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# Biholomorphic mapping on the boundary I

## 0. Introduction and Preliminaries

We shall show that a bounded domain $`D`$ is biholomorphic to an open ball $`B^{n+1}`$ whenever the boundary $`bD`$ is locally biholomorphic to the boundary of an open ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`D`$ be a simply connected bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with differentiable spherical boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)$$

for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

Our result is a new proof of a weaker version of Chern-Ji’s mapping theorem \[CJ\]. The main steps of our proof come as follows: We show that the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued on the unit ball $`B^{n+1}`$ to be a locally biholomorphic mapping

$$\phi :B^{n+1}D.$$

We show that the mapping $`\phi `$ is a proper holomorphic mapping onto a universal covering Riemann domain over $`D.`$ Thus the mapping $`\phi `$ is a biholomorphic mapping whenever $`D`$ is simply connected.

We shall study on a proper holomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ between strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains $`D,D^{}`$ with real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}.`$

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains in $`^{n+1}`$ with real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ and $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ be a proper holomorphic mapping. Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is locally biholomorphic. If $`D=D^{}`$, then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is a biholomorphic self mapping.

Our result is a new proof of a weaker version of Pinchuk’s mapping theorem \[Pi\]. The main steps of our proof come as follows: We show that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping when $`bD`$ is nonspherical so that the mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ are locally biholomorphic. From the study of Theorem 1, we show that the same is true when $`bD`$ is spherical so that the mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ are locally biholomorphic. For the case of $`D=D^{},`$ we show that the boundary $`bD`$ is necessarily spherical whenever the claim is not true. Then we show that there is a sequence of automorphisms $`\varphi _jAut\left(D\right)`$ and a sequence of points $`p_j`$ on a compact subset $`KD`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(p_j\right)bD$$

whenever the boundary $`bD`$ is spherical and the claim is not true. We apply Wong-Rosay Theorem so that the domain $`D`$ is biholomorphic to an open ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Then we obtain a contradiction that the mapping $`\varphi `$ induces a nonautomorphic proper self mapping of an open ball $`B^{n+1}`$ whenever the boundary $`bD`$ is spherical and the claim is not true.

We remark that Theorem 1 is a weaker version of the following theorem:

###### Theorem 3 (cf. Chern-Ji \[CJ).

\] Let $`D`$ be a simply connected bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with continuous spherical boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C\left(U\overline{D}\right)$$

for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

We remark that Theorem 2 is a weaker version of the following theorem:

###### Theorem 4 (cf. Pinchuk \[Pi).

\] Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains in $`^{n+1}`$ with the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ of class $`C^2`$ and $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ be a proper holomorphic mapping. Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is locally biholomorphic. If $`D=D^{}`$, then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is a biholomorphic self mapping.

We presented parts of this article in the spring meeting of Korean Mathematical Society in 2000. This article is a preliminary version. Any comment shall be greatly appreciated. Send your comments to wonkpark@hotmail.com.

### 0.1. Canonical normalizing mapping

Let $`M`$ be a nondegenerate analytic real hypersurface in $`^{n+1}`$. For each point $`pM,`$ there is a complex tangent hyperplane $`H_pT_pM`$ so that there is a unit tangent vector $`v_pT_pM`$ perpendicular to the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p`$ with respect to the usual riemannian metric in $`^{n+1}=^{2n+2}.`$ Then we can take a unique distinguished chain $`\gamma _p`$ tangential to the direction $`v_p`$ and passing through the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p`$ on $`M`$(cf. \[Pa3\]). Further, there is a distinguished normal parametrization on the chain $`\gamma _p`$ having the same values up to order $`2`$ of the straight real line to the direction $`v_p`$ with the usual euclidean parametrization.. Therefore, we can take a distinguished normalizing mapping $`\mu _p`$ to Moser normal form

$$\mu _p:M\mu _p\left(M\right)$$

sending the germ $`M`$ at the point $`p`$ to a normal form such that $`\mu _p(p)`$ is the origin and $`\mu _p\left(\gamma _p\right)`$ is on the straightened chain of the normal form.

We take a local orientation near the point $`pM`$ so that the tangent vector $`v_p`$ extends to a smooth unit vector field $`v`$ on $`MU`$ for an open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`p`$ such that $`v_qT_qM`$ is a unit tangent vector perpendicular to the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_q`$ for each $`qMU.`$ Then we obtain a family of the distinguished normalizing mapping $`\mu _q`$ for $`qMU`$ :

$$\mu _q:M\mu _q\left(M\right)$$

associated the unit tangent vector $`v_qT_qM\backslash H_q.`$ The distinguished normalizing mapping $`\mu _q`$ shall be called the canonical normalizing mapping associated Moser normal form.

###### Lemma 5.

Let $`p_jM`$ be a sequence of points converging to a point $`pM.`$ Then there is a positive real number $`\delta >0`$ such that

1. the mapping $`\mu _{p_j}`$ and its inverse $`\mu _{p_j}^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_j;\delta )\text{and}B(0;\delta )$$

as a biholomorphic mapping,
2. the real hypersurface $`\mu _{p_j}\left(M\right)`$ is analytically continued on $`B(0;\delta )`$ by its defining equation,
3. the sequence $`\mu _{p_j}^1`$ uniformly converges to $`\mu _p^1`$ on $`B(0;\delta )`$ as a biholomorphic mapping,
4. the sequence $`\mu _{p_j}\left(M\right)`$ uniformly converges on $`B(0;\delta )`$ to the real hypersurface $`\mu _p\left(M\right).`$

Let $`H`$ be the local automorphism group at the origin of the real hyperquadric

$$v=z,z.$$

The isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is naturally identified to the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_0\left(\mu _p\left(M\right)\right)`$ by the following relation:

$$\mu _p\varphi \mu _p^1Aut_0\left(\mu _p\left(M\right)\right)\text{for}\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right).$$

Note that every biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ between real hypersurfaces in normal form is faithfully represented by a natural group action of the isotropy subgroup $`H`$(cf. \[Pa3\]) such that

$$\phi =N_e\text{for}eH.$$

Because $`\mu _p\left(M\right)`$ is in normal form, there is a natural identification of a local automorphism $`\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ to an element

$$(U_\varphi ,a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi )H,$$

where $`U_\varphi ,a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi `$ are the normalizing parameters(cf. \[Pa3\]) of the mapping

$$\mu _p\varphi \mu _p^1Aut_0\left(\mu _p\left(M\right)\right).$$

###### Lemma 6.

If the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact, then $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is isomorphic to the subgroup

$$\{(U_\varphi ,a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi )H:\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right)\}$$

as a Lie group.

### 0.2. Preliminary Lemmas

We have lemmas on the automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Lemma 7.

Let $`p,q`$ be two distinct points on $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`\varphi Aut\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ be a local automorphism of $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(p\right)q.$$

Then there is a unique decomposition

$$\varphi =\psi \phi $$

where

$$\phi Aut_p\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

and the local automorphism $`\psi `$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`q.`$

###### Proof.

Note that the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ acts on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash q`$ transitively. Further, there is a unique element $`\psi Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ for each point displacement on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash q`$ by requiring the element $`\psi `$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the point $`q`$(cf. \[Pa1\]).

Let’s put $`p^{}=\varphi \left(p\right).`$ Since $`p^{}q,`$ we take a unique automorphism $`\psi Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$\psi \left(p^{}\right)=p.$$

Then $`\phi \psi \varphi Aut_p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ so that

$$\varphi =\psi ^1\phi .$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 8.

Let $`p,q`$ be two distinct points on $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`\varphi Aut\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ be a local automorphism of $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that

$$p^{}\varphi \left(p\right)q.$$

Then there is a unique decomposition

$$\varphi =\phi \psi $$

where

$$\phi Aut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

and the local automorphism $`\psi `$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`q.`$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 8, there is a decomposition

$$\varphi ^1=\psi \phi $$

where

$$\phi Aut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

and the local automorphism $`\psi `$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`q.`$ Hence we obtain

$$\varphi =\phi ^1\psi ^1$$

where

$$\phi ^1Aut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi ^1Aut_q\left(bB^{n+1}\right).$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 9.

Let $`\varphi _j`$ be a sequence of automorphisms of $`B^{n+1}`$. Suppose that the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to a holomorphic mapping $`\lambda `$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$ Then the mapping $`\lambda `$ is either a constant mapping or an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

Note that the mapping $`\lambda `$ satisfies

(1)
$$\lambda \left(B^{n+1}\right)\overline{B^{n+1}}$$

and a complex line is mapped to a complex line under the biholomorphic automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

Suppose that there is a complex line $`\pi `$ such that

$$\pi B^{n+1}\mathrm{}\text{and}\lambda \left(\pi B^{n+1}\right)=\mathrm{}.$$

Note that $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex so that, by the condition 1, there is a point $`qbB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$q=\lambda \left(\pi \right)\overline{B^{n+1}}.$$

Then we obtain

$$\lambda |_{\pi B^{n+1}}=q.$$

Let $`x`$ be an interior point of $`\pi B^{n+1}`$ and $`p^{}`$ be an arbitrary point of $`B^{n+1}`$ so that we take a complex line $`\pi ^{}`$ passes through $`x`$ and $`p^{}.`$ Since $`B^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, the maximum modulus theorem of one complex variable yields

$$\lambda |_{\pi ^{}B^{n+1}}=q$$

so that the mapping $`\lambda `$ is a constant mapping.

Suppose that the mapping $`\lambda `$ is not a constant mapping. Then, for a complex line $`\pi `$ satisfying

$$\pi B^{n+1}\mathrm{},$$

there is a real number $`\epsilon >0`$ such that

(2)
$$\left|\varphi _j\left(\pi B^{n+1}\right)\right|\epsilon $$

where $`\left|\varphi _j\left(\pi B^{n+1}\right)\right|`$ is the area of the analytic disk

$$\varphi _j\left(\pi B^{n+1}\right).$$

We take a point $`p\pi bB^{n+1}`$ so that

(3)
$$\varphi _j\left(p\right)p^{}bB^{n+1}.$$

Then we take a point $`p^{\prime \prime }bB^{n+1}`$ such that

$$p^{\prime \prime }\overline{\{\varphi _j\left(p\right):j^+\}},$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence. We have the following decomposition

$$\varphi _j=\phi _j\psi _j$$

where

$$\phi _jAut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)\text{and}\psi _jAut_{p^{\prime \prime }}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

where the automorphisms $`\psi _j`$ act trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane at the fixed point $`p^{\prime \prime }.`$ Then we obtain

$$U_{\psi _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\psi _j}=1.$$

By the condition 3, there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

$$\left|a_{\psi _j}\right|e,\left|r_{\psi _j}\right|e.$$

By the condition 2, there is a real number $`e>0,`$ if necessary, increasing $`e,`$ such that

$$\left|a_{\phi _j}\right|e.$$

Since the mapping $`\lambda `$ is not a constant mapping, there is a real number $`e>0,`$ if necessary, increasing $`e,`$ such that

$$e^1\left|\rho _{\phi _j}\right|e,\left|r_{\phi _j}\right|e.$$

Since $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, we have

$$\left|U_{\phi _j}\right|=1.$$

Then the Jacobian determinant $`det\phi _j^{}`$ is uniformly bounded from the zero on an open neighborhood of the point $`pbB^{n+1}.`$ By Hurwitz theorem, the mapping $`\lambda `$ is locally biholomorphic and, further, the mapping $`\lambda `$ is one-to-one. Hence the mapping $`\lambda `$ is an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

We have lemmas on the chain of $`bB^{n+1}.`$

###### Lemma 10.

Let $`\gamma :[0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ be a chain-segment on $`bB^{n+1}`$. Then there is a complex line $`\pi `$ such that

$$\gamma [0,1]\pi bB^{n+1}.$$

###### Proof.

We take a point $`p\gamma [0,1].`$ Then the chain-segment $`\mu _p\gamma [0,1]`$ on $`\mu _p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ is on a complex line $`\pi ^{}`$(cf. \[Pa3\]). Since the canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _p`$ of the sphere $`bB^{n+1}`$ is a fractional linear mapping(cf. \[Pa3\]), we take

$$\pi =\mu _p^1\left(\pi ^{}\right)$$

so that

$$\gamma [0,1]\pi bB^{n+1}.$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 11.

Let $`\pi `$ be a complex line such that

$$\pi B^{n+1}\mathrm{}.$$

Then the circle $`\pi bB^{n+1}`$ is a chain on $`bB^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

We take a point $`p\pi bB^{n+1}.`$ Then we obtain

$$\mu _p\left(\pi \right)\mu _p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)=\mu _p\left(\pi bB^{n+1}\right)\mathrm{}.$$

Since the canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _p`$ of the sphere $`bB^{n+1}`$ is a fractional linear mapping(cf. \[Pa3\]), $`\mu _p\left(\pi \right)`$ is a complex line so that $`\mu _p\left(\pi \right)\mu _p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ is a chain(cf. \[Pa3\]). Thus the circle

$$\pi bB^{n+1}=\mu _p^1\left(\mu _p\left(\pi \right)\mu _p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)\right)$$

is a chain as well. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 12.

Let $`\gamma `$ be a chain passing through a point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ and $`\delta _\gamma `$ be an analytic disk such that

$$\gamma =\pi bB^{n+1}\text{and}\delta _\gamma =\pi B^{n+1}$$

where $`\pi `$ is a complex line. Let $`\theta _\gamma `$ be the angle between the tangent vector of $`\gamma `$ at the point $`p`$ and a unit vector $`v_p`$ perpendicular to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ and $`\left|\delta _\gamma \right|`$ be the area of the analytic disk $`\delta _\gamma `$. Then

$$\left|a_\gamma \right|\left|\mathrm{tan}\theta _\gamma \right|\mathrm{}$$

if and only if

$$\left|\delta _\gamma \right|0.$$

###### Proof.

We easily see that

$$\theta _\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}$$

if and only if

$$\left|a_\gamma \right|\left|\mathrm{tan}\theta _\gamma \right|\mathrm{}.$$

Note that the complex line $`\pi `$ would be on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the point $`p`$ if

$$\theta _\gamma =\frac{\pi }{2}.$$

Since $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex and $`B^{n+1}`$ is strongly convex, the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the point $`p`$ has no intersection to $`B^{n+1}.`$ Thus we easily see

$$\theta _\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}$$

if and only if

$$\left|\delta _\gamma \right|0.$$

This completes the proof.∎

We may require the following well-known results in this article(cf. \[Kr\], \[Ra\], \[Bo\]).

###### Lemma 13 (Lewy, Pinchuk).

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be domains with strongly pseudoconvex real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ and $`U`$ be a connected open neighborhood of a point $`pbD.`$ Suppose that there is a holomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`UD`$ such that

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right),\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}$$

and the induced mapping $`\varphi :UbDbD^{}`$ is CR diffeomorphic. Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U.`$

###### Lemma 14 (Lewy).

Let $`D`$ be a domain with a strongly pseudoconvex boundary $`bD`$ and $`U`$ be an open connected neighborhood of a point $`pbD.`$ Suppose that there is a holomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`UbD.`$ Then there is an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`p`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued onto

$$V\overline{D}.$$

###### Lemma 15 (Wong, Rosay).

Let $`D`$ be a strongly pseudoconvex bounded domain. Suppose that there is a compact set $`KD`$ and a sequence $`p_jK`$ and automorphisms $`\varphi _jAut\left(D\right)`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(p_j\right)bD.$$

Then the domain $`D`$ is biholomorphic to an open unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Lemma 16 (Bell-Catlin, Diederich-Fornaess).

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains with the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ of class $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ be a proper holomorphic mapping. Then $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping and the induced mapping $`\varphi :bDbD^{}`$ is a locally CR diffeomorphism.

## 1. Analytic Continuation on a Sphere

### 1.1. Analytic continuation with finiteness

Let $`D`$ be a domain in $`^{n+1},n1,`$ with real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ The boundary $`bD`$ shall be called spherical if, for each point $`pbD,`$ there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`p`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Note that a domain $`D`$ with spherical real analytic boundary is necessarily strongly pseudoconvex.

###### Lemma 17.

Let $`p`$ be a point of $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`U`$ be a connected open neighborhood of the point $`p`$. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that

(4)
$$\varphi \left(UbB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on an open neighborhood of the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}.`$

###### Proof.

Note that each local automorphism $`\phi Aut_p\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ for any point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ is necessarily birational such that $`\phi `$ is analytically continued on an open neighborhood of $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ as a biholomorphic mapping(cf.\[Pa1\]).

Let’s put $`q=\varphi \left(p\right).`$ We take a point $`rbB^{n+1}`$ such that $`rp,`$ $`rq.`$ Then we take an automorphism

$$\psi Aut_r\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

satisfying

$$\psi \left(q\right)=p$$

so that

$$\phi \psi \varphi Aut_p\left(bB^{n+1}\right).$$

Then the mapping $`\psi ^1\phi `$ is an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}`$ and an analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ such that

$$\varphi =\psi ^1\phi \text{on}U.$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 18.

Let $`D`$ be a domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that $`\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then there would be a path $`\gamma :[0,1]bD`$ such that $`\gamma \left(0\right)UbD`$ and the germ of a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping, but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$

Since $`bD`$ is spherical, by definition, there exist a connected open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`\gamma (1)`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on $`V`$ such that

$$\phi (VbD)bB^{n+1}.$$

We take $`\lambda [0,1)`$ such that

$$\gamma (\tau )VbD\text{for all }\tau [\lambda ,1]$$

and we take a sufficiently small connected open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(\lambda \right)`$ such that $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`WV`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,\lambda ]`$ and

$$\phi \left(W\right)bB^{n+1}\mathrm{}.$$

Then we have

$$\psi \left(\phi \left(W\right)bB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1}$$

where

$$\psi =\varphi \phi ^1.$$

By Lemma 17, $`\psi `$ is analytically continued on an open neighborhood of $`bB^{n+1}`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. By abuse of notation, the mapping $`\psi \phi `$ is biholomorphic on the open set $`V`$ such that

$$\psi \phi =\varphi \text{on }W.$$

Thus the germ $`\psi \phi `$ at the point $`\gamma (1)`$ is an analytic continuation of the germ $`\varphi `$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. This contradiction completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 19.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD`$ such that the fundamental group $`\pi _1\left(bD\right)`$ is finite. Suppose that there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that $`\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.`$ Then $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 18, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. Let $`E`$ be the path space of $`bD`$ pointed at the point $`p`$ mod homotopy so that $`E`$ is a universal covering of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a CR projection $`\phi :EbD.`$ Then there is a unique CR lift $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}`$ as the analytic continuation of the biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$. Note that $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is an open mapping because $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi `$ are both locally CR diffeomorphisms.

Since $`bD`$ is finitely connected, $`E`$ is necessarily compact so that the mapping $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is surjective. Further, the mapping $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is a simple covering map because $`\psi `$ is locally a CR diffeomorphism and the sphere $`bB^{n+1}`$ is simply connected. Hence there exists a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\lambda :bB^{n+1}bD`$ defined by

$$\lambda =\phi \psi ^1\text{on}bB^{n+1}.$$

By Hartogs extension theorem, the mapping $`\lambda `$ uniquely extends to the open ball $`B^{n+1}`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping and, further, the extension is smooth up to the boundary. Hence $`\lambda `$ is well defined as a locally biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood of $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ by Lemma 13.

We obtain a proper mapping $`\lambda :B^{n+1}D`$ so that $`\lambda `$ is a globally branched covering and the branched locus of $`\lambda `$ cannot be bounded by $`bD.`$ Since $`\lambda ^1=\varphi `$ is locally biholomorphic on $`bD`$, $`\lambda :B^{n+1}D`$ and $`\lambda :bB^{n+1}bD`$ are finite coverings respectively of $`D`$ and $`bD.`$ Since the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ has the fixed point property, the mapping $`\lambda :B^{n+1}D`$ is globally one-to-one. Otherwise, there would be a nontrivial deck transform of $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ which is continuous on $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ without a fixed point. Hence the mapping $`\lambda ^1:DB^{n+1}`$ is biholomorphic with $`\lambda ^1=\varphi `$ on $`bD.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 20.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with a connected spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}$$

such that the analytic continuation of $`\varphi `$ on the boundary $`bD`$ yields finitely many germs at each point on $`bD.`$ Then $`D`$ is necessarily simply connected and the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

We claim that there is a finite covering space $`E_1`$ of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a CR projection $`\phi _1:E_1bD`$ and a local CR diffeomorphism $`\psi _1:E_1bB^{n+1}`$ satisfying the relation $`\psi _1=\varphi \phi _1.`$ Then the desired result follows from this claim by the same argument in the proof of Lemma 19.

Let $`E`$ be the path space of $`bD`$ pointed at the point $`pbD`$ mod homotopy so that $`E`$ is a universal covering of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a CR projection $`\phi :EbD.`$ Then there is a unique CR lift $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}:`$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E\hfill & & \\ \phi \hfill & \stackrel{𝜓}{}\hfill & \\ bD\hfill & \stackrel{\mathit{\varphi }}{}\hfill & bB^{n+1}\hfill \end{array}$$

satisfying the relation $`\psi =\varphi \phi `$. Note that $`\psi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is an open mapping because $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi `$ are both local CR diffeomorphisms. Let $`F`$ be the image of the mapping $`\psi `$ such that $`F=\psi \left(E\right).`$ Then $`F`$ is an open subset of $`bD.`$

Suppose that $`bF\mathrm{}.`$ Then we take a point $`pbF`$ and a sequence $`p_jF`$ such that $`p_jp.`$ Thus there exists a point $`q_jbD`$ and germs of biholomorphic mappings $`\varphi _j`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(q_j\right)p$$

where $`\varphi _j`$ are analytic continuations of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`bD.`$ Since $`bD`$ is compact, there exist a point $`qbD`$ and a subsequence $`q_{m_j}`$ of $`q_j`$ such that $`q_{m_j}q.`$ Further, by passing to a subsequence, if necessary, we may assume that

$$\varphi ^{}=\varphi _{m_j}\text{for all }m_j$$

because the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ yields only finitely many germs at the point $`qbD.`$ Hence we obtain

$$\varphi ^{}\left(q\right)=\underset{j\mathrm{}}{lim}\varphi _{m_j}\left(q_{m_j}\right)=pF.$$

This contradiction implies that $`bF=\mathrm{},`$ i.e., $`\psi \left(E\right)=bB^{n+1}.`$

For each point $`qbB^{n+1},`$ there is a subset $`X_qE`$ such that

$$X_q=\{pE:\psi \left(p\right)=q\}.$$

Since $`\psi `$ is a CR diffeomorphism, $`X_q`$ is necessarily a discrete set on $`E.`$ Then we define a subset $`Y_qbD`$ such that

$$Y_q=\{\phi \left(p\right)bD:pX_q\}.$$

Suppose that $`Y_q`$ has an accumulation point $`ybD.`$ Then there is a sequence of point $`p_jbD`$ satisfying

$$p_jy\text{and}p_jy,$$

and biholomorphic mappings $`\varphi _j`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(p_j\right)=q$$

where the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`p_j`$ is the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi .`$ Because the analytic continuation of $`\varphi `$ yields only finitely many germs at the point $`y,`$ we can take a subsequence of $`\varphi `$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi ^{}`$ such that $`\varphi ^{}=\varphi _{m_j}.`$ Then we have

$$\varphi ^{}\left(y\right)=\underset{j\mathrm{}}{lim}\varphi _{m_j}\left(p_{m_j}\right)=q.$$

Since $`\varphi ^{}`$ is locally biholomorphic, it is impossible that $`\varphi ^{}\left(p_{m_j}\right)=q=\varphi ^{}\left(y\right)`$ and $`p_{m_j}y,p_{m_j}y`$ at the same time. Thus we find that the set $`Y_q`$ is finite.

Therefore, the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`bD`$ is mapped to a point of $`bB^{n+1}`$ only at finitely many points of $`bD.`$ Since the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ yields finitely many germs at each point on $`bD,`$ only finitely many germs of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`bD`$ are mapped to each point of $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Then, by the compactness of $`bB^{n+1},`$ we obtain a finite covering space $`E_1`$ of $`bD`$ satisfying all conditions in the claim. This completes the proof.∎

### 1.2. First Dogginal Lemma

###### Lemma 21 (First Scaling Lemma).

Let $`p`$ be a point of the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`p_j,`$ $`j^+,`$ be a sequence of points of $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p_jp`$ for all $`j`$ and $`p_jp`$ as $`j\mathrm{}`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pbB^{n+1}.`$ Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean distance between the two points $`p_j`$ and $`p,`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}$$

where $`\pi _j`$ is the complex line passing through the two points $`p_j`$ and $`p.`$ Suppose that there is a sequence $`p_j^{}`$ of points of $`bB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$p_j^{}p^{}bB^{n+1},$$

and a sequence of biholomorphic automorphisms $`\varphi _jAut\left(B^{n+1}\right)`$ satisfying

$$\varphi _j\left(p_j^{}\right)=p_j$$

such that the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to a constant mapping and the area $`\left|\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disks

$$\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is bounded from the below, i.e., there is a real number $`c>0`$ satisfying

$$\left|\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|c.$$

Then there is a subsequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ and a sequence of local automorphisms $`\sigma _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(B^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j},a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the composition

$$\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

Note that there is a subsequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ which converges to the point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ uniformly on every compact subset of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ We take a point $`p^{}bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p^{}p`$ and

$$p^{}\overline{\{p_{m_j}:j^+\}},$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence.. Then, by Lemma 8, there is a unique decomposition of the automorphism $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ such that

$$\varphi _{m_j}=\phi _j\psi _j$$

where

$$\phi _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi _jAut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

and the local automorphism $`\psi _j`$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`p^{}.`$

Let $`U_{\psi _j},\rho _{\psi _j},a_{\psi _j},r_{\psi _j}`$ be the normalizing parameters of the local automorphism $`\psi _j.`$ Since the local automorphism $`\psi _j`$ acts trivially on the complex tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`p^{},`$ we obtain

$$U_{\psi _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\psi _j}=1.$$

Since the sequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ uniformly converges to the point $`p,`$ there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(5)
$$\left|a_{\psi _j}\right|e,\left|r_{\psi _j}\right|e.$$

Let $`\pi _j`$ be the complex line passing through the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j}.`$ Since the points $`p_j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pbB^{n+1},`$ the analytic disks

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}$$

is uniformly bounded in their area from the below by a positive number.

Let $`U_{\phi _j},\rho _{\phi _j},a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j}`$ be the normalizing parameters of the local automorphism $`\phi _j.`$ Note that the analytic disk

$$\varphi _{m_j}^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is mapped by $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ onto the analytic disk $`\delta _j,`$ where the areas of the analytic disks in both classes

$$\left|\varphi _{m_j}^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|\text{and}\left|\delta _j\right|$$

are bounded from the below. Since the chain $`\varphi _{m_j}^1\left(b\delta _j\right)`$ is mapped by $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ to the chain $`b\delta _j,`$ there is a real number $`e>0,`$ if necessary, increasing $`e,`$ such that

(6)
$$\left|a_{\phi _j}\right|e.$$

Since the area of the analytic disks $`\delta _j`$ is bounded by a positive number, the point $`p`$ is attracted to the center of the local automorphism $`Aut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right).`$ Then, by passing to a subsequence, if necessary and increasing $`e`$, there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(7)
$$\left|r_{\phi _j}\right|e$$

and

$$\rho _{\phi _j}0\text{as }j\mathrm{}.$$

Since $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, we obtain

$$\left|U_{\phi _j}\right|=1.$$

Let $`\eta _j`$ be a local automorphism in $`Aut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ defined by the normalizing parameters

$$U_{\eta _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\eta _j}=\rho _{\phi _j},a_{\eta _j}=0,r_{\eta _j}=0.$$

Then the composition

$$\phi _j^{}\eta _j^1\phi _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

has the same normalizing parameters of the mapping $`\phi _j`$ except for $`\rho _{\phi _j^{}}=1,`$ i.e.,

$$U_{\phi _j^{}}=U_{\phi _j},\rho _{\phi _j^{}}=1,a_{\phi _j^{}}=a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j^{}}=r_{\phi _j}.$$

Therefore, by passing to a subsequence, if necessary, the sequence

$$\tau _j\eta _j^1\varphi _{m_j}:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

converges by Hurwitz theorem to a locally biholomorphic mapping. Since $`\tau _j`$ are automorphism of $`B^{n+1},`$ the sequence $`\tau _j`$ converges to an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$

Let $`q\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ be the limit point of the sequence

$$\tau _j\left(p_{m_j}^{}\right)q\overline{B^{n+1}}.$$

We set

$$\lambda _j=\frac{\epsilon _{m_j}}{\rho _{\phi _j}}.$$

The sequence $`\lambda _j`$ converges to the distance between the two distinct points $`q`$ and $`pbB^{n+1}`$ so that there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(8)
$$e^1\left|\lambda _j\right|e,$$

if necessary, increasing $`e.`$

Let $`\sigma _j`$ be a local automorphism in $`Aut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ defined by the normalizing parameters

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j},a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0.$$

Then the composition

$$\phi _j^{\prime \prime }\sigma _j^1\phi _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

has the same normalizing parameters of the mapping $`\phi _j`$ except for $`\rho _{\phi _j^{\prime \prime }}=\lambda _j^1,`$ i.e.,

$$U_{\phi _j^{\prime \prime }}=U_{\phi _j},\rho _{\phi _j^{\prime \prime }}=\lambda _j^1,a_{\phi _j^{\prime \prime }}=a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j^{\prime \prime }}=r_{\phi _j}.$$

Therefore, by the estimates 5, 6, 7, 8, the sequence

$$\tau _j^{}\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 22.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that $`\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}`$ and the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is analytically continued along every chain of $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

The chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is characterized to be the intersection of a complex line on $`bB^{n+1}`$. Thus the chains on $`bB^{n+1}`$ form a continuous family so that the analytic continuity of the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ along every chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is equivalent to the analytic continuity along any path on $`bB^{n+1}`$.

Note that the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bB^{n+1}`$ and, by Hartogs extension theorem, the branching locus of a proper mapping cannot be bounded by $`bD.`$ Since $`bB^{n+1}`$ is simply connected, by the monodromy theorem, the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued to, by abuse of notation, a locally biholomorphic proper mapping $`\varphi ^1:B^{n+1}D`$ such that $`\varphi ^1\left(bB^{n+1}\right)=bD.`$ By the fixed point property of the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}},`$ the proper mapping $`\varphi ^1:B^{n+1}D`$ is globally one-to-one so that the mapping $`\varphi ^1:B^{n+1}D`$ is biholomorphic. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 23.

Let $`D`$ be a domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD`$ and $`U`$ be a connected open neighborhood of a point $`pbD.`$ For a chain $`\gamma `$ on $`bD`$ passing through the point $`p`$ and tangential to the direction with an angle $`\theta _\gamma `$ with respect to a unit vector $`v_p`$ at the point $`p`$ perpendicular to the complex tangent hyperplane, we denote $`\left|a_\gamma \right|\left|\mathrm{tan}\theta _\gamma \right|`$. Then there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that every chain $`\gamma `$ passing through the point $`p`$ with $`\left|a_\gamma \right|e`$ is the boundary of a nonsingular analytic disk $`\delta _\gamma UD`$ such that

$$\gamma =\overline{\delta _\gamma }bD.$$

###### Proof.

We take a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on the open set $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Every chain $`\lambda `$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is an intersection with a complex line $`\pi _\lambda `$ such that

$$\lambda =\pi _\lambda bB^{n+1}.$$

For a sufficiently large real number $`e>0,`$ each chain $`\gamma `$ with $`\left|a_\gamma \right|e`$ is obtain by the relation

$$\gamma =\varphi ^1\left(\lambda \right)$$

where the chain $`\lambda `$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ satisfies the condition

$$\pi _\lambda B^{n+1}\varphi \left(UD\right).$$

Then we take

$$\delta _\gamma =\varphi ^1\left(\pi _\lambda B^{n+1}\right).$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 24 (First Dogginal Lemma).

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbB^{n+1}\right)bD.$$

Suppose that there is a chain-segment $`\gamma :[0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`\gamma \left(0\right)UbB^{n+1}`$ and the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ for all $`\tau <1,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. Let $`\pi `$ be the complex line containing the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Then there is an open neighborhood $`V`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ such that

1. $`\gamma [0,\tau ]V`$for all $`\tau <1,`$
2. $`bV\pi B(\gamma \left(1\right);\delta )`$ is an angle for a sufficient small $`\delta >0,`$ which contains the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1],`$
3. $`bVbB^{n+1}B(\gamma \left(1\right);\delta )`$ is slanted paraboloid for a sufficiently small $`\delta >0,`$ which smoothly touches the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`\gamma \left(1\right),`$
4. the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`V`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

By the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ for all $`\tau <1`$, there is a path $`\varphi \gamma :[0,1)bD.`$ Then we consider the following sequences

$`p_j`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),\text{for }j^+,`$
$`p_j^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi \gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),\text{for }j^+.`$
Since $`bD`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ and a point $`p^{}bD`$ such that

$$p_{m_j}^{}p^{}.$$

By Theorem 18, the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued along the path $`\varphi \gamma [0,1)bD.`$

Let $`\phi _j`$ be the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ at the point $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ along the path $`\varphi \gamma [0,1)bD.`$ By Theorem 18, there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p^{}`$ such that $`\phi _j`$ is locally biholomorphic on an open neighborhood of $`WbD.`$ By Lemma 14, we may assume that $`\phi _j`$ is holomorphic on $`WD,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`W.`$

Since $`bD`$ is spherical, there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p^{},`$ if necessary, shrinking $`W,`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on $`W`$ such that

$$\phi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then, by Lemma 17, the compositions

$$\varphi _j\phi _j\phi ^1:\phi \left(W\right)bB^{n+1}bB^{n+1}$$

are analytically continued, by abuse of notation, to automorphisms $`\varphi _j`$ of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Without loss of generality, we may assume that the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to a holomorphic mapping uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$

We set

$$p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\phi \left(p_{m_j}^{}\right)bB^{n+1}\text{and }p^{\prime \prime }\phi \left(p^{}\right)$$

so that

$$p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }p^{\prime \prime }.$$

Hence the relation

$$\varphi _j\left(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\right)=p_{m_j}$$

yields

$$\varphi _j\left(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\right)p.$$

By Lemma 9, the mapping $`\varphi _j`$ converges to either a constant mapping or an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$ We claim that the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$ Otherwise, the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}`$ so that the sequence

$$\phi _j=\varphi _j\phi $$

converges to a biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p^{}.`$ Then there is a real number $`\delta `$ such that the mapping $`\phi _j`$ and its inverse $`\phi _j^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta )\text{and}B(p_{m_j};\delta )$$

as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Thus the mapping $`\varphi =\phi _j^1`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(p_{m_j};\delta )`$ for every point $`p_{m_j}p.`$ This is impossible by the hypothesis on the mapping $`\varphi .`$ Thus, by Lemma 9, the sequence $`\varphi _j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$

Let $`\pi _j`$ be the complex line passing through the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j},`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean length between the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j}.`$ Note that the area $`\left|\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk

$$\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is bounded from the below. Otherwise, by Lemma 23, the mapping $`\varphi =\phi _j^1`$ is analytically continued over the point $`p`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Therefore, by First Scaling Lemma, there is a sequence $`\sigma _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _j,a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the sequence

$$\psi _j\sigma _j^1\varphi _j$$

converges to an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$

Note that there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\phi `$ and its inverse $`\phi ^1`$ are biholomorphically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta )\text{and}B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta ),$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Further, there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\psi _j`$ and its inverse $`\psi _j^1`$ are biholomorphically continued respectively to

$$B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta )\text{and}B(p_{m_j};\delta ),$$

if necessary, shrinking $`\delta .`$ Then the mapping

$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\phi _j^1`$
$`=`$ $`\phi ^1\psi _j^1\sigma _j^1`$
is biholomorphically continued on the open neighborhood

$$\sigma _j\left(B(p_{m_j};\delta )\right).$$

For a canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _{p_{m_j}},`$ we obtain

$$\sigma _j^{}\mu _{p_{m_j}}\sigma _j\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1:\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\sqrt{\epsilon _j}z\hfill \\ w^{}=\epsilon _jw\hfill \end{array}.$$

Since $`p_{m_j}p,`$ by Lemma 5, there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\mu _{p_{m_j}}`$ and its inverse $`\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1`$ are biholomorphically continued respectively to

$$B(p_{m_j};\delta )\text{and}B(0;\delta ).$$

Hence the mapping

$$\varphi \mu _{p_{m_j}}^1=\phi ^1\psi _j^1\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1\sigma _j^1$$

is biholomorphically continued on

$$\sigma _j^{}\left(B(0;\delta )\right).$$

Since $`p_{m_j}p,`$ by Lemma 5, the canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _{p_{m_j}}`$ uniformly converges to the mapping $`\mu _p`$ so that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is biholomorphically continued near the point $`p_{m_j}`$ on

$$\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1\sigma _j^{}\left(B(0;\delta )\right).$$

Therefore, the analytically continued region of the mapping $`\varphi `$ along the chain $`\gamma [0,1)bB^{n+1}`$ contains an open set along the chain $`\gamma [0,1]`$ which touches to the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$ by an edge shape transversal to $`bB^{n+1}`$ and by a slanted paraboloid shape on $`bB^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

### 1.3. Doggaebi variety on a sphere

Let $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying $`\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.`$ Let $`LbB^{n+1}`$ be the singular locus of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$, which shall be called the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi .`$

###### Lemma 25 (Second Scaling Lemma).

Let $`p`$ be a point of the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`p_j,`$ $`j^+,`$ be a sequence of points of $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p_jp`$ for all $`j`$ and $`p_jp`$ as $`j\mathrm{}`$ to a direction tangential to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pbB^{n+1}.`$ Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean distance between the two points $`p_j`$ and $`p,`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}$$

where $`\pi _j`$ is the complex line passing through the two points $`p_j`$ and $`p.`$ Suppose that there is a sequence $`p_j^{}`$ of points of $`bB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$p_j^{}p^{}bB^{n+1},$$

and a sequence of biholomorphic automorphisms $`\varphi _jAut\left(B^{n+1}\right)`$ satisfying

$$\varphi _j\left(p_j^{}\right)=p_j$$

such that the area $`\left|\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disks

$$\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is bounded from the below, i.e., there is a real number $`c>0`$ satisfying

$$\left|\varphi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|c.$$

Then there is a subsequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ and a sequence of local automorphisms $`\sigma _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j}^2,a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the composition

$$\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

Note that there is a subsequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ which converges to the point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ uniformly on an open neighborhood of the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}.`$ We take a point $`p^{\prime \prime }bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p^{\prime \prime }p`$ and

$$p^{\prime \prime }\overline{\{p_{m_j}:j^+\}},$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence.. Then, by Corollary 8, there is a unique decomposition of the automorphism $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ such that

$$\varphi _{m_j}=\phi _j\psi _j$$

where

$$\phi _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\psi _jAut_{p^{\prime \prime }}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

and the local automorphism $`\psi _j`$ acts trivially on the tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`p^{}.`$

Let $`U_{\psi _j},\rho _{\psi _j},a_{\psi _j},r_{\psi _j}`$ be the normalizing parameters of the local automorphism $`\psi _j.`$ Since the local automorphism $`\psi _j`$ acts trivially on the tangent hyperplane of $`bB^{n+1}`$ at the fixed point $`p^{\prime \prime },`$ we obtain

$$U_{\psi _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\psi _j}=1.$$

Since the sequence $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ uniformly converges to the point $`p,`$ there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(9)
$$\left|a_{\psi _j}\right|e,\left|r_{\psi _j}\right|e.$$

Let $`\pi _j`$ be the complex line passing through the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j},`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disks

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`\sigma _j`$ be a local automorphism in $`Aut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ defined by the normalizing parameters

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j}^2,a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0.$$

Since the points $`p_j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ to a direction tangential to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pbB^{n+1},`$ the area $`\left|\sigma _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk

$$\sigma _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is bounded from below.

Let $`U_{\phi _j},\rho _{\phi _j},a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j}`$ be the normalizing parameters of the local automorphism $`\phi _j.`$ Note that the analytic disk

$$\varphi _{m_j}^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is mapped by $`\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}`$ onto the analytic disk

$$\sigma _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)$$

where the areas of the analytic disks in both classes are bounded from below. Further, the normalizing parameters $`a_{\phi _j^{}},r_{\phi _j^{}}`$ of the composition $`\phi _j^{}=\sigma _j^1\phi __j`$ is the same value of $`a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j},`$ i.e.,

$$a_{\phi _j^{}}=a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j^{}}=r_{\phi _j}$$

so that there is a real number $`e>0,`$ if necessary, increasing $`e,`$ such that

(10)
$$\left|a_{\phi _j}\right|e.$$

Since the area of the analytic disks $`\sigma _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)`$ is bounded by a positive number, the point $`p`$ should be attracted to the center of the local automorphism $`Aut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right).`$ Hence, by passing to a subsequence, if necessary and increasing $`e`$, there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(11)
$$\left|r_{\phi _j}\right|e$$

and

$$\rho _{\phi _j}0\text{as }j\mathrm{}.$$

Since $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, we obtain

$$\left|U_{\phi _j}\right|=1.$$

We set

$$\lambda _j=\frac{\epsilon _{m_j}^2}{\rho _{\phi _j}}$$

so that there is a real number $`e>0`$ such that

(12)
$$e^1\left|\lambda _j\right|e,$$

if necessary, increasing $`e.`$ Then the composition

$$\phi _j^{}\sigma _j^1\phi _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

has the same normalizing parameters of the mapping $`\phi _j`$ except for $`\rho _{\phi _j^{}}=\lambda _j^1,`$ i.e.,

$$U_{\phi _j^{}}=U_{\phi _j},\rho _{\phi _j^{}}=\lambda _j^1,a_{\phi _j^{}}=a_{\phi _j},r_{\phi _j^{}}=r_{\phi _j}.$$

Therefore, by the estimates 9, 10, 11, 12, the sequence

$$\tau _j\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of $`B^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 26.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the Doggaebi variety $`L`$ associated to the mapping $`\varphi `$ is a finite subset of $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued along any piecewise chain curve on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

By First Dogginal Lemma, the singular locus of the analytic continuation of the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is an integral manifold of the subdistribution of the complex tangent hyperplanes on $`bB^{n+1}`$ in its smooth part. Thus the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ cannot be branched on $`bB^{n+1}`$ by a branching locus passing through the boundary $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Otherwise, the intersection of the nontrivial branch of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ to the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ would be a nontrivial complex submanifold on $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Hence the singular locus of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is well defined so that the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping.

We take a chain-segment $`\gamma :[0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ with $`\gamma \left(1\right)=pL`$ such that a germ of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along all subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with $`\tau <1,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Note that the distribution of the complex tangent hyperplanes on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is maximally nonintegrable. Thus, by First Dogginal Lemma, the singular locus $`L`$ of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ cannot bound the open region of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued on the opposite side of the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`pbB^{n+1}.`$ Thus there is a complex line $`\pi `$ passing through the point $`p`$ and an open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`p`$ such that

$$\pi bB^{n+1}$$

is a chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$LU\pi bB^{n+1}=\left\{p\right\}.$$

We claim that, if necessary, shrinking $`U,`$

$$LUbB^{n+1}=\left\{p\right\}$$

so that the singular locus $`L`$ is a finite set on $`bB^{n+1}.`$ By First Dogginal Lemma, there is a sequence $`p_jbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ such that $`p_jp`$ and the sequence $`p_j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ to a direction tangential to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`pLbB^{n+1}.`$ Since $`bD`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}`$ and a point $`p^{}bD`$ such that

$$p_{m_j}^{}\varphi ^1\left(p_{m_j}\right)p^{}.$$

Let $`\varphi _j`$ be the germ of the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`p_{m_j}^{}bD`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(p_{m_j}^{}\right)=p_{m_j}.$$

Since $`bD`$ is spherical, there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p^{}`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\psi `$ on $`W`$ such that

$$\psi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the compositions $`\phi _j\varphi _j\psi ^1`$ satisfy

$$\phi _j\left(\psi \left(W\right)bB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1},$$

if necessary, shrinking $`W`$ so that, by abuse of notation, the mapping $`\phi _j`$ is an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

Let $`\pi _j`$ be the complex line passing through the points $`p_{m_j}`$ and $`p,`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}.$$

Note that the area $`\left|\phi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk $`\phi _j^1\left(\delta _j\right)`$ is bounded from the below. Otherwise, $`pbB^{n+1}\backslash L.`$ Further, the sequence $`\phi _j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1},`$ if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Otherwise, the sequence $`\phi _j`$ converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}`$ so that $`pbB^{n+1}\backslash L.`$ Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean length between the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j}.`$ Then, by Second Scaling Lemma, there is a sequence of local automorphisms $`\sigma _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _j^2,a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the composition

$$\tau _j\sigma _j^1\phi _j:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Thus there is a positive real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\tau _j`$ and its inverse $`\tau _j^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta )\text{and}B(p_{m_j};\delta )$$

where

$$p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }=\psi \left(p_{m_j}^{}\right).$$

Therefore the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ at the point $`p_{m_j}:`$

$`\varphi ^1`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _j^1`$
$`=`$ $`\psi ^1\tau _j^1\sigma _j^1`$
is analytically continued to the open neighborhood

$$\sigma _j\left(B(p_{m_j};\delta )\right).$$

By the canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _{p_{m_j}},`$ we obtain

$$\sigma _j^{}\mu _{p_{m_j}}\sigma _j\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1:\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\epsilon _jz\hfill \\ w^{}=\epsilon _j^2w\hfill \end{array}.$$

Hence the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ at the point $`p_{m_j}`$ is analytically continued to the open neighborhood

$$\mu _{p_{m_j}}^1\sigma _j^{}\left(B(0;\delta )\right),$$

if necessary, shrinking $`\delta .`$ Since $`\epsilon _j`$ is the euclidean length between the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j},`$ the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued on an open region which touches to the point $`p`$ to a converging direction to the sequence $`p_j`$ by an edge shape tangential to the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p`$ and a $`\sqrt{\left|x\right|}`$ curve shape normal to $`H_p`$ on $`bB^{n+1}.`$

Therefore, the singular locus $`L`$ of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is isolated to the direction of the complex tangent hyperplane at each point of $`L.`$ Since the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ is compact, the singular locus $`L`$ is a finite subset of $`bB^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 27.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Then every chain on $`bD`$ is extended each direction infinitely in its euclidean length.

###### Proof.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then there would be a path $`\gamma :[0,1]bD`$ such that the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ is a chain-segment for all $`\tau <1`$ but the whole path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ is not a chain segment.

Since $`bD`$ is spherical, by definition, there exist a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that $`\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}`$. There is a unique closed circle $`\chi `$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`\chi `$ is a chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ and $`\varphi \gamma [0,\tau ]\chi `$ for all $`\tau <1`$(cf. \[Pa3\]).

Then the inverse image $`\varphi ^1\left(\chi \varphi \left(U\right)\right)`$ under the biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ is a chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$(cf. \[Pa3\]) such that

$$\gamma [0,1]U\varphi ^1\left(\chi \varphi \left(U\right)\right).$$

This is a contradiction. This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 28.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`E`$ be the path space of $`bD`$ pointed at the point $`pbD`$ mod homotopic relation so that $`E`$ be a universal covering of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a natural CR covering map $`\psi :EbD`$. Then there is a unique CR equivalence $`\phi :EbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ commuting the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E\hfill & & \\ \psi \hfill & \stackrel{𝜑}{}\hfill & \\ bD\hfill & \stackrel{\mathit{\varphi }}{}\hfill & bB^{n+1}\backslash L\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`LbB^{n+1}`$ is the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi .`$

###### Proof.

We obtain the set $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ when the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along chains on $`bD.`$ Since the mapping $`\phi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is naturally induced by the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`bD`$(cf. Theorem 18), we obtain

$$bB^{n+1}\backslash L\phi \left(E\right)$$

Let $`\gamma :[0,1]bD`$ be a path such that $`\gamma \left(0\right)=p.`$ Then, for a sufficiently small $`\epsilon >0,`$ there is an $`\epsilon `$ open neighborhood $`V`$ of the path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`V`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. Then we take a piecewise chain curve $`\eta :[0,1]bD`$(cf. \[Pa3\]) such that

$$\eta \left(0\right)=\gamma \left(0\right),\eta \left(1\right)=\gamma \left(1\right)$$

and

$$\eta [0,1]V.$$

Further, we may take a continuous function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:[0,1]\times [0,1]V`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(0,\tau )=\gamma \left(\tau \right),\mathrm{\Gamma }(1,\tau )=\eta \left(\tau \right)\text{for }\tau [0,1]$$

and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(,\tau ):[0,1]V`$ is a chain-segment for all $`\tau [0,1].`$ Note that every chain-segment in this construction is finite in its euclidean length. By Lemma 27, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$

Then the image of $`E`$ under the mapping $`\phi `$ satisfies

$$\phi \left(E\right)bB^{n+1}\backslash L$$

which yields

$$\phi \left(E\right)=bB^{n+1}\backslash L.$$

Since the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L,`$ the mapping $`\phi :EbB^{n+1}`$ is a CR equivalence. This completes the proof.∎

###### Corollary 29.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain with spherical real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Then there is a natural embedding

$$Aut\left(D\right)Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`E`$ be the path space of $`bD`$ pointed at the point $`pbD`$ mod homotopy so that $`E`$ be a universal covering of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a natural CR covering map $`\psi :EbD`$. Then we take a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`L`$ be the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi .`$ Then, by Theorem 28, the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ yields a natural CR equivalence

$$Aut\left(E\right)Aut\left(bB^{n+1}\backslash L\right).$$

Note that

$$Aut\left(D\right)=Aut(bD)Aut\left(E\right)Aut\left(bB^{n+1}\backslash L\right)Aut\left(bB^{n+1}\right)=Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 30.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be bounded domains in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$, and $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ be a proper holomorphic mapping. Suppose that there is an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`U.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping so that $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ is locally biholomorphic.

###### Proof.

We may obtain the result by the boundary regularity of Lemma 16 and the transformation formula for a complex Monge-Ampere equation. Here we may give an independent proof. Note that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}$$

so that, by shrinking $`U`$, if necessary, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is biholomorphic on $`U.`$ By shrinking $`U`$, if necessary, we take biholomorphic mappings $`\phi ,\phi ^{}`$ respectively on $`U,\varphi \left(U\right)`$ such that

$`\phi \left(UbD\right)`$ $``$ $`bB^{n+1}`$
$`\phi ^{}\left(\varphi \left(U\right)bD^{}\right)`$ $``$ $`bB^{n+1}.`$
Then there are Doggaebi varieties $`L,L^{}`$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that the inverses $`\phi ^1,\phi ^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ and $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L^{}`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. Note that the composition $`\psi =\phi ^{}\varphi \phi ^1`$ satisfies the relation

$$\psi \left(\phi \left(U\right)bB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

By abuse of notation, the mapping $`\psi `$ is an automorphism of $`bB^{n+1}`$ which comments the following diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}bB^{n+1}\backslash L\hfill & \stackrel{𝜓}{}\hfill & bB^{n+1}\backslash L^{}\hfill \\ \kappa \hfill & & \kappa ^{}\hfill \\ bD\hfill & \stackrel{\mathit{\varphi }}{}\hfill & bD^{}\hfill \end{array}.$$

where $`\kappa :bB^{n+1}\backslash LbD`$ is the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\phi ^1`$ and $`\kappa ^{}:bB^{n+1}\backslash L^{}bD^{}`$ is the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\phi ^1`$ on the boundary $`bB^{n+1}.`$

We claim

$$L^{}\psi \left(L\right)$$

so that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Otherwise, there is a point $`q^{}L^{}`$ such that

$$q^{}L^{}\backslash \psi \left(L\right)$$

From the proof of First Scaling Lemma, there is a sequence $`p_j^{}bD^{}`$ with $`p_j^{}p^{}bD^{}`$ and a sequence $`\phi _j^{}`$ of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\phi ^{}`$ at the point $`p_j^{}`$ with $`q_j^{}\phi _j^{}\left(p_j^{}\right)q^{}L^{}\backslash \psi \left(L\right)`$ such that there is an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`p^{}`$ such that the mapping $`\phi _j^{}`$ is biholomorphic on $`VD^{}`$ and the sequence $`\phi _j^{}`$ converges to the point $`r`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`VD^{}.`$ Since $`\psi `$ is an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1},`$ we obtain

$$\lambda _j\kappa \psi ^1\phi _j^{}:VD^{}D$$

and

$$\varphi \lambda _j=id\text{on }VD^{}.$$

We set

$$p_j\lambda _j\left(p_j^{}\right)bD.$$

Since $`bD`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}bD`$ and a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$p_{m_j}p.$$

Since $`\varphi `$ is a proper mapping, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is a globally finite covering so that there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p`$ such that

$$\lambda _{m_j}=\varphi ^1\text{on }\varphi \left(W\right)D.$$

Hence we obtain

$$\psi =\phi _{m_j}^{}\varphi \kappa $$

Since the mapping $`\psi `$ is an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1},`$ there is a sequence $`q_jbB^{n+1}`$ such that

$$\psi \left(q_j\right)=q_j^{}.$$

Hence we obtain

$$\kappa \left(q_{m_j}\right)=p_{m_j}.$$

Note that there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that

$$B(r;2\delta )bB^{n+1}\psi \left(L\right)=\mathrm{}.$$

Passing to a subsequence, if necessary, we may assume

$$q_{m_j}\psi ^1\left(B(r;\delta )\right)bB^{n+1}$$

so that there is a point $`qbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ satisfying

$$q_{m_j}q.$$

Hence we set

$$\chi _{m_j}\psi ^1\phi _{m_j}^{}\lambda _{m_j}^1$$

and

$$\kappa \chi _{m_j}=id.$$

Finally, we obtain

$$\phi _{m_j}^{}=\psi \chi _{m_j}\lambda _{m_j}.$$

Note that there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ that the mappings $`\lambda _{m_j}`$ and the inverse mappings $`\lambda _{m_j}^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta )\text{and}B(p_{m_j};\delta ),$$

and the mappings $`\chi _{m_j}`$ and the inverse mappings $`\chi _{m_j}^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j};\delta )\text{and}B(q_{m_j};\delta ),$$

and the mapping $`\psi `$ and the inverse mapping $`\psi ^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(q_{m_j};\delta )\text{and}B(q_{m_j}^{};\delta ),$$

Hence the mapping $`\phi _{m_j}^{}`$ and the inverse mappings $`\phi _{m_j}^1=\kappa ^{}`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta )\text{and}B(q_{m_j}^{};\delta ),$$

as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Since $`q_{m_j}^{}q^{},`$ the mapping $`\kappa ^{}`$ is analytically continued to the point $`q^{}`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping so that

$$q^{}bB^{n+1}\backslash L^{}.$$

This is a contradiction so that

$$L^{}\psi \left(L\right).$$

This completes the proof.∎

## 2. Bounded Domains with Spherical Boundaries

### 2.1. Differentiable spherical boundary

Let $`D`$ be a domain in $`^{n+1},n1,`$ with a differentiable boundary $`bD.`$ The boundary $`bD`$ shall be called spherical if, for each point $`pbD,`$ there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`p`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`UD`$ such that

(13)
$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right),\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}$$

and the induced mapping $`\varphi :UbDbB^{n+1}`$ is CR diffeomorphic.

###### Lemma 31.

Let $`U`$ be a connected open neighborhood of a point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on $`UB^{n+1}`$ such that

$$\varphi H\left(UB^{n+1}\right)C^1\left(U\overline{B^{n+1}}\right),\varphi \left(UbB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1}$$

and the induced mapping $`\varphi :UbB^{n+1}bB^{n+1}`$ is CR diffeomorphic. Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 13, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is biholomorphic on $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U.`$ Then, by Lemma 17, we obtain the desired result. This completes the proof.∎

The chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ is defined to be the intersection on $`bB^{n+1}`$ by a complex line. The family of chains on $`bB^{n+1}`$ leaves invariant under the action of biholomorphic automorphisms of $`B^{n+1}.`$ We define the chain on the spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ of a domain $`D`$ to be the inverse image of the chain on $`bB^{n+1}`$ under the mapping 13. By Lemma 31, the chain on the spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ is well defined so that a chain of a spherical differentiable boundary is mapped to a chain of another spherical differentiable boundary under any induced CR diffeomorphism.

###### Lemma 32.

Let $`D`$ be a domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`UD`$ such that

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right),\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`bD`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then there would be a path $`\gamma :[0,1]bD`$ such that $`\gamma \left(0\right)UbD`$ and the germ of a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping, but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$

Thus we reduce the proof to a local problem near the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)bD.`$ Then, by the definition, there is a connected open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on $`VD`$ such that

$$\phi H\left(VD\right)C^1\left(V\overline{D}\right),\phi \left(VbD\right)bB^{n+1}$$

and the induced mapping $`\phi :UbDbB^{n+1}`$ is CR diffeomorphic.

Then we consider the mapping

$$\varphi \phi ^1H\left(\phi \left(VD\right)\right)C^1\left(\phi \left(V\overline{D}\right)\right),\varphi \phi ^1\left(\phi \left(VbD\right)\right)bB^{n+1}$$

and the curve

$$\phi \gamma [0,1]\phi \left(VbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

By Lemma 13, the remaining part of the proof repeats the proof of Lemma 18. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 33 (First Dogginal Lemma).

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on $`UD`$ for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ satisfying

$$\varphi H\left(UB^{n+1}\right)C^1\left(U\overline{B^{n+1}}\right),\varphi \left(UbB^{n+1}\right)bD.$$

Suppose that there is an injective path $`\gamma :[0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`\gamma [0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ is a chain-segment satisfying

$$\gamma \left(0\right)UbB^{n+1}$$

and the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ for all $`\tau <1,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. Let $`\pi `$ be the complex line containing the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Then there is an open neighborhood $`V`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ such that

1. $`\gamma [0,\tau ]V`$for all $`\tau <1,`$
2. $`bV\pi B(\gamma \left(1\right);\delta )`$ is an angle for a sufficient small $`\delta >0,`$ which contains the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1],`$
3. $`bVbB^{n+1}B(\gamma \left(1\right);\delta )`$ is paraboloid for a sufficiently small $`\delta >0,`$ which smoothly touches the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`\gamma \left(1\right),`$
4. the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`VB^{n+1}`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi H\left(VB^{n+1}\right)C^1\left(V\overline{B^{n+1}}\right).$$

###### Proof.

By the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ for all $`\tau <1`$, there is a path $`\varphi \gamma :[0,1)bD.`$ Then we consider the following sequences

$`p_j`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),\text{for }j^+,`$
$`p_j^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi \gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),\text{for }j^+.`$
Since $`bD`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ and a point $`p^{}bD`$ such that

$$p_{m_j}^{}p^{}.$$

Thus we reduce the proof to a local problem near the point $`p^{}bD.`$ Then, by the definition, there is a connected open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p^{}`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on $`WD`$ such that

$$\phi H\left(WD\right)C^1\left(W\overline{D}\right),\phi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}$$

and the induced mapping $`\phi :UbDbB^{n+1}`$ is CR diffeomorphic.

Then we consider the mapping

$$\varphi ^1\phi ^1H\left(\phi \left(WD\right)\right)C^1\left(\phi \left(W\overline{D}\right)\right),\varphi ^1\phi ^1\left(\phi \left(WbD\right)\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

By Lemma 13, the remaining part of the proof repeats the proof of Lemma 24. This completes the proof.∎

By Lemma 31 and Lemma 33, we obtain the following result by the same argument of the proof of Theorem 28.

###### Theorem 34.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`UD`$ for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`E`$ be the path space of $`bD`$ pointed at the point $`pbD`$ mod homotopy so that $`E`$ be a universal covering of $`bD`$ with a natural CR structure and a natural CR covering map $`\psi :EbD`$. Then there is a unique CR equivalence $`\phi :EbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ commuting the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E\hfill & & \\ \psi \hfill & \stackrel{𝜑}{}\hfill & \\ bD\hfill & \stackrel{\mathit{\varphi }}{}\hfill & bB^{n+1}\backslash L\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`LbB^{n+1}`$ is the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi .`$

### 2.2. Second Dogginal Lemma

We have examined the analytic continuation of a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ from the spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ of a bounded domain $`D`$ into the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ From now on, we shall examine the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ into the domain $`D.`$

###### Lemma 35.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued to a locally biholomorphic mapping from $`B^{n+1}`$ into $`D.`$

###### Proof.

By Theorem 34, there is a Doggaebi variety $`L`$ on $`bB^{n+1}`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is uniquely analytically continued on the set $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued to a holomorphic mapping on the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Hence we have a holomorphic mapping $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ which extends to the mapping $`\varphi ^1:bB^{n+1}\backslash LbD.`$ Note that the zero set of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix $`\phi ^{}`$ of the mapping $`\phi `$ cannot be located on the set $`L`$ on the boundary $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Thus the mapping $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ is locally biholomorphic. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 36.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`rbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`L`$ be the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ be a locally biholomorphic mapping to be an analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$. Suppose that there is a line segment $`\gamma :[0,1]D`$ with

$$p=\gamma \left(1\right)\text{and}p_j=\gamma \left(1\frac{1}{j}\right)$$

and the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`p_1\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Let $`p_j^{}\varphi \left(p_j\right)B^{n+1}`$ be the sequence obtained by the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,1).`$ Then there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ and a point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}`$ such that the subsequence $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ converges to the point $`p^{}`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}bB^{n+1}`$.

###### Proof.

Since the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`p_{m_j}^{}`$ which converges to a point $`p^{}\overline{B^{n+1}}.`$ Since the mapping $`\phi `$ is locally biholomorphic on $`B^{n+1}`$, the point $`p^{}`$ should be on the boundary $`bB^{n+1}.`$ Further, since $`\phi =\varphi ^1:bB^{n+1}\backslash LbD`$ is locally biholomorphic, we obtain

$$p_{m_j}^{}p^{}L.$$

Let $`\pi _p`$ be the complex line containing the line segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Since $`p_{m_j}^{}\varphi \left(p_{m_j}\right),`$ the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ on the complex line $`\pi _p`$ yields a complex curve $`\phi ^1\left(\pi _pD\right)`$ which touches the point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}.`$ Since the mapping $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ is locally biholomorphic up to the boundary subset $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ and the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, the extension

$$\phi ^1\left(\pi _p\overline{D}\right)$$

of the complex curve $`\phi ^1\left(\pi _pD\right)`$ is transversal to the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ near the point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}.`$

We claim that the extension $`\phi ^1\left(\pi _p\overline{D}\right)`$ is transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}L.`$ We take a path $`\lambda :[0,1]bB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p^{}=\lambda (1)`$ and

$$\lambda [0,1]\overline{\phi ^1\left(\pi _pbD\right)}bB^{n+1}.$$

Note that there are finitely many closed paths $`\gamma _j`$ on $`bD`$ such that

$$\pi _pbD=\underset{j}{}\gamma _j.$$

Since $`bD`$ is strongly pseudoconvex, each path $`\gamma _j`$ is transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane on $`bD`$ at each point.

We consider the following sequence

$$q_j=\phi \lambda \left(1\frac{1}{j}\right)\pi _pbD,q_j^{}=\lambda \left(1\frac{1}{j}\right)\text{for }j^+$$

such that

$$q_j^{}p^{}\text{as }j\mathrm{}.$$

Since the set $`\pi _pbD`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`q_{m_j}`$ and a point $`q\pi _pbD`$ such that

$$q_{m_j}q\text{as }j\mathrm{}.$$

Let $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ be the germ of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`q_{m_j}.`$ By Theorem 18 and Lemma 14, we may assume that there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`q`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi _{m_j}`$ is holomorphic on $`WD.`$

Since $`bD`$ is spherical, there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\psi `$ on $`W,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`W,`$ such that

$$\psi H\left(WD\right)C^1\left(W\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\psi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

We may assume that

$$q^{\prime \prime }\psi \left(q\right)p^{}\text{and}q_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\psi \left(q_{m_j}\right).$$

Then, by Lemma 17, the composition

$$\eta _j\varphi _{m_j}\psi ^1Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right)$$

are automorphisms of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Note that we have the condition

$$\eta _j\left(q_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\right)=q_{m_j}^{}p^{}$$

and the sequence $`\eta _j`$ converges to the point $`p^{}`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1},`$ if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Otherwise, $`p^{}L.`$

Let $`\pi _j^{}`$ be the complex line passing through the two points $`p^{}`$ and $`q_{m_j}^{},`$ and $`\delta _j^{}`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j^{}=\pi _j^{}B^{n+1}.$$

The area $`\left|\eta _j^1\left(\delta _j^{}\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk $`\eta _j^1\left(\delta _j^{}\right)`$ is bounded from the below. Otherwise, we would have $`p^{}L.`$ Then we decompose the mapping $`\eta _j`$ as follows

$$\eta _j=\mu _j\nu _j$$

where

$$\mu _jAut_{q_{m_j}^{}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),\nu _jAut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right).$$

Then, by First and Second Scaling Lemmas, we take a sequence of local automorphisms $`\sigma _jAut_{q_{m_j}^{}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)`$ defined by the normalizing parameters

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\rho _{\mu _j},a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0.$$

Then the following sequence

$$\beta _j=\sigma _j^1\eta _j$$

converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1},`$ if necessary, passing to a subsequence.

Let $`\pi _j`$ be the complex line containing the tangent vector of the path

$$\psi \left(\phi \lambda [0,1]W\right)bB^{n+1}$$

at the point $`q_{m_j}^{\prime \prime },`$ and $`\delta _j`$ be the analytic disk

$$\delta _j=\pi _jB^{n+1}.$$

Clearly, the area $`\left|\delta _j\right|`$ of the analytic disk $`\delta _j`$ is bounded from the below. Note that, by the mapping $`\sigma _jAut_{q_{m_j}^{}}\left(bB^{n+1}\right),`$ the area $`\left|\sigma _j^1\left(\delta _j^{\prime \prime }\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk $`\sigma _j\left(\delta _j^{\prime \prime }\right)`$ is bounded from the below whenever the area $`\left|\delta _j^{\prime \prime }\right|`$ of the analytic disk $`\delta _j^{\prime \prime }`$ is bounded from the below. Thus the area $`\left|\eta _j\left(\delta _j\right)\right|`$ of the analytic disk

$$\eta _j\left(\delta _j\right)=\sigma _j\beta _j\left(\delta _j\right)$$

is bounded from the below. Since the analytic disk $`\eta _j\left(\delta _j\right)`$ is the intersection of $`B^{n+1}`$ and the complex line containing the tangent vector of the path $`\lambda [0,1]`$ at the point

$$q_{m_j}^{}=\lambda \left(1\frac{1}{m_j}\right).$$

Thus the path $`\lambda [0,1]`$ is transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}=\lambda \left(1\right)`$. Therefore, the point $`p_j^{}`$ approaches to the point $`p^{}L`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}bB^{n+1}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 37 (Second Dogginal Lemma).

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`rbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`L`$ be the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ be a locally biholomorphic mapping to be an analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$. Suppose that there is a line segment $`\gamma :[0,1]D`$ with

$$p=\gamma \left(1\right)\text{and}p_j=\gamma \left(1\frac{1}{j}\right)$$

and the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`p_1\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Let $`p_j^{}\varphi \left(p_j\right)B^{n+1}`$ be the sequence obtained by the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ along the path $`\gamma [0,1).`$ Suppose that there is a point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}`$ such that the sequence $`p_j^{}`$ converges to the point $`p^{}`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}bB^{n+1}`$. Let $`\pi _p`$ be the complex line containing the line segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$. Then there is a distinguished complex hyperplane $`H_pT_p^{n+1}`$ at the point $`pD`$ satisfying

$$T_p^{n+1}=H_p\pi _p$$

and an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the line segment $`\gamma [0,1)`$ such that

1. $`bV\pi _pB(p;\delta )`$ is an angle for a sufficient small $`\delta >0,`$ which contains the path $`\gamma [0,1],`$
2. $`bVR_pB(p;\delta )`$ is a slanted paraboloid for a sufficiently small $`\delta >0,`$ which smoothly touches the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p,`$
3. the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`p_1\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued on $`V`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping,

where $`R_p`$ is a real hyperplane containing the line segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ and

$$H_pR_p.$$

###### Proof.

We take a sequence of automorphisms $`\varphi _jAut\left(B^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$\varphi _j\left(p_1^{}\right)=p_j^{}p^{}L.$$

Then the composition $`\tau _j\phi \varphi _j:B^{n+1}D`$ forms a normal family so that there is a subsequence $`\tau _{m_j}\phi \varphi _{m_j}`$ which converges to a holomorphic mapping $`\tau :B^{n+1}D`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$

We claim that $`\tau `$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping. We take a point $`qbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ and $`q_{m_j}^{}=\tau _{m_j}\left(q\right)bD`$ such that

$$q_{m_j}^{}=\tau _{m_j}\left(q\right)q^{}bD,$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Since $`bD`$ is spherical, there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`q^{}`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\psi `$ on $`WD`$ satisfying

$$\psi H\left(WD\right)C^1\left(W\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\psi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then we consider the composition $`\chi _{m_j}\psi \phi \varphi _{m_j}`$ so that, by Lemma 17 and by abuse of notation,

$$\chi _{m_j}Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).$$

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then the sequence $`\chi _{m_j}`$ converges to a boundary point $`\psi \left(q^{}\right)bB^{n+1}`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1},`$ if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Hence the sequence $`\tau _{m_j}\phi \varphi _{m_j}`$ would converge to a boundary point $`q^{}bD`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}`$. By the way, note that

$$\tau _{m_j}\left(p_1^{}\right)=p_{m_j}pD.$$

This is a contradiction. Hence the holomorphic mapping $`\tau `$ is locally biholomorphic. Thus there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\tau _{m_j}`$ and the inverse $`\tau _{m_j}^1`$ are analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j};\delta ),B(p_1^{};\delta ).$$

Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean length between the two points $`p^{}`$ and $`p_j^{}`$. By First Scaling Lemma, there is a sequence of automorphisms

$$\sigma _jAut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

such that, for a subsequence $`\varphi _{m_j},`$

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j},a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the composition

$$\eta _j\sigma _j^1\varphi _{m_j}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Then there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\eta _j`$ and the inverse $`\eta _j^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_1^{};\delta ),B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta )$$

where

$$p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }=\eta _j\left(p_{m_j}^{}\right).$$

Then we obtain

$$\phi =\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\sigma _j^1.$$

Thus the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ is analytically continued onto the open set

$$\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\left(\sigma _j\left(B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta )\right)\right)$$

which is centered at the point $`p_{m_j}.`$ For a canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _p^{},`$ we obtain

$$\sigma _j^{}\mu _p^{}\sigma _j\mu _p^{}^1:\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\sqrt{\epsilon _{m_j}}z\hfill \\ w^{}=\epsilon _{m_j}w\hfill \end{array}.$$

We set

$$\mu _p^{}\left(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\right)p^{\prime \prime \prime }\mu _p^{}\left(B^{n+1}\right)$$

so that, shrinking $`\delta >0,`$ if necessary, the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ is analytically continued onto the open set

$$\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\mu _p^{}\left(\sigma _j^{}\left(B(p^{\prime \prime \prime };\delta )\right)\right)$$

which is centered at the point $`p_{m_j}.`$

Since $`\epsilon _{m_j}`$ is the euclidean distance between the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j},`$ the analytically continued region of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ along the line segment $`\gamma [0,1]D`$ contains an open set along the line segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ which touches to the point $`p=\gamma \left(1\right)`$ by an edge shape on the complex line $`\pi _p`$ and by a slanted paraboloid shape on the real hyperplane $`R_p.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 38.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`rbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Let $`L`$ be the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ be a locally biholomorphic mapping to be an analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$. Let $`H_p`$ be the complex hyperplane at the point $`pD`$ in Lemma 37 and $`\pi _p`$ be a complex line satisfying

$$T_p^{n+1}=H_p\pi _p.$$

Suppose that, along a line segment $`\gamma :[0,1]\pi _pD`$ with $`p=\gamma \left(1\right),`$ the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping such that the limit point

$$\underset{\tau 1}{lim}\varphi \gamma \left(\tau \right)$$

is the point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}`$ in Lemma 37. Then there is an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the line segment $`\gamma [0,1)`$ such that

1. $`bV\pi _pB(p;\delta )`$ is an angle for a sufficient small $`\delta >0,`$ which contains the path $`\gamma [0,1],`$
2. $`bVR_pB(p;\delta )`$ is a slanted paraboloid for a sufficiently small $`\delta >0,`$ which smoothly touches the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p,`$
3. the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued on $`V`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping,

where $`R_p`$ is a real hyperplane containing the line segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ and

$$H_pR_p.$$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 36, $`\varphi \gamma \left(\tau \right)`$ approaches to the point $`p^{}L`$ to a direction transversal to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}`$ as $`\tau 1.`$ Then there is a complex hyperplane $`H_p^{}`$ satisfying the conditions in Lemma 37.

Note that the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ is determined by the mapping $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ and the complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p^{}`$ at the point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1},`$ but $`H_p`$ does not depend on the approaching direction of $`\varphi \gamma \left(\tau \right)p^{}`$ as $`\tau 1.`$ Thus $`H_p^{}=H_p`$. This completes the proof.∎

### 2.3. Biholomorphic equivalence

###### Lemma 39.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ and $`G`$ be the path space of $`D`$ mod homotopic relation so that $`G`$ is a universal covering Riemann domain with a natural complex structure and a natural holomorphic covering map $`\kappa :GD.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)$$

for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the analytic continuation of the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is lifted to a holomorphic mapping $`\psi `$ from $`B^{n+1}`$ onto $`G`$ such that $`\psi :B^{n+1}G`$ is a proper locally biholomorphic mapping, i.e., a finite covering of $`G,`$ satisfying the following relation:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}& & G\hfill \\ & \stackrel{𝜓}{}& \kappa \hfill \\ B^{n+1}\hfill & \stackrel{𝜑}{}& D\hfill \end{array}.$$

###### Proof.

By Theorem 35, there is a locally biholomorphic mapping

$$\phi :B^{n+1}D$$

such that $`\phi `$ is the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ and

$$\phi =\varphi ^1\text{on}bB^{n+1}\backslash L$$

where $`L`$ is the Doggaebi variety associated to the mapping $`\varphi .`$

A piecewise line segment curve is a path $`\gamma :[0,1]D`$ consisting of finitely many line segments. Fix a point $`bUD.`$ We shall show that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any piecewise line segment curve. Suppose that $`\gamma :[0,1]D`$ be a piecewise line segment curve with $`\gamma \left(0\right)=b`$ such that the germ of the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued along all subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with $`\tau <1,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Let $`\pi _p`$ be a complex line satisfying, for sufficiently small $`\epsilon >0,`$

$$\gamma [1\epsilon ,1]\pi _p.$$

Then, by Second Dogginal Lemma, there is a distinguished complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p=\gamma \left(1\right)`$ satisfying

$$T_p^{n+1}=H_p\pi _p$$

and an open neighborhood $`V`$ containing the line segment $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with all $`\tau <1`$ such that

1. $`bV\pi _pB(p;\epsilon )`$ is an angle for a sufficient small $`\epsilon >0,`$ which contains the path $`\gamma [0,1],`$
2. $`bVR_pB(p;\epsilon )`$ is a slanted paraboloid for a sufficiently small $`\epsilon >0,`$ which smoothly touches the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p,`$
3. the germ of a locally biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ at the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ is analytically continued on $`V`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping,

where $`R_p`$ is a real hyperplane satisfying, for sufficiently small $`\epsilon >0,`$

$$\gamma [1\epsilon ,1]R_p\text{and}H_pR_p.$$

Thus we can find a sequence of points $`p_jVB(p;\epsilon )`$ and a sequence of germs $`\varphi _j`$ of the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`p_j`$ such that the sequence $`p_j`$ converges to the point $`p`$ to a direction tangential to the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p.`$ We set

$$p_j^{}=\varphi _j\left(p_j\right)B^{n+1}.$$

Then there is a point $`p^{}LbB^{n+1}`$ such that $`p_j^{}p^{}`$ to a direction tangential to the complex tangent hyperplane at the point $`p^{}bB^{n+1}.`$ We take a sequence of automorphisms $`\phi _jAut\left(B^{n+1}\right)`$ such that

$$\phi _j\left(p_1^{}\right)=p_j^{}p^{}L.$$

Then the composition $`\tau _j\phi \phi _j:B^{n+1}D`$ forms a normal family so that there is a subsequence $`\tau _{m_j}\phi \phi _{m_j}`$ which converges to a holomorphic mapping $`\tau :B^{n+1}D`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}.`$

We claim that $`\tau `$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping. We take a point $`qbB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ and $`q_{m_j}^{}=\tau _{m_j}\left(q\right)bD`$ such that

$$q_{m_j}^{}=\tau _{m_j}\left(q\right)q^{}bD,$$

if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Since $`bD`$ is spherical, there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`q^{}`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\psi `$ on $`WD`$ satisfying

$$\psi H\left(WD\right)C^1\left(W\overline{D}\right)\text{and}\psi \left(WbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then we consider the composition $`\chi _{m_j}\psi \phi \phi _{m_j}`$ so that, by Lemma 17 and by abuse of notation,

$$\chi _{m_j}Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).$$

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then the sequence $`\chi _{m_j}`$ converges to a boundary point $`\psi \left(q^{}\right)bB^{n+1}`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1},`$ if necessary, passing to a subsequence. Hence the sequence $`\tau _{m_j}\phi \phi _{m_j}`$ would converge to a boundary point $`q^{}bD`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}`$. By the way, note that

$$\tau _{m_j}\left(p_1^{}\right)=p_{m_j}pD.$$

This is a contradiction. Hence the holomorphic mapping $`\tau `$ is locally biholomorphic. Thus there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\tau _{m_j}`$ and the inverse $`\tau _{m_j}^1`$ are analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping respectively on

$$B(p_{m_j};\delta ),B(p_1^{};\delta ).$$

Let $`\epsilon _j`$ be the euclidean length between the two points $`p^{}`$ and $`p_j^{}`$. By Second Scaling Lemma, there is a sequence of automorphisms

$$\sigma _jAut_p^{}\left(bB^{n+1}\right)$$

such that, for a subsequence $`\phi _{m_j},`$

$$U_{\sigma _j}=id_{n\times n},\rho _{\sigma _j}=\epsilon _{m_j}^2,a_{\sigma _j}=0,r_{\sigma _j}=0$$

and the composition

$$\eta _j\sigma _j^1\phi _{m_j}$$

uniformly converges to an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Then there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the mapping $`\eta _j`$ and the inverse $`\eta _j^1`$ are analytically continued respectively on

$$B(p_1^{};\delta ),B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta )$$

where

$$p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }=\eta _j\left(p_{m_j}^{}\right).$$

Then we obtain

$$\phi =\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\sigma _j^1.$$

Thus the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ is analytically continued onto the open set

$$\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\left(\sigma _j\left(B(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime };\delta )\right)\right)$$

which is centered at the point $`p_{m_j}.`$ For a canonical normalizing mapping $`\mu _p^{},`$ we obtain

$$\sigma _j^{}\mu _p^{}\sigma _j\mu _p^{}^1:\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\epsilon _{m_j}z\hfill \\ w^{}=\epsilon _{m_j}^2w\hfill \end{array}.$$

We set

$$\mu _p^{}\left(p_{m_j}^{\prime \prime }\right)p^{\prime \prime \prime }\mu _p^{}\left(B^{n+1}\right)$$

so that, shrinking $`\delta >0,`$ if necessary, the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ is analytically continued onto the open set

$$\tau _{m_j}\eta _j^1\mu _p^{}\left(\sigma _j^{}\left(B(p^{\prime \prime \prime };\delta )\right)\right)$$

which is centered at the point $`p_{m_j}.`$

Since the sequence $`p_{m_j}`$ converges to $`p`$ to a direction tangential to the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p,`$ and $`\epsilon _{m_j}`$ is the euclidean distance between the two points $`p`$ and $`p_{m_j},`$ the analytically continued region of the mapping $`\varphi =\phi ^1`$ along the sequence $`p_{m_j}VD`$ contains an open set along the converging direction of the sequence $`p_{m_j}`$ by an edge shape tangential to the complex hyperplane $`H_p`$ at the point $`p`$ and a $`\sqrt{\left|x\right|}`$ curve shape normal to $`H_p.`$

Thus there is a complex line $`\pi _p^{}`$ satisfying

$$\pi _p^{}H_p\text{and}p\pi _p^{},$$

and an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on

$$W\pi _p^{}.$$

Then we take a line segment $`\gamma :[0,1]\pi _p^{}H_p`$ such that

$$\gamma :[0,1)W\left(\pi _p^{}\backslash p\right)\text{and}\gamma \left(1\right)=p.$$

Note that

$$\underset{\tau 1}{lim}\varphi \gamma \left(\tau \right)=p^{}LbB^{n+1}.$$

By Second Dogginal Lemma, the distinguished complex tangent hyperplane $`H_p`$ satisfies

$$T_p^{n+1}=H_p\pi _p^{}$$

so that

$$\pi _p^{}H_p=\left\{p\right\}.$$

This is a contradiction so that the germ of the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`bUD`$ is analytically continued along the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Hence the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any piecewise line segment curve on $`D`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping.

We claim that the mapping $`\varphi :UDB^{n+1}`$ is analytically continued along any path on $`D`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping. Let $`\gamma :[0,1]D`$ be a path on $`D.`$ Then we take a piecewise line segment curve $`\lambda :[0,1]`$ and a continuous function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:[0,1]\times [0,1]D`$ such that

$`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \left(0\right),\gamma \left(1\right)=\lambda \left(1\right)`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(0,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma \left(\tau \right),\mathrm{\Gamma }(1,\tau )=\lambda \left(\tau \right)\text{for all }\tau [0,1]`$
and the path $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(,\tau ):[0,1]D`$ for each $`\tau [0,1]`$ is a piecewise line segment curve on $`D.`$ Clearly, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ so that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`D`$ as a locally biholomorphic mapping.

Let $`G`$ be the path space of $`D`$ pointed by a point of $`UD`$ mod homotopic relation so that $`G`$ is a universal covering of $`D`$ with a natural complex structure and a natural holomorphic covering map $`\kappa :GD.`$ By the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi :UDB^{n+1}`$ on $`D,`$ the mapping $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ has its natural proper locally biholomorphic lift $`\psi :B^{n+1}G.`$ Since the mapping $`\psi :B^{n+1}G`$ is proper and locally biholomorphic, the mapping $`\psi `$ is a finite covering of $`G`$. This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 40.

Let $`D`$ be a bounded domain in $`^{n+1}`$ with spherical differentiable boundary $`bD`$ such that the fundamental group $`\pi _1(D)`$ is finite. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi H\left(UD\right)C^1\left(U\overline{D}\right)$$

for a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ satisfying

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then $`D`$ is necessarily simply connected and the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`B^{n+1}.`$

###### Proof.

Let $`G`$ be the path space of $`D`$ pointed by a point of $`UD`$ mod homotopic relation with a natural complex structure and a natural locally biholomorphic covering map $`\kappa :GD.`$ Then, by Lemma 39, there is a locally biholomorphic finite covering lift $`\psi :B^{n+1}G`$ satisfying

$$\phi =\kappa \psi $$

where $`\phi :B^{n+1}D`$ is an analytic continuation of the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1.`$

Since the fundamental group $`\pi _1\left(D\right)`$ is finite, the mapping $`\kappa :GD`$ is a finite covering. Thus the mapping

$$\phi =\kappa \psi :B^{n+1}D$$

is a locally biholomorphic finite covering. Therefore, the analytic continuation of the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ on the boundary $`bB^{n+1}`$ yields finitely many germs at each point of $`bB^{n+1}.`$ By Lemma 20, the Doggaebi variety $`L`$ associated to the mapping $`\varphi `$ is empty so that the mapping

$$\phi =\varphi ^1:bB^{n+1}bD$$

is also a locally biholomorphic finite covering. Thus the mapping

$$\phi :\overline{B^{n+1}}\overline{D}$$

is a finite covering mapping. Then the fixed point property of the close ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ implies that the mapping $`\phi :\overline{B^{n+1}}\overline{D}`$ is a simple cover. Otherwise, a nontrivial deck transformation of the closed ball $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ yields a continuous function on $`\overline{B^{n+1}}`$ with no fixed point. Therefore, the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi :UDB^{n+1}`$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping

$$\phi ^1:DB^{n+1}.$$

This completes the proof.∎

## 3. Locally Biholomorphic Mappings

### 3.1. Estimates of normalizing parameters

###### Lemma 41.

Let $`M`$ be a nonspherical analytic real hypersurface in $`^{n+1}`$ and $`Aut_p(M)`$ be the isotropy subgroup at a point $`pM.`$ Suppose that there is a real number $`c1`$ satisfying

$$\underset{\phi Aut_p(M)}{sup}\left|U_\phi \right|c<\mathrm{}.$$

Then there is a real number $`e1`$ satisfying

$$\left|a_\varphi \right|e,e^1\left|\rho _\varphi \right|e,\left|r_\varphi \right|e$$

for every local automorphism $`\varphi Aut_p(M).`$

###### Proof.

The real hypersurface $`\mu _p\left(M\right)`$ in normal form is expanded as follows:

$$v=z,z+\underset{k=4}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F_k(z,\overline{z},u)$$

where

$$F_k(\nu z,\nu \overline{z},\nu ^2u)=\nu ^kF_k(z,\overline{z},u).$$

Since $`M`$ is nonspherical, not all $`F_k(z,\overline{z},u)`$ are zero. Then we make an estimate of the normalizing parameters $`a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi `$ for $`\varphi Aut_p(M)`$(cf.\[Pa3\]). This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 42.

Let $`M`$ be a nonspherical strongly pseudoconvex analytic real hypersurface in a complex manifold. Then the local isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact for every point $`pM.`$

###### Proof.

Because the situation is local, we may assume by taking a coordinate chart, if necessary, that the complex manifold is $`^{n+1}.`$ Then the pseudoconvexity of $`M`$ leads to

$$\left|U_\phi \right|=1\text{for}\phi Aut_p\left(M\right).$$

By Lemma 41, we obtain the desired result. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 43.

Let $`M,`$ $`M^{}`$ be nonspherical analytic real hypersurfaces in $`^{n+1}`$ and $`p,p^{}`$ be points respectively of $`M,M^{}`$ such that the two germs $`M`$ at $`p`$ and $`M^{}`$ at $`p^{}`$ are biholomorphically equivalent. Suppose that the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact. Then there is a real number $`\delta _p>0`$ such that each germ of a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ sending the germ $`M`$ at $`p`$ to the germ $`M^{}`$ at $`p^{}`$ is analytically continued to the open ball $`B(p;\delta _p).`$

###### Proof.

We take a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`pM`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UM\right)M^{}.$$

Then every germ of a biholomorphic mapping sending the germ $`M`$ at $`p`$ to the germ $`M^{}`$ at $`p^{}`$ is one of the following

$$\varphi \phi \text{for}\phi Aut_p\left(M\right).$$

Then the compactness of the group $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ leads to the desired result. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 44.

Let $`M`$ be a nonspherical analytic real hypersurface in $`^{n+1}`$ such that the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p(M)`$ is compact at every point $`pM.`$ Then, for each compact subset $`KM,`$ there is a real number $`e1`$ satisfying

$$e^1\left|U_\varphi \right|e,\left|a_\varphi \right|e,e^1\left|\rho _\varphi \right|e,\left|r_\varphi \right|e$$

for every point $`pK`$ and every local automorphism $`\varphi Aut_p(M).`$

###### Proof.

The real hypersurface $`\mu _p\left(M\right)`$ in normal form is expanded as follows:

$$v=z,z+\underset{\left|I\right|,\left|J\right|2,k1}{}\lambda _{IJk}\left(p\right)z^I\overline{z}^Ju^k.$$

Suppose that the normalization $`N_e,`$ $`e=(U,a,\rho ,r)H,`$ transforms the real hypersurface $`\mu _p\left(M\right)`$ to a real hypersurfaces expanded as follows:

$$v=z,z+\underset{\left|I\right|,\left|J\right|2,k1}{}\eta _{IJk}(p;U,a,\rho ,r)z^I\overline{z}^Ju^k.$$

Note that the element $`(U_\varphi ,a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi )`$ for $`\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is characterized by the following equalities:

$$\lambda _{IJk}\left(p\right)=\eta _{IJk}(p;U,a,\rho ,r),\left|I\right|,\left|J\right|2,k1.$$

Then, since the algebraic subset of $`(U,a,\rho ,r)`$ is characterized by finitely many equalities, there is an integer $`K`$ such that the following equalities

(14)
$$\lambda _{IJk}\left(p\right)=\eta _{IJk}(p;U,a,\rho ,r),\left|I\right|,\left|J\right|,kK$$

characterize the element $`(U_\varphi ,a_\varphi ,\rho _\varphi ,r_\varphi )`$ for $`\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right).`$

Since the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact, there is a real number $`e_p1`$ such that

$$e_p^1\left|U_\varphi \right|e_p,\left|a_\varphi \right|e_p,e_p^1\left|\rho _\varphi \right|e_p,\left|r_\varphi \right|e_p$$

for every element $`\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right).`$ Thus the algebraic set defined by the equalities in 14 is bounded. Note that the boundedness of the algebraic set is preserved on an open neighborhood of the point $`p`$ so that there are a real number $`\delta _p>0`$ and a real number $`c_p1`$ satisfying

$$c_p^1\left|U_\varphi \right|c_p,\left|a_\varphi \right|c_p,c_p^1\left|\rho _\varphi \right|c_p,\left|r_\varphi \right|c_p$$

for every point $`pB(p;\delta _p)M`$ and every local automorphism $`\varphi Aut_p(M).`$

Since the subset $`K`$ is compact, there are finitely many points $`p_1,\mathrm{},p_l`$ such that

$$K\underset{k=1}{\overset{l}{}}B(p_k;\delta _{p_k})M.$$

Then we take

$$e=\mathrm{max}\left\{e_{p_k}:1kl\right\}.$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 45.

Let $`M`$ be nonspherical analytic real hypersurfaces in $`^{n+1}`$ such that the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact at every point $`pM.`$ Then, for each compact subset $`KM,`$ there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that each germ of a local automorphism $`\varphi Aut_p\left(M\right),`$ $`pK,`$ is analytically continued to the open ball $`B(p;\delta ).`$

###### Proof.

By the construction of the normalizing map $`\mu _p,`$ the real number $`\delta _p`$ depend only on the point $`pM.`$ Hence there is a real number $`\delta _p>0`$ for each $`pM`$ such that, for every $`qB(p;\delta _p)M,`$ the mapping $`\mu _q`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(q;\delta _p)`$ and the inverse $`\mu _q^1`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(0;\delta _p).`$ Since $`K`$ is a compact subset, there are finitely many points $`p_1,\mathrm{},p_l`$ such that

$$K\underset{k=1}{\overset{l}{}}B(p_k;\delta _{p_k})M.$$

Then we take

$$\delta _1=\mathrm{max}\left\{\delta _{p_k}:1kl\right\}$$

so that $`\mu _p`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(p;\delta _1)`$ and $`\mu _p^1`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(0;\delta _1)`$ for every $`pK.`$

By Lemma 44, there is a real number $`\delta _2`$ such that every local automorphism $`\phi Aut_0\left(\mu _p\left(M\right)\right)`$ for every $`pK`$ is biholomorphically continued to the neighborhood $`B(0;\delta _2)`$. Then we take

$$\delta =\mathrm{min}\{\delta _1,\delta _2\}.$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 46.

Let $`M`$ be a nonspherical analytic real hypersurface and $`\gamma :[0,1]M`$ be a chain-segment. Let $`M^{}`$ be a nonspherical analytic real hypersurface in Moser-Vitushkin normal form(cf. \[Pa1\]). Suppose that there is a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`U`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UM\right)M^{}$$

and the image $`\varphi \left(U\gamma [0,1]\right)`$ is on the straightened chain of $`M^{}.`$ Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then there is a real number $`\lambda ,`$ $`0<\lambda 1,`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along all the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ],\tau <\lambda ,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,\lambda ],`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

Since $`\gamma [0,1]`$ is a chain-segment, there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(\lambda \right)`$ such that the image $`\phi \left(V\gamma [0,1]\right)`$ is on the straightened chain of $`M^{}.`$ Then we take a point $`p\phi \left(V\gamma [0,\lambda )\right)`$ and an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`p`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`W`$ along the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ and $`WV`$ so that

$$\varphi \phi ^1\left(\phi \left(W\right)M^{}\right)M^{}$$

and the mapping $`\varphi \phi ^1`$ maps the straightened chain $`\phi \left(W\gamma [0,1]\right)`$ of $`M^{}`$ onto the straightened chain of $`M^{}.`$

Note that the composition $`\psi =\varphi \phi ^1`$ is necessarily analytically continued along the whole straightened chain of $`M^{}`$(cf. \[Pa3\]). Then, by abuse of notation, the composition $`\psi \phi `$ is the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on the point $`\gamma \left(\lambda \right)`$ along the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ This is a contradiction. This completes the proof.∎

### 3.2. Analytic continuation on a real hypersurface

We defined a canonical normalization $`\nu _p`$ of a nondegenerate analytic real hypersurface $`M`$ at a point $`pM`$ to Moser-Vitushkin normal form(cf. \[Pa1\]) by the same way of the canonical normalization $`\mu _p`$ to Moser normal form.

###### Lemma 47.

Let $`M,M^{}`$ be nonspherical analytic real hypersurfaces in complex manifolds such that $`M^{}`$ is compact and the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact at every point $`pM.`$ Let $`\gamma :[0,1]M`$ be a chain-segment and $`\varphi `$ be a biholomorphic mapping on a connected open set $`U`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(0\right)`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UM\right)M^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then, without loss of generality, we may assume that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along all the subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ],\tau <1,`$ but not the whole chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. By the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi ,`$ there is a path $`\varphi \gamma :[0,1)M^{}.`$ Then we consider the following sequences

$`p_j`$ $``$ $`\gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),j^+,`$
$`p_j^{}`$ $``$ $`\varphi \gamma \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}}\right),j^+.`$
Since $`M^{}`$ is compact, passing to a subsequence, say $`m_j,`$ there is a point $`p^{}M^{}`$ such that $`p_{m_j}^{}p^{}`$ as $`j\mathrm{}`$ so that the closure

$$\overline{\left\{p_{m_j}^{}\varphi \gamma \left(1\frac{1}{m_j}\right),j^+\right\}}$$

is a compact subset in a coordinate chart of the complex manifold.

Without loss of generality, we may assume that the chain $`\gamma [0,1]M`$ in a coordinate chart of the complex manifold. By abuse of notation, we assume that $`M,M^{}`$ are in $`^{n+1}.`$ Let $`\nu _p`$ be the canonical normalization of a nondegenerate real hypersurface $`M`$ at a point $`pM`$ to Moser-Vitushkin normal form.

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ yields the following germs of a biholomorphic mapping:

$$\phi _j\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}\varphi \nu _{p_{m_j}}^1:\nu _{p_{m_j}}\left(M\right)\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}\left(M^{}\right).$$

Since $`\gamma :[0,1]M`$ is a chain-segment, there is a sequence of local automorphisms

$$\sigma _jAut_{p_{m_j}}\left(M\right)$$

such that the mapping $`\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}\varphi \sigma _j`$ sends the germ of the chain $`\gamma `$ at the point $`p_{m_j}`$ onto the straightened chain of the real hypersurface $`\mu _{p_{m_j}^{}}\left(M^{}\right)`$ in Moser-Vitushkin normal form. By Lemma 46, the composition $`\psi _j=\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}\varphi \sigma _j`$ is analytically continued along the whole chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Therefore, there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that, by abuse of notation, the mapping $`\psi _j`$ is biholomorphic on the open neighborhood $`B(p_{m_j};\delta ).`$

By Lemma 45, the set $`\{\nu _{p_{m_j}}\sigma _j\nu _{p_{m_j}}^1:j^+\}`$ is relatively compact.. Thus, by passing to a subsequence and shrinking $`\delta >0`$, if necessary, we may assume that the composition $`\tau _j=\nu _{p_{m_j}}\sigma _j\nu _{p_{m_j}}^1`$ and its converse $`\tau _j^1`$ are biholomorphically continued on the open neighborhood $`B(0;\delta ).`$

Since $`p_{m_j}\gamma \left(1\right)`$ and $`p_{m_j}^{}p^{},`$ by passing to a subsequence and shrinking $`\delta >0`$, if necessary, we may assume that the canonical normalizations $`\nu _{p_{m_j}},\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}`$ and their inverses $`\nu _{p_{m_j}}^1,\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}^1`$ are biholomorphically continued respectively on the open neighborhoods

$$B(p_{m_j};\delta ),B(p_{m_j}^{};\delta ),B(0;\delta ),B(0;\delta ).$$

Then, by abuse of notation, the composition

$$\chi _j=\nu _{p_{m_j}^{}}^1\psi _j\nu _{p_{m_j}}^1\tau _j^1\nu _{p_{m_j}}$$

is biholomorphic on the open neighborhood $`B(p_{m_j};\delta ),`$ if necessary, by shrinking $`\delta >0.`$

Note that the mapping $`\chi _j`$ is a local biholomorphic continuation of the germ of the mapping $`\varphi `$ at the point $`p_{m_j}`$ for each $`j^+.`$ Thus we take an integer $`K`$ such that

$$\gamma \left(1\right)B(p_{m_K};\frac{\delta }{2})$$

so that the mapping $`\chi _K`$ is an analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ on the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$ along the chain-segment $`\gamma [0,1].`$ This contradiction completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 48.

Let $`M,M^{}`$ be nonspherical analytic real hypersurfaces in complex manifolds such that $`M^{}`$ is compact and the isotropy subgroup $`Aut_p\left(M\right)`$ is compact at every point $`pM.`$ Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open set $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UM\right)M^{}.$$

Then the biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along any path on $`M`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

For each point $`pM,`$ we make a biholomorphically equivalent deformation of the real hypersurfaces $`\mu _p\left(M\right)`$ in normal form continuously to a real hyperquadric by using the scaling mapping

$$\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\lambda z\hfill \\ w^{}=\lambda ^2w\hfill \end{array},\lambda ^+.$$

Because the chain is characterized by an order differential equation, the continuous family of chains on the real hyperquadric is continuously deformed by the parameter $`\lambda `$ on a real hypersurface biholomorphic to $`M`$ near the point $`p`$(cf. \[Pa3\]).

Let $`\gamma :[0,1]M`$ be a path on $`M`$ such that $`\gamma \left(0\right)UM.`$ Then, for each $`\tau [0,1],`$ there is a real number $`\epsilon _\tau >0,`$ a point $`p_\tau M`$ and a continuous function

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\tau :[0,1]\times \left([0,1](\tau \epsilon _\tau ,\tau +\epsilon _\tau )\right)M$$

such that

1. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\tau (,\sigma ):[0,1]M`$ is a chain-segment for each $`\sigma [0,1](\tau \epsilon _\tau ,\tau +\epsilon _\tau ),`$
2. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\tau (0,\sigma )=\gamma \left(\sigma \right)`$ for each $`\sigma [0,1](\tau \epsilon _\tau ,\tau +\epsilon _\tau ),`$
3. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\tau (1,\sigma )=p_\tau `$ for all $`\sigma [0,1](\tau \epsilon _\tau ,\tau +\epsilon _\tau ).`$

Note that the family $`\{[0,1](\tau \epsilon _\tau ,\tau +\epsilon _\tau ):\tau [0,1]\}`$ is an open covering of the compact set $`[0,1].`$ Thus there is a finite subcover

$$\{[0,1](\tau _j\epsilon _{\tau _j},\tau _j+\epsilon _{\tau _j}):\tau _j[0,1],j=1,\mathrm{},m\}.$$

Then, by Lemma 47, the biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole path $`\gamma [0,1]`$ as a local biholomorphic mapping. This completes the proof.∎

### 3.3. Holomorphic mapping on the boundary

###### Lemma 49.

Let $`Q`$ be a real hyperquadric defined by

$$v=z,zz^1\overline{z}^1+\mathrm{}+z^n\overline{z}^n$$

and $`\varphi `$ be a polynomial mapping as follows:

$$\varphi :\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=f(z,w)\hfill \\ w^{}=g(z,w)\hfill \end{array}$$

where, for $`m2,`$

$`f(\mu z,\mu ^2w)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu ^mf(z,w)`$
(15) $`g(\mu z,\mu ^2w)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu ^{2m}g(z,w).`$
Suppose that

$$\varphi \left(Q\right)Q.$$

Then $`\varphi 0.`$

###### Proof.

The mapping $`\varphi =(f,g)`$ yields the identity

(16)
$$\mathrm{}g(z,u+iz,z)=f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z).$$

Suppose that $`m`$ is even, i.e., $`m=2k2.`$ We may consider $`z,\overline{z},u`$ as independent variables in the identity 16. Taking $`\overline{z}=0`$ in the equality 16 yields

$$g(z,u)\overline{g}(0,u)=2if(z,u),f(0,u).$$

Thus we can put

(17)
$$g(z,u)=2if(z,u),f(0,u)+\mathrm{}g(0,u)if(0,u),f(0,u).$$

Note that

$$f(0,u)=f(0,1)u^{\frac{m}{2}},g(0,u)=g(0,1)u^m.$$

Then the identity 16 yields

$`2\mathrm{}\left\{f(z,u+iz,z),f(0,1)(u+iz,z)^{\frac{m}{2}}\right\}`$
$`+\mathrm{}g(0,1)\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m`$
$`f(0,1),f(0,1)\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m`$
$`=`$ $`f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z).`$
Let $`p(z,\overline{z})`$ be a polynomial of the variables $`z,\overline{z}`$ satisfying

$$p(\mu z,\nu \overline{z})=\mu ^l\nu ^mp(z,\overline{z}).$$

Then the polynomial $`p(z,\overline{z})`$ is said to be of type $`(l,m).`$ Collecting the terms of type $`(l,1),`$ $`l=0,1,\mathrm{},m1,`$ yields

$$miu^1z,z\left\{f(z,u),f(0,u)f(0,u),f(0,u)+\mathrm{}g(0,u)\right\}=0.$$

Hence we obtain

$$f(z,u),f(0,u)f(0,u),f(0,u)+\mathrm{}g(0,u)=0,$$

so that

$`f(z,u),f(0,u)`$ $`=`$ $`f(0,u),f(0,u)`$
$`\mathrm{}g(0,u)`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$
Thus, from the identity 17, we obtain

$$g(z,u)=if(0,u),f(0,u)$$

by which the identity 16 yields

$$f(0,1),f(0,1)\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m=f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z).$$

Note that

$$f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z)0,$$

but

$$\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m=u^m\frac{m(m1)}{2}u^{m2}z,z^2+\mathrm{}.$$

Thus collecting terms of type $`(2,2)`$ yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{m(m1)}{2}}f(0,1),f(0,1)u^{m2}z,z^2`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ,\beta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^\alpha z^\beta }{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2f}{z^\alpha z^\beta }}\right)(0,u)\right|^2+{\displaystyle \frac{mu^2}{2}}z,z^2f(0,u),f(0,u)`$
$``$ $`0.`$
Since $`m2,`$ we obtain

$$f(0,1),f(0,1)=0$$

which yields

$$f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z)=0,$$

i.e.,

$$f(z,w)=g(z,w)=0.$$

Suppose that $`m`$ is odd, i.e., $`m=2k+13.`$ We may consider $`z,\overline{z},u`$ as independent variables in the identity 16. Then, by the condition 15, taking $`\overline{z}=0`$ in the equality 16 yields

$$g(z,u)=\overline{g}(0,u)$$

since

$$f(0,u)=0.$$

Thus we can put

$$g(z,u)=g(0,u),g(0,1).$$

Then the identity 16 yields

(18)
$$g(0,1)\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m=f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z).$$

Note that

$$f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z)0,$$

but

$`\mathrm{}(u+iz,z)^m`$ $`=`$ $`mu^{m1}z,z`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m(m1)(m2)}{2}}u^{m3}z,z^3+\mathrm{}.`$
Thus collecting terms of type $`(1,1)`$ yields

$`mg(0,1)u^{m1}z,z`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}z^\alpha \left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{z^\alpha }}\right)(0,u)\right|^20.`$
Collecting terms of type $`(3,3)`$ yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{m(m1)(m2)}{2}}g(0,1)u^{m3}z,z^3`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^\alpha z^\beta z^\gamma }{6}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{^3f}{z^\alpha z^\beta z^\gamma }}\right)(0,u)\right|^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m1}{2}}\left|{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}z^\alpha \left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{z^\alpha }}\right)(0,u)\right|^2u^2z,z^2`$
$``$ $`0.`$
Since $`m3,`$ we obtain

$$g(0,1)z,z=0$$

by which the identity 18 yields

$$f(z,u+iz,z),f(z,u+iz,z)=0,$$

i.e.,

$$f(z,w)=g(z,w)=0.$$

This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 50.

Let $`M,M^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex analytic real hypersurfaces in $`^{n+1}.`$ Let $`\varphi `$ be a holomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\varphi (UM)M^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is either a constant mapping or a biholomorphic mapping on $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U.`$

###### Proof.

We take $`q=\varphi \left(p\right)`$ so that

$$\phi \mu _q\varphi \mu _p^1:\mu _p\left(M\right)\mu _q\left(M^{}\right).$$

Then the mapping $`\phi `$ is a holomorphic mapping on an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the origin satisfying

$$\phi \left(\mu _p\left(M\right)V\right)\mu _q\left(M^{}\right).$$

The mapping $`\phi =(f,g)`$ in $`^n\times `$ is decomposed as follows:

$$f(z,w)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}f_k(z,w),g(z,w)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}g_k(z,w),$$

where

$$f_m(\mu z,\mu ^2w)=\mu ^mf_m(z,w),g_m(\mu z,\mu ^2w)=\mu ^mg_m(z,w).$$

We assume that $`\mu _p\left(M\right),\mu _q\left(M^{}\right)`$ are defined respectively by the equations

$$v=F(z,\overline{z},u),v=z,z+F^{}(z,\overline{z},u)$$

where

$$F(z,\overline{z},u)=z,z+O\left(\left|z\right|^4\right),F^{}(z,\overline{z},u)=O\left(\left|z\right|^4\right).$$

Then we obtain the following identity near the origin

(19) $`\mathrm{}g(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u))`$
$`=`$ $`f(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u)),f(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u))`$
$`+F^{}(f(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u)),\overline{f(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u))},\mathrm{}g(z,u+iF(z,\overline{z},u))).`$
Then, up to weight $`2,`$ we obtain

$`\mathrm{}g_1(z,0)`$ $`=0`$
$`\mathrm{}g_2(z,u+iz,z)`$ $`=f_1(z,0),f_1(z,0)`$
which yields

$$f_1(z,0),f_1(z,0)=z,z\mathrm{}g_2(0,1)$$

and

$`g_1(z,0)`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`g_2(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`g_2(0,1)w,g_2(0,1).`$
Note that $`g_2(0,1)0`$ if and only if the mapping $`\phi `$ is a biholomorphic mapping at the origin.

Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then we have

$$f_1(z,0)=g_1(z,0)=g_2(z,w)=0.$$

As inductive hypothesis, suppose that, for $`m2,`$

$`f_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},m1,`$
(20) $`g_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},2m2.`$
By the condition

$$F(z,\overline{z},u)=z,z+O\left(\left|z\right|^4\right),F^{}(z,\overline{z},u)=o\left(\left|z\right|^4\right),$$

the identity 19 yields

$$\mathrm{}g_{2m1}(z,u+iz,z)=0$$

Here we may consider $`z,\overline{z},u`$ as independent variables so that taking $`\overline{z}=0`$ yields

$$g_{2m1}(z,u+iz,z)=\overline{g_{2m1}}(0,uiz,z)=0.$$

Hence the hypothesis 20 necessarily comes to

$`f_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},m1,`$
$`g_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},2m1.`$
Then the identity 19 yields

$$\mathrm{}g_{2m}(z,u+iz,z)=f_m(z,u+iz,z),f_m(z,u+iz,z).$$

Note that the polynomial mapping $`\phi _m(f_m,g_{2m}),`$ $`m2,`$ satisfies

$$\phi _m\left(Q\right)Q.$$

By Lemma 49, $`\phi _m0`$ so that

$`f_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},m,`$
$`g_l(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`0,l=1,\mathrm{},2m.`$
This completes the induction so that $`\phi 0,`$ i.e., the mapping $`\phi `$ is a constant mapping. This completes the proof.∎

### 3.4. Proper holomorphic mappings

###### Lemma 51.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains with nonspherical real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ such that the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ are both simply connected. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`D^{}.`$

###### Proof.

Since $`bD,bD^{}`$ are simply connected, by Lemma 48, the mappings $`\varphi ,\varphi ^1`$ are both analytically continued, by abuse of notation, respectively to a biholomorphic mapping

$$\varphi :DD$$

and

$$\varphi ^1:D^{}D.$$

Then, by the identity theorem, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is biholomorphic. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 52.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains with nonspherical real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ such the boundary $`bD^{}`$ is simply connected and the closed set $`\overline{D^{}}`$ satisfies the fixed point property. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`D^{}.`$

###### Proof.

Since $`bD^{}`$ is simply connected, by Lemma 48, the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued to a locally biholomorphic proper mapping

$$\phi :D^{}D.$$

Note that the mappings $`\phi :D^{}D`$ and $`\phi :bD^{}bD`$ are both covering maps. We claim that the covering is simple. Otherwise, there is a nontrivial deck transformation of $`\overline{D^{}}`$ yields a continuous self mapping of $`\overline{D^{}}`$ with no fixed point. This is a contradiction. Therefore, the mapping $`\phi :D^{}D`$ is biholomorphic. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 53.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains with nonspherical real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ such that the domain $`D`$ and the boundary $`bD^{}`$ are both simply connected. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`D^{}.`$

###### Proof.

Since $`bD^{}`$ is simply connected, by Lemma 48, the inverse mapping $`\varphi ^1`$ is analytically continued to a locally biholomorphic proper mapping

$$\phi :D^{}D.$$

Note that the mapping $`\phi :D^{}D`$ is a covering map. Since $`D`$ is simply connected, the covering is simple. Therefore, the mapping $`\phi :D^{}D`$ is biholomorphic. This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 54.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly convex bounded domains with real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$. Suppose that there is a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on a connected open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`D^{}.`$

###### Proof.

Note that a strongly convex bounded domain is homeomorphic to an open ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ Suppose that the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ are spherical. Then we take a biholomorphic mapping $`\phi `$ on $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U,`$ such that

$$\phi \left(UbD\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then, by Lemma 19, the mapping $`\phi `$ and the composition $`\psi \phi \varphi ^1`$ are analytically continued, by abuse of notation, to biholomorphic mappings as follows:

$$\phi :DB^{n+1}\text{and}\psi :D^{}B^{n+1}.$$

Thus the composition $`\psi ^1\phi :DD^{}`$ is a biholomorphic mapping and the analytic continuation of the mapping $`\varphi .`$

Suppose that the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ are nonspherical. Then, by Lemma 53, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to a biholomorphic mapping from $`D`$ onto $`D^{}.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 55.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains with real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}.`$ Suppose that there is a proper holomorphic mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}.`$ Then there is an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbD`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`U`$ and

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

###### Proof.

We may apply the boundary regularity of Lemma 16 so that the mapping $`\phi :DD^{}`$ is holomorphic on an open neighborhood of $`\overline{D}`$. This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 56.

Let $`\varphi :B^{n+1}B^{n+1}`$ be a proper holomorphic mapping. Then $`\varphi Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).`$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 55, there is an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pbB^{n+1}`$ such that $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued on $`U`$ and

$$\varphi \left(UbB^{n+1}\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

By Lemma 17, $`\varphi Aut\left(B^{n+1}\right).`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 57.

Let $`D,D^{}`$ be strongly pseudoconvex bounded domains in $`^{n+1}`$ with real analytic boundaries $`bD,bD^{}.`$ Suppose that there is a proper holomorphic mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$. Then the mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping so that $`\varphi :\overline{D}\overline{D^{}}`$ is a covering map.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 55, there is a point $`pbD`$ and an open neighborhood $`U`$ of the point $`p`$ such that the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued to $`U`$ and

$$\varphi \left(UbD\right)bD^{}.$$

By Lemma 50, the mapping $`\varphi `$ is biholomorphic on $`U,`$ if necessary, shrinking $`U.`$

Suppose that the boundaries $`bD,bD^{}`$ are spherical. Then, by Lemma 30, the mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping.

Suppose that the boundary $`bD,bD^{}`$ are nonspherical. Then, by Lemma 48, the mapping $`\varphi :DD^{}`$ is analytically continued on an open neighborhood of the boundary $`bD`$ to be locally biholomorphic. Thus the mapping $`\varphi `$ is a locally biholomorphic mapping. This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 58.

Let $`D`$ be a strongly pseudoconvex bounded domain with real analytic boundary $`bD.`$ Suppose that there is a proper holomorphic self mapping $`\varphi :DD.`$ Then $`\varphi `$ is a biholomorphic automorphism of $`D`$.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 57, the mapping $`\varphi :\overline{D}\overline{D}`$ is a self covering map. We claim that $`\varphi :DD`$ is a simple covering. Otherwise, there would be a integer $`m>1`$ such that, for every $`p\overline{D},`$ $`m`$ is the order of the set

$$\{q\overline{D}:\varphi \left(q\right)=p\}.$$

Then we define the $`k`$ times composition $`\varphi ^k`$ of the mapping $`\varphi `$ as follows

$$\varphi ^k\underset{k}{\underset{}{\varphi \mathrm{}\varphi }}:\overline{D}\overline{D}.$$

Note that the inverse image of each point $`p\overline{D}`$ under the mapping $`\varphi ^k:\overline{D}\overline{D},`$ $`k^+,`$ is a set of order $`m^k.`$

We claim that, for a given real number $`\delta >0,`$ there is a point $`qbD`$ and a compact subset $`KD`$ and a subsequence $`\varphi ^{m_k}`$ such that

$$\varphi ^{m_k}\left(B(q;\delta )D\right)K\mathrm{}\text{for all }k^+.$$

Otherwise, for every compact subset $`KD,`$ there is an integer $`l`$ such that

$$\varphi ^k\left(D\backslash K\right)D\backslash K\text{for all }kl.$$

Since $`\varphi ^k:DD`$ is a finite covering map, we have

$$D=\varphi ^k\left(KD\backslash K\right)=\varphi ^k\left(K\right)\varphi ^k\left(D\backslash K\right)$$

so that

$$K\varphi ^k\left(K\right)\text{for all }kl.$$

Note that the inverse image of $`\varphi ^k\left(K\right)`$ is a union of $`m^k`$ disconnected compact subsets. We may assume that $`K`$ is connected so that $`K`$ is in a compact subset of the union $`\varphi ^k\left(K\right).`$ This is impossible. Thus, with such a point $`qbD`$, we take an accumulation point $`q^{}D^{}`$ of the set

$$\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\varphi ^{m_k}\left(\left\{q\right\}\right)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\{pbD:\varphi ^{m_k}\left(p\right)=q\}.$$

Suppose that $`bD`$ is spherical. Then there are open neighborhoods $`U,U^{}`$ respectively of $`q,q^{}`$ and biholomorphic mappings $`\psi ,\psi ^{}`$ respectively on $`U,U^{}`$ such that

$`\psi \left(UbD\right)`$ $``$ $`bB^{n+1}`$
$`\psi ^{}\left(U^{}bD\right)`$ $``$ $`bB^{n+1}.`$
By Lemma 17, the compositions

$$\phi _k\psi ^{}\varphi ^k\psi ^1:\psi \left(UD\right)\psi ^{}\left(U^{}D\right)$$

is analytically continued to, by abuse of notation, automorphisms $`\phi _kAut\left(B^{n+1}\right).`$ By the construction, a subsequence $`\phi _{m_k}`$ must converges to the point $`\psi ^{}\left(q^{}\right)`$ uniformly on every compact subset of $`B^{n+1}`$. Thus there is a sequence of real numbers $`\delta _k0`$ such that

$$\varphi ^{m_k}:B(q^{};\delta _k)DUD$$

and

$$\varphi ^{m_k}=\psi ^1\phi _{m_k}^1\psi ^{}\text{on }B(q^{};\delta _k)D.$$

Then we take a point $`pUD`$ such that there is a sequence $`q_k`$ satisfying

$$q_k\varphi ^{m_k}\left(\left\{p\right\}\right)B(q^{};\delta _k)$$

and, for a compact subset $`KD,`$ there is a sequence $`p_k`$ satisfying

$$p_k\varphi ^{m_k}\left(\left\{p\right\}\right)K.$$

Therefore, there is a sequence of deck transformations $`\varphi _kAut\left(D\right)`$ of the covering map $`\varphi ^{m_k}:DD`$ such that

$$\varphi _k\left(p_k\right)=q_kq^{}bD.$$

Since $`p_kK,`$ by Lemma 15, there is a biholomorphic mapping

$$\sigma :DB^{n+1}.$$

Then the composition

$$\iota \sigma \varphi \sigma ^1:B^{n+1}B^{n+1}$$

would be a proper self mapping, but not an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$ This is a contradiction to Lemma 56 that every proper self mapping of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}`$ is an automorphism of the unit ball $`B^{n+1}.`$

Suppose that $`bD`$ is nonspherical. We take a sequence $`p_kbD`$ such that

$$p_k\varphi ^k\left(\left\{q\right\}\right)bD$$

and

$$\left|p_kq^{}\right|=\mathrm{min}\left\{\left|pq^{}\right|:p\varphi ^k\left(\left\{q\right\}\right)\right\}.$$

Let $`\mu _{p_k}`$ be the canonical normalizing mapping at the point $`p_kbD.`$ Since $`p_kq^{},`$ there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`q^{}`$ such that the mapping $`\mu _{p_k}`$ is analytically continued on $`W.`$ Then we define a function $`\epsilon _k\left(p\right)`$ for a sufficiently large $`k`$ and a point $`pWbD`$ such that

$$\epsilon _k\left(p\right)\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|z_j\mu _{p_k}\left(p\right)\right|^2+\left|w\mu _{p_k}\left(p\right)\right|$$

where $`z_j,`$ $`j=1,\mathrm{},n,`$ $`w`$ are the coordinate functions of $`^{n+1}`$ such that $`z_j,`$ $`j=1,\mathrm{},n,`$ are for the complex tangent hyperplane and $`w`$ are for the complex line normal to the complex tangent hyperplane of $`\mu _{p_k}\left(WbD\right)`$ at the origin. Then we take a sequence $`q_k`$ such that

$$q_k\varphi ^k\left(\left\{q\right\}\right)bD$$

and

$$\epsilon _k\left(q_k\right)=\mathrm{min}\left\{\epsilon _k\left(p\right):p\varphi ^k\left(\left\{q\right\}\right)\right\}.$$

Let $`\pi _k`$ be a complex line containing $`p_k`$ and $`q_k.`$ Then we take a subsequence $`\pi _{m_k}`$ so that $`\pi _{m_k}`$ converges to a complex line $`\pi _q^{}T_q^{}^{n+1}.`$ In other words, the a subsequence $`q_{m_k}`$ converges to the point $`q^{}`$ to a direction. Then we obtain

$$\phi _k\mu _{p_k}\varphi ^k\mu _q^1:\mu _q\left(bD\right)\mu _{p_k}\left(bD\right).$$

Then we define a biholomorphic mapping

$$\sigma _k:\{\begin{array}{c}z^{}=\sqrt{\epsilon _{m_k}}z\hfill \\ w^{}=\epsilon _{m_k}w\hfill \end{array}$$

where

$$\epsilon _{m_k}=\epsilon _{m_k}\left(q_{m_k}\right).$$

Then we take the composition

$$\kappa _k\sigma _k^1\phi _{m_k}:\mu _q\left(bD\right)\sigma _k^1\mu _{p_{m_k}}\left(bD\right).$$

Note that there is a real number $`\delta >0`$ such that the germs of real hypersurfaces $`\mu _q\left(bD\right)`$ and $`\sigma _k^1\mu _{p_{m_k}}\left(bD\right)`$ are analytically continued to the open neighborhood $`B(0;\delta ).`$ Since the boundary $`bD`$ is nonspherical, by Lemma 45, the mapping $`\kappa _k`$ is biholomorphic on $`B(0;\delta ),`$ if necessary, shrinking $`\delta >0.`$ Further, by the construction, the limit of the sequence $`\kappa _k`$ cannot be a constant mapping on $`B(0;\delta )`$ so that, by Theorem 50, the limit of the sequence $`\kappa _k`$ would be biholomorphic on $`B(0;\delta ).`$

By the way, the sequence of real hypersurfaces $`\sigma _k^1\mu _{p_{m_k}}\left(bD\right)`$ converges to a real hyperquadric uniformly on an open neighborhood of the origin. Therefore, the germ of the boundary $`bD`$ at the point $`q^{}`$ is spherical so that the boundary $`bD`$ is spherical(cf. \[Pa3\]). This is a contradiction to the fact that the boundary $`bD`$ is nonspherical. This completes the proof.∎

### 3.5. Locally realizable CR manifolds

Let $`M`$ be a CR manifold of CR dimension $`n`$ and CR codimension $`1`$ with a CR structure $`(D,I)`$ where $`D`$ is $`2n`$ dimensional smooth subbundle of the tangent bundle $`TM`$ and $`I`$ is an automorphism on $`D`$ such that

$$I^2V=V\text{for}V\mathrm{\Gamma }D.$$

For each point $`pM,`$ there is a local coordinate chart $`(U,\phi )`$ such that

$$\phi \left(U\right)^{2n+1}.$$

Then $`M`$ shall be called locally realizable CR manifold if there is an open neighborhood $`U`$ of each point $`pM`$ and CR functions $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_{n+1}`$ on $`\phi \left(U\right)`$ satisfying

$$df_1\mathrm{}df_{n+1}0.$$

Let $`z_j,`$ $`j=1,\mathrm{},n+1`$, be the coordinate functions of $`^{n+1}.`$ Then we obtain a local embedding $`\sigma `$ of $`UM`$ into $`^{n+1}`$ such that

$$f_jz_j\sigma \phi ^1.$$

The CR manifold $`M`$ shall be called a locally analytically realizable CR manifold when $`\sigma \left(U\right)`$ is real analytic by a local embedding $`\sigma `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of each point $`pM.`$ Note that $`M`$ is either spherical or nonspherical(cf. \[Pa3\]).

###### Lemma 59.

Let $`M`$ be a connected locally analytically realizable CR manifold. Suppose that there is a nontrivial CR mapping $`\phi `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\phi \left(U\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then the mapping $`\phi `$ is CR continued along any path on $`M`$ as a locally CR diffeomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Since $`M`$ is connected, $`M`$ is necessarily spherical(cf. \[Pa3\]). Suppose that the assertion is not true. Then there is a path $`\gamma :[0,1]M`$ with $`\gamma \left(0\right)=p`$ such that the mapping $`\phi `$ is CR continued along all subpath $`\gamma [0,\tau ]`$ with $`\tau <1,`$ but not the whole path $`\gamma [0,1].`$ Then we take a CR embedding $`\sigma \left(V\right)^{n+1}`$ of an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$ such that $`\sigma \left(V\right)`$ is a spherical analytic real hypersurface and

$$\phi \sigma ^1:\sigma \left(V\right)bB^{n+1}$$

is a locally CR diffeomorphism. Without loss of generality, we may assume that $`\gamma [0,1]V.`$ Hence there is an open neighborhood $`W`$ of the point $`\sigma \left(\gamma \left(0\right)\right)`$ and a biholomorphic mapping $`\varphi `$ on $`W`$ such that

$$\varphi =\phi \sigma ^1\text{on }\sigma \left(V\right)W.$$

Then the mapping $`\varphi `$ is analytically continued along the whole path $`\sigma \left(\gamma [0,1]\right).`$ From, by abuse of notation, the mapping $`\varphi `$ at an open neighborhood $`W^{}`$ of the point $`\sigma \left(\gamma \left(1\right)\right)`$ and a CR embedding $`\sigma `$ of an open neighborhood $`V^{}`$ of the point $`\gamma \left(1\right)`$, we obtain the CR mapping

$$\varphi \sigma :\sigma ^1\left(W^{}\sigma \left(V^{}\right)\right)bB^{n+1}$$

which is a CR continuation of the CR mapping $`\phi .`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 60.

Let $`M`$ be a connected locally analytically realizable CR manifold. Suppose that $`M`$ is compact and there is a nontrivial CR mapping $`\phi `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\phi \left(U\right)bB^{n+1}.$$

Then there is a finite subset $`LbB^{n+1}`$ such that the inverse CR mapping $`\phi ^1`$ is CR continued along any path on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L`$ as a locally CR diffeomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Since $`M`$ is connected, $`M`$ is necessarily spherical(cf. \[Pa3\]). Let $`q_jbB^{n+1}`$ be a sequence converging to a point $`qbB^{n+1}`$ and $`\varphi _j`$ be a sequence of the CR continuation of the inverse mapping $`\phi ^1`$ at the point $`q_j`$. We set

$$q_j^{}=\varphi _j\left(q_j\right)M.$$

Since $`M`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`q_{m_j}^{}`$ and a point $`q^{}M`$ such that

$$q_{m_j}^{}q^{}.$$

Then we take a CR embedding $`\sigma `$ of an open neighborhood $`V`$ of the point $`q^{}M`$ such that $`\sigma \left(V\right)^{n+1}`$ is a spherical analytic real hypersurface. Then we apply the same argument as in the previous sections so that the singular locus $`L`$ is a finite subset of $`bB^{n+1}`$ and the inverse CR mapping $`\phi ^1`$ is CR continued along any path on $`bB^{n+1}\backslash L.`$ This completes the proof.∎

###### Lemma 61.

Let $`M,M^{}`$ be connected locally analytically realizable CR manifolds with positive definite Levi form. Suppose that $`M,M^{}`$ are nonspherical and $`M^{}`$ is compact, and there is a nontrivial CR mapping $`\phi `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\phi \left(U\right)M^{}.$$

Then the mapping $`\phi `$ is CR continued along any path on $`M`$ as a locally CR diffeomorphic mapping.

###### Proof.

Since $`M,M^{}`$ are locally analytically realizable and the Levi forms of $`M,M^{}`$ are positive definite, the isotropy subgroups $`Aut_p\left(M\right),Aut_p^{}\left(M^{}\right)`$ are compact for every point $`pM,p^{}M^{}.`$

Let $`q_jM`$ be a sequence converging to a point $`qM`$ and $`\phi _j`$ be a sequence of the CR continuation of the mapping $`\phi `$ at the point $`q_j`$. We set

$$q_j^{}=\phi _j\left(q_j\right)M^{}.$$

Since $`M^{}`$ is compact, there is a subsequence $`q_{m_j}^{}`$ and a point $`q^{}M^{}`$ such that

$$q_{m_j}^{}q^{}.$$

Then we take CR embeddings $`\sigma ,\sigma ^{}`$ respectively of open neighborhoods $`V,V^{}`$ respectively of the points $`qM,q^{}M^{}`$ such that $`\sigma \left(V\right),\sigma ^{}\left(V^{}\right)^{n+1}`$ are nonspherical analytic real hypersurface. Then we apply the same argument as in the previous subsection. This completes the proof.∎

###### Theorem 62.

Let $`M,M^{}`$ be connected locally analytically realizable CR manifolds with positive definite Levi form. Suppose that $`M,M^{}`$ are compact and nonspherical, and there is a nontrivial CR mapping $`\phi `$ on an open neighborhood $`U`$ of a point $`pM`$ such that

$$\phi \left(U\right)M^{}.$$

Then the maximal CR extension of the mapping $`\phi `$ is a CR equivalence between the natural universal covering spaces of $`M,M^{}`$ to be the pointed path spaces respectively of $`M,M^{}`$ mod homotopic relation.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 61, the mapping $`\phi `$ is CR continued along any path on $`M`$ as a locally CR diffeomorphic mapping. Note that $`M`$ is compact and

$$\phi ^1\left(\phi \left(U\right)\right)M$$

so that we apply Lemma 61 to the inverse mapping $`\phi ^1.`$ Thus the inverse mapping $`\phi ^1`$ is CR continued along any path on $`M^{}`$ as a locally CR diffeomorphic mapping. Thus the CR continuation of the mapping $`\varphi `$ induces a CR equivalence between the natural universal coverings of $`M,M^{},`$ which are the path spaces mod homotopic relation respectively over $`M,M^{}`$ with the natural CR structure. This completes the proof.∎