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# Untitled Document

##

global-def The global deformation functor. We will start by recalling the definition of equivariant deformation of a curve with a given group of automorphisms (cf.  for an excellent survey).

Let $`k`$ be a field, and $`X`$ a smooth projective curve over $`k`$. We fix a finite subgroup $`G`$ in the automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}_k(X)`$ of $`X`$, and denote by $`\rho `$ the inclusion

$$\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}_k(X):\sigma \rho _\sigma .$$

Let $`Y=G\backslash X`$ be the quotient curve, and denote by $`\pi `$ the quotient map $`XY`$.

Let $`𝒞_k`$ be the category of Artinian local $`k`$-algebras with the residue field $`k`$. A lifting of $`(X,\rho )`$ to $`A`$ is a triple $`(X^{},\rho ^{},\varphi ^{})`$ consisting of a scheme $`X^{}`$ which is smooth of finite type over $`A`$, an injective group homomorphism

$$\rho ^{}:G\mathrm{Aut}_A(X^{}):\sigma \rho _\sigma ^{},$$

and an isomorphism

$$\varphi ^{}:X^{}_{\mathrm{Spec}A}\mathrm{Spec}kX$$

of schemes over $`k`$ such that $`\overline{\rho ^{}}=\rho .`$ Here, $`\overline{\rho ^{}}`$ denotes the composite of $`\rho ^{}`$ and restriction onto the central fiber, identified with $`X`$ by $`\varphi ^{}`$.

Two liftings $`(X^{},\rho ^{},\varphi ^{})`$ and $`(X^{},\rho ^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are said to be isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism $`\psi :X^{}X^{}`$ of schemes over $`A`$ such that $`\varphi ^{}(\psi _Ak)=\varphi ^{}`$ and, for any $`\sigma G`$, $`\psi \rho _\sigma ^{}=\rho _\sigma ^{}\psi `$.

We arrive at the deformation functor

$$D_{X,\rho }:𝒞_k\mathrm{𝚂𝚎𝚝}$$

that assigns to any $`A𝒞_k`$ the set of isomorphism classes of liftings of $`(X,\rho )`$.

##

para-tangentmap The functor $`\pi _{}^G`$ on tangents. In order to compute the tangent space to this deformation functor, we need to recall the equivariant cohomology theory of Grothendieck.

The morphism $`\pi `$ induces a tangent map $`\text{T}_X\pi ^{}\text{T}_Y`$, which is a monomorphism since $`\pi `$ is generically étale (dually, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/Y}`$ is a torsion sheaf). Note that both $`\text{T}_X`$ and $`\pi ^{}\text{T}_Y`$ are $`G`$-$`𝒪_X`$-modules (cf. \[10, 5.1\]), and the tangent map $`\text{T}_X\pi ^{}\text{T}_Y`$ is a morphism of $`G`$-$`𝒪_X`$-modules; the $`G`$-structure of $`\pi ^{}\text{T}_Y=𝒪_X_{𝒪_Y}\pi ^1\text{T}_Y`$ is the tensor product of the usual $`G`$-structure on $`𝒪_X`$ and the trivial $`G`$-structure on $`\pi ^1\text{T}_Y`$ (cf. \[loc. cit.\]). We apply the functor $`\pi _{}^G`$ to the tangent map; recall that by definition, for a $`G`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ and an open $`U`$ of $`Y`$, $`\pi _{}^G()(U)`$ is the set of sections of $``$ on $`\pi ^1(U)`$ invariant under $`G`$. Since $`\pi _{}^G\pi ^{}\text{T}_Y\text{T}_Y`$ (cf. \[10, (5.1.1)\]), we get

(LABEL:para-tangentmap.1)
$$0\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X\text{T}_Y,$$

The fact that this map is a monomorphism is due to the left exactness of $`\pi _{}^G`$. Note that $`\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X`$ is an invertible sheaf on $`Y`$: indeed, it can be described by formula (LABEL:pro-linebundle.1) below.

##

para-ordinary Ordinary curves. From now on, we will assume that the field $`k`$ is of characteristic $`p>0`$ and that the curve $`X`$ is ordinary. This means that

$$dim_{𝐅_p}\text{Jac}(X)[p]=g.$$

The property of being ordinary is open and dense on the moduli space of curves of genus $`g`$ (, §4, ), since it is essentially a maximal rank condition on the Hasse-Witt matrix of the curve (hence open), and ordinary curves exist for all $`g`$.

##

para-ordinary-ramification Proposition. Let $`X`$ be an ordinary curve and $`G`$ a finite group of automorphisms of $`X`$, $`\pi :XG\backslash X`$ and $`PY`$ a branch point of $`\pi `$. Then the ramification filtration for $`P`$ stops at $`G_2=\{1\}`$. The ramification group at $`P`$ is of the form $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/n𝐙`$ for $`n|p^t1`$. Actually, letting $`s:=[𝐅_p(\zeta ):𝐅_p]`$ where $`\zeta `$ is a primitive $`n`$-th root of unity, one can consider $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$ as a vector space of dimension $`\frac{t}{s}`$ over $`𝐅_q`$ where $`q=p^s`$, and the action of $`𝐙/n𝐙`$ is exactly by multiplication with $`\zeta `$. Locally at $`P`$, the cover can be decomposed as a tower

$$k((x_{\frac{t}{s}}))\mathrm{}k((x_2))k((x_1))k((x_0))$$

where the first step is a Kummer extension of degree $`n`$ ($`x_0=x_1^n`$) and all others are Artin-Schreier extensions of degree $`q`$ ($`x_i^qx_i^1=x_{i1}^1`$).

Proof. Let $`P`$ be a ramified point in that cover and let $`G_0G_1G_2\mathrm{}`$ be the standard filtration on the ramification group $`G_0`$ at $`P`$. In  (Theorem 2(i)), S. Nakajima has shown that for an ordinary curve, $`G_2=\{1\}`$. It is also known that $`G_i/G_{i+1}`$ for $`i1`$ are elementary abelian $`p`$-groups and that $`G_0`$ is the semi-direct product of a group of order prime to $`p`$ and $`G_1`$ with the action given above (, IV.2 cor. 1-4). The results follows from this and standard field theory. $`\mathrm{}`$

LABEL:para-ordinary-ramification.1 Remark. The following formula for $`s`$ holds ((, 2.47(ii)):

$$s=\mathrm{min}\{s^{}𝐙_{>0}:n|p^s^{}1\}.$$

LABEL:para-ordinary-ramification.2 Remark. The calculations that follow actually only depend upon the special form of the ramification filtration given in LABEL:para-ordinary-ramification, so they also apply to (not necessarily ordinary) curves for which the action of $`G`$ is as described here.

##

para-branchpoints Notations. We break up the branch points $`P`$ of $`\pi `$, which we enumerate as $`\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_n\}`$ into two sets $`T`$ and $`W`$; let $`𝐙_p^t𝐙_n`$ be the ramification group at $`P`$. Then

$$PTt=0\text{ or }(p=2\text{ and }t=1),$$

and $`PW`$ otherwise. Note that for $`p2`$, points in $`T`$ are called tame and points in $`W`$ are called wild, but for $`p=2`$ the distinction is more subtle. Observe that $`p=2`$ and $`t=1`$ implies $`n=1`$. We define the divisor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ on $`Y`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\underset{PT}{}P+2\underset{QW}{}Q\text{ of degree }\delta :=\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{\Delta })=|T|+2|W|.$$

##

pro-linebundle Proposition. $`\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X\text{T}_Y(\mathrm{\Delta })`$.

Proof. Like in  (proof of 5.3.2), we have that

(LABEL:pro-linebundle.1)
$$\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X\text{T}_Y[𝒪_Y\pi _{}(𝒪_X(𝔯))],$$

where $`𝔯`$ is the (global) different of $`k(X)/k(Y)`$. The divisor $`𝔯`$ is supported at branch points $`P`$. The exponent of the local different at $`P`$ is $`_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}(|G_i|1)`$ where $`G_i`$ are the higher ramification groups at $`P`$. Using LABEL:para-ordinary-ramification one gets that $`𝔯_P=(np^t1+p^t1)P`$. Hence upon intersecting with $`𝒪_Y`$ in (LABEL:pro-linebundle.1), we get that (recall that the cover is totally ramified)

$`[𝒪_Y\pi _{}(𝒪_X(𝔯))]_P`$ $`=`$ $`𝒪(1+{\displaystyle \frac{p^t2}{np^t}}P)`$
$`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}𝒪(P)\hfill & \text{if }t=0\text{ or }(p=2,t=1);\hfill \\ 𝒪(2P)\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}`$
where $`x=\mathrm{min}\{n𝐙_{>0}:nx\}`$. If we now collect the local terms, the result comes out. $`\mathrm{}`$

LABEL:pro-linebundle.2 Remark. On pages 235-236 of , $``$ and $``$ have to be interchanged everywhere.

##

para-spectral Cohomology of $`\pi _{}^G`$. We now recall the two spectral sequences from \[10, 5.2\]. Let $``$ be a coherent $`G`$-$`𝒪_X`$-module, and write

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{H}^i(X;G,)\hfill & =& \mathrm{R}^i\mathrm{\Gamma }_X^G,\hfill \\ ^i(G,)\hfill & =& \mathrm{R}^i\pi _{}^G,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_X^G=\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y\pi _{}^G`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_X^G=(\mathrm{\Gamma }_X)^G`$. There are two cohomological spectral sequences

$$\begin{array}{ccc}{}_{}{}^{I}E_{2}^{p,q}=\text{ }\mathrm{H}^p(Y,^q(G,))\hfill & & \mathrm{H}^{p+q}(X;G,),\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{II}E_{2}^{p,q}=\text{ }\mathrm{H}^p(G,\mathrm{H}^q(X,))\hfill & & \mathrm{H}^{p+q}(X;G,).\hfill \end{array}$$

The first one gives rise to the edge sequence

(LABEL:para-spectral.1)
$$0\mathrm{H}^1(Y,\pi _{}^G)\mathrm{H}^1(X;G,)\mathrm{H}^0(Y,^1(G,))0$$

as we are on a curve $`Y`$.

##

globaltangentintro Tangent space to the global deformation functor. We can use this equivariant cohomology to compute the tangent space to our deformation functor. Recall that the ring of dual numbers is defined as $`k[ϵ]=k[E]/(E^2)`$; clearly, it belongs to $`𝒞_k`$. The tangent space to the deformation functor $`D_{X,\rho }`$ is by definition its value on the ring of dual numbers with its natural $`k`$-linear structure (cf. ).

##

globaltangent Proposition (, (3.2.1), (3.3.1)) We have $`D_{X,\rho }(k[ϵ])\mathrm{H}^1(X;G,\text{T}_X)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

para-globallocal Localization. We will now describe localization for our deformation functor. Let $`Q_jX`$ be a point lying over $`P_j`$ for $`1jn`$, and $`G_j`$ the stabilizer of $`Q_j`$, which acts on the local ring $`𝒪_{X,Q_j}`$ by $`k`$-algebra automorphisms; we denote it by $`\rho _j:G_j\mathrm{Aut}_k(𝒪_{X,Q_j})`$. Changing the choice of $`Q_j`$ does not affect, up to a suitable equivalence, on the action $`\rho _j`$. Every lifting $`(X^{},\rho ^{},\varphi ^{})`$ induces a lifting of the local representation $`\rho _j`$ for any $`1jn`$ in the following sense:

##

para-globallocal2 The local deformation functor. Let $`R`$ be a $`k`$-algebra, and $`G`$ a group acting via $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}_k(R)`$ on $`R`$ by $`k`$-algebra automorphisms. Let $`A𝒞_k`$ and $`R_A=R_kA`$. Let $`\overline{}`$ denote the reduction map $`R_AR`$ modulo the maximal ideal $`m_A`$ of $`A`$.

We define a lifting of $`\rho `$ to $`A`$ as a group homomorphism $`\rho ^{}:G\mathrm{Aut}_A(R_A)`$ such that $`\overline{\rho ^{}}=\rho `$. Two liftings $`\rho ^{}`$ and $`\rho ^{}`$ are said to be isomorphic (over $`\rho `$) if there exists $`\psi \mathrm{Aut}_A(R_A)`$ with $`\overline{\psi }=\mathrm{Id}_R`$ such that, for any $`\sigma G`$, $`\psi \rho _\sigma ^{}=\rho _\sigma ^{}\psi `$. We arrive at a local deformation functor

$$D_\rho :𝒞_k\mathrm{𝚂𝚎𝚝}$$

such that $`D_\rho (A)`$ is the set of all isomorphism classes of liftings of $`\rho `$ to $`A`$. It is but a formal check using Schlessinger’s criterion to see that $`D_\rho `$ has a pro-representable hull (which we will denote by $`H_\rho `$) if $`G`$ is a finite group (compare , 2.2).

In our situation, we get a transformation of functors

(LABEL:para-globallocal.1)
$$D_{X,\rho }D_{\rho _1}\times \mathrm{}\times D_{\rho _n}$$

It turns out that this morphism is formally smooth (, 3.3.4). Hence we get the following localization result:

##

pro-globalhull Proposition (, 3.3.1, 3.3.5). The functor $`D_{X,\rho }`$ has a pro-representable hull $`H_{X,\rho }`$; in fact

$$H_{X,\rho }H_{\rho _1}\widehat{}\mathrm{}\widehat{}H_{\rho _n}[[u_1,\mathrm{},u_N]],$$

where $`N=dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(Y,\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

representability Remark. As soon as $`g2`$, the curve $`X`$ does not have infinitesimal automorphisms, so the functor $`D_{X,\rho }`$ is in fact pro-representable by $`H_{X,\rho }`$ (cf. , 2.1).

2. Lifting of group actions and group cohomology

The aim of the next three sections is to compute the tangent space and the pro-representable hull of the local deformation functors for the representations of the branch groups in quotients of ordinary curves as automorphisms of the local stalks of the tangent sheaf.

##

para-tangent Action on derivations. Let $`k`$ be a field and $`R`$ a $`k`$-algebra. We denote by $`\text{T}_R`$ the $`R`$-module of $`k`$-derivations, i.e., the set of all maps $`\delta :RR`$ such that $`\delta (xy)=\delta (x)y+x\delta (y)`$ for $`x,yR`$ and that $`\delta (a)=0`$ for $`ak`$. Let $`\phi \mathrm{Aut}_k(R)`$ be an automorphism of $`R`$ over $`k`$. Then it induces a $`k`$-module automorphism of $`\text{T}_R`$, denoted by $`\mathrm{Ad}_\phi `$, by

$$\mathrm{Ad}_\phi (\delta )=\phi \delta \phi ^1.$$

Note that $`\mathrm{Ad}_\phi `$ is not an $`R`$-module automorphism, but rather equivariant: for $`xR`$ and $`\delta \text{T}_R`$, we have $`\mathrm{Ad}_\phi (x\delta )=\phi (x)\mathrm{Ad}_\phi (\delta )`$. Let $`G`$ be a finite group and suppose it acts on $`R`$ by $`k`$-algebra automorphisms; i.e., suppose a group homomorphism

$$\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}_k(R):\sigma \rho _\sigma $$

is given. The induced action of $`G`$ on $`\text{T}_R`$ by $`k`$-module automorphisms is denoted by

$$\mathrm{Ad}_\rho :\sigma \mathrm{Ad}_{\rho ,\sigma }.$$

##

para-dualnumber Tangent space to the local deformation functor. Let $`k[ϵ]`$ be the ring of dual numbers. Then $`R[ϵ]=R_kk[ϵ]`$ is the $`k[ϵ]`$-algebra of elements $`x+y\epsilon `$ with $`x,yR`$. Let $`\overline{}:R[ϵ]R`$ denote the reduction map modulo-$`ϵ`$. In the following proposition, we make an explicit identification between the tangent space $`D_\rho (k[ϵ])`$ to the deformation functor $`D_\rho `$ and the first group cohomology with values in the derivations.

##

pro-lifting Proposition. There exists a bijection (depending on the deformation parameter $`ϵ`$) $`d:D_\rho (k[ϵ])\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_R)`$ described as follows: The $`1`$-cocycle $`d_\rho ^{}`$ associated to a lifting $`\rho ^{}`$ is given by the formula

$$d_\rho ^{}\sigma =\frac{\rho _\sigma ^{}\rho _\sigma ^1\mathrm{Id}}{ϵ}(=\frac{d}{dϵ}(\rho _\sigma ^{}\rho _\sigma ^1)|_{ϵ=0}),$$

for any $`\sigma G`$.

Proof. For $`\sigma G`$ we set $`\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)=\rho _\sigma (x)+\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)ϵ`$ ($`xR`$). Then for $`x+yϵR[ϵ]`$, we have

$$\rho _\sigma ^{}(x+yϵ)=\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)+\rho _\sigma ^{}(y)ϵ=\rho _\sigma (x)+[\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)+\rho _\sigma (y)]ϵ,$$

i.e., $`\rho _\sigma ^{}`$ determines the lifting $`\rho ^{}`$. The $`1`$-cocycle $`d_\rho ^{}`$ is given by $`d_\rho ^{}\sigma =\rho _\sigma ^{}\rho _\sigma ^1`$. The following two formulas are straightforward:

* $`\rho _\sigma ^{}(xy)=\rho _\sigma (x)\rho _\sigma ^{}(y)+\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)\rho _\sigma (y)`$ for $`x,yR`$.
* $`\rho _{\sigma \tau }^{}=\rho _\sigma ^{}\rho _\tau +\rho _\sigma \rho _\tau ^{}`$ for $`\sigma ,\tau G`$.

From (i) it follows that $`d_\rho ^{}\sigma \text{T}_R`$, and from (ii) that $`d_\rho ^{}`$ is a cocycle, i.e., $`d_\rho ^{}\sigma \tau =d_\rho ^{}\sigma +\mathrm{Ad}_{\rho ,\sigma }(d_\rho ^{}\tau )`$.

Suppose two liftings $`\rho ^{}`$ and $`\rho ^{}`$ are isomorphic by $`\psi \mathrm{Aut}_{k[ϵ]}(R[ϵ])`$. By the condition $`\overline{\psi }=\mathrm{Id}_R`$ we can write $`\psi (x)=x+\delta (x)ϵ`$ ($`xR`$), where $`\delta \text{T}_R`$. The equality $`\psi \rho _\sigma ^{}=\rho _\sigma ^{}\psi `$ implies that

(LABEL:pro-lifting.1)
$$\rho _\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\rho _\sigma ^{}=\rho _\sigma \delta \delta \rho _\sigma ,$$

where $`\rho _\sigma ^{\prime \prime }`$ is the $`ϵ`$-part in $`\rho ^{}`$ (as $`\rho _\sigma ^{}`$ was the $`ϵ`$-part of $`\rho ^{}`$). Hence

(LABEL:pro-lifting.2)
$$d_\rho ^{}\sigma d_\rho ^{}\sigma =\mathrm{Ad}_{\rho ,\sigma }(\delta )\delta ,$$

which implies that $`(d_\rho ^{})(d_\rho ^{})`$ is a coboundary. Conversely, if we have (LABEL:pro-lifting.2) for some $`\delta \text{T}_R`$, then one can define $`\psi \mathrm{Aut}_{k[ϵ]}(R[ϵ])`$ by the obvious formula $`\psi (x)=x+\delta (x)ϵ`$ (or, equivalently, $`\psi (x+yϵ)=x+[y+\delta (x)]ϵ`$), which gives an isomorphism between the liftings $`\rho ^{}`$ and $`\rho ^{}`$. Therefore, the map $`d`$ is well-defined, and is injective.

We now show surjectivity. A given cocycle $`d:G\text{T}_R`$ induces an automorphism $`\rho _\sigma ^{}`$ for any $`\sigma G`$ by the formula: $`\rho _\sigma ^{}(x)=\rho _\sigma (x)+(d\sigma )\rho _\sigma (x)ϵ`$ for $`xR`$. One can easily check that $`\sigma \rho _\sigma ^{}`$ gives a lifting of $`\rho `$ whose associated $`1`$-cocycle is exactly $`d`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

3. Computation of group cohomology

##

para-cases In this section, $`k`$ denotes a field of characteristic $`p>0`$, and $`𝒪`$ a discrete valuation ring over $`k`$ with the residue field $`k`$. We fix a regular parameter $`x`$ for $`𝒪`$. The $`𝒪`$-module $`\text{T}_𝒪`$ (defined in (LABEL:para-tangent)) is free of rank $`1`$ since every $`\delta \text{T}_𝒪`$ is determined by $`\delta (x)`$. Let $`\frac{d}{dx}`$ be the unique $`k`$-derivation such that $`\frac{d}{dx}(x)=1`$. Then $`\text{T}_𝒪=𝒪\frac{d}{dx}`$. Let a group $`G`$ act on $`𝒪`$ by $`k`$-algebra automorphisms. In this section we write the action of $`\rho `$ exponentially ($`ff^\sigma `$ for $`f𝒪`$ and $`\sigma G`$), omitting $`\rho `$ from the notation – we do the same for the induced action $`\mathrm{Ad}`$ on the tangent space $`\text{T}_𝒪`$. The $`G`$-equivariancy condition now becomes $`(f\delta )^\sigma =f^\sigma \delta ^\sigma `$ for $`f𝒪`$. In this section, we will compute the group cohomology $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$ in the following three situations, which are exactly the ones that arise for the local action of the ramification group of a branch point on an ordinary curve:

(LABEL:para-cases.1) $`G=\tau 𝐙/n𝐙`$ with $`(n,p)=1`$ acting on $`𝒪`$ by $`x^\tau =\zeta x`$, where $`\zeta `$ is a primitive $`n`$-th root of unity.

(LABEL:para-cases.2) $`G=_{i=1}^t\sigma _i(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$ acting on $`𝒪`$ by $`x^{\sigma _i}=x/(1u_ix)`$ where $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_tk`$ are linearly independent over $`𝐅_p`$. Let $`V`$ be the $`t`$-dimensional $`𝐅_p`$-vector subspace in $`k`$ spanned by $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_t`$. The group $`G`$ and its action are isomorphic to the vector group $`V`$, acting on $`𝒪`$ by $`x^u=x/(1ux)`$ for $`uV`$; by this, we can (and will) pretend that $`G=V`$.

(LABEL:para-cases.3) $`G=NH`$ where $`N=_{i=1}^t\sigma _i(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$ and $`H=\tau 𝐙/n𝐙`$ with $`n>1`$ and $`n|p^t1`$. Let $`\zeta `$ be a primitive $`n`$-th root of unity in $`k`$ and $`s=[𝐅_p(\zeta ):𝐅_p]`$ and $`q=p^s`$ as in LABEL:para-ordinary-ramification. Similarly to the previous case, we consider $`N`$ as as vector group $`V`$ of dimension $`t/s`$ over $`𝐅_q`$ acting on $`𝒪`$ by $`x^u=x/(1ux)`$ for $`uV`$, and the action of $`H`$ is scalar multiplication by $`\zeta 𝐅_q^{}`$ on $`x`$.

##

para-(..1) The case (LABEL:para-cases.1). Since the $`G`$-module $`\text{T}_𝒪`$ is killed by $`p`$, but $`p`$ is prime to the order of $`G`$, all higher group cohomology vanishes: $`\mathrm{H}^n(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=0`$ for $`n>0`$ (, III (10.2)).

##

para-(..2) The case (LABEL:para-cases.2). Since $`(\frac{d}{dx})^u=(1ux)^2\frac{d}{dx}`$, the $`G`$-module $`\text{T}_𝒪`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒪`$ with the $`G`$-action given by

(LABEL:para-(..2).1)
$$f^u(x)=f\left(\frac{x}{1ux}\right)(1ux)^2$$

for $`f𝒪,uV`$.

##

lem-decompose Lemma. The $`G`$-module $`𝒪`$ with $`G`$-action (LABEL:para-(..2).1) is isomorphic to $`Mx𝒪`$, where $`M=kkxkx^2`$ such that:

(1) The $`G`$-module structure of $`M`$ is given by

$$(a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2)^u=a_0+(a_12ua_0)x+(a_2ua_1+u^2a_0)x^2,$$

i.e., w.r.t the basis $`\{1,x,x^2\}`$,

$$u\mathrm{\Phi }(u)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 2u& 1& 0\\ u^2& u& 1\end{array}\right).$$

(2) The $`G`$-module structure on the second factor $`x𝒪`$ is the original $`G`$-action on $`𝒪`$, i.e., $`f^u(x)=f(\frac{x}{1ux})`$ for $`f(x)x𝒪`$.

Proof. Note that $`𝒪=Mx^3𝒪`$ is a $`G`$-stable direct decomposition. The action of $`G`$ on the first factor is as stated in (1). For $`x^2f(x)x^3𝒪`$ (i.e., $`f(x)x𝒪`$), the action (LABEL:para-(..2).1) gives $`(x^2f(x))^u=x^2f(x/(1ux))`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

para-(..2)-1 Let $`G`$ act on $`x𝒪`$ as in LABEL:lem-decompose (2), and let $`F=\text{Frac}(𝒪)`$ be the fraction field of $`𝒪`$. Since this action comes from that on $`𝒪`$ by ring automorphisms, it extends to $`F`$, respecting the decomposition $`F=x𝒪k[x^1]`$. We have

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,x𝒪)\mathrm{H}^1(G,k[x^1])=\mathrm{H}^1(G,F)=0$$

by standard facts (, X.1), and hence $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,x𝒪)=0`$. Thus $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)\mathrm{H}^1(G,M)`$.

We will now compute $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,M)`$. Since $`G`$ is a commutative $`p`$-group, the condition on a map $`d:VM`$ to be a cocycle ($`d(u+v)=du+(dv)^u`$) implies

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}d(pu)=0du+(du)^u+(du)^{2u}+\mathrm{}+(du)^{(p1)u}=0\hfill & \text{}& \text{(i)}\\ d(u+v)=d(v+u)du+dv^u=dv+du^v\hfill & \text{}& \text{(ii)}\end{array}$$

Let us write a cocycle $`d`$ as $`du=a_0(u)+a_1(u)x+a_2(u)x^2`$ for $`uV`$.

(LABEL:para-(..2)-1.1) Calculating the matrix $`1+\mathrm{\Phi }(u)+\mathrm{\Phi }(2u)+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Phi }((p1)u)`$, we deduce that condition (i) is

* empty unless $`p=2`$ or $`3`$,
* equivalent to $`a_0(u)=0`$ if $`p=3`$,
* equivalent to $`ua_0(u)+a_1(u)=0`$ if $`p=2`$.

(LABEL:para-(..2)-1.2) Condition (ii) is equivalent to $`2ua_0(u)=2va_0(v)`$ and $`u^2a_0(v)ua_1(v)=v^2a_0(u)va_1(u)`$. Hence

* if $`p2`$, (ii) is equivalent to $`a_0(u)=ua_0`$ and $`a_1(u)=u(a_1ua_0)`$, where $`a_0`$ and $`a_1`$ are constants independent of $`u`$,
* if $`p=2`$, (ii) together with (i) is equivalent to $`a_0(u)=ua_0`$ and $`a_1(u)=u^2a_0`$, where $`a_0`$ is a constant independent of $`u`$.

Thus we get

$$\mathrm{Z}^1(G,M)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{du=ua_0+u(a_1ua_0)x+a_2(u)x^2\}\hfill & (p2,3)\hfill \\ \{du=ua_1x+a_2(u)x^2\}\hfill & (p=3)\hfill \\ \{du=ua_0+u^2a_0x+a_2(u)x^2\}\hfill & (p=2)\hfill \end{array}$$

In each case, the cocycle condition is equivalent to the fact that the function $`a_2`$ satisfies

$$a_2(u+v)=a_2(u)+a_2(v)+uv[(u+v)a_0a_1]$$

(with $`a_0=0`$ if $`p=3`$ and $`a_1=0`$ if $`p=2`$). In particular, whenever $`a_0=a_1=0`$ the function $`a_2`$ is $`𝐅_p`$-linear. Hence $`\mathrm{Z}^1(G,M)`$ contains the $`t`$-dimensional $`k`$-subspace $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)=V^{}k`$. The dimension over $`k`$ of $`\mathrm{Z}^1(G,M)`$ is therefore $`t+2`$ if $`p2,3`$ or is $`t+1`$ otherwise.

##

para-(..2)-2 Let $`g=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2`$. Then a coboundary is of the form

$$g^ug=2ub_0x+(ub_1+u^2b_0)x^2.$$

We can then compute a $`k`$-basis for $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$ as follows:

(LABEL:para-(..2)-2.1) If $`p2,3`$, a non-trivial such cohomology class $`[d_0]`$ is given by the cocycle $`d_0`$ with

$$d_0u=u+(u^2+u)x(\frac{1}{3}u^3+\frac{1}{2}u^2+\frac{1}{6}u)x^2.$$

The other cohomology classes come from the subspace $`\{a_0=a_1=0\}\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$ in $`\mathrm{Z}^1(G,M)`$, in which the coboundary classes are spanned by $`du=ux^2`$. Hence the part of the cohomology coming from $`\{a_0=a_1=0\}`$ is isomorphic to

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)/k\iota ,$$

where $`\iota :Vk`$ is the natural inclusion. Hence

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)k[d_0]\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)/k\iota .$$

In particular, $`dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=t`$.

(LABEL:para-(..2)-2.2) If $`p=3`$, then only the cocycles coming from $`\{a_0=a_1=0\}`$ survive. Hence

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_3}(V,k)/k\iota ,$$

and we have $`dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=t1`$.

(LABEL:para-(..2)-2.3) If $`p=2`$, we use an ad-hoc construction. Let $`\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_t\}`$ be a basis of $`V`$ and define a cocycle $`\stackrel{~}{d}_0`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{d}_0(u_i):=u_iu_i^2x`$ on basis elements and use $`\stackrel{~}{d}_0(u+v):=\stackrel{~}{d}_0u+(\stackrel{~}{d}_0v)^u`$ inductively to define $`\stackrel{~}{d}_0u`$ for all $`u`$. Notice that this requirement is compatible with conditions (i) ($`\stackrel{~}{d}_0(2u)=0`$) and (ii) (commutativity) from LABEL:para-(..2)-1. Thus we get a well-defined cocycle on all of $`V`$ since $`p=2`$.

The remaining part $`\{a_0=a_1=0\}\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_2}(V,k)`$ contains $`2`$-dimensional coboundaries spanned by $`\iota `$ and the Frobenius embedding

$$\mathrm{Frob}:Vk:uu^2.$$

Hence

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)k[\stackrel{~}{d}_0]\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_2}(V,k)/(k\iota +k\mathrm{Frob}),$$

and, as the sum $`k\iota +k\mathrm{Frob}`$ is direct precisely when $`t>1`$, we get that $`dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$ is $`t1`$ if $`t>1`$ or is $`1`$ of $`t=1`$.

##

para-(..3) The case (LABEL:para-cases.3). Since $`|H|`$ is coprime to the characteristic of $`k`$, we have

(LABEL:para-(..3).1)
$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,M)=\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)^H$$

(see, e.g., , III.10.4), The calculation of $`\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)`$ is similar to the one in the previous paragraph, but $`𝐅_p`$ is replaced by $`𝐅_q`$ (for $`q=p^s`$) everywhere. The only difference is for $`p=2`$, because then the subspace $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)`$ in $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$ has a trivial intersection with the one dimensional subspace spanned by the Frobenius embedding $`uu^2`$.

We now describe the action of $`H`$ on the cohomology $`\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)`$. First recall that the action of $`H`$ on $`\text{T}_𝒪`$ is given by

$$(x^r\frac{d}{dx})^\tau =\zeta ^{r1}x^r\frac{d}{dx}.$$

It stabilizes $`M`$, on which is acts by

$$(a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2)^\tau =\zeta ^1a_0+a_1x+\zeta a_2x^2.$$

The action of $`H`$ on the cohomology $`\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)`$ is induced from the action on the space of cocycles given by $`d^\tau u=(du^\tau )^{\tau ^1}`$ (cf. loc. cit.). Hence if $`p2`$, we get $`d_0^\tau u=(d_0\zeta u)^{\tau ^1}=\zeta ^2d_0u+(\zeta \zeta ^2)ux(\frac{1}{2}(\zeta \zeta ^2)u^2+\frac{1}{6}(1\zeta ^2)u)x^2`$ where the last two terms form a coboundary; thus

$$d_0^\tau =\zeta ^2d_0,$$

and if $`p=2`$, a similar result holds for the cocyle $`\stackrel{~}{d}_0`$ introduced in (LABEL:para-(..2)-2.3). This implies that the class $`d_0`$ is not $`H`$-invariant as long as $`n2`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{d_0}`$ is not $`H`$-invariant at all. Next we look at the remaining part $`\{a_0=a_1=0\}\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)`$. An element $`a_2\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)`$ (corresponding to the cocycle $`du=a_2(u)x^2`$) is $`H`$-invariant if and only if $`d^\tau u=\zeta ^1a_2(\zeta u)x^2=a_2(u)x^2`$, or equivalently, $`a_2(\zeta u)=\zeta a_2(u)`$. Since $`\zeta `$ generates $`𝐅_q`$, it is equivalent to the $`𝐅_q`$-linearity of $`a_2`$. Summing up, we have the following:

(LABEL:para-(..3).1) Suppose $`p2,3`$. If $`n2`$, then

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)^H\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)/k\iota ,$$

and hence is of dimension $`t/s1`$. If $`n=2`$ (which implies $`s=1`$), it is of dimension $`t`$, since $`d_0`$ is also $`H`$-invariant.

(LABEL:para-(..3).2) If $`p=3`$, then we always have

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)^H\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)/k\iota ,$$

and $`dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=t/s1`$.

(LABEL:para-(..3).3) If $`p=2`$, then $`n2`$ and $`s>1`$ (since $`1n|2^s1`$). Hence

$$\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)\mathrm{H}^1(N,M)^H\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)/k\iota ,$$

(recall that the Frobenius embedding is no longer present) and $`dim_k\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=t/s1`$.

##

infres Remark. Fix a subgroup $`V_1=(𝐙/p𝐙)`$ of $`V`$ and consider the inflation restriction sequence for this subgroup (with $`V^{}:=V/V_1`$):

$$0H^1(V^{},M^{V_1})\stackrel{\text{inf}}{}H^1(V,M)\stackrel{\text{res}}{}H^1(V_1,M)^V^{}$$

The left cohomology group is the following (for $`p2`$): the invariants $`M^{V_1}`$ are just $`kx^2`$, on which $`V^{}`$ acts trivially, so it is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Hom}(V^{},k)`$, which maps via inflation to the part $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)/k\iota `$ of the cohomology $`H^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$. On the other hand, the part $`[d_0]`$ is precisely the one which is non-zero when mapped under restriction to $`H^1(V_1,M)=H^1(𝐙/p𝐙,\text{T}_𝒪)`$. This group is the one studied in  (e.g. 4.2.2), where an intrinsic characterization of the class $`[d_0]`$ is provided.

4. The local pro-representable hull

In this section we will calculate the hull $`H_\rho `$ of $`D_\rho `$, where the group $`G`$ and its action on $`R=𝒪`$ are as in (LABEL:para-cases.1), (LABEL:para-cases.2), and (LABEL:para-cases.3).

The first one is a trivial case, i.e., the tame cyclic action is rigid (compare , 4.3).

To analyze the case (LABEL:para-cases.2), we have to look at lifting obstructions, much as is the case in , 4.2. In our case, liftings are related to what we call formal truncated Chebyshev polynomials, which we will now introduce first.

##

chebyshev Formal truncated Chebyshev polynomials. For a positive integer $`N`$, we set

$$M_{\alpha ,\beta }^{[N]}(u)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}_{k=0}^N\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k1}{2k}\right)\alpha ^k& \alpha _{k=0}^{N1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k}{2k+1}\right)\alpha ^k\\ _{k=0}^{N1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k}{2k+1}\right)\alpha ^k+\beta (u)& _{k=0}^N\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k}{2k}\right)\alpha ^k\end{array}\right],$$

where $`u`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta (u)`$ are indeterminates. The entries are considered as formal power series of these indeterminates with coefficients in $`𝐐`$ (this means in particular that the binomial coefficients evaluate to polynomials in $`u`$). We denote by $`M_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)`$ $`(1N\mathrm{})`$ the matrix $`M_{\alpha ,\beta }^{[N]}(u)`$ with $`\beta (u)`$ replaced by $`0`$.

As a matrix of formal power series, we have an identity

$$M_\alpha ^{[\mathrm{}]}(u)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}S_u(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})(1+\alpha )S_{u1}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})& \alpha S_{u1}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})\\ S_{u1}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})& S_u(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})S_{u1}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})\end{array}\right],$$

where $`S_u(x)`$ is the Chebyshev polynomial of second kind

$`S_u(x)`$ $`=`$ $`(u+1){}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(u,u+2,{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{x}{4}})`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}(u+1)\theta /\mathrm{sin}\theta (\text{if }u𝐙_0,\text{ with }x=\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$
Indeed, we have the following easy identity

$$S_u(1+\frac{x}{2})=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k+1}{2k+1}\right)x^k.$$

For $`1N\mathrm{}`$ let us write

$$M_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}A_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)& B_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)\\ C_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)& D_\alpha ^{[N]}(u).\end{array}\right]$$

Then it follows easily from the basic recursion between binomial coefficients that

$$B_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)=\alpha C_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)\text{and}A_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)+B_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)=D_\alpha ^{[N]}(u),$$

i.e., the relations between the coefficients that hold for $`N=\mathrm{}`$ are also true for the truncated versions. It follows formally from these identites between entries that

(LABEL:chebyshev.1)
$$M_\alpha ^{[N]}(u)M_\alpha ^{[N]}(v)=M_\alpha ^{[N]}(v)M_\alpha ^{[N]}(u),$$

as identities of matrices of formal power series in $`u`$, $`v`$ and $`\alpha `$.

Next, we observe the following trigonometric identities:

* $`S_{u+v}(x)+S_{u1}(x)S_{v1}(x)=S_u(x)S_v(x)`$,
* $`S_{u+v1}(x)+2xS_{u1}(x)S_{v1}(x)=S_{u1}(x)S_v(x)+S_u(x)S_{v1}(x)`$.
* $`S_u(x)^22xS_u(x)S_{u1}(x)+S_{u1}(x)^2=1`$.

The first two of these imply that

(LABEL:chebyshev.2)
$$M_\alpha ^{[\mathrm{}]}(u)M_\alpha ^{[\mathrm{}]}(v)=M_\alpha ^{[\mathrm{}]}(u+v).$$

and the third one implies that

(LABEL:chebyshev.3)
$$detM_\alpha ^{[\mathrm{}]}(u)=1.$$

##

para-obstructions Lifting obstructions. Now assume $`p2`$, and let $`A`$ be an artinian local $`k`$ algebra with $`A/𝔪_A=k`$. Let $`\alpha 𝔪_A`$. Let $`Vk`$ a finite dimensional $`𝐅_p`$-vector space, and $`\beta :V𝔪_A`$ an $`𝐅_p`$-linear map. For $`uVk`$ we use the following notation

$$\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)=M_{\alpha ,\beta }^{[\frac{p1}{2}]}(u)\text{and}\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u)=M_\alpha ^{[\frac{p1}{2}]}(u)$$

(where multiplication of $`u`$’s takes place inside $`k`$). By (LABEL:chebyshev.1) we have

(LABEL:para-obstructions.1)
$$\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u)\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (v)=\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (v)\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u)$$

Also, by (LABEL:chebyshev.2) and (LABEL:chebyshev.3) we get

(LABEL:para-obstructions.2)
$$\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u)\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (v)\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u+v)\text{mod}(\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}})$$

and

(LABEL:para-obstructions.3)
$$det\stackrel{~}{M}_\alpha (u)1\text{mod}(\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}+1}).$$

We now look at what happens if $`\beta 0`$. A small calculation shows that the commutation relation $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)=\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)`$ is equivalent to $`\alpha \beta (u)C(v)=\alpha \beta (v)C(u).`$ Putting $`v=1`$ (where we tacitly assume to have conjugated the action of $`V`$ such that $`𝐅_pV`$ (cf. , 4.2.1)) we get $`\alpha \beta (u)=\alpha \beta (1)C(u)`$. Thus, if $`\alpha \beta `$ is not a zero map, $`C(u)`$ must be a linear form, whence $`\alpha =0`$. So we get:

(LABEL:para-obstructions.4) For $`\alpha 0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)=\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\alpha \beta =0`$.

Looking at (LABEL:para-obstructions.3), we get

(LABEL:para-obstructions.5) If $`\alpha \beta =0`$, then $`det\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)1\text{mod}(\alpha ^{\frac{p+1}{2}})`$.

We can now prove the following:

LABEL:para-obstructions.6 Lemma. The following conditions are equivalent:

* $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)=\gamma \stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u+v)`$ for all $`u,vV`$ and a $`\gamma A`$ (possibly depending on $`u,v,\alpha ,\beta \}`$.
* $`\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}}=\alpha \beta =0`$.

Actually, if this holds we have $`\gamma =1`$.

Proof. (i)$``$(ii). The relation $`\alpha \beta =0`$ follows from (LABEL:para-obstructions.4). Since the identity in (i) obviously holds with $`\gamma =1`$ if $`A=k`$, we can set $`\gamma =1+\delta `$ with $`\delta 𝔪_A`$. Taking determinants, it follows from (LABEL:para-obstructions.3) that $`\gamma ^2(=1+\delta (2+\delta ))=1+P\alpha ^{\frac{p+1}{2}}`$ for some $`PA`$. Since $`\delta +2`$ is invertible in $`A`$,

(LABEL:para-obstructions.7)
$$\gamma 1\text{ mod }\alpha ^{N+1}$$

for $`N=\frac{p1}{2}`$. The coefficient of $`\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}}`$ in the lower-left entry of $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)`$ is

(LABEL:para-obstructions.8)
$$_{k=0}^{N1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+k}{2k+1}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{v+Nk1}{2(Nk)}\right)+_{k=0}^{N1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{v+k}{2k+1}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{u+Nk}{2(Nk)}\right),$$

(note that we have used that we know already that $`\alpha \beta =0`$ so there is no contribution from $`\beta `$ in this calculation.) We now put $`u=N`$ and $`v=2`$ (again assuming tacitly that $`𝐅_pV`$) in (LABEL:para-obstructions.8). The result is $`1`$, so the above coefficient (LABEL:para-obstructions.8) is non-zero. Since the coefficient of $`\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}}`$ in the lower-left entry of $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u+v)`$ is zero, we conclude from this and (LABEL:para-obstructions.7) that $`\alpha ^N=0`$ as desired.

(ii)$``$(i). If $`\beta 0`$ this is already in (LABEL:para-obstructions.2), so let $`\beta 0`$. Using $`\alpha \beta =0`$ and $`A(u)1`$ mod $`\alpha `$, we calculate the entries of the matrix $`M:=\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(v)`$ as follows:

$`M_{1,1}`$ $`=`$ $`A(u)A(v)+\alpha C(u)C(v)`$
$`M_{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha A(u)C(v)+\alpha A(v)C(u)+\alpha ^2C(u)C(v)`$
$`M_{2,1}`$ $`=`$ $`A(v)C(u)+A(u)C(v)+\alpha C(u)C(v)+\beta (u+v)`$
$`M_{2,2}`$ $`=`$ $`A(u)A(v)+\alpha A(u)C(v)+\alpha A(v)C(u)+\alpha (1+\alpha )C(u)C(v)`$
Note that, except for the third one, these entries are independent of $`\beta `$. Since we already have (LABEL:para-obstructions.2), we find that these entries are equal to $`A(u+v)`$, $`\alpha C(u+v)`$, $`C(u+v)+\beta (u+v)`$ and $`A(u+v)+\alpha C(u+v)`$, respectively. Thus we have the relation in (i) with $`\gamma =1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

liftings Explicit liftings. Assume $`p2`$. We try to lift the action of $`V`$ on $`\text{T}_𝒪`$ to $`A`$ using the frational linear transformation corresponding to the truncated formal Chebyshev polynomials:

(LABEL:liftings.1)
$$x^u:=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d},\text{ where }\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ab}{cd}\right)=\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)$$

for $`\beta :V𝔪`$ a linear map and $`\alpha A`$ (notice the sign change from $`u`$ to $`u`$, since we are lifting $`x^u=x/(1ux)`$).

At the infinitesimal level $`A=k[ϵ]`$ with $`ϵ^2=0`$, we let $`\alpha =a_0ϵ`$ and $`\beta (u)=ϵ\varphi (u)`$ for a linear map $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$. Lemma LABEL:para-obstructions.6 assures us of the fact that (LABEL:liftings.1) does define a first order lifting as long as $`\alpha =0`$ for $`p=3`$. It is explicitly given as

$$x^u=\frac{(1+\frac{1}{2}u(u+1)a_0ϵ)xua_0ϵ}{1(u+\frac{1}{6}u(u^21)a_0ϵϵ\varphi (u))x+\frac{1}{2}u(u1)a_0ϵ}$$

The corresponding cocycle $`d`$ is by the formula in proposition LABEL:pro-lifting given as

$`du`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dϵ}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x^u}{1+ux^u}}\right)|_{ϵ=0}`$
$`=`$ $`a_0u+a_0(u^2+u)x(a_0({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}u^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}u^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}u)\varphi (u))x^2`$
$`=`$ $`a_0d_0+\varphi `$
in $`Z^1(V,M)=kd_0+\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$, where $`d_0`$ is as in (LABEL:para-(..2)-2.1). This means that (LABEL:liftings.1) for $`\alpha =0`$ defines a lifting in the direction of $`\varphi `$ (which is unobstructed) and for $`\beta =0`$ in the direction of $`a_0[d_0]`$ (obstructed by $`\alpha ^{\frac{p1}{2}}=0`$). If both $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are non-zero, a lifting in the direction of $`a_0[d_0]+\varphi `$ is obstructed by the equations in LABEL:para-obstructions.6.

##

hull Calculating the hull.

LABEL:hull.1 The case $`p2,3`$. If we let $`R`$ be the ring

$$R=k[[x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_t]]/x_0^{\frac{p1}{2}},x_0x_1,x_0x_2,\mathrm{},x_0x_t,x_1+\mathrm{}+x_t,$$

then LABEL:para-obstructions.6 shows that (LABEL:liftings.1) defines a lifting of $`\rho `$ to $`R`$, and hence there is a morphism of functors

$$\mathrm{Hom}(R,)D_\rho .$$

To prove that $`R`$ is actually the hull $`H_\rho `$ of $`D_\rho `$, we argue as in , p. 217. It suffices to prove that $`R`$ is a versal deformation, i.e., that the above morphism is smooth and that it is an isomorphism on the level of tangent spaces. The latter is clear from our computation of the tangent space to $`D_\rho `$ from group cohomology and the above explicit form of $`R`$. To prove the former, let $`A^{}A`$ be a small extension in $`𝒞_k`$ with kernel $`I`$. We have to show that

$$\mathrm{Hom}(R,A^{})D(A^{})\times _{D(A)}\mathrm{Hom}(R,A)$$

is surjective. So assume that $`\rho ^{}\text{im}(\mathrm{Hom}(R,A)D(A))`$ lifts to $`\rho ^{}`$ in $`D(A^{})`$. This means the corresponding obstruction in $`\mathrm{H}^2(G,\text{T}_𝒪)I`$ is zero. Since $`G=(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$, this obstruction measures exactly the possible failure of the commutation relation $`\rho ^{}(u+v)=\rho ^{}(u)\rho ^{}(v),u,vV`$, which we know by (LABEL:para-obstructions.6) is given by the equations in $`R`$. So we can lift via a $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\alpha ^{},\beta ^{}}(u)`$ to $`\mathrm{Hom}(R,A^{})`$, and we can adjust this lifting in such a way that its image in $`D(A^{})`$ coincides with the given one, since the tangent spaces to the two functors are isomorphic (note that the fibers are $`H^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)I`$-torsors). This finishes the proof of smoothness.

LABEL:hull.2 The case $`p=3`$. The same argument works, except that the class $`[d_0]`$ does not occur so that all liftings in the direction of $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$ are unobstructed. The result is

$$H_\rho =k[[x_1,\mathrm{},x_t]]/x_1+\mathrm{}+x_t.$$

LABEL:hull.3 The case $`p=2`$. We will deal with this case by an ad-hoc construction. Recall that in this case $`GVk`$ is a $`t`$-dimensional $`𝐅_2`$-vector space for which we pick a basis $`\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_t\}`$. As before, let $`\alpha A`$ and $`\beta :V𝔪_A`$ be a linear map. We lift the action of this basis $`u_i`$ by

$$x^{u_i}:=\frac{x+\alpha u_i}{(u_i+\beta (u_i))x+1}.$$

We have $`(x^{u_i})^{u_i}=x`$, and we observe that $`(x^{u_i})^{u_j}=(x^{u_j})^{u_i}`$ is equivalent to

(LABEL:hull.4)
$$\alpha u_i\beta (u_j)=\alpha u_j\beta (u_i)$$

for all $`i,j`$. We now define a lift to any element of $`V`$ by

$$x^{u_{i_1}+\mathrm{}+u_{i_l}}:=x^{u_{i_1}\mathrm{}u_{i_l}}$$

for $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_l\{1,\mathrm{},t\}`$. This forces commutativity to hold. Notice that this only gives a well-defined lift to all of $`V`$ since $`p=2`$. If we set $`A=K[ϵ],\alpha =a_0ϵ,\beta =ϵ\varphi (u)`$ for a linear map $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_p}(V,k)`$, then we find that this lift corresponds to the cocycle $`a_0d_0+\varphi Z^1(V,M)`$, so that we are indeed lifting in all directions of the tangent space. One can now reason as before to find that the hull of $`D_\rho `$ is given by

$$H_\rho =k[[x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_t]]/x_1+\mathrm{}+x_t,u_1x_1+\mathrm{}+u_tx_t,x_0(x_iu_jx_ju_i)_{i,j=1\mathrm{}t}$$

LABEL:hull.5 The case $`n1`$. Finally, in the general case (LABEL:para-cases.3), the arguments are completely similar to those of the preceeding paragraphs; the results are as follows:

(LABEL:hull.5.1) If $`n2`$ or $`p=2,3`$, then only first-order deformations comming from $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝐅_q}(V,k)`$ occur, and these can be lifted without obstruction:

$$H_\rho k[[x_1,\mathrm{},x_{t/s}]]/x_1+\mathrm{}+x_{t/s}.$$

(LABEL:hull.5.2) If $`p2,3`$ and $`n=2`$ (hence $`s=1`$), then the action of $`H`$ extends to the lifting (LABEL:liftings.1) (just replacing $`u`$ by $`\zeta u`$), and the obstructions do not change. Hence we have

$$H_\rho k[[x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_t]]/x_0^{\frac{p1}{2}},x_0x_1,\mathrm{},x_0x_t,x_1+\mathrm{}+x_t.$$

##

local-theorem Theorem. Let $`\rho :G\text{Aut}(\text{T}_𝒪)`$ be a local representation of a finite group $`G`$, where $`𝒪`$ is of characteristic $`p`$. Let $`n`$ be an integer coprime to $`p`$, define $`s:=\mathrm{min}\{s^{}:n|p^s^{}1\}`$, and let $`[d_0]`$ be the cohomology class defined in (LABEL:para-(..2)-2). The following table lists the dimension of the group cohomology $`H^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$, the fact whether $`[d_0]`$ is trivial (—), unobstructed (unobs.) or leads to obstructions (obs.), and the Krull-dimension $`dimH_\rho `$ of the pro-representable hull $`H_\rho `$ of the local deformation functor $`D_\rho `$:

| $`G`$ | $`(p,t,n)`$ | $`h^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$ | $`[d_0]`$ | $`dimH_\rho `$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝐙/n`$ |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| $`(𝐙/p)^t`$ | $`p2,3`$ | $`t`$ | obs. | $`t1`$ |
|  | $`p=3`$ | $`t1`$ |  | $`t1`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t>1`$ | $`t1`$ | obs. | $`t2`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t=1`$ | 1 | unobs. | 1 |
| $`(𝐙/p)^t𝐙/n`$ | $`n2`$ or $`p=2,3`$ | $`t/s1`$ |  | $`t/s1`$ |
|  | $`n=2`$ | $`t`$ | obs. | $`t1`$ |

LABEL:local-theorem.1 Remark. For $`n=t=1`$, this result agrees with proposition 4.1.1 in , where it is shown that

$$h^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=\frac{2\beta }{p}\frac{\beta }{p}$$

for $`G=𝐙/p`$ a cyclic $`p`$-group and $`\beta =_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}(|G_i|1)`$ (recall that $`G_i`$ are the higher ramification groups). Indeed, in our case $`G_0=G_1=G`$ and $`G_i=0`$ for $`i>1`$, so that $`\beta =2p2`$ and we get

$$h^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)=\{\begin{array}{cc}32=1\hfill & \text{ if }p>3,\hfill \\ 22=0\hfill & \text{ if }p=3,\hfill \\ 21=1\hfill & \text{ if }p=2.\hfill \end{array}$$

Similarly, our calculation of the hulls and its Krull-dimension is compatible with the results from  if we observe that (in their notation, cf. p. 215) $`\psi (X)=X^{\frac{p1}{2}}`$ mod $`p`$ ($`p>2`$).

LABEL:local-theorem.2 Remark. Obstructions to lifting first order deformations are certain second cohomology classes in $`\mathrm{H}^2(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$, but can form a strict subset of this cohomology group. If $`t=1`$, then the group is easy to calculate directly (cf. ), or seen to be isomorphic to $`\mathrm{H}^1(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$ by Herbrand’s theorem since $`G`$ is cyclic. This already shows that for $`t=1`$, obstructions can form only a small part of $`\mathrm{H}^2(G,\text{T}_𝒪)`$. The computation of this second cohomology group in the general case $`t>1`$ (so $`G`$ is no longer cyclic) seems rather tedious.

5. Main theorem on algebraic equivariant deformation

We have now collected all information needed to prove our main algebraic theorem:

##

global-theorem Theorem. Let $`X`$ be an ordinary curve over a field of characteristic $`p>0`$ and let $`G`$ be a finite group of acting on $`X`$ via $`\rho :G\text{Aut}(X)`$.

(a) The Krull-dimension of the pro-representable hull of the deformation functor $`D_{X,\rho }`$ is given by

$$dimH_{X,\rho }=3g_Y3+\delta +\underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{}}dimH_{\rho _i},$$

where $`g_Y`$ is the genus of $`Y:=G\backslash X`$, $`\delta `$ is given in (LABEL:para-branchpoints) and $`H_{\rho _i}`$ is the pro-representable hull of the local deformation functor associated to the representation of the ramification group $`G_i`$ at the branch point $`w_i`$ in $`XY`$, whose dimension was given in (LABEL:local-theorem), unless in the following four cases:

1. when $`p=2,Y=𝐏^1`$ and $`XY`$ is branched above 2 points; then $`dimH_{X,\rho }=dimH_{\rho _1}+dimH_{\rho _2}`$;
2. when $`X=𝐏^1Y=𝐏^1`$ is tamely branched above two points, then $`dimH_{X,\rho }=0`$;
3. when $`X=𝐏^1Y=𝐏^1`$ is wildly branched above a unique point; then $`dimH_{X,\rho }=dimH_{\rho _1}`$, (in this case, $`G`$ is a pure-$`p`$ group and $`XY`$ is an Artin-Schreier cover);
4. when $`XY`$ is an unramified cover of elliptic curves; then $`dimH_{X,\rho }=1`$.

Furthermore, if the genus $`g`$ of $`X`$ is $`2`$, then $`D_{X,\rho }`$ is pro-representable by $`H_{X,\rho }`$.

(b) The dimension of the tangent space to the functor $`D_{X,\rho }`$ as a $`k`$-vector space satisfies

$$dim_kD_{X,\rho }(k[ϵ])=dimH_{X,\rho }+\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\#}\{i:n_i2\}\hfill & \text{ if }p2,3;\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ if }p=3;\hfill \\ \mathrm{\#}\{i:n_i=1\text{ and }t_i>1\}\hfill & \text{ if }p=2.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof. Let $`Y`$ be the quotient $`G\backslash X`$. From proposition (LABEL:pro-globalhull), we find that

$$dimH_{X,\rho }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{}}dimH_{\rho _i}+h^1(Y,\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X),$$

where $`H_{\rho _i}`$ are the hulls of the local deformation functors associated to the action of the ramification groups $`G_i`$ at wild ramifications points $`w_1,\mathrm{},w_s`$ on the space of local derivations, which was computed in (LABEL:local-theorem).

To compute the $`h^1`$-term, recall from (LABEL:pro-linebundle) that $`\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X=\text{T}_Y(\mathrm{\Delta })`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is defined in (LABEL:para-branchpoints). By Riemann-Roch, we find

$$h^1(\pi _{}^G\text{T}_X)=3g_Y3+\delta +h^0(\text{T}_Y(\mathrm{\Delta })),$$

where $`g_Y`$ is the genus of $`Y`$.

Since $`\mathrm{deg}(\text{T}_Y(\mathrm{\Delta }))=22g_Y\delta `$, the last term vanishes if $`g_Y>1`$ or $`g_Y=1`$ and $`\delta >0`$ or $`g_Y=0`$ and $`\delta >2`$.

If $`g_Y=1`$ and $`\delta =0`$, $`X`$ is an unramified cover of an elliptic curve, hence is an elliptic curve itself.

Assume that $`g_Y=0`$, that there are at least two branch points on $`Y`$ and that $`\delta 2`$. If $`p2`$, then these branch points have to be tame, so $`\delta =2`$, and the Hurwitz formula implies that $`g_X=0`$ too. If $`p=2`$, they can be wild, but both ramification groups have to be $`𝐙/2𝐙`$, so we still have $`\delta =2`$; in both cases, $`h^0(\text{T}_Y(\delta ))=h^0(𝒪_{𝐏^1})=1`$.

If $`g_Y=0`$ and only one point on $`Y`$ is branched, then it follows from Hurwitz’s formula (using the fact that second ramification groups vanish in the ordinary case, cf. ) that $`g_X=0`$ too, and the ramification has to be wild at this point. So if $`p2`$ or $`p=2,t>1`$, we find $`\delta +h^0(\text{T}_Y(\delta ))=2+h^0(𝒪_{𝐏^1})=3`$. On the other hand, if $`p=2`$ and $`t=1`$, then $`\delta +h^0(\text{T}_Y(\delta ))=1+h^0(𝒪_{𝐏^1}(1))=3`$. Let $`np^t`$ be the order of the ramification group at that unique point, where $`n`$ is coprime to $`p`$. Hurwitz’s formula gives in particular that $`(n1)p^t+2`$ divides $`2np^t`$, and this (together with $`n|p^t1`$) implies $`n=1`$. Hence we do get a $`𝐙/p𝐙`$-cover. This finishes the proof of part (a).

For part (b), we apply the formula from (LABEL:globaltangent) in combination with (LABEL:para-spectral.1). It thus suffices to compute $`h^0(Y,^1(G,\text{T}_X))`$, but $`^1(G,\text{T}_X)`$ is concentrated in the branch points $`w_i`$, where it equals the group cohomology $`H^1(G_i,\text{T}_{𝒪_{w_i}})`$ (, 3.3), so $`dimH_{X,\rho }`$ and $`dim_kD_{X,\rho }(k[ϵ])`$ differ only at places where $`[d_0]`$ is obstructed in table (LABEL:local-theorem). $`\mathrm{}`$

LABEL:global-theorem.1 Remark. The main algebraic theorem stated in the introduction follows from LABEL:global-theorem by excluding the cases $`g2,p=2,3`$.

##

def-example.1 Example (Artin-Schreier curves). The Artin-Schreier curve whose affine equation is given by $`(y^{p^t}y)(x^{p^t}x)=c`$ for some constant $`ck^{}`$ has automorphism group

$$G=(𝐙/p𝐙)^{2t}D_{p^t1},$$

where $`D_{}`$ denotes a dihedral group of order $`2`$. The quotient $`Y=G\backslash X`$ is a projective line, and the branching groups are $`𝐙/2𝐙`$ (twice if $`p2`$ and once if $`p=2`$) and $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/(p^t1)𝐙`$ (once). This curve with its full automorphism groups hence allows for a one-dimensional deformation space (for different reasons if $`p2`$ and $`p=2`$). This deformation is exactly given by varying $`c`$.

LABEL:def-example.2 Example (Drinfeld modular curves). The Drinfeld modular curves $`X(n)`$ from the introduction have automorphism group $`G:=\mathrm{\Gamma }(1)/\mathrm{\Gamma }(n)𝐅_q^{}`$ for $`d:=\mathrm{deg}(n)>1`$. The quotient $`Y:=G\backslash X(n)`$ is a projective line, over which $`X`$ is branched at 2 points with ramification groups $`𝐙/(p+1)𝐙`$ and $`𝐅_q^d𝐅_q^{}`$ respectively. Hence $`X(n)`$ can be deformed in $`d1`$ ways (regardless of $`p`$, but for different reasons if $`p=2`$ – then we are in exceptional case (1) from (LABEL:global-theorem)).

PART B: ANALYTIC THEORY

6. Equivariant deformation of Mumford curves

##

para-mumford Mumford curves. Let $`(K,||)`$ be a complete discrete valuation field with valuation ring $`𝒪_K`$ and residue field $`𝒪_K/𝔪_{𝒪_K}=k`$. Recall that a projective curve $`X`$ over $`K`$ is called a Mumford curve if it is “uniformized over $`K`$ by a Schottky group”. This means that there exists a free subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`PGL(2,K)`$ of rank $`g`$, acting on $`𝐏_K^1`$ with limit set $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`X`$ satisfies $`X^{\text{an}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝐏_K^{1,\text{an}}_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ as rigid analytic spaces. Mumford () has shown that these conditions are equivalent to the existence of a stable model of $`X`$ over $`𝒪_K`$ whose special fiber consists only of rational components with $`k`$-rational double points. Because of the “GAGA”-correspondence for one-dimensional rigid analytic spaces, we do not have to (and will not) distinguish between analytic and algebraic curves. It is well-known that Mumford curves are ordinary (this is basically because their Jacobian is uniformized by $`(𝐆_{m,K}^{\text{an}})^g/\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\text{ab}}`$ where $`g`$ is the genus of $`X`$, cf. , 1.2). Thus, the results from the previous section essentially solve the equivariant deformation problem for Mumford curves in a cohomological way. In this part however, we want to develop an independent theory of analytic deformation of Mumford curves based on the groups that uniformize them. This will make the liftings and obstructions whose cohomological existence was proven in the previous part more “visible” as actual deformations of $`2\times 2`$-matrices over $`K`$.

##

para-mumauto Automorphisms. It is well-known (, 1.3) that for a Mumford curve $`X`$ of genus $`g2`$ with Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\text{Aut}(X)=N(\mathrm{\Gamma })/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`N(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the normalizer of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`PGL(2,K)`$. Conversely, if $`N`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`PGL(2,K)`$ containing $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and contained in $`N(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, then it induces a group of automorphisms

$$\rho :N/\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{Aut}(X).$$

##

para-nothom\* Notation. If a finitely generated discrete subgroup $`N`$ of $`PGL(2,K)`$ is given, let $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(N,PGL(2,K))`$ denote the set of injective homomorphisms $`\varphi :NPGL(2,K)`$ with discrete image. Then such $`N`$ contains a finite index normal free subgroup of finite rank $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (, I.3), and if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is non-trivial, the pair $`(N,\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ gives rise to a Mumford curve with an action of $`N/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as is being considered here.

##

para-mumrigid Rigidity. Two Mumford curves $`X,X^{}`$ with Schottky groups $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ are isomorphic if and only if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ are conjugate in $`PGL(2,K)`$ (, 4.11).

LABEL:para-mumrigid.1 Remark. Note that this is very different from the situation in the uniformization theory of Riemann surfaces $`S`$, where in a representation $`S=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a Schottky subgroup of $`PGL(2,𝐂)`$, the domain of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is not the universal topological covering space of $`S`$, whereas this does hold for Mumford curves.

##

para-tangenttoM Analytic deformation functors. Recall that $`𝒞_K`$ is the category of local Artinian $`K`$-algebras. If $`N`$ and $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}^{}(N,PGL(2,K))`$ are given, we consider the analytic deformation functor

$$D_{N,\varphi }:𝒞_K\mathrm{𝚂𝚎𝚝}$$

of the pair $`(N,\varphi )`$, which sends $`A𝒞_K`$ to the set of liftings of $`(N,\varphi )`$ to $`A`$. Here, a lifting is a morphism $`\varphi ^{}\mathrm{Hom}(N,PGL(2,A))`$ which, when composed with reduction modulo the maximal ideal $`𝔪_A`$ of $`A`$, equals the original embedding $`\varphi `$ (in particular, $`\varphi ^{}`$ is injective). Note that we do not consider classes of liftings modulo conjugacy by $`PGL(2)`$ — this implies that $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ is naturally equipped with an action of group functor $`PGL(2)^{}`$ given by

$$PGL(2)^{}:𝒞_K\text{Groups}:A\mathrm{ker}[PGL(2,A)PGL(2,K)],$$

and we denote the quotient by

$$D_{N,\varphi }^{}:=PGL(2)^{}\backslash D_{N,\varphi }.$$

Since $`N`$ is finitely generated, it is not difficult to show that the functors $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ and $`D_{N,\varphi }^{}`$ have pro-representable hulls $`H_{N,\varphi }`$ and $`H_{N,\varphi }^{}`$. We want to compute the dimension of the tangent spaces to these functors, and the Krull-dimension of their hulls, and this will be done by “decomposing” $`N`$ using its structure as a group acting on a tree to give a decomposition of $`D_{N,\varphi }`$; note that such a decomposition is not given on the level of $`D_{N,\varphi }^{}`$.

7. Structure of $`N`$ as a group acting on a tree.

We fix a finitely generated discrete subgroup $`N`$ of $`PGL(2,K)`$, and we will now recall how the structure of $`N`$ can be seen from its action on the Bruhat-Tits tree (cf. section 2 of ).

##

para-structureBT1 The Bruhat-Tits tree. Let T denote the Bruhat-Tits tree of $`PGL(2,K)`$ (i.e., its vertices are similarity classes $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ of rank two $`𝒪_K`$-lattices in $`K^2`$, and two vertices are connected by an edge if the corresponding quotient module has length one – see Serre , Gerritzen & van der Put ). We assume $`K`$ to be large enough so that all fixed points of $`N`$ are defined over $`K`$; then $`N`$ acts without inversion on T. It is a regular tree in which the edges emanating from a given vertex are in one-to-one correspondence with $`𝐏^1(k)`$. The tree T admits a left action by $`PGL(2,K)`$.

##

para-structureBT2 Notations on trees. For any subtree $`T`$ of T, let $`\mathrm{Ends}(T)`$ denote its set of ends (i.e., equivalence classes of half-lines differing by a finite segment). There is a natural correspondence between $`𝐏^1(K)`$ and $`\mathrm{Ends}(\text{T})`$. Let $`V(T)`$ and $`E(T)`$ denote the set of vertices and edges of $`T`$ respectively. For $`\sigma E(T)`$, let $`o(\sigma )`$ (respectively $`t(\sigma )`$) denote the origin (respectively, terminal) vertex of $`\sigma `$. Let $`N_x`$ denote the stabilizer of a vertex or edge $`x`$ of $`T`$ for the action of $`N`$. The maps $`o,t`$ induces maps $`N_\sigma N_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=o(\sigma )`$ or $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=t(\sigma )`$, which will be denoted by the same letter. For any $`u,v𝐏^1(K)`$, let $`]u,v[`$ denote the apartment in T connecting $`u`$ and $`v`$ (seen as ends of T).

##

para-structureBT4 The trees associated to $`N`$. We can construct a locally finite tree $`\text{T}()`$ (possibly empty) from any compact subset $``$ of $`𝐏^1(K)`$: it is the minimal subtree of T whose set of ends coincides with $``$, or equivalently, the minimal subtree of T containing $`_{u,v}]u,v[.`$

We define $`\text{T}_N`$ to be the tree associated to the subset $`_N`$ consisting of the limit points of $`N`$ in $`𝐏^1(K)`$. Since $`N`$ is a finitely generated discrete group, $`\text{T}_N`$ coincides with the tree of $`N`$ as it is defined in Gerritzen & van der Put .

##

para-structureBT5 The graph associated to $`N`$. $`\text{T}_N`$ admits a natural action of $`N`$, and we denote the quotient graph by $`T_N:=N\backslash \text{T}_N`$; the corresponding quotient map will be denoted by $`\pi _N`$. The graph $`T_N`$ is finite and connected.

We turn $`T_N`$ into a graph of groups as follows: let $`T`$ be a spanning tree (maximal subtree) of $`T_N`$, which we can see as a subtree of $`\text{T}_N`$ by a fixed section $`\iota :T\text{T}_N`$ of $`\pi _N`$. Let $`c=c(T_N)`$ denote the cyclomatic number of $`T_N`$ (= number of edges outside $`T`$), and fix $`2c`$ lifts $`e_i^\pm `$ of these edges outside $`T`$ to $`\text{T}_N`$ which satisfy: $`t(e_i^+)V(\iota (T)),o(e_i^{})V(\iota (T))`$. Fix $`c`$ hyperbolic elements $`\{\gamma _i\}_{i=1}^c`$ in $`N`$ such that $`\gamma _ie_i^+=e_i^{}`$. Then $`\iota (T)\{e_i^+\}_{i=1}^c`$ is a fundamental domain for the action of $`N`$ on $`\text{T}_N`$.

For any vertex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }V(\text{T}_N)`$ and edge $`\sigma =[\mathrm{\Lambda },M]E(\text{T}_N)`$ we denote by $`N_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`N_\sigma =N_\mathrm{\Lambda }N_M`$ their respective stabilizers for the action of $`N`$. Note that these groups are finite since $`N`$ is discrete.

For a vertex $`vV(T_N)=V(T)`$, we let $`N_v=N_{\iota (v)}`$. For edges $`eE(T_N)`$, either $`eE(T)`$, and then we let $`N_e=N_{\iota (e)}`$, or else, there is a unique $`i`$ such that $`\pi _N(e_i^\pm )=e`$, and we let $`N_e=N_{e_i^+}`$.

The morphisms between these groups are defined as follows: if $`eE(T)`$, then $`N_eN_{t(e)}`$ and $`N_eN_{o(e)}`$ are the natural inclusions; if, on the other hand, $`e=\pi _N(e_i^\pm )`$, then $`N_eN_{t(e)}`$ is the natural inclusion, but $`N_eN_{o(e)}`$ is given by $`s\gamma _i^1s\gamma _i`$.

We then have the following description of the group $`N`$:

##

para-structureBT6 Theorem. (Bass-Serre , 4.1, 4.4, ) For any spanning tree $`T`$ of $`T_N`$, $`N`$ equals the fundamental group of the graph of groups $`T_N`$ at $`T`$. This means that $`N`$ is generated by the amalgam of $`N_v`$ over $`N_e`$ for all $`eE(T_N),vV(T_N)`$ together with the fundamental group of $`T_N`$ at $`T`$ as a plain graph, viz., the free group $`F_c`$ on $`c`$ generators $`\{n_i\}_{i=1}^c`$, where $`c=c(T_N)`$ is the cyclomatic number of $`T_N`$. The further relations in $`N`$ are of the form $`n_it(\gamma )n_i^1=o(\gamma )`$ for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},c`$ and for every $`\gamma N_e,eT_NT`$. In particular, there is a split exact sequence of groups

$$0\underset{\stackrel{}{T_N^{}}}{lim}N_{}^{}NF_{c(T_N)}0,$$

where $`\pi :T_N^{}T_N`$ is the universal covering of $`T_N`$ as a plain graph, which has been made into a graph of groups by setting $`N_{}^{}`$ for $`V(T_N^{})E(T_N^{})`$ equal to $`N_{\pi ()}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

8. Decomposition of the functor $`D_{N,\varphi }`$.

##

prop-tofinite Proposition. Let $`s:F_{c(T_N)}N`$ be a splitting of the sequence in (LABEL:para-structureBT6). Then there is an isomorphism of functors

$$D_{N,\varphi }\underset{\stackrel{}{T_N}}{lim}D_{N_{},\varphi |_N_{}}\times D_{F_c,\varphi s},$$

where the inverse limit is in the category of functors (note that morphisms between $`N_{}`$ naturally induce morphisms of functors between $`D_N_{}`$).

LABEL:prop-tofinite.1 Remark. Note that we get a direct product of functors, but a limit of functors over $`T_N`$ (instead of the obvious semi-direct product and limit over $`T_N^{}`$). We also note that there is no such decomposition on the level of the functors $`D_{N,\varphi }^{}`$.

Proof. Let $`A𝒞_K`$. By restriction, a deformation of $`N`$ to $`A`$ trivially gives rise to deformations of $`N_{}`$ and $`F_c`$.

For the rest of the proof, we will imitate the construction of $`T_N`$ as a graph of groups, but we will lift to $`T_N^{}`$ instead of $`\text{T}_N`$. So choose a fixed maximal spanning tree $`\iota :TT_N^{}`$ and a basis $`\{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _c\}`$ of $`s(F_c)`$, where $`c=c(T_N)`$. Take, as before, $`2c`$ edges $`e_i^\pm E(T_N^{})`$ such that $`t(e_i^+)V(T),o(e_i^{})V(T),\gamma _ie_i^+=e_i^{}`$. Thus, $`T\{e_i^+\}`$ is a “fundamental domain” for $`T_N^{}T_N`$.

To give elements in $`\underset{\stackrel{}{T_N}}{lim}D_{N_{},\varphi |_N_{}}(A)\text{ and }D_{F_c,\varphi s}(A)`$ means precisely to give a compatible collection of $`\varphi _v:N_vPGL(2,A)`$ and $`\varphi _c:F_cPGL(2,A)`$. Compatibility means that for $`eE(T_N),`$ the following diagram is commutative:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}N_e& & N_{o(e)}\hfill \\ & & \varphi _{o\left(e\right)}\hfill \\ N_{t(e)}& \underset{\varphi _{t(e)}}{}& PGL(2,A).\hfill \end{array}$$

We want to extend this to an embedding of $`N`$.

By the construction of the fundamental domain, there exists for any $`vV(T_N^{})`$, a unique $`\gamma s(F_c)`$ such that $`v\gamma T`$, and this allows us to define $`N_vPGL(2,A)`$ to be $`\sigma \varphi _{\gamma ^1v}(\gamma ^1\sigma \gamma )`$. For edges $`e`$, we similarly get $`\gamma `$ such that $`e\gamma (T\{e_i^+\}_{i=1}^c)`$, and the same works.

By compatibility, we thus get an embedding of $`\underset{\stackrel{}{T_N^{}}}{lim}N_{}`$ into $`PGL(2,A)`$, which by construction is compatible with the conjugation action of $`F_c`$, so that we finally get an embedding $`NPGL(2,A)`$, viz., an element of $`D_{N,\varphi }(A)`$. Since this construction is functorial in $`A`$, we get the desired inverse map of functors. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

para-freecase Computing the functor $`D_{F_c,\varphi s}`$. The set of morphisms

$$\mathrm{Hom}(F_c,PGL(2,K))$$

is a smooth algebraic variety over $`K`$; by choosing a basis of $`F_c`$, it is isomorphic to $`PGL(2,K)^c`$ over $`K`$. We can take its formal completion at the $`K`$-rational point $`\varphi s`$, and

$$D_{F_c,\varphi s}\mathrm{Hom}(F_c,PGL(2,K))_{\varphi s}^{}$$

as formal functors. In particular,

$$dim_KD_{F_c,\varphi s}(K[ϵ])=dimH_{F_c,\varphi s}=3c,$$

where the first one is the dimension of the tangent space and the second one the Krull-dimension of the pro-representable hull of the functor.

##

para-finitecase Computing the functor $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ for finite $`N`$. Here, the argument is based on the simple observation that an injective element $`\varphi `$ of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,PGL(2,K))`$ corresponds to a cover $`𝐏^1𝐏^1`$ with Galois group $`N`$; and hence, it is related to the algebraic deformation functor (LABEL:global-def) of the pair $`(𝐏^1,\varphi )`$ (regarding $`\varphi `$ as a representation of $`N`$ into $`\mathrm{Aut}(𝐏^1)`$). The functor $`D_{𝐏^1,\varphi }`$ is defined modulo conjugation by $`PGL(2)`$, whereas the analytic deformation functor $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ carries a natural action of $`PGL(2)^{}`$. However, it is easy to see that

$$D_{N,\varphi }^{}=D_{𝐏^1,\varphi }.$$

From this formula, we get in particular that

(LABEL:para-finitecase.1)
$$dimH_{N,\varphi }=dimH_{𝐏^1,\varphi }+3\nu (\varphi (N)),$$

where for a finite subgroup $`GPGL(2,K)`$,

$$\nu (G)=dim\mathrm{Nor}_{PGL(2,K)}(G)$$

is the dimension of the normalizer of $`G`$ in $`PGL(2,K)`$ as an algebraic group. Formula (LABEL:para-finitecase.1) continues to hold when hulls are replaced by tangent spaces.

By Dickson’s Hauptsatz, the finite groups $`N`$ acting on $`𝐏^1`$ in positive characteristic are known. Let us first set up the notation:

LABEL:para-finitecase.2 Notation. We let $`D_n`$ denote the dihedral group of order $`2n`$. We will write $`P(2,q)`$ to denote either $`PGL(2,q)`$ or $`PSL(2,q)`$ by slight abuse of notation, with the convention that any related numerical quantities that appear between set delimiters $`\{\}`$ are only to be considered for $`PSL(2,q)`$.

We now recall this classification in the version as it is given in Valentini-Madan, as this more geometrical form immediately allows us to compute $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ using the results from section :

LABEL:para-finitecase.3 Theorem (Dickson, cf. ). Any finite subgroup of $`PGL(2,K)`$ is isomorphic to a finite subgroup of $`PGL(2,p^m)`$ for some $`m>0`$. The group $`PGL(2,p^m)`$ has the following finite subgroups $`G`$, such that $`\pi _G`$ is branched over $`d`$ points with ramification groups isomorphic to $`G_1,\mathrm{},G_d`$:

(i) $`G=𝐙/n𝐙`$ for $`(n;p)=1`$, $`d=2`$, $`G_1=G_2=𝐙/n𝐙`$;

(ii) $`G=D_n`$ with $`p2`$, $`n|p^m\pm 1`$, $`d=3`$, $`G_1=G_2=𝐙/2𝐙,G_3=𝐙/n𝐙`$ or also, $`p=2`$, $`(n;2)=1`$, $`d=2`$ and $`G_1=𝐙/2𝐙,G_2=𝐙/n𝐙`$;

(iii) $`G=(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/n𝐙`$ for $`tm`$ and $`n|p^m1,n|p^t1`$ with $`d=2`$ and $`G_1=G,G_2=𝐙/n𝐙`$ if $`n>1`$ and $`d=1,G_1=G`$ otherwise;

(iv) $`G=P(2,p^t)`$ with $`d=2`$ and $`G_1=(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/\{\frac{1}{2}\}(p^t1)𝐙,G_2=𝐙/\{\frac{1}{2}\}(p^t+1)𝐙`$;

(v) $`A_4`$ of $`p2,3`$, $`d=3`$, $`G_1=𝐙/2𝐙,G_2=G_3=𝐙/3𝐙`$;

(vi) $`S_4`$ if $`p2,3`$, $`d=3`$, $`G_1=𝐙/2𝐙,G_2=G_3=𝐙/4𝐙`$;

(vii) $`A_5`$ if $`5|p^{2m}1`$ and $`p2,3,5`$ with $`d=3`$ and $`G_1=𝐙/2𝐙,G_2=𝐙/3𝐙,G_3=𝐙/5𝐙`$ or $`p=3`$, $`d=2`$ and $`G_1=𝐙/3𝐙𝐙/2𝐙,G_2=𝐙/5𝐙`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

LABEL:para-finitecase.4 Lemma. The normalizer of a finite subgroup $`N`$ of $`PGL(2,K)`$ has dimension $`\nu (N)=0`$, unless if $`N`$ is cyclic of order prime-to-$`p`$; then $`\nu (N)=1`$, or if $`N`$ is a pure $`p`$-group; then $`\nu (N)=2`$.

Proof. Any group from the above list which does not belong to the mentioned exceptions has at least three fixed points on $`𝐏^1`$, the set of which should also remain stable under the action of the normalizer of $`N`$, which hence is finite.

A cyclic subgroup $`N`$ of order prime-to-$`p`$ has a diagonalizable generator, and by a direct computation, this is seen to be exactly stabilized by the one-dimensional group $`D`$ generated by the center of $`PGL(2,K)`$ and the involution $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.17em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}0}}\right)`$.

A $`p`$-group $`N`$ can be put into upper diagonal form by conjugation, and a little computation shows that the stabilizer of such a group consists precisely of the 2-dimensional group of upper trigonal matrices. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

main-analytic Theorem. Let $`N`$ be as in section , and suppose a Bass-Serre representation of $`N`$ is given as in LABEL:para-structureBT6. Then

$$dimH_{N,\varphi }^{}=3c(T_N)3+\underset{vV(T_N)}{}h(N_v)\underset{eE(T_N)}{}h(N_e),$$

and

$$dim_KD_{N,\varphi }^{}(K[ϵ])=3c(T_N)3+\underset{vV(T_N)}{}t(N_v)\underset{eE(T_N)}{}t(N_e),$$

where for a finite group $`GPGL(2,K)`$, the numbers $`h(G)`$ and $`t(G)`$ are given in the table below:

| $`G`$ | $`(p,t,n)`$ | $`h(G)`$ | $`t(G)`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝐙/n𝐙`$ | $`(n;p)=1`$ | $`2`$ | $`2`$ |
| $`D_n`$ | $`p2`$ | $`3`$ | $`3`$ |
|  | $`p=2`$ | $`4`$ | $`4`$ |
| $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$ | $`p2,3`$ | $`t`$ | $`t+1`$ |
|  | $`p=3`$ | $`t`$ | $`t`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t>1`$ | $`t1`$ | $`t`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t=1`$ | $`2`$ | $`2`$ |
| $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/n𝐙`$ | $`p2\&n2`$ or $`p=2,3`$ | $`t/s+2`$ | $`t/s+2`$ |
|  | $`n=2`$ | $`t+2`$ | $`t+3`$ |
| $`P(2,p^t)`$ | $`\{p^t5\}`$ | $`3`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`A_4,S_4`$ |  | $`3`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`A_5`$ | $`p3`$ | $`3`$ | $`3`$ |
|  | $`p=3`$ | $`3`$ | $`4`$ |

Proof. Since $`N`$ is infinite, the action of $`PGL(2)^{}`$ is of dimension 3. By LABEL:prop-tofinite and LABEL:para-freecase, we are reduced to computing $`D_{N,\varphi }`$ for finite $`N`$ occuring in $`T_N`$. We know which different $`G`$ can occur on the edges and vertices of $`T_N`$ by Dickson’s theorem LABEL:para-finitecase.3. For each of these, using LABEL:para-finitecase.1 we are reduced to the computation of the algebraic data, for which we appeal to LABEL:global-theorem, and to the computation of $`\nu (G)`$, which is in lemma LABEL:para-finitecase.4. If we let $`h^{\mathrm{alg}}(G)`$ and $`t^{\mathrm{alg}}(G)`$ denote the Krull-dimension of the pro-representable hull and vector space dimension of the tangent space to $`D_{𝐏^1,\varphi |G}`$ respectively, we find

| $`G`$ | $`(p,t,n)`$ | $`h^{\mathrm{alg}}(G)`$ | $`t^{\mathrm{alg}}(G)`$ | $`3\nu (G)`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝐙/n𝐙`$ | $`(n;p)=1`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`2`$ |
| $`D_n`$ | $`p2`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`3`$ |
|  | $`p=2`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t`$ | $`p2,3`$ | $`t1`$ | $`t`$ | $`1`$ |
|  | $`p=3`$ | $`t1`$ | $`t1`$ | $`1`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t>1`$ | $`t2`$ | $`t1`$ | $`1`$ |
|  | $`p=2,t=1`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ |
| $`(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/n𝐙`$ | $`p2\&n2`$ or $`p=2,3`$ | $`t/s1`$ | $`t/s1`$ | $`3`$ |
|  | $`n=2`$ | $`t1`$ | $`t`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`P(2,p^t)`$ | $`\{p^t5\}^{}`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`A_4,S_4`$ |  | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`A_5`$ | $`p3`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`3`$ |
|  | $`p=3`$ | $`0`$ | $`1`$ | $`3`$ |

In this computation, note at  that $`PSL(2,5)=A_5`$ does not occur in Dickson’s list if $`p=5`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

LABEL:main-analytic.1 Remark. The main analytic theorem stated in the introduction follows from LABEL:main-analytic by excluding the cases $`g2,p=2,3`$.

9. Compatibility between algebraic and analytic deformation

##

para-analyticdef Deformation of Mumford uniformization. We have already seen how to compare analytic and algebraic deformation functors for finite groups acting on $`𝐏^1`$. We now want to compare these functors in general, in particular to achieve equality between the apparently different results from the main algebraic and analytic theorem (LABEL:global-theorem and LABEL:main-analytic).

Let $`X`$ be a Mumford curve over $`K`$ uniformized by a Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\varphi :NPGL(2,k)`$ a discrete group between $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and its normalizer in $`PGL(2,K)`$. Let $`\rho :N/\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{Aut}(X)`$. To be able to compare the functors $`D_{N,\varphi }^{}`$ and $`D_{X,\rho }`$, it will be necessary to develop a theory of algebraic deformation of Mumford uniformization; this means just to translate the formalism of Mumford () from fields $`K`$ to elements in the category $`𝒞_K`$. For lack of a reference, we sketch it here; the reader who wants to follow the details in encouraged to take a copy of  at hand.

##

para-Artinian Analytic objects in $`𝒞_K`$. The maximal ideal of an object $`A`$ in $`𝒞_K`$ is denoted by $`𝔪_A`$. Each object $`A`$ in $`𝒞_K`$ can be made into a $`K`$-affinoid algebra in a unique way by a suitable surjective homomorphism $`KX_1,\mathrm{},X_nA`$ over $`K`$ (cf.  (6.1)). We denote by $`𝒪_A`$ (resp. $`𝔪_{𝒪_A}`$) the subring (resp. the ideal in $`𝒪_A`$) consisting of power-bounded (resp. topologically nilpotent) elements in $`A`$ (cf. loc. cit. (6.2.3)). Since every element in $`𝔪_A`$ is nilpotent, we have $`𝒪_A𝔪_A𝔪_{𝒪_A}`$. By this, it is easily seen that $`𝒪_A`$ is a local ring with the maximal ideal $`𝔪_{𝒪_A}`$, that $`𝒪_A/𝔪_{𝒪_A}k`$, and that $`\pi _A^1(𝒪_K)=𝒪_A`$ and $`\pi _A^1(𝔪_{𝒪_K})=𝔪_{𝒪_A}`$, where $`\pi _A:AK`$ is the reduction map.

Example. In the ring of dual numbers $`K[ϵ]`$, the ring of power-bounded elements is $`𝒪_K+Kϵ`$, whereas the ideal of topologically nilpotent elements is $`𝔪_{𝒪_K}+Kϵ`$.

##

para-lattice Lattices. Let $`A`$ be an object in $`𝒞_K`$. By a lattice in $`A^2`$ we mean an $`𝒪_A`$-submodule $`M`$ in $`A^2`$ that is free of rank $`2`$. By elementary commutative algebra, this is equivalent to $`MA^2`$ being an $`𝒪_A`$-submodule such that the image $`\overline{M}`$ in $`K^2`$ by the reduction map $`A^2K^2`$ is a lattice in the usual sense. We consider the set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{(0)}`$ of similarity classes of lattices up to multiplication by $`A^{}`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{(0)}`$ can be naturally identified with the set of equivalence classes of couples $`(𝐏,\varphi )`$, where $`𝐏`$ is an $`𝒪_A`$-scheme isomorphic to $`𝐏_{𝒪_A}^1`$ and $`\varphi `$ is an isomorphism between $`𝐏A`$ and $`𝐏_A^1`$, and two couples $`(𝐏,\varphi )`$ and $`(𝐏^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are equivalent if there exists an $`𝒪_A`$-isomorphism $`\psi :𝐏𝐏^{}`$ such that $`\varphi ^{}\psi =\varphi `$. The identification between $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{(0)}`$ and the space of such couples is given by

$$M𝐏(M)=\mathrm{Proj}(\mathrm{Sym}_{𝒪_A}M)$$

where $`\varphi `$ is induced from $`MAA^2`$.

##

para-flat Trees. We take a subgroup $`N\mathrm{PGL}(2,A)`$ such that its image $`\overline{N}`$ in $`\mathrm{PGL}(2,K)`$ by the reduction map is finitely generated, discrete and isomorphic to $`N`$. Such a subgroup $`N`$ contains a normal free subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of finite index, since $`\overline{N}`$ does and $`N`$ and $`\overline{N}`$ are isomorphic as groups. This $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ satisfies a “flatness” condition analogous to \[16, (1.4)\] (or, equivalently, property $``$ in loc. cit. pp.139) in the folowing sense: if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is the set of all sections $`\mathrm{Spec}A𝐏_A^1`$ fixed by non-trivial elements $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then for any $`P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, the cross-ratio $`R:=R(P_1,P_2;P_3,P_4)`$ or its inverse $`R^1`$ lie in $`𝒪_A`$ (note: $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ does not depend on the choice of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`N`$). The proof is easy from the fact $`\pi _A^1(𝒪_K)=𝒪_A`$. Given $`P_1,P_2,P_3`$ with homogeneous coordinates $`w_1,w_2,w_3`$, respectively, let $`M=𝒪_Aa_1w_1+𝒪_Aa_2w_2+𝒪_Aa_3w_3`$, where the $`a_i`$ satisfy a non-trivial linear relation $`a_1w_1+a_2w_2+a_3w_3=0`$. The class $`v(P_1,P_2,P_3)`$ of $`M`$ in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{(0)}`$ depends only on $`P_1,P_2,P_3`$. We let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}`$ be the set of all such $`v(P_1,P_2,P_3)`$. The set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}`$ is “linked” in the sense of loc. cit. (1.11), and the thus obtained tree is obviously the usual tree with respect to $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

##

para-join The construction of the formal scheme also parallels the original one. For $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}`$ one defines the join $`𝐏(M_1)𝐏(M_2)`$ to be the closure of the graph of the birational map $`𝐏(M_1)\mathrm{}𝐏(M_2)`$ induced from $`\varphi _2^1\varphi _1`$, where $`(𝐏(M_i),\varphi _i)`$ corresponds to $`M_i`$ ($`i=1,2`$) by the correspondence from (LABEL:para-lattice). The formal scheme $`𝒫_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ over $`\mathrm{Spf}𝒪_A`$ is then constructed as in loc. cit. pp.156 using these joins. Obviously, its fiber over $`\mathrm{Spf}𝒪_K`$ is isomorphic to the usual formal scheme; in particular, their underlying topological spaces are isomorphic. It is clear that the associated rigid space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`𝒫_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in the sense of  §5 is the complement in $`𝐏_A^{1,\mathrm{an}}`$ of the closure of the set of fixed rig-points (corresponding to the fixed sections). The quotient and the algebraization can equally well be taken by a r reasoning similar to the usual case. What finally comes out is a scheme $`X_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ over $`A`$ with special fiber over $`K`$ the Mumford curve corresponding to $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, and hence one can further take a finite quotient by $`N/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

##

para-functors The above construction of infinitesimal deformation of Mumford uniformization induces a morphism of functors

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:D_{N,\varphi }^{}D_{X,\rho },$$

by associating to a deformation of $`NPGL(2,K)`$ to $`\overline{N}PGL(2,A)`$ the corresponding “Mumford” curve over $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. By an argument parallel to  §4, it is not difficult to see the following:

##

prop-functors Proposition. The morphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an isomorphism. $`\mathrm{}`$

##

prop-functcor Remark. If $`X`$ is a Mumford curve uniformized by a Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`N`$ is between $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and its normalizer in $`PGL(2,K)`$, let $`\rho :N\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ the corresponding representation. Then the (a priori very different looking) results from the algebraic computation LABEL:global-theorem for $`D_{X,\rho }`$ and the analytic computation LABEL:main-analytic for $`D_{N,\varphi }^{}`$ agree. There might be a more direct combinatorial proof of this equality.

LABEL:example2.1 Example (Artin-Schreier-Mumford curves). If, for the Artin-Schreier curves of LABEL:def-example.1 over a non-archimedean field $`K`$ the value of $`c`$ satisfies $`|c|<1`$, then $`X_{t,c}`$ is a Mumford curve, and the corresponding normalizer of its Schottky group is

$$N_t=((𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/(p^t1)𝐙)_{𝐙/(p^t1)𝐙}D_{p^t1}.$$

We compute from this that the analytic infinitesimal deformation space is $`1`$-dimensional, in concordance with the algebraic result.

##

example2.2 Example (Drinfeld modular curves). The Drinfeld modular curve $`X(𝔫)`$ is known to be a Mumford curve (cf. ), and the normalizer of its Schottky group is isomorphic to an amalgam (cf. )

$$N(𝔫)=PGL(2,p^t)_{(𝐙/p𝐙)^t𝐙/(p^t1)𝐙}(𝐙/p𝐙)^{td}𝐙/(p^t1)𝐙$$

(at least if $`p2,q3`$). The above formula gives a $`(d1)`$-dimensional infinitesimal analytic deformation space, and this agrees with the algebraic result.

Acknowledgments. The first author is post-doctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders (FWO -Vlaanderen). This work was done while the first author was visiting Kyoto University and the MPIM in Bonn, and while the second author was visiting the University of Paris-VI. Thanks to Frans Oort for pointing us to .

Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik, Vivatsgasse 7, 53111 Bonn, Germany (gc current)

University of Gent, Dept. of Pure Mathematics, Galglaan 2, 9000 Gent, Belgium (gc)

Kyoto University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Mathematics, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

e-mail: gc@cage.rug.ac.be, kato@kusm.kyoto-u.ac.jp