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# Untitled Document

ACM vector bundles on prime Fano threefolds

and complete intersection Calabi Yau threefolds

C.G. Madonna

## Abstract.

In this paper we derive a list of all the possible indecomposable normalized rank–two vector bundles without intermediate cohomology on the prime Fano threefolds and on the complete intersection Calabi-Yau threefolds, say $`V`$, of Picard number $`\rho =1`$. For any such bundle $``$, if it exists, we find the projective invariants of the curves $`CV`$ which are the zero–locus of general global sections of $``$. In turn, a curve $`CV`$ with such invariants is a section of a bundle $``$ from our lists. This way we reduce the problem for existence of such bundles on $`V`$ to the problem for existence of curves with prescribed properties contained in $`V`$. In part of the cases in our lists the existence of such curves on the general $`V`$ is known, and we state the question about the existence on the general $`V`$ of any type of curves from the lists.

§ 0. Introduction

Let $`V`$ be a smooth projective threefold, and let $``$ be a vector bundle on $`V`$. We say that $``$ has no intermediate cohomology if $`h^i(V,L)=0`$, $`i=1,2`$ for any line bundle $`L`$ on $`V`$. We say that an indecomposable (i.e. not split as a direct sum of two line bundles) vector bundle on $`V`$ with no intermediate cohomology is a Cohen Macaulay bundle (a CM bundle, for short). In the rank–two case we will call such a bundle arithmetically Cohen Macaulay (an ACM bundle, for short). In particular, let $`\rho (V)=1`$ where $`\rho (V)`$ is the the rank of the Picard group of $`V`$, and let $`D`$ be the class of an ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)`$ over $`𝐙`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)𝐙[D]`$. For the line bundle $`L=nD`$ on $`V`$ denote by $`(n)`$ the twist of $``$ by $`nD`$, i.e. $`(n)=nD`$. Now, if the rank of $``$ is two, the identity $`^{}=(c_1)`$, where $`det=c_1D`$, together with the Serre duality, imply that $``$ has no intermediate cohomology if and only if $`h^1(V,(n))=0`$ for any $`n𝐙`$. In this paper we will deal on ACM bundles on prime Fano threefolds and complete intersection Calabi Yau threefolds. To start with, by the criterion of Horrocks the rank–two vector bundle $``$ on $`V=𝐏^3`$ has no intermediate cohomology if and only it splits as a direct sum of two line bundles (see  or  – Ch.2, Thm. 2.3.1), and hence there are no ACM bundles on $`𝐏^3`$. For the smooth quadric threefold $`Q_2^3𝐏^4`$ it was proved by Ottaviani that there exists a unique (up to twist) ACM bundle (see ).

In addition, by a result of Buchweitz, Greuel and Schreyer, on any smooth hypersurface $`X_d𝐏^N`$ of degree $`d3`$ (i.e. on any smooth $`X_d`$ different from $`X_1=𝐏^3`$ or $`X_2=Q_2^3`$) there exist infinitely many (up to twist) isomorphism classes of CM bundles (see ).

In  the author has obtained a cohomological criterion for the splitting of a rank–two vector bundle $``$ without intermediate cohomology on a smooth hypersurface $`X_d`$ in $`𝐏^4`$. It turns out that the approach used in  can be applied also to any smooth projective threefold $`V`$ for which the following condition is satisfied:

($``$) $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)=𝐙[D]`$ and $`h^1(\text{O}_V(nD))=0`$ for any $`n𝐙`$.

Moreover if the bundle $``$ is normalized , i.e. $`h^0(V,)0`$ but $`h^0((1)):=h^0(V,(D))=0`$, for $`D`$ being the ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)`$, then the zero–locus $`C`$ of a general global section of $``$ is an 1-dimensional (see  Remark 1.0.1) subcanonical curve on $`V`$ of well-defined genus $`p`$ and degree $`d`$, which will be dnoted by $`C_d^p`$. In turn, the Serre construction (see e.g ) makes it possible from a given curve $`CV`$, with the properties predicted after  (provided such a curve on $`V`$ does exist), to construct a rank–two vector bundle $``$ on $`V`$ without intermediate cohomology and such that $`C`$ is the zero–locus of a global section of $``$. This way, the problem for existence of ACM bundles on the threefold $`V`$ with the property ($``$) is reduced to the problem for existence of curves $`CV`$ with prescribed properties. This reduction has been successfully applied by Arrondo and Costa (see ) to classify all ACM bundles on the Fano threefolds $`Y_d𝐏^{d+1},d=3,4,5`$ of index $`2`$, as well in  to classify all such bundles on the quartic threefold. We quote also the result by Szurek and Wiśniewski in  in which some moduli spaces of rank–two bundles on $`Y_d`$ are described by means of this reduction.

All the above gives us a ground to state the following problem (depending on the choice of the threefold $`V`$):

($``$) Problem. For any smooth projective threefold $`V`$ for which takes place the condition ($``$), describe all the ACM bundles on $`V`$.

In this paper we study the problem ($``$) for two important classes of projective threefolds – the prime Fano threefolds $`V_{2g2},2g12,g11`$ and the Calabi Yau threefolds $`X_r`$, $`r=5,8,9,12,16`$, complete intersections in projective spaces.

By the well-known definition, the smooth projective variety $`V`$ of dimension $`3`$ is a Fano threefold if the anticanonical class $`K_V`$ is ample. The Fano threefolds with Picard number $`\rho =1`$ are completely classified after the works of Iskovskikh (see e.g. ). Let $`V`$ be a Fano threefold with $`\rho =1`$, and let $`D`$ be the ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)`$. The positive integer $`d=d(V)=D^3`$ is called the degree of $`V`$. Since $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)=𝐙[D]`$ then $`K_V=rD`$ for some positive integer $`r=r(V)`$ called the index of $`V`$. Clearly any Fano threefold with $`\rho =1`$ fullfills the condition ($``$). By the classification of Fano threefolds with $`\rho =1`$, the only Fano threefolds of index $`r3`$ are the projective 3-space $`𝐏^3`$ (for which $`r=4`$) and the 3-dimensional quadric $`Q_2^3`$ (for which $`r=3`$). The results of Horrocks for $`𝐏^3`$ in  and of Ottaviani for $`Q_2^3`$ in  yield, of course, the solution of the problem ($``$) for Fano threefolds of index $`3`$, while the results of Arrondo and Costa in  give the solution of ($``$) for the Fano threefolds $`Y_d`$ of index $`2`$ for which the generator $`H=(K_Y)/2`$ of $`\mathrm{Pic}(Y)`$ is very ample – the cubic threefold $`Y_3𝐏^4`$, the intersection of two quadrics $`Y_4𝐏^5`$ and the del Pezzo threefold $`Y_5𝐏^6`$.

The Fano threefolds $`V`$ with $`\rho =1`$ and index $`r=1`$ are called prime. Obviously, the prime Fano threefolds are exactly these Fano threefolds $`V`$ for which the anticanonical class $`K_V`$ is the ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)`$ over $`𝐙`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)=𝐙[K_V]`$. The degree $`d=(K_V)^3`$ of a prime Fano threefold $`V`$ is always even, and the integer $`g=g(V)=\frac{d}{2}+1`$ is called the genus of $`V=V_{2g2}`$. By  prime Fano threefolds $`V_{2g2}`$ exist if and only if $`2g12,g11`$.

The main result of the paper is:

###### Main Theorem.

Let $``$ be a normalized ACM bundle on a prime Fano threefolds $`V_{2g2}`$ of genus $`g`$. Then $``$ is a twist of one of the bundles in the list below:

1. $`c_1=1`$, $`c_2=1`$ and $``$ is associated to a line in $`V`$;
2. $`c_1=0`$, $`c_2=2`$ and $``$ is associated to a conic in $`V`$;
3. $`c_1=1`$, either $`c_2=g+2`$ and $``$ is associated to a non-degenerate elliptic curve $`C_{g+2}^1`$ of degree $`g+2`$ contained in $`V`$ or $`c_2=d<g+2`$ and $`C_d^1`$ is degenerate;
4. $`c_1=2`$, $`c_2=2+2g`$ and $``$ is associated to a curve $`C_{2g+2}^{g+2}`$ of genus $`g+2`$ and degree $`2g+2`$ contained in $`V`$;
5. $`c_1=3`$, $`c_2=5g1`$ and $``$ is associated to a smooth $`2`$-canonical curve $`C_{5g1}^{5g}`$ contained in $`V`$.

In showing previous theorem, our starting point is that the procedure of  and  works word by word for any prime Fano threefold $`V_{2g2}`$ for which the anticanonical class determines an embedding in $`𝐏^{g+1}`$.

The only prime Fano threefolds, for which the anticanonical class does not define an embedding in a projective space, are the sextic double solid and the double quadric (see ). To include also these last in our main result we first give a generalization of the splitting criteria in .

We remark also the same approach works for the case of complete intersection Calabi Yau threefolds. By definition a Calabi Yau (CY, for short) threefold is a smooth 3-dimensional projective variety $`X`$ such that the canonical class $`K_X=0`$. In particular, if $`X=X_{r_1,\mathrm{},r_k}𝐏^{k+3}`$ is a complete intersection of hypersurfaces of degrees $`r_1,\mathrm{},r_k`$ then $`X`$ is called a complete intersection CY threefold (ciCY, for short). Clearly the product $`r=r_1\mathrm{}r_k`$ is the degree of $`X𝐏^{k+3}`$. There exist five types of ciCY: the quintic $`X_5𝐏^4`$, the intersection $`X_9𝐏^5`$ of two cubics, the intersection of a quartic and a quadric $`X_8`$ in $`𝐏^5`$, the intersection of a cubic and two quadrics $`X_{12}`$ in $`𝐏^6`$, and the intersection of 4 quadrics $`X_{16}`$ in $`𝐏^7`$.

Also for these threefolds we will give in the last section a list of eventually all normalized ACM bundles. We will omit its proof, being a very straightforward computation of the Fano’s case.

Both for Fano’s and ciCY’s we reduce the problem of existence of ACM bundles to the problem of existence of curves with prescribed properties on them. We quote, of course lines and conics exist on all the threefolds from the two lists, but it is a problem to prove the existence of all the types of curves predicted by these two lists.

We have also to point out that in the recent paper  of Beauville the pfaffian representation of a hypersurface $`Z_r`$ in $`𝐏^N`$, $`N=3,4`$, of degree $`r`$ is related to an ACM bundle $``$ on $`Z_r`$, and the existence of such a bundle (i.e. of a pfaffian representation of $`Z_r`$) is showed to be equivalent to the existence of special codimenion 2 cycles $`C^{pf}`$ on $`Z_r`$. Although the numerical estimates imply immediately a list of all the expected $`(r,N)`$ for which the general $`Z_r`$ can’t have a pfaffian representation, the problem of existence such cycles $`C^{pf}`$ (hence – of pfaffian representations) on the general $`Z_r`$ in the remaining cases had been solved completely by involving computer programs (see the appendix of F.O. Schreyer in ). In certain cases the cycles $`C^{pf}`$ have been constructed directly on the base of the geometry of the variety – see e.g.  and  for $`(r,N)=(3,4)`$ and  for $`(r,N)=(4,4)`$.

Because the problem of existence of all the types of curves predicted on both the prime Fano threefolds and the ciCY threefolds remains open, we state however the following:

Conjecture. All the types of curves (hence – of rank–two bundles) from the two lists exist.

In connection to the results in , in §2.2 below we show that the vector bundles from the list with $`c_1=2`$ and $`c_2=10`$ on the Fano threefold $`V_6`$ are parameterized by the pfaffian cubic 4-folds containing $`V_6`$. In addition, we show the existence and describe some of bundles from the list for prime Fano threefolds of small genera – see §2.

Acknowledgment. I wish to thank Professor A. Iliev for many useful conversations during his visit in Mathematics Department of Roma Tre on Genuary 2000.

§ 1. Notation and generalities

In this paper we work over the complex field $``$. Our main references are ,, and . An $`n`$-space is a projective space of dimension $`n`$. A curve contained in a projective threefold $`V`$ is a reduced (eventually reducible) 1-cycle contained in $`V`$, hence an element of the Chow group $`A^2(V)`$.

When $`\text{Pic}(V)`$ we use this isomorphism to identify line bundles with integers; in particular, for any vector bundle $``$ we denote by $`c_1()=c_1`$. A locally complete intersection curve $`YX`$ is called $`a`$-subcanonical if the canonical class $`\omega _Y=\text{O}_Y(a)`$ for some $`a`$.

We introduce $`b()=b=\mathrm{max}\{nh^0((n))0\}`$, hence $``$ is normalized if and only if $`b()=0`$. Note that any rank–two vector bundle may be normalized by mean of the twist $`(b)`$, so we may always assume the bundle is normalized. We use the notion of stability given in ; when $`\text{Pic}(V)`$ (as for prime Fano and ciCY threefolds), using our notation, a rank–two vector bundle $``$ is stable if and only if $`2bc_1<0`$. Note also that the number $`2bc_1`$ is invariant by twisting i.e $`2b()c_1()=2b((n))c_1((n))n`$. Let us denote by $`V`$ a prime Fano threefold or a ciCY threefold, and let $`H`$ denote the class of the ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)`$ and by $`l`$ the class of a line on $`V`$. Then $`H^3=\mathrm{deg}V`$, $`Hl=1`$ and $`H^2=(\mathrm{deg}V)l`$. If $``$ is a rank–two vector bundle on $`V`$ then for any $`n𝐙`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}c_1((nH)=c_1()+2nH=(c_1+2n)H\hfill & \\ c_2((nH))=c_2()+c_1()nH+(nH)^2=\left(c_2+(\mathrm{deg}V)nc_1+(\mathrm{deg}V)n^2\right)l.\hfill & \end{array}$$

We will frequently use the following:

###### Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem ( pg.290).

The following holds:

(i) $`\chi (\text{O}_{V_{2g2}}(m))=\frac{1}{6}(g1)(m+1)(2m+1)m+2m+1`$ for any $`m𝐙`$;

(ii) $`\chi ()=(2g2)c_1^2\left(\frac{c_1}{6}+\frac{1}{4}\right)\frac{c_2}{2}(c_1+1)+\frac{c_1}{6}(g+11)+2`$, where $``$ is a rank–two vector bundle on $`V_{2g2}`$ with Chern classes $`c_1()=c_1`$ and $`c_2()=c_2`$.

(iii) $`\chi ()=\frac{r}{6}c_1^3\frac{c_1c_2}{2}+\frac{c_1}{12}[12(k+4)2r)]`$ where $``$ is a rank–two vector bundle on $`X_r𝐏^{k+3}`$ with Chern classes $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$;

(iv) $`\chi (\text{O}_{X_r}(nH))=\frac{r}{6}(n^3+5n)`$.

###### Castelnuovo-Mumford Criterion ( pg.100).

Let $`V`$ be a non-singular projective variety with $`\mathrm{Pic}(V)𝐙`$, and let $``$ be an $`m`$-regular coherent sheaf on $`V`$ i.e. such that $`h^i((mi))=0`$ for all $`i>0`$. Then $`(k)`$ is globally generated if $`km`$.

§ 2. A proof of the Main Theorem.

###### Lemma.

Let $`V_{2g2}`$ be a prime Fano threefold and let $`D`$ be the ample generator of $`\mathrm{Pic}(V_{2g2})`$. Then for any curve $`CV_{2g2}`$ there exists a 1-cycle $`L=D_1D_2`$, $`D_1,D_2D`$ which does not intersect $`C`$.

We can now give the following generalization of the splitting criteria in . By previous lemma, its proof, is a very straightforward procedure of the one as in .

###### Proposition.

Let $`V_{2g2}`$ be a prime Fano threefold and $`D`$ the class of an ample generator of $`V_{2g2}`$. Let $``$ be a normalized rank–two vector bundle on $`V_{2g2}`$. Then: if $`_nH^1(nD)=0`$, $``$ splits as a direct sum of two line bundles, unless

$`2LDLK_LLc_1()LK_L`$.

Proof of the Main Theorem. Let us start as in  for the case $`g=3`$, with a case by case analysis. By previous proposition we find $`4<c_1<2`$.

If $`c_1=1`$ we find that $`\chi ((1))=g2=3g+c_2`$ hence $`c_2=1`$ and $``$ is associated to a line on $`V`$.

If $`c_1=0`$ we find $`\chi ()=\frac{c_2}{2}+2=1`$ hence $`c_2=2`$ and $``$ is associated to a conic.

If $`c_1=1`$ since $`2p2=0`$, $``$ corresponds to an elliptic curve of degree $`c_2`$. Since

$$h^0()=\chi ()=(2g2)\left(\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{4}\right)c_2+\frac{g+11}{6}+2=1+h^0(\text{I}_C(1))$$

it follows that $`c_2=g+2h^0(\text{I}_C(1))`$. If $`C`$ is not contained in any hyperplane then $`h^0(\text{I}_C(1))=0`$ and the degree of $`C`$ is $`g+2`$. In any case $`c_23`$.

If $`c_1=2`$ since $`\chi ((1))=0`$ we find that $``$ is associated to a curve of genus $`p=g+2`$ and degree $`d=2+2g`$.

If $`c_1=3`$ since $`h^3((3))=0`$ by Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity a general global section of $``$ is a smooth curve of genus $`p`$ and degree $`p1`$. Since $`\chi ((1))=0`$ then $`c_2=5g1`$ and $`p=5g`$.

§ 3. Examples.

§ 3.1. Elliptic cubics on $`V_6`$. Any prime Fano threefold $`V=V_6=QF𝐏^5`$ of genus $`g=4`$ is a complete intersection of a quadric $`Q`$ and a cubic hypersurface $`F`$ in $`𝐏^5`$ (see ). The quadric $`Q`$ is uniquely defined by $`V`$, and if $`V`$ is smooth then $`Q`$ has rank 5 or 6. For, if $`\mathrm{rk}(Q)=r4`$ then the vertex $`𝐏^{6r1}=\mathrm{Sing}(Q)`$ of $`Q`$ will be a space of dimension $`6r1`$, and then $`𝐏^{6r1}F\mathrm{Sing}(V)`$ will be non-empty. If $`\mathrm{rk}(Q)=6`$ then $`QGr(2,4)`$ is isomorphic to the Grassmannian of lines in $`𝐏^3`$ embedded by the Plücker map in $`𝐏^5`$. Then on $`Q`$ lie two $`𝐏^3`$–families $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{𝐏^2(t);t𝐏^3\}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\{\overline{𝐏}^2(t);t𝐏^3\}`$ of planes.

For a general $`F`$, the prime Fano threefold $`V`$ does not contain planes, and hence the cubic $`F`$ intersects on any plane $`𝐏^2(t)Q`$ (or $`\overline{𝐏}^2(t)Q`$) a 1-cycle of degree $`3`$ and it is easy to see that for the general $`V`$ the 1-cycles is a smooth plane cubic on $`V`$. Let, in turn, $`CV`$ be a plane cubic, i.e. $`C=V𝐏^2`$ for some plane $`𝐏^2Q`$, and assume for simplicity that $`C`$ is smooth. The argument below, which depends only on the degree of the 1-cycle $`C=V𝐏^2`$ takes place also for reducible and non-reduced intersections $`V𝐏^2`$.

Since $`\mathrm{deg}(C)=3`$ and $`CVQ`$ then the plane $`𝐏^2=Span(C)`$ will lie on $`Q`$; therefore the plane $`𝐏^2`$ will belong to one of the two families $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ or $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$.

If $`\mathrm{rk}(Q)=5`$ then $`Q`$ is a cone with vertex a point, over a smooth $`3`$-dimensional quadric. Then on $`Q`$ lies one $`𝐏^3`$–family $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{𝐏^2(t);t𝐏^3\}`$ of 2–spaces. The general plane $`𝐏^2`$ will intersect on $`V`$ a smooth plane cubic curve. The same argument as above implies that the plane cubics on $`V`$ are, in fact, the intersections $`C=V𝐏^2(t)`$ for $`𝐏^2(t)\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. This yields the following

###### Proposition.

Let $`V_6=QF𝐏^5`$ be a prime Fano threefold of genus $`4`$. Then:

(1) if $`\mathrm{rk}(Q)=6`$ then on $`V_6`$ lie two $`𝐏^3`$–families of plane cubic intersected by the elements of the two $`𝐏^3`$–families of planes on $`Q`$; moreover if $`V_6`$ is general then the general element of any of these two families is a smooth plane cubic curve;

(2) if $`\mathrm{rk}(Q)=5`$ then on $`V_6`$ lies one $`𝐏^3`$–family of plane cubics intersected by the elements of the unique $`𝐏^3`$–family of planes on $`Q`$; moreover if $`V_6`$ is general then the general plane cubic on $`V_6`$ is a smooth plane cubic curve.

§ 3.2. Elliptic quartics on $`V_6`$. On the smooth Fano threefold $`V=V_6=QF𝐏^5`$ lie a 2-dimensional family of conics $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{q:qV,deg(q)=2\}`$ (i.e. any component of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has dimension 2); and the general conic $`qV`$ (i.e. the general element of any component of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) is smooth (see  for example).

Let $`q`$ be a smooth conic on $`V`$, and let $`𝐏^3𝐏^5`$ be a general 3-space which contains $`q`$. Since the smooth threefold $`V`$ does not contain 2-dimensional quadrics then the 1-cycle $`C_6^4=V𝐏^3=QF𝐏^3=q+C`$ will be a complete intersection of a quadric and a cubic in $`𝐏^3`$ containing $`q`$ as a component. Assuming that $`V`$ is general it is easy to see that for the general $`𝐏^3q`$ the residue 1-cycle $`C=C_4^1`$ is a smooth elliptic quartic on $`V`$. Let, in turn, $`C=C_4^1V`$ be an elliptic quartic. Clearly $`C`$ can’t lie on a plane, otherwise, for reason of intersection number, this plane will lie also on $`V`$. Therefore $`C`$ is a complete intersection of two quadrics in $`𝐏^3=Span(C)𝐏^5`$. Since the quadric $`Q𝐏^5`$ has rank $`5`$ then $`Q`$ does not contain 3-spaces, and $`S_2=Q𝐏^3`$ will be a quadric surface containing $`C`$. Similarly $`S_3=F𝐏^3`$ is a cubic surface which contains $`C`$, and which does not have components which lie on $`V`$. Therefore the 1-cycle $`C_6^4=C+q=S_2S_3=QF𝐏^3QF=V`$ is a cubic section of $`S_2`$, containing $`C=C_4^1`$ as a component. Since $`C`$ is a quadratic section of $`S_2`$, then the residue $`1`$-cycle $`q`$ is a linear section of $`S_2`$, i.e. $`q`$ is a conic on $`V`$. This yields the following

###### Proposition.

Let $`V_6=QF𝐏^5`$ be a prime Fano threefold of genus $`4`$. Then on $`V_6`$ there exist elliptic quartics (i.e. effective 1-cycles which are complete intersections of two quadrics in a $`𝐏^3`$); and if $`V_6`$ is general then the general elliptic quartic on $`V_6`$ is a smooth.

§ 3.2. Elliptic quartics on $`V_8`$. Any prime Fano threefold $`V_8`$ of genus $`g=5`$, is a complete intersection of three quadrics in $`𝐏^6`$ (see ). Let us denote by $`𝐏^2[N]`$ the plane of quadrics whose base locus defines $`V_8`$. The general quadric $`Q𝐏^2`$ is smooth (i.e. of rank = $`7`$), and it is well known, if the quadrics of the net are not all singular, the Hessian $`N_o=\{Q𝐏^2[N]:\mathrm{rk}(Q)6\}`$ is a plane curve of degree 7.

For the general $`V_8`$ the curve $`N_o`$ is smooth, and any any element $`QN_o`$ is a cone, with vertex a point, over a smooth 5–dimensional quadric. Therefore any quadric $`QN_o`$ contains two $`𝐏^3`$–families $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_Q`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_Q`$ of projective $`3`$–spaces, and since any of these two families defines uniquely the quadric $`Q`$, there exists a $`2`$–sheeted unbranched covering $`\pi :\stackrel{~}{N}_oN_o`$, $`\pi ^1(Q)=\{\mathrm{\Lambda }_Q,\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_Q\}`$, defined by a $`2`$-torsion sheaf $`\nu \mathrm{Pic}_2(N_o)`$ (see ). First we prove the following

###### Lemma.

There are no smooth plane curves of degree $`d3`$ on the prime Fano threefold $`V_8𝐏^6`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`CV_8=V`$ be a smooth plane curve of degree $`d3`$, and let $`𝐏^2`$ the plane containing it. Clearly, for reason of intersection number, the plane $`𝐏^2`$ can’t lie in $`V`$. Since $`\mathrm{deg}(C)3`$ then the general line $`L𝐏^2`$ intersects $`CV`$ in at least 3 points. But then $`L`$ intersects also $`VC`$ in these points and hence it is contained in any quadric containing $`V`$, and hence in $`V`$. Since $`L𝐏^2`$ is general then $`LV`$ implies that $`𝐏^2V`$, which is absurd. ∎

###### Proposition.

On the general prime Fano threefold $`V_8𝐏^6`$ there exists a projectively normal elliptic curve of degree $`4`$; moreover, any elliptic quartic on $`V_8`$ is intersected by a $`3`$-space which lies in a rank $`6`$ quadric containing $`V_8`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`QN_o`$ be a rank $`6`$ quadric containing $`V_8=V`$. Then on $`Q`$ lie two $`𝐏^3`$ families of $`3`$-spaces; and let $`𝐏^3`$ be one of these $`3`$-spaces. Since $`V`$ is a complete intersection of $`Q`$ and two quadrics, say $`V=QQ^{}Q^{\prime \prime }`$, and since $`𝐏^3Q`$, then $`V𝐏^3=Q^{}Q^{}𝐏^3`$.

Since $`Q^{}`$ and $`Q^{\prime \prime }`$ are quadrics then any of the two cycles $`S^{}=Q^{}𝐏^3`$ and $`S^{\prime \prime }=Q^{\prime \prime }𝐏^3`$ is either $`𝐏^3`$ or a 2-dimensional quadric.

But if some of these two cycles, say $`S^{\prime \prime }`$, is $`𝐏^3`$, then $`V`$ will contain the cycle $`Q^{}(Q^{\prime \prime }𝐏^3)=Q^{}𝐏^3=S^{}`$. Therefore either $`VS^{\prime \prime }=𝐏^3`$, and then $`V`$ will be not irreducible, or $`S^{\prime \prime }V`$ will be a quadric surface, and both cases are impossible.

Therefore $`S^{}`$ and $`S^{\prime \prime }`$ are quadric surfaces in $`𝐏^3`$, and $`V`$ contains the intersection cycle $`C=Q^{}Q^{}𝐏^3`$ = $`(Q^{}𝐏^3)(Q^{\prime \prime }𝐏^3)=S^{}S^{\prime \prime }𝐏^3`$. As above $`C`$ has not 2–dimensional components, and hence it is a 1–cycle. It is easy to see that for the general $`V`$ the general such $`C`$ is smooth, i.e. $`C`$ is a smooth elliptic quartic curve. Let, in turn, $`C`$ be an elliptic quartic on $`V`$, i.e. $`C=C_4^1V𝐏^6`$ is a complete intersection of two quadrics in the 3-space $`𝐏^3=Span(C)`$.

Since $`CV`$ and $`V`$ is a complete intersection of three quadrics in $`𝐏^6`$, and since $`CV𝐏^3`$ is a complete intersection of two quadrics in $`𝐏^3=Span(C)`$, then there exists a quadric $`Q𝐏^6`$ containing $`V`$ such that $`𝐏^3Q`$. Since the rank 7 quadrics in $`𝐏^6`$ do not contain 3–spaces, then $`rankQ6`$, i.e. $`QN_o`$. ∎

§ 3.3. Canonical curves $`C_{10}^6`$ on $`V_6`$.

Let us introduce the following:

Definition. Let $`\mathrm{Pfaff}`$ be the set of pfaffian cubic 4-folds in $`𝐏^5`$. Let us denote by $`M=𝐏_F^6\mathrm{Pfaff}`$ the 5-dimensional subvariety of pfaffian cubic 4-folds containing $`V_6`$. We will call the 5–fold of pfaffian cubics $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$ not of type $`LQ`$ for some linear form $`L`$, say $`M_o`$, the set of pfaffian representations of $`V_6`$.

Next we will show the role played by pfaffian representations of the threefold $`V_6`$. Following  we will enlight the analogy with the case of the quartic threefold ($`g=3`$).

###### Proposition.

Let $`V_6`$ be general. Then, there exist a bijective map between the family of pfaffian representations $`M_o`$ of $`V_6`$ and the family of curves of genus $`6`$ and degree $`10`$ on $`V_6`$.

###### Proof.

Let us denote by $`V=V_6=QF𝐏^5`$. We will show that the general element of $`M_o`$, i.e. the general pfaffian representation of $`V`$, corresponds to the general rank–two bundle $``$ on $`V`$ associated by the Hartshorne–Serre correspondence to a curve $`C=C_{10}^6V`$ of genus $`6`$ and degree $`10`$ contained in $`V`$. To show this we may proceed in the following way (or as in ). To an element in $`M_o`$ corresponds an unique pfaffian cubic 4-fold $`F𝐏^5`$ such that $`FQ=V`$. Such a 4-fold contains (see  Proposition 8.2 for a proof) a quintic Del Pezzo surface $`S_5V`$ and $`S_5Q=C_{10}`$ is a curve of degree $`10`$ contained in $`V`$. Since $`K_{S_5}=\text{O}_{S_5}(1)`$, by adjunction, $`C_{10}=C`$ is an arithmetically normal curve of genus $`6`$ and degree $`10`$ contained in $`V`$. The bundle associated to $`C`$ fits in the following exact sequence

$$0\text{O}_V\text{I}_C(2)0,$$

it does not split being $`c_2=10`$ and has no intermediate cohomology being $`C`$ arithmetically normal. For this bundle we find, $`b=0`$, and $`c_1=2`$. ∎

§ 3.4. The Gushel’s approach to the classification of prime Fano threefolds $`V_{10}`$ and $`V_{14}`$ ( and ). To study $`V_{10}`$ Gushel first proves that on any smooth prime Fano threefold $`V_{10}`$ there exists a smooth curve of degree $`4`$ and genus $`1`$. This curve is contained in a smooth hyperplane section $`H`$ of $`V_{10}`$ and he associates to the pair $`(Z,H)`$ a rank–two vector bundle $``$ generated by global sections with $`c_1=H`$, $`c_2=Z`$, and $`h^0()=5`$.

In our setting this means that there exists a rank–two vector bundle $``$ on $`V_{10}`$ with $`c_1=1`$, $`c_2=4`$, with $`h^0()=5`$. Since $``$ is globally generated, a global section $`sH^0()`$ vanishes along a smooth elliptic quartic $`Z`$ which is a complete intersection of two quadrics in $`𝐏^3`$. Since $`Z`$ is arithmetically normal $``$ has no intermediate cohomology, and $``$ does not split since $`Z`$ is not a complete intersection in $`V_{10}`$. The bundle $``$ determines a morphism $`\psi :V_{10}Gr(2,5)`$. In  Gushel proves that $`\mathrm{deg}\psi `$ = 1 or 2, which implies the two types of Fano threefolds of genus $`6`$. Using the same procedure Gushel shows the existence of a smooth elliptic quintic $`Z`$ on $`V_{14}`$ which implies the existence of a globally generated rank–two vector bundle on $`V_{14}`$ with Chern classes $`c_1=1`$ and $`c_2=5`$, and $`h^0()=6`$. Since the curve is projectively normal $``$ has no intermediate cohomology; also in this case $``$ does not split since $`Z`$ is not a complete intersection in $`V_{14}`$ for reason of the degrees. The bundle $``$ defines a morphism $`\psi :V_{14}Gr(2,6)`$, and in  Gushel proves that $`\psi `$ is an embedding.

§ 4. The case of ciCY’s.

For ciCY threefolds we state the following:

###### Proposition.

Let $`X_r`$ be a ciCY threefold, and let $``$ be a normalized ACM bundle on it. Then $``$ is a twist of one of the bundles in the list below:

1. $`c_1=2`$, $`c_2=1`$ and $``$ is associated to a line;
2. $`c_1=1`$, $`c_2=2`$ and $``$ is associated to a conic;
3. $`c_1=0`$, $`3c_2\mathrm{deg}(X)`$ and $``$ is associated to an elliptic curve $`C_{c_2}^1`$;
4. $`c_1=1`$, $`c_2=2r2`$ and $``$ is associated to a curve $`C_{2r2}^r`$;
5. $`c_1=2`$, $`c_23r1`$ and $``$ is associated to a curve of degree $`c_2`$ and genus $`c_2+13r`$;
6. $`c_1=3`$, $`c_2=4r`$ and $``$ is associated to a curve $`C_{4r}^{6r+1}`$;
7. $`c_1=4`$, $`c_2=6r`$ and $``$ is associated to a smooth curve $`C_{6r}^{12r+1}`$.

We omit the proof of previous proposition, being a very straightforward computation of the technique used for the Fano’s case.

Example. If $`X=X_5`$ is a general quintic hypersurface the existence of bundles in 1.–4. from the list follows by the existence of the corresponding curves on the threefold. The existence of bundles as in 7. of the above list was showed in .


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# New solution to viscous evolution of accretion disks in binary systems

## 1 Introduction

We investigate analytically the problem of time-dependent accretion, closely related to the phenomena of flares widely observed in binary systems. In this paper we will concern ourselves with the emission of the flaring source which is generated by the accretion disk. We suppose the light curve to be regulated by the accretion rate variations. Such sources are typified by the low-mass X-ray binaries and cataclysmic variables.

After Weizsäcker (Weiz48 (1948)) who considered the evolution of a protoplanetary cloud, the analytical investigations of non-stationary accretion were carried out by Lüst (Lust52 (1952)), Lynden-Bell & Pringle (Lynd\_prin74 (1974)), Lyubarskii & Shakura (Lyub\_shak87 (1987), hereafter LS87) as applied to accretion disks. A brief overview is presented in the book by Kato et al. (Kato\_etal98 (1998)).

LS87 suggested three stages of evolution of a time-dependent accretion disk (see also § 5.1). Initially a finite torus of the increased density is formed around a gravitational centre. Viscosity causes the torus to spread and develop into the disk (1st stage). After the disk approaches the centre, the accretion rate reaches the maximum value (2nd stage) and begins to descend (3rd stage). During this stage the total angular momentum of the disk is conserved.

Ogilvie (Ogil99 (1999)) presented a time-dependent self-similar analytical solution for a quasi-spherical advection-dominated flow with conserved total angular momentum.

In a binary system, variations of accretion rate can be due to the non-stationary exchange of mass between the components of the binary (mass-overflow instability model) or due to the disk instability processes (see Kato et al. Kato\_etal98 (1998) and references therein). At some time the accretion rate onto the centre begins to augment. We assume that the maximum accretion rate through the inner boundary of the disk corresponds to a peak of outburst and the accretion rate decreases afterwards.

In this study we particularly focus on the stage soon after the outburst. In § 2 we outline the general equations of time-dependent accretion. The basic equation relates surface density of the disk and viscous stresses in it. Thus the specific structure of the disk influences greatly the run of the process. § 3 introduces the investigation of time-dependent Keplerian $`\alpha `$-disks. The vertical structure of standard Keplerian disk is considered in § 4. In a binary system the third stage of LS87 cannot be realized because the accretion disk around a primary would be confined by the gravitational influence of a secondary. Such disks do not preserve their angular momentum, transferring it to the orbital motion. We suggest the particular conditions at the outer boundary of the disk which allow the acquisition of new solutions characterized by faster decays than in LS87. The procedure and the analytical solution are presented in § 5.

We calculate the resulting bolometric light curve taking into account the transition between the opacity regimes as accretion rate decreases (§ 6). We note that observed light curves can have different slopes due to unevenness of spectral distribution (§ 7).

In § 8 we discuss the case of advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) in which exponential variations with time of accretion rate possibly take place.

In § 9 we discuss application of our model to X-ray novae.

## 2 Basic non-stationary accretion disk equation

In the approximation of Newtonian potential we assume that the velocity of a free particle orbiting at distance $`r`$ around a gravitating object is

$$\omega _\mathrm{k}r=(GM/r)^{1/2},$$
(1)
where $`\omega _\mathrm{k}`$ is the Kepler angular velocity; $`M`$ is the mass of the central gravitating object, constant in time; $`G=6.67\times 10^8`$cm$`^3`$g$`^1`$s$`^1`$ is the gravitational constant. This is a good approximation to the law of motion for particles in the standard sub-Eddington disk. In the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) the particles are substantially subjected to the radial gradient of pressure and thus have the velocity different from that given by (1). Following the model by Narayan & Yi (Nara\_yi94 (1994)), one can assume that the angular velocity in ADAF is $`\omega =c_2\omega _\mathrm{k}`$ .

The height-integrated Euler equation on $`\phi `$ and the continuity equation along the height $`Z`$ are given by:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}v_r\frac{(\omega r^2)}{r}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{}{r}(W_{r\phi }r^2),$$
(2)
$$\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}{t}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{}{r}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}v_rr,$$
(3)
where $`\omega `$ is the angular velocity in the disk; $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(r,t)=2\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}\rho dZ`$ – the surface density of the matter, and $`W_{r\phi }(r,t)=2\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}w_{r\phi }dZ`$ is the height-integrated viscous shear stresses between adjacent layers. The time-independent angular velocity is assumed although there can possibly be certain variations of $`\omega `$ in the non-Keplerian advective disks when a time-dependent pressure gradient is involved (see, e.g. Ogilvie Ogil99 (1999)).

It is convenient to introduce the following variables: $`F=W_{r\phi }r^2`$, henceforth $`2\pi F`$ means the total moment of viscous forces acting between the adjacent layers, $`h_{}=\omega r^2`$ – the specific angular momentum of the matter in the disk, and $`h\omega _\mathrm{k}r^2`$ . From Eq. (2) in view of (1) it follows that

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}v_rr=\frac{\dot{M}(r,t)}{2\pi }=\left[\frac{h_{}}{h}\right]^1\frac{F}{h}.$$
(4)
Substituting (4) in (3) and expressing $`r`$ in terms of $`h`$, we obtain the basic equation of time-dependent accretion:

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}{t}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{(GM)^2}{h^3}\frac{}{h}\left(\left[\frac{h_{}}{h}\right]^1\frac{F}{h}\right).$$
(5)
In the case of the Keplerian disk $`h_{}/h=1`$. The advection-dominated solution by Narayan and Yi (Nara\_yi94 (1994)) yields $`h_{}/h=c_2`$, where $`c_2`$ is a dimensionless constant.

## 3 Non-linear problem of evolution of the standard Shakura-Sunyaev disk

The special case when the moment of viscous forces depends linearly on the surface density and has a power law dependence on the radius ($`F\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}h^l`$) was thoroughly investigated by Lynden-Bell & Pringle (Lynd\_prin74 (1974)). In this particular case Eq. (5) is linear and the solution can be presented as the superposition of particular solutions (Green’s functions) while the non-linear equations do not allow such solutions. In the paper by LS87 the necessary relation between $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$ and $`F`$ for $`\alpha `$-disks (Shakura Shak72 (1972); Shakura & Sunyaev Shak\_Suny73 (1973)) was derived from the vertical structure equations. Then Eq. (5) acquires the following non-linear form taking into account that $`hh_{}`$:

$$\frac{F}{t}=D\frac{F^m}{h^n}\frac{^2F}{h^2},$$
(6)
where $`D`$ is the dimension constant; $`m=2/5`$, $`n=6/5`$ when the Thomson scattering dominates the opacity in the accretion disk, and $`m=3/10`$, $`n=4/5`$ when the free-free and free-bound transitions do. The “diffusion constant” $`D`$, defined by the specific vertical structure, relates $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$, $`F`$, and $`h`$:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}=\frac{(GM)^2F^{1m}}{2(1m)Dh^{3n}}$$
(7)
(see also Filipov Fili84 (1984)). $`D`$ is a function of $`\alpha `$, opacity coefficient, and the dimensionless values, which are the combinations of the characteristic physical parameters of the disk. The value of $`D`$ is to be derived from the consideration of the disk vertical structure. In the following section we obtain its value using the results of the work by Ketsaris & Shakura (Kets\_shak98 (1998)).

## 4 Vertical structure of standard disk

Hereafter, until specially mentioned, we assume that the matter in the disk moves with the Keplerian angular velocity $`\omega _\mathrm{k}`$, and its state is governed by the ideal gas equation

$$P=\frac{\rho \mathrm{}T}{\mu },$$
(8)
where $`\mu `$ and $`\mathrm{}=8.31\times 10^7`$ erg mol-1K-1 are the molecular weight of the gas and the molar gas constant, respectively. Along the $`Z`$ coordinate the hydrostatic equilibrium takes place:

$$\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{P}{Z}=\omega _\mathrm{k}^2Z$$
(9)
and the continuity equation is

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }}{Z}=\rho .$$
(10)
We assume the radiation transfer equation in the diffusive approximation:

$$\frac{c}{3\varkappa \rho }\frac{(aT^4)}{Z}=Q,$$
(11)
where $`c=2.99\times 10^{10}`$ cm s-1 is the light velocity, $`a=7.56\times 10^{15}`$ erg cm3K4. The vertical gradient of the radiation flux $`Q`$ is proportional to the energy release per unit volume in the disk; that is,

$$\frac{Q}{Z}=\epsilon [\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{cm}^3\mathrm{s}^1].$$
(12)
We take the opacities in the form of a power law $`\varkappa =\varkappa _0\rho ^\zeta /T^\nu `$ where $`\zeta =\nu =0`$, $`\varkappa _0=0.4`$ cm2g-1 if $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ and $`\zeta =1`$, $`\nu =7/2`$, $`\varkappa _0=6.45\times 10^{22}`$ cm5K7/2g-2 if $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$. Generally, in the optically thick disks the energy release can be described as a power law of temperature and density (Tayler Tayl80 (1980)). In a sense the calculation of the disk structure resembles the calculation of stellar internal structure. In the present study two cases are considered: the energy release $`\epsilon `$ is proportional to (a) the pressure $`\rho T`$, (b) the density $`\rho `$ alone. The thermal energy release is due to the differential rotation of a viscous disk:

$$\epsilon =rw_{r\phi }\frac{\omega }{r}=\frac{3}{2}\omega _\mathrm{k}w_{r\phi }.$$
(13)
We follow Shakura (Shak72 (1972)) and Shakura & Sunyaev (Shak\_Suny73 (1973)) in suggesting that the turbulent viscous stress tensor is parameterized by the pressure:

$$w_{r\phi }=\nu _\mathrm{t}\rho r\frac{\omega }{r}=\frac{3}{2}\omega _\mathrm{k}\nu _\mathrm{t}\rho =\alpha P,$$
(14)
where $`\nu _\mathrm{t}`$ is the kinematic coefficient of turbulent viscosity. The height-integrated viscous stress tensor is given by

$$W_{r\phi }(r,t)=2\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}w_{r\phi }dZ=3\omega _\mathrm{k}\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}\nu _\mathrm{t}\rho dZ.$$
(15)
The energy emitted from the unit surface of one side of the disk is obtained by integrating (12) using (13) and (15):

$$Q_\mathrm{o}=\frac{1}{2}W_{r\phi }(r,t)r\frac{\omega }{r}=\frac{3}{4}\omega _\mathrm{k}W_{r\phi }(r,t).$$
(16)
Above equations written for stationary accretion disks hold in a non-stationary case taking into account that the characteristic hydrostatic time of order of $`\alpha /\omega `$ is shorter than the time of radial movement in the disk $`r/v_r(r/Z_\mathrm{o})^2/\alpha \omega `$.

There are now various works investigating the vertical structure of the disks. For example, Nakao & Kato (Naka\_kato95 (1995)) considered turbulent diffusion in the disk providing the variations of viscous heating and $`\alpha `$-parameter along the height $`Z`$. The vertical structure of the disks including radiative and convective energy transfer was investigated by Meyer & Meyer-Hofmeister (Meye\_meye82 (1982)). They investigated two types of viscosity, proportional to the gas pressure or to the total pressure. We adopt the result of Ketsaris & Shakura (Kets\_shak98 (1998)) who proposed a new method of calculating the vertical structure of optically thick $`\alpha `$-disks assuming power $`\rho `$– and $`T`$– dependences for the opacity and the energy release.

The dimensionless variable

$$\sigma =\frac{2\mathrm{\Sigma }}{\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}$$

is introduced for convenient description of the problem, along with the following variables: $`p=P/P_\mathrm{c}`$, $`\theta =T/T_\mathrm{c}`$, $`z=Z/Z_\mathrm{o}`$, $`j=\rho /\rho _\mathrm{c}`$, and $`q=Q/Q_\mathrm{o}`$. The method involves the finding of the eigenvalues of the dimensionless parameters in the differential equations that describe vertical structure of the disk: 111Left bottom equation in formula (17) is corrected in comparison with the journal variant

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}\sigma }=\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_1\mathrm{\Pi }_2z;\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_1=\frac{\omega _\mathrm{k}^2Z_\mathrm{o}^2\mu }{\mathrm{}T_\mathrm{c}};\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}\sigma }=\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_2\frac{\theta }{p};\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_2=\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}{2Z_\mathrm{o}\rho _\mathrm{c}};\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\mathrm{d}\sigma }=\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_3\theta ;\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_3=\frac{3}{4}\frac{\alpha \omega _\mathrm{k}\mathrm{}T_\mathrm{c}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}{Q_\mathrm{o}\mu }\frac{\alpha \mathrm{}T_\mathrm{c}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}}{W_{r\phi }\mu };\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}\sigma }=\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_4\frac{qj^\zeta }{\theta ^{\nu +3}};\hfill & \mathrm{\Pi }_4=\frac{3}{32}\left(\frac{T_{\mathrm{ef}}}{T_\mathrm{c}}\right)^4\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}\varkappa _0\rho _\mathrm{c}^\zeta }{T_\mathrm{c}^\nu },\hfill \end{array}$$
(17)
using the definite boundary conditions in the disk. $`T_\mathrm{c}`$, $`\rho _\mathrm{c}`$, $`P_\mathrm{c}`$ denote the values in the equatorial plane of the disk and $`Q_\mathrm{o}=(ac/4)T_{\mathrm{ef}}^4`$ .

After some algebraic manipulation of the right hand equations in (17) we obtain $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$ written in terms of $`W_{r\phi }r^2`$ and $`\omega r^2`$, which in view of (7) yields:

$$D=\frac{1}{4(1m)}\left\{\frac{2^{6+\zeta +2\nu }\alpha ^{8+\zeta +2\nu }}{\mathrm{\Pi }_1^\zeta \mathrm{\Pi }_2^{2\zeta }\mathrm{\Pi }_3^{8+\zeta +2\nu }\mathrm{\Pi }_4^2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{}}{\mu }\right)^{8+2\nu }\left(\frac{9\varkappa _0}{8ac}\right)^2(GM)^{12+8\zeta }\right\}^{\frac{1}{10+3\zeta +2\nu }},$$
(18)
where

$$m=\frac{4+2\zeta }{10+3\zeta +2\nu },n=\frac{12+11\zeta 2\nu }{10+3\zeta +2\nu }.$$

It is worth noting that $`D`$ depends on $`\varkappa _0`$ very weakly: to a power of $`1/5`$ or $`1/10`$. This fact is believed to reduce the effect of uncertainties in our knowledge of the real law of opacity. The combination of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ in (18) varies slightly with the optical depth $`\tau `$, i.e. along the radius of the disk (see Tables 12). Thus, factor $`D`$ in the basic equation of time-dependent accretion (6) is considered to be constant.

Specific energy dissipation $`\epsilon /\rho =Q/\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is defined by the temperature variations over $`Z`$. In principle, the intensive stirring in the disk can account for the situation when the energy release per unit mass does not depend on the height $`Z`$. This refers to the case (b) mentioned above where $`\epsilon `$ is the function of density. In this situation the temperature dependence disappears in the energy production equation (third line of (17)) and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_3=1`$.

Ketsaris & Shakura (Kets\_shak98 (1998)) calculated the values of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_1,\mathrm{\Pi }_2,\mathrm{\Pi }_3`$, and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_4`$. Selected values of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ and corresponding values of $`\delta `$, in the Thomson opacity regime, and some effective optical thickness of the disk $`\tau _0=\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}\varkappa _0\rho _\mathrm{c}/(2T_\mathrm{c}^{7/2})`$, in the free-free regime, are shown in Tables 12. For the full version of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ list and discussion the reader is referred to the original paper by Ketsaris & Shakura (Kets\_shak98 (1998)). The parameter $`\delta `$ was introduced by them for the sake of convenience and denotes the ratio of total scattering optical thickness $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$ to that at the thermalization depth222Formula (19) is corrected in comparison with the journal variant:

$$\delta =\frac{\varkappa _\mathrm{t}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}/2}{\tau _\mathrm{t}(\tau ^{}=1)},\tau ^{}=\underset{Z^{}}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}(\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}\varkappa _\mathrm{t})^{1/2}\rho dZ,$$
(19)
where $`\tau ^{}`$ is the effective optical depth (Zeldovich & Shakura Zeld\_shak69 (1969); Mihalas Miha78 (1978)).

## 5 Time-dependent accretion in Keplerian disk

### 5.1 Solutions to non-stationary Keplerian disk equation

The self-similar solutions of Eq. (6) were found by LS87. In these solutions any physical characteristic of the disk, for instance, the surface density $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(r,t)`$, can be presented in the form: $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(r,t)=S(t)s(r/R(t))`$, where the scales $`S(t)`$ and $`R(t)`$ depend on $`t`$ in a particular way, and $`s(r/R(t))`$ is a universal function of one self-similar variable $`\widehat{\xi }=r/R(t)`$ (Zeldovich & Raizer Zeld\_raiz67 (1967)). The solutions represent three stages of the non-stationary accretion on an object. The first stage is the formation of the accretion disk from some finite torus around an object. The second stage is the developing of the quasi-stationary regime of accretion, and the third – the decay of accretion when the external boundary of the disk is spreading away to infinity. LS87 obtained the self-similar solutions of type II for the first two stages and the self-similar solution of type I (Zeldovich & Raizer Zeld\_raiz67 (1967)) for the final stage (when there is conservation of the total angular momentum of the disk).

In a binary system the accretion picture has particular features. The main feature is the limitation of the outer radius. Thus, one cannot apply the LS87 solution at the third stage, that is, during the decay of accretion after the peak of the outburst. The spreading of the disk is to be confined by the tidal interactions. The tidal torque produced by a secondary star has strong radial dependence (Papaloizou & Pringle Papa\_prin77 (1977)). As Ichikawa & Osaki (Ichi\_osak94 (1994)) showed, the tidal effects are generally small in the accretion disk, except near to the tidal truncation radius, which is given by the last non-intersecting periodic particle orbit in the disk (Paczyński Pacz77 (1977)). They concluded that once the disk expands to the tidal truncation radius, the tidal torques prevent the disk from expanding beyond the tidal radius.

A class of solutions of Eq. (6), which this paper focuses on, can be found on separating the variables $`h`$ and $`t`$. We seek the solution in the form $`F(h,t)=F(t)f(\xi )`$, where $`\xi =h/h_\mathrm{o}`$, $`h_\mathrm{o}=(GMr_{\mathrm{out}})^{1/2}`$ . From Eq. (4), substituting $`hh_{}`$, it follows that

$$\dot{M}(h,t)=2\pi f^{}(h/h_\mathrm{o})F(t)/h_\mathrm{o}.$$
(20)
Substitution of the product of two functions in Eq. (6) gives the time-dependent part of the solution:

$$F(t)=\left(\frac{h_\mathrm{o}^{n+2}}{\lambda mD(t+t_0)}\right)^{1/m}.$$
(21)
$`D`$ is the constant defined by the vertical structure of the disk (§ 4, Eq. (18)); $`\lambda `$ is a negative separation constant which can be found from boundary conditions on $`f(\xi )`$; $`t_0`$ is an integration constant. From here on we set $`t_0=0`$ for the Thomson opacity regime. We calculate a value of $`t_0`$ for the free-free opacity regime in § 6.2. Expression (21) represents asymptotic law for after-peak evolution of a real source.

The equation for $`f(\xi )`$ is a non-linear differential equation of second order which is a particular case of the general Emden-Fowler equation (Zaycev & Polyanin Zayc\_poly96 (1996)):

$$\frac{d^2f}{d\xi ^2}=\lambda \xi ^nf^{1m},$$
(22)
the solution of which we seek as a polynomial

$$f(\xi )=a_0\xi +a_1\xi ^k+a_2\xi ^l+\mathrm{}.$$
(23)
Substituting $`f(\xi )`$ into Eq. (22) we obtain for the second and the third term:

| $`k=3+nm,a_1={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda a_0^{1m}}{k(k1)}},`$ |
| --- |
| $`l=2k1,a_2={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda a_0^ma_1}{l(l1)}}(1m),`$ |

(24)
and $`a_0`$, $`\lambda `$ are to be defined from the boundary conditions on $`f(\xi )`$.

We consider the size of the disk to be maximum and invariant over the period of outburst. As the drain of angular momentum occurs in a narrow region near this truncation radius (Ichikawa & Osaki Ichi\_osak94 (1994)), we treat the region near this radius as the $`\delta `$-type channel, not considering the details of the process. In other words, the smooth behaviour of spatial factor $`f`$ in the moment of viscous forces $`F`$ (which increases as $`r^{1/2}`$ in the inner parts of the disk, then flattens, reaches the maximum and drops down near $`r_{\mathrm{out}}`$ due to tidal torque) is analytically treated as increasing, flattening, and reaching maximum at $`r_{\mathrm{out}}`$, which is the end of the disk (this profile is shown in Fig. 1). Thus we propose the boundary conditions as follows:

$$f(1)=1,f^{}(1)=0.$$
(25)
Corresponding $`a_0`$ and $`\lambda `$ are displayed in Table 3.

Naturally, real accretion disks have finite value of $`r_{\mathrm{in}}0`$, but still, in most cases, $`r_{\mathrm{in}}/r_{\mathrm{out}}1`$, that is equivalent to $`r_{\mathrm{in}}/r_{\mathrm{out}}=0`$ in our problem from the mathematical standpoint.

Note that (21) implies a considerably steeper time dependence than the solution by LS87 does. The latter yields the accretion rate as a function of $`t^{19/16}`$ if $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$, and $`t^{5/4}`$ if $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$. In our case this dependence is $`t^{5/2}`$ if $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$, and $`t^{10/3}`$ if $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$. This difference is due to the non-conservation of angular momentum in the disk in our case.

The following subsections contain the explicit expressions for the physical characteristics of the disk. They are deduced from (7), (17), (18), and (21). We introduce for the mass of the central object the quantity $`m_\mathrm{x}=M/M_{\mathrm{}}`$.

### 5.2 Thomson opacity regime ($`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$)

Here the function $`f=f(\xi )=f((r/r_{\mathrm{out}})^{1/2})`$ and the values $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{1..4}}`$ should be taken for the Thomson opacity regime. Then we have333Formulae (26) and (29) are corrected in comparison with the journal variant:

$$D[\mathrm{g}^{2/5}\mathrm{cm}^{28/5}\mathrm{s}^{17/5}]=2.42\times 10^{38}\alpha ^{4/5}m_\mathrm{x}^{6/5}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{4/5}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/5},$$
(26)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}[\mathrm{g}\mathrm{cm}^2]=3.4\times 10^2\alpha ^2m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^2\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{9/10}f^{3/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{3/2}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{3/2}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/2},$$
(27)
$$T_\mathrm{c}[\mathrm{K}]=1.8\times 10^4\alpha ^1m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{11/10}f^{2/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{1/2}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^1\mathrm{\Pi }_3,$$
(28)
$$\frac{z_\mathrm{o}}{r}=0.04\alpha ^{1/2}m_\mathrm{x}^{1/4}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{1/20}f^{1/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{3/4}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{1/2}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1\mathrm{\Pi }_3\right)^{1/2},$$
(29)
$$\tau ^{}=4.8\times 10^2\alpha ^1\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{5/4}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{1/10}f^{1/10}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{1/2}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{1/4}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4^3}{\mathrm{\Pi }_1\mathrm{\Pi }_2^2}\right)^{1/4}.$$
(30)
$`\tau ^{}`$ is the effective optical thickness of the disk defined by the combined processes of scattering and absorption. We take approximately (c.f. (19)):

$$\tau ^{}=\left(\frac{0.4\times 6.45\times 10^{22}\rho _\mathrm{c}}{T_\mathrm{c}^{7/2}}\right)^{1/2}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}.$$

### 5.3 Free-free opacity regime ($`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ $``$ $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$)

Here the function $`f`$ and the values $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{1..4}}`$ should be taken for the free-free opacity regime. The following formulae contain the constant $`t_0`$ appeared in expression (21). It was neglected in the previous subsection; here $`t_0`$ accounts for the possibility of time shifts between the solutions in the two opacity regimes. We have444Formulae (31) and (34) are corrected in comparison with the journal variant:

$$D[\mathrm{g}^{3/10}\mathrm{cm}^5\mathrm{s}^{16/5}]=5.04\times 10^{34}\alpha ^{4/5}m_\mathrm{x}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{3/4}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1^{1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_2\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/10},$$
(31)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}[\mathrm{g}\mathrm{cm}^2]=5.3\times 10^2\alpha ^{8/3}m_\mathrm{x}^{5/6}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{5/2}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{11/10}f^{7/10}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{13/6}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{10/3}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1^{1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_2\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/3},$$
(32)
$$T_\mathrm{c}[\mathrm{K}]=3.1\times 10^4\alpha ^1m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{9/10}f^{3/10}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{1/2}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^1\mathrm{\Pi }_3,$$
(33)
$$\frac{z_\mathrm{o}}{r}=0.05\alpha ^{1/2}m_\mathrm{x}^{1/4}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{1/20}f^{3/20}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{3/4}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{1/2}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1\mathrm{\Pi }_3\right)^{1/2},$$
(34)
$$\tau =4.5\times 10^2\alpha ^{4/3}m_\mathrm{x}^{1/6}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{3/2}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{1/10}f^{1/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{5/6}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{2/3}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4^2}{\mathrm{\Pi }_1^{1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_2}\right)^{1/3}.$$
(35)
This regime is characterized by lower temperature and density, and the optical thickness of the disk is defined by the processes of free-free absorption: $`\tau =2\tau _0=6.45\times 10^{22}\rho _\mathrm{c}T_\mathrm{c}^{7/2}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$.

## 6 Bolometric light curves of time-dependent standard accretion disk: power law

In order to calculate the luminosity of the disk, we assume the quasi-stationary accretion rate as it is at $`rr_{\mathrm{out}}`$. For these most luminous parts of the disk we take $`\dot{M}(t)=\dot{M}(0,t)`$ given by (20). The overall emission of the disk is defined by the gravitational energy release $`L=\eta \dot{M}(t)c^2`$ , where $`\eta `$ is the efficiency of the process.

At early $`t`$, when the Thomson scattering is dominant, we derive that the bolometric luminosity of the disk varies as follows:

$$L_\mathrm{T}(t)[\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1]=1.3\times 10^{39}\alpha ^2m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\eta }{0.1}\right)\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^2\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{7/2}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{5/2}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/2}.$$
(36)
As the temperature decreases, the law of decline switches to:

$$L_{\mathrm{ff}}(t)[\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1]=3.6\times 10^{39}\alpha ^{8/3}m_\mathrm{x}^{5/6}\left(\frac{\eta }{0.1}\right)\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{5/2}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{25/6}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{10/3}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1^{1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_2\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/3}.$$
(37)
The mass of the disk can be derived by integrating $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$ over its surface:

$$M_{\mathrm{disk},\mathrm{T}}[M_{\mathrm{}}]=4\times 10^9\alpha ^2m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^2\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{12/5}\left(\frac{t}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{3/2}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_3^4\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/2},$$
(38)
$$M_{\mathrm{disk},\mathrm{ff}}[M_{\mathrm{}}]=2\times 10^8\alpha ^{8/3}m_\mathrm{x}^{5/6}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{5/2}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{49/15}\left(\frac{t+t_0}{10^\mathrm{d}}\right)^{7/3}\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_1^{1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_2\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8\mathrm{\Pi }_4\right)^{1/3}.$$
(39)
The constant $`t_0`$ is the same as in the previous section. These solutions give an asymptotic law for the disk bolometric luminosity variations. The value of $`t_0`$ will be obtained in § 6.2 when we shall discuss the transition between the regimes of opacity.

We remark that the observed X-ray light curves can have different (most probably, steeper) law of decay. Indeed, the energy band of an X-ray detector usually covers the region harder $`1`$ keV where the multi-color photon spectrum of the disk (having appropriate temperature) can have turnover from $`2/3`$ power law into exponential fall. This turnover is expected to change its position due to variations in temperature of the disk after the burst. The narrower the observed band, the more different the observed curve could look like in comparison with the expected bolometric flux light curve. In § 7 we discuss this subject in more detail.

### 6.1 Luminosity – accretion disk parameters dependence

It is essential to point out that in formulae (36), (37) the parameters $`\alpha ,\mu ,m,r_{\mathrm{out}},\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ cannot be changed to describe how luminosity depends on them. Indeed, these expressions were found as a result of solution of differential Eq. (6) with the constant coefficient $`D`$ (which depends on parameters of the disk, except $`\eta `$). Imagine a situation when one of these parameters, say $`\alpha `$, quickly increases. This will not result in the decrease of the luminosity as it might seem from (36) or (37). What will happen really is that the accretion will change to another solution (during the same regime of opacity), according to the new $`D^{}`$. Supposing that the mass of the disk remains constant during this transition and taking into account that the profile of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(r)`$ does not change, it can be seen from (7) that $`F`$ changes discontinuously and the luminosity $`L\dot{M}F(t)`$ jumps as $`(\alpha ^{}/\alpha )^{4/(5(1m))}`$, $`\alpha ^{}>\alpha `$. The relation between the new and the old $`F`$ and $`D`$, obtained from (7), gives the new term $`(t+t_0^{})`$ in (21):

$$\frac{t+t_0^{}}{t+t_0}=\left(\frac{D}{D^{}}\right)^{1/(1m)}.$$
(40)
Thus the increase in $`\alpha `$ gives the increase in $`D`$ and, consequently, $`(t+t_0^{})<(t+t_0)`$ which implies a steeper light curve after the transition than before. The increase of $`\alpha `$ can be possibly provided by the enhanced role of convection in the accretion disk and will result in the brightening of the disk. This situation is displayed in the inset in Fig. 2. We note that the descending portion of the curve after the increase is uncertain if convection is involved since the disk structure modifies from that presented in § 4.

### 6.2 Thomson opacity – free-free opacity transition

The temperature of the disk decreases with time, and eventually the free-free and free-bound opacity supersedes the Thomson one. It is possible to connect two regimes at the point ($`\xi `$, $`t_{\mathrm{tr}}`$), where $`F_1(\xi ,t_{\mathrm{tr}})=F_2(\xi ,t_{\mathrm{tr}}+t_0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{o}}^{}{}_{,1}{}^{}=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{o}}^{}{}_{,2}{}^{}`$ (indexes 1, 2 denote different opacity regimes) – two conditions allowing us naturally to define both $`t_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ and $`t_0`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}t_{\mathrm{tr}}=3.7^\mathrm{d}m_\mathrm{x}^{2/5}\alpha ^{4/5}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{3/5}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{4/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{4/5}\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}f_{}^{12/5}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}f_{}^{2}}\left(\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_2^2{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{16}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{2}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{12}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{4}}\right)^{1/5},\hfill \\ t_{\mathrm{tr}}+t_0=6.4^\mathrm{d}m_\mathrm{x}^{2/5}\alpha ^{4/5}\left(\frac{\mu }{0.5}\right)^{3/5}\left(\frac{r}{r_{\mathrm{out}}}\right)^{3/5}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{}}}\right)^{4/5}\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}f_{}^{21/10}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}f_{}^{9/5}}\left(\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_2^2{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{16}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{2}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{12}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{4}}\right)^{1/5}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(41)
The right top indexes of $`f=f(\xi )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ indicate the opacity regimes. As the profiles of $`f(\xi )=f((r/r_{\mathrm{out}})^{1/2})`$ are very close in these two regimes (see Fig. 1), and parameters $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ vary slightly with radius (being roughly constant in the region where the substantial mass of the disk is enclosed), the physical parameters of the disk ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(r)`$, $`T_\mathrm{c}(r)`$, etc.) calculated in the two solutions are sufficiently accurately equal.

At the time $`t_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ the free-free absorption coefficient $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}=\varkappa _0\rho _\mathrm{c}^\zeta /T_\mathrm{c}^\nu `$ calculated in the Thomson opacity regime and in the free-free opacity regime takes the form:

$$\begin{array}{c}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}^{}[\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{g}^1]=0.399\left(\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}f}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}f}\right)^6\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1}^{1/2}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{2}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{1}^{1/2}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{2}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_3^8{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{}},\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}^{}[\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{g}^1]=0.399\left(\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}f}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}f}\right)^3\frac{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{4}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{}}{{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{4}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{4}^{}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(42)
The closeness of $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}`$ to $`\varkappa _\mathrm{t}=0.4`$ cm2g-1 confirms the reliability of our calculations and yields the smoothness of the transition.

Fig. 2 represents the bolometric light curve of the disk for $`\alpha =0.3`$, $`m_\mathrm{x}=3`$. Hereafter we substitute $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{1,2,3,4}`$ with their typical values in a self-consistent way. The transfer between Thomson and free-free regimes begins at the moment $`r/r_{\mathrm{out}}=\xi ^2=1`$, $`t8^\mathrm{d}(m_\mathrm{x}/3)^{2/5}\alpha ^{4/5}(\mu /0.5)^{3/5}(r_{\mathrm{out}}/R_{\mathrm{}})^{4/5}`$ – arrow A at $`21^\mathrm{d}`$ in Fig. 2. We intersect the curves at

$$r/r_{\mathrm{out}}=0.5,t=t_{\mathrm{tr}}13^\mathrm{d}(m_\mathrm{x}/3)^{2/5}\alpha ^{4/5}(\mu /0.5)^{3/5}(r_{\mathrm{out}}/R_{\mathrm{}})^{4/5},$$

what corresponds to $`t_{\mathrm{tr}}34^\mathrm{d}`$ and $`t_017^\mathrm{d}`$ for $`\alpha =0.3`$ (left small arrow). We call $`t_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ “moment of transition”. The transition ends at the time $`t21^\mathrm{d}(m_\mathrm{x}/3)^{2/5}\alpha ^{4/5}(\mu /0.5)^{3/5}(r_{\mathrm{out}}/R_{\mathrm{}})^{4/5}`$ when the solutions match at $`r=0.25r_{\mathrm{out}}`$ – arrow B at $`55^\mathrm{d}`$ in Fig. 2.

This picture is reliable and useful, even though it implies the existence of two separate regimes, which is evidently not quite true. Indeed, at any epoch the inner part of the disk would be scattering dominated, the lower the accretion rate, the smaller this part. Obtaining of an exact solution needs consideration of combined free-free and Thomson opacity of the gas.

There is some $`t`$ which corresponds to the Eddington limit $`L_{\mathrm{Edd}}1.3\times 10^{38}m_\mathrm{x}`$ erg s-1. This means that the real source evolution could be described in our model only at later $`t`$. Thus, generally speaking, the solution before this moment appears inapplicable. As seen in Fig. 2, the applicable part of the solution belongs almost entirely to the free-free opacity regime (the bold dashed line).

The second intersection of the curves in Fig. 2 at $`t95^\mathrm{d}`$ (right small arrow) corresponds to the other intersection of functions $`F_1(\xi ,t)=F_2(\xi ,t+t_0)`$, meanwhile the physical parameters of the disk calculated using formulae (26)–(35) are different. Thus the disk is at the same (free-free) opacity regime as before.

When $`T_\mathrm{c}`$ decreases to the value $`10^4`$ K, the convection (which presumably appeares in the zones of partial ionization) starts to influence the disk’s structure, and the diffusive type of radiation transfer, which we use, is no longer valid. For $`m_\mathrm{x}=3`$ and $`\alpha =0.3`$ this happens at $`t190^\mathrm{d}`$ : $`t+t_032^\mathrm{d}m_\mathrm{x}^{1/2}\alpha ^1(\mu /0.5)(r_{\mathrm{out}}/R_{\mathrm{}})^{1/2}(r/r_{\mathrm{out}})^{9/10}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}f_{}^{3/10}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{3}^{}`$ . For investigation of the disk evolution on larger time-scales see e.g. Cannizzo et al. (Cann\_etal95 (1995)), Cannizzo (Cann98 (1998)), Kim et al. (Kim\_etal99 (1999)).

## 7 Observed light curves

As we mentioned in § 6, the observed light curves can have a slope of decline which is different from that of the bolometric light curves due to particular spectral distribution. In this section we are going to illustrate this suggestion assuming the simplest spectral distribution of the disk emission.

To calculate the spectra, one can assume the quasi-stationary accretion rate in the inner parts of the disk because the $`\dot{M}`$ variation is small there ($`\dot{M}f^{}(\xi )`$, see Fig. 1). The outer parts of the disk, where accretion rate varies significantly, contributes to the low-frequency band of the spectrum. We discuss the X-ray band and the most luminous parts of the disk and, thus, we take $`\dot{M}(t)=\dot{M}(0,t)`$ given by (20).

Provided each ring in the disk emits as a black body, the temperature of the ring can be found as follows:

$$\sigma _{\mathrm{SB}}T^4=\frac{1}{2}W_{r\phi }r\frac{\mathrm{d}\omega _\mathrm{k}}{\mathrm{d}r}=\frac{3}{4}\omega _\mathrm{k}W_{r\phi },$$
(43)
where $`\sigma _{\mathrm{SB}}=5.67\times 10^5\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{K}^4`$ is the Stephan-Boltzmann constant. Then

$$T(r,t)=\left(\frac{3GM\dot{M}(t)}{8\pi \sigma _{\mathrm{SB}}r^3}\left\{1\sqrt{\frac{r_{in}}{r}}\right\}\right)^{1/4}.$$
(44)
In the last expression the stationary solution for $`W_{r\phi }`$ is taken. The black-body approximation is satisfactory if $`\varkappa _{\mathrm{ff}}\varkappa _\mathrm{t}`$. Then the outgoing spectrum is the sum of Planckian contributions of each ring of the disk and has the characteristic $`1/3`$ slope for photon energies $`kT_{\mathrm{max}}`$, where $`T_{\mathrm{max}}`$ is the maximum effective temperature of the disk (Lynden-Bell Lynd69 (1969)). However, if the Thomson scattering on free electrons contributes substantially to the opacity, the outgoing spectrum is modified (Shakura & Sunyaev Shak\_Suny73 (1973)). See e.g. Ross & Fabian (Ross\_fabi96 (1996)) for investigation of spectral forms of accretion disks in low-mass X-ray binaries.

The light curve is simulated by integrating at each $`t`$ the spectral density

$$I_\nu =\frac{4\pi ^2h_\mathrm{p}\nu ^3}{c^2}\underset{r_{\mathrm{in}}}{\overset{r_{\mathrm{out}}}{}}\frac{r\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{exp}\left(h_\mathrm{p}\nu /kT(r,t)\right)1}$$
(45)
over the specific frequency range using (20) and (44), where $`h_\mathrm{p}=6.626\times 10^{27}`$ erg s is the Planck constant. The numerical factor in (45) corresponds to the luminosity outgoing from one side of the disk.

Explaining the observed faster-than-power decay of outbursts in soft X-ray transients, one must take into account the specificity of the energetic band of the detector. Naturally, the observed slope of the curve depends on width and location of the observing interval. The narrower this band, the more different the observed curve could look like in comparison with the expected bolometric light curve. Of course, this difference also reflects the spectral distribution of energy coming from the source.

We show here how the slope of the curve changes in the simplest case of multi-color black body disk spectrum according to which spectral range is observed. Following (45) we calculate $`I_\nu `$ and integrate it over three energy ranges: 3–6 keV, 1–20 keV and that one in which practically all energy is emitted. Fig. 3 shows the photon flux variations in two X-ray energy ranges (those of Ariel 5 and EXOSAT or Ginga observatories) and the bolometric flux variation for the face-on disk at an arbitrary distance of 1 kpc. The vertical line marks the time after which bolometric luminosity of the disk’s one side is less than $`L_{\mathrm{Edd}}`$.

One can see an almost linear trend of the X-ray flux when bolometric luminosity is under the Eddington limit (to the right of the vertical line in Fig. 3), especially in intervals of $`50^\mathrm{d}`$. The decline becomes closer to the exponential one with time. The slope of the curve depends on $`\alpha `$, $`m`$, $`r_{\mathrm{out}}`$, and other parameters. For the same parameters as in Fig. 2, the $`e`$-folding time falls in the range 20–30 days for the lower curve (3–6 keV). For instance, smaller $`\alpha `$ will result in less steep decline.

The natural explanation of such a result is the following: because the spectral shape of the disk emission has Wien-form (exponential fall-off) at the considered X-ray ranges, the law of variation of X-ray flux is roughly proportional to $`\mathrm{exp}(h_\mathrm{p}\nu /kT^{\mathrm{eff}}(t))`$. In the free-free regime of opacity we have $`T^{\mathrm{eff}}(t)L_{\mathrm{ff}}^{1/4}(t)\dot{M}(t)^{1/4}t^{10/12}`$ (see § 5.1). Consequently, the observed X-ray flux varies like $`\mathrm{exp}(t^{5/6})`$, which is quite close to exponential behavior. We restrict ourselves to this brief and general discourse, as a detailed application of our model to observed sources is not a goal of this paper.

## 8 Viscous evolution of advective disk

As we know, the structure of an accretion disk in the vertical direction, the relation between the viscous tensor and the surface density in particular, defines the type of its temporal evolution. In advective disks, which are the low-radiative accretion flows, the relations between their characteristic physical parameters differ significantly from those in standard disks. In this section, we discuss the results of § 2 as applied to the disks which radial structure was presented by Spruit et al. (Spru\_etal87 (1987)) and Narayan & Yi (Nara\_yi94 (1994), Nara\_yi95 (1995), hereafter NY).

The viscous stress and the surface density are related through the kinematic coefficient of turbulent viscosity. Integrating the component of viscous stress tensor one obtains (c.f. (14) and (15))555Formula (46) is corrected in comparison with the journal variant:

$$W_{r\phi }(r,t)=2\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}w_{r\phi }dZ=2\underset{0}{\overset{Z_\mathrm{o}}{}}\rho \nu _\mathrm{t}\frac{\omega }{r}rdZ=\frac{\omega }{r}r\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t},$$
(46)
where $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}`$ is the averaged kinematic coefficient of turbulent viscosity. Then the relation between $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}(h,t)`$ and $`F=W_{r\phi }r^2`$ is given by

$$F=\left(2\frac{h_{}}{h}\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{h_{}}{h}\right]\right)h\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}.$$
(47)
Recall that $`h_{}`$ is the real specific angular momentum and $`h`$ is the Keplerian one. It can be seen that $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}(h,t)`$ and $`h_{}(t)`$ define what class of solutions Eq. (5) will have.

If one adopts for the structure of advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) the self-similar solution by NY, it can be easily inferred that such disks exhibit the exponential with time behaviour. The solution of NY is given by:

$$v_r=c_1\omega _\mathrm{k}r,\omega =c_2\omega _\mathrm{k},a_\mathrm{s}^2=c_3\omega _\mathrm{k}^2r^2.$$
(48)
Expressing $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{o}`$ in the basic Eq. (5) in terms of $`F`$, we obtain from (47) and (48):

$$\frac{F}{t}=\frac{3}{4}\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}\frac{(GM)^2}{h^2}\frac{^2F}{h^2}.$$
(49)
Solution (48) enables deriving the relation between $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}`$ and $`h=\omega _\mathrm{k}r^2`$ using the $`\alpha `$ prescription of viscosity:

$$w_{r\phi }=\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}\rho r\frac{\omega }{r}=\frac{3}{2}\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}\rho c_2\omega _\mathrm{k}=\alpha \rho a_\mathrm{s}^2,$$
(50)
where $`a_\mathrm{s}`$ is the isothermal sound speed. Thus $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}`$ is a function of radius alone,

$$\frac{\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}}{h}=\frac{2\alpha a_\mathrm{s}^2}{3c_2\omega _\mathrm{k}}\frac{1}{\omega _\mathrm{k}r^2}=\frac{2}{3}\frac{c_3}{c_2}\alpha ,$$
(51)
and Eq. (49) can be rewritten in the form:

$$\frac{F}{t}=\frac{D_\mathrm{a}}{h}\frac{^2F}{h^2},D_\mathrm{a}=\frac{\alpha c_3}{2c_2}(GM)^2.$$
(52)
Solution to (52) is sought as a product of two functions $`f(\xi )`$ and $`F(t)`$, with $`\xi =h/h_\mathrm{o}`$, $`h_\mathrm{o}`$ being some value of $`h`$:

$$F(t)=F^\mathrm{o}\mathrm{exp}(\lambda D_\mathrm{a}t/h_\mathrm{o}^3),$$
(53)
$$\frac{d^2f}{d\xi ^2}=\lambda \xi f.$$
(54)
The exponential temporal behaviour of NY flow is evident. Generally speaking, any disk possessing such properties of $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}`$ as constancy in time would have such exponential behaviour because its evolution would be described by a linear equation (like (52)).

The question is, would the confined NY disk keep such properties or it would not. The fact is that NY solution describes the infinite disk. Either the boundary conditions destroy the linearity of (52) or just the characteristic decay time changes, this problem requires further accurate numerical investigation. For instance, Narayan et al. (Nara\_etal97 (1997)) calculated numerically the global structure of stationary advection-dominated flow with consistent boundary conditions; they noted that although the self-similar solution (48) makes significant errors close to the boundaries, it gives the reasonable description of the overall properties of the flow.

Further we assume that exponential trend of solution persists. Generally speaking, the equation determining $`f(\xi )`$ will differ from (54). This difference may be not very significant. One can see that Eq. (54) is a particular case of (22) where $`n=1`$ and $`m=0`$ and, hence, the solution can be found according to (24) and (23). Besides, the solution of (54) can be found in terms of Airy functions (Bessel functions of order $`1/3`$).

The accretion rate evolves with time as follows (c.f. (20) and (53)):

$$\dot{M}\mathrm{exp}(\lambda D_\mathrm{a}t/h_\mathrm{o}^3).$$
(55)
The value of accretion rate can be determined if an initial condition is imposed at some $`t`$. Mahadevan (Maha97 (1997)) showed that ADAF luminosity $`\dot{M}^2`$ or $`\dot{M}`$ according to whether the electron heating is dominated by the Coulomb interactions or by the viscous friction. Subsequently, the luminosity has an exponential decay too.

We can estimate the characteristic time of evolution of such flow. It can be obtained from (55). Let us compare the diffusion time $`t_{\mathrm{ev}}r^2/\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}`$ with the corresponding orbital period $`2\pi /\omega `$. Since $`\overline{\nu }_\mathrm{t}\alpha a_\mathrm{s}^2/\omega `$, with (48) we have:

$$\frac{t_{\mathrm{ev}}}{t_{\mathrm{orb}}}=\frac{1}{\alpha }\frac{c_2^2}{2\pi c_3}=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha }\frac{5/3\gamma }{(\gamma 1)f_\mathrm{a}}.$$
(56)
We use the expressions for $`c_2`$ and $`c_3`$ from NY. Here $`\gamma `$ is the ratio of specific heats; $`f_\mathrm{a}`$ measures the efficiency of radiative cooling. In the limit of no radiative cooling, we have $`f_\mathrm{a}=1`$ while in the opposite limit of very efficient cooling $`f_\mathrm{a}=0`$. NY solution is degenerate if $`\gamma =5/3`$ because the angular velocity of the flow is zero in this case.

We can see that the time-dependent advection-dominated disk is quickly depleted if $`\alpha `$ is not small. For example, consider the light curves of X-ray novae which have the exponential decay time scales $`30^\mathrm{d}`$. To obtain $`t_{\mathrm{ev}}`$ of such order, $`\alpha `$ should be $`10^2`$. However, the advection-dominated solution ceases to exist if the accretion rate is greater than the critical value $`\dot{M}_{\mathrm{crit}}\alpha ^2\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}`$ (Narayan & Yi Nara\_yi95 (1995), Mahadevan Maha97 (1997)), where $`\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}=L_{\mathrm{Edd}}(\eta /0.1)^1c^2=1.39\times 10^{18}m_\mathrm{x}`$. Hence, $`\alpha 10^2`$ yields the critical accretion rate $`\dot{M}_{\mathrm{crit}}10^{14}m_\mathrm{x}`$ g s$`{}_{}{}^{1}10^4\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}`$.

## 9 Discussion and conclusion

In this work, we presented the analytical solutions to time-dependent accretion in binary systems. During an outburst we propose the specific external boundary conditions on a disk confined due to tidal interactions. For two opacity regimes the full analytical time-dependent solutions for the Keplerian disk are obtained and an asymptotic light curve is calculated with smooth transition between opacity regimes. During the decline phase accretion disks around black holes appear to be dominated by the free-free and free-bound opacity in order to comply with the Eddington limit on luminosity. This phase is characterized by the power-law decay of accretion rate $`t^{10/3}`$. It is shown that the decay time scale depends on the real energetic band of detector (Fig. 3).

The results obtained in this work can be applied to the accreting systems having variable emission of flare type if emission is essentially due to the fully ionized accretion disk around a black hole, or a neutron star, or a white dwarf.

Narayan & Yi (Nara\_yi94 (1994)) accretion flows are shown to undergo exponential decays if the disk has infinite size. This notable result probably persists even when the advective disk is in a binary system. The latter suggestion is to be thoroughly considered in the accurate numerical investigation. If this is the case, the abrupt steep falls observed in several X-ray novae (Tanaka & Shibazaki Tana\_shib96 (1996)) in the last phase of the decay, at luminosity levels $`10^{36}`$ erg s-1, can be interpreted in terms of quickly depleting ADAF (§ 8) with relevant values of $`\alpha 10^1`$.

Using the results of this work, we can explain the general features of X-ray novae light curves in the early phase. Typical XN outburst light curves (see Tanaka & Shibazaki Tana\_shib96 (1996); Chen at al. Chen\_etal97 (1997) for a review) show quasi-exponential decay. To date several approaches have been used to account for XN features. The exponential decays were obtained in the framework of disk instability model (Cannizzo et al. Cann\_etal95 (1995); Vishniac Vish97 (1997); Cannizzo Cann98 (1998)) in which the large time-scale evolution of the disk is considered. Mineshige et al. (Mine\_etal93 (1993)) argued that the exponential decays in XN can be reproduced if the mass and the angular momentum are efficiently removed from the inner portions of the disk at a constant rate, or wind mass loss or enhanced tidal dissipation could be substantial. King & Ritter (King\_ritt98 (1998)) took into account the irradiation of the disk by the central X-ray source and obtained the characteristic XN light curves.

We suggest an alternative reason to explain this remarkable feature, at least during the early stages of the outburst when the disk is fully ionized. Nearly exponential X-ray decays $`\mathrm{exp}(t^{5/6})`$ are obtained taking into account the fact that the X-ray light curves are observed in the energetic range where the spectrum of the disk has Wien-form. Black hole XN spectra typically are composed of an ultrasoft component and a hard power-law component (e.g. Tanaka Tana92 (1992); Tanaka & Shibazaki Tana\_shib96 (1996)). At the first stages after outburst the ultrasoft component dominates and can be represented by a multicolor blackbody disk (Tanaka Tana92 (1992)). This component has an exponential fall-off, a decisive factor to produce observed exponential trends. The observed characteristic times can be obtained within reasonable intervals of parameters (Fig. 3, § 7).

The secondary peak commonly observed in XN can be qualitatively analytically produced by certain reconstruction of viscosity mechanisms and corresponding increase of $`\alpha `$ (§ 6.1). Possible mechanisms of reflares involving irradiation effects were investigated by Kim et al. (Kim\_etal94 (1994)), Mineshige (Mine94 (1994)), King & Ritter (King\_ritt98 (1998)) (see, however, Cannizzo Cann98 (1998)).

Of course, the accretion disk spectrum represents only one contribution to the total observed spectrum of the source. The corona around the disk is probably responsible for the other spectral components. In addition, taking into consideration the irradiation of the outer parts of the disk would affect evolution of the disk (see, e.g. King & Ritter King\_ritt98 (1998); Kim et al. Kim\_etal99 (1999)). Kim et al. (Kim\_etal99 (1999)) constructed an optical light curve of a XN and found the direct irradiation of the disk by the inner layers to have only a small effect on the outer disk because of shadowing. The indirect irradiation (from a corona or a chromosphere above the disk) is found to affect the light curve more strongly. We suggest that the irradiation of the twisted warped disk could also result in important heating of the outer layers. Further investigation and applications to observed sources will be the basis of our future work.

###### Acknowledgements.

We are grateful to the anonymous referee for helpful arguments and comments. This work is partially supported by the RFBR grant 98–02–16801 and the program ‘Universitety Rossii’ (grant 5559) of the Ministry of Teaching and Professional Education, Russia. GVL is thankful to RFBR project ‘Molodye uchenye Rossii’ of 1999.