R}_+,K^r=J^{or}=\overline{S}_s^{\tau r},`$ (90)
(91)
$`\mathrm{\Pi }=M_{sys}^2\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+^2M_{sys}^2>0,`$ (92)
$`W^2=ϵ(M_{sys}^2\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+^2)\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s^2ϵM_{sys}^2\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s^2.`$ (93)
The constraints $`ϵ_sM_{sys}0`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$ mean: i) the constraint $`ϵ_sM_{sys}0`$ is the bridge which connects the external and internal realizations †∥†∥†∥The external spin coincides with the internal angular momentum due to Eqs.(A22) of Ref..; ii) the constraints $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$, together with $`\stackrel{}{K}0`$ †\**†\**†\**As we shall see in the next Section, $`\stackrel{}{K}0`$ is implied by the natural gauge fixing $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$., imply a unfaithful internal realization, in which the only non-zero generators are the conserved energy and spin of an isolated system.

The determination of $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$ for the N particle system was done with the group theoretical methods of Ref. in Section III of Ref.. Given a realization of the ten Poincaré generators on the phase space, one can build three 3-position variables in terms of them only. For N free scalar relativistic particles on the Wigner hyperplane with $`\stackrel{}{p}_{sys}=\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$ and by using the internal realization (93) they are: i) a canonical internal center of mass (or center of spin) $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$; ii) a non-canonical internal Møller center of energy $`\stackrel{}{R}_+`$; iii) a non-canonical internal Fokker-Pryce center of inertia $`\stackrel{}{y}_+`$. It can be shown that, due to $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$, they coincide: $`\stackrel{}{q}_+\stackrel{}{R}_+\stackrel{}{y}_+`$.

Therefore the gauge fixings $`\stackrel{}{\chi }(\tau )=\stackrel{}{q}_+\stackrel{}{R}_+\stackrel{}{y}_+0`$ imply $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )0`$ and force the three internal collective variables to coincide with the origin of the coordinates, which now becomes

$$x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(T_s)=x_s^\mu (0)+u^\mu (p_s)T_s.$$
(94)
As shown in Section IV, the addition of the gauge fixings $`\stackrel{}{\chi }(\tau )=\stackrel{}{q}_+\stackrel{}{R}_+\stackrel{}{y}_+0`$ implies that the Dixon center of mass of an extended object and the Pirani and Tulczyjew centroids †††††††††See Ref.  for the application of these methods to find the center of mass of a configuration of the Klein-Gordon field after the preliminary work of Ref. on the center of phase for a real Klein-Gordon field. all simultaneously coincide with the origin $`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$.

The external realization (86) allows to build the analogous external 3-variables $`\stackrel{}{q}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{R}_s`$, $`\stackrel{}{Y}_s`$. It is then shown in Ref. how to build the associated external 4-variables and their location on the Wigner hyperplane

$`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{x}}_s)=(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;\stackrel{}{q}_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}_s}{p_s^o}}\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o)=`$ (95)
$`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}}+(T_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{k}_s\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}})\stackrel{}{k}_s)=x_s^\mu +ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^u,`$ (96)
$`Y_s^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;\stackrel{}{Y}_s)=`$ (97)
$`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_s}}[\stackrel{}{z}_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s}{ϵ_s[1+u^o(p_s)]}}]+(T_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{k}_s\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}})\stackrel{}{k}_s)=`$ (98)
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu +\eta _r^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s)^r}{ϵ_s[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=`$ (99)
$`=`$ $`x_s^\mu +ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma _Y^u,`$ (100)
$`R_s^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;\stackrel{}{R}_s)=`$ (101)
$`=`$ $`(\stackrel{~}{x}_s^o;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_s}}[\stackrel{}{z}_s{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s}{ϵ_su^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}}]+(T_s+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{k}_s\stackrel{}{z}_s}{ϵ_s}})\stackrel{}{k}_s)=`$ (102)
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu \eta _r^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s)^r}{ϵ_su^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=`$ (103)
$`=`$ $`x_s^\mu +ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma _R^u,`$ (104)
$`T_s`$ $`=`$ $`u(p_s)x_s=u(p_s)\stackrel{~}{x}_s=u(p_s)Y_s=u(p_s)R_s,`$ (106)
$`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^r`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{r\mu }(u(p_s))[x_s^\mu \stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu ]={\displaystyle \frac{ϵ_{r\mu }(u(p_s))[u_\nu (p_s)S_s^{\nu \mu }+S_s^{o\mu }]}{[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=`$ (108)
$`=`$ $`\overline{S}_s^{\tau r}+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}p_s^s}{ϵ_s[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=ϵ_sR_+^r+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{1+u^o(p_s)}}`$ (109)
$``$ $`ϵ_sq_+^r+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{1+u^o(p_s)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{1+u^o(p_s)}},`$ (110)
$`\sigma _Y^r`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{r\mu }(u(p_s))[x_s^\mu Y_s^\mu ]=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^rϵ_{ru}(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s)^u}{ϵ_s[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=`$ (111)
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^r+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{1+u^o(p_s)}}=ϵ_sR_+^rϵ_sq_+^r0,`$ (112)
$`\sigma _R^r`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{r\mu }(u(p_s))[x_s^\mu R_s^\mu ]=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^r+ϵ_{ru}(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{}{\overline{S}}_s\times \stackrel{}{p}_s)^u}{ϵ_su^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=`$ (113)
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^r{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{u^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}}=ϵ_sR_+^r+{\displaystyle \frac{[1u^o(p_s)]\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{u^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}}`$ (114)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{[1u^o(p_s)]\overline{S}_s^{rs}u^s(p_s)}{u^o(p_s)[1+u^o(p_s)]}},`$ (115)
$``$ $`x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(\tau )=Y_s^\mu ,`$ (117)
namely the external Fokker-Pryce non-canonical center of inertia coincides with the origin $`x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(\tau )`$ carrying the internal center of mass.

## III The Energy-Momentum Tensor on the Wigner Hyperplane and Dixon’s Relativistic Multipoles.

### A The Euler-Lagrange Equations and the Energy-Momentum Tensor of Parametrized Minkowski Theories.

The Euler-Lagrange equations associated with the Lagrangian (4) are (the symbol ’$`\stackrel{}{=}`$’ means evaluated on the solutions of the equations of motion)

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\mu }}_A{\displaystyle \frac{}{z_A^\mu }}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\eta _{\mu \nu }_A[\sqrt{g}T^{AB}z_B^\nu ](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},`$ (118)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\stackrel{}{\eta }_i}}_\tau {\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i}}=`$ (119)
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{T^{AB}}{\sqrt{g}}}]|_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }=\stackrel{}{\eta }_i}{\displaystyle \frac{g_{AB}}{\stackrel{}{\eta }_i}}_\tau {\displaystyle \frac{g_{\tau r}+g_{rs}\dot{\eta }_i^s}{\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }+2g_{\tau u}\dot{\eta }_i^u+g_{uv}\dot{\eta }_i^u\dot{\eta }_i^v}}}|_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }=\stackrel{}{\eta }_i}\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},`$ (120)
where we have introduced the energy-momentum tensor \[here $`\dot{\eta }_i^A(\tau )=(1;\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau ))`$\]

$$T^{AB}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[\frac{2}{\sqrt{g}}\frac{\delta S}{\delta g_{AB}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\frac{m_i\dot{\eta }_i^A(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^B(\tau )}{\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }+2g_{\tau u}\dot{\eta }_i^u+g_{uv}\dot{\eta }_i^u\dot{\eta }_i^v}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).$$
(121)
Due to the delta functions the Euler-Lagrange equations for the fields $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are trivial ($`0\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$) everywhere except at the positions of the particles. They may be rewritten in a form valid for every isolated system

$$_AT^{AB}z_B^\mu \stackrel{}{=}\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_A[\sqrt{g}z_B^\mu ]T^{AB}.$$
(122)
When $`_A[\sqrt{g}z_B^\mu ]=0`$ as it happens on the Wigner hyperplanes in the gauge $`\stackrel{}{q}_+0`$ and $`T_s\tau 0`$, we get the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor $`T^{AB}`$, i.e. $`_AT^{AB}\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$. Otherwise there is a compensation coming from the dynamics of the surface.

On the Wigner hyperplane, where we have

$`x_i^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))=x_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\eta _i^r(\tau ),`$ (126)
$`\dot{x}_i^\mu (\tau )=z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )=\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau ),`$
$`\dot{x}_i^2(\tau )=g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+2g_{\tau r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+g_{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )=`$
$`\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau ),`$
$`p_i^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{m_i^2\gamma ^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\kappa _{ir}(\tau )\kappa _{is}(\tau )}l^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\kappa _{ir}(\tau )\gamma ^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_s^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))=`$ (128)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\kappa _i^r(\tau )p_i^2=m_i^2,`$ (129)
$`p_s^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \rho _\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_i^\mu (\tau ),`$ (130)
the energy-momentum tensor $`T^{AB}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ has the form

$`T^{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )){\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}},`$ (131)
$`T^{\tau r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )){\displaystyle \frac{m_i\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}},`$ (132)
$`T^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )){\displaystyle \frac{m_i\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\mu }(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}}.`$ (133)
### B The Energy-Momentum Tensor of the Standard Lorentz-Covariant Theory.

The same form is obtained from the restriction to positive energies †‡‡†‡‡†‡‡$`p_i^o=m_i\frac{\dot{x}_i^o}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2}}>0`$, $`ϵ(_{i=1}^Np_i^\mu )^2=ϵ(_{i=1}^Nm_i\frac{\dot{x}_i^\mu }{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2}})^2>0`$. of the energy momentum tensor of the standard manifestly Lorentz covariant theory with Lagrangian $`S_S=𝑑\tau L_S(\tau )=_{i=1}^Nm_i𝑑\tau \sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau )}`$. On the Wigner hyperplanes with $`T_s\tau 0`$ we will get

$`T^{\mu \nu }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{g}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_S}{\delta g_{\mu \nu }}}\right)|_{x=z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (134)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _1\frac{\dot{x}_i^\mu (\tau _1)\dot{x}_i^\nu (\tau _1)}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau _1)}}\delta ^4\left(x_i(\tau _1)z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)}=`$ (135)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))T^{AB}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$ (136)
On the other hand, from the restriction of the standard theory we get

1) On arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces

$`T^{\mu \nu }(z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _1\frac{\dot{x}_i^\mu (\tau _1)\dot{x}_i^\nu (\tau _1)}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau _1)}}\delta ^4\left(x_i(\tau _1)z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)}=`$ (137)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau _1}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau _1)}}\delta ^4\left(z(\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)}`$ (140)
$`[z_\tau ^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))+z_r^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau _1)]`$
$`[z_\tau ^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))+z_r^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau _1)]=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau _1}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau _1)}}\delta ^4\left(z(\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)}`$ (142)
$`[z_\tau ^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_\tau ^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))+`$
$`+`$ $`\left(z_\tau ^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_r^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))+z_\tau ^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_r^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))\right)\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau _1)+`$ (143)
$`+`$ $`z_r^\mu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_s^\nu (\tau _1,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau _1)\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau _1)]=`$ (144)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau )}}}\delta ^3\left(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )\right)(det|z_A^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|)^1`$ (146)
$`[z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_\tau ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+(z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_r^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+`$
$`+`$ $`z_\tau ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_s^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )]=`$ (147)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau )}\sqrt{g(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}}\delta ^3\left(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )\right)`$ (149)
$`[z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau _1))z_\tau ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+(z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_r^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+`$
$`+`$ $`z_\tau ^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_s^\nu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )],`$ (150)
since $`det|z_A^\mu |=\sqrt{g}=\sqrt{\gamma (g_{\tau \tau }\gamma ^{rs}g_{\tau r}g_{\tau s})}`$, $`\gamma =|detg_{rs}|`$.

2) On arbitrary spacelike hyperplanes, where it holds

$`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu (\tau )+b_u^\mu (\tau )\sigma ^u,x_i^\mu (\tau )=x_s^\mu (\tau )+b_u^\mu (\tau )\eta _i^u(\tau ),`$ (151)
$`z_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`b_r^\mu (\tau ),z_\tau ^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )+\dot{b}_u^\mu (\tau )\sigma ^u=l^\mu /\sqrt{g^{\tau \tau }}g_{\tau r}z_r^\mu ,`$ (153)
$`g_{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`[\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_r^\mu \sigma ^r]^2,g_{\tau r}=b_{r\mu }[\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_s^\mu \sigma ^s],`$ (155)
$`g_{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{rs},\gamma ^{rs}=\delta ^{rs},\gamma =1,`$ (156)
$`g`$ $`=`$ $`g_{\tau \tau }+{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}g_{\tau r}^2,`$ (157)
$`g^{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`1/[l_\mu (\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_u^\mu \sigma ^u)]^2,g^{\tau r}=g^{\tau \tau }g_{\tau r}=b_{r\mu }(\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_u^\mu \sigma ^u)/[l_\mu (\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_u^\mu \sigma ^u)]^2,`$ (158)
$`g^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{rs}+g^{\tau \tau }g_{\tau r}g_{\tau s}=\delta ^{rs}+b_{r\mu }(\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_u^\mu \sigma ^u)b_{r\nu }(\dot{x}_s^\nu +\dot{b}_v^\nu \sigma ^v)/[l_\mu (\dot{x}_s^\mu +\dot{b}_u^\mu \sigma ^u)]^2,`$ (160)
we get

$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (\tau )+b_r^\beta (\tau )\sigma ^r]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i\delta ^3\left(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )\right)}{\sqrt{g(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\sqrt{g_{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+2g_{\tau r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\dot{\eta }_i(\tau )\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}}`$ (162)
$`[(\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )+\dot{b}_r^\mu (\tau )\eta _i^r(\tau ))(\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )+\dot{b}_s^\nu (\tau )\eta _i^s(\tau ))+`$
$`+`$ $`\left((\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )+\dot{b}_s^\mu (\tau )\eta _i^s(\tau ))b_r^\nu (\tau )+(\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )+\dot{b}_s^\nu (\tau )\eta _i^s(\tau ))b_r^\mu (\tau )\right)\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+`$ (163)
$`+`$ $`b_r^\mu (\tau )b_s^\nu (\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )].`$ (164)
3) On Wigner’s hyperplanes, where it holds

$`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^u,x_i^\mu (\tau )=x_s^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\eta _i^u(\tau ),`$ (165)
$`z_r^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s),l^\mu =u^\mu (p_s),z_\tau ^\mu =\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau ),`$ (167)
$`g`$ $`=`$ $`[\dot{x}_s(\tau )u(p_s)]^2,g_{\tau \tau }=\dot{x}_s^2,g_{\tau r}=\dot{x}_{s\mu }ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)),g_{rs}=\delta _{rs},`$ (168)
$`g^{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`1/[\dot{x}_{s\mu }u^\mu (p_s)]^2,g^{\tau r}=\dot{x}_{s\mu }ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))/[\dot{x}_{s\mu }u^\mu (p_s)]^2,`$ (169)
$`g^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{rs}+\dot{x}_{s\mu }ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\dot{x}_{s\nu }ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))/[\dot{x}_{s\mu }u^\mu (p_s)]^2,`$ (170)
$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )d\tau ^2+2\dot{x}_s(\tau )ϵ_r(u(p_s))d\tau d\sigma ^rd\stackrel{}{\sigma }^2,`$ (172)
we get

$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (\tau )+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^r]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\dot{x}_s(\tau )u(p_s)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\beta }(\tau )ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}}`$ (174)
$`\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))[\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )+`$
$`+`$ $`\left(\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right)\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+`$ (175)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )]=`$ (176)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\dot{x}_s(\tau )u(p_s)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2(\tau )+2\dot{x}_{s\beta }(\tau )ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(\tau )}}}`$ (178)
$`[\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))+`$
$`+`$ $`\left(\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+\dot{x}_s^\nu (\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right)\delta ^3\left(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )\right)\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+`$ (179)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )\dot{\eta }_i^s(\tau )].`$ (180)
Since the volume element on the Wigner hyperplane is $`u^\mu (p_s)d^3\sigma `$, we obtain the following total 4-momentum and total mass of the N free particle system (Eqs.(46) are used)

$`P_T^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (\tau )+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]u_\nu (p_s)}=`$ (181)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}}}`$ (183)
$`\left[\lambda (\tau )u^\mu (p_s)+[\dot{\eta }_i^r(\tau )+\lambda ^r(\tau )]ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right]`$
$`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`|_{\lambda (\tau )=1}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+\kappa _i^r(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_i^\mu (\tau )=p_s^\mu ,`$ (184)
$`M_{sys}`$ $`=`$ $`P_T^\mu u_\mu (p_s)=\lambda (\tau ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}}}`$ (186)
$`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`|_{\lambda (\tau )=1}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )},`$ (187)
which turn out to be in the correct form only if $`\lambda (\tau )=1`$. This shows that the agreement with parametrized Minkowski theories on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces is obtained only on Wigner hyperplanes in the gauge $`T_s\tau 0`$, which indeed implies $`\lambda (\tau )=1`$.

### C The Phase-Space Version of the Standard Energy-Momentum Tensor.

The same result may be obtained by first reformulating the standard energy-momentum in phase space and then by imposing the restriction $`p_i^\mu (\tau )=`$ $`\sqrt{m_i^2\gamma ^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\kappa _{ir}(\tau )\kappa _{is}(\tau )}l^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\kappa _{ir}(\tau )\gamma ^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))z_s^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+\kappa _i^rϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))`$ <sup>‡\*</sup><sup>‡\*</sup>‡\*In this way we are sure to have imposed the restriction to positive energy particles and to have excluded the other $`2^N1`$ branches of the total mass spectrum.\[the last equality refers to the Wigner hyperplane, see Eq.(78)\]:

$`T^{\mu \nu }(z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_i}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _1\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau _1)}p_i^\mu (\tau _1)p_i^\nu (\tau _1)\delta ^4(x_i(\tau _1)z(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))}=`$ (188)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\dot{x}_i^2(\tau )}}{m_i\sqrt{g(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}}p_i^\mu (\tau )p_i^\nu (\tau )\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )),`$ (189)
$``$ $`onWigner^{}shyperplanes`$ (190)
$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (\tau )+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2+2\dot{x}_{s\beta }ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^u\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2}}{m_i\sqrt{\dot{x}_su(p_s)}}}(\tau )p_i^\mu (\tau )p_i^\nu (\tau )\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))=`$ (191)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\dot{x}_s^2+2\dot{x}_{s\beta }ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^u\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2}}{m_i\sqrt{\dot{x}_su(p_s)}}}(\tau )`$ (193)
$`[(m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau ))u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)+`$
$`+`$ $`k_i^r(\tau )\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}\left(u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right)+`$ (194)
$`+`$ $`\kappa _i^r(\tau )\kappa _i^s(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))]=`$ (195)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau )){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}}{\sqrt{\lambda (\tau )}}}`$ (197)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}}{m_i}}[\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)+`$
$`+`$ $`k_i^r(\tau )\left(u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right)+`$ (198)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^r(\tau )\kappa _i^s(\tau )}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}}}ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))].`$ (199)
Now the total 4-momentum and total mass are

$`P_T^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (\tau )+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]u_\nu (p_s)}=`$ (200)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{x}_s^2+2\dot{x}_{s\beta }ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\dot{\eta }_i^u\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2}{\dot{x}_su(p_s)}}(\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}}{m_i}}`$ (202)
$`[\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+\kappa _i^r(\tau )ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}}{\sqrt{\lambda (\tau )}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}}{m_i}}p_i^\mu (\tau ),`$ (203)
$`M_{sys}`$ $`=`$ $`P_T^\mu u_\mu (p_s)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^2(\tau )[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}}{\lambda (\tau )}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}}{m_i}}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}.`$ (204)
These equations show that the total 4-momentum evaluated from the energy-momentum tensor of the standard theory restricted to positive energy particles is consistent ‡†‡†‡†Namely we get $`P_T^\mu =p_s^\mu `$ and $`M_{sys}=_{i=1}^N\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}`$. with the description on the Wigner hyperplanes with its gauge freedom $`\lambda (\tau )`$, $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )`$, only by working with the Dirac brackets of the gauge $`T_s\tau `$, where one has $`\lambda (\tau )=1`$ and

$`\dot{x}_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\lambda _r(\tau ),`$ (205)
$`x_s^\mu (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`x_s^\mu (0)+\tau u^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle _0^\tau }𝑑\tau _1\lambda _r(\tau _1),`$ (206)
because $`m_i/\sqrt{1[\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(\tau )+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )]^2}\stackrel{}{=}\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}`$.

Therefore, for every $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )`$, we get

$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (T_s)+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))T^{AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (207)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s))[\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)+`$ (208)
$`+`$ $`k_i^r(T_s)\left(u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right)+`$ (209)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^r(T_s)\kappa _i^s(T_s)}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}}ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))],`$ (210)
$`T^{\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s))\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s))},`$ (211)
$`T^{\tau r}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s))\kappa _i^r(T_s),`$ (212)
$`T^{rs}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s)){\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^r(T_s)\kappa _i^s(T_s)}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}},`$ (213)
$`P_T^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`p_s^\mu =Mu^\mu (p_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\kappa _+^rMu^\mu (p_s),`$ (215)
$`M`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)},`$ (216)
$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^\beta (T_s)+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]`$ $`u_\nu (p_s)=ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))T^{A\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (218)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s))`$ (220)
$`[\sqrt{m_i^2c^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}u^\mu (p_s)+\kappa _i^r(T_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))],`$
$`T^\mu {}_{\mu }{}^{}[x_s^\beta (T_s)+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]`$ $`=`$ $`T^A{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (221)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(T_s)){\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}}.`$ (222)
## IV Dixon’s Multipoles on the Wigner Hyperplane.

In this Section we shall define the special relativistic Dixon multipoles on the Wigner hyperplane for the N-body problem‡‡‡‡‡‡Previous studies of multipole theories of point particles can be found in Refs... We list the non-relativistic multipoles for N free particles in Appendix A by comparison.

Let us now consider an arbitrary timelike worldline $`w^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }(\tau ))=x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\eta ^r(\tau )`$ and let us evaluate the Dixon multipoles  ‡§‡§‡§See this paper for the previous definitions given by Bielecki, Mathisson and Weyssenhof. on the Wigner hyperplanes in the natural gauge with respect to the given worldline. A generic point will be parametrized as

$$z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^r=w^\mu (\tau )+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))[\sigma ^r\eta ^r(\tau )]\stackrel{def}{=}w^\mu (\tau )+\delta z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),$$
(223)
so that $`\delta z_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })u^\mu (p_s)=0`$.

For $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(\tau )=0`$ we will get the multipoles with respect to the origin $`x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(\tau )`$.

### A Dixon’s Multipoles.

Lorentz covariant Dixon’s multipoles and their Wigner covariant counterparts on the Wigner hyperplanes are defined as

$`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`t_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)(\mu \nu )}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (224)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1..r_nAB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (225)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \delta z^{\mu _1}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\mathrm{}\delta z^{\mu _n}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\beta }(T_s)+ϵ_u^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]}=`$ (227)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle d^3\sigma \delta z^{\mu _1}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\mathrm{}}.\delta z^{\mu _n}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })T^{AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (228)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))`$ (231)
$`[u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}+`$
$`+`$ $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))`$ (233)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^r(T_s)\kappa _i^s(T_s)}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}}+`$
$`+`$ $`[u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]`$ (235)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]\kappa _i^r(T_s)],`$
$`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nAB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}+`$ (237)
$`+`$ $`\delta _u^A\delta _v^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u(T_s)\kappa _i^v(T_s)}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}}+`$ (238)
$`+`$ $`(\delta _\tau ^A\delta _u^B+\delta _u^A\delta _\tau ^B){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]\kappa _i^r(T_s),`$ (239)
$`u_{\mu _1}(p_s)`$ $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=0,`$ (241)
$`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }{}_{\mu }{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`\stackrel{def}{=}`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nA}{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (243)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \delta z^{\mu _1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\mathrm{}\delta z^{\mu _n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })T^\mu {}_{\mu }{}^{}[x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(T_s)+ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]=`$ (244)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))`$ (246)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}}}=`$
$`\stackrel{~}{t}_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })u_\mu (p_s)u_\nu (p_s)=`$ (248)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (249)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))`$ (251)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}.`$
Related multipoles are

$`p_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })u_\nu (p_s)=`$ (252)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nA\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (253)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))`$ (259)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(T_s)\eta ^{r_n}(T_s)]`$
$`\left[\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(\tau )}u^\mu (p_s)+k_i^r(T_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))\right],`$
$`u_{\mu _1}(p_s)p_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=0,`$
$`p_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })u_\mu (p_s)=\stackrel{~}{t}_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta }),`$
$`n=0`$ $`p_T^\mu (T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{A\tau }(T_s)=P_T^\mu p_s^\mu .`$ (261)
The inverse formulas, giving the multipolar expansion, are

$`T^{\mu \nu }[w^\beta (T_s)+\delta z^\beta (T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]`$ $`=`$ $`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\beta }(T_s)+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^r]=`$ (262)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))T^{AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (263)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s)){\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^n{\displaystyle \frac{q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nAB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })}{n!}}`$ (266)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s))=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^n{\displaystyle \frac{t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })}{n!}}ϵ_{r_1\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n\mu _n}(u(p_s))`$ (268)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s)).`$
The quantities $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau r}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nuv}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ are the mass density, stress tensor and momentum density multipoles with respect to the worldline $`w^\mu (T_s)`$ (barycentric for $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=0`$) respectively.

### B Monopoles.

The monopoles correspond to $`n=0`$ ‡¶‡¶‡¶$`t_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))q_T^{AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`p_T^\mu (T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{A\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}_T(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=q_T^{\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$. and have the following expression ‡∥‡∥‡∥They are $`\stackrel{}{\eta }`$ independent; see Appendix C of Ref. and Appendix A for the non-relativistic limit. ‡\**‡\**‡\**In this Section we use results from Section V of Ref., where the rest-frame ($`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=\stackrel{}{q}_+=0`$) canonical relative variables with respect to the internal 3-center of mass were found by means of a classical Gartenhaus-Schwartz transformation. This transformation is a sequence of canonical transformations depending on a parameter $`\alpha `$. The final rest-frame relative variables are obtained in the limit $`\alpha \mathrm{}`$. In Eqs.(283), (306), (330), (344), (356) we use the following symbols from Ref.: $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i(\mathrm{})=\sqrt{N}_{a=1}^{N1}\gamma _{ai}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa}`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }=M_{sys}^2\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+^2`$, $`H_i=\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}`$, $`H_i(\mathrm{})=\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{ab}^{1..N1}\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}}`$. Also the non-relativistic limits, $`c\mathrm{}`$, are shown.

$`q_T^{AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^BM+\delta _u^A\delta _v^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}+(\delta _\tau ^A\delta _u^B+\delta _u^A\delta _\tau ^B)\kappa _+^u`$ (269)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^B\sqrt{\mathrm{\Pi }}+\delta _u^A\delta _v^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u(\mathrm{})\kappa _i^v(\mathrm{})}{H_i(\mathrm{})}}=`$ (270)
$`=`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{m_i^2+N{\displaystyle \underset{de}{}}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}+`$ (271)
$`+`$ $`\delta _u^A\delta _v^BN{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}}{\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{de}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}},`$ (272)
$`q_T^{\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_ic^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}}{m_i}}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}+O(1/c)=`$ (274)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_ic^2+H_{rel,nr}+O(1/c),`$ (275)
$`q_T^{r\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _+^r0,restframecondition(alsoatthenonrelativisticlevel),`$ (276)
$`q_T^{uv}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}}{m_i}}\pi _{qa}^u\pi _{qb}^v+O(1/c)=`$ (277)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}k_{ab}^1\pi _{qa}^u\pi _{qb}^v+O(1/c)={\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}k_{ab}\dot{\rho }_a^u\dot{\rho }_b^v+O(1/c),`$ (278)
$`q_{TA}^A(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`t_{T\mu }^\mu (T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}`$ (280)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{H_i(\mathrm{})}}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{de}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}}`$ (281)
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_ic^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}}{m_i}}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}+O(1/c)=`$ (282)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_ic^2H_{rel,nr}+O(1/c).`$ (283)
where we used Eqs. (5.10), (5.11) of Ref. to obtain their expression in terms of the internal relative variables.

Therefore, in the rest-frame instant form, the mass monopole is the invariant mass $`M=_{i=1}^N\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}`$, while the momentum monopole vanishes.

### C Dipoles.

The dipoles correspond to $`n=1`$ ‡††‡††‡††$`t_T^{\mu _1\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))`$$`ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}_T^{\mu _1}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))q_T^{r_1\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$, $`p_T^{\mu _1\mu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1A\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$.:

$`q_T^{rAB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^BM[R_+^r(T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)]+\delta _u^A\delta _v^B\left[{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\eta _i^r\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}(T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)q_T^{uv}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })\right]+`$ (284)
$`+`$ $`(\delta _\tau ^A\delta _u^B+\delta _u^A\delta _\tau ^B)\left[{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^r\kappa _i^u](T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)\kappa _+^u\right],`$ (285)
$`q_T^{rA}{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))t_T^{\mu _1\mu }{}_{\mu }{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{[\eta _i^r\eta ^r]m_i^2}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}(T_s).`$ (287)
The vanishing of the mass dipole identifies the internal M$`ø`$ller center of energy $`\stackrel{}{R}_+\stackrel{}{q}_+\stackrel{}{y}_+`$ and therefore the rest-frame internal center of mass $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$:

$$q_T^{r\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\stackrel{~}{t}_T^{\mu _1}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=0,\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s)=\stackrel{}{R}_+[=0forx_s^\mu =x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }].$$
(288)
The time derivative of the mass dipole identifies the center-of-mass momentum-velocity relation for the system when $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=0`$

$$\frac{dq_T^{r\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })}{dT_s}\stackrel{}{=}\kappa _+^rM\dot{\eta }^r(T_s)_{\stackrel{}{\eta }0}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.$$
(289)
The expression of the dipoles in terms of the internal relative variables when $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=\stackrel{}{R}_+=\stackrel{}{q}_+=0`$ is obtained by using Eqs. (5.10), (5.11), (5.22), (5.25) of Ref.

$`q_T^{r\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (290)
$`q_T^{ru\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r\kappa _i^uR_+^r\kappa _+^u={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\rho _a^r\pi _a^u+(\eta _+^rR_+^r)\kappa _+^u`$ (291)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\rho _{qa}^r\pi _{qa}^u`$ (292)
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\rho _a^r\pi _{qa}^u={\displaystyle ab^{1..N1}k_{ab}\rho _a^r\dot{\rho }_b^u},`$ (293)
$`q_T^{ruv}(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{H_i}}R_+^r{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{H_i}}=`$ (294)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\gamma _{ai}\rho _a^r{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{H_i}}+(\eta _+^rR_+^r){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{H_i}}`$ (295)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})\rho _{qa}^r{\displaystyle \frac{H_j(\mathrm{})\kappa _i^u(\mathrm{})\kappa _i^v(\mathrm{})}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Pi }}H_i(\mathrm{})}}=`$ (296)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}(c\sqrt{N}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj}){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_j^2+N\underset{de}{}\gamma _{dj}\gamma _{ej}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}{\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{de}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}}\times `$ (298)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\underset{bc}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{ci}\pi _{qb}^u\pi _{qc}^v}{_{k=1}^N\sqrt{m_k^2+N_{de}\gamma _{dk}\gamma _{ek}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}})\rho ^r_{qa}`$
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj}}{\sqrt{N}}}\rho _a^r{\displaystyle \frac{m_jN}{m_im}}{\displaystyle \underset{bc}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{ci}\pi _{qb}^u\pi _{qc}^v+O(1/c)=`$ (299)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{abc}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}\left[N{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{ci}}{m_i}}{\displaystyle \frac{\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_j\gamma _{aj}}{m}}\right]\rho _a^r\pi _{qb}^u\pi _{qc}^v+O(1/c),`$ (300)
$`q_T^{rA}{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^rR_+^r){\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2}{H_i}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})\rho _a^r{\displaystyle \frac{m_iH_j}{H_iH_M}}`$ (302)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj}){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_j^2+N\underset{de}{}\gamma _{dj}\gamma _{ej}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}{\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{de}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}}\times `$ (304)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m_i}{_{k=1}^N\sqrt{m_k^2+N_{de}\gamma _{dk}\gamma _{ek}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}})\rho ^r_a`$
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}\sqrt{N}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})\rho _a^r{\displaystyle \frac{m_jN}{m_im}}{\displaystyle \underset{bc}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{ci}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}+O(1/c)=`$ (305)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{N}{\displaystyle \underset{abc}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}\left[N{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{ci}}{m_i}}{\displaystyle \frac{\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_j\gamma _{aj}}{m}}\right]\rho _a^r\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qb}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}+O(1/c).`$ (306)
The antisymmetric part of the related dipole $`p_T^{\mu _1\mu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ identifies the spin tensor. Indeed, the spin dipole ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡See Ref. for the ambigous definitions of $`p_T^\mu `$, $`S_T^{\mu \nu }`$ given by Papapetrou, Urich and Papapetrou, and by B.Tulczyjev and W.Tulczyjev. is

$`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]`$ $`=`$ $`2p_T^{[\mu \nu ]}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=`$ (307)
$`=`$ $`M[R_+^r(T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)]\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))u^\mu (p_s)\right]+`$ (308)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^r(T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)]\kappa _i^s(T_s)\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\mu (u(p_s))\right],`$ (311)
$``$
$`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }=0]`$ $`=`$ $`S_s^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}`$ (313)
$`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i\eta _i^r(T_s)}{\sqrt{1\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(T_s)}}}\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))u^\mu (p_s)\right]+`$ (314)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i\eta _i^r(T_s)\dot{\eta }_i^s(T_s)}{\sqrt{1\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i^2(T_s)}}}\left[ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))ϵ_s^\mu (u(p_s))\right],`$ (315)
$`m_{u(p_s)}^\nu (T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`u_\mu (p_s)S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]=ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))[\overline{S}_s^{\tau r}M\eta ^r(T_s)]=`$ (317)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))M[R_+^r(T_s)\eta ^r(T_s)]=ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))q_T^{r\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta }),`$ (318)
$``$ $`u_\mu (p_s)S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]=0,\stackrel{}{\eta }=0.`$ (320)
This explains why $`m_{u(p_s)}^\mu (T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ is also called the mass dipole moment.

Therefore, $`x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(T_s)`$ is also simultaneously the Tulczyjew centroid §\*§\*§\*Defined by $`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]u_\nu (p_s)=0`$, namely with $`S_s^{or}=0`$ in the momentum rest frame. and, due to $`\dot{x}_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\mu }(T_s)=u^\mu (p_s)`$, also the Pirani centroid §†§†§†Defined by $`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]\dot{x}_{s\nu }=0`$, namely with $`S_s^{or}=0`$ in the instantaneous velocity rest frame.. Usually, in absence of a relation between 4-momentum and 4-velocity they are different centroids §‡§‡§‡For instance, the so-called background Corinaldesi-Papapetrou centroid is defined by the condition $`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]v_\nu =0`$, where $`v^\mu `$ is a given fixed unit 4-vector..

Let us remark that non-covariant centroids could also be connected with the non-covariant external center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_s^\mu `$ and the non-covariant external Møller center of energy.

### D Quadrupoles.

The quadrupoles correspond to $`n=2`$ §§§§§§$`t_T^{\mu _1\mu _2\mu \nu }=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))ϵ_{r_2}^{\mu _2}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_B^\nu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1r_2AB}`$, $`t_T^{\mu _1\mu _2\mu }{}_{\mu }{}^{}=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))ϵ_{r_2}^{\mu _2}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1r_2A}_A`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}_T^{\mu _1\mu _2}=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))ϵ_{r_2}^{\mu _2}(u(p_s))q_T^{r_1r_2\tau \tau }`$, $`p_T^{\mu _1\mu _2\mu }=ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))ϵ_{r_2}^{\mu _2}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{r_1r_2A\tau }`$.:

$`q_T^{r_1r_2AB}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _\tau ^A\delta _\tau ^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)][\eta _i^{r_2}(T_s)\eta ^{r_2}(T_s)]\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2(T_s)}+`$ (321)
$`+`$ $`\delta _u^A\delta _v^B{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)][\eta _i^{r_2}(T_s)\eta ^{r_2}(T_s)]{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}(T_s)+`$ (322)
$`+`$ $`(\delta _\tau ^A\delta _u^B+\delta _u^A\delta _\tau ^B){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\eta _i^{r_1}(T_s)\eta ^{r_1}(T_s)][\eta _i^{r_2}(T_s)\eta ^{r_2}(T_s)]\kappa _i^u(T_s),`$ (323)
$`q_T^{r_1r_2\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^{r_1}R_+^{r_1})(\eta _i^{r_2}R_+^{r_2})H_i=`$ (325)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})\rho _a^{r_1}\rho _b^{r_2}{\displaystyle \frac{H_iH_jH_k}{H_M^2}},`$ (326)
$`q_T^{r_1r_2u\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^{r_1}R_+^{r_1})(\eta _i^{r_2}R_+^{r_2})\kappa _i^u=`$ (327)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})\rho _a^{r_1}\rho _b^{r_2}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^uH_jH_k}{H_M^2}},`$ (328)
$`q_T^{r_1r_2uv}(T_s,\stackrel{}{R}_+)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\eta _i^{r_1}R_+^{r_1})(\eta _i^{r_2}R_+^{r_2}){\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{H_i}}=`$ (329)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})\rho _a^{r_1}\rho _b^{r_2}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^vH_jH_k}{H_iH_M^2}}.`$ (330)
Dixon’s definition of barycentric tensor of inertia follows the non-relativistic pattern starting from the mass quadrupole

$$q_T^{r_1r_2\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}[\eta _i^{r_1}\eta _i^{r_2}\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}](T_s)+M[\eta ^{r_1}\eta ^{r_2}\eta ^{r_1}R_+^{r_2}\eta ^{r_2}R_+^{r_1}](T_s),$$
(331)
$`I_{dixon}^{r_1r_2}(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}q_T^{uu\tau \tau }(T_s,0)q_T^{r_1r_2\tau \tau }(T_s,0)=`$ (332)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[(\delta ^{r_1r_2}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i^2\eta _i^{r_1}\eta _i^{r_2})\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}](T_s)`$ (333)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})`$ (335)
$`[\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]{\displaystyle \frac{H_i(\mathrm{})H_j(\mathrm{})H_k(\mathrm{})}{\mathrm{\Pi }}}=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})`$ (339)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m_i^2+N\underset{de}{}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}{(_{h=1}^N\sqrt{m_h^2+N_{de}\gamma _{dh}\gamma _{eh}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}})^2}}`$
$`\sqrt{m_j^2+N{\displaystyle \underset{de}{}}\gamma _{dj}\gamma _{ej}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}\sqrt{m_k^2+N{\displaystyle \underset{de}{}}\gamma _{dk}\gamma _{ek}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}})`$
$`[\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]`$
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_im_jm_k}{Nm^2}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]\times `$ (341)
$`\times [1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}({\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ci}\gamma _{di}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_i^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{cj}\gamma _{dj}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_j^2}}+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ck}\gamma _{dk}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_k^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ch}\gamma _{dh}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{m_h}})+O(1/c^2)]=`$ (342)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}k_{ab}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]+O(1/c)=`$ (343)
$`=`$ $`I^{r_1r_2}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]+O(1/c).`$ (344)
In the non-relativistic limit we recover the tensor of inertia of Eqs.(A22).

On the other hand, Thorne’s definition of barycentric tensor of inertia is

$`I_{thorne}^{r_1r_2}(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{r_1r_2}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}q_T^{uuA}{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,0)q_T^{r_1r_2A}{}_{A}{}^{}(T_s,0)=`$ (345)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2(\delta ^{r_1r_2}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i^2\eta _i^{r_1}\eta _i^{r_2})}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}}(T_s)`$ (346)
$`_\alpha \mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})`$ (348)
$`[\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2H_j(\mathrm{})H_k(\mathrm{})}{H_i(\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Pi }}}=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{c}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})`$ (351)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m_i^2\sqrt{m_j^2+N\underset{de}{}\gamma _{dj}\gamma _{ej}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}\sqrt{m_k^2+N\underset{de}{}\gamma _{dk}\gamma _{ek}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}}{\sqrt{m_i^2+N_{de}\gamma _{di}\gamma _{ei}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}}(_{h=1}^N\sqrt{m_h^2+N_{de}\gamma _{dh}\gamma _{eh}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qe}})^2}})`$
$`[\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]`$
$`_c\mathrm{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_im_jm_k}{Nm^2}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]\times `$ (353)
$`\times [1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}({\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ci}\gamma _{di}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_i^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{cj}\gamma _{dj}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_j^2}}+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ck}\gamma _{dk}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{2m_k^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ch}\gamma _{dh}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{m_h}})+O(1/c^2)]=`$ (354)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}k_{ab}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}]+O(1/c)=`$ (355)
$`=`$ $`I^{r_1r_2}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]+O(1/c).`$ (356)
In this case too we recover the tensor of inertia of Eq.(A22). The Dixon and Thorne barycentric tensors of inertia differ at the post-Newtonian level:

$`I_{dixon}^{r_1r_2}(T_s)I_{thorne}^{r_1r_2}(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{\overset{1..N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{ijk}{\overset{1..N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_jm_k}{Nm^2}}(\gamma _{ai}\gamma _{aj})(\gamma _{bi}\gamma _{bk})`$
$`\left[\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qa}\stackrel{}{\rho }_{qb}\delta ^{r_1r_2}\rho _{qa}^{r_1}\rho _{qb}^{r_2}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{N\underset{cd}{\overset{1..N1}{}}\gamma _{ci}\gamma _{di}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qc}\stackrel{}{\pi }_{qd}}{m_i}}+O(1/c^2).`$
### E The Multipolar Expansion.

In the next Section further types of Dixon’s multipoles are analyzed. It turns out that the multipolar expansion (268) can be rearranged with the help of the fact that Hamilton equations imply $`_\mu T^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$, so that from Eqs.(424) we get the multipolar expansion

$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\beta }(T_s)+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^r]=T^{\mu \nu }[w^\beta (T_s)+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))(\sigma ^r\eta ^r(T_s))]=`$ (357)
$`=`$ $`u^{(\mu }(p_s)ϵ_A^{\nu )}(u(p_s))[\delta _\tau ^AM+\delta _u^A\kappa _+^u]\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s))+`$ (359)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}S_T^{\rho (\mu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]u^{\nu )}(p_s)ϵ_\rho ^r(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s))+`$ (360)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^n}{n!}}I_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))..ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}..\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s)),`$ (361)
where for $`n2`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=0`$ $`I_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)=\frac{4(n1)}{n+1}J_T^{(\mu _1..\mu _{n1}|\mu |\mu _n)\nu }(T_s)`$, with $`J_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }(T_s)`$ being the Dixon $`2^{2+n}`$-pole inertial moment tensors given in Eqs.(LABEL:V10).

The equations $`_\mu T^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ imply the Papapetrou-Dixon-Souriau equations of motion  for the total momentum $`P_T^\mu (T_s)=ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{A\tau }(T_s)p_s^\mu `$ and the spin tensor $`S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }=0]`$ restricted to positive energy particles \[see Eqs.(376) and (422)\]

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dP_T^\mu (T_s)}{dT_s}}`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`0,`$ (362)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dS_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }=0]}{dT_s}}`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`2P_T^{[\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu ]}(p_s)=2\kappa _+^uϵ_u^{[\mu }(u(p_s))u^{\nu ]}(p_s)0.`$ (363)
## V More on Dixon’s Multipoles.

In this Section we shall consider multipoles with respect to the origin, i.e. with $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=0`$ \[we use the notation $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s,0)=t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$\]

As shown in Ref., if a field has a compact support W on the Wigner hyperplanes $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{W\tau }`$ and if $`f(x)`$ is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ complex-valued scalar function on Minkowski spacetime with compact support §¶§¶§¶So that its Fourier transform $`\stackrel{~}{f}(k)=d^4xf(x)e^{ikx}`$ is a slowly increasing entire analytic function on Minkowski spacetime ($`|(x^o+iy^o)^{q_o}\mathrm{}(x^3+iy^3)^{q_3}f(x^\mu +iy^\mu )|<C_{q_o\mathrm{}q_3}e^{a_o|y^o|+\mathrm{}+a_3|y^3|}`$, $`a_\mu >0`$, $`q_\mu `$ positive integers for every $`\mu `$ and $`C_{q_o\mathrm{}q_3}>0`$), whose inverse is $`f(x)=\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ikx}`$., we have

$`<T^{\mu \nu },f>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4xT^{\mu \nu }(x)f(x)}=`$ (364)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_sd^3\sigma f(x_s+\delta x_s)T^{\mu \nu }[x_s(T_s)+\delta x_s(\stackrel{}{\sigma })][\varphi ]}=`$ (365)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_sd^3\sigma \frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ik[x_s(T_s)+\delta x_s(\stackrel{}{\sigma })]}T^{\mu \nu }[x_s(T_s)+\delta x_s(\stackrel{}{\sigma })][\varphi ]}=`$ (366)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_s\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ikx_s(T_s)}d^3\sigma T^{\mu \nu }[x_s(T_s)+\delta x_s(\stackrel{}{\sigma })][\varphi ]}`$ (368)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(i)^n}{n!}}[k_\mu ϵ_u^\mu (u(p_s))\sigma ^u]^n=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle T_s\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ikx_s(T_s)}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(i)^n}{n!}k_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}k_{\mu _n}t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)},`$ (369)
and, but only for $`f(x)`$ analytic in W  §∥§∥§∥See this paper for related results of Mathisson and Tulczyjev., we get

$`<T^{\mu \nu },f>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_s\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n!}t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)\frac{^nf(x)}{x^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}x^{\mu _n}}}|_{x=x_s(T_s)},`$ (371)
$``$
$`T^{\mu \nu }(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^n}{n!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{x^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}x^{\mu _n}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑T_s\delta ^4(xx_s(T_s))t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)}.`$ (372)
For a N particle system this equation may be rewritten as Eq.(268).

For non-analytic functions $`f(x)`$ we have

$`<T^{\mu \nu },f>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_s\underset{n=0}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{n!}t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)\frac{^nf(x)}{x^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}x^{\mu _n}}}|_{x=x_s(T_s)}+`$ (373)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑T_s\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ikx_s(T_s)}\underset{n=N+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(i)^n}{n!}k_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}k_{\mu _n}t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)},`$ (374)
and, as shown in Ref., from the knowledge of the moments $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)`$ for all $`n>N`$ we can get $`T^{\mu \nu }(x)`$ and, therefore, all the moments with $`nN`$.

The Hamilton equations imply §\**§\**§\**In Ref. this is a consequence of $`_\mu T^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$. imply (we omit the dependence on $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=0`$ of the multipoles)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dp_T^\mu (T_s)}{dT_s}}`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`0,forn=0,`$ (375)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dp_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)}{dT_s}}`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`nu^{(\mu _1}(p_s)p_T^{\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n)\mu }(T_s)+nt_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)\mu }(T_s),n1.`$ (376)
If we define for $`n1`$ \[$`S_T^{\mu \nu }=2p_T^{[\mu \nu ]}=2c_T^{\mu \nu }`$\]

$`b_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`p_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )}(T_s)=`$ (377)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\mu )}(u(p_s))q_T^{r_1..r_nA\tau }(T_s),`$ (378)
$`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s))b_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}u^\mu (p_s)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s)+ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_nr)\tau }(T_s),`$ (380)
$`c_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`c_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)\mu }(T_s)=p_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)p_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )}(T_s)=`$ (382)
$`=`$ $`[ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^\mu (u(p_s))`$ (383)
$``$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\mu )}(u(p_s))]q_T^{r_1..r_nA\tau }(T_s),`$ (386)
$`c_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )}(T_s)=0,`$
$`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s))c_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n}{n+1}}u^\mu (p_s)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s)+`$ (387)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))[q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }(T_s)q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_nr)\tau }(T_s)],`$ (388)
and then for $`n2`$

$`d_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`d_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)(\mu \nu )}(T_s)=t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ (389)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}[t_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )\nu }(T_s)+t_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\nu )\mu }(T_s)]+`$ (390)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n}}t_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu )}(T_s)=`$ (391)
$`=`$ $`[ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^\mu ϵ_B^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}(ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^{\mu )}ϵ_B^\nu +`$ (392)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_B^{\nu )}ϵ_A^\mu )+{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n}}ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}..ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^\mu ϵ_B^{\nu )}](u(p_s))`$ (396)
$`q_T^{r_1..r_nAB}(T_s),`$
$`d_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )\nu }(T_s)=0,`$
$`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s))d_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n+1}}u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s)+`$ (398)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}[u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]`$ (400)
$`[(n1)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }(T_s)+q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_nr)\tau }(T_s)]+`$
$`+`$ $`ϵ_{s_1}^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_{s_2}^\nu (u(p_s))[q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2}(T_s)`$ (401)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}(q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1)s_2}(T_s)+q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_2)s_1}(T_s))+`$ (402)
$`+`$ $`q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2)}(T_s)].`$ (403)
Eqs.(376) may be rewritten in the form

$`1)n=1`$ (404)
$`t_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`t_T^{(\mu \nu )}(T_s)\stackrel{}{=}p_T^\mu (T_s)u^\nu (p_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}(S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)+2b_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)),`$ (407)
$``$
$`t_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`p_T^{(\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu )}(p_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}b_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)=Mu^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)+`$ (408)
$`+`$ $`\kappa _+^r[u^{(\mu }(p_s)ϵ_r^{\nu )}(u(p_s))+ϵ_r^{(\mu }(u(p_s))u^{\nu )}(p_s)]+`$ (410)
$`ϵ_r^{(\mu }(u(p_s))ϵ_s^{\nu )}(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _i^u\kappa _i^v}{\sqrt{m_i^2+\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i^2}}},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}S_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`2p_T^{[\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu ]}(p_s)=2\kappa _+^rϵ_r^{[\mu }(u(p_s))u^{\nu ]}(p_s)0,`$ (413)
$`2)n=2[identityt_T^{\rho \mu \nu }=t_T^{(\rho \mu )\nu }+t_T^{(\rho \nu )\mu }+t_T^{(\mu \nu )\rho }]`$
$`2t_T^{(\rho \mu )\nu }(T_s)`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`2u^{(\rho }(p_s)b_T^{\mu )\nu }(T_s)+u^{(\rho }(p_s)S_T^{\mu )\nu }(T_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}(b_T^{\rho \mu \nu }(T_s)+c_T^{\rho \mu \nu }(T_s)),`$ (416)
$``$
$`t_T^{\rho \mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`u^\rho (p_s)b_T^{\mu \nu }(T_s)+S_T^{\rho (\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu )}(p_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}b_T^{\rho \mu \nu }(T_s)c_T^{\rho \mu \nu }(T_s)),`$ (419)
$`3)n3`$
$`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`d_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)+u^{(\mu _1}(p_s)b_T^{\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n)\mu \nu }(T_s)+2u^{(\mu _1}(p_s)c_T^{\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n)(\mu \nu )}(T_s)+`$ (421)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n}}c_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n(\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu )}(p_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dT_s}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}b_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n}}c_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n(\mu \nu )}(T_s)],`$ (422)
This allows to rewrite $`<T^{\mu \nu },f>`$ in the following form

$`<T^{\mu \nu },f>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }dT_s{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)e^{ikx_s(T_s)}[u^{(\mu }(p_s)p_T^{\nu )}(T_s)ik_\rho S_T^{\rho (\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu )}(p_s)+`$ (423)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(i)^n}{n!}}k_{\rho _1}\mathrm{}k_{\rho _n}I_T^{\rho _1\mathrm{}\rho _n\mu \nu }(T_s)],`$ (424)
with

$`I_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`I_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)(\mu \nu )}(T_s)=d_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ (425)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n1}}u^{(\mu _1}(p_s)c_T^{\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n)(\mu \nu )}(T_s)+`$ (426)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n}}c_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n(\mu }(T_s)u^{\nu )}(p_s)=`$ (427)
$`=`$ $`[ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^\mu ϵ_B^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}(ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^{\mu )}ϵ_B^\nu +`$ (428)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_B^{\nu )}ϵ_A^\mu )+{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n}}ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^\mu ϵ_B^{\nu )}](u(p_s))`$ (430)
$`q_T^{r_1..r_nAB}(T_s)`$
$``$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n1}}u^{(\mu _1}(p_s)(ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _2}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_{n1}}^{\mu _n)}ϵ_{r_n}^{(\mu }ϵ_A^{\nu )}ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _2}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_{n1}}^{\mu _n)}ϵ_{r_n}^{(\mu }ϵ_A^{\nu ))})`$ (431)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n}}(ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^{(\mu }ϵ_{r_1}^{(\mu _1}\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_A^{(\mu )}u^{\nu )}(p_s)](u(p_s))`$ (435)
$`q_T^{r_1..r_nA\tau }(T_s),`$
$`I_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu )\nu }(T_s)=0,`$
$`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s))I_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+3}{n+1}}u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s)+`$ (437)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}[u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }(T_s)+`$ (438)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_{s_1}^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_{s_2}^\nu (u(p_s))[q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2}(T_s)`$ (439)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}(q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1)s_2}(T_s)+q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_2)s_1}(T_s))+`$ (440)
$`+`$ $`q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2)}(T_s)].`$ (441)
For a N particle system Eq.(424) implies Eq.(361).

Finally, a set of multipoles equivalent to the $`I_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu }`$ is §††§††§††$`A^{[\mu [\rho \nu ]\sigma ]}\stackrel{def}{=}\frac{1}{4}(A^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }A^{\nu \rho \mu \sigma }A^{\mu \sigma \nu \rho }+A^{\nu \sigma \mu \rho })`$.

$`forn0`$ (442)
$`J_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`J_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n)[\mu \nu ][\rho \sigma ]}(T_s)=I_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n[\mu [\rho \nu ]\sigma ]}(T_s)=`$ (444)
$`=`$ $`t_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n[\mu [\rho \nu ]\sigma ]}(T_s)`$ (445)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}[u^{[\mu }(p_s)p_T^{\nu ]\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n[\rho \sigma ]}(T_s)+`$ (446)
$`+`$ $`u^{[\rho }(p_s)p_T^{\sigma ]\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n[\mu \nu ]}(T_s)]=`$ (447)
$`=`$ $`[ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}..ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}ϵ_r^{[\mu }ϵ_s^{[\rho }ϵ_A^{\nu ]}ϵ_B^{\sigma ]}](u(p_s))q_T^{r_1..r_nAB}(T_s)`$ (448)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}[u^{[\mu }(p_s)ϵ_r^{\nu ]}(u(p_s))ϵ_s^{[\rho }(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\sigma ]}(u(p_s))+`$ (449)
$`+`$ $`u^{[\rho }(p_s)ϵ_r^{\sigma ]}(u(p_s))ϵ_s^{[\mu }(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\nu ]}(u(p_s))]`$ (451)
$`ϵ_{r_1}^{\mu _1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}ϵ_{r_n}^{\mu _n}(u(p_s))q_T^{rr_1..r_nsA\tau }(T_s),`$
$`(n+4)(3n+5)`$ $`linearlyindependentcomponents,`$ (453)
$`u_{\mu _1}(p_s)J_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`J_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}(\mu _n\mu \nu )\rho \sigma }(T_s)=0,forn1,`$ (455)
$`I_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(n1)}{n+1}}J_T^{(\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}|\mu |\mu _n)\nu }(T_s),forn2,`$ (457)
$`ϵ_{\mu _1}^{r_1}(u(p_s))\mathrm{}.ϵ_{\mu _n}^{r_n}(u(p_s))J_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }(T_s)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[ϵ_r^{[\mu }ϵ_s^{[\rho }ϵ_A^{\nu ]}ϵ_B^{\sigma ]}\right](u(p_s))q_T^{r_1..r_nAB}(T_s)`$ (459)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}[u^{[\mu }(p_s)ϵ_r^{\nu ]}(u(p_s))ϵ_s^{[\rho }(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\sigma ]}(u(p_s))+`$ (460)
$`+`$ $`u^{[\rho }(p_s)ϵ_r^{\sigma ]}(u(p_s))ϵ_s^{[\mu }(u(p_s))ϵ_A^{\nu ]}(u(p_s))]q_T^{rr_1..r_nsA\tau }(T_s).`$ (461)
The $`J_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }`$ are the Dixon $`2^{n+2}`$-pole inertial moment tensors of the extended system: they (or equivalently the $`I_T^{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n\mu \nu }`$’s) determine its energy-momentum tensor together with the monopole $`P_T^\mu `$ and the spin dipole $`S_T^{\mu \nu }`$. The equations $`_\mu T^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ are satisfied due to the equations of motion (422) for $`P_T^\mu `$ and $`S_T^{\mu \nu }`$ §‡‡§‡‡§‡‡The so called Papapetrou-Dixon-Souriau equations given in Eq.(363). without any need of the equations of motion for the $`J_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }`$. When all the multipoles $`J_T^{\mu _1..\mu _n\mu \nu \rho \sigma }`$ are zero (or negligible) one speaks of a pole-dipole system.

On the Wigner hyperplane the content of these $`2^{n+2}`$-pole inertial moment tensors is replaced by the Euclidean Cartesian tensors $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }`$, $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }`$, $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nrs}`$. As shown in Appendix B we can decompose these Cartesian tensors in their irreducible STF (symmetric trace-free) parts (the STF tensors).

The multipolar expansion (361) may be rewritten as

$`T^{\mu \nu }[x_s^{(\stackrel{}{q}_+)\beta }(T_s)+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))\sigma ^r]=T^{\mu \nu }[w^\beta (T_s)+ϵ_r^\beta (u(p_s))(\sigma ^r\eta ^r(T_s))]=`$ (463)
$`=`$ $`u^{(\mu }(p_s)ϵ_A^{\nu )}(u(p_s))[\delta _\tau ^AM+\delta _u^A\kappa _+^u]\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s))+`$ (465)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}S_T^{\rho (\mu }(T_s)[\stackrel{}{\eta }]u^{\nu )}(p_s)ϵ_\rho ^r(u(p_s)){\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s))+`$ (466)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^n}{n!}}[{\displaystyle \frac{n+3}{n+1}}u^\mu (p_s)u^\nu (p_s)q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n\tau \tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })+`$ (467)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}[u^\mu (p_s)ϵ_r^\nu (u(p_s))+u^\nu (p_s)ϵ_r^\mu (u(p_s))]q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr\tau }(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })+`$ (468)
$`+`$ $`ϵ_{s_1}^\mu (u(p_s))ϵ_{s_2}^\nu (u(p_s))[q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })`$ (469)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n}}(q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1)s_2}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })+q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_2)s_1}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta }))+q_T^{(r_1\mathrm{}r_ns_1s_2)}(T_s,\stackrel{}{\eta })]]`$ (471)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}..\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(T_s)).`$
## VI Conclusions.

In this paper we have completed our study of the relativistic kinematics of the system of N scalar positive-energy particles in the rest-frame instant form of dynamics on Wigner hyperplanes orthogonal to the system total 4-momentum initiated in Ref..

We have evaluated the energy momentum tensor of the system on the Wigner hyperplane and then determined Dixon’s multipoles for the N-body problem with respect to the internal 3-center of mass located at the origin of the Wigner hyperplane ¶\*¶\*¶\*So that the origin is also the Fokker-Pryce center of inertia and Pirani and Tulczyjew centroids of the system.. In the rest-frame instant form of dynamics these multipoles are Cartesian (Wigner-covariant) Euclidean tensors. While the study of the monopole and dipole moments in the rest frame gives informations on the mass, the spin and the internal 3-center of mass, the quadrupole moment give the only (even if not unique) way to introduce the concept of barycentric tensor of inertia for extended systems in special relativity.

Finally, let us observe that, by exploiting the canonical spin bases of Refs., after the elimination of the internal 3-center of mass ($`\stackrel{}{q}_+=\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+=0`$) the Cartesian multipoles $`q_T^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nAB}`$ can be expressed in terms of 6 orientational variables (the spin vector and the three Euler angles identifying the dynamical body frame) and of $`6N6`$ (rotational scalar) shape variables.

## A Non-Relativistic Multipolar Expansions for N Free Particles.

In the review paper in Ref. there is a study of the Newtonian multipolar expansions for a continuum isentropic distribution of matter characterized by a mass density $`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, a velocity field $`U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ ¶†¶†¶†$`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{U}(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ is the momentum density. and a stress tensor $`\sigma ^{rs}(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$. If the system is isolated, the only dynanical equations are the mass conservation and the continuum equations of motion respectively

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^r}}=0,`$ (A1)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{[\rho U^rU^s\sigma ^{rs}](t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^s}}\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.`$ (A2)
We can adapt this description to an isolated system of N particles in the following way. The mass density

$$\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_i\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(t)),$$
(A3)
satisfies

$$\frac{\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{t}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_i\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(t)\stackrel{}{}_{\stackrel{}{\eta }_i}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(t))\stackrel{def}{=}\frac{}{\sigma ^r}[\rho U^r](t,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),$$
(A4)
while the momentum density ¶‡¶‡¶‡This can be taken as the definitory equation for the velocity field, even if strictly speaking we do not need it in what follows.

$$\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_i\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(t)\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(t)),$$
(A5)
The associated constant of motion is the total mass $`m=_{i=1}^N`$.

If we define a function $`\zeta (\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\eta }_i)`$ concentrated in the N points $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$, i=1,..,N, such that $`\zeta (\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\eta }_i)=0`$ for $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$ and $`\zeta (\stackrel{}{\eta }_i,\stackrel{}{\eta }_j)=\delta _{ij}`$ ¶§¶§¶§It is a limiting concept deriving from the characteristic function of a manifold., then the velocity field associated to N particles becomes

$$\stackrel{}{U}(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\dot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(t)\zeta (\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(t)).$$
(A6)
The continuum equations of motion are replaced by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}[\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]\stackrel{}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\dot{\eta }_i^r(t)\dot{\eta }_i^s(t)\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(t))+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\ddot{\eta }_i^r(t)=`$ (A7)
$`\stackrel{def}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{[\rho U^rU^s\sigma ^{rs}](t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^s}}.`$ (A8)
For a system of free particles we have $`\ddot{\stackrel{}{\eta }}_i(t)\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ so that $`\sigma ^{rs}(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$. If there are interparticle interactions, they will determine the effective stress tensor.

Let us consider an arbitrary point $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)`$. The multipole moments of the mass density $`\rho `$ and momentum density $`\rho \stackrel{}{U}`$ and of the stress-like density $`\rho U^rU^s`$ with respect to the point $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)`$ are defined by setting ($`N0`$)

$`m^{r_1\mathrm{}r_n}[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma [\sigma ^{r_1}\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\sigma ^{r_n}\eta ^{r_n}(t)]\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (A9)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i[\eta _i^{r_1}(\tau )\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(t)\eta ^{r_n}(t)],`$ (A11)
$`n=0m[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]=m={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i,`$
$`p^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nr}[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma [\sigma ^{r_1}\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\sigma ^{r_n}\eta ^{r_n}(t)]\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (A13)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\dot{\eta }_i^r(t)[\eta _i^{r_1}(t)\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(t)\eta ^{r_n}(t)],`$ (A15)
$`n=0p^r[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\dot{\eta }_i(t)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\kappa _i^r=\kappa _+^r0,`$
$`p^{r_1\mathrm{}r_nrs}[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma [\sigma ^{r_1}\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\sigma ^{r_n}\eta ^{r_n}(t)]\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^s(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (A17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\dot{\eta }_i^r(t)\dot{\eta }_i^s(t)[\eta _i^{r_1}(t)\eta ^{r_1}(t)]\mathrm{}[\eta _i^{r_n}(t)\eta ^{r_n}(t)].`$ (A18)
The mass monopole is the conserved mass, while the momentum monopole is the total 3-momentum, which vanishes in the rest frame.

The point $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)`$ is the center of mass if the mass dipole vanishes

$$m^r[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_i[\eta _i^r(t)\eta ^r(t)]=0\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)=\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}.$$
(A19)
The time derivative of the mass dipole is

$$\frac{dm^r[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]}{dt}=p^r[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]m\dot{\eta }^r(t)=\kappa _+^rm\dot{\eta }^r(t).$$
(A20)
When $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)=\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}`$, from the vanishing of this time derivative we get the momentum-velocity relation for the center of mass

$$p^r[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]=\kappa _+^r=m\dot{q}_+^r[0intherestframe].$$
(A21)
The mass quadrupole is

$$m^{rs}[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}m_i\eta _i^r(t)\eta _i^s(t)m\eta ^r(t)\eta ^s(t)\left(\eta ^r(t)m^s[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]+\eta ^s(t)m^r[\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)]\right),$$
(A22)
so that the barycentric mass quadrupole and tensor of inertia are respectively

$`m^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\eta _i^r(t)\eta _i^s(t)mq_{nr}^rq_{nr}^s,`$ (A23)
$`I^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}m^{uu}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]m^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]=`$ (A25)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{}}m_i[\delta ^{rs}\stackrel{}{\eta }_i^2(t)\eta _i^r(t)\eta _i^s(t)]m[\delta ^{rs}\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}^2q_{nr}^rq_{nr}^s]=`$ (A26)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a,b}{\overset{1\mathrm{}N1}{}}}k_{ab}(\stackrel{}{\rho }_a\stackrel{}{\rho }_b\delta ^{rs}\rho _a^r\rho _b^s),`$ (A27)
$``$ $`m^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]=\delta ^{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{a,b=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}k_{ab}\stackrel{}{\rho }_a\stackrel{}{\rho }_bI^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}].`$ (A28)
The antisymmetric part of the barycentric momentum dipole gives rise to the spin vector in the following way

$`p^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}m_i\eta _i^r(t)\dot{\eta }_i^s(t)q_{nr}^rp^s[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _i^r(t)\kappa _i^s(t)q_+^r\kappa _+^s,`$ (A29)
$`S^u`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{urs}p^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}(\stackrel{}{\rho }_a\times \stackrel{}{\pi }_{qa})^u.`$ (A31)
The multipolar expansions of the mass and momentum densities around the point $`\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)`$ are

$`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^{r_1\mathrm{}.r_n}[\stackrel{}{\eta }]}{n!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)),`$ (A32)
$`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{p^{r_1\mathrm{}.r_nr}[\stackrel{}{\eta }]}{n!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\eta }(t)).`$ (A34)
For the barycentric multipolar expansions we get

$`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`m\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(I^{rs}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta ^{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}I^{uu}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]){\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^r\sigma ^s}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr})+`$ (A35)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=3}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^{r_1\mathrm{}.r_n}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]}{n!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}),`$ (A36)
$`\rho (t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })U^r(t,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _+^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr})+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{rsu}S^u+p^{(sr)}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]\right]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^s}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr})+`$ (A38)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{p^{r_1\mathrm{}.r_nr}[\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}]}{n!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^n}{\sigma ^{r_1}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{r_n}}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{q}_{nr}).`$ (A39)
## B Symmetric Trace-Free Tensors.

In the applications to gravitational radiation  one does not use Cartesian tensors but irreducible symmetric trace-free Cartesian tensors (STF tensors). While a Cartesian multipole tensor of rank $`l`$ (like the rest-frame Dixon multipoles) on $`R^3`$ has $`3^l`$ components, of which in general $`\frac{1}{2}(l+1)(l+2)`$ are independent, a spherical multipole moment of order $`l`$ has only $`2l+1`$ independent components. Even if spherical multipole moments are preferred in calculations of molecular interactions, spherical harmonics have various disadvantages in numerical calculations: for analytical and numerical calculations the Cartesian moments are often more convenient (see for instance Ref. for the case of the electrostatic potential). Therefore one prefers to use the irreducible Cartesian STF tensors (with $`2l+1`$ independent components if of rank $`l`$), which are obtained by using Cartesian spherical (or solid) harmonic tensors in place of spherical harmonics.

Given an Euclidean tensor $`A_{k_1\mathrm{}k_I}`$ on $`R^3`$, one defines the completely symmetrized tensor $`S_{k_1..k_I}A_{(k_1..k_I)}=\frac{1}{I!}_\pi A_{k_{\pi (1)}\mathrm{}k_{\pi (I)}}`$. Then, the associated STF tensor is obtained by removing all traces ($`[I/2]=`$ largest integer $`I/2`$):

$`A_{k_1\mathrm{}k_I}^{(STF)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{[I/2]}{}}}a_n\delta _{(k_1k_2}\mathrm{}\delta _{k_{2n1}k_{2n}}S_{k_{2n+1}\mathrm{}k_I)i_1i_1\mathrm{}j_nj_n},`$ (B1)
$`a_n`$ $``$ $`(1)^n{\displaystyle \frac{l!(2l2n1)!!}{(l2n)!(2l1)!!(2n)!!}}.`$ (B3)
For instance $`(T_{abc})^{STF}T_{(abc)}\frac{1}{5}\left[\delta _{ab}T_{(iic)}+\delta _{ac}T_{(ibi)}+\delta _{bc}T_{(aii)}\right]`$.