format: text

text:
# Normalization Factors, Reflection Amplitudes and Integrable Systems

## 1  Introduction

There is a large class of 2D quantum field theories (QFTs) which can be considered as perturbed conformal field theories (CFTs). These theories are completely defined if one specifies its CFT data and the relevant operator which plays the role of perturbation. The CFT data contain explicit information about the ultraviolet (UV) asymptotics of the field theory while the long distance behavior is the subject of analysis. If a perturbed CFT contains only massive particles it is equivalent to the relativistic scattering theory and is completely defined specifying the S-matrix. Contrary to CFT data the S-matrix data exhibit the information about the long distance property of the theory in the explicit way while the UV asymptotics have to be derived.

A link between these two kinds of data would provide a good view point for the understanding of the general structure of 2D QFT. In general this problem does not look tractable. Whereas the CFT data can be specified in a relatively simple way the general S-matrix is rather complicated object even in two dimensions. However, there exists rather important class of 2D QFTs (integrable theories) where the scattering theory is factorized and S-matrix can be described in great details. These theories admit rather complete description in the UV and IR regimes.

In this paper we consider the application of special CFT data (normalization factors and reflection amplitudes) to the analysis of integrable QFTs. The normalization factors appear in the CFTs which possess the representation for the primary fields in terms of vertex operators and are used for the proper normalization of the fields. We show that rather important information about the integrable perturbed CFTs is encoded at these data. As an example of integrable QFT we study the simply-laced affine Toda theory (ATT), which can be considered as the perturbed CFT (non-affine Toda theory). This CFT possesses the extended symmetry generated by the $`W`$-algebra. We calculate the normalization factors (NFs) and derive the reflection amplitudes for $`W`$-invariant CFTs. We use the normalization factors to relate the coupling constants and the masses of particles in perurbed CFTs.

The reflection amplitudes (RAs) in CFT define the linear transformations between the different exponential fields corresponding to the same primary field of the full symmetry algebra of theory. They play the crucial role in the calculation of the vacuum expectation values of the exponential fields in perturbed CFTs  as well as for the analysis of UV asymptotics of the observables in these QFTs ,. In section 3 we use these reflection amplitudes to calculate the one point functions in ATT and related perturbed CFTs. These results are applied to the explicit evaluation of the vacuum expectation values of the order parameters (spins) in critical $`Z_n`$ Ising and Ashkin-Teller models perturbed by the thermal operators. In section 4 we use the vacuum expectation values of the exponential fields in ATT to derive the asymptotics of the cylindrically symmetric solutions of the classical Toda equations which appear in the analysis of topological QFTs .

In section 5 we consider integrable boundary Toda theories. We derive the boundary reflection amplitudes in the boundary non-affine Toda theories (NATTs) and vacuum expectation values of boundary exponential fields in ATTs. Using these expectation values we calculate the classical boundary ground state energy and give the conjecture for it in the quantum case. The boundary scattering theory which is consistent with this conjecture is discussed. In the last section we describe the duality properties and derive the reflection amplitudes for integrable deformed Toda theories, which have some physical applications.

## 2  Affine and Non-Affine Toda Theories, Normalization Factors and Reflection Amplitudes

The ATT corresponding to the Lie algebra $`G`$ of rank $`r`$ is described by the action:

$$𝒜_b=d^2x\left[\frac{1}{8\pi }(_\mu \phi )^2+\mu \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}e^{be_i\phi }+\mu e^{be_0\phi }\right],$$
(1)
where $`e_i,`$ $`i=1,\mathrm{},r`$ are the simple roots of Lie algebra $`G`$ and $`e_0`$ is a maximal root:

$$e_0+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_ie_i=0.$$
(2)
The fields $`\phi `$ in eq. (1) are normalized so that at $`\mu =0`$

$$\phi _a(x),\phi _b(y)=\delta _{ab}\mathrm{log}\left|xy\right|^2$$
(3)
We will consider later the simply-laced Lie algebras $`A,D,E.`$

For real $`b`$ the spectrum of these ATTs consists from $`r`$ particles with masses $`m_i(i=1,\mathrm{},r)`$ given by:

$$m_i=m\nu _i,m^2=\frac{1}{2h}\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}m_i^2,$$
(4)
where $`h`$ is Coxeter number of $`G`$ and $`\nu _i^2`$ are the eigenvalues of the mass matrix:

$$M_{ab}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_i(e_i)^a(e_i)^b+(e_0)^a(e_0)^b.$$
(5)
The exact relation between the parameter $`m`$ characterizing the spectrum of physical particles and the parameter $`\mu `$ in the action (1) can be obtained by the Bethe ansatz method (see for example ,). It can be easily derived from the results of paper  and has the form:

$$\pi \mu \gamma (1+b^2)=\left[\frac{mk(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{(1+b^2)h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{b^2}{(1+b^2)h}\right)b^2}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)h(1+b^2)}\right]^{2(1+b^2)},$$
(6)
where as usual $`\gamma (x)=\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)/\mathrm{\Gamma }(1x)`$ and

$$k(G)=\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_i^{n_i}\right)^{1/2h}$$
(7)
with $`n_i`$ defined by the equation (2).

The ATTs can be considered as the perturbed CFTs. Without the last term (with root $`e_0`$) the action (1) describes NATTs, which are conformal. To describe the generator of the conformal symmetry we introduce the complex coordinates $`z=x_1+ix_2,\overline{z}=x_1ix_2`$ and vector

$$Q=(b+1/b)\rho ,\rho =\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha >0}{}\alpha ,$$
(8)
where the sum in the definition of the Weyl vector $`\rho `$ runs over all positive roots $`\alpha `$ of Lie algebra $`G.`$

The holomorphic stress energy tensor

$$T(z)=\frac{1}{2}(_z\phi )^2+Q_z^2\phi $$
(9)
ensures the local conformal invariance of the NATT with the central charge

$$c=r+12Q^2=r(1+h(h+1)(b+1/b)^2).$$
(10)
Besides the conformal invariance NATT possesses the additional symmetry generated by two copies of the chiral $`W(G)`$-algebras: $`W(G)`$ $`\overline{W}(G)`$. The full chiral $`W(G)`$-algebra contains $`r`$ holomorphic fields $`W_j(z)`$ $`(W_2(z)=T(z))`$ with spins $`j`$ which follow the exponents of Lie algebra $`G.`$ The explicit representation of these fields in terms of fields $`_z\phi _a`$ can be found in . The primary fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_w`$ of $`W(G)`$-algebra are specified by $`r`$ eigenvalues $`w_j,j=1,\mathrm{},r`$ of the operators $`W_{j,0}`$ (the zeroth Fourier components of the currents $`W_j(z)`$):

$$W_{j,0}\mathrm{\Phi }_w=w_j\mathrm{\Phi }_w;W_{j,n}\mathrm{\Phi }_w=0,n>0.$$
(11)
The exponential fields:

$$V_a(x)=e^{a\phi (x)}$$
(12)
are spinless conformal primary fields with the dimensions:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=w_2(a)=\frac{Q^2}{2}\frac{(aQ)^2}{2}.$$
(13)
The fields $`V_a(x)`$ are also primary fields with respect to all chiral algebra $`W(G)`$ with the eigenvalues $`w_j`$ depending on $`a`$. The functions $`w_j(a)`$ possess the symmetry with respect to Weyl group $`𝒲`$ of Lie algebra $`G`$  which acts at the vector $`a`$ as:

$$as(a)=Q+\widehat{𝐬}(aQ),\widehat{𝐬}𝒲;w_j(s(a))=w_j(a).$$
(14)
It means that the fields $`V_{s(a)}`$ for different $`\widehat{𝐬}𝒲`$ are the reflection image of each other and are related by the linear transformation:

$$V_a(x)=R_s(a)V_{s(a)}(x),$$
(15)
where $`R_s(a)`$ is the ”reflection amplitude”.

To calculate the function $`R_s(a)`$ we introduce the normalized primary fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_w:`$

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_w=N^1(a)V_a(x),$$
(16)
where the normalization factor $`N(a)`$ is chosen in the way that field $`\mathrm{\Phi }_w`$ satisfies conformal normalization condition:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_w\left(x\right),\mathrm{\Phi }_w\left(y\right)=\frac{1}{\left|xy\right|^{4\mathrm{\Delta }}}.$$
(17)
The normalized fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_w`$ are invariant under the reflection transformations and hence:

$$R_s(a)=\frac{N(a)}{N(s(a))}.$$
(18)
For the calculation of the normalization factor $`N(a)`$ we can use the integral representation for the correlation functions of the $`W(G)`$ -invariant CFT (see  for details). We note that the operators $`\widehat{Q}_i`$ defined as:

$$\widehat{Q}_i=d^2xe^{be_i\phi (x)}$$
(19)
commute with all of the elements of $`W(G)`$-algebra and can be used for the calculation of the correlation functions in NATT. In particular, if vector $`a`$ satisfies the condition

$$2a+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}k_ie_i=0$$
(20)
with non-negative integer $`k_i`$ we obtain from eqs.(16, 17) the following expression for the function $`N(a)`$ in terms of Coulomb integrals :

$$N^2(a)=\left|x\right|^{4\mathrm{\Delta }}V_a(x)V_a(0)\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{\widehat{Q}_i^{k_i}}{k_i!}$$
(21)
where the expectation value in eq.(21) is taken over the Fock vacuum of massless fields $`\phi `$ with the correlation functions (3).

The normalization integral (21) can be calculated and the result has the form:

$`N^2(a)`$ $`=`$ $`(\pi \mu \gamma (b^2))^{2\rho a/b}`$ (22)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+Q_\alpha /b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+Q_\alpha b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\overline{a}_\alpha /b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\overline{a}_\alpha b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1Q_\alpha /b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1Q_\alpha b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha /b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha b)}}`$
where:

$$\overline{a}=(aQ),Q_\alpha =Q\alpha ,\overline{a}_\alpha =(aQ)\alpha $$
(23)
and the product runs over all positive roots $`\alpha `$ of Lie algebra $`G.`$

With these normalization factors the integral representation with screening charges  reproduces correlation functions of the primary fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_w`$ (16) satisfying the conformal normalization condition (17). We accept eq.(22) as the proper analytical continuation of the function $`N^2(a)`$ for all $`a`$. It gives the following expression for the reflection amplitude $`R_s(a):`$

$$R_s(a)=\frac{N(a)}{N(s(a))}=\frac{A_{s(a)}}{A_a},$$
(24)
where

$$A(a)=(\pi \mu \gamma (b^2))^{\rho \overline{a}/b}\underset{\alpha >0}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha /b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha b).$$
(25)
With this function the reflection relation (15) can be written in more symmetric form as:

$$A_aV_a(x)=A_{s(a)}V_{s(a)}(x),s(a)=Q+\widehat{𝐬}(aQ),\widehat{𝐬}𝒲.$$
(26)
The action $`𝒜_\beta `$ of the imaginary ATT can be obtained from the action (1) by the substitution $`bi\beta ,\mu \mu .`$ This action is invariant under the transformation $`\phi \phi +2\pi \theta /\beta ,`$ where $`\theta `$ belongs to the weight lattice of $`G.`$ It means that the space of the vacua of imaginary ATT is equivalent to this lattice. In the classical case this theory possesses the solitons. The basic solitons have the topological charge proportional to the weights of the fundamental representations $`\pi _i(G).`$ In the quantum case the particles, corresponding to these solitons form the multiplets which can be associated with the fundamental representations of the Yangian $`Y_i(G)`$. The masses $`M_i`$ $`(i=1,\mathrm{},r)`$ of the particles in these multiplets have the form: $`M_i=M\nu _i,`$ where mass parameter $`M`$ and eigenvalues $`\nu _i`$ are defined by the eqs.(4,5). The exact relation between the parameters of the action $`𝒜_\beta `$ and the physical mass $`M`$ can be obtained by the Bethe ansatz method , and has the form:

$$\pi \mu \gamma (1\beta ^2)=\left[\frac{M\pi k(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{(1\beta ^2)h}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{\beta ^2}{(1\beta ^2)h}\right)}\right]^{2(1\beta ^2)}.$$
(27)
The imaginary ATTs are non-unitarian QFTs. However, for special vealues of $`\beta ^2=p/(p+1)`$ with integer $`p>h,`$ these QFTs admit the restriction with respect to the affine quantum group $`U_q(\widehat{G})`$ with level equal to zero and $`q=\mathrm{exp}(i\pi /\beta ^2)`$ to the unitarian QFTs ,. This restricted theories can be considered as the minimal unitarian models $`_p(G)`$ of the $`W(G)`$\- invariant CFTs perturbed by the relevant operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}_p(G)`$ associated with the adjoint representation of $`G`$.

The minimal models $`_p(G)`$ are described in details in . They are characterized by the central charges:

$$c_p(G)=r\left(1\frac{h(h+1)}{p(p+1)}\right),p>h.$$
(28)
The primary fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }^{})_p(G)`$ are specified by two highest weight vectors $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ which satisfy the conditions: $`\mathrm{\Omega }e_0p+1h`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}e_0ph`$. The fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Phi }(\mathrm{\Omega },0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=\mathrm{\Phi }(0,\mathrm{\Omega }^{})`$ form two closed operator subalgebras of $`_p(G)`$ CFTs. The primary, strongly degenerate fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }^{})`$, normalized by the condition (17) can be represented in terms of the fields $`\phi `$ of imaginary NATT by the relation:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }^{})=𝒩^1(a)e^{ia\phi },a=\beta \mathrm{\Omega }+\mathrm{\Omega }^{}/\beta ,\beta ^2=p/(p+1).$$
(29)
The normalization factors $`𝒩(a)`$ can be obtained from the NFs $`N(a)`$ (22) by the substitutions:

$$bi\beta ,aia,\mu \mu ,QiQ_\beta =i(\beta 1/\beta )\rho .$$
(30)
Being rather complicated for general values of $`a,`$ the NFs $`𝒩(a)`$ and $`N(a)`$ simplify for some particular values of $`a`$, which are useful for practical applications. For example, it happens if $`a=\beta \omega _i`$, where $`\omega _i`$ are the fundamental weights of $`G(\omega _ie_j=\delta _{ij})`$ satisfying the condition: $`e_0\omega _i=1`$ (or $`n_i`$ in the eq.(2) is equal to $`1`$). In this case the normalization factors have the form which is very similar to Weyl formula (modulo $`\gamma `$-functions) for the inverse dimensions of representations $`\pi _i(G)`$:

$$𝒩^2(\beta \omega _i)=(\pi \mu \gamma (u))^{2\omega _i\rho }\underset{\alpha >0}{}\frac{\gamma (\rho _\alpha u)}{\gamma ((\rho +\omega _i)_\alpha u)};u=1\beta ^2.$$
(31)
In particular, the NFs $`𝒩(\beta \omega _i)`$ for Lie algebra $`A_{n1}`$ (where all fundamental weights satisfy this condition) can be written as:

$$𝒩^2(\beta \omega _k)=(\pi \mu \gamma (u))^{k(nk)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\frac{\gamma (ju)}{\gamma ((n+1j)u)},$$
(32)
For the perturbing operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{\Omega }_{ad}}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{e_0}`$ the normalization factor for all simply-laced cases can be written as:

$$𝒩^2(\beta e_0)=(\pi \mu \gamma (u))^{2h2}\frac{(1(h+1)u)^2\gamma (u)\gamma (qu)\gamma (\frac{h2q+2}{2}u)}{(1hu)^2\gamma (\frac{h+2q2}{2}u)\gamma ((hq)u)\gamma ((h+1)u)}$$

here $`u=1\beta ^2=1/(p+1)`$ and $`q=\mathrm{max}_in_i,`$ where $`n_i`$ are defined by the eq.(2): $`q(A)=1,q(D)=2,q(E_6)=3,q(E_7)=4,q(E_8)=6.`$

The action of the perturbed CFT $`_p(G)`$ can be written in the form:

$$𝒜_p=𝒜_{CFT}+\lambda d^2x\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}(x).$$
(33)
The perturbing operator normalized by eq.(17) can be represented using eq.(29) as: $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}=𝒩^1(\beta e_0)\mathrm{exp}(i\beta e_0\phi )`$. This exponential field is invariant under the quantum group restriction of ATT . Comparing the action (33) with the action of the imaginary ATT we can write $`\lambda =\mu 𝒩(\beta e_0).`$ Expressing $`\mu `$ in terms of the physical mass parameter $`M`$ by eq.(27) we obtain the exact relation between coupling constant $`\lambda `$ and $`M`$ :

$`\lambda ^2`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{M\pi k(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{p+1}{h}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{p}{h}\right)}}\right]^{4hu}`$ (34)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{(1hu)^2(1(h+1)u)^2\gamma (qu)\gamma (\frac{h2q+2}{2}u)}{\pi ^2\gamma (u)\gamma (\frac{h+2q2}{2}u)\gamma ((hq)u)\gamma ((h+1)u)}}.`$
This relation permits us to express the UV perturbative expansions in coupling constant $`\lambda `$ in terms of the IR parameter $`M.`$

## 3 Expectation Values of Local Fields in ATT and Related Perturbed CFT

The vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of local fields play an important role in the QFT and statistical mechanics. In statistical mechanics the VEVs determine the ”generalized susceptibilities”, i.e. the linear response of the system to external fields. In the QFT defined as a perturbed CFT the VEVs provide all the information about its correlation functions that is not accessible through direct calculation in conformal perturbation theory . Recently, some progress was made in the calculation of the VEVs in two dimensional integrable QFTs ,. Namely, it was shown in  that VEVs of the exponential fields $`V_a(x)`$ in perturbed CFTs satisfy the same ”reflection relations” as the vertex operators $`V_a(x)`$ in basic CFT.

We define the function $`G(a)`$ as the vacuum expectation value of the operator $`\mathrm{exp}(a\phi )`$ in ATTs with real coupling $`b.`$

$$G(a)=\mathrm{exp}(a\phi )_b.$$
(35)
For any element $`\widehat{𝐬}`$ of Weyl group $`𝒲`$ this function satisfies the functional equation:

$$A_aG(a)=A_{s(a)}G(s(a)),s(a)=Q+\widehat{𝐬}(aQ),\widehat{𝐬}𝒲$$
(36)
where function $`A_a`$ is given by eq.(25).

The minimal meromorphic solution to these functional equations which respects all the symmetries of extended Dynkin diagrams of Lie algebras $`ADE`$ has the form :

$`G(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{mk(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{(1+b^2)h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{b^2}{(1+b^2)h}\right)b^2}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)h(1+b^2)}}\right]^{a^2}`$ (37)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t}}[a^2e^{2t}F_b(a,t)]\right)`$
where:

$`F_b(a,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sinh}((1+b^2)t)`$ (38)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}(ba_\alpha t)\mathrm{sinh}((b(a2Q)_\alpha +h(1+b^2))t)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(b^2t)\mathrm{sinh}((1+b^2)ht)}}.`$
This solution satisfies many possible perturbative and non-perturbative tests for one point function in ATTs. For example, it can be easily derived from eq.(6) and equation of motion that bulk vacuum energy $`E(b)`$ in ATTs is expressed in terms of function $`G(a)`$ as:

$$n_iE(b)=h(1+b^2)\mu G(be_i).$$
(39)
The values of function $`G(a)`$ for $`a`$ equal to $`be_i`$ can be calculated explicitly and the result coincides with the known expression for the bulk vacuum energy :

$$E(b)=\frac{m^2\mathrm{sin}(\pi /h)}{4\mathrm{sin}(\pi x/h)\mathrm{sin}(\pi (1x)/h)};x=\frac{b^2}{1+b^2}.$$
(40)
Some other nonperturbative tests for one poin functions will be considered bellow.

The VEVs of the exponential fields in imaginary ATTs:

$$𝒢(a)=\mathrm{exp}(ia\phi )_\beta $$
(41)
can be obtained from function $`G(a)`$ by the the substitution (30). Being expressed in terms of physical mass parameter $`M`$, it has a form:

$$𝒢(a)=\left[\frac{M\pi k(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{(1\beta ^2)h}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{\beta ^2}{(1\beta ^2)h}\right)}\right]^{a^2}\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dt}{t}[a^2e^{2t}_\beta (a,t)]\right)$$
(42)
with

$$_\beta (a,t)=\mathrm{sinh}u\underset{\alpha >0}{}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\beta a_\alpha t)\mathrm{sinh}((\beta (a2Q_\beta )_\alpha hu)t)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)\mathrm{sinh}(uht)}$$
(43)
where $`u=1\beta ^2`$ and $`Q_\beta =(\beta 1/\beta )\rho .`$

Being rather complicated for general $`a`$ functions $`_\beta (a,t)`$ and $`F_b(a,t)`$ simplify drastically for special directions of vector $`a`$, which are useful for the practical applications. Namely, for $`a=v\omega _k,`$ where $`\omega _k`$ is a fundamental weight of $`G,`$ satisfying the condition: $`e_0\omega _k=1,`$ function $`_\beta (a,t)`$ can be written as:

$$_\beta (v\omega _k,t)=\frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2(\beta vt)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)}\left(2\mathrm{cosh}(tu)\delta _{ij}𝐈_{ij}\right)_{kk}^1.$$
(44)
where the matrix $`𝐈_{ij}=2\delta _{ij}e_ie_j.`$ In particular, for Lie algebra $`A_{n1}`$ all fundamental weights satisfy this condition and we have:

$$_\beta (v\omega _k,t)=\frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2(\beta vt)\mathrm{sinh}(kut)\mathrm{sinh}((nk)ut)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)\mathrm{sinh}(ut)\mathrm{sinh}(nut)}.$$
(45)
As an example of the application of eq.(42), we consider the particular correlations in $`A_{n1}`$ imaginary ATT in the limit $`n\mathrm{}.`$ In this limit this QFT can be interpreted as the special case of 3D $`U(1)`$ or $`XY`$ model. The action of this QFT can be written in terms of the fields $`U_k(x)=\mathrm{exp}(i\beta \phi _k(x))U(1),k=1,\mathrm{}n,`$ which satisfy periodic boundary condition: $`U_1(x)=U_n(x).`$ Namely:

$$𝒜_\beta =d^2x\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{8\pi \beta ^2}_\mu U_k_\mu U_k^1+\mu U_kU_{k+1}^1\right).$$
(46)
The model is continuous in two dimensions and discrete in the third. Using eq.(42) we can calculate the correlations between the fields $`U_k(x)`$ taken at the same point $`x`$ and at different $`k.`$ At the limit $`n\mathrm{}`$ we obtain that for $`l>0`$:

$$U_{k\pm l}(x)U_k^1(x)=\left(\frac{M\beta ^2}{2}\right)^{2\beta ^2}\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(u)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2+(l1)u)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+(l1)u)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+lu)\mathrm{\Gamma }(2+(l2)u)}.$$
(47)
The vacuum expectation values (42) can be used for the calculations of the VEVs of the primary operators in perturbed CFTs $`_p(G)`$ (33). Here we consider only the case of the subalgebra $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The primary fields from this subalgebra are represented by the exponential fields (29) (with $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$=0) which are invariant under the quantum group restriction  and their VEVs can be easily expressed through the function $`𝒢(a)`$ and NF $`𝒩(a)`$. The general case we suppose to consider in the separate publication.

The QFT (33) contains the finite set $`\{s\}`$ of the degenerate vacuum states, which can be specified by the highest weights $`\theta _s`$ satisfying the condition:

$$e_0\theta _sph.$$
(48)
The particles in this QFT are the kinks interpolating between different vacua. The masses of these excitations coincide with the masses of basic particles in imaginary ATT and are related with coupling constant $`\lambda `$ by eq.(34). The vector $`\theta _s`$ determines the shift of the field $`\phi :\phi \phi +2\pi \theta _s/\beta `$. corresponding to vacuum state $`s`$. As a result we obtain from the eq.(29) the following expression for the VEVs of the normalized fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in the QFT (33):

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }_s=\mathrm{exp}(i2\pi \theta _s\mathrm{\Omega })𝒩^1(\beta \mathrm{\Omega })𝒢(\beta \mathrm{\Omega }).$$
(49)
As an example, we apply this equation to calculate the vacuum expectation values of the spin field (order parameter) $`\sigma `$ in the critical $`Z_n`$-Ising models perturbed by the first thermal operator $`\epsilon `$. $`Z_n`$-Ising models are the natural generalizations of Ising model to the case when spin variable takes its values in group $`Z_n`$ (see ref.  for details). They are self-dual, i.e. possess Kramers-Wannier symmetry. At the self-dual manifold of parameters $`Z_n`$-Ising models have the critical points, which were found in . At these critical points $`Z_n`$-Ising models are described by the $`Z_n`$-parafermionic CFTs with central charge $`c=\frac{2(n1)}{n+2}`$. Besides the parafermionic symmetry these CFTs possess also $`W(A_{n1})`$ symmetry and can be described by $`_{n+1}(A_{n1})`$ minimal models with $`\beta ^2=\frac{n+1}{n+2}`$ ($`u=\frac{1}{n+2}`$). The spin field $`\sigma `$ in critical $`Z_n`$\- Ising models has the dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{(n1)}{2n(n+2)}`$ and coincides with the primary field $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _1}_{n+1}(A_{n1})`$. The perturbing operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}`$ is exactly the first thermal operator $`\epsilon `$ with dimension $`\delta =\frac{2}{(n+2)}`$. The operator $`\epsilon `$ is anti self-dual, i.e. it changes the sign under duality transformation. It means that depending on the sign of $`\lambda `$ in eq.(33) the perturbed theory will be in ordered or disordered phase. In the first (second) case the order (disorder) parameter $`\sigma `$ ($`\mu `$) has non-zero VEVs.

In the ordered phase the vacua $`\{s\}`$ are specified by the highest weights $`\theta _s`$ which satisfy the inequality (48), which can be written as: $`e_0\theta _s1`$. This condition has $`n`$ solutions $`\theta _s=\{0,\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{n1}\}`$, so, we have for the first factor in eq.(49): $`\mathrm{exp}(2\pi i\theta _s\omega _1)=\mathrm{exp}(i2\pi s/n),s=0,\mathrm{}n1.`$ Taking $`𝒩^1(\beta \omega _1)`$ and $`𝒢(\beta \omega _1)`$ from eqs.(32,45) with $`u=1\beta ^2=\frac{1}{n+2}`$ we obtain the final expression for VEV of the order parameter $`\sigma `$:

$`\sigma _s`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}(i2\pi s/n)\left[{\displaystyle \frac{M\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+2}{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{n}\right)}}\right]^{2\mathrm{\Delta }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma (\frac{n}{n+2})}{\gamma (\frac{1}{n+2})}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ (50)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)\mathrm{sinh}((n1)ut)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(nut)}}{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}\beta ^2e^{2t}\right)\right)`$
For odd $`n=2l+1`$ the integral in eq (50) can be calculated and result has a form:

$$\sigma _s=e^{i2\pi s/n}\left[\frac{M\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+2}{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{n}\right)}\right]^{2\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\frac{n+2}{n}\right)^{\frac{n1}{2n}}\left(\frac{\gamma (\frac{n}{n+2})}{\gamma (\frac{1}{n+2})}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l}{}}\frac{\gamma (\frac{2j1}{n+2})}{\gamma (\frac{2j+1}{n+2})}.$$

We note that particles in this theory can be considered as the solitons connecting different vacua. In particular, their masses are proportional to distances between these vacua: $`M_k\left|\mathrm{exp}(2\pi i(s+k)/n)\mathrm{exp}(2\pi is/n)\right|=2\mathrm{sin}(\pi k/n)`$.

As another example of the application of the eq.(49) we consider the critical Ashkin Teller (AT) model perturbed by the thermal operator. The spin variable $`\sigma `$ ($`\sigma ^+`$) in this lattice model takes the values in the group $`Z_4`$, which determines the symmetry of AT model. This model has the critical line (in two dimensional space of parameters), where it can be described by CFT. This critical line can be parametrized by the conformal dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon =\gamma ^2`$ of the thermal operator $`\epsilon `$. The central charge of the corresponding CFT is equal to one along the whole critical line. This CFT can be described by the action of a massless free scalar field $`\varphi `$ (See ref.  for details). The thermal operator $`\epsilon `$ can be represented through this field as $`\epsilon =\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \varphi )`$. The action of the AT model perturbed by this operator has the form of Sine-Gordon QFT:

$$𝒜_{SG}=d^2x(\frac{(_\mu \varphi )^2}{16\pi }+\lambda \sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \varphi ).)$$
(51)
The order parameters in the critical AT model are the spin fields $`\sigma `$ ($`\sigma ^+`$) and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\sigma ^2`$. The field $`\sigma `$ ($`\sigma ^+`$) has conformal dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\sigma =1/16`$ which is independent on $`\gamma `$ along the whole critical line. This field is non-local with respect to the field $`\varphi `$ which has square-root branch point at the position of $`\sigma `$. The field $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is local with respect to $`\varphi `$. It has conformal dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Sigma }=\gamma ^2/4`$ and can be represented in terms of $`\varphi `$ as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\pm \sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \varphi /2)`$.

At the points $`\gamma ^2=1/n`$ the critical AT model can be described by $`_{h+1}(D_n)`$ minimal models with $`\beta ^2=\frac{2n1}{2n}`$ ($`u=\frac{1}{2n}`$) which have the central charge $`c=1`$ for all $`n`$. The perturbing operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}`$ $`_{h+1}(D_n)`$ has the conformal dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon =1/n=\gamma ^2`$ and is exactly the thermal operator $`\epsilon `$. The operator $`\sigma `$ ($`\sigma ^+`$) can be represented by the field $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _n}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _{n1}})_{h+1}(D_n)`$ for odd $`n`$ and by the field $`\mathrm{exp}(i\frac{\pi }{4})(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _n}+i\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _{n1}})/\sqrt{2}`$ for even $`n`$. Here $`\omega _n,\omega _{n1}`$ denote the fundamental weights of the two spinor representations of $`D_n`$. For all $`n`$ these fields have the conformal dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\sigma =1/16`$. The operator $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ with dimension $`\gamma ^2/4`$ can be written as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _1}`$, where $`\omega _1`$ is the fundamental weight of the vector representation.

In the ordered phase the vacua $`\{s\}`$ in the perturbed CFT (33) are specified by the highest weights $`\theta _s`$ which satisfy the inequality (48). For perturbed $`_{h+1}(D_n)`$ CFTs this condition has four solutions, namely, $`\theta _s=\{0,\omega _1,\omega _{n1},\omega _n\}`$ in agreement with $`Z_4`$ symmetry of AT model. The expectation values of the order parameters $`\sigma `$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ can be calculated now, using eq.(49). For this calculation it is convenient to use eqs.(31) and (44), which for Lie algebra $`D_n`$ can be written as:

$`𝒩^2(\beta \omega _{n1})`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩^2(\beta \omega _n)=\left(\pi \gamma (u)\right)^{n(n1)/2}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[n/2]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ((2i1)u)}{\gamma ((2n2i)u)}};`$
$`𝒩^2(\beta \omega _1)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\pi \gamma (u)\right)^{2(n1)}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma (u)\gamma ((n1)u)}{\gamma (nu)\gamma (2(n1)u)}};`$ (52)
and

$`_\beta (\beta \omega _{n1})`$ $`=`$ $`_\beta (\beta \omega _n)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)\mathrm{sinh}(nut)\mathrm{sinh}(hut/2)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}(2ut)\mathrm{sinh}(hut)}}`$
$`_\beta (\beta \omega _n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\beta ^2t)\mathrm{cosh}((n2)ut)}{t\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{cosh}(hut/2)}}.`$ (53)
After simple transformations the vacuum expectation values for the order parameters can be expressed through the soliton mass $`M`$ in the Sine-Gordon theory and parameter $`\gamma ^2=2u`$. Namely, we obtain:

$`\sigma _s`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}(i\pi s/2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{2M\sqrt{\pi }\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2(1\gamma ^2)}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{\gamma ^2}{2(1\gamma ^2)}\right)}}\right)^{1/8}`$ (54)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{8t}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}(2(1\gamma ^2)t)}{\mathrm{cosh}t\mathrm{cosh}\gamma ^2t\mathrm{cosh}((1\gamma ^2)t)}}e^{2t}\right)\right).`$
In this form eq.(54) can be generalized to the arbitrary values of parameter $`\gamma ^2<1.`$ In particular, at $`\gamma ^2=2/3`$ the expectation value of field $`\sigma `$ was calculated in , using different approach. The result is in exact agreement with eq.(54).

The expectation values of the operator $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\omega _1}`$, calculated from eq.(49) have the form:

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_s`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^s\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M\sqrt{\pi }\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2(1\gamma ^2)}\right)}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{\gamma ^2}{2(1\gamma ^2)}\right)}}\right)^{\gamma ^2/2}`$ (55)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\gamma ^2t)}{2\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{cosh}((1\gamma ^2)t)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2}{2}}e^{2t}\right)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\pm \sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \varphi /2)_{SG}`$
The last equality shows that this VEV coincides with the expectation value for the field $`\pm \sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \varphi )`$ in Sine-Gordon model calculated in . It gives us nonperturbative test for the eq.(49).

At the end of this section we note that there are other nonperturbative tests for eq.(49). For example, the CFTs $`_{h+1}(E_{6,7})`$ perturbed by operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}`$ coincide with tricritical $`Z_3`$ Potts and tricritical Ising models perturbed by the first thermal operator. For the case of $`G=E_8`$ this theory coincide with Ising model in the magnetic field. The same models can be described as the minimal models of CFT, i.e. $`_p(A_1)`$ $`(p=6,4,3)`$ perturbed by the operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{12}`$. The expectation values of the fields in the minimal models perturbed by the operator $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{12}`$ where calculated in , using the quantum restriction of imaginary Bullough-Dodd model. The calculation of the expectation values of the fields in perturbed CFTs $`_{h+1}(E)`$ gives the exact agreement with the results of paper .

## 4  Asymptotics of Cylindrical Solutions of Classical Toda Equations

In this section we consider the application of VEVs $`G(a)`$ of the exponential fields to the analysis of the special class of the solutions of classical Toda equations, which appears in the topological QFTs . These solutions possess the cylindrical symmetry (i.e. depend only on $`r=\left|x\right|`$):

$$_r^2\varphi +r^1_r\varphi =m^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}n_ie_i\mathrm{exp}(e_i\varphi );n_0=1,$$
(56)
and satisfy the following asymptotic conditions:

$$\varphi 2a\mathrm{log}(mr)+B(a)atr0;$$
(57)
$$\varphi \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\eta _iX_i(a)K_0(\nu _imr)atr\mathrm{},$$
(58)
where $`K_0(t)`$ is the Mc-Donald function and $`\eta _i`$ are the eigenvectors of mass matrix (5): $`M\eta _i=\nu _i^2\eta _i,`$ satisfying the normalization condition:

$$\eta _{\overline{i}}=\overline{\eta }_i;\overline{\eta }_i\eta _i=h;Re\eta _i\rho >0.$$
(59)
The solutions with these properties exist, if vector $`a`$ satisfies the conditions: $`ae_i<1,i=0,\mathrm{}r.`$ In this case all other terms in the short distance expansion (57) can be determined from the first two using eq.(56). The constant term $`B(a)`$ in eq.(57) is not arbitrary. It is defined by the global properties of eq.(56). Only for special values of vector $`B`$ the solution has no singularities and decrease exponentially at infinity. To determine the function $`B(a)`$ we consider the semiclassical limit ($`b0`$) of the QFT (1). At this limit we have (see eq.(6)) that $`\mu =(mk(G))^2/4\pi b^2+O(1)`$ and after rescaling of field $`\phi :b\phi =\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ the action (1) is proportional to $`1/b^2`$:

$$𝒜_b=\frac{1}{4\pi b^2}d^2x\left[\frac{1}{2}(_\mu \stackrel{~}{\phi })^2+(mk(G))^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}e^{e_i\stackrel{~}{\phi }}\right]+O(1).$$
(60)
The classical equations with cylindrical symmetry following from this action coincide with eqs.(56) after the shift: $`\varphi =\stackrel{~}{\phi }\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0`$, where constant term $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0`$ corresponds to the classical vacuum of ATT (1). It can be written in terms of the fundamental weights $`\omega _i`$ as:

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0=b\phi _0=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(\mathrm{log}n_i2\mathrm{log}k(G))\omega _i.$$
(61)
It is easy to see now that solution $`\varphi `$ to eq.(56) can be expressed through the semiclassical limit of the following two point function (which is completely determined by the saddle point contribution):

$$\varphi +\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0=\underset{b0}{lim}\left(\frac{b\phi (x)\mathrm{exp}(a\phi (0)/b)_b}{G(a/b)}\right).$$
(62)
The asymptotics (57) is governed by the exponential term in the correlation function and asymptotics (58) follows from form-factor expansion for (62). The vector $`B(a)`$ can be now derived from the operator product expansion:

$$\frac{b\phi (x)e^{a\phi (0)/b}_b}{G(a/b)}=2a\mathrm{log}r+\frac{b\phi (0)e^{a\phi (0)/b}_b}{G(a/b)}+O(r^\sigma ).$$
(63)
It means that:

$$\varphi +\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0=2a\mathrm{log}r+\underset{b0}{lim}b^2_a\mathrm{log}G(a/b)+O(r^\sigma );\sigma >0.$$
(64)
This limit can be calculated explicitly with the result:

$$\varphi +\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0=2a\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{mrk(G)}{2h}\right)\underset{\alpha >0}{}\alpha \mathrm{log}\gamma \left(\frac{(\rho a)_\alpha }{h}\right)+O(r^\sigma ).$$
(65)
At $`a=0`$ the solution $`\varphi `$ vanishes, so we have two different expressions for $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0,`$ namely, eq.(65) at $`a=0`$ and eq.(61). Comparing them we obtain the amusing relation for gamma-functions:

$$\underset{\alpha >0}{}\left(\gamma \left(\frac{\rho _\alpha }{h}\right)\right)^{\alpha e_j}=n_j\left(k(G)\right)^2,$$
(66)
which is valid for all simply laced Lie algebras. As the final expression for the constant term in eq.(57) we have:

$$B(a)=2a\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{k(G)}{2h}\right)\underset{\alpha >0}{}\alpha \left(\mathrm{log}\gamma \left(\frac{(\rho a)_\alpha }{h}\right)\mathrm{log}\gamma \left(\frac{\rho _\alpha }{h}\right)\right).$$
(67)
The same expression for the asymptotics of $`A_n`$ Toda solutions was obtained by completely different method in ref..

The long distance asymptotics (58) can be derived from the one particle form-factors in ATT (see ref. for details). At the semiclassical limit $`b0`$ these form-factors are related with the coefficients $`X_i(a)`$ as:

$$0\left|\mathrm{exp}(a\phi /b)\right|A_i=G(a/b)\left(\frac{h}{2\pi }\right)^{1/2}X_i(a)\left(1+O(b^2)\right).$$
(68)
It can be derived from form-factor equations that functions $`X_i(a)`$ are equal to the characters of the fundamental representations $`Y_i(G)`$ of the Yangian $`Y(G):`$

$$X_i(a)=Tr_{Y_i}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2\pi i}{h}(a\rho )H\right).$$
(69)
The functions $`X_i(a)`$ can be expressed through the similar characters $`\chi _i(a)`$ taken over the fundamental representations $`\pi _i(G)`$ of Lie algebra $`G.`$ For all $`i`$ that satisfy the condition: $`e_0\omega _i=1`$ functions $`X_i(a)`$ coincide with characters $`\chi _i(a)`$. For $`A_n`$ this is valid for all $`i.`$ For $`D_n`$ we have that: $`X_1=\chi _1,X_{n1}=\chi _{n1},X_n=\chi _n,`$ and for other representations:

$$X_{2j}(a)=1+\underset{s=1}{\overset{j}{}}\chi _{2s}(a);X_{2j+1}(a)=\underset{s=0}{\overset{j}{}}\chi _{2s+1}(a).$$
(70)
For the fundamental representations of $`D`$ and $`E`$ that coincide with adjoint the functions $`X_{ad}(a)`$ are equal to $`1+\chi _{ad}(a).`$ The list of expressions for functions $`X_i`$ in terms of the characters $`\chi _i`$ can be found in . It can be shown that functions $`X_i(a)`$ possess the properties:

$$X_i(0)=0,\frac{h}{2\pi }_aX_i(0)=\eta _i;X_i\left(\frac{\rho }{h+1}\right)=1,$$
(71)
where $`\eta _i`$ are the eigenvectors of mass matrix (5) satisfying normalization conditions (59).

At the special points $`a=\rho /(h+1)`$ all $`X_i`$ are equal to one. At these points the short distance expansion for the solution $`\varphi `$ also simplifies drastically (all higher terms in the asymptotics (57) are given by the regular series in $`(mr)^{2/(h+1)}`$). These points appear in connection with special class of topological QFT. In particular, the solutions of eq.(56) for these values of $`a`$ describe ”the new sypersymmetric index”  for the imaginary ATT at $`N=2`$ sypersymmetric points: $`\beta ^2=h/(h+1)`$ . We note that ATT give us an example of the system where representations of Yangian appear already in the classical case. We suppose to return to the analysis of eq. (56) in the separate publication.

## 5 Boundary Toda Theories, Reflection Amplitudes, One Point Functions and Ground State Energies

At the previous sections we considered Toda theories defined in the whole plane $`R^2`$. Here we consider simply-laced NATT and ATT defined at the half-plane $`H=(x,y;y>0)`$ with the integrable boundary conditions.

The integrability conditions for the classical simply-laced ATT on $`H`$ were studied in the paper. It was shown there that the action of integrable ATT can be written as:

$`𝒜_{bound}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{H}{}}d^2x\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi }}(_\mu \phi )^2+\mu {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}e^{be_i\phi }+\mu e^{be_0\phi }\right]`$ (72)
$`+\mu _B{\displaystyle 𝑑x\underset{0}{\overset{r}{}}d_ie^{be_i\phi /2}}`$
where or all the parameters $`d_i=0`$, that corresponds to the Neumann boundary conditions:

$$_y\phi (x,0)=0;$$
(73)
or the parameters $`d_i=\pm 1`$ and the parameter $`\mu _B`$ is related with the parameter $`\mu `$ in the bulk (in classical case) as:

$$\mu _B^2=\mu /\pi b^2.$$
(74)
For Lie algebra $`A_1`$ (Sinh-Gordon model) the integrability conditions are much less restrictive and parameters $`d_0`$ and $`d_1`$ can have arbitrary values . The background CFT for this case is the boundary Liouville theory. The reflection amplitudes in boundary Liouville CFT for arbitrary values of parameter $`\mu _B`$ or ($`d_1`$) and VEVs in boundary Sinh-Gordon model for arbitrary values of $`d_1`$ and $`d_0`$ were found in  . Here we discuss this problem for other Lie algebras where the choice of integrable conditions is rather restrictive. We consider the Toda theories with Neumann boundary conditions and in the case when all parameters $`d_i=1`$ (with $`d_0=0`$ in non-affine case). Really, these two quite different classical theories in the quantum case are described by the same theory and are related by duality transformation ($`b1/b`$) , . The cases corresponding to different signs of parameters $`d_i`$ are more subtle and will be considered elsewhere.

We start from the consideration of the boundary NATTs which are described by the action (72) without the last term in the bulk action and $`d_0=0`$ in the boundary term. The boundary ATTs will be considered as perturbed boundary CFTs. At the whole plane NATTs possess the infinite symmetry generated by two copies of chiral $`W(G)`$-algebras. These $`W(G)`$-algebras contain $`r`$ holomorphic and $`r`$ antyholomorphic currents $`W_j(z)`$ and $`\overline{W}_j(\overline{z})`$ with spins that follow the exponents of Lie algebra $`G.`$ At the half-plane with $`W`$-invariant boundary conditions we have only one $`W`$-algebra. In this case the currents $`\overline{W}_j(\overline{z})`$ should be the analytical continuations of the currents $`W_j(z)`$ to the lower half-plane. In particular, they should coincide at the boundary. These conditions impose very strong restrictions to the form of the boundary terms in the action. It is rather easy to derive from the explicit form of $`W`$-currents  that Neumann boundary conditions (73) preserve $`W`$-symmetry. The boundary condition (74) whose quantum modified version has a form :

$$\mu _B^2=\frac{\mu }{2}\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi b^2}{2}\right)$$
(75)
with all $`d_i=1`$ and $`d_0=0`$ describes the dual theory and, hence, also preserve $`W`$symmetry.

In the boundary Liouville CFT  the equation (75) was obtained as the condition that boundary exponential fields corresponding to the degenerate representations of Virasoro algebra satisfy the null vectors equations. It can be shown that the same condition (75) is valid for boundary exponential fields in NATT corresponding to the strongly degenerate representations of the $`W`$-algebra. The null vectors equations simplify drastically the OPEs of exponential primary fields with strongly degenerate fields. In these cases only the finite number of primary fields appear in OPEs and corresponding structure constants can be expressed in terms of the integrals with the screening charges. We will use this property for the calculation of the boundary reflection amplitudes. We note that in boundary Liouville theory the condition that null vectors equations for degenerate boundary fields are fulfilled is not necessary for conformal invariance and here it is, probably, necessary for preserving of $`W`$-symmetry.

In the $`W`$-invariant boundary NATT we have two kinds of the exponential fields. The bulk fields $`V_a(x,y)`$ and the boundary fields $`B_a(x)`$ defined as:

$$V_a(x,y)=\mathrm{exp}\{a\phi (x,y)\};B_a(x)=\mathrm{exp}\{a\phi (x)/2\}.$$
(76)
These fields are specified by the same $`r`$ eigenvalues $`w_j(a)`$ that and corresponding fields (12) defined on the whole plane. In particular, their dimensions are given by eq.(13). The functions $`w_j(a)`$ are invariant under the action of the Weyl group of $`G`$ (see section 2), defined by eq.(14) and, hence, we can introduce the boundary reflection amplitudes $`_s(a)`$ as:

$$B_a(x)=_s(a)B_{s(a)}(x).$$
(77)
The reflection amplitudes can be easily expressed through the two point functions of boundary fields:

$$D(a)=B_a(0),B_a(x)|x|^{2\mathrm{\Delta }(a)}.$$
(78)
For the evaluation of two point functions we can use (following the lines of section 2) the screening charges which commute with all generators of $`W`$ -symmetry. In boundary NATT there are two types of screening charges $`\widehat{Q}_H(i)`$ and $`\widehat{Q}_B(i)`$:

$$\widehat{Q}_H(i)=\mu \underset{H}{}d^2xV_{be_i}(x,y);\widehat{Q}_B(i)=\mu _B𝑑xB_{be_i}(x),$$
(79)
where $`\mu _B`$ is given by eq.(75).

Using these screening charges we can express the structure constants of the OPE of fields $`B_a`$ with strongly degenerate boundary fields in terms of Coulomb gas integrals (see ref. for details). The OPEs of fields $`B_a`$ with these fields contain only the finite number of primary fields. The simplest strongly degenerate fields in NATT are the fields $`B_{b\omega _i}`$, where $`\omega _i`$ are the fundamental weights of $`G`$. For the calculation of boundary two point functions $`D(a)`$ it is convenient, following , , to consider the auxiliary three point functions, including these fields:

$$B_a(x_1)B_{a+b\omega _i}(x_2)B_{b\omega _i}(x).$$
(80)
Then, tending $`xx_2`$ we can express the asymptotics in terms of function $`D(a)`$ multiplied by the structure constant, which in the usual normalization is equal to one. Instead, tending $`xx_1`$ we can express the asymptotics in terms of function $`D(a+b\omega _i)`$ multiplied by the structure constant $`𝐂_{a,b\omega _i}^{a+b\omega _i}`$, which can be calculated using the screening charges (79). Equating these two expressions we obtain:

$$\frac{D(a)}{D(a+b\omega _i)}=𝐂_{a,b\omega _i}^{a+b\omega _i}$$
(81)
where:

$`𝐂_{a,b\omega _i}^{a+b\omega _i}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu 2^{22b^2}}{\gamma (b^2)}}\right]^{\omega _i\rho }{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\alpha \omega _i}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }((b\overline{a}_\alpha +(k1)b^2)/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((1b\overline{a}_\alpha (k1)b^2)/2)}}`$ (82)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }((b\overline{a}_\alpha +kb^2)/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((1+b\overline{a}_\alpha +kb^2)/2)}}`$
here $`\overline{a}=(aQ),\overline{a}_\alpha =(aQ)\alpha `$ like and in eq.(23).

To construct a solution to these functional equations it is convenient to use the special function $`𝐆(x)`$ (see for example ), which is self dual entire function with zeroes at $`x=nbm/b;n,m=0,1,2\mathrm{}`$ and enjoys the following shift relations:

$$𝐆(x+b)=\frac{b^{1/2bx}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathrm{\Gamma }(bx)𝐆(x);𝐆(x+1/b)=\frac{b^{x/b1/2}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathrm{\Gamma }(x/b)𝐆(x).$$
(83)
The integral representation which is valid for $`Rex>0`$, has a form:

$$\mathrm{log}𝐆(x)=\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dt}{t}\left[\frac{e^{qt/2}e^{xt}}{(1e^{bt})(1e^{t/b})}+\frac{(q/2x)^2}{2}e^t+\frac{q/2x}{t}\right]$$
(84)
where:

$$q=b+1/b.$$
(85)
With this function the solution to the functional equations (81,82), satisfying the normalization condition $`D(a)D(2Qa)=1`$ can be written in the form:

$$D(a)=\frac{A_B(2Qa)}{A_B(a)}$$
(86)
where:

$`A_B(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\pi \mu \gamma (b^2)b^{22b^2}\right)^{\overline{a}\rho /2b}`$ (87)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐆(\overline{a}_\alpha )𝐆^2((q\overline{a}_\alpha )/2)}{𝐆((q+b+\overline{a}_\alpha )/2)𝐆((qb+\overline{a}_\alpha )/2)}}.`$
Reflection amplitude for arbitrary element $`\widehat{𝐬}`$ of the Weyl group of Lie algebra $`G`$ can be written as:

$$_s(a)=\frac{A_B(s(a))}{A_B(a)}=\frac{A_B(Q+\widehat{𝐬}(aQ))}{A_B(a)}.$$
(88)
These equations describe two point functions and reflection amplitudes for NATT with boundary conditions (75). To obtain the same values for the dual theory, which corresponds to the Neumann boundary conditions (73) we should change in eq.(87) $`b1/b`$ and transform the bulk parameter $`\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }`$, where $`\pi \mu \gamma (b^2)=`$ $`(\pi \stackrel{~}{\mu }\gamma (1/b^2))^{b^2}`$. We note that unlike boundary reflection amplitudes the bulk reflection amplitudes (24,25) are invariant under this transformation.

Boundary reflection amplitudes (87,88) can be used for the calculation of vacuum expectation values of the boundary exponential fields in ATTs, in the same way as it was done in section 3 for ATTs defined at the whole plane. Here we adopt the conventual normalization of boundary exponential fields (see e.g. ) corresponding to the short distance asymptotics at $`\left|x_1x_2\right|0`$:

$$e^{a\phi /2}(x_1)e^{a\phi /2}(x_2)=\left|x_1x_2\right|^{a^2}+\mathrm{}$$

We define boundary one point function $`G_B(a)`$ as:

$$G_B(a)=\mathrm{exp}(a\phi /2)_B$$
(89)
For any element $`\widehat{𝐬}`$ of Weyl group $`𝒲`$ this function satisfies the functional reflection relation:

$$G_B(a)=_s(a)G_B(s(a)).$$
(90)
The minimal meromorphic solution to these functional equations which respects all the symmetries of extended Dynkin diagrams of Lie algebras $`ADE`$ has the form:

$`G_B(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{mk(G)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{(1+b^2)h}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{b^2}{(1+b^2)h}\right)b^2}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{h}\right)h(1+b^2)}}\right]^{a^2/2}`$ (91)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t}}[{\displaystyle \frac{a^2}{2}}e^{2t}F_B(a,t)]\right)`$
with

$$F_B(a,t)=f(t)\underset{\alpha >0}{}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}(ba_\alpha t)\mathrm{sinh}((b(a2Q)_\alpha +h(1+b^2))t)}{\mathrm{sinh}2t\mathrm{sinh}(2b^2t)\mathrm{sinh}((1+b^2)ht)}$$
(92)
where for boundary conditions (75) function $`f(t)`$ is:

$$f(t)=2e^t\mathrm{sinh}((1+b^2)t)\mathrm{cosh}(b^2t)$$
(93)
and for dual theory which corresponds to Neumann boundary conditions (73) we should do the substitution $`f(t)\stackrel{~}{f}(t)`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{f}(t)=2e^{tb^2}\mathrm{sinh}((1+b^2)t)\mathrm{cosh}t.$$
(94)
It is easy to see from the explicit form of $`G_B(a)`$ that in the classical limit ($`b0,b\phi `$ is fixed) the boundary VEV $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{0,B}`$ of the field $`b\phi `$ for the Neumann boundary conditions coincides with classical vacuum $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0`$ (61) in the bulk. For the boundary conditions (75) it happens only for Lie algebra $`A_r`$, where both these values vanish. For other cases we can derive from eqs.(91-93) that

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{0,B}=\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0+\vartheta $$
(95)
where:

$$\vartheta =\underset{\alpha >0}{}\alpha \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dt}{t}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}((h2\rho _\alpha )t)}{\mathrm{sinh}(ht)}\mathrm{tanh}t.$$
(96)
These integrals can be calculated explicitly and expressed in terms of the logarithms of the trigonometric functions of the parameter $`\pi /h`$. Vector $`\vartheta `$ is simply related with boundary soliton solution which describes the classical vacuum configuration. The classical problem for this solution $`\varphi (y),y>0`$ can be formulated in the following way. We are looking for the solution to classical Toda equations, which decrease at $`y\mathrm{}`$ and satisfies at $`y=0`$ the boundary conditions that follow from action (72). After rescaling and shifting (see section 4) the field $`\varphi =b\phi `$ $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0`$ satisfies the equation:

$$_y^2\varphi =m^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}n_ie_i\mathrm{exp}(e_i\varphi );n_0=1$$
(97)
and boundary condition at $`y=0`$:

$$_y\varphi =m\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}\sqrt{n_i}e_i\mathrm{exp}(e_i\varphi /2).$$
(98)
The vector $`\vartheta `$ is equal to the boundary value of this solution: $`\vartheta =\varphi (0),`$ and hence, it completely fixes the solution.

We note that eq.(97) has $`r`$ independent integrals. These integrals give the equations to parameter $`\vartheta `$. In particular, it is easy to derive from the first integral that numbers $`E_i=\mathrm{exp}(e_i\vartheta /2),i=0,1\mathrm{},r`$ should satisfy the following ”sum rules”:

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{r}{}}\left(2\delta _{ij}e_ie_j\right)\sqrt{n_i}\sqrt{n_j}E_iE_j=2h.$$
(99)
Numbers $`E_i`$ possess all the symmetries of extended Dynkin diagram of Lie algebra $`G`$. Together with these symmetries the ”sum rules” fix completely parameters $`E_i`$ (and hence vector $`\vartheta `$) for Lie algebras $`D_4`$ and $`D_5`$. Consider, for example, the second case. There we have that $`E_0=E_1=E_4=E_5=u,`$ and $`E_2=E_3=v`$. But numbers $`E_i`$ are not independent. They satisfy the condition: $`E_0^1=E_1E_4E_5E_2^2E_3^2,`$ or $`u=1/v.`$ Then we find from eq.(99) that $`4\sqrt{2}+2v^2=8`$. This defines all parameters $`E_i`$. The result is in perfect agreement with eq.(96), which for Lie algebra $`D_r`$ can be rewritten as:

$$E_0^2=E_1^2=E_{r1}^2=E_r^2=\frac{8}{h^2\mathrm{sin}^2(\pi /h)};$$

$$E_k^2=\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dx}{x}\frac{4\mathrm{sinh}^2x\mathrm{cosh}2(r2k)x}{\mathrm{sinh}2(r1)x\mathrm{cosh}2x}\right),k=2,\mathrm{},r2.$$
(100)
For other Lie algebras we can only check that vector $`\vartheta `$ defined by eq.(96) satisfies eq. (99).

The solution to the eqs. (97),(98) can be expressed in terms of tau-functions associated with multi-soliton solutions of classical ATT equations (see, for example ,). For $`D`$ and $`E`$ series of algebras (besides the cases $`D_4`$ and $`D_5`$  ) the explicit form of these solutions is not known. We suppose to discuss these solutions in more details in the separate publication. Here we consider the classical boundary ground state energy which can be defined as:

$$_{bound}^{(cl)}=\frac{1}{4\pi b^2}[2m\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}\sqrt{n_i}E_i+\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑y(\frac{1}{2}(_y\varphi )^2+m^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}n_i(e^{e_i\varphi }1))].$$
(101)
We note that numerical values of $`\vartheta ^2`$, defined by eq.(96) are rather small for all $`G`$, and the integral term in eq.(101) can be calculated with the good accuracy using the bilinear approximation:

$$\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑y(\frac{1}{2}(_y\varphi )^2+m^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}n_i(e^{e_i\varphi }1))=\frac{m}{2}\underset{a,b}{}(M^{1/2})_{ab}\vartheta _a\vartheta _b+O(|\vartheta |^3)$$

where $`M_{ab}`$ is the mass matrix of ATT, defined by eq.(5).

More careful analysis of the eqs.(97),(98) gives us the reasons to write the expression for boundary ground state energy in the following form. Namely, we denote as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(G)`$ the sum of masses of all particles in ATT:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(G)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}m_i=m\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\nu _i=mtr(M^{1/2}).$$
(102)
It has the following values for simply-laced Lie algebras:

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(A_n)`$ $`=`$ $`2m\mathrm{cot}(\pi /2h);\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(D_n)={\displaystyle \frac{2m\mathrm{cos}(\pi /4\pi /2h)}{\mathrm{sin}(\pi /2h)}};`$
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(E_6)`$ $`=`$ $`m(62\sqrt{3})^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}(\pi /8)}{\mathrm{sin}(\pi /2h)}};\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(E_7)={\displaystyle \frac{2m\mathrm{sin}(2\pi /9)}{\mathrm{sin}(\pi /2h)}};`$
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(E_8)`$ $`=`$ $`4m(\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sin}(\pi /5)\mathrm{sin}(\pi /30))^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}(\pi /5)}{\mathrm{sin}\left(\pi /2h\right)}}.`$ (103)
The classical boundary ground state energy (101) can be written in terms of these values as:

$$_{bound}^{(cl)}(G)=\frac{h}{4\pi b^2}\mathrm{tan}(\pi /2h)\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(G).$$
(104)
In quantum case the boundary ground state energy $`_{bound}^{(q)}`$ will have the contributions coming from the boundary term in the Hamiltonian and from the bulk fluctuations around the background solution. The contributions of the first type can be calculated using the explicit expression for vacuum expectation values (91). For small $`b`$ the first quantum correction of the second type can be expressed through the boundary $`S`$matrix at $`b=0`$ (see, for example ,). We will discuss these boundary $`S`$-matrices bellow. Here we note that at the strong coupling region $`b>>1`$ our theory is described by the weakly coupled dual ATT with Neumann boundary conditions (73). At strong coupling limit the dual theory is the set of $`r`$ free bosonic theories with masses $`m_i`$. The boundary ground state energy for free massive bosonic theory with Neumann boundary conditions and mass $`m_i`$ can be easily calculated and is equal to $`m_i/8`$. The first perturbative correction in the weakly coupled dual theory can be also evaluated with the result:

$$_{bound}^{(q)}(G)=\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(G)}{8}\left(1+\frac{\pi }{2hb^2}\mathrm{cot}(\pi /2h)+O(1/b^4)\right).$$
(105)
Both asymptotics $`b0`$ (104) and $`b\mathrm{}`$ (105) are in agreement with the following conjecture for boundary ground state energy:

$$_{bound}^{(q)}(G)=\frac{\mathrm{sin}(\pi /2h)\mathrm{\Sigma }_m(G)}{8\mathrm{sin}(\pi x/2h)\mathrm{cos}(\pi (1x)/2h)}$$
(106)
where:

$$x=\frac{b^2}{1+b^2}=\frac{B}{2}=\frac{b}{q}.$$
(107)
The nonperturbative check of this conjecture can be done using the boundary Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz equations . The kernels in these nonlinear integral equations depend on the bulk and boundary $`S`$-matrices. The boundary $`S`$-matrix (reflection coefficient) in ATT for the particle $`j`$ corresponding to the fundamental representation $`\pi _j(G)`$ can be defined as:

$$|j,\theta _{out}=K_j(\theta )|j,\theta _{in}$$
(108)
where $`\theta `$ is the rapidity of particle $`j`$.

The reflection coefficients for $`A_{n1}`$ ATT with boundary conditions discussed above were conjectured in ,. They can be written in terms of function:

$$\left(z\right)=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\theta }{2i}+\frac{\pi }{2h}z\right)}{\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\theta }{2i}\frac{\pi }{2h}z\right)}$$
(109)
in the following way:

$$K_j(\theta )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{j}{}}(a1)(an)(a+x)(an+1x).$$
(110)
Unfortunately, we were not able to find in the literature the conjecture for other Lie algebras consistent with duality properties discussed above. So, we will give here the conjecture which naturally generalizes the reflection coefficients (110) to the other simply-laced Lie algebras. To do this we rewrite eq. (110) in the form:

$$K_j(\theta )=\mathrm{exp}(i\delta _j(\theta ))$$
(111)
where

$$\delta _j=\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dt}{t}\mathrm{sinh}(\frac{2h\theta t}{\pi })[\mathrm{sinh}((1x)t)\mathrm{sinh}((h+x)t)\mathrm{\Delta }_j(A_{n1},t)2]$$
(112)
and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_j(A_{n1},t)=\frac{8\mathrm{sinh}\left(jt\right)\mathrm{sinh}((nj)t)}{\mathrm{sinh}(t)\mathrm{sinh}(2ht)}.$$
(113)
The natural generalization of these equations can be written as:

$$K_j(\theta )=\mathrm{\Phi }_j(\theta )\mathrm{exp}(i\delta _j(\theta ))$$
(114)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_j(\theta )`$ are CDD factors, satisfying the conditions:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_j(\theta )\mathrm{\Phi }_j(\theta )=1;\mathrm{\Phi }(\theta )\mathrm{\Phi }(\theta +i\pi )=1$$
(115)
and function $`\delta _j\left(\theta \right)`$ is defined by eq.(112) with the substitution $`\mathrm{\Delta }_j(A_{n1})`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_j(G,t)`$, where:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_j(G,t)=\frac{4}{\mathrm{cosh}\left(ht\right)}\left((2\mathrm{cosh}(t)2)\delta _{mn}+e_me_n\right)_{jj}^1.$$
(116)
The most important part of this conjecture is that for the particles $`j`$ corresponding to fundamental representations $`\pi _j(G)`$ with the fundamental weights satisfying the condition $`e_0\omega _j=1`$ (or $`n_j`$ in eq.(2) is equal to $`1`$), the CDD factors $`\mathrm{\Phi }_j(\theta )`$ in eq.(114) are equal to one.

This statement fixes completely the boundary $`S`$-matrix for Lie algebras $`D_n,E_6,E_7`$. We denote as $`K_f(G,\theta )`$ the fundamental reflection coefficients. It means that all other amplitudes $`K_j(\theta )`$ can be obtained from fundamental reflection factors $`K_f(G,\theta )`$ by the application of boundary bootstrap fusion procedure ,. It is easy to see that $`K_f(D_n,\theta )=K_n(\theta )=K_{n1}(\theta )`$, where particles $`n`$ and $`n1`$ correspond to the spinor representations of $`D_n`$; $`K_f(E_6,\theta )=K_1\left(\theta \right)=K_{\overline{1}}\left(\theta \right)`$, where particles $`1`$ and $`\overline{1}`$ form the doublet of lightest particles in $`E_6`$ ATT and $`K_f(E_7,\theta )=K_1(\theta )`$, where $`1`$ is the lightest particle in $`E_7`$ ATT. For all these three cases the CDD factors $`\mathrm{\Phi }_f(\theta )=1`$ and the reflection coefficients are given by eqs.(111)(112) with $`j=f`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_f(G,t)=\frac{8\mathrm{sinh}\left(ht/2\right)\mathrm{sinh}((h/2+q1)t)}{\mathrm{sinh}(qt)\mathrm{sinh}(2ht)}$$
(117)
where $`q(G)=\mathrm{max}_in_i;q(D)=2,q(E_6)=3,q(E_7)=4`$.

As an example of the application of boundary bootstrap equations we give here the reflection coefficients $`K_j`$ for the particles $`j=1,2,\mathrm{},n2`$ in $`D_n`$ ATT, which can be obtained from the amplitude $`K_f\left(\theta \right)=K_n(\theta )=K_{n1}(\theta )`$. These functions can be written in the form (114), where:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_j(D_n,t)=\frac{16\mathrm{sinh}jt\mathrm{cosh}((h/2j)t)\mathrm{sinh}(ht/2)}{\mathrm{sinh}t\mathrm{sinh}2ht}$$

and CDD factor

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_j=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑t\frac{8\mathrm{sinh}(2h\theta t/\pi )\mathrm{sinh}((1x)t)\mathrm{cosh}xt\mathrm{sinh}((j1)t)\mathrm{sinh}jt}{t\mathrm{sinh}2t\mathrm{cosh}ht}\right)$$

Lie algebra $`E_8`$ has no fundamental representations with $`n_j=1`$. The lightest particle in this case is associated with adjoint representation and $`K_f(E_8,\theta )=K_{ad}(\theta )`$. The adjoint representations for Lie algebras $`D,E`$ have $`n_{ad}=2`$ and, hence, CDD factors should appear. The reflection coefficients $`K_{ad}(\theta )`$ for Lie algebras $`D`$ and $`E`$ can be written in the the form (114), with:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{ad}(G,t)=\frac{8\mathrm{cosh}((q1)t)\mathrm{cosh}((h/2q)t)}{\mathrm{cosh}(ht/2)\mathrm{cosh}ht}$$

where $`q(G)`$ is defined above ($`q(E_8)=6`$) and CDD factor is:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{ad}(\theta )=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑t\frac{8\mathrm{sinh}(2h\theta t/\pi )\mathrm{sinh}((1x)t)\mathrm{cosh}xt\mathrm{sinh}t}{t\mathrm{cosh}ht}\right).$$

The analysis of the boundary Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz equations with kernels depending on the reflection coefficients written above gives the exact agreement with eq.(106) for the boundary ground state energy.

At the end of this section we note that semiclassical limit of function $`G_B(a)`$ contains the information about the short distance asymptotics for the following classical boundary problem. Let $`\varphi (x,y)`$ be a smooth function that for $`y>0`$ solves the equations:

$$(_y^2+_x^2)\varphi =m^2\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}n_ie_i\mathrm{exp}(e_i\varphi );_y\varphi (x,0)=m\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{}}\sqrt{n_i}e_i\mathrm{exp}(e_i\varphi /2)$$

and satisfies the following asymptotic conditions:

$$\varphi 0,x^2+y^2\mathrm{};\varphi a\mathrm{log}(x^2+y^2)+(a),x^2+y^20.$$
(118)
Then, exactly at the same way as it was done in section 4, we can derive that $`(a)=C(a)\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0(0),`$ where:

$$C(a)=\underset{b0}{lim}2b^2_a\mathrm{log}G_B(a/b).$$
(119)
For Neumann boundary conditions (94) we obtain that $`(a)=B(a)`$, where $`B(a)`$ is given by eq.(67). It is in agreement with a fact that cylindrical solutions, studied in section 4, satisfy the Neumann boundary conditions.

## 6 Integrable Deformations of Toda Theories and Duality

The duality plays an important role in the analysis of statistical and quantum field theory (QFT) systems. It maps a weak coupling region of one theory to a strong coupling region of the other and makes it possible to use perturbative and semiclassical methods for the study of dual systems in different regions of the coupling constants. For example, a well known duality between sine-Gordon and massive Thirring model  together with integrability plays a crucial role for the justification of the exact S-matrix for these QFT . Another interesting example of the duality in two dimensional integrable systems is the weak coupling-strong coupling flow from the affine Toda theories to the same theories with the dual affine Lie algebra . The example of duality in the boundary Toda theories was considered in section 5. The phenomenon of electric-magnetic duality in four dimensional gauge theories conjectured in  and developed in  opens the possibility for the nonperturbative analysis of the spectrum and the phase structure in the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories.

Known for many years the phenomenon of duality in QFT still looks rather mysterious and needs further analysis. This analysis essentially simplifies for the 2-d integrable relativistic theories. These QFTs besides the Lagrangian formulation possess also the unambiguous definition in terms of factorized scattering theories (FST). The FST, i.e. the explicit description of the spectrum of particles and their scattering amplitudes, contains all the information about the QFT. These data permit one to use nonperturbative methods for the calculation of the observables in the integrable theories. The comparison of the observables calculated from the FST data and from perturbative or semiclassical analysis based on the Lagrangian formulation makes it possible in some cases to justify the existence of two different (dual) representations for the Lagrangian description of the theory.

In the previous sections we considered simply laced Toda theories which are self-dual. In this section we briefly discuss the massive and conformal field theories, which can be considered as integrable deformations of affine and non-affine Toda theories. We describe duality properties of these theories and calculate the reflection amplitudes for the conformal case. These QFTs for massive case where introduced and studied in (). They form three series of QFTs, numerated by index $`\sigma =1,2,3`$ (we reserve $`\sigma =0`$ for unperturbed CFTs). These QFTs can be described by the scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`r`$-component field $`\phi =\left(\phi _{1,\mathrm{},}\phi _r\right)`$ with the action:

$$𝒜_r^{(\sigma )}=d^2x\left[\frac{(_\mu \mathrm{\Phi })^2}{8\pi }+\frac{(_\mu \phi )^2}{8\pi }+2\mu ^{}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \mathrm{\Phi })e^{be_r\phi }+\mu \underset{i=1}{\overset{r1}{}}e^{be_i\phi }+U_\sigma (\phi )\right]$$
(120)
where $`e_i`$ are the simple roots $`(e_i\phi =\phi _i\phi _{i+1},ir1;e_r\phi =\phi _r)`$ of Lie algebra $`B_r`$ and the parameters $`b`$ and $`\gamma `$ satisfy the relation:

$$\gamma ^2b^2=1.$$
(121)
For these values of parameters the QFT (120) is integrable for three different perturbations $`U_\sigma `$ of the CFT, corresponding to $`U_\sigma =0.`$ Namely:

$$U_1(\phi )=\mu _1e^{2b\phi _1};U_2(\phi )=\mu _2e^{b\phi _1}U_3(\phi )=\mu _3e^{b(\phi _1+\phi _2)}.$$
(122)
The integrability of these QFTs, was proved in  by explicit construction of nontrivial quantum integrals. It is interesting to note that corresponding classical theory is not integrable. The reason is that due to condition (121) the coupling constant $`\gamma `$ is not small and we can not reach the classical limit. To understand this limit and to do the QFTs (120) suitable for the prturbative analysis it is convenient to use 2D fermion-boson correspondence  and to rewrite the action (120) in the form of massive Thirring model coupled with ATT:

$`𝒜_r^{(\sigma )}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^2x[\overline{\psi }i\gamma _\mu _\mu \psi {\displaystyle \frac{b^2}{2(1+b^2)}}(\overline{\psi }\gamma _\mu \psi )^2+\pi \mu ^{}\overline{\psi }\psi e^{be_r\phi }`$ (123)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi }}(_\mu \phi )^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu ^2}{4b^2}}e^{2be_r\phi }+\mu {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r1}{}}}e^{be_i\phi }+U_\sigma (\phi )].`$
We added to the action the exponential term $`\pi \mu ^2/4b^2e^{2be_r\phi }`$ as the usual contact contact counterterm to cancel the divergencies coming from fermion loop, however, this term becomes important in the weak coupling (semiclassical) limit. Near the classical vacuum of the QFT (123) the parameter $`\mu \mu ^2/b^2`$ (the same is true for parameters $`\mu _\sigma `$ in $`U_\sigma `$) and we can neglect the fermionic terms in the action which do not contain the derivatives. The first term with derivatives can be again bosonized, but it completely decouples in this limit. The classical part of the action is now described by non-simply lased ATT which is, of course, integrable. The corresponding background semiclassical CFT ($`U_\sigma =0`$) is described by NATT with Lie algebra $`C_r`$.

Integrability imposes strong limitation to the scattering amplitudes (Yang Baxter equations) and permits us to fix completely $`S`$-matrix of the QFTs (120,123). Perturbative calculations, analysis of the FST and the Bethe ansatz technique were used in () to show that these field theories possess the dual representation available for the perturbative analysis in the strong coupling limit, when $`\stackrel{~}{b}=1/b0`$. The dual theory can be formulated as the nonlinear sigma-model with Witten’s Euclidean black hole metric coupled with non-simply laced ATT. Lie algebras associated with these ”dual” Toda theories belong to the dual series of affine algebras but have a smaller rank equal to $`r1`$.

To describe the action of the dual theory we introduce the complex scalar field $`\chi =\chi _1+i\chi _2`$ and Toda field $`\varphi `$ with $`r1`$ components: $`\varphi =(\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _{r1})`$. In terms of these fields the dual action has the form:

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_r^{\left(\sigma \right)}=d^2x\left[\frac{1}{2\pi \stackrel{~}{b}^2}\frac{_\mu \chi _\mu \overline{\chi }}{1+\chi \overline{\chi }}+\frac{(_\mu \varphi )^2}{8\pi }+2\stackrel{~}{\mu }\chi \overline{\chi }e^{\stackrel{~}{b}e_{r1}\varphi }+\stackrel{~}{\mu }\underset{i=1}{\overset{r1}{}}e^{\stackrel{~}{b}e_i\varphi }+\stackrel{~}{U}_\sigma \right]$$
(124)
where $`e_i`$ are the simple roots of Lie algebra $`B_{r1}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{b}=1/b`$, and dual integrable perturbations are:

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_1(\varphi )=\stackrel{~}{\mu }_1e^{\stackrel{~}{b}\varphi _1};\stackrel{~}{U}_2(\varphi )=\stackrel{~}{\mu }_2e^{2\stackrel{~}{b}\varphi _1};\stackrel{~}{U}_2(\varphi )=\stackrel{~}{\mu }_3e^{\stackrel{~}{b}(\varphi _1+\varphi _2)}.$$
(125)
We see that the charged particles in these QFTs being weakly coupled fermions (at small $`b`$) flowing to the strong coupling region (small $`\stackrel{~}{b}`$ ) take one degree of freedom from Toda lattice and transform to the weakly coupled bosons. This property of integrable QFTs (123,124) is used in condensed matter physics for nonperturbative analysis of superconductors coupled to phonons living in an insulating layer (see e.g. ). For nonperturbative analysis of these QFTs we need besides the FST data, which were described in (), also the CFT data, characterizing the background CFTs.

The corresponding CFTs are described by the actions $`𝒜_r^{(0)}`$ eq.(120) and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_r^{\left(0\right)}`$ eq.(124) with $`U_\sigma =`$ $`\stackrel{~}{U}_\sigma =0`$. From the duality of perturbed theories it follows that these CFTs are also dual i.e. describe the same theory. The CFT (124) for $`r=1`$ was used in papers , for the description of the string propagating in a black hole background. For arbitrary $`r`$ these CFTs, known as non-abelian Toda theories, were considered in  as the models for extended black holes. In many cases, however, the dual representation with action $`𝒜_r^{(0)}`$, which can be called Sine-Toda theory is more convenient for the analysis.

The conformal invariance of Sine-Toda theories is generated by holomorphic stress-energy tensor:

$$T(z)=\frac{1}{2}\left(_z\mathrm{\Phi }\right)^2\frac{1}{2}(_z\phi )^2+Q_z^2\phi $$
(126)
with $`Q=\rho /b+b\rho ^{}`$, where $`\rho `$ and $`\rho ^{}`$ are the Weyl vectors of Lie algebras $`B_r`$ and $`D_r`$ respectively. The exponential fields (for simplicity we consider the spinless fields):

$$V_{a,\eta }(x)=\mathrm{exp}(a\phi +i\eta \mathrm{\Phi })$$
(127)
are conformal primary field with dimensions:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(a,\eta )=\frac{1}{2}(\eta ^2+a\left(Qa\right)).$$
(128)
In particular, fields $`V_{be_i,0};i=1,\mathrm{},r1,V_{be_r,\pm \gamma }`$ have conformal dimensions equal to one.

Besides the conformal symmetry, generated by $`TT_2`$ these CFTs possess an infinite-dimensional symmetry generated by the chiral algebra $`𝒯`$, which includes an infinite number of holomorphic fields $`T_j`$ with integer spins. The detailed description of the chiral algebra $`𝒯`$ is not in the scope of this paper. As an example, we give here the spin-3 field $`T_3𝒯`$ for the case $`r=1`$. In this case the theory is described by two fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\phi _1`$ and can be called as Sine-Liouville CFT with an action:

$$𝒜_1^{(0)}=d^2x\left[\frac{(_\mu \mathrm{\Phi })^2}{8\pi }+\frac{(_\mu \phi _1)^2}{8\pi }+2\mu ^{}\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \mathrm{\Phi })e^{b\phi _1}\right].$$
(129)
The holomorphic field $`T_3`$ for this CFT has a form:

$`T_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1+3b^2}{1+b^2}}(_z\mathrm{\Phi })^3+{\displaystyle \frac{3b^2}{2}}(_z\mathrm{\Phi })(_z\phi _1)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3b^3}{2}}(_z\mathrm{\Phi })(_z^2\phi _1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}b(1+b^2)(_z^2\mathrm{\Phi })(_z\phi _1)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1+b^2)(_z^3\mathrm{\Phi }).`$
The other fields $`T_j,j>3`$ for this theory can be obtained by fusion of the field $`T_3.`$

The fields $`T_j`$ in general case can be represented as the differential polynomials of the fields $`_z\mathrm{\Phi },_z\phi `$ of weight $`j`$. It means that the exponential fields (127) are the primary fields of chiral algebra $`𝒯`$. The corresponding eigenvalues $`t_j(a,\eta )`$ of the operators $`T_{j,0}`$ (zero Fourier components of currents $`T_j`$) possess reflection symmetry: $`t_j(a,\eta )=t_j(s(a),\eta )`$ with respect to action of Weyl group $`𝒲`$ : $`s(a)=Q+\widehat{𝐬}(aQ)`$ of Lie algebra $`B_r.`$ The fields $`V_{a,\eta }`$ and $`V_{s(a),\eta }`$ are then related by reflection amplitudes:

$$V_{a,\eta }=R_s(a,\eta )V_{s(a),\eta }.$$
(130)
For calculation of reflection amplitudes in Sine-Toda theory it is convenient to use the screening charges:

$$\widehat{Q}_i=d^2x\mathrm{exp}(be_i\phi ),i=1,\mathrm{},r1;\widehat{Q}_\pm =d^2x\mathrm{exp}(be_r\phi \pm i\gamma \mathrm{\Phi })$$

which commute with all generators of chiral algebra. The calculation of the reflection amplitudes $`R_s(a,\eta )`$ follows the lines of sections 2 and 5. Here we give the result. To describe it is convenient to denote as $`S`$ $`(L)`$ the set of the short (long) positive roots of Lie algebra $`B_r`$: $`(S:\alpha >0,\alpha ^2=1),(L:\alpha >0,\alpha ^2=2)`$. Then, for arbitrary reflection, $`s(a)`$ the reflection amplitude can be represented in the usual form:

$$R_s(a,\eta )=\frac{A_{s(a),\eta }}{A_{a,\eta }},$$
(131)
and function $`A_{a,\eta }`$ is:

$`A_{a,\eta }`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu ^{}}{2b^2}}\right)^{2\overline{a}\omega _r/b}\left(\pi \mu \gamma (b^2)\right)^{\overline{a}\rho ^{}/b}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha L}{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha /b)`$ (132)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha S}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(12\overline{a}_\alpha b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}_\alpha /b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2\overline{a}_\alpha b+\gamma \eta )\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2\overline{a}_\alpha b\gamma \eta )}}`$
where $`\omega _r`$ is the fundamental weight of $`B_r:2\omega _re_i=\delta _{r,i};\rho ^{}`$ is the Weyl vector of Lie algebra $`D_r`$ and $`\overline{a}_\alpha =(aQ)\alpha `$.

It was noted in the beginning of this section that in the semiclassical limit $`b0`$ the Sine-Toda CFT is effectively described by $`C_r`$ NATT and decoupled free field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. In agreement with this in the limit $`b0`$ with $`\overline{a}/b`$ fixed the reflection amplitudes (131),(132) do not depend on parameter $`\eta `$ and coincide with reflection amplitudes for $`C_r`$ NATT calculated in .

Two points functions $`D_r(a,\eta )`$ of the fields $`V_{a,\eta }`$, normalized by the condition $`D_r(a,\eta )D_r(2Qa,\eta )=1`$ can be written as:

$$D_r(a,\eta )=\left|x\right|^{4\mathrm{\Delta }}V_{a,\eta }(x),V_{a,\eta }(0)=\frac{A_{2Qa,\eta }}{A_{a,\eta }}.$$
(133)
Until now we considered spinless fields and non-compactified field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. For string theory applications it is, however, important to use the periodicity property of Sine-Toda theories and to compactify the field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ at the circle of length $`2\pi /\gamma `$, i.e. $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }+2\pi k/\gamma ,kZ`$. In this case the parameter $`\eta `$ is quantized: $`\eta _n=\gamma n`$. It is useful to introduce the ”dual” field $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$, defined by the relation: $`_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }=\epsilon _{\mu \nu }_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ and to consider the local exponential fields with spin $`\sigma =nm`$, $`mZ`$, which can be written as:

$$V(a,\eta _{n,}\eta _m^{})=\mathrm{exp}(a\phi )\mathrm{exp}(i\eta _n\mathrm{\Phi }+i\eta _m^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{})$$
(134)
where $`\eta _n=\gamma n`$ and $`\eta _k^{}=m/2\gamma `$. In particular, field $`\chi `$ in non-Abelian Toda theories (124) can be represented in terms of the fields of Sine-Toda theories as:

$$\chi \mathrm{exp}(e_r\phi /2b)\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{\Phi }^{}/2\gamma ).$$
(135)
In the string theories associated with these CFTs the numbers $`n`$ and $`m`$ correspond to the winding number and momentum of sting propagating in the black hole background. The total momentum is conserved. The total winding number is not conserved and the sum of winding numbers of the operators in $`p`$-point functions can take the values between $`2p`$ and $`p2`$.

To obtain the reflection amplitudes and two point functions for the fields $`V(a,\eta _{n,}\eta _m^{})`$ we should do the following substitution in the eq.(132). Namely, the dependence on parameter $`\eta `$ there appears in two $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-function which are in the denominator of the product over short roots. We should substitute $`\eta \eta _n+\eta _m^{}`$ in the argument of the first $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-function and $`\eta \eta _n\eta _m^{}`$ in the argument of the second one. For example, for the Sine-Liouville theory ($`r=1`$ and $`\overline{a}=\overline{a}_1`$) we obtain:

$`D_1(a,\eta _n,\eta _m^{})`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu ^{}}{2b^2}}\right)^{2\overline{a}/b}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+2\overline{a}b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\overline{a}/b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(12\overline{a}b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\overline{a}/b)}}\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2\overline{a}b+\gamma (\eta _n+\eta _m^{}))\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2\overline{a}b\gamma (\eta _n\eta _m^{}))}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2+\overline{a}b+\gamma (\eta _n+\eta _m^{}))\mathrm{\Gamma }(1/2+\overline{a}b\gamma (\eta _n\eta _m^{})}}.`$
This two point function as well as duality between Sine-Liouville and Witten’s 2D black hole models were obtained in collaboration with A.Zamolodchikov and Al.Zamolodchikov.

We note that besides the string theory, where two point functions of the vertex operators $`V(a,\eta _{n,}\eta _m^{})`$ contain the information about the spectrum  and partition function of the theory , reflection amplitudes, derived in this section, can be used for the calculation of one point functions and UV asymptotics in massive QFTs (120,123,124). We suppose to discuss these problems in the separate publications.

Acknowledgement

I am very grateful to S.Lukyanov, A.Zamolodchikov and Al. Zamolodchikov with whom many of similar results for another integrable QFT were obtained. This work supported by part by the EU under contract ERBFRMX CT 960012 and grant INTAS-OPEN-97-1312.


text:
# KUNS-1712hep-th/0103018 Fuzzy Sphere and Hyperbolic Space from Deformation Quantization

## 1 Introduction

Since the relation between string theory and noncommutative geometry was discussed in , noncommutative field theories and noncommutative gauge theories have been investigated enthusiastically from various viewpoints.

Many authors use the Moyal product111Here we call $`=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{i}{2}\frac{\stackrel{}{}}{x^i}\theta ^{ij}\frac{\stackrel{}{}}{x^j}\right)`$ with constant $`\theta ^{ij}=\theta ^{ji}`$ the Moyal product. as noncommutative associative $``$ product for explicit calculations. It corresponds to a constant NS-NS $`B`$-field background in flat space in the context of string theory. On the other hand, at least formally, more general $``$ products which may correspond to string theory on nonconstant $`B`$-field background in curved space are defined by some authors222,, for example.. However, explicit form of $``$ products other than the Moyal product has been scarcely discussed in physical context333 In , nonassociative star product which generalizes , is discussed to describe D-brane in curved backgrounds..

In this paper, we use the technique of Fedosov’s deformation quantization  to get explicit forms of $``$ products on nontrivial backgrounds. For simplicity, we investigate $``$ products on circularly symmetric two dimensional spaces. Specifically, we focus on constant curvature spaces $`S^2,H^2`$ and $`^2`$, and explicitly construct $``$ products which are different from the Moyal product. We also discuss some physical applications of our $``$ products.

## 2 Construction of $``$ product

Here we review the construction of Fedosov’s $``$ product very briefly444 See , for details. , and apply this procedure to circularly symmetric two dimensional spaces.

First, for a given symplectic manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Omega }_0)`$, we define the Weyl algebra bundle $`W`$ which has $``$ product of the Moyal type and its Abelian connection $`D`$ with some input parameter. For $`\mathrm{Ker}DW`$ (which is called flat section $`W_D`$), we get a one to one correspondence with $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the deformation parameter. We denote the map from $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ to $`W_D`$ as $`Q`$, and its inverse map as $`\sigma `$. Then Fedosov’s $``$ product on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ is defined by

$$a_0b_0:=\sigma (Q(a_0)Q(b_0)),a_0,b_0C^{\mathrm{}}(M)[[\mathrm{}]].$$
(1)
This is a solution of the problem of deformation quantization, i.e.,
$``$ is associative and its commutator $`[,]_{}`$ is expanded as

$$[,]_{}=i\mathrm{}\{,\}+𝒪(\mathrm{}^2)$$
(2)
where $`\{,\}`$ is the Poisson bracket with respect to the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$.

Now, we apply this procedure to a two dimensional space $`M`$ with metric

$$ds^2=e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}(dr^2+r^2d\theta ^2),$$
(3)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }(r)`$ is some function of $`r`$ only (i.e. circularly symmetric space) for simplicity. Its volume form is given by

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_0=e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}rdrd\theta ,$$
(4)
and we identify it with symplectic form. Using Fedosov’s procedure with the input555 See , for the meaning of $`,\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mu ,\delta `$. Here we choose these parameters in such a way that the iteration formula (eq.(21) of ) which gives an Abelian connection is satisfied trivially, i.e., $`\mathrm{r}+\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}=0`$. Then we get $`\mathrm{r}=\delta \mu +\delta ^1(d(\omega _{ij}y^i\theta ^j)\mathrm{\Omega }_1)`$ for the input (2).

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=\theta ^1\theta ^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\omega _{ij}\theta ^i\theta ^j,`$
$`\theta ^1=e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}dr,\theta ^2=rd\theta ,\omega _{ij}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),`$ (7)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_1=0,=d,`$
$`\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}r^1(y^1)^2y^2,`$ (8)
we get an Abelian connection $`D`$ as

$`Da=da\delta a+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}(\mathrm{r}aa\mathrm{r}),aW,`$
$`\mathrm{r}=e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}r^1y^1y^2\theta ^1,`$
$`:=\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^i}}\omega ^{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^j}}),\omega ^{ij}:=(\omega ^1)^{ij}.`$ (9)
For this Abelian connection $`D`$, we solve the equation $`Da=0`$ and get the map $`Q:C^{\mathrm{}}(M)[[\mathrm{}]]W_D`$ as

$$a=Q(a_0(r,\theta ))=a_0(G(r,y^1),\theta +\frac{y^2}{r}),$$
(10)
where $`G(r,y^1)`$ is given by

$$_r^{G(r,y^1)}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r^{})}r^{}𝑑r^{}=y^1r.$$
(11)
Then we can define a $``$ product on $`M`$ by eq.(1).

## 3 $`S^2`$ case

In this section we apply the result of §2 to the case $`M=S^2`$. We consider 2-sphere $`S^2`$ with radius $`R`$, which is defined as two dimensional surface embedded in $`^3`$:

$$(X^1)^2+(X^2)^2+(X^3)^2=R^2.$$
(12)
We parametrize the coordinate $`X^i,i=1,2,3`$ on $`S^2`$ as

$`X^1={\displaystyle \frac{2R^2r}{r^2+R^2}}\mathrm{cos}\theta ,X^2={\displaystyle \frac{2R^2r}{r^2+R^2}}\mathrm{sin}\theta ,X^3=R{\displaystyle \frac{r^2R^2}{r^2+R^2}},`$
$`r0,0\theta 2\pi .`$ (13)
Then the metric of $`S^2`$, $`ds^2=(dX^1)^2+(dX^2)^2+(dX^3)^2`$, is given by

$$ds^2=\frac{4R^4}{(r^2+R^2)^2}(dr^2+r^2d\theta ^2),$$
(14)
and the conformal factor $`e^\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of eq.(3) is identified as

$$e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}=\frac{4R^4}{(r^2+R^2)^2}.$$
(15)
From eqs. (15), (10) and (1), we get the explicit form of our $``$ product on $`S^2`$:

$`a_0(r,\theta )b_0(r,\theta )`$ (16)
$`=`$ $`(a_0(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2+\frac{y^1}{2R^2}r(r^2+R^2)}{1\frac{y^1}{2R^4}r(r^2+R^2)}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}})\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}))`$
$`b_0(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2+\frac{y^1}{2R^2}r(r^2+R^2)}{1\frac{y^1}{2R^4}r(r^2+R^2)}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}}))_{y^1=y^2=0}.`$
By using this definition, we can calculate $``$ product of the $`S^2`$ coordinate $`X^i`$ (3). In particular, we have

$`[X^i,X^j]_{}=i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{R}}\epsilon ^{ijk}X^k,`$ (17)
$`X^1X^1+X^2X^2+X^3X^3=R^2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4R^4}}\right),`$ (18)
where $`\epsilon ^{ijk}`$ is the antisymmetric tensor with $`\epsilon ^{123}=+1`$. Eq.(17) means that the commutators of $`X^i`$’s form $`su(2)`$ algebra which is known as fuzzy sphere algebra, and eq.(18) means that its radius is given by $`R\sqrt{1\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4R^4}}`$ which is deformed by $`𝒪(\mathrm{}^2)`$ from the original radius $`R`$ of commutative $`S^2`$ (12). Namely, we have obtained a fuzzy sphere by deforming $`S^2`$ using the $``$ product (16).

## 4 $`H^2`$ case

In this section we apply the result of §2 to the case $`M=H^2`$. Calculation is quite similar to the $`S^2`$ case (§3). We consider two dimensional hyperbolic space $`H^2`$ with radius $`R`$, which is defined as two dimensional surface embedded in $`^{1,2}`$:

$$(Y^0)^2+(Y^1)^2+(Y^2)^2=R^2,Y^0>0.$$
(19)
We parametrize the coordinates $`Y^i,i=0,1,2`$ on $`H^2`$ as

$`Y^0=R{\displaystyle \frac{R^2+r^2}{R^2r^2}},Y^1={\displaystyle \frac{2R^2r}{R^2r^2}}\mathrm{cos}\theta ,Y^2={\displaystyle \frac{2R^2r}{R^2r^2}}\mathrm{sin}\theta ,`$
$`0rR,0\theta 2\pi .`$ (20)
Then, the metric of $`H^2`$, $`ds^2=(dY^0)^2+(dY^1)^2+(dY^2)^2`$, and the conformal factor are given respectively by

$`ds^2={\displaystyle \frac{4R^4}{(R^2r^2)^2}}(dr^2+r^2d\theta ^2),`$ (21)
$`e^{\mathrm{\Phi }(r)}={\displaystyle \frac{4R^4}{(R^2r^2)^2}}.`$ (22)
From eqs. (22), (10) and (1), we get the explicit form of our $``$ product on $`H^2`$:

$`a_0(r,\theta )b_0(r,\theta )`$ (23)
$`=`$ $`(a_0(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2+\frac{y^1}{2R^2}r(R^2r^2)}{1+\frac{y^1}{2R^4}r(R^2r^2)}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}})\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}))`$
$`b_0(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2+\frac{y^1}{2R^2}r(R^2r^2)}{1+\frac{y^1}{2R^4}r(R^2r^2)}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}}))_{y^1=y^2=0}.`$
By using this definition, we obtain the following $``$ products of the $`H^2`$ coordinate $`Y^i`$ (4):

$`[Y^0,Y^1]_{}=i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{R}}Y^2,[Y^2,Y^0]_{}=i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{R}}Y^1,[Y^1,Y^2]_{}=i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{R}}Y^0,`$ (24)
$`Y^0Y^0+Y^1Y^1+Y^2Y^2=R^2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4R^4}}\right).`$ (25)
Eq.(24) means that commutators of $`Y^i`$’s form $`su(1,1)`$ algebra which corresponds to isometry of $`H^2`$, and eq.(25) means that its radius is given by $`R\sqrt{1\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4R^4}}`$ which is deformed by $`𝒪(\mathrm{}^2)`$ from the original radius $`R`$ of commutative $`H^2`$ (19). Namely, we get fuzzy hyperbolic space by deforming $`H^2`$ using the $``$ product (23).

## 5 Large $`R`$ limit and $`^2`$

Here we consider large radius limit of the results of §3 and §4. The sectional curvature of $`S^2`$ (12) ($`H^2`$ (19)) is $`\frac{1}{R^2}`$ ($`\frac{1}{R^2}`$), which tends to $`+0`$ ($`0`$) in the limit $`R\mathrm{}`$. Therefore they approach the flat space $`^2`$ in the large $`R`$ limit in the usual commutative picture. How about it from the noncommutative viewpoint?

For comparison, we construct a $``$ product on $`^2`$ following the method of §2. We adopt as its flat metric

$$ds^2=4(dr^2+r^2d\theta ^2)$$
(26)
with its front factor 4 chosen so that (26) coincides with the large $`R`$ limit of (14) and (21). With $`e^\mathrm{\Phi }=4`$, we get the explicit form of our $``$ product on $`^2`$:

$`a_0(r,\theta )b_0(r,\theta )`$
$`=(a_0(\sqrt{r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{y^1r}{2}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}})\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{y^1}}))`$
$`b_0(\sqrt{r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{y^1r}{2}}},\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{r}}))_{y^1=y^2=0}.`$ (27)
Then, we can calculate the $``$ products of the complex coordinate $`z:=re^{i\theta },\overline{z}:=re^{i\theta }`$:

$`zz=\sqrt{r^4{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{16}}}e^{2i\theta }=\overline{\overline{z}\overline{z}},z\overline{z}=r^2{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{4}},\overline{z}z=r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{4}},`$
$`[z,\overline{z}]_{}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{2}}.`$ (28)
The commutator $`[z,\overline{z}]_{}`$ coincides with that of the usual Moyal product for Cartesian coordinates on $`^2`$, but $``$ product itself is different from the Moyal product. This difference comes from ambiguity of deformation quantization.

We can calculate the commutator $`[z,\overline{z}]_{}`$ also in the $`S^2`$ and $`H^2`$ cases. For $`S^2`$, from eq.(16) we get

$$[z,\overline{z}]_{}=\frac{\frac{\mathrm{}}{2R^4}(r^2+R^2)^2}{1\left(\frac{\mathrm{}}{4R^4}(r^2+R^2)\right)^2}=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2R^4}(R^2+z\overline{z})(R^2+\overline{z}z).$$
(29)
And for $`H^2`$, from eq.(23) we get

$$[z,\overline{z}]_{}=\frac{\frac{\mathrm{}}{2R^4}(R^2r^2)^2}{1\left(\frac{\mathrm{}}{4R^4}(R^2r^2)\right)^2}=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2R^4}(R^2z\overline{z})(R^2\overline{z}z).$$
(30)
Both eqs.(29) and (30) are reduced to $`[z,\overline{z}]_{}=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2}`$ (5) as $`R\mathrm{}`$. In other words, the $``$ product which we obtained in §2 connects $`su(2)`$ algebra (or fuzzy $`S^2`$) with $`su(1,1)`$ algebra (or fuzzy $`H^2`$) through $`R=\mathrm{}`$.

## 6 An application

In the previous sections, we explicitly calculated $``$ products by using Fedosov’s formulation. They are candidates of $``$ product for defining noncommutative field theory or noncommutative gauge theory on fuzzy $`S^2,H^2`$ and $`^2`$.

As an example, we discuss four dimensional noncommutative $`U(1)`$ gauge theory with one scalar field which is given by the action666 The symbol $`\mathrm{Tr}`$ is trace for the $``$ product satisfying $`\mathrm{Tr}fg=\mathrm{Tr}gf`$ , but we can discuss equations of motion without using the explicit form of the trace.

$$S=\mathrm{Tr}\left(\frac{1}{4}G^{IJ}G^{KL}F_{IK}F_{JL}+\frac{1}{2}G^{IJ}D_I\varphi D_J\varphi \right).$$
(31)
We assume that only two dimensional space is noncommutative (1,2 direction), and use a general formulation of noncommutative gauge theory of :

$`G^{IJ}=\delta ^{IJ},I,J=1,\mathrm{},4,`$
$`F_{IJ}=_IA_J_JA_Ii[A_I,A_J]_{}{\displaystyle \frac{J_{IJ}}{\mathrm{}}},J_{12}=J_{21}=1,\mathrm{others}=0,`$
$`_I={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}[J_{IJ}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^J,]_{},I=1,2,_3={\displaystyle \frac{}{x^3}},_4={\displaystyle \frac{}{x^4}}`$
$`D_I\varphi =_I\varphi i[A_I,\varphi ]_{},`$ (32)
Here, $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^I`$ is the “canonical” noncommutative coordinate satisfying

$$\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2]_{}=1.$$
(33)
Its explicit form is

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1=\frac{2Rr}{\sqrt{r^2+R^2}}\mathrm{cos}\theta ,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2=\frac{2Rr}{\sqrt{r^2+R^2}}\mathrm{sin}\theta $$
(34)
for fuzzy $`S^2`$ (16),

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1=\frac{2Rr}{\sqrt{R^2r^2}}\mathrm{cos}\theta ,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2=\frac{2Rr}{\sqrt{R^2r^2}}\mathrm{sin}\theta $$
(35)
for fuzzy $`H^2`$ (23), and

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1=2r\mathrm{cos}\theta ,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2=2r\mathrm{sin}\theta $$
(36)
for fuzzy $`^2`$ (5). The action (31) is invariant under noncommutative $`U(1)`$ gauge transformation:

$$\delta _\lambda A_I=_I\lambda i[A_I,\lambda ]_{},\delta _\lambda \varphi =i[\varphi ,\lambda ]_{}.$$
(37)
The equations of motion of (31) are

$$D^IF_{IJ}=i[\varphi ,D_J\varphi ]_{},D^ID_I\varphi =0,$$
(38)
and we obtain a solution by solving the $`U(1)`$ noncommutative BPS equation:

$$B_I=D_I\varphi ,I=1,2,3,_4=0,A_4=0,B_I:=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^{IJK}\left(F_{JK}+\frac{J_{JK}}{\mathrm{}}\right).$$
(39)
Under the ansatz

$`A_1+iA_2=if_A(l,x^3)(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1+i\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2),A_3=0,`$
$`\varphi =f(l,x^3),l:=\sqrt{(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1)^2+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2)^2+(x^3)^2},`$ (40)
eq.(39) can be rewritten as

$`_3G^{(m)}4_Lf^{(m)}={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}2n+k=m,\\ n1\end{array}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{4_L^{2n+1}f^{(k)}}{(2n+1)!}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}2n+k+k^{}\\ =m1\end{array}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{4G^{(k^{})}_L^{2n+1}f^{(k)}}{(2n+1)!}},`$
$`_3f^{(m)}_L(LG^{(m)})={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}2n+k=m,\\ n1\end{array}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{_L^{2n+1}(LG^{(k)})}{(2n+1)!}}`$ (41)
with

$$L:=(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1)^2+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2)^2,f=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{}^kf^{(k)},\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}+f_A\right)^2=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{}^kG^{(k)}.$$
(42)
We can solve eq.(6) order by order in $`\mathrm{}`$, and we get

$`f={\displaystyle \frac{g}{l}}+\mathrm{}g^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{2x^3}{l^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l^3}}\right)+\mathrm{}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{8g^3x^3}{l^6}}{\displaystyle \frac{g}{4l^5}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{5g}{8}}+10g^3\right){\displaystyle \frac{(x^3)^2}{l^7}}\right)+𝒪(\mathrm{}^3),`$
$`f_A={\displaystyle \frac{g}{l(l+x^3)}}+\mathrm{}g^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{l^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l^3(l+x^3)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2l^2(l+x^3)^2}}\right)`$
$`+\mathrm{}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{8g^3}{l^6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4g^3}{l^5(l+x^3)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g^3}{l^4(l+x^3)^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g^3}{2l^3(l+x^3)^3}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{5g}{8}}+10g^3\right){\displaystyle \frac{x^3}{l^7}}\right)+𝒪(\mathrm{}^3),`$
as a solution such that it becomes the $`U(1)`$ Dirac monopole in the commutative limit (i.e., $`\mathrm{}0`$). In the fuzzy $`^2`$ case (36), the $`𝒪(\mathrm{})`$ terms coincide with those in  which solved the equations of motion with the usual Moyal product.

## 7 Conclusion and discussion

In this paper we have presented explicit construction of $``$ products on two dimensional constant curvature spaces $`S^2,H^2`$ and $`^2`$. We have found that the algebras of the $``$ products represent fuzzy $`S^2,H^2`$ and $`^2`$ because the commutators of the $``$ product form $`su(2),su(1,1)`$ and Heisenberg algebra respectively. The commutators $`[z,\overline{z}]_{}`$ for fuzzy $`S^2`$ and $`H^2`$ are reduced to that of fuzzy $`^2`$ in the large $`R`$ limit. In this sense, fuzzy $`S^2`$ and $`H^2`$ approach to fuzzy $`^2`$ as $`R\mathrm{}`$. This is consistent with usual commutative picture.

In §6 we applied explicit form of our $``$ products to $`U(1)`$ noncommutative BPS equation (39), and obtained its solution to $`𝒪(\mathrm{}^2)`$. In eq.(39) the $``$ product appears only in the commutator $`[,]_{}`$. Therefore, eq.(39) is solved unifiedly for fuzzy $`S^2,H^2`$ and $`^2`$ by using “canonical” noncommutative coordinate $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^I`$ (33). In other words, we can get a solution of eq.(39) even if the definition of $``$ is different as long as we use “canonical” noncommutative coordinate $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^I`$ for the $``$ product.

To study the effects of the difference of $``$ products themselves, we should consider noncommutative equations containing “bare” $``$ products. Its typical example is $`\varphi \varphi =\varphi `$ which is essentially the equation for noncommutative soliton . Even for the $`^2`$ case, the $``$ product which we get here is different from the usual Moyal product, and hence $`\varphi \mathrm{exp}(r^2)`$ is not a solution777 In the case of the Moyal product, this is a solution.  of $`\varphi \varphi =\varphi `$. It is a future problem to find an explicit solution of it and to investigate its meaning.

For fuzzy $`S^2`$, $``$ product is usually defined by using representation matrix of $`su(2)`$ and spherical harmonic function, and depends on the size of matrix. On the other hand our $``$ product depends on the deformation parameter $`\mathrm{}`$, so they are very different in appearance. It is also a future problem to study an explicit relation between them. If the relation becomes clear, our $``$ product may give some suggestions to string theory in the literature  for example.

## Acknowledgements

We would like to thank T. Asakawa, S. Goto, H. Hata, H. Kawai, S. Moriyama and S. Terashima for valuable discussions and comments. This work is supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (#9858) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.