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# Residue Complexes over Noncommutative Rings

## 0. introduction

### 0.1. Motivation: A Realization of the Geometry of a Noncommutative Ring

For a commutative ring $`A`$ it is clear (since Grothendieck) what is the geometric object associated to $`A`$: the locally ringed space $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. However if $`A`$ is noncommutative this question becomes pretty elusive. One possibility is to consider the set $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ of two-sided prime (or maybe primitive) ideals of $`A`$. Another possibility is to choose a side – say left – and to consider the category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ of left $`A`$-modules (or some related construction) as a kind of geometric object. Both these options are used very effectively in various contexts; but neither is completely satisfactory. A common (genuine) obstacle is the difficulty of localizing noncommutative rings. A “classical” account of the subject can be found in \[MR\]; recent developments are described in \[SV\] and its references.

In this paper we try another point of view. Taking our cue from commutative algebraic geometry, we try to construct a global algebraic object – the residue complex $`𝒦_A`$ – which encodes much of the geometric information of $`A`$.

Let us first examine an easy case which can explain where we are heading. Suppose $`𝕂`$ is a field and $`A`$ is a finite $`𝕂`$-algebra. If $`A`$ is commutative then $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is a finite set. The injective module $`A^{}:=\mathrm{Hom}_𝕂(A,𝕂)`$ is a direct sum of indecomposable modules, each summand corresponding a point in $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$.

On the other hand if $`A`$ is noncommutative the geometric object associated to it is a finite quiver $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$. The vertex set of $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ is $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$, and the arrows (links) are determined by the bimodule decomposition of $`𝔯/𝔯^2`$, where $`𝔯`$ is the Jacobson radical. The connected components of $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ are called cliques. Here is the corresponding module-theoretic interpretation: the vertices of $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ are the isomorphism classes of indecomposable summands of $`A^{}`$ as left module, the cliques are the indecomposable summands of $`A^{}`$ as bimodule, and the arrows in $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ represent irreducible homomorphisms between vertices. Finally if $`AB`$ is a finite homomorphism then there is an $`A`$-bimodule homomorphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:B^{}A^{}`$.

The point of view we adopt in this paper is that for some infinite noncommutative $`𝕂`$-algebras $`A`$ the module-theoretic interpretation of the geometry of $`A`$, as stated above, should also make sense. The generalization of the bimodule $`A^{}`$ is the residue complex $`𝒦_A`$. The additional data (not occurring in finite algebras) is that of specialization, which should be carried by the coboundary operator of $`𝒦_A`$.

There are certain cases in which we know this plan works. For commutative rings this is Grothendieck’s theory of residual complexes, worked out in \[RD\], and reviewed in Subsection 0.2 below. If $`A`$ is finite over its center $`\mathrm{Z}(A)`$ then the cliques of $`A`$ biject to $`\mathrm{Spec}\mathrm{Z}(A)`$, and hence the geometry of $`A`$ is understood; and the residue complex is $`𝒦_A=\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{Z}(A)}(A,𝒦_{\mathrm{Z}(A)})`$.

If $`A`$ is a twisted homogeneous coordinate ring of a projective variety $`X`$ (with automorphism $`\sigma `$ and $`\sigma `$-ample line bundle $``$) we know the graded residue complex $`𝒦_A`$ exists (see \[Ye1\]). Here the indecomposable graded left module summands of $`𝒦_A^{q1}`$, $`0q\mathrm{dim}X`$, are indexed by the points of $`X`$ of dimension $`q`$; and the indecomposable graded bimodule summands are the $`\sigma `$-orbits of these points. A similar phenomenon (for $`q=0,1)`$ occurs when $`A`$ is a $`3`$-dimensional Sklyanin algebra (see \[Ye2\]).

In Subsection 0.3 we give a brief explanation of the noncommutative residue complex, and state the main results of our paper.

### 0.2. Résumé: Residue Complexes in Algebraic Geometry

Residue complexes in (commutative) algebraic geometry were introduced by Grothendieck \[RD\]. Suppose $`𝕂`$ is a field and $`X`$ is a finite type $`𝕂`$-scheme. The residue complex of $`X`$ is a bounded complex $`𝒦_X`$ of quasi-coherent sheaves with some remarkable properties. First each of the $`𝒪_X`$-modules $`𝒦_X^q`$ is injective, and the functor $`om_{𝒪_X}(,𝒦_X)`$ is a duality of the bounded derived category with coherent cohomology $`𝖣_\mathrm{c}^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝒪_X)`$. Next, if $`f:XY`$ is a proper morphism then there is a nondegenerate trace map (an actual homomorphism of complexes) $`\mathrm{Tr}_f:f_{}𝒦_X𝒦_Y`$. Finally if $`X`$ is smooth of dimension $`n`$ over $`𝕂`$ then there is a canonical quasi-isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/𝕂}^n[n]𝒦_X`$.

In \[RD\] the residue complex $`𝒦_X`$ is closely related to the twisted inverse image functor. Indeed, if we denote by $`\pi _X:X\mathrm{Spec}𝕂`$ the structural morphism, then the twisted inverse image $`\pi _X^!𝕂𝖣_\mathrm{c}^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝒪_X)`$ is a dualizing complex. There is a trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_f:\mathrm{R}f_{}\pi _X^!𝕂\pi _Y^!𝕂`$ for a proper morphism $`f:XY`$, and an isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/𝕂}^n[n]\pi _X^!𝕂`$ for $`X`$ smooth.

The filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝒪_X`$ by dimension of support (niveau filtration) gives rise to the Cousin functor $`\mathrm{E}`$. For a complex $``$ the Cousin complex $`\mathrm{E}`$ is the row $`q=0`$ in the $`E_1`$ page of the niveau spectral sequence $`E_1^{p,q}\mathrm{H}^{p+q}`$. In this way one obtains a functor $`\mathrm{E}:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝒪_X)𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝒪_X)`$ where the latter is the (abelian) category of complexes. By definition the residue complex is $`𝒦_X:=\mathrm{E}\pi _X^!𝕂`$, and there is a canonical isomorphism $`\pi _X^!𝕂𝒦_X`$ in the derived category. Explicit constructions of the residue complex also exist; cf. \[Ye3\] and its references.

Here is what this means for affine schemes. If we consider a commutative finitely generated $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$, and $`X:=\mathrm{Spec}A`$, then $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,𝒦_X)`$ is a bounded complex of injective $`A`$-modules. For any integer $`q`$ there is a decomposition $`𝒦_A^qJ(𝔭)`$, where $`𝔭`$ runs over the prime ideals such that $`\mathrm{dim}A/𝔭=q`$, and $`J(𝔭)`$ is the injective hull of $`A/𝔭`$. The map $`J(𝔭)𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^{q+1}J(𝔮)`$ is nonzero precisely when $`𝔭𝔮`$. Moreover, $`𝒦_A`$ is dualizing, in the sense that the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(,𝒦_A)`$ is a duality of the bounded derived category with finite cohomologies $`𝖣_\mathrm{f}^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. If $`AB`$ is a finite homomorphism then there is a nondegenerate trace map $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦_B𝒦_A`$. And if $`A`$ is smooth of relative dimension $`n`$ then

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }_{A/𝕂}^n𝒦_A^n\mathrm{}𝒦_A^00$$

is a minimal injective resolution.

### 0.3. Statement of Main Results

In the present paper we study a noncommutative version of the above. Now $`A`$ is an associative, unital, noetherian, affine (i.e. finitely generated) $`𝕂`$-algebra, not necessarily commutative. We denote by $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ the category of left $`A`$-modules and by $`A^{\mathrm{op}}`$ the opposite algebra.

A dualizing complex over the algebra $`A`$ is, roughly speaking, a complex $`R`$ of bimodules, such that the two derived functors $`\mathrm{RHom}_A(,R)`$ and $`\mathrm{RHom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(,R)`$ induce a duality between $`𝖣_\mathrm{f}^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ and $`𝖣_\mathrm{f}^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^{\mathrm{op}})`$. The full definition of this, as well as of other important notions, are included in the body of the paper. Dualizing complexes over noncommutative rings have various applications, for instance in ring theory (see \[YZ2\]), representation theory (see \[Ye5\], \[EG\] and \[BGK\]), and even theoretical physics (see \[KKO\]).

The twisted inverse image $`\pi _X^!𝕂`$ of the commutative picture is generalized to the rigid dualizing complex $`R`$, as defined by Van den Bergh \[VdB1\]. Indeed if $`A`$ is commutative and $`X=\mathrm{Spec}A`$ then $`R:=\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,\pi _X^!𝕂)`$ is a rigid dualizing complex. For noncommutative $`A`$ we know that a rigid dualizing complex $`R_A`$ (if exists) is unique, and for a finite homomorphism $`AB`$ there is at most one rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:R_BR_A`$.

It is known \[YZ2\] that if $`R`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex then the canonical dimension associated to $`R`$, namely $`\mathrm{Cdim}M:=\mathrm{inf}\{q\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)0\}`$ for a finite module $`M`$, is an exact dimension function.

The residue complex of $`A`$ is by definition a rigid Auslander dualizing complex $`𝒦_A`$, consisting of bimodules $`𝒦_A^q`$ which are injective, and pure of dimension $`q`$ with respect to $`\mathrm{Cdim}`$, on both sides. Again, if $`A`$ is commutative then this definition is equivalent to that of \[RD\].

The Cousin functor is available in the noncommutative situation too. Assume we have a rigid Auslander dualizing complex $`R_A`$. The canonical dimension $`\mathrm{Cdim}`$ gives a filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by “dimension of support”, and just like in the commutative case we obtain a Cousin functor $`\mathrm{E}:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AA^{\mathrm{op}})𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AA^{\mathrm{op}})`$. However usually $`\mathrm{E}R_A`$ will not be a residue complex!

The first main result gives a sufficient condition for the existence of a residue complex (it is not hard to see that this condition is also necessary). We say $`R_A`$ has a pure minimal injective resolution on the left if in the minimal injective resolution $`R_AI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ each $`I^q`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{Cdim}=q`$; likewise on the right.

###### Theorem 0.1.

Suppose $`A`$ is a noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra and $`R_A`$ is an Auslander rigid dualizing complex over $`A`$. Assume $`R_A`$ has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides. Then $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ is a residue complex.

This result included in Theorem 4.8 in the body of the paper. We also have a result guaranteeing the existence of a trace between residue complexes (it is part of Theorem 5.4). One calls a ring homomorphism $`AB`$ a finite centralizing homomorphism if $`B=Ab_i`$ where the $`b_i`$ are finitely many elements of $`B`$ that commute with every $`aA`$.

###### Theorem 0.2.

Let $`AB`$ be a finite centralizing homomorphism between noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebras. Suppose the two conditions below hold.

1. There are rigid dualizing complexes $`R_A`$ and $`R_B`$ and the rigid trace morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:R_BR_A`$ exists.
2. $`R_A`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex and it has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides.

Let $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ be the residue complex of $`A`$ (cf. Theorem 0.1). Then $`𝒦_B:=\mathrm{E}R_B`$ is the residue complex of $`B`$. The homomorphism of complexes $`\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}):𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ is a rigid trace, and it induces an isomorphism of complexes of $`A`$-bimodules

$$𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A).$$

In Subsection 0.1 we listed a few classes of algebras for which residue complexes were previously known to exist. More examples appear in Section 5 of the paper (e.g. the first Weyl algebra, the universal enveloping algebra of a nilpotent $`3`$-dimensional Lie algebra). In the remainder of this subsection we discuss our results for the class of polynomial identity (PI) algebras.

We remind that a PI ring $`A`$ is one that satisfies some polynomial identity $`f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)=0`$, and hence is close to being commutative (a commutative ring satisfies the identity $`x_1x_2x_2x_1=0`$). We have a quite detailed knowledge of the residue complex of a PI algebra A, assuming it admits some noetherian connected filtration. A a noetherian connected filtration on the algebra $`A`$ is a filtration $`\{F_nA\}`$ such that the graded algebra $`\mathrm{gr}^FA`$ is a noetherian connected graded $`𝕂`$-algebra. Most known examples of noetherian affine PI algebras admit noetherian connected filtrations, but there are counterexamples (see \[SZ\]).

###### Theorem 0.3.

Let $`A`$ be an affine noetherian PI algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration.

1. $`A`$ has a residue complex $`𝒦_A`$.
2. Let $`B=A/𝔞`$ be a quotient algebra. Then $`B`$ has a residue complex $`𝒦_B`$, there is a rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ that is an actual homomorphism of complexes of bimodules, and $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ induces an isomorphism

$$𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)=\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)𝒦_A.$$

This is Theorem 6.6 in the body of the paper.

The next theorem describes the structure of the residue complex $`𝒦_A`$ of a PI algebra.

Recall that the prime spectrum $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is a disjoint union of cliques. For any clique $`Z`$ we denote by $`A_{S(Z)}`$ the localization at $`Z`$, and for a module $`M`$ we let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_ZM`$ be the submodule supported on $`Z`$. We say a clique $`Z_1`$ is a specialization of a clique $`Z_0`$ if there are prime ideals $`𝔭_iZ_i`$ with $`𝔭_0𝔭_1`$.

The $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is the set of prime ideals $`𝔭`$ such that $`\mathrm{Cdim}A/𝔭=q`$. It is a union of cliques.

For any prime ideal $`𝔭`$ we let $`J(𝔭)`$ be the indecomposable injective $`A`$-module with associated prime $`𝔭`$, and $`\mathrm{r}(𝔭)`$ is the Goldie rank of $`A/𝔭`$.

###### Theorem 0.4.

Let $`A`$ be a PI $`𝕂`$-algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration, and let $`𝒦_A`$ be its residue complex.

1. For every $`q`$ there is a canonical $`A`$-bimodule decomposition

$$𝒦_A^q=\underset{Z}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q$$

where $`Z`$ runs over the cliques in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$.
2. Fix one clique $`Z`$ in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ is an indecomposable $`A`$-bimodule.
3. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ is an injective left $`A_{S(Z)}`$-module, and its socle is the essential submodule

$$\underset{𝔭Z}{}𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q\underset{𝔭Z}{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,𝒦_A^q)\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q.$$
4. There is a (noncanonical) decomposition of left $`A_{S(Z)}`$-modules

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q\underset{𝔭Z}{}J_A(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}.$$
5. Suppose $`Z_i`$ is a clique in the $`(qi)`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$, for $`i=0,1`$. Then $`Z_1`$ is a specialization of $`Z_0`$ iff the composed homomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_0}𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^{q+1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_1}𝒦_A^{q+1}$$

is nonzero.

This theorem is repeated as Theorem 6.14 in the body of the paper.

Observe that part (4) of the theorem says that the prime spectrum $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is encoded in the left module decomposition of the complex $`𝒦_A`$. By the left-right symmetry (replacing $`A`$ with $`A^{\mathrm{op}}`$) the same is true for the right module decomposition of $`𝒦_A`$. Parts (1) and (2) imply that the cliques in $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ are encoded in the bimodule decomposition of $`𝒦_A`$. Part (5) says that specializations are encoded in the coboundary operator of $`𝒦_A`$.

We end this Subsection with a disclaimer. If the algebra $`A`$ is “too noncommutative” then it will not have a residue complex (for instance $`A=\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔩_2)`$). Thus the scope of the theory of residue complexes is necessarily limited. Our upcoming paper \[YZ3\] presents an alternative approach to address precisely this issue.

### 0.4. Outline of the Paper

Section 1. We begin by recalling the notions of localizing subcategories and torsion functors in the module category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ of a ring $`A`$. Given a localizing subcategory $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ we consider the derived functor $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬`$, and the cohomology with support in $`𝖬`$, namely $`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^q:=\mathrm{H}^q\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬`$. We recall what is an exact dimension function, and relate it to localizing subcategories. $`𝖬`$-flasque modules are defined. The main result here is Theorem 1.23, dealing with cohomology with supports for bimodules.

Section 2. Given a filtration $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories we can define the Cousin functor $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. The main result here is Theorem 2.11 which provides a sufficient condition for a complex $`M`$ to be isomorphic to its Cousin complex $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ in $`𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$.

Section 3. The definitions of rigid dualizing complex and rigid trace are recalled. We show that the rigid dualizing complex is compatible with central localization.

Section 4. Here we look at residual complexes, which are Auslander dualizing complexes consisting of bimodules that are injective and pure on both sides. We prove Theorem 4.8, which is the essential ingredient of Theorem 0.1 above. Also we prove Theorem 4.10, asserting the existence of a residual complex over an FBN algebra $`A`$ with an Auslander dualizing complex satisfying a certain symmetry condition.

Section 5. A residue complex is a residual complex that is also rigid. The main result in this section is Theorem 5.4 which relates the rigid trace to residue complexes. As a corollary we deduce that a residue complex $`𝒦_A`$ over an algebra $`A`$ is unique up to a unique isomorphism of complexes (Corollary 5.5). We present examples of algebras with residue complexes. Also we explain what our results mean for commutative algebras.

Section 6. Besides proving Theorems 0.3 and 0.4, we also prove that for a prime PI algebra $`A`$ of dimension $`n`$ the generic component $`𝒦_A^n`$ is untwisted; in fact it is isomorphic as bimodule to the ring of fractions $`Q`$. Several examples are studied.

Acknowledgements. We wish to thank our teacher M. Artin who brought the question of residue complexes to our attention over a decade ago. Many thanks to M. Van den Bergh who shared with us many good ideas, and pointed out a mistake in an earlier version of the paper. Also thanks to K. Goodearl, C. Ingalls, J. Lipman, S.P. Smith, J.T. Stafford and Q.S. Wu for suggestions and discussions.

## 1. Cohomology with Support in a Localizing Subcategory

In algebraic geometry, given a scheme $`X`$ and a closed subset $`ZX`$, the functor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z`$ is defined: for any sheaf $``$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z`$ is the subsheaf of sections supported on $`Z`$. The derived functors $`\mathrm{H}^q\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z=_Z^q`$ are called the sheaves of cohomologies of $``$ with support in $`Z`$. More generally one can take a family of supports $`𝒵`$, which is a family of closed sets satisfying suitable conditions (e.g. $`𝒵_q=\{Z\text{ closed, }\mathrm{dim}Zq\}`$).

In this section we consider an analogous construction replacing the scheme $`X`$ with the category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ of left modules over a ring $`A`$. The role of family of supports is played by a localizing subcategory $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. This idea already appeared in \[Ye2\], but here we expand the method significantly. With minor modifications the contents of this section and the next one will apply to any noetherian quasi-scheme $`X`$ (in the sense of \[VdB2\]).

We begin with a quick review of Gabriel’s theory of torsion, following \[Ste, Chapter VI\], but using notation suitable for our purposes. Fix a ring $`A`$. A left exact radical (or torsion functor) is an additive functor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$, which is a subfunctor of the identity functor $`\mathrm{𝟏}_{\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A}`$, left exact, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(M/\mathrm{\Gamma }M)=0`$ for any $`M\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }M=\mathrm{\Gamma }M`$, and if $`NM`$ then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }N=N\mathrm{\Gamma }M`$.

A hereditary torsion class is a class of objects $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ closed under subobjects, quotients, extensions and infinite direct sums. The full subcategory $`𝖬`$ is a localizing subcategory. Given a left exact radical $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the subcategory

$$𝖬_\mathrm{\Gamma }:=\{M\mathrm{\Gamma }M=M\}$$

is localizing. Conversely, given a localizing subcategory $`𝖬`$, the functor

$$M\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M:=\{mMAm𝖬\}$$

is a left exact radical. One has $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`𝖬_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬}=𝖬`$.

A third equivalent notion is that of left Gabriel topology (or filter) in $`A`$, which is a set $`𝔉`$ of left ideals of $`A`$ satisfying some axioms (that we shall not list here). Given a localizing subcategory $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$, the set of left ideals

$$𝔉_𝖬:=\{𝔞A\text{ left ideal }A/𝔞𝖬\}$$

is a left Gabriel topology, and any left Gabriel topology arises this way. On the other hand given a left Gabriel topology $`𝔉`$ the functor

(1.1)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝔉:=\underset{𝔞𝔉}{\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}}\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔞,),$$

where $`𝔉`$ is partially ordered inclusion, is a left exact radical.

Below are some examples of localizing subcategories.

###### Example 1.2.

Let $`Z`$ be a set of two-sided ideals of a ring $`A`$, each of which is finitely generated as left ideal. Then the set

(1.3)
$$𝔉_Z:=\{\text{ left ideals }𝔞A𝔪_1\mathrm{}𝔪_n𝔞\text{ for some }𝔪_1,\mathrm{},𝔪_nZ\}$$

is a left Gabriel topology (cf. \[Ste, Proposition VI.6.10\]). The corresponding torsion functor is denoted $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z`$ and the localizing subcategory is $`𝖬_Z`$. If $`Z=\{𝔪\}`$ we also write $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝔪`$ and $`𝖬_𝔪`$. If $`A`$ is commutative then $`𝔉_𝔪`$ is the usual $`𝔪`$-adic topology, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝔪M`$ is the submodule of elements supported on $`\mathrm{Spec}A/𝔪`$.

Keeping this example in mind, in the general situation of a localizing subcategory $`𝖬`$ we call $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M`$ the submodule of elements supported on $`𝖬`$.

A localizing subcategory $`𝖬`$ is called stable if whenever $`M𝖬`$ and $`MN`$ is an essential submodule then also $`N𝖬`$.

###### Example 1.4.

Suppose $`A`$ is left noetherian. If the ideal $`𝔞`$ has the left Artin-Rees property (e.g. when $`𝔞`$ is generated by normalizing elements) then the localizing subcategory $`𝖬_𝔞`$ is stable. See \[MR, Theorem 2.2 and Proposition 2.6\]. More generally, if the set $`Z`$ of ideals has the Artin-Rees property then $`𝖬_Z`$ is stable, see \[BM, Proposition 2.9\].

In this paper the most important examples of localizing subcategories arise from dimension functions.

###### Definition 1.5.

Let $`𝖬`$ be an abelian category. An exact dimension function on $`𝖬`$ is a function $`\mathrm{dim}:𝖬\{\mathrm{}\}\{\text{infinite ordinals}\}`$, satisfying the following axioms:

1. $`\mathrm{dim}0=\mathrm{}`$.
2. For every short exact sequence $`0M^{}MM^{\prime \prime }0`$ one has $`\mathrm{dim}M=\mathrm{max}\{\mathrm{dim}M^{},\mathrm{dim}M^{\prime \prime }\}`$.
3. If $`M=lim_\alpha M_\alpha `$ and each $`M_\alpha M`$ is an injection then $`\mathrm{dim}M=\mathrm{sup}\{\mathrm{dim}M_\alpha \}`$.

When $`𝖬=\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ for a left noetherian ring $`A`$, often a dimension function will satisfy a further axiom. Recall that if $`𝔭`$ is a prime ideal then an $`A/𝔭`$-module $`M`$ is called torsion if for any $`mM`$ there is a regular element $`aA/𝔭`$ such that $`am=0`$.

###### Definition 1.6.

Let $`A`$ be a left noetherian ring. A spectral exact dimension function on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ is an exact dimension function $`\mathrm{dim}`$ satisfying the extra axiom

1. If $`𝔭M=0`$ for some prime ideal $`𝔭`$, and $`M`$ is a torsion $`A/𝔭`$-module, then $`\mathrm{dim}M\mathrm{dim}A/𝔭1`$.

In this paper the dimension functions will all take values in $`\{\mathrm{}\}`$.

###### Remark 1.7.

The definition of spectral exact dimension function is standard in ring theory, although usually one restricts to the subcategory $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}_\mathrm{f}A`$ of finite (i.e. finitely generated) modules, where condition (iii) becomes trivial. Cf. \[MR, Section 6.8.4\].

###### Example 1.8.

Let $`\mathrm{dim}`$ be an exact dimension function on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. For an integer $`q`$ let

$$𝖬_q(\mathrm{dim}):=\{M\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A\mathrm{dim}Mq\}.$$

Then $`𝖬_q(\mathrm{dim})`$ is a localizing subcategory.

Here is a different kind of localizing subcategory.

###### Example 1.9.

Given a left denominator set $`SA`$ (cf. \[MR, Paragraph 2.1.13\]) we define

$$𝔉_S:=\{𝔞A\text{ left ideal }𝔞S\mathrm{}\}.$$

According to \[Ste, Section II.3 and Example in Section VI.9\] this is a left Gabriel topology. We denote the localizing subcategory by $`𝖬_S`$. Letting $`A_S=S^1A`$ be the left ring of fractions, for every module $`M`$ one has an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}MMA_S_AM.$$

Now we want to pass to derived categories. Let $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ be the derived category of $`A`$-modules, and let $`𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ be the full subcategory of bounded below complexes. As usual $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ denotes the abelian category of complexes. Our references are \[RD, Section I\] and \[KS, Section I\].

Suppose $`M𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. By an injective resolution of $`M`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ we mean a quasi-isomorphism $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ with each $`I^q`$ an injective module.

###### Lemma 1.10.

Let $`𝖬`$ be a localizing subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. Then there is a right derived functor

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A).$$

###### Proof.

Given $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ take any injective resolution $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, and let $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ (cf. \[RD, Theorem I.5.1\]). ∎

Note that $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M𝖣_𝖬^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, the full triangulated subcategory whose objects are complexes with cohomology in $`𝖬`$.

###### Remark 1.11.

One can define $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M`$ for an unbounded complex as $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ where $`MI`$ is a quasi-isomorphism to a K-injective complex $`I`$, cf. \[Sp\].

###### Definition 1.12.

The $`q`$th cohomology of $`M`$ with support in $`𝖬`$ is defined to be $`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^qM:=\mathrm{H}^q\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M`$.

For the purposes of this paper it will be useful to introduce a notion of flasque modules. Recall that a sheaf $``$ on a topological space $`X`$ is called flasque (or flabby) if for any two open subsets $`VU`$ the restriction map $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(U,)\mathrm{\Gamma }(V,)`$ is surjective. It follows that for any closed subset $`Z`$ the cohomology sheaves $`_Z^q`$, $`q>0`$, are zero. The following definition is somewhat ad hoc, but we try to justify it in the subsequent examples.

###### Definition 1.13.

Suppose $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ is a localizing subcategory. A module $`M`$ is called $`𝖬`$-flasque if $`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^qM=0`$ for all $`q>0`$.

###### Example 1.14.

Suppose $`𝖬`$ is stable. For any $`M𝖬`$ the minimal injective resolution $`MI^0I^1\mathrm{}`$ is in $`𝖢^+(𝖬)`$, and hence $`M`$ is $`𝖬`$-flasque.

###### Example 1.15.

Suppose $`SA`$ is a left denominator set (Example 1.9), and assume that the localizing subcategory $`𝖬_S`$ is stable. Then a module $`M`$ is $`𝖬_S`$-flasque iff the canonical homomorphism $`MA_S_AM`$ is surjective. To see why this is true, first observe that for an injective module $`I`$ the module $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}I`$ is also injective (because of stability). So $`I/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}I`$ is an injective $`S`$-torsion-free module. Since $`A_S`$ is a flat right $`A`$-module \[Ste, Proposition II.3.5\], we get from \[Ste, Proposition V.2.11\] that $`A_S_AIA_S_A(I/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}I)I/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}I`$. Hence there is an exact sequence $`0\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_S}IIA_S_AI0`$. Using an injective resolution of $`M`$ we deduce that $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_S}^qM=0`$ for $`q2`$ and the sequence $`MA_S_AM\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_S}^1M0`$ is exact.

A module $`M`$ is called finitely resolved if it has a free resolution

$$\mathrm{}A^{r_2}A^{r_1}A^{r_0}M0$$

where all the $`r_i<\mathrm{}`$.

###### Definition 1.16.

A localizing subcategory $`𝖬`$ is called locally finitely resolved if there is a cofinal inverse system $`\{𝔞_i\}`$ in the filter $`𝔉_𝖬`$ consisting of finitely resolved left ideals.

If $`A`$ is left noetherian then any localizing subcategory $`𝖬`$ is automatically locally finitely resolved. But the next examples shows this is a more general phenomenon.

###### Example 1.17.

Let $`A`$ be any ring and $`a`$ a central regular element. Define $`𝔪:=(a)`$. Then the localizing subcategory $`𝖬_𝔪`$ (cf. Example 1.2) is locally finitely resolved. This generalizes to a regular sequence $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_n`$ of normalizing elements.

###### Example 1.18.

Let $`𝕂`$ be a commutative ring and $`A:=𝕂x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$, a free associative algebra. Let $`𝔪:=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ be the augmentation ideal. Then $`𝖬_𝔪`$ is locally finitely resolved.

###### Example 1.19.

Suppose $`A`$ is a connected graded algebra over some field $`𝕂`$, and $`𝔪`$ is the augmentation ideal. If $`A`$ is Ext-finite in the sense of \[VdB1\], i.e. every $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(𝕂,𝕂)`$ is finite as $`𝕂`$-module, then the localizing subcategory $`𝖬_𝔪`$ is locally finitely resolved. This is Van den Bergh’s original setup in \[VdB1\].

###### Proposition 1.20.

Suppose $`𝖬`$ is locally finitely resolved. Then $`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^q`$ commutes with direct limits. Therefore the direct limit of $`𝖬`$-flasque modules is $`𝖬`$-flasque.

###### Proof.

Let $`\{𝔞_i\}`$ be a cofinal inverse system in the filter $`𝔉_𝖬`$ with all the left ideals $`𝔞_i`$ finitely resolved. Say $`M=\underset{j}{lim}M_j`$ for some direct system $`\{M_j\}`$ of $`A`$-modules. Since the left module $`A/𝔞_i`$ is finitely resolved we get

$$\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(A/𝔞_i,M)\underset{j}{lim}\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(A/𝔞_i,M_j).$$

Hence for any $`q`$ we have

$`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^qM`$ $`\underset{i}{lim}\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(A/𝔞_i,M)`$
$`\underset{i}{lim}\underset{j}{lim}\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(A/𝔞_i,M_j)`$
$`\underset{j}{lim}\underset{i}{lim}\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(A/𝔞_i,M_j)`$
$`\underset{j}{lim}\mathrm{H}_𝖬^qM_j.`$
Since any injective module is $`𝖬`$-flasque it follows that there are enough $`𝖬`$-flasque modules: any module embeds into an $`𝖬`$-flasque one. Hence for any $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ there is a quasi-isomorphism $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ with each $`I^q`$ an $`𝖬`$-flasque module. We call such a quasi-isomorphism an $`𝖬`$-flasque resolution of $`M`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$.

###### Proposition 1.21.

Let $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ and $`MI`$ an $`𝖬`$-flasque resolution in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. Then the canonical morphism $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ is an isomorphism, and hence $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$.

###### Proof.

If $`J𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ is an acyclic complex of $`𝖬`$-flasque modules then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬J`$ is also acyclic. Now use \[RD, Theorem I.5.1\]. ∎

Thus we can compute $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬`$ using $`𝖬`$-flasque resolutions.

Let $`𝕂`$ be a commutative base ring and let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be associative unital $`𝕂`$-algebras. We denote by $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ the opposite algebra, and $`AB^{\mathrm{op}}:=A_𝕂B^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Thus an $`(AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$-module $`M`$ is, in conventional notation, a $`𝕂`$-central $`A`$-$`B`$-bimodule $`{}_{A}{}^{}M_{B}^{}`$. When $`A=B`$ then $`A^\mathrm{e}:=AA^{\mathrm{op}}`$ is the enveloping algebra.

###### Proposition 1.22.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be $`𝕂`$-algebras with $`B`$ flat over $`𝕂`$. Then there is a derived functor

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})$$

commuting with the forgetful functor $`𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. In particular an $`AB^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module $`M`$ is $`𝖬`$-flasque iff it is $`𝖬`$-flasque as $`A`$-module.

###### Proof.

Since $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ is flat over $`𝕂`$, any injective $`AB^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module is also an injective $`A`$-module. ∎

The next theorem is inspired by \[VdB1, Theorem 4.8\]. We shall use it in our discussion of Cousin complexes in the next section.

###### Theorem 1.23.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be flat $`𝕂`$-algebras and let $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and $`𝖭\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ be stable, locally finitely resolved, localizing subcategories. Suppose $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ satisfies $`\mathrm{H}_𝖬^qM𝖭`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_𝖭^qM𝖬`$ for all integers $`q`$. Then there is a functorial isomorphism

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭M\text{ in }𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}).$$

We precede the proof by three lemmas.

###### Lemma 1.24.

In the situation of the theorem, but without the stability assumption, if $`I`$ is an injective $`AB^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module, then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ is an $`𝖭`$-flasque $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module.

###### Proof.

Let $`𝔉_𝖬`$ be the filter of left ideals associated with $`𝖬`$. Then

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I=\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}_{𝔞𝔉_𝖬}\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔞,I).$$

Because $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ is flat over $`𝕂`$ each $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔞,I)`$ is an injective $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module, and hence it is $`𝖭`$-flasque. By Proposition 1.20 the direct limit of $`𝖭`$-flasque modules is $`𝖭`$-flasque. ∎

###### Lemma 1.25.

In the situation of the theorem, but without the stability assumption, there is a functorial isomorphism

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬)M\text{ in }𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}).$$

###### Proof.

Take an injective resolution $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$. Then $`\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬)M`$ $`=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$, and $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$. According to Lemma 1.24, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ is a complex of $`𝖭`$-flasque $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ modules, so by Proposition 1.21, $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$. ∎

###### Lemma 1.26.

In the situation of the theorem, let $`N𝖣_𝖭^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}})`$. Then the natural morphism $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭NN`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}})`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

It suffices (by “way-out” reasons, see \[RD, Proposition 7.1(iv)\]) to consider a single module $`N𝖭`$. But by the stability assumption, the minimal injective resolution $`NI^0I^1\mathrm{}`$ is in $`𝖭`$, so $`I=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭I`$. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 1.23.

For any bimodule $`N`$ write

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}N:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬N=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭N\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬N=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭NN,$$

It suffices by symmetry to prove that $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}M`$. Since $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M𝖣_𝖭^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}})`$, Lemma 1.26 says that there is a functorial isomorphism $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M`$. Finally by Lemma 1.25 there is a functorial isomorphism $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M`$. ∎

###### Example 1.27.

Theorem 1.23 does not hold in general without the stability assumption. Here is a counterexample. Take $`𝕂=`$ and $`A=B=\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔩_2)`$, the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔩_2`$. Let $`𝖬_0:=𝖬_0(\mathrm{GKdim})`$ be the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ consisting of modules of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension $`0`$ (unions of $`A`$-modules that are finite over $`𝕂`$), and let $`𝖭:=\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Then all hypotheses of Theorem 1.23 hold, except that $`𝖬_0`$ is not stable. If we take $`M𝖬_0`$ to be the simple module with $`\mathrm{rank}_𝕂M=1`$, then it follows from \[AjSZ, Proposition 7.5\] that $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_0}^3MM`$, but of course $`\mathrm{H}_𝖭^3M=0`$.

## 2. Cousin Functors

Cousin complexes in commutative algebraic geometry were introduced by Grothendieck in \[RD\]. Several people (including Lipman, private communication) had suggested extending the construction to more general settings. The noncommutative version below already appeared in \[Ye2\], but the powerful Theorem 2.11 is new.

Suppose $`A`$ is a ring, and we are given an increasing filtration

$$\mathrm{}𝖬_{q1}𝖬_q𝖬_{q+1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A$$

by localizing subcategories, indexed by $``$. We shall sometimes write $`𝖬^q:=𝖬_q`$, so that $`\{𝖬^p\}_p`$ is a decreasing filtration. This is to conform to the convention that decreasing filtrations go with cochain complexes. We say the filtration $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q\}=\{𝖬^p\}`$ is bounded if there are $`q_0q_1`$ such that $`𝖬_{q_01}=0`$ and $`𝖬_{q_1}=\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$.

###### Example 2.1.

Suppose $`\mathrm{dim}`$ is an exact dimension function that is bounded, in the sense that there are integers $`q_0q_1`$ such that for any nonzero module $`M`$, $`q_0\mathrm{dim}Mq_1`$. Define $`𝖬_q(\mathrm{dim})`$ as in Example 1.8. Then $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{dim})\}`$ is a bounded filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories. Conversely, given a bounded filtration $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q\}`$ by localizing subcategories, we can define $`\mathrm{dim}M:=\mathrm{inf}\{qM𝖬_q\}`$, and this will be a bounded exact dimension function.

###### Example 2.2.

Specializing the previous example, let $`A`$ be a finitely generated commutative algebra over a field $`𝕂`$ (or more generally $`A`$ is a catenary commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension $`\mathrm{Kdim}A<\mathrm{}`$) and $`X:=\mathrm{Spec}A`$. Taking $`\mathrm{dim}=\mathrm{Kdim}`$, $`𝒵_q=\{ZX\text{ closed, }\mathrm{dim}Zq\}`$ and $`𝒵^q:=𝒵_q`$ we get $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝒵^p}`$. This is the kind of filtration by codimension (coniveau) used in \[RD, Chapter IV\]. The bounds are $`q_1=\mathrm{dim}X`$ and $`q_0=0`$.

Suppose $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q\}`$ is a collection of localizing subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. We call a module $`M`$ $`𝖬`$-flasque if it is $`𝖬_q`$-flasque for all $`q`$ (Definition 1.13).

For a module $`M`$ and $`d0`$ we write $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}M:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}M/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p+d}}M`$.

###### Lemma 2.3.

There is a right derived functor $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}`$ that fits into a functorial triangle for $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$:

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p+d}}M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}M\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p+d}}M[1].$$

If $`MI`$ is a flasque resolution then $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}M=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}I`$.

###### Proof.

If $`I𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ is an acyclic complex of $`𝖬`$-flasque modules then from the exact sequence of complexes

$$0\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p+d}}I\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}I\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}I0$$

we see that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}I`$ is also acyclic. Thus we can define $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}M:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}I`$ when $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ and $`MI`$ is a flasque resolution (cf. proof of Proposition 1.21). ∎

We set $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}^qM:=\mathrm{H}^q\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+d}}M`$.

###### Proposition 2.4.

Let $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ be a bounded filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories. Then for every $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ there is a convergent spectral sequence

$$E_1^{p,q}=\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}^{p+q}M\mathrm{H}^{p+q}M,$$

functorial in $`M`$.

###### Proof.

Pick an $`𝖬`$-flasque resolution $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. The decreasing filtration $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}I\}`$ is bounded in the sense of \[Mac, Sections XI.3 and XI.8\], i.e. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p_0}}I=I`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^{p_1}}I=0`$ for some $`p_0p_1`$. Hence by \[Mac, Theorem XI.3.1\] we get a convergent spectral sequence

$$E_1^{p,q}=\mathrm{H}^{p+q}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}I\mathrm{H}^{p+q}I.$$

Now $`\mathrm{H}^{p+q}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}I=\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}^{p+q}M`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^{p+q}I=\mathrm{H}^{p+q}M`$. If $`I_1I_2`$ is a homomorphism between $`𝖬`$-flasque complexes then there is a map between the two spectral sequences; and if $`I_1I_2`$ is a quasi-isomorphism then the two spectral sequences are isomorphic. ∎

###### Definition 2.5.

(Grothendieck, \[RD\]) Given a bounded filtration $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and a complex $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ define the complex $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ as follows. For any $`p`$

$$(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^p:=E_1^{p,0}=\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}^pM$$

in the spectral sequence above, and the coboundary operator is

$$\mathrm{d}_1^{p,0}:(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^p=E_1^{p,0}(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^{p+1}=E_1^{p+1,0}.$$

Thus $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ is the row $`q=0`$ in the $`E_1`$ page of the spectral sequence. We obtain an additive functor

$$\mathrm{E}_𝖬:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)$$

called the Cousin functor.

Unlike the commutative situation, here the complex $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ can behave quite oddly – see below.

###### Definition 2.6.

Given an exact dimension function $`\mathrm{dim}`$ on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ we say an $`A`$-module $`M`$ is $`\mathrm{dim}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$ if $`\mathrm{dim}M^{}=\mathrm{dim}M=q`$ for all nonzero submodules $`M^{}M`$.

###### Remark 2.7.

In the commutative case (see Example 2.2) let $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ and let $`:=𝒪_X_AM`$ denote the corresponding complex of quasi-coherent sheaves on $`X`$. Then for any $`p,q`$ one has

$$\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}^{p+q}M\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,_{𝒵^p/𝒵^{p+1}}^{p+q})\underset{x}{}\mathrm{H}_x^{p+q}$$

where $`x`$ runs over the points in $`X`$ of $`\mathrm{dim}\overline{\{x\}}=p`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_x^{p+q}`$ is local cohomology. In the language of \[RD\], the sheaf $`_{𝒵^p/𝒵^{p+1}}^{p+q}`$ lies on the $`𝒵^p/𝒵^{p+1}`$-skeleton of $`X`$. In particular this means the $`A`$-module $`(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^q=\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_q/𝖬_{q1}}^qM`$ is $`𝖬`$-flasque and $`\mathrm{Kdim}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$. Note that this implies $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬\mathrm{E}_𝖬M=\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$. A complex $`N`$ such that each $`N^q`$ is $`𝖬`$-flasque and $`\mathrm{Kdim}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$ is called a “Cousin complex” in \[RD, Section IV.3\]. However for a noncommutative ring $`A`$ the complex $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ will seldom be a Cousin complex in this sense; cf. the next example.

###### Example 2.8.

Consider $`𝕂=`$ and $`A=\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔩_2)`$ as in Example 1.27. Let $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{GKdim})\}`$ be the filtration by Gelfand-Kirillov dimension and $`M𝖬_0`$ the simple $`A`$-module. Then $`(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^0=\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_0}^0MM`$. Since $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_0}^3M0`$ we see that $`(\mathrm{E}_𝖬M)^0`$ is not $`𝖬`$-flasque.

###### Proposition 2.9.

Suppose $`AB`$ is a homomorphism of rings, $`𝖬(A)=\{𝖬_q(A)\}`$ and $`𝖬(B)=\{𝖬_q(B)\}`$ are bounded filtrations of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B`$ respectively by localizing subcategories, with Cousin functors $`\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(A)}`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(B)}`$, satisfying:

1. For any $`M\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B`$ and any $`q`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(B)}M=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(A)}M`$.
2. If $`I\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B`$ is injective then it is $`𝖬(A)`$-flasque.

Then there is an isomorphism $`\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(B)}M\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(A)}M`$, functorial in $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B)`$.

###### Proof.

Choose an injective resolution $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B)`$. Then $`MI`$ is an $`𝖬(A)`$-flasque resolution in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, the filtered complexes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(B)}I`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(A)}I`$ coincide, and the spectral sequence defines both $`\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(B)}M`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_{𝖬(A)}M`$. ∎

Now let $`𝕂`$ be a commutative base ring and as before $`=_𝕂`$.

###### Corollary 2.10.

Let $`A`$ be a $`𝕂`$-algebra, $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ a bounded filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories, and $`B`$ a flat $`𝕂`$-algebra. Suppose $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$. Then the Cousin functor $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬M`$ commutes with the forgetful functor $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$.

###### Proof.

Write $`𝖬(A)`$ and $`𝖬(AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ for the filtrations of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}`$ respectively, and apply Proposition 2.9. ∎

For the next theorem it will be important to distinguish between morphisms in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ and $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, so let $`\mathrm{Q}:𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ be the localization functor (identity on objects).

###### Theorem 2.11.

Let $`A`$ be a ring, $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ a bounded filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories and $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬`$ the associated Cousin functor. Let $`M𝖣^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ a complex satisfying

1. $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}^{p+q}M=0`$ for all $`q0`$ and all $`p`$.

Then there is an isomorphism $`M\mathrm{QE}_𝖬M`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$.

###### Proof.

This is really the implication (ii) $``$ (iii) in \[RD, Proposition IV.3.1\]. We shall explain the minor modification needed in the proof to make it apply to our situation. Also we shall sketch the main ideas of the proof using our notation, so the interested reader can find it easier to consult the rather lengthy proof in \[RD\].

The result in \[RD\] refers to the abelian category $`\mathrm{𝖠𝖻}X`$ of sheaves of abelian groups on a topological space $`X`$. The space $`X`$ has a filtration $`\{Z^p\}`$ by closed subsets, inducing a filtration $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝖻}X`$, with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^p}`$. With this notation the proof involves homological algebra only, hence it applies to $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ as well.

Here is the sketch. Let us abbreviate $`\mathrm{E}:=\mathrm{E}_𝖬`$. Define

$$\tau _p\mathrm{E}M:=(\mathrm{}0(\mathrm{E}M)^p(\mathrm{E}M)^{p+1}\mathrm{})$$

to be the truncation in $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. One shows by descending induction on $`p`$ that there are (noncanonical) isomorphisms

(2.12)
$$\varphi _p:\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}M\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Q}\tau _p\mathrm{E}M\text{ in }𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)$$

such that the diagrams

(2.13)
commute. The horizontal arrows are the canonical ones.

The starting point is that for large enough $`p=p_{\mathrm{big}}`$, $`\mathrm{H}^pM=\mathrm{H}^p\mathrm{E}M=0`$. For such $`p`$ one shows that $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p}^qM=0`$ if $`qp`$. Hence there is an isomorphism $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}M\mathrm{Q}(\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p}^pM)[p]`$. Also one shows that $`\mathrm{H}^q\tau _p\mathrm{E}M=0`$ if $`qp`$, so that $`\mathrm{Q}\tau _p\mathrm{E}M\mathrm{Q}(\mathrm{H}^p\tau _p\mathrm{E}M)[p]`$. Since the modules $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p}^pM`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^p\tau _p\mathrm{E}M`$ are canonically isomorphic in this case, we get an isomorphism (2.12) for $`p=p_{\mathrm{big}}`$.

In the inductive step, depicted in Figure 1, we have two canonical triangles (in which the morphisms $`\alpha _{p1}`$ and $`\mathrm{d}^{p1}`$ have degree $`+1`$), canonical isomorphisms $`\psi _p`$ and $`\psi _{p1}`$ (arising from the assumption ($``$)) and an isomorphism $`\varphi _p`$ that’s already been constructed. The square on the left commutes because diagram (2.13) commutes.

By definition of the Cousin complex it follows that $`\mathrm{d}^{p1}=\mathrm{H}^{p1}(\beta _p\alpha _{p1})`$. Since $`\mathrm{H}^p\tau _p\mathrm{E}M(\mathrm{E}M)^p`$, diagram (2.13) implies that

$$\mathrm{H}^p(\varphi _p\alpha _{p1})=\mathrm{H}^{p1}(\mathrm{d}^{p1}\psi _{p1}):\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^{p1}/𝖬^p}^{p1}M\mathrm{H}^p\tau _p\mathrm{E}M.$$

Therefore $`\varphi _p\alpha _{p1}=d^{p1}\psi _{p1}`$, and hence, by the axioms of triangulated categories, there is an isomorphism $`\varphi _{p1}`$ making diagram in Figure 1 commutative. Note that diagram (2.13) for $`p1`$ commutes too so the induction continues. ∎

###### Remark 2.14.

In \[RD\] a complex satisfying condition ($``$) of the theorem is called a Cohen-Macaulay complex w.r.t. the filtration. And indeed in the commutative case (Example 2.2), for an $`A`$-module $`M`$ of $`\mathrm{Kdim}M=d`$, $`M`$ is a Cohen-Macaulay module iff the complex $`M[d]`$ satisfies ($``$); cf. \[RD, page 239\]. For a noncommutative ring $`A`$ these notions diverge.

###### Corollary 2.15.

Let $`A`$ be a $`𝕂`$-algebra, $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ a bounded filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ by localizing subcategories, and $`B`$ a flat $`𝕂`$-algebra. Suppose $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ satisfies condition ($``$) of the theorem. Then there is an isomorphism $`M\mathrm{QE}_𝖬M`$ in $`𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ commuting with the forgetful functor $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$.

###### Proof.

Invoke the theorem with $`AB^{\mathrm{op}}`$ instead of $`A`$, and use Corollary 2.10. ∎

We shall also need the next propositions.

###### Proposition 2.16.

Suppose $`A`$ and $`B`$ are flat $`𝕂`$-algebras, and $`𝖬=\{𝖬^p\}`$ and $`𝖭=\{𝖭^p\}`$ are bounded filtrations of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ respectively by stable, locally finitely resolved, localizing subcategories. Let $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ be a complex satisfying $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬^p}^qM𝖭^p`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖭^p}^qM𝖬^p`$ for all $`p,q`$. Then there is a functorial isomorphism

$$\mathrm{E}_𝖬M\mathrm{E}_𝖭M\text{ in }𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}}).$$

###### Proof.

Choose an injective resolution $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ the filtered complex with filtration $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}I\}_p`$, and by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}I`$ the filtered complex with filtration $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖭^p}I\}_p`$. By the proof of Theorem 1.23, the homomorphism of filtered complexes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}I\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬I`$ induces an isomorphism on the $`E_1`$ pages of the spectral of the sequences from Proposition 2.4. Similarly for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬𝖭}I\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖭I`$. ∎

###### Proposition 2.17.

Let $`\mathrm{dim}`$ be a bounded exact dimension function on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$, and let $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(dim)\}`$ be a the induced filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. Suppose the complexes $`M,I𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ satisfy:

1. Each module $`M^q`$ and $`I^q`$ is $`𝖬`$-flasque and $`\mathrm{dim}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$.
2. Each module $`I^q`$ is injective.

Then

1. $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬\mathrm{Q}M=M`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬\mathrm{Q}I=I`$.
2. The functor $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬`$ induces an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}M,\mathrm{Q}I)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(M,I)$$

with inverse induced by $`\mathrm{Q}`$.

###### Proof.

1. Clear, since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}M^pM^p`$ and the same for $`I`$.

2. Since $`I`$ is a bounded below complex of injectives we have an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{H}^0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,I)\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}M,\mathrm{Q}I).$$

The purity implies that $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,I)^1=0`$ and hence we get an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(M,I)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}M,\mathrm{Q}I)$$

induced by $`\mathrm{Q}`$. Finally given a morphism $`\varphi :MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ we have $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬\mathrm{Q}(\varphi )=\varphi `$. ∎

## 3. Rigid Dualizing Complexes

Dualizing complexes were introduced by Grothendieck \[RD\]. The noncommutative variant was studied in \[Ye1\], and the notion of rigid dualizing complex is due to Van den Bergh \[VdB1\]. Let us recall the definitions. From here to the end of the paper $`𝕂`$ denotes a base field, and as before $`=_𝕂`$.

An $`A`$-module $`M`$ is said to be finite if it is finitely generated. A homomorphism of rings $`AB`$ is called finite if $`B`$ is a finite $`A`$-module on both sides. A $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$ is called affine if it finitely generated.

###### Definition 3.1 (\[Ye1\], \[YZ2\]).

Let $`A`$ be a left noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra and $`B`$ a right noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra. A complex $`R𝖣^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ is called a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ if:

1. $`R`$ has finite injective dimension over $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.
2. $`R`$ has finite cohomology modules over $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.
3. The canonical morphisms $`B\mathrm{RHom}_A(R,R)`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})`$ and $`A\mathrm{RHom}_{B^{\mathrm{op}}}(R,R)`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ are both isomorphisms.

In case $`A=B`$, we shall say that $`R`$ is a dualizing complex over $`A`$.

Condition (i) is equivalent to the existence of a quasi-isomorphism $`RI`$ in $`𝖢^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ with each bimodule $`I^q`$ injective over $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.

In this paper, whenever we mention a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ we implicitly assume that $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ are left noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebras.

###### Example 3.2.

When $`A`$ is commutative and $`R`$ is a dualizing complex over $`A`$ consisting of central bimodules, then $`R`$ is a dualizing complex in the sense of \[RD, Section V.2\].

###### Definition 3.3 (\[VdB1\]).

Suppose $`R`$ is a dualizing complex over a noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$. If there is an isomorphism

$$\varphi :R\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{RHom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A,RR)$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ we call the pair $`(R,\varphi )`$ a rigid dualizing complex.

In the definition above $`\mathrm{Hom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}`$ is with respect to the outside $`A^\mathrm{e}`$-module structure of $`RR`$, and the isomorphism $`\rho `$ is with respect to the remaining inside $`A^\mathrm{e}`$-module structure.

A rigid dualizing complex over $`A`$ is unique, up to an isomorphism in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$, see \[VdB1, Proposition 8.2\].

###### Remark 3.4.

“Rigid dualizing complex” is a relative notion, in the sense that it depends on the homomorphism $`𝕂A`$. Cf. \[YZ2, Example 3.13\].

###### Definition 3.5 (\[YZ2\]).

Suppose $`AB`$ is a finite homomorphism of $`𝕂`$-algebras and $`(R_A,\varphi _A)`$ and $`(R_B,\varphi _B)`$ are rigid dualizing complexes over $`A`$ and $`B`$ respectively. A rigid trace is a morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:R_BR_A`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ satisfying the two conditions below.

1. $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ induces isomorphisms

$$R_B\mathrm{RHom}_A(B,R_A)\mathrm{RHom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,R_A)$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$.
2. The diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}R_B& \stackrel{\varphi _B}{}& \mathrm{RHom}_{B^\mathrm{e}}(B,R_BR_B)\\ \mathrm{Tr}& & \mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{Tr}& & \\ R_A& \stackrel{\varphi _A}{}& \mathrm{RHom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A,R_AR_A)\end{array}$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ is commutative.

According to \[YZ2, Theorem 3.2\] a rigid trace, if it exists, is unique. Taking $`A=B`$ this implies that any two rigid dualizing complexes $`(R,\varphi )`$ and $`(R^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are uniquely isomorphic in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$, see \[YZ2, Corollary 3.4\]. Often we shall omit explicit mention of the isomorphism $`\varphi `$.

###### Lemma 3.6.

Let $`R`$ be a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$, and let $`C:=`$ $`\mathrm{End}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})}(R)`$.

1. The left action of the center $`\mathrm{Z}(A)`$ on $`R`$, and the right action of $`\mathrm{Z}(B)`$ on $`R`$, induce isomorphisms of $`𝕂`$-algebras $`\mathrm{Z}(A)C\mathrm{Z}(B)`$. These make $`R`$ into a complex of $`C`$-bimodules (not necessarily central).
2. Let $`M𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. Then the two $`C`$-module structures on $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)`$ coincide.
3. If $`M𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ is $`C`$-central then the three $`C`$-module structures on $`\mathrm{Ext}_{AB^{\mathrm{op}}}^q(M,RR)`$ coincide.
4. If $`A=B`$ and $`R`$ is rigid then the automorphism of $`\mathrm{Z}(A)`$ in item (1) is the identity.

###### Proof.

The first item is a slight variation of \[YZ2, Lemma 3.3\] and \[Ye4, Lemma 5.4\]. In item (2) the two actions of $`C`$ on $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)`$ correspond to the left action of $`A`$ on $`R`$ (and on $`M`$), and the right action of $`B`$ on $`R`$. Since $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)=\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(M,R[q])`$ these actions commute. Likewise in item (3). Item (4) is \[YZ2, Proposition 3.5\]. ∎

###### Lemma 3.7.

Let $`A`$ be a left noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra and $`L𝖣_\mathrm{f}^{}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$.

1. Let $`B`$ be some $`𝕂`$-algebra, let $`N`$ be a flat $`B`$-module and let $`M`$ $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}(AB^{\mathrm{op}}))`$. Then the canonical morphism

$$\mathrm{RHom}_A(L,M)_BN\mathrm{RHom}_A(L,M_BN)$$

is an isomorphism.
2. Suppose $`AA^{}`$ a ring homomorphism such that $`A^{}`$ is a flat $`A^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module. Let $`M𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^{})`$. Then the canonical morphism

$$\mathrm{RHom}_A(L,M)\mathrm{RHom}_A^{}(A^{}_AL,M)$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

(1) Choose a quasi-isomorphism $`PL`$ where $`P`$ is a bounded above complex of finite free $`A`$-modules. Then the homomorphism of complexes

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,M)_BN\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,M_BN)$$

is bijective.

(2) With $`PL`$ as above we get a free resolution $`A^{}_APA^{}_AL`$ as $`A^{}`$-modules, and

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,M)\mathrm{Hom}_A^{}(A^{}_AP,M)$$

is bijective. ∎

The next theorem relates rigid dualizing complexes and central localization.

###### Theorem 3.8.

Let $`R`$ be a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$, and identify $`C\mathrm{Z}(A)\mathrm{Z}(B)`$ as in Lemma 3.6. Suppose $`SC`$ is a multiplicatively closed set, and let $`C_S:=S^1C`$, $`A_S:=C_S_CA`$ and $`B_S:=C_S_CB`$ be the localizations. Then:

1. The complex

$$R_S:=A_S_AR_BB_S$$

is a dualizing complex over $`(A_S,B_S)`$.
2. If $`A=B`$, $`R`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`A`$, and $`A^\mathrm{e}`$ is noetherian, then $`R_S`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`A_S`$.

###### Proof.

(1) This is proved in a special case (when $`A`$ is commutative and $`A_S=A_𝔭`$ for a prime ideal $`𝔭`$) in the course of the proof of \[YZ2, Theorem 1.11(1)\]; but the same proof works here too. Among other things one gets that $`R_SA_S_AR`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A_SA^{\mathrm{op}})`$ and $`R_SR_AA_S`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AA_S^{\mathrm{op}})`$

(2) We consider $`RR`$ as a left (resp. right) $`A^\mathrm{e}`$-module via the outside (resp. inside) action. Since $`A^\mathrm{e}`$ is noetherian and $`A^\mathrm{e}(A_S)^\mathrm{e}`$ is flat, by Lemma 3.7(1) we obtain an isomorphism

$`R_S`$ $`R_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A_S)^\mathrm{e}`$
$`\mathrm{RHom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A,RR)_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A_S)^\mathrm{e}`$
$`\mathrm{RHom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A,(RR)_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A_S)^\mathrm{e})`$
in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}(A_S)^\mathrm{e})`$. Now

$$(RR)_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A_S)^\mathrm{e}R_SR_S$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}(A^\mathrm{e}(A_S)^\mathrm{e}))`$. Finally using Lemma 3.7(2) we get

$`\mathrm{RHom}_{A^\mathrm{e}}(A,R_SR_S)`$ $`\mathrm{RHom}_{(A_S)^\mathrm{e}}((A_S)^\mathrm{e}_AA,R_SR_S)`$
$`\mathrm{RHom}_{(A_S)^\mathrm{e}}(A_S,R_SR_S).`$
If $`M`$ is a bimodule over a ring $`A`$ then the centralizer of $`M`$ is

$$\mathrm{Z}_A(M):=\{aAam=ma\text{ for all }mM\}.$$

Thus $`\mathrm{Z}_A(A)=\mathrm{Z}(A)`$. A ring homomorphism $`AB`$ is called centralizing if $`B=A\mathrm{Z}_B(A)`$. An invertible bimodule over $`A`$ is a bimodule $`L`$ such there exists another bimodule $`L^{}`$ with $`L_AL^{}L^{}_AAA`$. If $`C`$ is a commutative ring then a central invertible $`C`$-bimodule is the same as a projective $`C`$-module of rank $`1`$.

###### Proposition 3.9.

Suppose $`C`$ is a commutative affine $`𝕂`$-algebra. Then $`C`$ has a rigid dualizing complex $`R_C`$ consisting of central bimodules. If $`C`$ is Cohen-Macaulay and equidimensional of dimension $`n`$ then we can choose $`R_C=𝛚_C[n]`$ where $`𝛚_C`$ is a central bimodule, and if $`C`$ is Gorenstein then $`𝛚_C`$ is invertible.

###### Proof.

First assume $`C=𝕂[𝒕]=𝕂[t_1,\mathrm{},t_n]`$, a polynomial algebra. Then the bimodule $`C`$ is a dualizing complex. Because $`\mathrm{Ext}_{C^\mathrm{e}}^n(C,C^\mathrm{e})C`$ and $`\mathrm{Ext}_{C^\mathrm{e}}^q(C,C^\mathrm{e})=0`$ for $`qn`$ it follows that the dualizing complex $`C[n]`$ is rigid.

Next take any affine algebra $`C`$. Choose a finite homomorphism $`𝕂[𝒕]C`$. Let $`𝕂[𝒕]I`$ be an injective resolution of the module $`𝕂[𝒕]`$ in $`𝖢^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}C)`$ and define $`R_C:=\mathrm{Hom}_{𝕂[𝒕]}(C,I[n])𝖣^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}C^\mathrm{e})`$. So $`R_C`$ consists of central $`C`$-bimodules, and $`R_C=\mathrm{RHom}_{𝕂[𝒕]}(C,𝕂[𝒕][n])`$. According to the calculations in the proof of \[Ye4, Proposition 5.7\], $`R_C`$ is a rigid dualizing complex.

Finally suppose $`C`$ is Cohen-Macaulay and equidimensional of dimension $`n`$. Choose a noether normalization, that is a finite (and necessarily injective) homomorphism $`𝕂[𝒕]=𝕂[t_1,\mathrm{},t_n]C`$, cf. \[Ei, Theorem 13.3\]. According to \[Ei, Corollary 18.17\], $`C`$ is a projective $`𝕂[𝒕]`$-module. Hence $`𝝎_C:=\mathrm{Hom}_{𝕂[𝒕]}(C,𝕂[𝒕])`$ is a rigid dualizing complex. If moreover $`C`$ is Gorenstein then the bimodule $`C`$ is also a dualizing complex, and by the uniqueness of dualizing complexes over commutative algebras (cf. \[RD, Theorem V.3.1\]) we find that $`𝝎_C`$ must be an invertible bimodule. ∎

###### Corollary 3.10.

Suppose $`C`$ is a commutative affine $`𝕂`$-algebra, $`R_C`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`C`$ and $`CA`$ is a finite centralizing homomorphism of $`𝕂`$-algebras. Then $`R_A:=\mathrm{RHom}_C(A,R_C)`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`A`$.

###### Proof.

Because of Proposition 3.9 and the uniqueness of rigid dualizing complexes we may assume $`R_C`$ is a complex of central $`C`$-bimodules. Now proceed as in the proof of \[Ye4, Proposition 5.7\]. ∎

###### Proposition 3.11.

Suppose $`A`$ is a noetherian affine $`𝕂`$-algebra finite over its center and $`AB`$ is a finite centralizing homomorphism. Let $`R_A`$ and $`R_B`$ be rigid dualizing complexes over $`A`$ and $`B`$ respectively. The the rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:R_BR_A`$ exists.

###### Proof.

See \[Ye4, Proposition 5.8\], noting that the morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ constructed there satisfies axioms of rigid trace, as can be seen using the calculations done in the proof of \[Ye4, Proposition 5.7\]. ∎

###### Remark 3.12.

An alternative approach to proving the last three results is via noetherian connected filtrations; see \[YZ2, Theorem 7.16\] and text prior to it.

###### Example 3.13.

A rigid dualizing complex of a commutative $`𝕂`$-algebra $`C`$ need not be central. Let $`R_C`$ be as in Proposition 3.9 above, and let $`N^0`$ be any non-central $`C`$-bimodule (e.g. $`N^0=A^\sigma `$, the twisted bimodule with $`\sigma `$ a nontrivial automorphism of $`A`$). Define the complex $`N:=(N^0\stackrel{=}{}N^1)`$. Then $`R_CR_CN`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}C^\mathrm{e})`$, so the latter is a non-central rigid dualizing complex.

###### Example 3.14.

Assume $`C`$ is a smooth commutative $`𝕂`$-algebra of relative dimension $`n`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{C/𝕂}^n`$ be the module of degree $`n`$ Kähler differentials. The canonical isomorphism (fundamental class of the diagonal)

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{C/𝕂}^n\mathrm{Ext}_{C^\mathrm{e}}^n(C,\mathrm{\Omega }_{C^\mathrm{e}/𝕂}^{2n})$$

makes $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{C/𝕂}^n[n]`$ into a rigid dualizing complex. More generally for any $`C`$, if $`\pi :\mathrm{Spec}C\mathrm{Spec}𝕂`$ is the structural morphism, then the twisted inverse image $`\pi ^!𝕂`$ of \[RD\] is the rigid dualizing complex of $`C`$.

## 4. Residual Complexes

In this section we examine a refined notion of dualizing complex, again generalizing from commutative algebraic geometry. Some graded examples have been studied by Ajitabh \[Aj\] and the first author \[Ye2\]. The main result here is Theorem 4.8, which guarantees the existence of a residual complex.

Suppose $`R`$ is a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ – where $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ are left noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebras – and let $`M`$ be a finite $`A`$-module. The grade of $`M`$ with respect to $`R`$ is

$$j_{R;A}(M):=inf\{q\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)0\}\{\mathrm{}\}.$$

Similarly define $`j_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}`$ for a $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module.

###### Definition 4.1 (\[Ye2\], \[YZ2\]).

Let $`R`$ be a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$. We say that $`R`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex if it satisfies the following two conditions:

1. For every finite $`A`$-module $`M`$, integer $`q`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-submodule $`N`$ $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)`$, one has $`j_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}(N)q`$.
2. The same holds after exchanging $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.

###### Definition 4.2.

For a finite $`A`$-module $`M`$ the canonical dimension is

$$\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}M:=j_{R;A}(M).$$

It is known that if $`R`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex then the canonical dimension $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$ is a spectral exact dimension function on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ (cf. Definition 1.6 and \[YZ2, Theorem 2.10\]). By symmetry there is a spectral exact dimension function $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}`$ on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.

###### Definition 4.3.

A complex $`R𝖢^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ is called a residual complex over $`(A,B)`$ if the following conditions are satisfied:

1. $`R`$ is a dualizing complex.
2. Each bimodule $`R^q`$ is an injective module over $`A`$ and over $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.
3. $`R`$ is Auslander, and each bimodule $`R^q`$ is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$-pure and $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$ (Definition 2.6).

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{Q}:𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$ the localization functor. If $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A})\}`$ then from Proposition 2.17(1) we see that $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬\mathrm{Q}R=R`$ for a residual complex $`R`$.

A complex $`I𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ is called a minimal injective complex if the module $`I^q`$ is injective and $`\mathrm{Ker}(I^qI^{q+1})I^q`$ is essential, for all $`q`$. Given $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, there is a quasi-isomorphism $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, where $`I`$ is a minimal injective complex. Such $`I`$ is unique (up to a non-unique isomorphism), and it is called the minimal injective resolution of $`M`$ (cf. \[Ye1\] Lemma 4.2). If $`M`$ has finite injective dimension then $`I`$ is bounded.

###### Definition 4.4.

Let $`R`$ be an Auslander dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$, and let $`I`$ be the minimal injective resolution of $`R`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. Suppose each $`A`$-module $`I^q`$ is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$. Then we say $`R`$ has a pure minimal injective resolution over $`A`$. Likewise for $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$.

According to \[Ye2, Lemma 2.15\], a residual complex $`R`$ is a minimal injective resolution of itself, on both sides. Thus $`R`$ has pure minimal injective resolutions.

###### Proposition 4.5.

Suppose $`R`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ that has a pure minimal injective resolution over $`A`$. Then the subcategories $`𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A})\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ are stable for all $`q`$. Likewise with $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ and $`A`$ exchanged.

###### Proof.

We may use the proof of \[Ye2, Proposition 2.7\]. ∎

###### Remark 4.6.

If the subcategories $`𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A})\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ are stable for all $`q`$ then $`A`$ is called a left pure algebra. As shown in \[AjSZ\], many familiar algebras with Auslander dualizing complexes do not admit residual complexes – indeed, are not even pure algebras (cf. Example 1.27).

###### Lemma 4.7.

Let $`R`$ be a residual complex over $`(A,B)`$. Then the ring homomorphisms (left and right multiplication)

$$\mathrm{Z}(A),\mathrm{Z}(B^{\mathrm{op}})\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})}(R,R)$$

are bijective.

###### Proof.

Since $`R`$ consists of injective $`A`$-modules, $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(R,R)=\mathrm{RHom}_A(R,R)`$. So $`\mathrm{H}^0\mathrm{Hom}_A(R,R)=B^{\mathrm{op}}1_RB^{\mathrm{op}}`$. By the purity assumption $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(R,R)^1=0`$, so

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(R,R)=\mathrm{H}^0\mathrm{Hom}_A(R,R)=B^{\mathrm{op}}1_R\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}𝕂)}(R,R).$$

We see that

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})}(R,R)=\mathrm{Z}_{B^{\mathrm{op}}}(B^{\mathrm{op}}1_R)=\mathrm{Z}(B^{\mathrm{op}})1_R.$$

The equality with $`\mathrm{Z}(A)1_R`$ is proved symmetrically. ∎

###### Theorem 4.8.

Suppose $`R`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ that has pure minimal injective resolutions over $`A`$ and over $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Let $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A})\}`$ be the filtration of $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ determined by $`R`$ and let $`\mathrm{E}:=\mathrm{E}_𝖬`$ be the associated Cousin functor. Then $`\mathrm{E}R`$ is a residual complex, and there is a unique isomorphism

$$\varphi :R\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{QE}R\text{ in }𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})$$

such that

$$\mathrm{E}(\varphi ):\mathrm{E}R\mathrm{EQE}R=\mathrm{E}R\text{ in }𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})$$

is the identity.

###### Proof.

If we decide to forget the $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module structure of $`R`$, we may use the minimal injective resolution $`I`$ of $`R`$ as $`A`$-module to compute $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}R`$. By the purity assumption

(4.9)
$$\mathrm{H}^{p+q}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬^p/𝖬^{p+1}}R=\{\begin{array}{cc}I^p\hfill & \text{if }q=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

We conclude that $`(\mathrm{E}_𝖬R)^qI^q`$ as $`A`$-modules, and so $`(\mathrm{E}R)^q`$ is an injective $`A`$-module, $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$.

According to Proposition 4.5 we see that the hypotheses of Proposition 2.16 hold with $`M=R`$, $`𝖬=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A})\}`$ and $`𝖭=\{𝖬_q(\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}})\}`$. This tells us that $`\mathrm{E}_𝖬R\mathrm{E}_𝖭R`$ as complexes of bimodules. By the previous paragraph applied to $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ instead of $`A`$, $`(\mathrm{E}_𝖭R)^q`$ is an injective $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module, $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$.

Formula (4.9) says that Corollary 2.15 holds here. We deduce the existence of an isomorphism $`\varphi ^{}:R\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{QE}R`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$. According to Lemma 4.7 there is some invertible element $`a\mathrm{Z}(A)`$ such that $`\mathrm{E}(\varphi ^{}):\mathrm{E}R\mathrm{EQE}R=\mathrm{E}R`$ is multiplication by $`a`$. The isomorphism $`\varphi :=a^1\varphi ^{}:R\mathrm{QE}R`$ has the desired property. ∎

Here is a class of algebras to which the results of this section apply. Recall that a ring $`A`$ is right bounded if every essential right ideal of $`A`$ contains an ideal which is essential as a right ideal. A ring $`A`$ is a right FBN (fully bounded noetherian) if $`A`$ is right noetherian and every prime factor ring of $`A`$ is right bounded. An FBN ring is a ring $`A`$ that is both right and left FBN \[GW, Chapter 8\].

A dualizing complex $`R`$ over two algebras $`A`$ and $`B`$ is called weakly bifinite if for every bimodule $`M`$ which is a subquotient of $`A`$, the bimodules $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^q(M,R)`$ are all finite on both sides; and the same is true with $`A`$ and $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$ interchanged.

An exact dimension function $`\mathrm{dim}`$, defined on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^{\mathrm{op}}`$, is called symmetric if $`\mathrm{dim}_AM=\mathrm{dim}_B^{}M`$ for every bimodule $`M`$ finite on both sides.

###### Theorem 4.10.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be FBN $`𝕂`$-algebras and let $`R`$ be an Auslander dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ which is weakly bifinite and such that $`\mathrm{Cdim}_R`$ is symmetric. Then $`R`$ has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides, and therefore the Cousin complex $`\mathrm{E}R`$ (notation as in Theorem 4.8) is a residual complex.

For the proof we will need two lemmas and some notation. Let $`𝔭`$ be a prime ideal of a left noetherian ring $`A`$. Write $`S_{A/𝔭}(0)`$ for the set of regular elements of $`A/𝔭`$. This is a denominator set in $`A/𝔭`$, and the ring of fractions $`Q(𝔭)=\mathrm{Frac}A/𝔭=S_{A/𝔭}(0)^1A/𝔭`$ is simple artinian.

Given a finite $`A`$-module $`M`$, it’s reduced (Goldie) rank at $`𝔭`$ is

$$\mathrm{rank}_𝔭(M):=\mathrm{length}_{Q(𝔭)}Q(𝔭)_AM.$$

For $`M=A/𝔭`$ we write $`\mathrm{r}(𝔭):=\mathrm{rank}_𝔭(A/𝔭)`$. Let $`J(𝔭)=J_A(𝔭)`$ be the indecomposable injective $`A`$-module with associated prime $`𝔭`$. The injective hull of $`A/𝔭`$ as $`A`$-module is then $`J(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}`$.

Suppose $`A`$ is a prime ring. Recall that an element $`mM`$ is torsion if $`am=0`$ for some regular element $`aA`$. $`M`$ is a torsion module if all its elements are torsion; otherwise it is a non-torsion module. $`M`$ is torsion-free if the only torsion element in it is $`0`$.

###### Lemma 4.11.

Suppose $`A`$ is a prime left noetherian ring, and $`M,L`$ are non-torsion $`A`$-modules, with $`M`$ finite.

1. There is an injective homomorphism $`f:AL^r`$, where $`r=\mathrm{r}(0)`$ is the Goldie rank.
2. Let $`\mathrm{dim}`$ be an exact dimension function on $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. Then $`\mathrm{dim}L=\mathrm{dim}A`$.
3. There is a nonzero homomorphism $`g:ML`$.

The proof of this lemma is standard, cf. \[GW, Corollary 6.26(b)\].

The following is essentially proved in \[Br, Lemma 2.3\]. We state it for any minimal injective complex instead of a minimal resolution of a module.

###### Lemma 4.12.

Suppose $`A`$ is a left noetherian ring. Let $`I`$ be a minimal injective complex of $`A`$-modules. Let $`𝔭`$ be a prime ideal of $`A`$, and let $`\mu _i(𝔭)`$ be the multiplicity of $`J(𝔭)`$ in $`I^i`$. Then

1. The image of the map $`^{i1}:\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,I^{i1})\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,I^i)`$ is a torsion $`A/𝔭`$-module.
2. $`\mu _i(𝔭)=\mathrm{rank}_𝔭(\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,I^i))=\mathrm{rank}_𝔭(\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(A/𝔭,I))`$.
3. Let $`𝔭`$ and $`𝔮`$ be two primes of $`A`$ and $`M`$ an $`A/𝔭`$-$`A/𝔮`$-bimodule. Assume $`M`$ is nonzero, torsion-free as $`(A/𝔮)^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module, and finite non-torsion as $`A/𝔭`$-module. If $`I^i`$ contains a copy of $`J(𝔭)`$, then $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,I)`$ is a non-torsion $`A/𝔮`$-module.

###### Proof.

(1) This is true because the kernel of this map is an essential submodule.

(2) The first equality is clear. The second follows from (1) because factoring out $`A/𝔭`$-torsion the complex $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,I)`$ has zero coboundary maps.

(3) By assumption there is a nonzero left ideal $`L`$ of $`A/𝔭`$ contained in $`I^i`$. Let $`Z^i:=\mathrm{Ker}(^i:I^iI^{i+1})`$. Replacing $`L`$ by $`LZ^i`$, we may assume $`LZ^i`$. Since $`L`$ and $`M`$ are non-torsion $`A/𝔭`$-modules and $`M`$ is finite, Lemma 4.11 says there is a nonzero map $`f:ML`$. We claim that $`f`$ is nonzero in $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,I)`$. Otherwise there is a map $`g:MI^{i1}`$ such that $`f=^{i1}g`$. Let $`M^{}:=g(M)I^{i1}`$. Then $`M^{}Z^{i1}`$ is essential in $`M^{}`$ and hence $`M^{}/(M^{}Z^{i1})`$ is a torsion $`A/𝔭`$-module. Now $`f(M)`$ is a quotient of $`M^{}/(M^{}Z^{i1})`$, so it is a nonzero torsion $`A/𝔭`$-module. This contradicts the fact that any nonzero submodule of $`L`$ must be a torsion-free $`A/𝔭`$-module. Therefore we proved that $`f`$ is nonzero in $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,I)`$.

Now let $`a`$ be a regular element of $`A/𝔮`$. Since $`MMa`$, $`M/Ma`$ is a torsion $`A/𝔭`$-module. Hence $`Ma`$ is not contained in the kernel of $`f:ML`$. This implies that $`af:ML`$ is nonzero. By the claim we proved in the last paragraph, we see that $`af`$ is nonzero in $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,I)`$. So $`f`$ is non-torsion in $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,I)`$. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 4.8.

Let $`I`$ be the minimal injective resolution of $`R`$ as complex of $`A`$-modules. First we will show that each $`I^i`$ is essentially pure of $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}=i`$, meaning that $`I^i`$ contains an essential submodule that’s pure of $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}=i`$. It suffices to show that if $`M`$ is a $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$-critical submodule of $`I^i`$, then $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}M=i`$.

The critical module $`M`$ is uniform. Since $`A`$ is FBN the injective hull of $`M`$ is $`J(𝔮)`$ for some prime ideal $`𝔮`$. Replacing $`M`$ by a nonzero submodule we can assume $`M`$ is a left ideal of $`A/𝔮`$, so it is a torsion-free $`A/𝔮`$-module. By Lemma 4.12(3), $`E:=\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(A/𝔮,R)`$ is a non-torsion $`A/𝔮`$-module. In particular $`E0`$ and hence $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔮i`$. By Lemma 4.11 we get $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}E=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔮`$. From the weakly bifinite hypothesis, $`E`$ is noetherian on both sides. Hence, by the symmetry of $`\mathrm{Cdim}_R`$, we have $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}E=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}E`$. According to \[YZ2, Theorem 2.14\] we have $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}Ei`$. We conclude that $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔮=i`$. Again by Lemma 4.11 we get $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}M=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔮=i`$.

Next we show that the $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$ is a constant on the cliques of $`A`$. If there is a link $`𝔮𝔭`$, then there is a nonzero $`A/𝔮`$-$`A/𝔭`$-bimodule $`M`$ that is a subquotient of $`A`$ and is torsion free on both sides. By Lemma 4.11 and the symmetry of $`\mathrm{Cdim}_R`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔮=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}M=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}M\hfill \\ \hfill =\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;B^{\mathrm{op}}}A/𝔭=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}A/𝔭.\end{array}$$

The FBN ring $`A`$ satisfies the second layer condition \[MR, 4.3.14\]. We know that $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$ is constant on cliques. It follows from \[MR, Proposition 4.3.13\] that an indecomposable injective $`A`$-module has pure $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$ (cf. \[AjSZ, Theorem 4.2\]). So the minimal injective resolution $`I`$ is pure.

All the above works also for the minimal injective resolution of $`R`$ as a complex of $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$-modules. ∎

###### Remark 4.13.

Let $`A`$ be a noetherian affine PI Hopf algebra over $`𝕂`$ of finite injective dimension $`n`$. Brown and Goodearl \[BG\] show that $`A`$ is Auslander-Gorenstein. Using this one can show that the Auslander dualizing complex $`A[n]`$ is pre-balanced and has pure minimal injective resolutions (see \[YZ2\]). According to Theorem 4.8, $`\mathrm{E}(A[n])`$ is a residual complex.

## 5. The Residue Complex of an Algebra

In this section we define the residue complex of an algebra, combining the results if Sections 3 and 4. The main result here is Theorem 5.4 which explains the functoriality of residue complexes. Here as before $`𝕂`$ is the base field.

If a $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$ has a rigid dualizing complex $`R`$ (Definition 3.1) that is Auslander (Definition 4.1) then we shall usually write $`\mathrm{Cdim}_A`$ instead of $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R;A}`$. This dimension function depends only on the $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$.

###### Definition 5.1.

A residue complex over $`A`$ is a rigid dualizing complex $`(R,\varphi )`$ such that $`R`$ is also a residual complex (Definition 4.3).

The uniqueness of the residue complex will be made clear later in this section (Corollary 5.5). In \[Ye2\] the name “strong residue complex” was used for the same notion (in the graded case).

Let $`𝖣_\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ denote the subcategory of complexes with finite cohomology modules. The next result will be used in the proof of Theorem 5.4.

###### Proposition 5.2 (Local Duality).

Let $`R`$ be a dualizing complex over $`(A,B)`$ and $`𝖬\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ a localizing subcategory. Then there is a functorial isomorphism

$$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬M\mathrm{RHom}_{B^{\mathrm{op}}}(\mathrm{RHom}_A(M,R),\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝖬R)$$

for $`M𝖣_\mathrm{f}^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$.

###### Proof.

Take a quasi-isomorphism $`MI`$ in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$ with each $`I^q`$ injective over $`A`$, and a quasi-isomorphism $`RJ`$ in $`𝖢^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}AB^{\mathrm{op}})`$, where each $`J^q`$ is injective over $`A`$ and over $`B^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Write $`DM:=\mathrm{RHom}_A(M,R)`$ and $`D^{\mathrm{op}}N:=\mathrm{RHom}_{B^{\mathrm{op}}}(N,R)`$. Using Lemma 4.7 we get a commutative diagram in $`𝖣^\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$

with the bottom row consisting of morphisms in $`𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$. The homomorphism $`\gamma `$ is actually bijective. And since $`M𝖣_\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)`$, $`MD^{\mathrm{op}}DM`$ is an isomorphism, and hence so is $`\alpha `$. The isomorphism we want is $`\beta \alpha `$. ∎

###### Remark 5.3.

The proposition above generalizes \[RD, Theorem IV.6.2\] (resp. \[Ye1, Theorem 4.18\]), when $`A`$ is commutative local with maximal ideal (resp. connected graded with augmentation ideal) $`𝔪`$, and $`𝖬`$ is the category of $`𝔪`$-torsion $`A`$-modules.

Denote by $`\mathrm{Q}:𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ the localization functor.

###### Theorem 5.4.

Let $`AB`$ be a finite centralizing homomorphism between noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebras. Suppose the two conditions below hold.

1. There are rigid dualizing complexes $`R_A`$ and $`R_B`$ and the rigid trace morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:R_BR_A`$ exists.
2. $`R_A`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex and it has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides.

Then:

1. $`R_B`$ is an Auslander dualizing complex and it has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides.
2. Denote by $`\mathrm{E}_A:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_B:𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})𝖢^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})`$ the Cousin functors associated to the dimension functions $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_A;A}`$ and $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_B;B}`$ respectively. Then $`\mathrm{E}_AM\mathrm{E}_BM`$ functorially for $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})`$.
3. Let $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}_AR_A`$ and $`𝒦_B:=\mathrm{E}_BR_B\mathrm{E}_AR_B`$ be the two residual complexes, so we have a morphism $`\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}):𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ in $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$. Let $`\varphi _A:R_A\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Q}𝒦_A`$ and $`\varphi _B:R_B\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Q}𝒦_B`$ be the isomorphisms from Theorem 4.8. Then the diagram

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ is commutative.
4. $`\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})`$ induces isomorphisms

$$𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)$$

in $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$.

###### Proof.

1. According to \[YZ2, Proposition 3.9\]

$$R_B\mathrm{RHom}_A(B,R_A)\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}(BA^{\mathrm{op}}))`$. Therefore the complex $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ is an injective resolution of $`R_B`$ in $`𝖪^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B)`$. Choose elements $`b_1,\mathrm{},b_r\mathrm{Z}_B(A)`$ which generate $`B`$ as an $`A`$-module. This gives rise to a surjection $`A^rB`$ of $`A`$-bimodules, and hence to an inclusion $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A^q)(𝒦_A^q)^r`$. So $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A^q)`$ is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_A;A}`$-pure of dimension $`q`$ as an $`A`$-module. By \[YZ2, Proposition 3.9\], the dualizing complex $`R_B`$ is Auslander, and $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_A;A}M=\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_B;B}M`$ for any $`B`$-module $`M`$. Thus $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A^q)`$ is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_B;B}`$-pure as $`B`$-module. We conclude that the injective resolution $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_B;B}`$-pure. But one easily sees that a pure injective resolution must be minimal. Symmetrically all the above applies to the right resolution $`\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)`$ of $`R_B`$.

2. Applying the functor $`\mathrm{E}_B`$ to the isomorphism $`R_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}BA^{\mathrm{op}})`$, and using the fact that $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ is a pure injective complex of $`B`$-modules, we obtain $`𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ in $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}BA^{\mathrm{op}})`$. Thus in particular $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$ is a complex of $`B`$-$`B`$-bimodules. By symmetry also $`𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)`$ as complexes of bimodules.

Denote by $`𝖬_q(A):=\{M\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A\mathrm{Cdim}_{R_A;A}Mq\}`$ and likewise $`𝖬_q(B)`$. We get filtrations $`𝖬(A)=\{𝖬_q(A)\}`$ and $`𝖬(B)=\{𝖬_q(B)\}`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(A)}𝒦_A=𝒦_A^q`$, Proposition 5.2 tells us that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(A)}M& \mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,𝒦_A),𝒦_A^q)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{Hom}_{B^{\mathrm{op}}}(\mathrm{Hom}_B(M,𝒦_B),𝒦_B^q)\mathrm{R}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{𝖬_q(B)}M\hfill \end{array}$$

functorially for $`M𝖣_\mathrm{f}^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B)`$. In particular $`\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_q(B)}^pM\mathrm{H}_{𝖬_q(A)}^pM`$ functorially for finite $`B`$-modules $`M`$. Passing to direct limits (using Proposition 1.20) this becomes true for all $`B`$-modules. Hence if $`M`$ is an $`𝖬(B)`$-flasque $`B`$-module, it is also $`𝖬(A)`$-flasque. By Proposition 2.9 it follows that $`\mathrm{E}_AM\mathrm{E}_BM`$ functorially for $`M𝖣^+(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})`$.

3. Next we analyze the morphism $`\mathrm{QE}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})}(R_B,R_A)`$. By \[YZ2, Lemma 3.3\],

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})}(R_B,R_A)=\mathrm{Z}_B(A)\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A},$$

so $`\mathrm{QE}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})=b\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ for some (unique) $`b\mathrm{Z}_B(A)`$. We shall prove that $`b=1`$. If we forget the $`A^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module structure, then

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}𝒦_B,\mathrm{Q}𝒦_A)=B\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}.$$

From Proposition 2.17 we get that there is a bijection

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}𝒦_B,\mathrm{Q}𝒦_A)\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(𝒦_B,𝒦_A)$$

induced by $`\mathrm{E}`$, and the inverse is induced by $`\mathrm{Q}`$. Hence we obtain

$$\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}=\mathrm{QE}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})\mathrm{Hom}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A)}(\mathrm{Q}𝒦_B,\mathrm{Q}𝒦_A).$$

This implies that $`b=1`$.

4. By part 3, if we apply the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,)`$ to the homomorphism of complexes $`\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}):𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ we get a quasi-isomorphism $`𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)`$. But these are minimal injective complexes of $`B`$-modules, so it must actually be an isomorphism of complexes. By symmetry also $`𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)`$ is an isomorphism of complexes. ∎

###### Corollary 5.5 (Uniqueness of Residue Complex).

Suppose $`(𝒦_A,\varphi )`$ and $`(𝒦_A^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are two residue complexes over $`A`$. Then there is a unique isomorphism $`\tau :𝒦_A^{}\stackrel{}{}𝒦_A`$ in $`𝖢(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ that’s compatible with $`\varphi ^{}`$ and $`\varphi `$, i.e. a rigid trace.

###### Proof.

Write $`B:=A`$ and $`(𝒦_B,\varphi _B):=(𝒦_A^{},\varphi ^{})`$. By \[YZ2, Theorem 3.2\] we get a unique isomorphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦_B\stackrel{}{}𝒦_A`$ in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$ that’s a rigid trace. According to part 3 of the theorem above, $`\tau :=\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})`$ satisfies $`\mathrm{Q}(\tau )=\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$, so it too is a rigid trace. ∎

###### Corollary 5.6.

If in the previous theorem $`B=A/𝔞`$ for some ideal $`𝔞`$ then there is equality

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔞,𝒦_A)=\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(A/𝔞,𝒦_A)𝒦_A.$$

###### Proof.

By part 4 of the theorem we get an isomorphism of $`BA^{\mathrm{op}}`$-modules $`𝒦_B^q\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A^q)𝒦_A^q`$ for every $`q`$. This implies that $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A^q)`$ is annihilated by $`𝔞`$ on the right too, and hence $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)`$. By symmetry there is equality. ∎

###### Remark 5.7.

Corollary 5.6 is pretty surprising. The ideal $`𝔞`$ will in general not be generated by central elements. On the other hand the centralizer $`\mathrm{Z}_A(𝒦_A)=\mathrm{Z}(A)`$. So there is no obvious reason for the left annihilator of $`𝔞`$ in $`𝒦_A`$ to coincide with the right annihilator.

###### Corollary 5.8.

Let $`AB`$ and $`BC`$ be finite centralizing homomorphisms. Assume the hypotheses of Theorem 5.4, and also that the rigid dualizing complex $`R_C`$ and the rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{C/B}`$ exist. Then

$$\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{C/A})=\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A})\mathrm{E}_B(\mathrm{Tr}_{C/B}):𝒦_C𝒦_A.$$

###### Proof.

By \[YZ2, Corollary 3.8\] the morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{C/A}:=\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}\mathrm{Tr}_{C/B}`$ is a rigid trace. According to Theorem 5.4 the residue complex $`𝒦_C=\mathrm{E}_BR_C`$ exists, and $`\mathrm{E}_B(\mathrm{Tr}_{C/B})=\mathrm{E}_A(\mathrm{Tr}_{C/B})`$. ∎

Here are a few examples of algebras with residue complexes.

###### Example 5.9.

If $`A`$ is a commutative affine (i.e. finitely generated) $`𝕂`$-algebra and $`R_A`$ is its rigid dualizing complex then the complex $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ is a residue complex. It consists of central bimodules, and is the residue complex of $`A`$ also in the sense of \[RD\]; cf. Example 3.14. For a finite homomorphism $`AB`$ of commutative algebras the trace morphism $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ coincides with that of \[RD\].

###### Example 5.10.

Consider a commutative artinian local $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$ whose residue field $`A/𝔪`$ is finitely generated over $`𝕂`$ (i.e. $`A`$ is residually finitely generated). Then $`A\mathrm{Frac}A_0`$, the ring of fractions of some commutative affine $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A_0A`$, and by Theorem 3.8 $`A`$ has a rigid dualizing complex $`R_AA_{A_0}R_{A_0}`$. Because of the uniqueness of dualizing complexes for commutative algebras, $`R_A𝒦(A)[n]`$ where $`𝒦(A):=\mathrm{H}_𝔪^nR_A`$ is an injective hull of $`A/𝔪`$ and $`n=\mathrm{dim}A_0=\mathrm{tr}.\mathrm{deg}_𝕂(A/𝔪)`$.

If $`AB`$ is a finite homomorphism of such artinian algebras then the rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦(B)[n]𝒦(A)[n]`$ exists.

Now if $`A`$ is a residually finitely generated commutative noetherian complete local $`𝕂`$-algebra we can define $`𝒦(A):=\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}𝒦(A/𝔪^i)`$. The functorial $`A`$-module $`𝒦(A)`$ is called the dual module of $`A`$. Cf. \[Ye3\] and \[Ye5\] for alternative approaches, applications and references to other related work.

###### Example 5.11.

If $`A`$ is a noetherian affine $`𝕂`$-algebra finite over its center $`C`$ and $`𝒦_C`$ is the residue complex of $`C`$ then $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{Hom}_C(A,𝒦_C)`$ is the residue complex of $`A`$. If $`AB`$ is a finite centralizing homomorphism then the rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ is gotten by applying $`\mathrm{Hom}_C(,𝒦_C)`$ to $`AB`$. We see that the theory of residual complexes for algebras finite over the center is very close to the commutative theory.

###### Proposition 5.12.

The first Weyl algebra over the field $``$ has a residue complex.

###### Proof.

Recall that the first Weyl algebra is $`A:=x,y/(yxxy1)`$. According to \[YZ2, Example 6.20\], $`R_A:=A[2]`$ is a rigid Auslander dualizing complex over $`A`$, and $`\mathrm{Cdim}=\mathrm{GKdim}`$. The ring of fractions $`Q=\mathrm{Frac}A`$ is a division ring, and the global dimension of $`A`$ is $`1`$. Therefore the minimal injective resolution of $`A`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ is $`0AI^0I^10`$ and $`I^0Q`$. We see that $`I^0`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}I^0=\mathrm{GKdim}A=2`$. Since $`I^1`$ is a torsion $`A`$-module we get $`\mathrm{GKdim}I^11`$; but since there are no $`A`$-modules of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=0`$ it follows that $`I^1`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=1`$. So $`A`$ has a pure injective resolution on the left. The same is true on the right too. We see that $`R_A`$ has pure minimal injective resolutions on both sides, so $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ is a residue complex. Moreover $`𝒦_A^2=Q`$ and $`𝒦_A^1=Q/A`$. ∎

###### Proposition 5.13.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a nilpotent $`3`$-dimensional Lie algebra over $``$ and $`A:=\mathrm{U}(𝔤)`$ the universal enveloping algebra. Then $`A`$ has a residue complex.

###### Proof.

We may assume $`A`$ is not commutative, so $`A`$ is generated by $`x,y,z`$ with $`z`$ central and $`[x,y]=z`$. By \[YZ2, Proposition 6.18\] and \[Ye5, Theorem A\] the complex $`R_A:=A[3]`$ is a rigid Auslander dualizing complex, and $`\mathrm{Cdim}=\mathrm{GKdim}`$. Consider a minimal injective resolution $`0AI^0I^1I^2I^30`$ of $`A`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$. For any $`\lambda `$ consider the ideal $`𝔞=A(z\lambda )`$. The localizing subcategory $`𝖬_{(z\lambda )}=𝖬_𝔞\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ is stable (cf. Example 1.4). We get a direct sum decomposition of $`A`$-modules indexed by $`\mathrm{Spec}[z]`$:

$$I^q\left(\underset{\lambda }{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(z\lambda )}I^q\right)\left((z)_{[z]}I^q\right).$$

For any $`\lambda `$, $`\mathrm{RHom}_A(A/(z\lambda ),R_A)`$ is the rigid dualizing complex of $`A/(z\lambda )`$, and $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/(z\lambda ),I[3])`$ is its minimal injective resolution as complex of left modules. Since the algebra $`A/(z\lambda )`$ is isomorphic to either the commutative polynomial algebra ($`\lambda =0`$) or to the first Weyl algebra, we see that $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/(z\lambda ),I^q)`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=3q`$, for $`1q3`$.

Fix $`q`$ and $`\lambda `$. Introduce a filtration $`F`$ on $`N:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(z\lambda )}I^q`$ by $`F^jN:=`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/(z\lambda )^j,I^q)`$. Then for $`j1`$ multiplication by $`z\lambda `$ is a bijection $`\mathrm{gr}_F^{j1}N\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{gr}_F^jN`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{gr}_F^jN`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=3q`$. Therefore also $`N=F^jN`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=3q`$.

The direct sum complement $`(z)_{[z]}I^q`$ is a $`B`$-module, where $`B:=(z)_{[z]}A`$. In fact $`(z)_{[z]}I`$ is a minimal injective resolution of $`B`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B`$. But $`B`$ is isomorphic the first Weyl algebra over the field $`(z)`$. Therefore $`I^0\mathrm{Frac}B`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=3`$, and $`(z)_{[z]}I^1`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=2`$.

We conclude that each $`I^q`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{GKdim}=3q`$. By symmetry the same is true on the right too. So $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ is a residue complex over $`A`$. ∎

###### Remark 5.14.

There are nilpotent Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ such that $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤)`$ does not have a residue complex. Indeed one can find such a Lie algebra with a surjection from $`A=\mathrm{U}(𝔤)`$ to the second Weyl algebra $`B`$. $`B`$ is not pure, so it does not have a residue complex. Hence by Theorem 5.4, $`A`$ does not have a residue complex.

###### Example 5.15.

Let $`A`$ be a $`3`$-dimensional Sklyanin algebra over the algebraically closed field $`𝕂`$. The whole apparatus of Cousin functors can be implemented also in the $``$-graded module category $`\mathrm{𝖦𝗋𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$– actually this was already done in \[Ye2\] – and in particular Theorem 4.8 is true in the graded sense. According to \[Aj\] the minimal injective resolutions of $`A`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖦𝗋𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and in $`\mathrm{𝖦𝗋𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^{\mathrm{op}}`$ are pure. On the hand the balanced dualizing complex, which is also rigid in the graded sense, is $`R_A=𝝎_A[3]`$ where $`𝝎_A=A^\sigma `$ for some automorphism $`\sigma `$. We conclude that $`𝒦_A:=\mathrm{E}R_A`$ is a graded residue complex over $`A`$. Note that this result was proved in \[Ye2\] by a direct (and rather involved) calculation of Öre localizations with respect to $`\sigma `$-orbits in the elliptic curve associated to $`A`$.

###### Question 5.16.

In case the rigid Auslander dualizing complex $`R`$ exists but there is no residue complex (e.g. $`A=\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔩_2)`$), is it still true that $`\mathrm{E}_AR\mathrm{E}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}R`$? What can be said about this complex?

In the following section we will discuss residue complexes over PI algebras in detail.

## 6. The Residue Complex of a PI Algebra

In this section we look at an affine noetherian PI algebra $`A`$ over the base field $`𝕂`$. We show that – under a certain technical assumption – such an algebra $`A`$ has a residue complex $`𝒦_A`$. Furthermore in Theorem 6.14 we give a detailed description of the structure of $`𝒦_A`$. The material on PI rings needed here can be found in \[MR, Section 13\].

###### Proposition 6.1.

Suppose $`A`$ is an affine prime PI $`𝕂`$-algebra with center $`C`$. Then there is a nonzero element $`sC`$ such that the localization $`A_s`$ is an Azumaya algebra over its center $`\mathrm{Z}(A_s)=C_s`$, and $`C_s`$ is a regular commutative affine $`𝕂`$-algebra.

###### Proof.

By the Artin-Procesi Theorem \[MR, Theorem 13.7.14\] and \[MR, Proposition 13.7.4\] we may find $`s_1C`$, $`s_10`$ such that $`A_{s_1}`$ is an Azumaya algebra over its center $`C_1:=\mathrm{Z}(A_{s_1})`$. The commutative prime $`𝕂`$-algebra $`C_1`$ is affine, and hence by \[Mat, page 246, Theorem 73\] there is a nonzero element $`s_2C_1`$ such that the localization $`C_2:=(C_1)_{s_2}`$ is regular. By Posner’s Theorem \[MR, Theorem 13.6.5\] the fraction fields coincide: $`\mathrm{Frac}C=\mathrm{Frac}C_2`$. Because $`C_2`$ is affine we may find $`sC`$ (the product of the denominators of a finite set of $`𝕂`$-algebra generators of $`C_2`$) such that $`C_s=(C_2)_s`$. Hence $`C_s`$ is also regular, affine over $`𝕂`$, and $`A_s`$ is Azumaya with center $`C_s`$. ∎

###### Theorem 6.2.

Let $`A`$ be an affine prime noetherian PI $`𝕂`$-algebra with center $`C`$ and Gelfand-Kirillov dimension $`\mathrm{GKdim}A=n`$. Assume $`A`$ has a rigid dualizing complex $`R_A`$.

1. Let $`sC`$ be a nonzero element such that the localization $`A_s`$ is an Azumaya algebra with center $`C_s`$, and $`C_s`$ is a regular affine $`𝕂`$-algebra. Then there is an isomorphism

$$C_s_CR_A𝝎_{C_s}[n]_CA$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$, where $`𝝎_{C_s}`$ is a projective $`C_s`$-module of rank $`1`$.
2. Let $`K:=\mathrm{Frac}C`$ and $`Q:=\mathrm{Frac}A`$. Then

$$K_CR_AQ[n]$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$.

###### Proof.

(1) By \[ASZ, Proposition 4.4\] the algebra $`A^\mathrm{e}`$ is noetherian. Therefore according to Theorem 3.8 the complex $`R_{A_s}:=A_s_AR_A_AA_s`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`A_s`$. Moreover,

$$R_{A_s}R_A_CC_sC_s_CR_A$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$.

By \[MR, Proposition 8.2.13\] we have $`\mathrm{GKdim}A=\mathrm{GKdim}A_s`$, and hence $`n=\mathrm{GKdim}C_s=\mathrm{Kdim}C_s`$ (Krull dimension). According to Proposition 3.9 the rigid dualizing complex of $`C_s`$ is $`𝝎_{C_s}[n]`$ with $`𝝎_{C_s}`$ a projective $`C_s`$-module of rank $`1`$. From Corollary 3.10 we see that $`\mathrm{Hom}_{C_s}(A_s,𝝎_{C_s})`$ is a rigid dualizing complex over $`A_s`$. Finally the reduced trace $`A_sC_s`$ induces a bimodule isomorphism $`A_s\mathrm{Hom}_{C_s}(A_s,C_s)`$. Therefore

$$R_{A_s}𝝎_{C_s}_{C_s}A_s𝝎_{C_s}_CA$$

in $`𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^\mathrm{e})`$.

(2) Follows from (1). ∎

Recall that a connected graded $`𝕂`$-algebra is an $``$-graded algebra $`A=_iA_i`$ such that $`A_0=𝕂`$ and $`\mathrm{rank}_𝕂A_i<\mathrm{}`$ for all $`i`$. By a filtration of $`A`$ we mean an ascending filtration $`F=\{F_iA\}_i`$ by $`𝕂`$-modules such that $`F_iAF_jF_{i+j}A`$. The associated graded algebra is denoted by $`\mathrm{gr}^FA`$.

###### Definition 6.3.

A noetherian connected filtration of a $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$ is a filtration $`F`$ such that $`\mathrm{gr}^FA`$ is a noetherian connected graded $`𝕂`$-algebra.

In \[YZ2, Definition 6.1\] the condition was that the Rees algebra $`\mathrm{Rees}^FA`$ should be a noetherian connected graded $`𝕂`$-algebra; but as mentioned there the two conditions are in fact equivalent.

It is not hard to see that if $`A`$ admits a noetherian connected filtration then $`A`$ itself is noetherian and affine over $`𝕂`$.

###### Remark 6.4.

If $`A`$ is affine and finite over its center then it admits a noetherian connected filtration (see \[YZ2, Example 6.14\]); but this case is in a sense too easy. There are known examples of PI algebras not finite over their centers that admit noetherian connected filtrations (e.g. \[YZ2, Example 6.15\]), and for a long time it was an open problem whether they all do. The first counterexample was recently discovered by Stafford \[SZ\].

The notions of symmetric dimension function and weakly bifinite dualizing complex were defined just before Theorem 4.10.

###### Proposition 6.5.

Suppose $`A`$ is a PI algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration. Then $`A`$ has an Auslander rigid dualizing complex $`R`$, the canonical dimension $`\mathrm{Cdim}=\mathrm{Cdim}_R`$ is symmetric, and $`R`$ is weakly bifinite.

###### Proof.

Let $`F`$ be a noetherian connected filtration of $`A`$. Then $`\mathrm{gr}^FA`$ is a noetherian connected graded PI $`𝕂`$-algebra. By \[YZ2, Corollary 6.9\] $`A`$ has an Auslander dualizing complex $`R`$, and $`\mathrm{Cdim}_R=\mathrm{GKdim}`$ (Gelfand-Kirillov dimension) on the categories $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Since $`\mathrm{GKdim}`$ is symmetric (see \[MR, Proposition 8.3.14(ii)\]), so is $`\mathrm{Cdim}_R`$.

Now take a bimodule $`M`$ that’s a subquotient of $`A`$. Then $`M`$ admits a two-sided good filtration $`F`$ (i.e. $`\mathrm{gr}^FM`$ is a finite module over $`\mathrm{gr}^FA`$ on both sides), and by \[YZ2, Proposition 6.21\] we get $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^i(M,R)\mathrm{Ext}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}^i(M,R)`$ as bimodules. Hence this bimodule is finite on both sides. We conclude that $`R`$ is weakly bifinite. ∎

###### Theorem 6.6.

Let $`A`$ be an affine noetherian PI algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration.

1. $`A`$ has a residue complex $`𝒦_A`$.
2. Let $`B=A/𝔞`$ be a quotient algebra. Then $`B`$ has a residue complex $`𝒦_B`$, there is a rigid trace $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}:𝒦_B𝒦_A`$ that is an actual homomorphism of complexes of bimodules, and $`\mathrm{Tr}_{B/A}`$ induces an isomorphism

$$𝒦_B\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,𝒦_A)=\mathrm{Hom}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(B,𝒦_A)𝒦_A.$$

###### Proof.

(1) Is immediate from Proposition 6.5 and Theorem 4.10. (2) Follows from (1), Theorem 5.4 and Corollary 5.6. ∎

Given a set $`Z`$ of ideals of $`A`$ we defined a localizing subcategory $`𝖬_Z\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A`$ in Example 1.2. Now let us write $`Z^{\mathrm{op}}`$ for the same set, but considered as a set of ideals in the ring $`A^{\mathrm{op}}`$, and let $`𝖬_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}A^{\mathrm{op}}`$ be the localizing subcategory. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}`$ the two torsion functors respectively.

###### Corollary 6.7.

Assume $`A`$ is like in the theorem, and let $`Z`$ be a set of ideals of $`A`$. Then

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}𝒦_A𝒦_A.$$

###### Proof.

Apply Theorem 6.6(2) to the ideals $`𝔞=𝔟_1\mathrm{}𝔟_n`$ where $`𝔟_1,\mathrm{},𝔟_nZ`$, using formulas (1.1) and (1.3). ∎

###### Corollary 6.8.

Assume $`A`$ is like in the theorem. Let $`S`$ be a denominator set in $`A`$, with localization $`A_S`$. Define $`𝒦_{A_S}:=A_S_A𝒦_A_AA_S`$.

1. $`𝒦_{A_S}A_S_A𝒦_A𝒦_A_AA_S`$ as complexes of $`A`$-bimodules.
2. $`𝒦_{A_S}`$ is a dualizing complex over $`A_S`$.

###### Proof.

(1) Let $`Z:=\{𝔭\mathrm{Spec}A𝔭S\mathrm{}\}`$, and define Gabriel filters $`_Z`$ and $`_S`$ like in Examples 1.2 and 1.9. According to \[Ste, Theorem VII.3.4\] these two filters are equal. Hence (cf. Example 1.15) for each $`q`$ there is an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^qA_S_A𝒦_A^q0.$$

By symmetry there is an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^q_AA_S0.$$

But by Corollary 6.7, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}𝒦_A^q`$, which implies $`A_S_A𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^q_AA_S`$. Finally use the fact that $`A_S_AA_S=A_S`$.

(2) This is proved just like \[YZ2, Theorem 1.11(1)\] (cf. proof of Theorem 3.8(1)). ∎

Let us remind the reader the definition of a clique in the prime spectrum $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. Suppose $`𝔭`$ and $`𝔮`$ are two prime ideals. If there is a bimodule $`M`$ that’s a subquotient of $`(𝔭𝔮)/(𝔭𝔮)`$ and is nonzero torsion-free as $`A/𝔭`$-module and as $`(A/𝔮)^{\mathrm{op}}`$-module, then we say there is a (second layer) link $`𝔭𝔮`$. The links make $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ into a quiver, and the cliques are its connected components.

###### Example 6.9.

Suppose $`[A:𝕂]<\mathrm{}`$. The lemma below implies that (up to multiplicity of arrows) the link quiver of $`A`$ coincides with the quiver defined by Gabriel in the context of representation theory (see \[MY\]). Cliques in this case stand in bijection to blocks of $`A`$ (indecomposable factors), and also to $`\mathrm{Spec}\mathrm{Z}(A)`$.

###### Lemma 6.10.

Let $`A`$ be an artinian ring with Jacobson radical $`𝔯`$ and maximal ideals $`𝔭_1,\mathrm{},𝔭_n`$. Then the inclusions $`𝔯𝔭_i`$ induce an isomorphism of $`A`$-bimodules

$$\frac{𝔯}{𝔯^2}_{i,j}\frac{𝔭_i𝔭_j}{𝔭_i𝔭_j}.$$

###### Proof.

This proof was communicated to us by K. Goodearl. Choose orthogonal idempotents $`e_iA`$ lifting the central idempotents in $`A/𝔯`$, so that

$$𝔭_i=A(1e_i)+𝔯=(1e_i)A+𝔯.$$

We have

$$(1e_i)(𝔭_i𝔭_j)=(1e_i)𝔭_j𝔭_i𝔭_j,$$

and likewise on the right, so each element of $`(𝔭_i𝔭_j)/(𝔭_i𝔭_j)`$ comes from some element in $`e_i(𝔭_i𝔭_j)e_j`$. But $`e_i(𝔭_i𝔭_j)e_j=e_i𝔯e_j`$. We see that the canonical homomorphism $`f:e_i𝔯e_j(𝔭_i𝔭_j)/(𝔭_i𝔭_j)`$ is surjective. Obviously $`e_i𝔯^2e_j\mathrm{Ker}(f)`$. On the other hand

$$𝔭_i𝔭_j=(1e_i)A(1e_j)+(1e_i)𝔯+𝔯(1e_j)+𝔯^2,$$

so $`e_i𝔭_i𝔭_je_j=e_i𝔯^2e_j`$. Thus $`\mathrm{Ker}(f)=e_i𝔯^2e_j`$. Finally the isomorphism is obtained by the decomposition

$$\frac{𝔯}{𝔯^2}=\underset{i,j}{}e_i\frac{𝔯}{𝔯^2}e_j=\underset{i,j}{}\frac{e_i𝔯e_j}{e_i𝔯^2e_j}.$$

###### Definition 6.11.

Let $`A`$ be a noetherian $`𝕂`$-algebra with an Auslander rigid dualizing complex, such that the canonical dimension $`\mathrm{Cdim}`$ is weakly symmetric. The $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is the set

$$\{𝔭\mathrm{Spec}A\mathrm{Cdim}A/𝔭=q\}.$$

###### Proposition 6.12.

Suppose $`A`$ is a PI $`𝕂`$-algebra admitting some noetherian connected filtration. Then the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ is a union of cliques.

###### Proof.

Within the proof of Theorem 4.10 it is shown that $`\mathrm{Cdim}`$ is constant on cliques in $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. ∎

###### Proposition 6.13.

Suppose $`A`$ is a prime PI $`𝕂`$-algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration. Let $`n:=\mathrm{Cdim}A`$ and $`Q:=\mathrm{Frac}A`$ the ring of fractions. Then $`𝒦_A^nQ`$ as $`A`$-bimodules.

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒦_A^n`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{Cdim}=n`$ it is a torsion-free $`A`$-module, and it follows that $`Q_A𝒦_A^n𝒦_A^n`$. On the other hand for $`q<n`$, $`𝒦_A^q`$ is pure of $`\mathrm{Cdim}=q<n`$, so it is a torsion $`A`$-module and $`Q_A𝒦_A^q=0`$. We see that $`Q_A𝒦_A𝒦_A^n[n]`$. But by Theorem 6.2 we get $`Q_A𝒦_AQ[n]`$. ∎

Given a prime ideal $`𝔭`$ in a ring $`A`$ let

$$S(𝔭)=S_A(𝔭):=\{aAa+𝔭\text{ is regular in }A/𝔭\}.$$

For a set $`Z`$ of prime ideals we write

$$S(Z):=\underset{𝔭Z}{}S(𝔭).$$

According to \[Mu, Theorem 10 and remarks in Section 3\], if $`A`$ is a noetherian PI affine $`𝕂`$-algebra and $`Z`$ is a clique of prime ideals in $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ then $`S(Z)`$ is a denominator set. We get a ring of fractions

$$A_{S(Z)}:=S(Z)^1A=AS(Z)^1.$$

Furthermore for each $`𝔭Z`$ one has

$$A/𝔭_AA_{S(Z)}=Q(𝔭)=\mathrm{Frac}A/𝔭=(A/𝔭)_{S_{A/𝔭}(0)}.$$

For a prime ideal $`𝔭`$ denote by $`J_A(𝔭)`$ the indecomposable injective $`A`$-module with associated prime $`𝔭`$ (it is unique up to isomorphism). Let $`\mathrm{r}(𝔭)`$ denote the Goldie rank of $`A/𝔭`$.

We say a clique $`Z_1`$ is a specialization (resp. immediate specialization) of a clique $`Z_0`$ if there exist prime ideals $`𝔭_iZ_i`$ with $`𝔭_0𝔭_1`$ (resp. and $`Z_i`$ is in the $`(qi)`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ for some $`q`$).

Here is the main result of this section.

###### Theorem 6.14.

Let $`A`$ be a PI $`𝕂`$-algebra admitting a noetherian connected filtration, and let $`𝒦_A`$ be its residue complex.

1. For every $`q`$ there is a canonical $`A`$-bimodule decomposition

$$𝒦_A^q=\underset{Z}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q$$

where $`Z`$ runs over the cliques in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$.
2. Fix one clique $`Z`$ in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z^{\mathrm{op}}}𝒦_A^q`$ is an injective left (resp. right) $`A_{S(Z)}`$-module, and its socle as left (resp. right) $`A_{S(Z)}`$-module is the essential submodule

$$\underset{𝔭Z}{}𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q\underset{𝔭Z}{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(A/𝔭,𝒦_A^q)\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q.$$
3. There is a (noncanonical) decomposition of left (resp. right) $`A_{S(Z)}`$-modules

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q\underset{𝔭Z}{}J_A(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}\underset{𝔭Z}{}J_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}.$$
4. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ is an indecomposable $`A`$-bimodule.
5. Suppose $`Z_i`$ is a clique in the $`(qi)`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$, for $`i=0,1`$. Then $`Z_1`$ is an immediate specialization of $`Z_0`$ iff the composed homomorphism

$$\delta _{(Z_0,Z_1)}:\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_0}𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^q𝒦_A^{q+1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_1}𝒦_A^{q+1}$$

is nonzero.

###### Proof.

1. Let $`I`$ be an indecomposable injective module with associated prime $`𝔭Z`$, where $`Z`$ is a clique in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$. Since $`A`$ satisfies the second layer condition, we get $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_ZI=I`$ and also $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{S(Z)}I=0`$. It follows that $`IA_{S(Z)}_AI`$ is bijective. Therefore for any other clique $`Z^{}`$ in the $`q`$-skeleton of $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ we must have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z^{}I=0`$. Because $`𝒦_A^q`$ is an injective module, pure of dimension $`q`$, we get the left module decomposition $`𝒦_A^q=_Z\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$. By Corollary 6.7 and symmetry this is a bimodule decomposition.

2. Clearly $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ is an injective $`A_{S(Z)}`$-bimodule, and $`_{𝔭Z}𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ is essential. Write $`Q(𝔭):=\mathrm{Fract}A/𝔭`$; then $`_𝔭𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q_𝔭Q(𝔭)`$ is a semi-simple (left and right) $`A_{S(Z)}`$-module.

3. This is because the injective hull of $`Q(𝔭)`$ as $`A`$-module is $`J_A(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}`$.

4. Assume by contraposition that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q=M_1M_2`$ as bimodules, with $`M_i0`$. Then the socle $`V=_{𝔭Z}𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^q`$ (as left or right $`A_{S(Z)}`$-module) also decomposes into $`V=V_1V_2`$ with $`V_i=M_iV=_{𝔭Z_i}𝒦_{A/𝔭}^q`$ and $`Z=Z_1Z_2`$, $`Z_i\mathrm{}`$. Take $`𝔭_iZ_i`$ such that there is a second layer link $`𝔭_1𝔭_2`$. Recall that this means there is a bimodule surjection

$$𝔯=\frac{𝔭_1𝔭_2}{𝔭_1𝔭_2}N$$

with $`N`$ a nonzero torsion-free module over $`A/𝔭_1`$ and $`(A/𝔭_2)^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Then replacing $`A`$ with $`A/𝔭_1𝔭_2`$ we retain the link, only now $`Z_i=\{𝔭_i\}`$ and $`V_iQ(𝔭_i)`$ as bimodules.

Let $`B:=A_{S(Z)}`$. According to Corollary 6.8, $`𝒦_B:=B_A𝒦_A_AB`$ is a dualizing complex over $`B`$. As in the proof of Proposition 6.13 we get $`𝒦_B^p=0`$ for all $`p<q`$, and $`𝒦_B^q=𝒦_A^q`$. Hence $`𝒦_B=𝒦_B^q[q]=𝒦_A^q[q]`$.

By Lemma 3.6

$$\mathrm{Z}(B)\mathrm{End}_{𝖣(\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝖽}B^\mathrm{e})}(𝒦_B)\mathrm{End}_{B^\mathrm{e}}(𝒦_B^q)$$

as rings. Take $`\pi \mathrm{End}_{B^\mathrm{e}}(𝒦_B^q)`$ to be the projection $`𝒦_B^qM_1`$. So $`\pi `$ is left multiplication by a central idempotent $`eB`$. Since $`Q(𝔭_i)V_iM_i`$ we see that $`eQ(𝔭_1)=Q(𝔭_1)`$ and $`eQ(𝔭_2)=0`$.

Now the bimodule

$$N_B:=B_AN_ABQ(𝔭_1)_AN_AQ(𝔭_2)0.$$

Being a subquotient of $`B`$, $`e`$ centralizes $`N_B`$. We get a contradiction $`eN_B=N_B`$, $`N_Be=0`$.

5. First assume there is specialization, and choose prime ideals $`𝔭_0,𝔭_1`$ as evidence. Then the algebra $`B:=A/𝔭_0_AA_{S(Z_1)}`$ is nonzero, having $`Q(𝔭_1)`$ as a quotient. Thus $`B`$ is prime. The complex $`𝒦_B`$, with $`𝒦_B^q=𝒦_{A/𝔭_0}^q`$, $`𝒦_B^{q+1}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_1}𝒦_{A/𝔭_0}^{q+1}`$ and $`𝒦_B^i=0`$ otherwise, is dualizing by Corollary 6.8. If $`\delta :𝒦_B^q𝒦_B^{q+1}`$ were zero this would imply that $`B\mathrm{H}^0\mathrm{Hom}_B(𝒦_B,𝒦_B)`$ is decomposable as bimodule, contradicting it being a prime ring.

Conversely assume $`\delta _{(Z_0,Z_1)}0`$ and pick some $`\varphi \mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_0}𝒦_A^q`$ s.t. $`\delta _{(Z_0,Z_1)}(\varphi )\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Z_1}𝒦_A^{q+1}`$ is nonzero. By part (3) we can find $`a_i𝔭_{1,i}Z_1`$ such that

$$0\psi =a_1\mathrm{}a_m\delta _{(Z_0,Z_1)}(\varphi )𝒦_{A/𝔭_1}^{q+1}Q(𝔭_1)$$

for some $`𝔭_1Z_1`$. On the other hand there are primes $`𝔭_{0,1},\mathrm{},𝔭_{0,n}Z_0`$ s.t. $`\varphi 𝔭_{0,1}\mathrm{}𝔭_{0,n}=0`$, which implies that $`\psi 𝔭_{0,1}\mathrm{}𝔭_{0,n}=0`$. We conclude that $`Q(𝔭_1)𝔭_{0,1}\mathrm{}𝔭_{0,m}=0`$, and therefore $`𝔭_0:=𝔭_{0,i}𝔭_1`$ for some $`i`$. ∎

###### Example 6.15.

Assume $`A`$ is finite over $`𝕂`$, and let $`A=A_i`$ be the block decomposition, i.e. each $`A_i`$ is an indecomposable bimodule. Then $`\mathrm{Spec}A_i`$ is a clique in $`\mathrm{Spec}A`$ and

$$𝒦_A=𝒦_A^0=\mathrm{Hom}_𝕂(A,𝕂)=\underset{i}{}\mathrm{Hom}_𝕂(A_i,𝕂)$$

is a decomposition into indecomposable bimodules (cf. Example 6.9).

###### Example 6.16.

Generalizing the previous example, consider a noetherian affine $`𝕂`$-algebra $`A`$ finite over its center $`C`$. It is well known that $`𝔮𝔭=C𝔮`$ is a bijection from the cliques $`Z\mathrm{Spec}A`$ to $`\mathrm{Spec}C`$ (see \[GW, Theorem 11.20\]). For $`𝔭\mathrm{Spec}C`$ denote by $`\widehat{C}_𝔭`$ the $`𝔭`$-adic completion. The complete semilocal ring $`\widehat{C}_𝔭_CA`$ has center $`\widehat{C}_𝔭`$ and is indecomposable. On the other hand, say $`\mathrm{dim}C/𝔭=n`$. Then

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^n=\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝔭𝒦_A^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝔭\mathrm{Hom}_C(A,𝒦_C^n)\mathrm{Hom}_{\widehat{C}_𝔭}(\widehat{C}_𝔭_CA,𝒦(\widehat{C}_𝔭))$$

where $`𝒦(\widehat{C}_𝔭)`$ is the dual module from Example 5.10. Since $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\widehat{C}_𝔭}(,𝒦(\widehat{C}_𝔭))`$ is a duality for finite $`\widehat{C}_𝔭`$-modules we see that the indecomposability of the bimodule $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^n`$ is equivalent to the indecomposability of $`\widehat{C}_𝔭_CA`$.

###### Example 6.17.

Consider the PI algebra $`A=𝕂x,y/(yxqxy,y^2)`$, $`q𝕂`$. Assume $`𝕂`$ is algebraically closed, so the spectrum of $`A`$ consists of the prime ideals $`𝔭:=(y)`$ and $`𝔪_\lambda :=(y,x\lambda )`$ where $`\lambda 𝕂`$. We note that

$$\frac{𝔪_\lambda 𝔪_\mu }{𝔪_\lambda 𝔪_\mu }\{\begin{array}{cc}𝕂y0\hfill & \text{if }\mu =q\lambda \hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus the cliques are $`\{𝔪_{q^i\lambda }i\}`$ and of course $`\{𝔭\}`$. We see that if $`q`$ is not a root of unity then we get infinite cliques.

###### Example 6.18.

Take the quantum plane $`A:=𝕂x,y/(yxqxy)`$ with $`q`$ a primitive $`l`$th root of unity in $`𝕂`$. The center is $`C:=𝕂[x^l,y^l]`$. Assume $`𝕂`$ is algebraically closed. Let us describe the indecomposable bimodules $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^i`$ and their decomposition into indecomposable left modules $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^i_{𝔭Z}J_A(𝔭)^{\mathrm{r}(𝔭)}`$.

a) Generically $`Q(0)`$ is a division ring, and thus $`𝒦_A^2J_A(0)`$.

b) If $`𝔮\mathrm{Spec}C`$ is a curve or a point ($`i=1,0`$) in the Azumaya locus of $`A`$ (i.e. $`x^l,y^l𝔮`$) then $`𝔭:=A𝔮`$ is prime. By Tsen’s Theorem the Brauer group $`\mathrm{Br}(𝒌(𝔮))`$ of the residue field $`𝒌(𝔮)`$ is trivial. Therefore $`Q(𝔭)\mathrm{M}_l(𝒌(𝔮))`$. We conclude that $`Z:=\{𝔭\}`$ is a clique, $`\mathrm{r}(𝔭)=l`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^iJ_A(𝔭)^l`$.

c) If $`𝔮=y^lC`$ then $`𝔭:=yA`$ is prime and $`Q(𝔭)`$ is commutative. We conclude that $`Z:=\{𝔭\}`$ is a clique, $`\mathrm{r}(𝔭)=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^1J_A(𝔭)`$. Likewise if $`𝔮=x^lC`$.

d) If $`𝔫=y^lC+(x^l\lambda ^l)C\mathrm{Spec}C`$ with $`\lambda 0`$ then the clique lying above $`𝔫`$ is $`Z:=\{𝔪_{q^j\lambda }j=0,\mathrm{},l1\}`$; notation as in the previous example. The Goldie rank is $`\mathrm{r}(𝔪_{q^j\lambda })=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^0_{j=0}^{l1}J_A(𝔪_{q^j\lambda })`$. Likewise with $`y`$ and $`x`$ interchanged.

e) Finally the clique lying above $`𝔫:=y^lC+x^lC`$ is $`Z:=\{𝔪\}`$ where $`𝔪:=xA+yA`$, $`\mathrm{r}(𝔪)=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z𝒦_A^0J_A(𝔪)`$.

###### Question 6.19.

Are Theorems 6.6 and 6.14 valid without assuming the existence of a noetherian connected filtration?