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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Classifying integrable systems solvable in the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method  by underlying dynamical symmetry algebras, one could say that the Gaudin models are the simplest ones being related to loop algebras and classical $`r`$-matrices. More sophisticated solvable models correspond to Yangians, quantum affine algebras, elliptic quantum groups, etc.

Gaudin models  are related to classical $`r`$-matrices, and the density of Gaudin hamiltonians

$$H^{(a)}=\underset{ba}{}r_{ab}(z_az_b)$$
(1.1)
coincides with the $`r`$-matrix. Condition of their commutativity $`[H^{(a)},H^{(b)}]=0`$ is nothing else but the classical Yang-Baxter equation (YBE).

The Gaudin models (GM) associated to classical $`r`$-matrices of simple Lie algebras were studied in many papers (see  and references therein). The spectrum and eigenfunctions were found using different methods (coordinate and algebraic Bethe Ansatz , separated variables , etc.). A relation to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation of conformal filed theory was established .

There are additional peculiarities of Gaudin models related to classical $`r`$-matrices based on Lie superalgebras due to $`Z_2`$-grading of representation spaces and operators. The study of the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant Gaudin model corresponding to the simplest non-trivial super-case of the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant $`r`$-matrix  started in . The spectrum of the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant Gaudin hamiltonians $`H^{(a)}`$ was given, antisymmetry property of their eigenstates was claimed, and a two site model was connected with some physically interesting one (a Dicke model).

The creation operators used in the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model coincide with one of the $`L`$-matrix entry . However, in the $`osp(1|2)`$ case, as we will show, the creation operators are complicated polynomials of the two generators $`X^+(\lambda )`$ and $`v^+(\mu )`$ of the loop superalgebra. We introduce $`B`$-operators belonging to the Borel subalgebra of the loop superalgebra $`(osp(1|2))`$ by a recurrence relation. Acting on the lowest spin vector (bare vacuum) the $`B`$-operators generate exact eigenstates of the Gaudin hamiltonians $`H^{(a)}`$, provided Bethe equations are imposed on parameters of the states. For this reason the $`B`$-operators are sometimes refereed to as the creation operators and the eigenstates as the Bethe vectors, or simply $`B`$-vectors. Furthermore, the recurrence relation is solved explicitly and the commutation relations between the $`B`$-operators and the generators of the loop superalgebra $`(osp(1|2))`$ as well as the generators of the global superalgebra $`osp(1|2)(osp(1|2))`$ are calculated. We prove that the constructed states are lowest spin vectors of the global finite dimensional superalgebra $`osp(1|2)`$, as it is the case for many invariant quantum integrable models . Moreover, a striking coincidence between the spectrum of the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant Gaudin hamiltonians of spin $`s`$ and the spectrum of the hamiltonians of the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model of the integer spin $`2s`$ is found.

A connection between the $`B`$-states, when the Bethe equations are not imposed on their parameters, of the Gaudin models for simple Lie algebras to the solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation was established in the papers . An explanation of this connection based on Wakimoto modules at critical level of the underlying affine algebra was given in . An explicit form of the Bethe vectors in the coordinate representation was given in both papers . The coordinate Bethe Ansatz for the $`B`$-states of the $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model is obtained in our paper as well. Using commutation relations between the $`B`$-operators and the transfer matrix $`t(\lambda )`$, as well as the hamiltonians $`H^{(a)}`$, we give an algebraic proof of the fact that explicitly constructed $`B`$-states yield a solution to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation corresponding to a super-conformal field theory. This connection permits us to calculate the norm of the eigenstates of the Gaudin hamiltonians. An analogous connection is expected between quantum $`osp(1|2)`$ spin system related to the graded Yang-Baxter equation  and quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation following the lines of . We point out possible modifications of the Gaudin hamiltonians and corresponding modifications of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation, similar to the case of the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model which was interpreted in  as a quantization of the Schlesinger system.

The norm and correlation functions of the $`sl(2)`$ invariant Gaudin model were evaluated in  using Gauss factorization of a group element and Riemann-Hilbert problem. The study of this problem for the Gaudin model based on the $`osp(1|2)`$ Lie superalgebra is in progress. However, we propose a formula for the scalar products of the Bethe states which is analogous to the $`sl(2)`$ case.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we review main data of the quantum $`osp(1|2)`$ spin system: the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant solution to the graded Yang-Baxter equation ($`R`$-matrix), monodromy matrix $`T(\lambda )`$, the transfer matrix $`t(\lambda )=\frac{1}{2}strT(\lambda )`$, its eigenvalues and the Bethe equations. The eigenvectors of this quantum integrable spin system can be constructed only by a complicated recurrence procedure  which is not given here. Nevertheless it is useful to remind the main data of the quantum integrable spin system because some characteristics of the corresponding Gaudin model can be obtained easily as a quasi-classical limit of these data. The $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model and its creation operators $`B_M`$ are discussed thoroughly in Section 3. Some of the most important properties of these operators are formulated and demonstrated: antisymmetry with respect to their arguments, commutation relations with the loop superalgebra generators, commutation relations with the generating function $`t(\lambda )`$ of the Gaudin hamiltonians, a differential identity, valid in the case of the Gaudin realization of the loop superalgebra. Using these properties of the $`B`$-operators we prove in Section 4 that acting on the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ these operators generate eigenvectors of the generating function of integrals of motion, provided the Bethe equations are imposed on the arguments of the $`B`$-operators. Possible modifications of the Gaudin hamiltonians are pointed out, also. An algebraic proof is given in Section 5 that constructed Bethe vectors are entering into solutions of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation of super-conformal field theory. Quasi-classical asymptotic with respect to a parameter of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation permits us to calculate the norm of the eigenstates of the Gaudin hamiltonian. Further development on possible evaluation of correlation functions is discussed in Conclusion.

## 2 $`OSp(1|2)`$-invariant $`R`$-matrix

Many properties of the Gaudin models can be obtained as a quasi-classical limit of the corresponding quantum spin systems related to solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation

$$R_{12}(\lambda \mu )R_{13}(\lambda \nu )R_{23}(\mu \nu )=R_{23}(\mu \nu )R_{13}(\lambda \nu )R_{12}(\lambda \mu ),$$
(2.1)
here the standard notation of the quantum inverse scattering method  is used to denote spaces $`V_j,j=1,2,3`$ on which corresponding $`R`$-matrices $`R_{ij},ij=12,13,23`$ act non-trivially. In the quasi-classical limit $`\eta 0`$

$$R(\lambda ;\eta )=I+\eta r(\lambda )+𝒪(\eta ^2),$$

some relations simplify and therefore can be solved explicitly providing more detailed results for the Gaudin model.

The graded Yang-Baxter equation  differs from the usual Yang-Baxter equation (2.1) by some sign factors due to the embedding of $`R`$-matrix into the space of matrices acting on the $`Z_2`$-graded tensor product $`V_1V_2V_3`$. At this point our aim is to reach fundamental $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant solution. The rank of the orthosymplectic Lie algebra $`osp(1|2)`$ is one and its dimension is five. The three even generators are $`h,X^+,X^{}`$ and the two odd generators are $`v^+,v^{}`$ . The (graded) commutation relations between the generators are

$$\begin{array}{cc}[h,X^\pm ]=\pm 2X^\pm ,& [X^+,X^{}]=h,\\ [h,v^\pm ]=\pm v^\pm ,& [v^+,v^{}]_+=h,\\ [X^{},v^\pm ]=v^{},& [v^\pm ,v^\pm ]_+=\pm 2X^\pm ,\end{array}$$
(2.2)
together with $`[X^\pm ,v^\pm ]=0`$. Notice that the generators $`h`$ and $`v^\pm `$ considered here (2.2) differ by a factor of 2 from the ones used in . Thus the Casimir element is

$`c_2`$ $`=`$ $`h^2+2\left(X^+X^{}+X^{}X^+\right)+\left(v^+v^{}v^{}v^+\right)`$ (2.3)
$`=`$ $`h^2h+4X^+X^{}+2v^+v^{}.`$
For further comparison with the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model  and due to the chosen set of generators (2.2) we parameterize the finite dimensional irreducible representations $`V^{(l)}`$ of the $`osp(1|2)`$ Lie superalgebra by an integer $`l`$, so that their dimensions $`2l+1`$ and the values of the Casimir element (2.3) $`c_2=l(l+1)`$ coincide with the same characteristics of the integer spin $`l`$ irreducible representations of $`sl(2)`$.

We proceed to write down the $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant solution of the graded Yang-Baxter equation and the main data of the corresponding quantum spin system: the $`L`$-operator, the transfer matrix $`t(\lambda )`$, the eigenvalue of the generating function of the integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ and the Bethe equations.

The fundamental irreducible representation $`V`$ of $`osp(1|2)`$ is three dimensional. We choose a gradation (parity) of the basis vectors $`e_j;j=1,2,3`$ to be $`(0,1,0)`$.

The invariant $`R`$-matrix is a linear combination

$$R=\lambda \left(\lambda +\frac{3\eta }{2}\right)I+\eta \left(\lambda +\frac{3\eta }{2}\right)𝒫\eta \lambda K,$$
(2.4)
of the three $`OSp(1|2)`$ group invariant operators

$$[gg,X]=0,gOSp(1|2),X\mathrm{End}(VV),$$
(2.5)
acting on $`VV`$: the identity $`I`$, the permutation $`𝒫`$ and a rank one projector $`K`$. In the equation (2.4) $`\lambda `$ is the spectral parameter, and $`\eta `$ is a quasi-classical parameter.

Using the projectors on the irreducible representation components in the Clebsch-Gordan decomposition $`VV=V^{(2)}V^{(1)}V^{(0)}`$

$$P_2=\frac{1}{2}\left(I+𝒫\right),P_1=\frac{1}{2}\left(I𝒫2K\right),P_0=K,$$
(2.6)
one can represent the $`R`$-matrix (2.4) in the form

$$R(\lambda ,\eta )=\left(\lambda +\eta \right)\left(\lambda +\frac{3\eta }{2}\right)\left(P_2+\frac{\lambda \eta }{\lambda +\eta }P_1+\frac{\lambda 3\eta /2}{\lambda +3\eta /2}P_0\right)$$
(2.7)
Deforming these projectors to the quantum superalgebra $`osp_q(1|2)`$ projectors  $`P_iP_i(q)`$ and substituting rational functions by trigonometric ones $`(\lambda \pm \eta )\mathrm{sinh}(\lambda \pm \eta )`$, one arrives to a trigonometric solution to the graded Yang-Baxter equation, in the braid group form, and corresponding anisotropic models .

The $`L`$-operator of the quantum spin system on a one-dimensional lattice with $`N`$ sites coincides with $`R`$-matrix acting on a tensor product $`V_0V_a`$ of auxiliary space $`V_0`$ and the space of states at site $`a=1,2,\mathrm{}N`$

$$L_{0a}(\lambda z_a)=R_{0a}(\lambda z_a),$$
(2.8)
where $`z_a`$ is a parameter of inhomogeneity (site dependence) . Corresponding monodromy matrix $`T`$ is an ordered product of the $`L`$-operators

$$T(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N)=L_{0N}(\lambda z_N)\mathrm{}L_{01}(\lambda z_1)=\underset{}{\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}L_{0a}(\lambda z_a).$$
(2.9)
The commutation relations of the $`T`$-matrix entries follow from the FRT-relation

$$R_{12}(\lambda \mu )T_1(\lambda )T_2(\mu )=T_2(\mu )T_1(\lambda )R_{12}(\lambda \mu ).$$
(2.10)
Multiplying (2.10) by $`R_{12}^1`$ and taking the super-trace over $`V_1V_2`$, one gets commutativity of the transfer matrix

$$t(\lambda )=\underset{j}{}(1)^{j+1}T_{jj}(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N)=T_{11}T_{22}+T_{33}$$
(2.11)
for different values of the spectral parameter $`t(\lambda )t(\mu )=t(\mu )t(\lambda )`$.

The choice of the $`L`$-operators (2.8) corresponds to the following space of states of the $`osp(1|2)`$-spin system

$$=\underset{a=1}{\stackrel{N}{}}V_a.$$

The eigenvalue of the transfer matrix $`t(\lambda )`$ in this space is

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_1^M)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _1^{(N)}(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}S_1(\lambda \mu _j)\alpha _2^{(N)}(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N)\times `$ (2.12)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}S_1\left(\lambda \mu _j+{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{2}}\right)S_1(\lambda \mu _j+\eta )+`$
$`+`$ $`\alpha _3^{(N)}(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}S_1\left(\lambda \mu _j+{\displaystyle \frac{3\eta }{2}}\right),`$
where $`\alpha _j^{(N)}(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N)=_{b=1}^N\alpha _j(\lambda z_b);j=1,2,3,`$

$`\alpha _1(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\lambda +\eta \right)\left(\lambda +3\eta /2\right),\alpha _2(\lambda )=\lambda \left(\lambda +3\eta /2\right),`$
$`\alpha _3(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \left(\lambda +\eta /2\right),S_n(\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{\mu n\eta /2}{\mu +n\eta /2}}.`$ (2.13)
Although according to (2.12) the eigenvalue has formally two sets of poles at $`\lambda =\mu _j\eta /2`$ and $`\lambda =\mu _j\eta `$, the corresponding residues are zero due to the Bethe equations

$$\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(\frac{\mu _jz_a+\eta /2}{\mu _jz_a\eta /2}\right)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{}}S_1(\mu _j\mu _k)S_2(\mu _j\mu _k).$$
(2.14)
If we take different spins $`l_a`$ at different sites of the lattice and the following space of states

$$=\underset{a=1}{\stackrel{N}{}}V_a^{(l_a)},$$

then the factors on the left hand side of (2.14) will be spin dependent too

$$\frac{\mu _jz_a+\eta l_a/2}{\mu _jz_a\eta l_a/2}.$$

The $`osp(1|2)`$ invariant $`R`$-matrix (2.4) has more complicated structure than the $`sl(2)`$ invariant $`R`$-matrix of C. N. Yang $`R=\lambda I+\eta 𝒫`$. As a consequence the commutation relations of the entries $`T_{ij}(\lambda )`$ of the $`T`$-matrix (2.9) are more complicated and construction of the eigenstates of the transfer matrix $`t(\lambda )`$ by the algebraic Bethe Ansatz can be done only using a complicated recurrence relation expressed in terms of $`T_{ij}(\mu _k)`$  (see also  for the case of $`osp(1|2)`$). It will be shown below that due to a simplification of this relation in the quasi-classical limit $`\eta 0`$ one can solve it and find the creation operators for the $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model explicitly. Furthermore, the commutation relations between the creation operators and the generators of the loop superalgebra as well as the generating function $`t(\lambda )`$ of the Gaudin hamiltonians will be given explicitly.

## 3 $`OSp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model and corresponding creation operators

As in the case of any simple Lie algebra, the classical $`r`$-matrix of the orthosymplectic Lie algebra $`osp(1|2)`$ can be expressed in a pure algebraic form using (reduced) Casimir element in the tensor product $`osp(1|2)osp(1|2)`$

$`\widehat{r}\left(\lambda \right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda }}c_2^{},`$ (3.1)
$`c_2^{}=hh+2\left(X^+X^{}+X^{}X^+\right)+\left(v^+v^{}v^{}v^+\right).`$
The matrix form of the Casimir element $`\widehat{r}`$ in the fundamental representation $`\pi `$ of $`osp(1|2)`$ follows from (3.1) by substituting appropriate $`3\times 3`$ matrices instead of the $`osp(1|2)`$ generators (2.2)  and taking into account $`Z_2`$-graded tensor product of even and odd matrices . Alternatively, the same matrix form of $`\widehat{r}`$ can be obtained as a term linear in $`\eta `$ in the quasi-classical expansion of (2.4), (2.7)

$$r(\lambda )=\frac{1}{\lambda }\left(𝒫K\right),$$

where $`𝒫`$ is a graded permutation matrix and $`K`$ is a rank one projector. Let us write explicitly the matrix form of $`r_0=𝒫K`$ in the basis $`e_1e_1,e_1e_2,e_1e_3,\mathrm{},e_3e_3`$ of the tensor product of two copies of the fundamental representation $`VV`$

$$r_0=\lambda r(\lambda )=𝒫K=\left(\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & & & & & & & \\ & 0& & 1& & & & & \\ & & 1& & 1& & 2& & \\ & 1& & 0& & & & & \\ & & 1& & 0& & 1& & \\ & & & & & 0& & 1& \\ & & 2& & 1& & 1& & \\ & & & & & 1& & 0& \\ & & & & & & & & 1\end{array}\right)$$
(3.2)
with all the other entries of this $`9\times 9`$ matrix being identically equal to zero.

A quasi-classical limit $`\eta 0`$ of the FRT-relations (2.10) results in a matrix form of the loop superalgebra relation $`(T(\lambda ;\eta )=I+\eta L(\lambda )+𝒪(\eta ^2))`$

$$[\underset{1}{𝐿}(\lambda ),\underset{2}{𝐿}(\mu )]=[r_{12}(\lambda \mu ),\underset{1}{𝐿}(\lambda )+\underset{2}{𝐿}(\mu )].$$
(3.3)
Both sides of this relation have the usual commutators of even $`9\times 9`$ matrices $`\underset{1}{𝐿}(\lambda )=L(\lambda )I_3`$, $`\underset{2}{𝐿}(\mu )=I_3L(\mu )`$ and $`r_{12}(\lambda \mu )`$, where $`I_3`$ is $`3\times 3`$ unit matrix and $`L(\lambda )`$ has loop superalgebra valued entries:

$$L(\lambda )=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}h(\lambda )& v^{}(\lambda )& 2X^{}(\lambda )\\ v^+(\lambda )& 0& v^{}(\lambda )\\ 2X^+(\lambda )& v^+(\lambda )& h(\lambda )\end{array}\right)$$
(3.4)
The relation (3.3) is a compact matrix form of the following commutation relations between the generators $`h(\lambda ),v^\pm (\mu ),X^\pm (\nu )`$ of the loop superalgebra under consideration

$`[h(\lambda ),X^\pm (\mu )]=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}{\displaystyle \frac{X^\pm (\lambda )X^\pm (\mu )}{\lambda \mu }}`$ $`[h(\lambda ),v^\pm (\mu )]={\displaystyle \frac{v^\pm (\lambda )v^\pm (\mu )}{\lambda \mu }},`$
$`[X^+(\lambda ),X^{}(\mu )]={\displaystyle \frac{h(\lambda )h(\mu )}{\lambda \mu }}`$ $`[X^\pm (\lambda ),v^{}(\mu )]={\displaystyle \frac{v^\pm (\lambda )v^\pm (\mu )}{\lambda \mu }},`$
$`[v^+(\lambda ),v^{}(\mu )]_+={\displaystyle \frac{h(\lambda )h(\mu )}{\lambda \mu }}`$ $`[v^\pm (\lambda ),v^\pm (\mu )]_+=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}{\displaystyle \frac{X^\pm (\lambda )X^\pm (\mu )}{\lambda \mu }},`$
together with $`[X^\pm (\lambda ),v^\pm (\mu )]=0`$.

Actually these commutation relations (3) define the positive part $`_+(osp(1|2))`$ of the loop superalgebra. The usual generators $`Y_n`$ of a loop algebra parameterized by non-negative integer, are obtained from the expansion of $`Y(\lambda )`$

$$Y(\lambda )=\underset{n0}{}\frac{Y_n}{\lambda ^{n+1}}.$$

In particular, taking all $`Y_n=0`$ for $`n>0`$ one gets an $`L`$-operator $`L(\lambda )=L_0/\lambda `$, where $`L_0`$ is $`osp(1|2)`$-valued matrix. This $`L_0`$ similar to $`r_0`$ satisfies cubic characteristic equation with the $`osp(1|2)`$ Casimir element (2.3) as coefficient

$`L_0^3+2L_0^2(c_21)L_0c_2I=0.`$ (3.6)
A Gaudin realization of the loop algebra (3) can be defined through the generators $`Y=(h,v^\pm ,X^\pm )`$

$`Y(\lambda )={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{Y_a}{\lambda z_a}},Y_a\mathrm{End}(V_a),`$ (3.7)
where $`Y_a`$ are $`osp(1|2)`$ generators in an irreducible representation $`V_a^{(l_a)}`$ of the lowest spin $`l_a`$ associated with each site $`a`$ . Then the $`L`$-operator (3.4) has the form

$`L(\lambda ;\{z_a\}_1^N)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{L_a}{\lambda z_a}},`$ (3.8)
here $`\{z_a\}_1^N`$ are parameters of the model (cf (2.8), (2.9)). It follows from the relation (3.8) that the first term in the asymptotic expansion near $`\lambda =\mathrm{}`$ defines generators of the global $`osp(1|2)_+(osp(1|2))`$

$`L_{gl}=\underset{\lambda \mathrm{}}{lim}\lambda L(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}L_a,`$ (3.9)
where

$$L_{gl}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}h_{gl}& v_{gl}^{}& 2X_{gl}^{}\\ v_{gl}^+& 0& v_{gl}^{}\\ 2X_{gl}^+& v_{gl}^+& h_{gl}\end{array}\right).$$
(3.10)
Moreover, from the equation (3.3) we get

$`[\underset{1}{L_{gl}},\underset{2}{𝐿}(\mu )]=[r_0,\underset{2}{𝐿}(\mu )],`$ (3.11)
here $`\underset{1}{L_{gl}}=L_{gl}I_3`$, e.g.$`[h_{gl},v^+(\mu )]=v^+(\mu )`$.

Let us consider the loop superalgebra $`_+(osp(1|2))`$ as the dynamical symmetry algebra, i.e. as the algebra of observables. In order to define a dynamical system besides the algebra of observables we need to specify a hamiltonian. It is a well-known fact that due to the $`r`$-matrix relation (3.3), the so-called Sklyanin linear brackets, the elements

$`t(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{str}L^2(\lambda )=h^2(\lambda )+2[X^+(\lambda ),X^{}(\lambda )]_++[v^+(\lambda ),v^{}(\lambda )]_{}`$ (3.12)
$`=`$ $`h^2(\lambda )+h^{}(\lambda )+4X^+(\lambda )X^{}(\lambda )+2v^+(\lambda )v^{}(\lambda )`$
commute for different values of the spectral parameter $`t(\lambda )t(\mu )=t(\mu )t(\lambda ).`$ Thus, $`t(\lambda )`$ can be considered as a generating function of integrals of motion.

It is straightforward to calculate the commutation relations between the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ and the generators of the loop algebra $`X^+(\mu )`$ and $`v^+(\mu )`$

$$[t(\lambda ),X^+(\mu )]=4\frac{X^+(\mu )h(\lambda )X^+(\lambda )h(\mu )}{\lambda \mu }\frac{v^+(\lambda )v^+(\mu )v^+(\mu )v^+(\lambda )}{\lambda \mu },$$
(3.13)
$$[t(\lambda ),v^+(\mu )]=2\frac{v^+(\mu )h(\lambda )v^+(\lambda )h(\mu )}{\lambda \mu }4\frac{X^+(\mu )v^{}(\lambda )X^+(\lambda )v^{}(\mu )}{\lambda \mu }.$$
(3.14)
These relations will be important for the proof of the lemma 3.6 as well as the proof of the main theorem.

A direct consequence of the equation (3.11) is an invariance of the generating function of integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ under the action of the global $`osp(1|2)`$

$$[t(\lambda ),L_{gl}]=0.$$
(3.15)
Preserving some generality we can consider the representation space $`_{ph}`$ of the dynamical algebra to be a lowest spin $`\rho (\lambda )`$ representation of the loop superalgebra with the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$

$$h(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=\rho (\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{},v^{}(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=0.$$
(3.16)
In particular, a representation of the Gaudin realization (3.8) can be obtained by considering irreducible representations $`V_a^{(l_a)}`$ of the Lie superalgebra $`osp(1|2)`$ defined by a spin $`l_a`$ and a lowest spin vector $`\omega _a`$ such that $`v_a^{}\omega _a=0`$ and $`h_a\omega _a=l_a\omega _a`$. Thus,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\omega _a,\text{and}\rho (\lambda )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{l_a}{\lambda z_a}.$$
(3.17)
It is a well-known fact in the theory of Gaudin models , that the Gaudin hamiltonian

$`H^{(a)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{c_2^{}(a,b)}{z_az_b}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z_az_b}}\left(h_ah_b+2\left(X_a^+X_b^{}+X_a^{}X_b^+\right)+\left(v_a^+v_b^{}v_a^{}v_b^+\right)\right)`$
can be obtained as the residue of the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ at the point $`\lambda =z_a`$ using the expansion

$`t(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{l_a(l_a+1)}{(\lambda z_a)^2}}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}{\displaystyle \frac{H^{(a)}}{\lambda z_a}}\right).`$ (3.19)
To construct the set of eigenstates of the generating function of integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ we have to define appropriate creation operators. The creation operators used in the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model coincide with one of the $`L`$-matrix entry . However, in the $`osp(1|2)`$ case the creation operators are complicated functions of the two generators of the loop superalgebra $`X^+(\lambda )`$ and $`v^+(\mu )`$.

###### Definition 3.1

Let $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ belong to the Borel subalgebra $``$ of the $`osp(1|2)`$ loop algebra $`_+\left(osp(1|2)\right)`$ such that

$$B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=v^+(\mu _1)B_{M1}(\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M)+2X^+(\mu _1)\underset{j=2}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{(1)^j}{\mu _1\mu _j}B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M),$$

with $`B_0=1,`$ $`B_1(\mu )=v^+(\mu )`$ and $`B_M=0`$ for $`M<0`$. The notation adopted here is that upper index of $`B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ means that the argument $`\mu _j`$ is omitted.

###### Remark 3.1

It may be useful to write down the explicit expressions for the first few creation operators

$$B_0=1,B_1(\mu )=v^+(\mu ),B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)=v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)+2\frac{X^+(\mu _1)}{\mu _1\mu _2},$$

$$B_3(\mu _1,\mu _2,\mu _3)=v^+(\mu _1)B_2(\mu _2,\mu _3)+2X^+(\mu _1)\left(\frac{v^+(\mu _3)}{\mu _1\mu _2}\frac{v^+(\mu _2)}{\mu _1\mu _3}\right),$$
(3.20)
$`B_4(\mu _1,\mu _2,\mu _3,\mu _4)`$ $`=`$ $`v^+(\mu _1)B_3(\mu _2,\mu _3,\mu _4)+2X^+(\mu _1)\times `$
$`\times \left({\displaystyle \frac{B_2(\mu _3,\mu _4)}{\mu _1\mu _2}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_2(\mu _2,\mu _4)}{\mu _1\mu _3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{B_2(\mu _2,\mu _3)}{\mu _1\mu _4}}\right)`$
The creation operators $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ together with $`h(\nu )`$ generate the Borel subalgebra $`_+`$. As we will show below, the $`B`$-operators are such that the Bethe vectors are generated by their action on the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ (3.16). To prove this result we will need some important properties of the $`B`$-operators which are summarized in the following seven lemmas.

###### Lemma 3.1

The creation operators $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ are antisymmetric functions of their arguments

$`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k,\mu _{k+1},\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ $`=`$ $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{k+1},\mu _k,\mathrm{},\mu _M),`$ (3.21)
here $`1k<M`$ and $`M2`$.

Sometimes an alternative formulation of the recurrence relation (3.1) can be useful.

###### Lemma 3.2

Alternatively, the recurrence relation (3.1) can be written in the following form

$`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ $`=`$ $`B_{M1}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})v^+(\mu _M)+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}}(1)^{Mj1}\times `$ (3.22)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _j)}{\mu _j\mu _M}}B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1}),`$
with $`B_0=1,`$ $`B_1(\mu )=v^+(\mu )`$ and $`B_N=0,`$ for $`N<0`$.

In the subsequent lemmas we will calculate the commutation relations between the generators of the loop superalgebra $`(osp(1|2))`$ and the $`B`$-operators. In order to simplify the formulas we will omit the arguments and denote the creation operator $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ by $`B_M`$. We suppose that it will not be difficult to restore the appropriate set of arguments.

###### Lemma 3.3

The commutation relations between the generator $`v^+(\lambda )`$ of the loop superalgebra and the creation operator $`B_M`$ are given by

$`v^+(\lambda )B_M`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^MB_Mv^+(\lambda )+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}(1)^j{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\lambda )X^+(\mu _j)}{\lambda \mu _j}}B_{M1}^{(j)},`$ (3.23)
here as in the previous lemma the upper index of $`B_{M1}^{(j)}`$ means that the argument $`\mu _j`$ is omitted.

###### Lemma 3.4

The generator $`h(\nu )`$ has the following commutation relation with the $`B_M`$ elements

$`h(\lambda )B_M`$ $`=`$ $`B_M\left(h(\lambda )+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda \mu _i}}\right)`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^i}{\lambda \mu _i}}\left(v^+(\lambda )B_{M1}^{(i)}+2X^+(\lambda ){\displaystyle \underset{ji}{\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{j+\mathrm{\Theta }(ij)}}{\mu _i\mu _j}}B_{M2}^{(i,j)}\right),`$
here $`\mathrm{\Theta }(j)`$ is Heaviside function

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(j)=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }j>0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }j0\hfill \end{array},$$

and the meaning of the upper indices of $`B_{M2}^{(i,j)}`$ is that the parameters $`\mu _i,\mu _j`$ are omitted.

###### Lemma 3.5

The generator $`v^{}(\lambda )`$ of the loop superalgebra has the following commutation relation with the $`B`$-operators

$`v^{}(\lambda )B_M=(1)^MB_Mv^{}(\lambda )+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}(1)^{j1}B_{M1}^{(j)}({\displaystyle \frac{h(\lambda )h(\mu _j)}{\lambda \mu _j}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\lambda \mu _k)(\mu _k\mu _j)}})+v^+(\lambda ){\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}}(1)^{ij1}{\displaystyle \frac{B_{M2}^{(i,j)}}{\mu _i\mu _j}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda \mu _i}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda \mu _j}}).`$
Already at this point we can make some useful observations.

###### Remark 3.2

The commutation relations between the generators of the global $`osp(1|2)`$ (3.10) and the $`B_M`$ elements follow from the lemmas 3.3–5. To see this we multiply (3.23), (3.4) and (3.5) by $`\lambda `$ and then take the limit $`\lambda \mathrm{}`$. In this way we obtain

$`v_{gl}^+B_M`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^MB_Mv_{gl}^+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}(1)^jX^+(\mu _j)B_{M1}^{(j)},`$ (3.26)
$`h_{gl}B_M`$ $`=`$ $`B_M\left(h_{gl}+M\right),`$ (3.27)
$`v_{gl}^{}B_M`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^MB_Mv_{gl}^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}(1)^jB_{M1}^{(j)}\left(h(\mu _j)+{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}}\right).`$ (3.28)
The subsequent lemma is one of the most important results. The proof of the main theorem is based on the following.

###### Lemma 3.6

The generating function of integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ (3.12) has the following commutation relation with the creation operator $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$

$`t(\lambda )B_M`$ $`=`$ $`B_Mt(\lambda )+2B_M\left(h(\lambda ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda \mu _i}}+{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{\underset{i,j=1}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\lambda \mu _i)(\lambda \mu _j)}}\right)`$ (3.29)
$`+`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^i}{\lambda \mu _i}}\left(v^+(\lambda )B_{M1}^{(i)}+2X^+(\lambda ){\displaystyle \underset{ji}{\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{j+\mathrm{\Theta }(ij)}}{\mu _i\mu _j}}B_{M2}^{(i,j)}\right)\widehat{\beta }_M(\mu _i)`$
$`+`$ $`4{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^i}{\lambda \mu _i}}B_{M1}^{(i)}\left(X^+(\lambda )v^{}(\mu _i)X^+(\mu _i)v^{}(\lambda )\right).`$
Here we use the following notation for the operator

$$\widehat{\beta }_M(\mu _i)=h(\mu _i)+\underset{ji}{\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{}}}\frac{1}{\mu _i\mu _j}.$$

In the Gaudin realization (3.7) the creation operators $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ have some specific analytical properties.

###### Lemma 3.7

The $`B`$-operators in the Gaudin realization (3.7) satisfy an important differential identity

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{z_a}}B_M={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\mu _j}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{\mu _jz_a}}\left(v_a^+B_{M1}^{(j)}+2X_a^+{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{k+\mathrm{\Theta }(jk)}}{\mu _j\mu _k}}B_{M2}^{(j,k)}\right)\right).`$ (3.30)
This identity will be fundamental step in establishing a connection between the Bethe vectors and the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation.

The proofs of the lemmas are based on the induction method. As illustrations, we prove explicitly lemma 3.1 and lemma 3.3.

Proof of lemma 3.1. We prove the lemma 3.1 by induction. Consider $`M=2`$

$$B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)=v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)+2\frac{X^+(\mu _1)}{\mu _1\mu _2}.$$

Using the commutation relations (3) it is straightforward to check that $`B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)`$ is antisymmetric

$$B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)=B_2(\mu _2,\mu _1).$$

Assume $`B_N(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N)`$ is antisymmetric for $`M>N2`$. We have to prove that $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ is antisymmetric also.

Consider $`j2`$, the antisymmetry of $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ with respect to $`\mu _j`$ and $`\mu _{j+1}`$ follows directly form the recurrence relation (3.1) and our assumption. Namely, the terms $`B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M)/(\mu _1\mu _j)`$ and $`B_{M2}^{(j+1)}(\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M)/(\mu _1\mu _{j+1})`$ enter with the opposite sign.

Therefore we only have to show the antisymmetry of $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ with respect to the interchange of $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$. To see this we have to iterate the recurrence relation (3.1) twice and combine the appropriate terms

$`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)+2{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _1)}{\mu _1\mu _2}}\right)B_{M2}(\mu _3,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$
$`+`$ $`2v^+(\mu _1)X^+(\mu _2){\displaystyle \underset{j=3}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{j+1}}{\mu _2\mu _j}}B_{M3}^{(j)}(\mu _3,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$
$`+`$ $`2v^+(\mu _2)X^+(\mu _1){\displaystyle \underset{j=3}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{\mu _1\mu _j}}B_{M3}^{(j)}(\mu _3,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$
$`+`$ $`4X^+(\mu _1)X^+(\mu _2){\displaystyle \underset{j=3}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{\mu _1\mu _j}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=3}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{k+\mathrm{\Theta }(jk)}}{\mu _2\mu _k}}B_{M4}^{(j,k)}(\mu _3,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$
where $`B_{M4}^{(j,k)}(\mu _3,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ means that the arguments $`\mu _j`$ and $`\mu _k`$ are omitted. Since $`v^+(\mu )`$ commutes with $`X^+(\nu )`$, the antisymmetry of the right hand side of (3) with respect to $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ follows. Hence we have demonstrated the lemma. $`\mathrm{}`$

We proceed now to prove the lemma 3.3.

Proof of lemma 3.3. In particular, when $`M=1`$ the expression (3.23) is just the anticommutator between $`v^+(\lambda )`$ and $`v^+(\mu )`$. Using the recurrence relations (3.1) it is straightforward to check that the formula (3.23) holds for $`M=2`$

$`v^+(\lambda )B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)`$ $`=`$ $`B_2(\mu _1,\mu _2)v^+(\lambda )2{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\lambda )X^+(\mu _1)}{\lambda \mu _1}}v^+(\mu _2)`$ (3.32)
$`+`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\lambda )X^+(\mu _2)}{\lambda \mu _2}}v^+(\mu _1).`$
Therefore we can proceed to demonstrate the lemma 3.3 by induction. Assume that the relation (3.23) holds for $`B_N`$, $`MN2`$. Then we have to show the formula (3.23) is valid for $`M+1`$. We use the recurrence relations (3.1) to write

$`v^+(\lambda )B_{M+1}`$ $`=`$ $`v^+(\lambda )\left(v^+(\mu _1)B_M+2X^+(\mu _1){\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{M+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{\mu _1\mu _j}}B_{M1}^{(j)}\right)`$ (3.33)
$`=`$ $`v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\lambda )B_M2{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\lambda )X^+(\mu _1)}{\lambda \mu _1}}B_M`$
$`+`$ $`2X^+(\mu _1){\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{M+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^j}{\mu _1\mu _j}}v^+(\lambda )B_{M1}^{(j)}.`$
Now we can substitute the expressions for $`v^+(\lambda )B_M`$ and $`v^+(\lambda )B_{M1}^{(j)}`$. After rearranging the terms in an appropriate way we have

$`v^+(\lambda )B_{M+1}`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^{M+1}B_{M+1}v^+(\lambda )+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M+1}{}}}(1)^j{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\lambda )X^+(\mu _j)}{\lambda \mu _j}}B_M^{(j)}.`$
This completes the proof of the lemma. $`\mathrm{}`$

Subsequently we demonstrate the lemma 3.2.

Proof of lemma 3.2. The first step in this proof is to use the antisymmetry property lemma 3.1. The second step is to use the defining recurrence relations. Then we use the lemma 3.3 and finally after some cancellations we get the right hand side of the equation (3.22).

$`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)\stackrel{(3.22)}{=}(1)^{M1}B_M(\mu _M,\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})\stackrel{(3.20)}{=}(1)^{M1}v^+(\mu _M)\times `$
$`\times B_{M1}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})+(1)^{M1}2X^+(\mu _M){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{j1}}{\mu _M\mu _j}}B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})`$
$`\stackrel{(3.24)}{=}B_{M1}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})v^+(\mu _M)+(1)^{M1}2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}}(1)^j{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _M)X^+(\mu _j)}{\mu _M\mu _j}}\times `$
$`\times B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})+(1)^{M1}2X^+(\mu _M){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{j1}}{\mu _M\mu _j}}B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})`$
$`=B_{M1}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})v^+(\mu _M)+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}}(1)^{Mj1}{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _j)}{\mu _j\mu _M}}B_{M2}^{(j)}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{M1})`$
$`\mathrm{}`$

The proofs of the other lemmas are analogous to the proofs of the lemmas 3.1 and 3.3. Since these proofs do not contain illuminating insights and are considerably longer than the two we have seen we will omit them.

The recurrence relation (3.1) can be solved explicitly. To be able to express the solution of the recurrence relation in a compact form it is useful to introduce a contraction operator $`d`$.

###### Definition 3.2

Let $`d`$ be a contraction operator whose action on an ordered product $`\stackrel{M}{\underset{}{\underset{j=1}{}}}v^+(\mu _j)`$, $`M2`$, is given by

$$d\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)\mathrm{}v^+(\mu _M)\right)=2\underset{j=1}{\overset{M1}{}}X^+(\mu _j)\underset{k=j+1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{(1)^{\sigma (jk)}}{\mu _j\mu _k}\underset{}{\underset{mj,k}{\overset{M}{}}}v^+(\mu _m),$$
(3.35)
where $`\sigma (jk)`$ is the parity of the permutation

$$\sigma :(1,2,\mathrm{},j,j+1,\mathrm{},k,\mathrm{},M)(1,2,\mathrm{},j,k,j+1,\mathrm{},M).$$

The $`d`$ operator can be applied on an ordered product $`\stackrel{M}{\underset{}{\underset{j=1}{}}}v^+(\mu _j)`$ consecutively several times. As an illustration, we explicitly apply the contraction operator $`d`$ two times in the case when $`M=4`$

$`d^2\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)v^+(\mu _3)v^+(\mu _4)\right)=d\left(d\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)v^+(\mu _3)v^+(\mu _4)\right)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`2X^+(\mu _1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _3)v^+(\mu _4)\right)}{\mu _1\mu _2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _2)v^+(\mu _4)\right)}{\mu _1\mu _3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _2)v^+(\mu _3)\right)}{\mu _1\mu _4}}\right)`$
$`+`$ $`2X^+(\mu _2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _4)\right)}{\mu _2\mu _3}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)\right)}{\mu _2\mu _4}}\right)+2X^+(\mu _3){\displaystyle \frac{d\left(v^+(\mu _1)v^+(\mu _2)\right)}{\mu _3\mu _4}}`$
$`=`$ $`8X^+(\mu _1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _3)}{(\mu _1\mu _2)(\mu _3\mu _4)}}{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _2)}{(\mu _1\mu _3)(\mu _2\mu _4)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{X^+(\mu _2)}{(\mu _1\mu _3)(\mu _2\mu _4)}}\right)`$
It follows that the contraction operator $`d`$ can be applied on an ordered product$`\stackrel{M}{\underset{}{\underset{j=1}{}}}v^+(\mu _j)`$ up to $`[M/2]`$ times consecutively. The symbol $`[M/2]`$ denotes the integer part of $`M/2`$.

###### Theorem 3.1

Explicit solution to the recurrence relation (3.1) is given by

$$B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=\underset{}{\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}v^+(\mu _j)+\underset{m=1}{\overset{[M/2]}{}}\frac{1}{m!}d^m\underset{}{\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}v^+(\mu _j),$$
(3.36)
here $`d`$ is the contraction operator defined above (3.35).

The properties of the creation operators $`B_M`$ studied in this Section will be fundamental tools in determining some of the most important characteristics of the $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model. Our primary interest is to obtain the spectrum and the eigenvectors of the generating function of integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ (3.12).

## 4 Spectrum of the $`OSp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model and its modifications

With the help of the creation operators $`B_M`$ it is possible to obtain the eigenvectors as well as the corresponding eigenvalues of the Gaudin hamiltonians. This result is a direct consequence of the following theorem.

###### Theorem 4.1

The lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ (3.16) is an eigenvector of the generating function of integrals of motion $`t(\lambda )`$ (3.12) with the corresponding eigenvalue $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\lambda )`$

$$t(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{},\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\lambda )=\rho ^2(\lambda )+\rho ^{}(\lambda ).$$
(4.1)
Furthermore, the action of the $`B`$-operators on the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ yields the eigenvectors

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)\mathrm{\Omega }_{},$$
(4.2)
of the $`t(\lambda )`$ operator

$$t(\lambda )\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M),$$
(4.3)
with the eigenvalues

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\lambda )+2\rho (\lambda )\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda \mu _k}+2\underset{k<l}{}\frac{1}{(\lambda \mu _k)(\lambda \mu _l)},$$
(4.4)
provided that the Bethe equations are imposed on the parameters $`\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M`$

$$\beta _M(\mu _j)=\rho (\mu _j)+\underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}=0.$$
(4.5)
Proof. The equation (4.1) can be checked by a direct substitution of the definitions of the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ and the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$, the equations (3.12) and (3.16), respectively.

To show the second part of the theorem, we use the equation (4.2) to express the Bethe vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$

$$t(\lambda )\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=t(\lambda )B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)\mathrm{\Omega }_{}.$$
(4.6)
Our next step is to use the lemma 3.6. and the definition of the lowest spin vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ the equation (3.16) in order to calculate the action of the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ on the Bethe vectors when the Bethe equations (4.5) are imposed

$$t(\lambda )B_M\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=B_Mt(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{}+2\left(\rho (\lambda )\underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda \mu _i}+\underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{(\lambda \mu _i)(\lambda \mu _j)}\right)B_M\mathrm{\Omega }_{}.$$
(4.7)
We can express the first term on the right hand side since we know how the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ acts on the vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$, the equation (4.1),

$$t(\lambda )B_M\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\lambda )+2\left(\rho (\lambda )\underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda \mu _i}+\underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{(\lambda \mu _i)(\lambda \mu _j)}\right)\right)B_M\mathrm{\Omega }_{}.$$
(4.8)
The eigenvalue equation (4.3) as well as the expression for the eigenvalues (4.4) follow from the equation (4.8). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 4.1

In the Gaudin realization of the loop superalgebra given by the equations (3.7) and (3.17) the Bethe vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ (4.2) are the eigenvectors of the Gaudin hamiltonians (3)

$$H^{(a)}\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=E_M^{(a)}\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M),$$
(4.9)
with the eigenvalues

$$E_M^{(a)}=\underset{ba}{\underset{b=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\frac{l_al_b}{z_az_b}+\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a},$$
(4.10)
when the Bethe equations are imposed

$$\beta _M(\mu _j)=\rho (\mu _j)+\underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a}+\underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}=0.$$
(4.11)
Proof. The statement of the corollary follows from residue of the equation (4.3) at the point $`\lambda =z_a`$. The residue can be determined using (3.19), (4.4) and (4.1). $`\mathrm{}`$

The eigenvalue (4.4) of the operator $`t(\lambda )`$ and the Bethe equations (4.5) can be obtained also as the appropriate terms in the quasi-classical limit $`\eta 0`$ of the expressions (2.12) and (2.14).

Comparing the eigenvalues $`E_M^{(a)}`$ (4.10) of the Gaudin hamiltonians and the Bethe equations (4.11) with the corresponding quantities of the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model  we arrive to an interesting observation.

###### Remark 4.1

The spectrum of the $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model with the spins $`l_a`$ coincides with the spectrum of the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin system for the integer spins (cf. an analogous observation for partition functions of corresponding anisotropic vertex models in ).

###### Remark 4.2

The Bethe vectors are eigenstates of the global generator $`h_{gl}`$

$$h_{gl}\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=\left(\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}l_a+M\right)\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M).$$
(4.12)
Moreover, these Bethe vectors are the lowest spin vectors of the global $`osp(1|2)`$ since they are annihilated by the generator $`v_{gl}^{}`$

$$v_{gl}^{}\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=0,$$
(4.13)
once the Bethe equations are imposed (4.11). These conclusions follow from the remark 3.2 the equations (3.27), (3.28) and the definition of the Bethe vectors (4.2).

Hence, action of the global generator $`v_{gl}^+`$ on the lowest spin vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)`$ generates a multiplet of eigenvectors of the operator $`t(\lambda )`$

$$\left(v_{gl}^+\right)^m\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M),m=1,2,\mathrm{},2\left(\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}l_aM\right).$$
(4.14)
One can repeat the arguments of  to demonstrate combinatorially completeness of the constructed states.

As was pointed out already in  for the $`sl(2)`$ case, there are several modifications of the hamiltonians (3). One of them is the Richardson’s pairing-force hamiltonian . These modifications can be formulated in the framework of universal L-operator and $`r`$-matrix formalism (3.3) .

Due to invariance of the $`r`$-matrix (3.1)

$`[r(\lambda ),YI+IY]=0,Yosp(1|2)`$ (4.15)
one can add to the L-operator any element of $`osp(1|2)`$

$`L(\lambda )\stackrel{~}{L}(\lambda )=gY+L(\lambda ),`$ (4.16)
preserving commutation relations (3.3). If we choose $`Y=h`$, then

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{str}\stackrel{~}{L}^2(\lambda )=t(\lambda )+2gh(\lambda )+g^2,`$ (4.17)
will have the commutativity property, i.e. $`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )\stackrel{~}{t}(\mu )=\stackrel{~}{t}(\mu )\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$. Hence we can take $`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$ to be the generating function of the (modified) integrals of motion

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{c_2(a)}{(\lambda z_a)^2}}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{H}^{(a)}}{\lambda z_a}}\right)+g^2,`$ (4.18)
$`\stackrel{~}{H}^{(a)}`$ $`=`$ $`gh_a+{\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{c_2^{}(a,b)}{z_az_b}}.`$ (4.19)
Notice that the global $`osp(1|2)`$ symmetry is now broken down to global $`u(1)`$

$`[\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda ),h_{gl}]`$ $`=`$ $`[\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda ),{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}h_a]=0.`$ (4.20)
In this case the eigenstates $`\mathrm{\Psi }_M`$ are generated by the same B-operators. However, corresponding eigenvalues and Bethe equations are now given by

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)+2g\rho (\lambda )+2g{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda \mu _j}}+g^2,`$ (4.21)
$`\stackrel{~}{E}_M^{(a)}`$ $`=`$ $`E_M^{(a)}+g(l_a),`$ (4.22)
$`g+{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}}.`$ (4.23)
The crucial step in the proof of these equations is the observation that the commutation relations between the operator $`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$ (4.17) and the creation operators $`B_M`$ are equal to the commutation relations (3.29) but with modified operator $`\widehat{\beta }_M(\mu _j)\widehat{\beta }_M(\mu _j)+g`$. To see this notice the similarity between the terms with $`v^+(\lambda )B_{M1}^{(i)}`$ operators and with $`X^+(\lambda )B_{M2}^{(i,j)}`$ operators in the lemma 3.4 the equation (3.4) and in the lemma 3.6 the equation (3.29).

Richardson like hamiltonian  can be obtained as a coefficient in the $`\lambda \mathrm{}`$ expansion

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`g^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2g}{\lambda }}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}h_a+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda ^2}}\left(2g{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}z_ah_a+c_2(gl)\right)+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda ^3}}).`$ (4.24)
The first coefficient in this expansion is $`h_{gl}`$, global $`u(1)`$ symmetry generator (4.20). Let us denote the second coefficient by $`2H_g`$. Using the global $`osp(1|2)`$ algebra generators one can write this hamiltonian in the form

$`H_g`$ $`=`$ $`g{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}z_ah_a+2X_{gl}^+X_{gl}^{}+v_{gl}^+v_{gl}^{},`$ (4.25)
where we have omitted the term $`h_{gl}(h_{gl}1)`$. The eigenvalues of the hamiltonian $`H_g`$ are given by

$$H_g\mathrm{\Psi }_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=E_g\mathrm{\Psi }_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M),E_g=\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}\mu _j\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}l_az_a.$$
(4.26)
A realization of the generators in terms of fermionic oscillators in the $`sl(2)`$ case yields Richardson hamiltonian . In the $`osp(1|2)`$ case, which we consider here, there are extra fermionic degrees of freedom due to the term $`v_{gl}^+v_{gl}^{}`$ and constraints $`(v_{gl}^\pm )^2=X^\pm `$.

One can realize Sklyanin bracket (3.3) using an L-operator with bosonic and fermionic oscillator entries

$$L_{osc}(\lambda )=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\lambda & \gamma & 2b\\ \gamma ^+& 0& \gamma \\ 2b^+& \gamma ^+& \lambda \end{array}\right),$$
(4.27)
where

$`[b,b^+]=1,[\gamma ,\gamma ^+]_+=1,\gamma ^2=(\gamma ^+)^2=0.`$ (4.28)
It is straightforward to see that the corresponding realization of the loop superalgebra will have only two nonzero commutators. Hence, one can consider a combination of Gaudin and oscillator realizations

$`\stackrel{~}{L}(\lambda )=L_{osc}(\lambda )+L(\lambda ).`$ (4.29)
Intergals of motion can be obtained using

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{str}\left(L_{osc}^2(\lambda )+2L_{osc}(\lambda )L(\lambda )+L^2(\lambda )\right)`$ (4.30)
$`=`$ $`t(\lambda )+\lambda ^2+2(bb^++b^+b)+(\gamma ^+\gamma \gamma \gamma ^+)`$
$`+`$ $`2\left(\lambda h(\lambda )+2\left(bX^+(\lambda )+b^+X^{}(\lambda )\right)+\left(\gamma ^+v^{}(\lambda )\gamma v^+(\lambda )\right)\right).`$
Correspoding B-operators can be constructed using

$`\stackrel{~}{v}^+(\lambda )=\gamma ^++v^+(\lambda ),`$ $`\stackrel{~}{X}^+(\lambda )=b^++X^+(\lambda ).`$ (4.31)
Finaly, the eigenvalues $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ and the Bethe equations are given by

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\lambda ;\{\mu _j\}_{j=1}^M)+2(\lambda \rho (\lambda )+1)+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda }{\lambda \mu _j}}+\lambda ^2`$ (4.32)
$`\mu _j+{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}}.`$ (4.33)
Further modifications can be obtained considering quasi-classical limit of the quantum spin system with non-periodic boundary conditions and corresponding reflection equation.

The expression of the eigenvector of a solvable model in terms of local variables parameterized by sites of the chain or by space coordinates is known as coordinate Bethe Ansatz . The coordinate representation of the Bethe vectors gives explicitly analytical dependece on the parameters $`\{\mu _i\}_1^M`$ and $`\{z_a\}_1^N`$ useful in a relation to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation (Section 5). Using the Gaudin realization (3.7) of the generators

$$v^+(\mu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{v_a^+}{\mu z_a},X^+(\mu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{X_a^+}{\mu z_a},$$

and the definition of the creation operators (3.36), one can get the coordinate representation of the $`B`$-operators:

$$B_M(\mu _1,\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _M)=\underset{\pi }{}\left(v_{a_1}^+\mathrm{}v_{a_M}^+\right)_\pi \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\phi (\{\mu _m^{(a)}\}_1^{𝒦_a};z_a),$$
(4.34)
where the first sum is taken over ordered partitions $`\pi `$ of the set $`(1,2,\mathrm{},M)`$ into subsets $`𝒦_a`$, $`a=1,2,\mathrm{},N`$, including empty subsets with the constraints

$$\underset{a}{}𝒦_a=(1,2,\mathrm{},M),𝒦_a𝒦_b=\mathrm{}\text{for}ab.$$

The corresponding subset of quasimomenta

$$\left(\mu _1^{(a)}=\mu _{j_1},\mu _2^{(a)}=\mu _{j_2},\mathrm{}\mu _{𝒦_a}^{(a)}=\mu _{j_{𝒦_a}};j_m𝒦_a\right),$$

where $`𝒦_a`$ is the cardinality of the subset $`𝒦_a`$, and $`j_k<j_{k+1}`$, entering into the coordinate wave function

$$\phi (\{\nu _m\}_1^𝒦;z)=\underset{\sigma 𝒮_𝒦}{}(1)^{p(\sigma )}\left((\nu _{\sigma (1)}\nu _{\sigma (2)})(\nu _{\sigma (2)}\nu _{\sigma (3)})\mathrm{}(\nu _𝒦z)\right)^1.$$

Due to the alternative sum over permutations $`\sigma 𝒮_𝒦`$ this functions is antisymmetric with respect to the quasi-momenta. Finally the first factor in (4.34)

$$\left(v_{a_1}^+\mathrm{}v_{a_M}^+\right)_\pi $$

means that for $`j_m𝒦_a`$ corresponding indices of $`v_{a_{j_m}}^+`$ are equal to $`a`$ so that $`v_{a_{j_m}}^+=v_a^+`$. One can collect these operators into product $`_{a=1}^N\left(v_a^+\right)^{𝒦_a}`$, consequently we have an extra sign factor $`(1)^{p(\pi )}`$.

This coordinate representation is similar to the representations obtained in  for the Gaudin models related to the simple Lie algebras (see also ). The $`Z_2`$-grading results in extra signs, while the complicated structure of the $`B_M`$-operators (for the $`sl(2)`$-GM they are just products of $`B_1`$-operators $`B_1(\mu _j)=X^+(\mu _j)`$ ) is connected with the fact that $`(v_j^+)^2=X_j^+0`$ while for $`jk`$ $`v_j^+`$ and $`v_k^+`$ anticommute.

## 5 Solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation

Correlation functions $`\psi (z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ of a two dimensional conformal field theory satisfy the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation

$`\kappa {\displaystyle \frac{}{z_a}}\psi (z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{Y_a^\alpha Y_b^\alpha }{z_az_b}}\right)\psi (z_1,\mathrm{},z_n),`$ (5.1)
where $`Y_a^\alpha `$ are generators of an orthonormal basis of a simple Lie algebra in a finite dimensional irreducible representation $`V_a`$ and $`\psi (z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ is a function of $`N`$ complex variables taking values in a tensor product $`\underset{a=1}{\stackrel{N}{}}V_a`$. The operator on the right hand side of (5.1) is a Gaudin hamiltonian (1.1).

A relation between the Bethe vectors of the Gaudin model related to simple Lie algebras and the solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation is well known for sometime . Approach used here to obtain solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation corresponding to super-conformal field theory and Lie superalgebra $`osp(1|2)`$ starting from B-vectors (4.2) is based on .

A solution in question is represented as a contour integral over the variables $`\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _M`$

$`\psi (z_1,\mathrm{}z_N)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \mathrm{}\varphi (\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})𝑑\mu _1\mathrm{}𝑑\mu _M},`$ (5.2)
where an integrating factor $`\varphi (\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})`$ is a scalar function

$`\varphi (\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}}(\mu _i\mu _j)^{\frac{1}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \underset{a<b}{\overset{N}{}}}(z_az_b)^{\frac{l_al_b}{\kappa }}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{c=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(\mu _kz_c)^{\frac{l_c}{\kappa }}\right),`$ (5.3)
and $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})`$ is a Bethe vector (4.2) where the corresponding Bethe equations are not imposed.

As a first step in the proof that $`\psi (z_1,\mathrm{}z_N)`$ given by (5.2) is a solution of (5.1) we differentiate the product $`\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }`$ with respect to $`z_a`$ and obtain

$`_{z_a}\left(\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }\right)=_{z_a}\left(\varphi \right)\mathrm{\Psi }+\varphi _{z_a}\left(\mathrm{\Psi }\right).`$ (5.4)
Using (5.3) the first term on the right hand side can be calculated explicitly

$`\kappa _{z_a}\varphi =({\displaystyle \underset{ba}{\underset{b=1}{\overset{N}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_al_b}{z_az_b}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_a}{z_a\mu _j}})\varphi =E_M^{(a)}\varphi .`$ (5.5)
Furthermore, taking a residue of (3.29) at $`\lambda =z_a`$ we have

$$H^{(a)}\mathrm{\Psi }=E_M^{(a)}\mathrm{\Psi }+\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{(1)^j}{z_a\mu _j}\beta _M(\mu _j)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(j,a)},$$
(5.6)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(j,a)}=\left(v_a^+B_{M1}^{(j)}+2X_a^+\underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{(1)^{k+\mathrm{\Theta }(jk)}}{\mu _j\mu _k}B_{M2}^{(j,k)}\right)\mathrm{\Omega }_{}.$$
(5.7)
Hence (5.4) can be written as

$$\kappa _{z_a}\left(\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }\right)=H^{(a)}\left(\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }\right)+\varphi \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}\frac{(1)^j}{\mu _jz_a}\beta _M(\mu _j)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(j,a)}+\kappa \varphi _{z_a}\left(\mathrm{\Psi }\right).$$
(5.8)
Moreover, from (5.3) we also have

$$\kappa _{\mu _j}\varphi =\left(\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a}+\underset{jk}{\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{}}}\frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}\right)\varphi =\beta _M(\mu _j)\varphi ,$$
(5.9)
and from the lemma 3.7 follows

$$_{z_a}\mathrm{\Psi }=\underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}(1)^j_{\mu _j}\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(j,a)}}{\mu _jz_a}\right)$$
(5.10)
Thus, using (5.9) and (5.10),

$$\kappa _{z_a}\left(\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }\right)=H^{(a)}\left(\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }\right)+\kappa \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}_{\mu _j}\left(\frac{(1)^j}{\mu _jz_a}\varphi \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}^{(j,a)}\right).$$
(5.11)
A closed contour integration of $`\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }`$ with respect to $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _M`$ will cancel the contribution from the terms under the sum in (5.11) and therefore $`\psi (z_1,\mathrm{}z_N)`$ given by (5.2) satisfies the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation.

Conjugated Bethe vectors $`(B_M\mathrm{\Omega }_{})^{}`$ are entering into the solution $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(z_1,\mathrm{}z_N)`$ of the dual Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation

$`\kappa {\displaystyle \frac{}{z_a}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)H^{(a)}.`$ (5.12)
The scalar product $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N),\psi (z_1,\mathrm{},z_N))`$ does not depend on $`\{z_j\}_1^N`$ and its quasi-classical limit $`\kappa 0`$ gives the norm of the Bethe vectors due to the fact that the stationary points of the contour integrals for $`\kappa 0`$ are solutions to the Bethe equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{S}{\mu _j}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_a}{\mu _jz_a}}+{\displaystyle \underset{jk}{\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu _j\mu _k}}=0,`$ (5.13)
$`S(\stackrel{}{\mu }|\stackrel{}{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \mathrm{ln}\varphi ={\displaystyle \underset{a<b}{\overset{N}{}}}l_al_b\mathrm{ln}(z_az_b)+{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}}\mathrm{ln}(\mu _i\mu _j){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}l_a\mathrm{ln}(z_a\mu _j).`$
According to the remark in the end of Section 4 analytical properties of the Bethe vectors of the $`osp(1|2)`$ Gaudin model coincide with the analytical properties of the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model. Thus, the expression for the norm of the Bethe vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ (4.2) obtained as the first term in the asymptotic expansion $`\kappa 0`$ coincides also

$`(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })=det\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2S}{\mu _j\mu _k}}\right),`$ (5.15)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2S}{\mu _j^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_a}{(\mu _jz_a)^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\mu _j\mu _k)^2}},{\displaystyle \frac{^2S}{\mu _j\mu _k}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\mu _j\mu _k)^2}},\text{for }jk.`$
Finally we notice that the modification of the Gaudin hamiltonians we discussed at the end of the previous Section can be easily transfered to the corresponding modification of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations. The modification (4.16) for the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model was studied in  as a quantization of the Schlesinger system (see also ). Both modifications are related with extra factors in the integrating scalar function (5.3)

$$\varphi _j=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{S_j}{\kappa }\right),j=0,1,2,$$
(5.17)
where $`S_0=S`$ (5) and

$`S_1`$ $`=`$ $`S_0+g{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}\mu _jg{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}l_az_a,`$ (5.18)
$`S_2`$ $`=`$ $`S_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M}{}}}\mu _j^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}l_az_a^2,`$ (5.19)
correspond to the first (4.16) and second (4.29) modification respectively.

## 6 Conclusion

The Gaudin model corresponding to the simplest non-trivial Lie superalgebra $`osp(1|2)`$ was studied. A striking similarity between some of the most fundamental characteristics of this system and the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model was found. Although explicitly constructed creation operators $`B_M`$ (3.36) of the Bethe vectors are complicated polynomials of the $`L`$-operator entries $`v^+(\lambda )`$ and $`X^+(\lambda )`$, the coordinate form of the eigenfunctions differs only in signs from the corresponding states in the case of $`sl(2)`$ model. Moreover, the eigenvalues and the Bethe equations coincide, provided that the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model with integer spins is considered.

Let us point out that by the method proposed in this paper one can construct explicitly creation operators of the Gaudin models related to trigonometric Izergin-Korepin $`r`$-matrix  and trigonometric $`osp(1|2)`$ $`r`$-matrix  which have the same matrix structure as (3.2). Similarly to the simple Lie algebra case solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation were constructed from the Bethe vectors using algebraic properties of the creation operators $`B_M`$ and the Gaudin realization of the loop superalgebra $`_+(osp(1|2))`$. This interplay between the Gaudin model and the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation enabled us to determine the norm of eigenfunctions of the Gaudin hamiltonians

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(\mu _1,\mathrm{}\mu _M;\{z_a\}_1^N)^2=det\left(\frac{^2S}{\mu _j\mu _k}\right).$$

The difficult problem of correlation function calculation for general Bethe vectors

$$𝒞(\{\nu _j\}_1^M;\{\mu _i\}_1^M;\{\lambda _k\}_1^K)=(\mathrm{\Omega }_{},B_M^{}(\nu _1,\mathrm{}\nu _M)\underset{k=1}{\overset{K}{}}h(\lambda _k)B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{}\mu _M)\mathrm{\Omega }_{})$$

was solved nicely for the $`sl(2)`$ Gaudin model in  using the Gauss factorization of the loop algebra group element and the appropriate Riemann-Hilbert problem. Although the corresponding factorization is known even for the quantum superalgebra $`osp_q(1|2)`$  the final expression of the correlation functions is difficult to obtain due to the complicated structure of the creation operators $`B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{}\mu _M)=\text{Poly}(v^+,X^+)`$ (3.36). The study of this problem is in progress and the following expression for the scalar product of the Bethe states is conjectured (cf. )

$$(\mathrm{\Omega }_{},B_M^{}(\nu _1,\mathrm{}\nu _M)B_M(\mu _1,\mathrm{}\mu _M)\mathrm{\Omega }_{})=\underset{\sigma 𝒮_M}{}(1)^{p(\sigma )}det^\sigma ,$$

where the sum is over symmetric group $`𝒮_M`$ and $`M\times M`$ matrix $`^\sigma `$ is given by

$`_{jj}^\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho (\mu _j)\rho (\nu _{\sigma (j)})}{\mu _j\nu _{\sigma (j)}}}{\displaystyle \underset{kj}{\overset{M}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\mu _j\mu _k)(\nu _{\sigma (j)}\nu _{\sigma (k)})}},`$
$`_{jk}^\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\mu _j\mu _k)(\nu _{\sigma (j)}\nu _{\sigma (k)})}},\text{for }j,k=1,2,\mathrm{}M.`$
## 7 Acknowledgements

We acknowledge useful discussions and communications with N. Yu. Reshetikhin, V. O. Tarasov and T. Takebe. This work was supported by the grant PRAXIS XXI/BCC/22204/99, INTAS grant N 99-01459 and FCT project SAPIENS-33858/99.