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# Gromov-Witten invariants and pseudo symplectic capacities.

## 1 Introduction and main results

Gromov-Witten invariants and symplectic capacities are two kinds of important symplectic invariants in symplectic geometry. Both have many important applications. In particular, they are related to the famous Weinstein conjecture and Hofer geometry (cf. \[En, FrGiSchl, FrSchl, HZ2, HV2, LaMc1, LaMc2, LiuT, Lu1, Lu2, Lu3, Lu5, Lu7, Lu9, Mc2, Mc3, McSl, Po1, Po2, Po3, Schl, Schw, V1, V2, V3, V4, We2\] etc.). For some problems, Gromov-Witten invariants are convenient and effective, but for other problems symplectic capacities are more powerful. In the study of different problems different symplectic capacities were defined. Examples of symplectic capacities are the Gromov width $`𝒲_G`$ (\[Gr\]), the Ekeland-Hofer capacity $`c_{EH}`$ (\[EH\]), the Hofer-Zehnder capacity $`c_{HZ}`$ (\[HZ1\]) and Hofer’s displacement energy $`e`$ (\[H1\]), the Floer-Hofer capacity $`c_{FH}`$ (\[He\]) and Viterbo’s generating function capacity $`c_V`$ (\[V3\]). Only $`𝒲_G`$, $`c_{HZ}`$ and $`e`$ are defined for all symplectic manifolds. In \[HZ1\] an axiomatic definition of a symplectic capacity was given. The Gromov width $`𝒲_G`$ is the smallest symplectic capacity. The Hofer-Zehnder capacity is used in the study of many symplectic topology questions. The reader can refer to \[HZ2, McSa1, V2\] for more details. But to the author’s knowledge the relations between Gromov-Witten invariants and symplectic capacities have not been explored explicitly in the literature. Gromov-Witten invariants are defined for closed symplectic manifolds (\[FO, LiT, R, Sie\]) and some non-closed symplectic manifolds (cf. \[Lu4, Lu8\]) and have been computed for many closed symplectic manifolds. However, it is difficult to compute $`c_{HZ}`$ for a closed symplectic manifold. So far the only examples are closed surfaces, for which $`c_{HZ}`$ is the area (\[Sib\]), and complex projective space $`(P^n,\sigma _n)`$ with the standard symplectic structure $`\sigma _n`$ related to the Fubini-Study metric: Hofer and Viterbo proved $`c_{HZ}(P^n,\sigma _n)=\pi `$ in \[HV2\]. Perhaps the invariance of Gromov-Witten invariants under deformations of the symplectic form is the main reason why it is easier to compute them than Hofer-Zehnder capacities. Unlike Gromov-Witten invariants, symplectic capacities do not depend on homology classes of the symplectic manifolds in question. We believe that this is a reason why they are difficult to compute or estimate, and it is based on this observation that we introduced the concept of pseudo symplectic capacities in the early version \[Lu5\] of this paper.

### 1.1 Pseudo symplectic capacities

In \[HZ1\] a map $`c`$ from the class $`𝒞(2n)`$ of all symplectic manifolds of dimension $`2n`$ to $`[0,+\mathrm{}]`$ is called a symplectic capacity if it satisfies the following properties:
(monotonicity) If there is a symplectic embedding $`(M_1,\omega _1)(M_2,\omega _2)`$ of codimension zero then $`c(M_1,\omega _1)c(M_2,\omega _2)`$;
(conformality) $`c(M,\lambda \omega )=|\lambda |c(M,\omega )`$ for every $`\lambda \{0\}`$;
(nontriviality) $`c(B^{2n}(1),\omega _0)=\pi =c(Z^{2n}(1),\omega _0)`$.
Here $`B^{2n}(1)`$ and $`Z^{2n}(1)`$ are the closed unit ball and closed cylinder in the standard space $`(^{2n},\omega _0)`$, i.e., for any $`r>0`$,

$$B^{2n}(r)=\{(x,y)^{2n}||x|^2+|y|^2r^2\}$$

and

$$Z^{2n}(r)=\{(x,y)^{2n}|x_1^2+y_1^2r^2\}.$$

Note that the first property implies that $`c`$ is a symplectic invariant.

Let $`H_{}(M;G)`$ denote the singular homology of $`M`$ with coefficient group $`G`$. For an integer $`k1`$ we denote by $`𝒞(2n,k)`$ the set of all tuples $`(M,\omega ;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ consisting of a $`2n`$-dimensional connected symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ and nonzero homology classes $`\alpha _iH_{}(M;G)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. We denote by $`pt`$ the homology class of a point.

###### Definition 1.1

A map $`c^{(k)}`$ from $`𝒞(2n,k)`$ to $`[0,+\mathrm{}]`$ is called a $`G_k`$-pseudo symplectic capacity if it satisfies the following conditions.

P1. Pseudo monotonicity: If there is a symplectic embedding $`\psi :(M_1,\omega _1)(M_2,\omega _2)`$ of codimension zero, then for any $`\alpha _iH_{}(M_1;G)\{0\}`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$,

$$c^{(k)}(M_1,\omega _1;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)c^{(k)}(M_2,\omega _2;\psi _{}(\alpha _1),\mathrm{},\psi _{}(\alpha _k));$$

P2. Conformality: $`c^{(k)}(M,\lambda \omega ;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=|\lambda |c^{(k)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ for every $`\lambda \{0\}`$ and all homology classes $`\alpha _iH_{}(M;G)\{0\}`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$;

P3. Nontriviality: $`c^{(k)}(B^{2n}(1),\omega _0;pt,\mathrm{},pt)=\pi `$

$`=c^{(k)}(Z^{2n}(1),\omega _0;pt,\mathrm{},pt)`$.

The pseudo monotonicity is the reason that a pseudo symplectic capacity in general fails to be a symplectic invariant. If $`k>1`$ then a $`G_{k1}`$-pseudo symplectic capacity $`c^{(k1)}`$ is naturally defined by

$$c^{(k1)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1}):=c^{(k)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1}),$$

and any $`c^{(k)}`$ induces a true symplectic capacity

$$c^{(0)}(M,\omega ):=c^{(k)}(M,\omega ;pt,\mathrm{},pt).$$

In this paper we shall concentrate on the case $`k=2`$ since in this case there are interesting examples. More precisely, we shall define a typical $`G_2`$-pseudo symplectic capacity of Hofer-Zehnder type and give many applications. In view of our results we expect that pseudo symplectic capacities will become a powerful tool in the study of symplectic topology. Hereafter we assume $`G=`$ and often write $`H_{}(M)`$ instead of $`H_{}(M;)`$.

### 1.2 Construction of a pseudo symplectic capacity

We begin with recalling the Hofer-Zehnder capacity from \[HZ1\]. Given a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, a smooth function $`H:M`$ is called admissible if there exist an nonempty open subset $`U`$ and a compact subset $`KMM`$ such that
(a) $`H|_U=0`$ and $`H|_{MK}=\mathrm{max}H`$;
(b) $`0H\mathrm{max}H`$;
(c) $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions.
Here $`X_H`$ is defined by $`\omega (X_H,v)=dH(v)`$ for $`vTM`$, and “fast” means “of period less than $`1`$”. Let $`_{ad}(M,\omega )`$ be the set of admissible Hamiltonians on $`(M,\omega )`$. The Hofer-Zehnder symplectic capacity $`c_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ of $`(M,\omega )`$ is defined by

$$c_{HZ}(M,\omega )=sup\left\{\mathrm{max}H\right|H_{ad}(M,\omega )\}.$$

Note that one can require the compact subset $`K=K(H)`$ to be a proper subset of $`M`$ in the definition above. In fact, it suffices to prove that for any $`H_{ad}(M,\omega )`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ small enough there exists a $`H_ϵ_{ad}(M,\omega )`$ such that $`\mathrm{max}H_ϵ\mathrm{max}Hϵ`$ and that the corresponding compact subset $`K(H_ϵ)`$ is a proper subset in $`M`$. Let us take a smooth function $`f_ϵ:`$ such that $`0f_ϵ^{}(t)1`$ and $`f_ϵ(t)=0`$ as $`t0`$, and $`f_ϵ(t)=\mathrm{max}Hϵ`$ as $`t\mathrm{max}Hϵ`$. Then the composition $`f_ϵH`$ is a desired $`H_ϵ`$.

The invariant $`c_{HZ}`$ has many applications. Three of them are: (i) giving a new proof of a foundational theorem in symplectic topology – Gromov’s nonsqueezing theorem; (ii) studying the Hofer geometry on the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms of a symplectic manifold; (iii) establishing the existence of closed characteristics on or near an energy surface. As mentioned above, the difficulties in computing or estimating $`c_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ for a given symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ make it hard to find further applications of this invariant. Therefore, it seems to be important to give a variant of $`c_{HZ}`$ which can be easily estimated and still has the above applications. An attempt was made in \[McSl\]. In this paragraph we shall define a pseudo symplectic capacity of Hofer-Zehnder type. The introduction of such a pseudo symplectic capacity was motivated by various papers (e.g. \[LiuT, McSl\]).

###### Definition 1.2

For a connected symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least $`4`$ and two nonzero homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M;)`$, we call a smooth function $`H:M`$ $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-admissible (resp. $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})^{}`$-admissible) if there exist two compact submanifolds $`P`$ and $`Q`$ of $`M`$ with connected smooth boundaries and of codimension zero such that the following condition groups $`(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)`$ (resp. $`(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6^{}))`$ hold:

$`P\mathrm{Int}(Q)`$ and $`Q\mathrm{Int}(M)`$;

$`H|_P=0`$ and $`H|_{M\mathrm{Int}(Q)}=\mathrm{max}H`$;

$`0H\mathrm{max}H`$;

There exist cycle representatives of $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$, still denoted by $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$, such that $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha _0)\mathrm{Int}(P)`$ and $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha _{\mathrm{}})MQ`$;

There are no critical values in $`(0,\epsilon )(\mathrm{max}H\epsilon ,\mathrm{max}H)`$ for a small $`\epsilon =\epsilon (H)>0`$;

The Hamiltonian system $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ on $`M`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions;

The Hamiltonian system $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ on $`M`$ has no nonconstant contractible fast periodic solutions.

We respectively denote by

(1)
$$_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{and}_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})$$

the set of all $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-admissible and $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})^{}`$-admissible functions. Unlike $`_{ad}(M,\omega )`$ and $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega )`$, for some pairs $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ the sets in (1) might be empty. On the other hand, one easily shows that both sets in (1) are nonempty if $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ are separated by some hypersurface $`SM`$ in the following sense.

###### Definition 1.3

A hypersurface $`SM`$ is called separating the homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M)`$ if (i) $`S`$ separates $`M`$ in the sense that there exist two submanifolds $`M_0`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`M`$ with common boundary $`S`$ such that $`M_0M_{\mathrm{}}=M`$ and $`M_0M_{\mathrm{}}=S`$, (ii) there exist cycle representatives of $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ with supports contained in $`\mathrm{Int}(M_0)`$ and $`\mathrm{Int}(M_{\mathrm{}})`$ respectively, (iii) $`M_0`$ is compact and $`M_0=S`$.

Without special statements a hypersurface in this paper always means a smooth compact connected orientable submanifold of codimension one and without boundary. Note that if $`M`$ is closed and a hypersurface $`SM`$ separates the homology classes $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$, then $`S`$ also separates $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\alpha _0`$.

We define

(2)
$$\{\begin{array}{cc}C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}):=sup\left\{\mathrm{max}H\right|H_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\},\hfill & \\ C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}):=sup\left\{\mathrm{max}H\right|H_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\}.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Hereafter we make the conventions that $`sup\mathrm{}=0`$ and $`inf\mathrm{}=+\mathrm{}`$. As shown in Theorem 1.5 below, $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ is a $`G_2`$-pseudo symplectic capacity. We call it pseudo symplectic capacity of Hofer-Zehnder type. $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ in (2) have similar dynamical implications as the Hofer-Zehnder capacity $`c_{HZ}`$. In fact, as in \[HZ2, HV2\] one shows that

$$0<C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})<+\mathrm{}(0<C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})<+\mathrm{})$$

implies that every stable hypersurface $`SM`$ separating $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ carries a (contractible in $`M`$) closed characteristic, i.e., there is an embedded (contractible in $`M`$) circle in $`S`$ all of whose tangent lines belong to the characteristic line bundle

$$_S=\{(x,\xi )TS\omega (\xi ,\eta )=0\text{ for all }\eta T_xS\}.$$

This leads to the following version of the Weinstein conjecture.

$`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-Weinstein conjecture: Every hypersurface $`S`$ of contact type in a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ separating $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ carries a closed characteristic.

In terms of this language the main result Theorem 1.1 in \[LiuT\] asserts that the $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-Weinstein conjecture holds if some GW-invariant

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)$$

does not vanish, see 1.3 below.

As before let $`pt`$ denote the generator of $`H_0(M;)`$ represented by a point. Then we have the true symplectic capacities

(3)
$$\{\begin{array}{cc}C_{HZ}(M,\omega ):=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,pt),\hfill & \\ C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega ):=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,pt).\hfill & \end{array}$$

Recall that we have also the $`\pi _1`$-sensitive Hofer-Zehnder capacity denoted by $`\overline{C}_{HZ}`$ in \[Lu1\] and by $`c_{HZ}^{}`$ in \[Schw\]. By definitions, it is obvious that $`C_{HZ}(M,\omega )c_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )`$ for any symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$. One naturally asks when $`C_{HZ}`$ (resp. $`C_{HZ}^{}`$) is equal to $`c_{HZ}`$ (resp. $`c_{HZ}^{}`$). The following result partially answers this question.

###### Lemma 1.4

Let a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ satisfy one of the following conditions:

$`(M,\omega )`$ is closed.

For each compact subset $`KMM`$ there exists a compact submanifold $`WM`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero such that $`KW`$. Then

$$C_{HZ}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}(M,\omega )\mathrm{and}C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega ).$$

For arbitrary homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M)`$,

(4)
$$\{\begin{array}{cc}C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}),\hfill & \\ C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C_{HZ}(M,\omega ),\hfill & \\ C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega ).\hfill & \end{array}$$

Both $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ are important because estimating or calculating them is easier than for $`C_{HZ}`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{}`$, and because they still share those properties needed for applications. In Remark 1.28 we will give an example which illustrates that sometimes $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ gives better results than $`C_{HZ}`$. Recall that the Gromov width $`𝒲_G`$ is the smallest symplectic capacity so that

(5)
$$𝒲_GC_{HZ}C_{HZ}^{}.$$

Convention: $`C`$ stands for both $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ if there is no danger of confusion.

The following theorem shows that $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}`$ is indeed a pseudo symplectic capacity.

###### Theorem 1.5

$`:`$

If $`M`$ is closed then for any nonzero homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M;)`$,

$$C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=C(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0).$$

$`C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ is invariant under those symplectomorphisms $`\psi \mathrm{Symp}(M,\omega )`$ which induce the identity on $`H_{}(M;)`$.

(Normality) For any $`r>0`$ and nonzero $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(B^{2n}(r);)`$ or $`H_{}(Z^{2n}(r);)`$,

$$C(B^{2n}(r),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=C(Z^{2n}(r),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=\pi r^2.$$

(Conformality) For any nonzero real number $`\lambda `$,

$$C(M,\lambda \omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=|\lambda |C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}).$$

(Pseudo monotonicity) For any symplectic embedding $`\psi :(M_1,\omega _1)(M_2,\omega _2)`$ of codimension zero and any nonzero $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M_1;)`$,

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M_1,\omega _1;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M_2,\omega _2;\psi _{}(\alpha _0),\psi _{}(\alpha _{\mathrm{}})).$$

Furthermore, if $`\psi `$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(M_1)\pi _1(M_2)`$ then

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M_1,\omega _1;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M_2,\omega _2;\psi _{}(\alpha _0),\psi _{}(\alpha _{\mathrm{}})).$$

For any $`m`$

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}& C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C(M,\omega ;m\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}),\hfill \\ & C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,m\alpha _{\mathrm{}}),\hfill \\ & C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}).\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`dim\alpha _0+dim\alpha _{\mathrm{}}dimM2`$ and $`\alpha _0`$ or $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ can be represented by a connected closed submanifold, then

$$C(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})>0.$$

###### Remark 1.6

If $`M`$ is not closed, $`C(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )`$ and $`C(M,\omega ;\alpha ,pt)`$ might be different. For example, let $`M`$ be the annulus in $`^2`$ of area $`2`$, and $`\alpha `$ be a generator of $`H_1(M)`$. Then $`𝒲_G(M,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )=2`$, while $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha ,pt)=0`$ since $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha ,pt)=\mathrm{}`$. This example also shows that the dimension assumption $`dim\alpha _0+dim\alpha _{\mathrm{}}dimM2`$ cannot be weakened.

###### Proposition 1.7

Let $`W\mathrm{Int}(M)`$ be a smooth compact submanifold of codimension zero and with connected boundary such that the homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ have representatives supported in $`\mathrm{Int}(W)`$ and $`\mathrm{Int}(M)W`$, respectively. Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0H_{}(W;)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}}H_{}(MW;)`$ the nonzero homology classes determined by them. Then

(6)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}),$$

and we specially have

(7)
$$c_{HZ}(W,\omega )=C_{HZ}(W,\omega )C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )$$

for any $`\alpha H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ with representative supported in $`\mathrm{Int}(M)W`$. If the inclusion $`WM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(W)\pi _1(M)`$ then

(8)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})$$

and corresponding to (7) we have

(9)
$$c_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ).$$

Also

(10)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0),$$

and

(11)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0)$$

if the inclusion $`MWM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(MW)\pi _1(M)`$. Furthermore, for any $`\alpha H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ with $`dim\alpha dimM1`$,

(12)
$$𝒲_G(M,\omega )C(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ).$$

For closed symplectic manifolds, Proposition 1.7 can be strengthened as follows.

###### Theorem 1.8

If in the situation of Proposition 1.7 the symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is closed and $`MW`$ is connected, then

(13)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}).$$

In particular, if $`\alpha H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ has a representative supported in $`MW`$ and thus determines a homology class $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }H_{}(MW;)\{0\}`$, then

$$c_{HZ}(W,\omega )+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha },pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ).$$

If both inclusions $`WM`$ and $`MWM`$ induce an injective homomorphisms $`\pi _1(W)\pi _1(M)`$ and $`\pi _1(MW)\pi _1(M)`$, then

(14)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}),$$

and specially

$$c_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha },pt)C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )$$

for any $`\alpha H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ with a representative supported in $`MW`$.

An inequality similar to (13) was first proved for the usual Hofer-Zehnder capacity by Mei-Yu Jiang \[Ji\]. In the following subsections we always take $`G=`$.

### 1.3 Estimating the pseudo capacity in terms of Gromov-Witten invariants

To state our main results we recall that for a given class $`AH_2(M;)`$ the Gromov-Witten invariant of genus $`g`$ and with $`m+2`$ marked points is a homomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}:H_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2};)\times H_{}(M;)^{m+2}.$$

We refer to the appendix and \[FO, LiT, R, Sie\] and \[Lu8\] for more details on Gromov-Witten invariants.

The Gromov-Witten invariants for general (closed) symplectic manifolds were constructed by different methods, cf. \[FO, LiT, R, Sie\], and \[LiuT\] for a Morse theoretic set-up. It is believed that these methods define the same symplectic Gromov-Witten invariants, but no proof has been written down so far. A detailed construction of the GW-invariants by the method in \[LiuT\], including proofs of the composition law and reduction formula, was given in \[Lu8\] for a larger class of symplectic manifolds including all closed symplectic manifolds. The method by Liu-Tian was also used in \[Mc2\]. Without special statements, the Gromov-Witten invariants in this paper are the ones constructed by the method in \[LiuT\]. The author strongly believes that they agree with those constructed in \[R\].

###### Definition 1.9

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a closed symplectic manifold and let $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M;)`$. We define

$$\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})(0,+\mathrm{}]$$

as the infimum of the $`\omega `$-areas $`\omega (A)`$ of the homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$ for which the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)0`$ for some homology classes $`\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _mH_{}(M;)`$ and $`CH_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2};)`$ and an integer $`m1`$. We define

$$\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}):=inf\left\{\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\right|g0\}[0,+\mathrm{}].$$

The positivity $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})>0`$ follows from the compactness of the space of $`J`$-holomorphic stable maps (cf. \[FO, LiT, R, Sie\]). Here we have used the convention $`inf\mathrm{}=+\mathrm{}`$ below (2). One easily checks that both $`\mathrm{GW}_g`$ and $`\mathrm{GW}`$ satisfy the pseudo monotonicity and conformality in Definition 1.1. As Professor Dusa McDuff suggested, one can consider closed symplectic manifolds only and replace the nontriviality condition in Definition 1.1 by

$$c^{(2)}(P^n,\sigma _n;pt,pt)=c^{(2)}(P^1\times T^{2n2},\sigma _1\omega _0;pt,[pt\times T^{2n2}])=\pi ;$$

then both $`\mathrm{GW}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{GW}`$ are pseudo symplectic capacities in view of (19) and (23) below. The following result is the core of this paper. Its proof is given in $`\mathrm{\S }3`$ based on \[LiuT\] and the key Lemma 3.3.

###### Theorem 1.10

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension $`dimM4`$ and homology classes $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ we have

(15)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})$$

and

(16)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}).$$

###### Remark 1.11

By the reduction formula (57) for Gromov-Witten invariants recalled in the appendix,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+3}([\pi _{m+3}^1(K)];\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha ,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)`$
$`=PD(\alpha )(A)\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}([K];\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)`$
for any $`\alpha H_{2n2}(M,)`$ and $`[K]H_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2},)`$. Here $`2n=dimM`$. It easily follows that $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})<+\mathrm{}`$ implies that $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha )`$, $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha ,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha ,\beta )`$ are finite for any $`\alpha ,\beta H_{2n2}(M,)`$ with $`PD(\alpha )(A)0`$ and $`PD(\beta )(A)0`$. In particular, it is easily proved that for any integer $`g0`$

(17)
$$\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ]))=inf\{\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )|\alpha H_{}(M,)\}$$

###### Corollary 1.12

If $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})<+\mathrm{}`$ for some integer $`g0`$ then the $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-Weinstein conjecture holds in $`(M,\omega )`$.

Many results in this paper are based on the following special case of Theorem 1.10.

###### Theorem 1.13

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least four and a nonzero homology class $`\alpha H_{}(M;)`$,

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )$$

and

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ).$$

###### Definition 1.14

Given a nonnegative integer $`g`$, a closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is called $`g`$-symplectic uniruled if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;pt,\alpha ,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)0`$ for some homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$, $`\alpha ,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _mH_{}(M;)`$ and $`CH_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2};)`$ and an integer $`m1`$. If $`C`$ can be chosen as a point $`pt`$ we say $`(M,\omega )`$ to be strong $`g`$-symplectic uniruled. Moreover, $`(M,\omega )`$ is called symplectic uniruled $`(`$resp. strong symplectic uniruled$`)`$ if it is $`g`$-symplectic uniruled $`(`$resp. strong $`g`$-symplectic uniruled$`)`$ for some integer $`g0`$.

It was proved in (\[Ko\]) and (\[R\]) that (projective algebraic) uniruled manifolds are strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1This is the only place in which we assume that our GW-invariants agree with the ones in \[R\]. In a future paper we shall use the method in \[LiuT\] and the techniques in \[Lu8\] to prove this fact.. In Proposition 7.3 we shall prove that for a closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, if there exist homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$ and $`\alpha _iH_{}(M;)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, such that the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k+1}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)0`$ for some integer $`g0`$, then there exists a homology class $`BH_2(M;)`$ with $`\omega (B)\omega (A)`$ and $`\beta _iH_{}(M;)`$, $`i=1,2`$, such that the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{B,0,3}(pt;pt,\beta _1,\beta _2)0`$. Therefore, every strong symplectic uniruled manifold is strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled. Actually, we shall prove in Proposition 7.5 that the product of any closed symplectic manifold and a strong symplectic uniruled manifolds is strong symplectic uniruled. Moreover, the class of $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifolds is closed under deformations of symplectic forms because Gromov-Witten invariants are symplectic deformation invariants. For a $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ]))<+\mathrm{}`$, the author observed in \[Lu3\] that if a hypersurface of contact type $`S`$ in $`(M,\omega )`$ separates $`M`$ into two parts $`M_+`$ and $`M_{}`$, then there exist two classes $`PD([\omega ])_+`$ and $`PD([\omega ])_{}`$ in $`H_{2n2}(M,)`$ with cycle representatives supported in $`M_+`$ and $`M_{}`$ respectively such that $`PD([\omega ])_++PD([\omega ])_{}=PD([\omega ])`$ and that at least one of the numbers $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_+)`$ or $`\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_{})`$ is finite. Theorem 1.13 (or (15)) implies that at least one of the following two statements holds:

(18)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_+)\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_+)<+\mathrm{}\mathrm{or}\hfill \\ & C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_{})\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_{})<+\mathrm{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

On the other hand (12) shows that $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_+)`$ and$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ])_{})`$ are always positive. Consequently, $`S`$ carries a nontrivial closed characteristic, i.e., the $`(pt,pt)`$-Weinstein conjecture holds in symplectic uniruled manifolds (\[Lu3\]).

The Grassmannians and their products with any closed symplectic manifold are symplectic uniruled. For them we have

###### Theorem 1.15

For the Grassmannian $`G(k,n)`$ of $`k`$-planes in $`^n`$ we denote by $`\sigma ^{(k,n)}`$ the canonical symplectic form for which $`\sigma ^{(k,n)}(L^{(k,n)})=\pi `$ for the generator $`L^{(k,n)}`$ of $`H_2(G(k,n);)`$. Let the submanifolds $`X^{(k,n)}G(k,n1)`$ and $`Y^{(k,n)}`$ of $`G(k,n)`$ be given by $`\{VG(k,n)w_0^{}v=0\text{ for all }vV\}`$ and $`\{VG(k,n)v_0V\}`$ for some fixed $`v_0,w_0^n\{0\}`$ respectively. Their homology classes $`[X^{(k,n)}]`$ and $`[Y^{(k,n)}]`$ are independent of the choices of $`v_0,w_0^n\{0\}`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}[X^{(k,n)}]=2k(nk1)`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}[Y^{(k,n)}]=2(k1)(nk)`$. Then

$$𝒲_G(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)};pt,\alpha )=\pi $$

for $`\alpha =[X^{(k,n)}]`$ or $`\alpha =[Y^{(k,n)}]`$ with $`kn2`$.

In particular, if $`k=1`$ and $`n3`$ then $`[Y^{(1,n)}]=pt`$ and $`(G(1,n),\sigma ^{(1,n)})=(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})`$, where $`\sigma _{n1}`$ the unique $`\mathrm{U}(n)`$-invariant Kähler form on $`P^{n1}`$ whose integral over the line $`P^1P^{n1}`$ is equal to $`\pi `$. In this case Theorem 1.15 and Lemma 1.4 yield:

(19)
$$\begin{array}{cc}c_{HZ}(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})=C_{HZ}(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})\hfill & \\ :=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1};pt,pt)=\pi .\hfill & \end{array}$$

Hofer and Viterbo \[HV2\] firstly proved that $`c_{HZ}(P^n,\sigma _n)=\pi `$. Therefore, Theorem 1.15 can be viewed as a generalization of their result. If $`k=1`$, on one hand the volume estimate gives $`𝒲_G(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})\pi `$, and on the other hand there exists an explicit symplectic embedding $`B^{2n2}(1)(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})`$, see \[Ka, HV2\]. So we have $`𝒲_G(P^{n1},\sigma _{n1})=\pi `$. For $`k2`$, however, the remarks below Theorem 1.35 show that the identity $`𝒲_G(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})=\pi `$ does not follow so easily. Karshon and Tolman \[KaTo1\] independently computed $`𝒲_G(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$ in a different method.

###### Theorem 1.16

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$,

(20)
$$C(M\times G(k,n),\omega (a\sigma ^{(k,n)});pt,[M]\times \alpha )|a|\pi $$

for any $`a\{0\}`$ and $`\alpha =[X^{(k,n)}]`$ or $`\alpha =[Y^{(k,n)}]`$ with $`kn2`$. Moreover, for the product

$$(W,\mathrm{\Omega })=(G(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times G(k_r,n_r),(a_1\sigma ^{(k_1,n_1)})\mathrm{}(a_r\sigma ^{(k_r,n_r)}))$$

we have

(21)
$$C(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,\alpha _1\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _r)(|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_r|)\pi $$

for any $`a_i\{0\}`$ and $`\alpha _i=[X^{(k_i,n_i)}]`$ or $`[Y^{(k_i,n_i)}]`$. Furthermore,

(22)
$$𝒲_G(G(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times G(k_r,n_r),\sigma ^{(k_1,n_1)}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{(k_r,n_r)})=\pi .$$

For the projective space $`P^n=G(1,n+1)`$ we have:

###### Theorem 1.17

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a closed symplectic manifold and $`\sigma _n`$ the unique $`\mathrm{U}(n+1)`$-invariant Kähler form on $`P^n`$ whose integral over the line $`P^1P^n`$ is equal to $`\pi `$. Then

(23)
$$C(M\times P^n,\omega (a\sigma _n);pt,[M\times pt])=|a|\pi $$

for any $`a\{0\}`$. Moreover, for any $`r>0`$ and the standard ball $`B^{2n}(r)`$ of radius $`r`$ and the cylinder $`Z^{2n}(r)=B^2(r)\times ^{2n2}`$ in $`(^{2n},\omega _0)`$, we have

(24)
$$C(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)=C(M\times Z^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)=\pi r^2$$

for $`C=C_{HZ}`$, $`C_{HZ}^{}`$, $`c_{HZ}`$ and $`c_{HZ}^{}`$.

###### Remark 1.18

Combining the arguments in \[McSl, Lu1\] one can prove a weaker version of (24) for any weakly monotone noncompact geometrically bounded symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ and any $`r>0`$, namely

$$C_{HZ}^{}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)C_{HZ}^{}(M\times Z^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)\pi r^2.$$

This generalization can be used to find periodic orbits of a charge subject to a magnetic field (cf. \[Lu2\]).

From Theorem 1.13 and Lemma 1.4 we obtain

###### Corollary 1.19

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least $`4`$ we have

$$c_{HZ}(M,\omega )\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ;pt,pt),c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,pt).$$

Thus $`c_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ is finite if the Gromov-Witten invariant

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;pt,pt,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)$$

does not vanish for some homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$, $`\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _mH_{}(M;)`$ and $`CH_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2};)`$ and integers $`g0`$ and $`m>0`$. Notice that $`\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,pt)`$ is needed here. For example, consider

$$(M,\omega )=(P^1\times P^1,\sigma _1\sigma _1).$$

The following Theorem 1.21 and its proof show that $`c_{HZ}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )=2\pi `$ and $`\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,pt)=2\pi `$. However, one easily proves that

$`\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ]))`$ $`=\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,[pt\times P^1])`$
$`=\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,[P^1\times pt])=\pi .`$
So $`\mathrm{GW}_0(M,\omega ;pt,pt)`$ is necessary.

###### Example 1.20

(i) For a smooth complete intersection $`(X,\omega )`$ of degree$`(d_1,\mathrm{},d_k)`$ in $`P^{n+k}`$ with $`n=2(d_i1)1`$ or $`3(d_i1)3`$, we have $`c_{HZ}^{}(X,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{}(X,\omega )<+\mathrm{}`$.

(ii) For a rational algebraic manifold $`(X,\omega )`$, if there exists a surjective morphism $`\pi :XP^n`$ such that $`\pi |_{XS}`$ is one to one for some subvariety $`S`$ of $`X`$ with $`\mathrm{codim}_{}\pi (S)2`$ then $`c_{HZ}^{}(X,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{}(X,\omega )`$ is finite.

(i) follows from the corollaries of Propositions 3 and 4 in \[Be\] and (ii) comes from Theorem 1.5 in \[LiuT\]. We conjecture that the conclusion also holds for the rationally connected manifolds introduced in \[KoMiMo\].

In some cases we can get better results.

###### Theorem 1.21

For the standard symplectic form $`\sigma _{n_i}`$ on $`P^{n_i}`$ as in Theorem 1.17 and any $`a_i\{0\}`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, we have

$$C(P^{n_1}\times \mathrm{}\times P^{n_k},a_1\sigma _{n_1}\mathrm{}a_k\sigma _{n_k})=(|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|)\pi .$$

for $`C=c_{HZ}`$ and $`c_{HZ}^{}`$.

According to Example 12.5 of \[McSa1\]

$$𝒲_G(P^1\times \mathrm{}\times P^1,a_1\sigma _1\mathrm{}a_k\sigma _1)=\mathrm{min}\{|a_1|,\mathrm{},|a_k|\}\pi $$

for any $`a_i\{0\}`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. This, Theorem 1.21 and (5) show that $`C_{HZ}`$, $`C_{HZ}^{}`$, $`c_{HZ}`$ and $`c_{HZ}^{}`$ are different from the Gromov width $`𝒲_G`$.

### 1.4 The Weinstein conjecture and periodic orbits near symplectic submanifolds

1.4.1. Weinstein conjecture in cotangent bundles of uniruled manifolds. By “Weinstein conjecture” we in the sequel mean the $`(pt,pt)`$-Weinstein conjecture, i.e.: Every separating hypersurface $`S`$ of contact type in a symplectic manifold carries a closed characteristic. While in some of the previous works on the Weinstein conjecture, e.g. \[HV1\], the assumption that $`S`$ is separating was also imposed, Weinstein’s original conjecture, \[We2\], does not assume that $`S`$ is separating. So far this conjecture has been proved for many symplectic manifolds, cf. \[C, FHV, FrSchl, H2, HV1, HV2, LiuT, Lu1, Lu2, Lu3, V1, V4, V5\] and the recent nice survey \[Gi\] for more references. In particular, for the Weinstein conjecture in cotangent bundles Hofer and Viterbo \[HV1\] proved that if a connected hypersurface $`S`$ of contact type in the cotangent bundle of a closed manifold $`N`$ of dimension at least 2 is such that the bounded component of $`T^{}NS`$ contains the zero section of $`T^{}N`$, then it carries a closed characteristic. In \[V5\] it was proved that the Weinstein conjecture holds in cotangent bundles of simply connected closed manifolds. We shall prove

###### Theorem 1.22

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a closed connected symplectic manifold of dimension at least $`4`$ and let $`LM`$ be a Lagrangian submanifold. Given a homology class $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0H_{}(L;)\{0\}`$ we denote by $`\alpha _0H_{}(M;)`$ the class induced by the inclusion $`LM`$. Assume that the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+1}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)`$ does not vanish for some homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$, $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _mH_{}(M;)`$ and $`CH_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+1};)`$ and integers $`m>1`$ and $`g>0`$. Then for every $`c>0`$,

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)<+\mathrm{},$$

and

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)<+\mathrm{}$$

if $`g=0`$ and the inclusion $`LM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(L)\pi _1(M)`$. Here $`U_c=\{(q,v^{})T^{}L|v^{},v^{}c^2\}`$ is with respect to a Riemannian metric $`,`$ on $`T^{}L`$. Consequently, every hypersurface of contact type in $`(T^{}L,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$ separating $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0`$ and $`pt`$ carries a closed characteristic and a contractible one in the latter case. In particular, if $`(M,\omega )`$ is a $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifold then for each $`c>0`$,

$$c_{HZ}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})=C_{HZ}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})<+\mathrm{}$$

and

(25)
$$c_{HZ}^{}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})=C_{HZ}^{}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})<+\mathrm{}$$

if $`g=0`$ and the inclusion $`LM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(L)\pi _1(M)`$. If $`(M,\omega )`$ itself is strong symplectic uniruled then (25) also holds for $`L=M(T^{}M,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$.

Using a recent refinement by Macarini and Schlenk \[MaSchl\] of the arguments in \[HZ2, Sections 4.1 and 4.2\] we immediately derive: if $`L`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold in a $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifold and $`S(T^{}L,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$ a smooth compact connected orientable hypersurface without boundary, then for any thickening of $`S`$,

$`\psi :I\times SU(T^{}L,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$
$`\mu \{tI|𝒫(S_t)\mathrm{}\}=\mu (I)\mathrm{and}\mu \{tI|𝒫^{}(S_t)\mathrm{}\}=\mu (I)`$
if $`g=0`$ and the inclusion $`LM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(L)\pi _1(M)`$. Here $`\mu `$ denotes Lebesgue measure, $`I`$ is an open neighborhood of $`0`$ in $``$, and $`𝒫(S_t)`$ (resp. $`𝒫^{}(S_t)`$) denotes the set of all (resp. contractible in $`U`$) closed characteristics on $`S_t=\psi (S\times \{t\})`$.

###### Corollary 1.23

The Weinstein conjecture holds in the following manifolds:

symplectic uniruled manifolds of dimension at least $`4`$;

the cotangent bundle $`(T^{}L,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$ of a closed Lagrangian submanifold $`L`$ in a $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifold of dimension at least $`4`$;

the product of a closed symplectic manifold and a strong symplectic uniruled manifold;

the cotangent bundles of strong symplectic uniruled manifolds.

The result in (i) is actually not new. As observed in \[Lu3\] the Weinstein conjecture in symplectic uniruled manifolds can be derived from Theorem 1.1 in \[LiuT\]. With the present arguments it may be derived from (18) and Corollary 1.12. (ii) is a direct consequence of Theorem 1.22. (iii) can be derived from (i) and Proposition 7.5. By (ii) and Proposition 7.5 the standard arguments give rise to (iv).

1.4.2. Periodic orbits near symplectic submanifolds. The existence of periodic orbits of autonomous Hamiltonian systems near a closed symplectic submanifold has been studied by several authors, see \[CiGiKe, GiGu, Ke\] and the references there for details. Using Proposition 1.7 and suitably modifying the arguments in \[Lu6\] and \[Bi1\] we get

###### Theorem 1.24

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be any symplectic manifold and let $`NM`$ be a connected closed symplectic submanifold of codimension $`2`$. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a smooth compact submanifold $`WM`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero which is a neighborhood of $`N`$ in $`M`$ such that

$$c_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )<\epsilon .$$

Consequently, for any smooth compact connected orientable hypersurface $`SWW`$ without boundary and any thickening $`\psi :S\times IUW`$ it holds that

$$\mu (\{tI|𝒫^{}(S_t)\mathrm{}\})=\mu (I).$$

Here $`\mu `$, $`I`$, $`S_t`$ and $`𝒫^{}(S_t)`$ are as above Corollary 1.23.

The first conclusion will be proved in $`\mathrm{\S }5`$, and the second follows from the first one and the refinement of the Hofer-Zehnder theorem by Macarini and Schlenk \[MaSchl\] mentioned above. The second conclusion in Theorem 1.24 implies: For any smooth proper function $`H:W`$ the levels $`H=ϵ`$ carry contractible in $`U`$ periodic orbits for almost all $`ϵ>0`$ for which $`\{H=ϵ\}\mathrm{Int}(W)`$. Using Floer homology and symplectic homology, results similar to Theorem 1.24 were obtained in \[CiGiKe, GiGu\] for some closed symplectic submanifolds of positive codimension in geometrically bounded, symplectically aspherical manifolds. Recall that a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is said to be symplectically aspherical if $`\omega |_{\pi _2(M)}=0`$ and $`c_1(TM)|_{\pi _2(M)}=0`$. It seems possible that our method can be generalized to any closed symplectic submanifold of codimension more than $`2`$.

### 1.5 Nonsqueezing theorems

We first give a general nonsqueezing theorem and then discuss some corollaries and relations to the various previously found nonsqueezing theorems.

###### Definition 1.25

For a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ we define $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(M,\omega )[0,+\mathrm{}]`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(M,\omega )=\underset{\alpha }{inf}C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ),$$

where $`\alpha H_{}(M;)`$ runs over all nonzero homology classes of degree $`\mathrm{deg}\alpha dimM1`$.

By (12), for any connected symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ we have

(26)
$$𝒲_G(M,\omega )\mathrm{\Gamma }(M,\omega ).$$

However, it is difficult to determine or estimate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(M,\omega )`$. In some cases one can replace it by another number.

###### Definition 1.26

For a closed connected symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least $`4`$ we define $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega )(0,+\mathrm{}]`$ by

$$\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega )=inf\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )$$

where the infimum is taken over all nonnegative integers $`g`$ and all homology classes $`\alpha H_{}(M;)\{0\}`$ of degree $`\mathrm{deg}\alpha dimM1`$.

By (17) we have $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega )=inf_g\mathrm{GW}_g(M,\omega ;pt,PD([\omega ]))`$. Note that $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega )`$ is finite if and only if $`(M,\omega )`$ is a symplectic uniruled manifold. From Theorem 1.13 and (26) we get

###### Theorem 1.27

For any symplectic uniruled manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least $`4`$ we have

$$𝒲_G(M,\omega )\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ).$$

Actually, for a uniruled manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, i.e., a Kähler manifold covered by rational curves, the arguments in \[Ko, R\] show that $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega )\omega (A)`$, where $`A=[C]`$ is the class of a rational curve $`C`$ through a generic $`x_0M`$ and such that $`_C\omega `$ is minimal.

###### Remark 1.28

Denote by $`(W,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ the product

$$(P^{n_1}\times \mathrm{}\times P^{n_k},a_1\sigma _{n_1}\mathrm{}a_k\sigma _{n_k})$$

in Theorem 1.21. It follows from Theorem 1.13 and the proof of Theorem 1.17 that

$$\mathrm{GW}(W,\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{min}\{|a_1|,\mathrm{},|a_k|\}\pi .$$

By (26) and definition of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(W,\mathrm{\Omega })`$, for any small $`ϵ>0`$ there exists a class $`\alpha _ϵH_{}(W,)`$ of degree $`\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _ϵ)dimW1`$ such that

$$𝒲_G(W,\mathrm{\Omega })C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,\alpha _ϵ)<\mathrm{min}\{|a_1|,\mathrm{},|a_k|\}\pi +ϵ.$$

But Theorem 1.21 shows that

$$c_{HZ}(W,\mathrm{\Omega })=C_{HZ}(W,\mathrm{\Omega })=(|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|)\pi .$$

Therefore, if $`k>1`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ is small enough then

$$𝒲_G(W,\mathrm{\Omega })C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,\alpha _ϵ)<C_{HZ}(W,\mathrm{\Omega }).$$

This shows that our pseudo symplectic capacity $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,\alpha _ϵ)`$ can give a better upper bound for $`𝒲_G(W,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ than the symplectic capacities $`c_{HZ}(W,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and $`C_{HZ}(W,\mathrm{\Omega })`$.

Recall that Gromov’s famous nonsqueezing theorem states that if there exists a symplectic embedding $`B^{2n}(r)Z^{2n}(R)`$, then $`rR`$. Gromov proved it by using $`J`$-holomorphic curves, \[Gr\]. Later on, proofs were given by Hofer and Zehnder based on the calculus of variation and by Viterbo using generating functions, \[V3\]. As a direct consequence of Theorem 1.5 and (24) we get

###### Corollary 1.29

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension $`2m`$, if there exists a symplectic embedding

$$B^{2m+2n}(r)(M\times Z^{2n}(R),\omega \omega _0),$$

then $`rR`$.

Actually, Lalonde and McDuff proved Corollary 1.29 for any symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ in \[LaMc1\]. Moreover, one can derive from it the foundational energy-capacity inequality in Hofer geometry (cf. \[LaMc1, La2\] and \[McSa1, Ex. 12.21\]). From (24) one can also derive the following version of the non-squeezing theorem which was listed below Corollary 5.8 of \[LaMc2,II\] and which can be used to prove that the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of some compact symplectic manifolds have infinite diameter with respect to Hofer’s metric.

###### Corollary 1.30

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ and $`(N,\sigma )`$ be closed symplectic manifolds of dimensions $`2m`$ and $`2n`$ respectively. If there exists a symplectic embedding

$$M\times B^{2n+2p}(r)(M\times N\times B^{2p}(R),\omega \sigma \omega _0^{(p)})$$

or a symplectic embedding

$$M\times B^{2n+2p}(r)(M\times ^{2n}\times B^{2p}(R),\omega \omega _0^{(n)}\omega _0^{(p)}),$$

then $`rR`$. Here $`\omega _0^{(m)}`$ denotes the standard symplectic structure on $`^{2m}`$.

The second statement can be reduced to the first one. From Theorem 1.16 we get

###### Corollary 1.31

For any closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension $`2m`$,

$$𝒲_G(M\times G(k,n),\omega (a\sigma ^{(k,n)}))|a|\pi .$$

The study of Hofer geometry requires various nonsqueezing theorems. Let us recall the notion of quasicylinder introduced by Lalonde and McDuff in \[LaMc2\].

###### Definition 1.32

For a closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ and a set $`D`$ diffeomorphic to a closed disk in $`(^2,\omega _0=dsdt)`$, the manifold $`Q=(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ endowed with the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is called a quasicylinder if

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ restricts to $`\omega `$ on each fibre $`M\times \{pt\}`$;

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the product $`\omega \times \omega _0`$ near the boundary $`Q=M\times D`$.

If $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\omega \times \omega _0`$ on $`Q`$, the quasicylinder is called split. The area of a quasicylinder $`(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is defined as the number $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ such that

$$\mathrm{Vol}(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })=\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{Vol}(M,\omega ).$$

As proved in Lemma 2.4 of \[LaMc2\], the area $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is equal to $`_{\{x\}\times D}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for any $`xM`$.

Following \[McSl\] we replace $`Q`$ in Definition 1.32 by the obvious $`S^2`$-compactification $`(M\times S^2,\mathrm{\Omega })`$. Here $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ restricts to $`\omega `$ on each fibre. It is clear that $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(Q,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ for $`A=[pt\times S^2]H_2(M\times S^2)`$. But it is proved in Lemma 2.7 of \[LaMc2\] that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ can be symplectically deformed to a product symplectic form $`\omega \sigma `$. Therefore, it follows from the deformation invariance of Gromov-Witten invariants that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;pt,[M\times pt],[M\times pt])0.$$

By Theorem 1.13 we get

$$C(M\times S^2,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,[M\times pt])\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(Q,\mathrm{\Omega }).$$

As in the proof of Theorem 1.17 we can derive from this

###### Theorem 1.33

(Area-capacity inequality) For any quasicylinder $`(Q,\mathrm{\Omega })`$

$$c_{HZ}^{}(Q,\mathrm{\Omega })=C_{HZ}^{}(Q,\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{\Lambda }(Q,\mathrm{\Omega }).$$

Area-capacity inequalities for $`𝒲_G`$, $`c_{HZ}`$ and $`c_{HZ}^{}`$ have been studied in \[FHV, HV2, LaMc1, Lu1, McSl\]. As in \[LaMc2, McSl\] we can use Theorem 1.33 and Lemma 1.4 to deduce the main result in \[McSl\]: For an autonomous Hamiltonian $`H:M`$ on a closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ of dimension at least $`4`$, if its flow has no nonconstant contractible fast periodic solution then the path $`\varphi _{t[0,1]}^H`$ in $`\mathrm{Ham}(M,\omega )`$ is length-minimizing among all paths homotopic with fixed endpoints.

From Theorem 1.33 and (5) we obtain the following non-squeezing theorem for quasi-cylinders.

###### Corollary 1.34

For any quasicylinder $`(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ of dimension $`2m+2`$,

$$𝒲_G(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{\Lambda }(M\times D,\mathrm{\Omega }).$$

Our results also lead to the nonsqueezing theorem Proposition 3.27 in \[Mc2\] for Hamiltonian fibrations $`PS^2`$.

### 1.6 Symplectic packings and Seshadri constants

1.6.1. Symplectic packings. Suppose that $`B^{2n}(r)=\{z^{2n}||z|<r\}`$ is endowed with the standard symplectic structure $`\omega _0`$ of $`^{2n}`$. For an integer $`k>0`$, a symplectic $`k`$-packing of a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ via $`B^{2n}(r)`$ is a set of symplectic embeddings $`\{\phi _i\}_{i=1}^k`$ of $`(B^{2n}(r),\omega _0)`$ into $`(M,\omega )`$ such that $`\mathrm{Im}\phi _i\mathrm{Im}\phi _j=\mathrm{}`$ for $`ij`$. If $`\mathrm{Vol}(M,\omega )`$ is finite and $`\mathrm{Int}(M)\overline{\mathrm{Im}\phi _i}`$, then $`(M,\omega )`$ is said to have a full symplectic $`k`$-packing. Symplectic packing problems were studied for the first time by Gromov in \[Gr\] and later by McDuff and Polterovich \[McPo\], Karshon \[Ka\], Traynor \[Tr\], Xu \[Xu\], Biran \[Bi1, Bi2\] and Kruglikov \[Kru\]. As before, let $`\sigma _n`$ denote the unique $`\mathrm{U}(n+1)`$-invariant Kähler form on $`P^n`$ whose integral over $`P^1`$ is equal to $`\pi `$. For every positive integer $`p`$, a full symplectic $`p^n`$-packing of $`(P^n,\sigma _n)`$ was explicitly constructed by McDuff and Polterovich \[McPo\] and Traynor \[Tr\]. A direct geometric construction of a full symplectic $`n+1`$-packing of $`(P^n,\sigma _n)`$ was given by Yael Karshon, \[Ka\]. By generalizing the arguments in \[Ka\] we shall obtain

###### Theorem 1.35

Let the Grassmannian $`(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$ be as in Theorem 1.15. Then for every integer $`1<k<n`$ there exists a symplectic $`[n/k]`$-packing of $`(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$ by $`B^{2k(nk)}(1)`$. Here $`[n/k]`$ denotes the largest integer less than or equal to $`n/k`$.

This result shows that the Fefferman invariant of $`(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$ is at least $`[n/k]`$. Recall that the Fefferman invariant $`F(M,\omega )`$ of a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is defined as the largest integer $`k`$ for which there exists a symplectic packing by $`k`$ open unit balls. Moreover, at the end of §6 we shall prove

(27)
$$\mathrm{Vol}(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})=\frac{(k1)!\mathrm{}2!1!(nk1)!\mathrm{}2!1!}{(n1)!\mathrm{}2!1!}\pi ^{k(nk)}.$$

Note that $`\mathrm{Vol}(B^{2k(nk)}(1),\omega _0)=\pi ^{k(nk)}/(k(nk))!`$. One easily sees that the symplectic packings in Theorem 1.35 is not full in general. On the other hand a full packing of each of the Grassmannians $`Gr^+(2,^5)`$ and $`Gr^+(2,^6)`$ by two equal symplectic balls was constructed in \[KaTo2\].

1.6.2. Seshadri constants. Our previous results can also be used to estimate Seshadri constants, which are interesting invariants in algebraic geometry. Recall that for a compact complex manifold $`(M,J)`$ of complex dimension $`n`$ and an ample line bundle $`LM`$, the Seshadri constant of $`L`$ at a point $`xM`$ is defined as the nonnegative real number

(28)
$$\epsilon (L,x):=\underset{Cx}{inf}\frac{_Cc_1(L)}{\mathrm{mult}_xC},$$

where the infimum is taken over all irreducible holomorphic curves $`C`$ passing through the point $`x`$, and $`\mathrm{mult}_xC`$ is the multiplicity of $`C`$ at $`x`$ (\[De\]). The global Seshadri constant is defined by

$$\epsilon (L):=\underset{xM}{inf}\epsilon (L,x).$$

Seshadri’s criterion for ampleness says that $`L`$ is ample if and only if $`\epsilon (L)>0`$. The cohomology class $`c_1(L)`$ can be represented by a $`J`$-compatible Kähler form $`\omega _L`$ (the curvature form for a suitable metric connection on $`L`$). Denote by $`L^n=_M\omega _L^n=n!\mathrm{Vol}(M,\omega _L)`$. Then $`\epsilon (L,x)`$ has the elementary upper bound

(29)
$$\epsilon (L,x)\sqrt[n]{L^n}.$$

Biran and Cieliebak \[BiCi, Prop. 6.2.1\] gave a better upper bound, i.e.

$$\epsilon (L)𝒲_G(M,\omega _L).$$

However, it is difficult to estimate $`𝒲_G(M,\omega _L)`$. Together with Theorem 1.27 we get

###### Theorem 1.36

For a closed connected complex manifold of complex dimension at least $`2`$,

$$\epsilon (L)\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega _L).$$

###### Remark 1.37

By Definition 1.26, if $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega _L)`$ is finite then $`(M,\omega _L)`$ is symplectic uniruled. So Theorem 1.36 has only actual sense for uniruled $`(M,J)`$. In this case our upper bound $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega _L)`$ is better than $`\sqrt[n]{L^n}`$ in (29). As an example, let us consider the hyperplane $`[H]`$ in $`P^n`$. It is ample, and the Fubini-Study form $`\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}`$ with $`_{P^1}\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}=1`$ is a Kähler representative of $`c_1([H])`$. Let $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ denote the projections of the product $`P^n\times P^n`$ to the first and second factors. For an integer $`m>1`$ the line bundle $`p_1^{}[H]+p_2^{}(m[H])P^n\times P^n`$ is ample and $`c_1(p_1^{}[H]+p_2^{}(m[H]))`$ has a Kähler form representative $`\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}m\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}`$. From the proof of Theorem 1.16 it easily follows that

$$\mathrm{GW}(P^n\times P^n,\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}m\omega _{\mathrm{FS}})1.$$

(In fact, equality holds.) But a direct computation gives

$$\sqrt[2n]{(p_1^{}[H]+p_2^{}(m[H]))^{2n}}=\left(_{P^n\times P^n}(\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}m\omega _{\mathrm{FS}})^{2n}\right)^{\frac{1}{2n}}\sqrt[2n]{m}\sqrt[2n]{\frac{(2n)!}{n!n!}}>1.$$

From the above arguments and the subsequent proofs the reader can see that some of our results are probably not optimal. In fact, it is very possible that using our methods one can obtain better results in some cases (\[Lu7\] and \[Lu9\]). We content ourselves with illustrating the new ideas and methods.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we give the proofs of Lemma 1.4, Theorems 1.5, 1.8 and Proposition 1.7. The proof of Theorem 1.10 is given in Section 3. In Section 4 we prove Theorems 1.15, 1.16, 1.17 and 1.21. In Section 5 we prove Theorems 1.22, 1.24. Theorem 1.35 is proved in Section 6. In the Appendix we discuss some related results on the Gromov-Witten invariants of product manifolds.

Acknowledgements. I am deeply grateful to Professor Dusa McDuff for kindly explaining to me some details of \[McSl\], sending me a preliminary version of her preprint \[Mc3\], correcting many errors, giving many comments and improving some results in the preliminary version of this paper. The author is very thankful to Dr. Felix Schlenk for kindly checking this paper, giving many useful comments and correcting many errors in mathematics and English. I wish to thank Professor Claude Viterbo for many useful discussions on the symplectic capacity theory during the author’s visit at IHES in spring 1999. I thank Kai Cieliebak for sending me some preprints. I would like to thank Professor L. Polterovich and the referee for their advice and for improving the presentation, pointing out some errors and gaps in the previous version of the paper and for providing some enlightening techniques in some references. The example in Remark 1.6 is essentially of them. This revised version was finished during my visit at ICTP of Italy and IHES at Paris in 2004. I thank Professors D.T. Lê and J. P. Bourguignon for their invitations and for the financial support and hospitality of both institutions. I also thank Leonardo Macarini and Felix Schlenk for pointing out an error in the original proof of Theorem 1.24, and Paul Biran for his friendly helps in revising proof of it.

## 2 Proofs of Lemma 1.4, Theorems 1.5, 1.8 and Proposition 1.7

We first give two lemmas. They are key to our proofs in this section the next one. According to Lemma 4.4 on page 107 and Exercise 9 on page 108 of \[Hi\] we have:

###### Lemma 2.1

If $`N`$ is a connected smooth manifold and $`W\mathrm{𝐼𝑛𝑡}(N)`$ a compact smooth submanifold with connected boundary and of codimension zero, then $`W`$ separates $`N`$ in the sense that $`\mathrm{𝐼𝑛𝑡}(N)W`$ has exactly two connected components and the topological boundary of each component is $`W`$. In this case $`W`$ has a neighborhood in $`N`$ which is a product $`W\times (2,2)`$ with $`W`$ corresponding to $`W\times \{0\}`$. If $`W`$ is only contained in $`N`$ then $`W`$ has a neighborhood in $`W`$ which is a product $`W\times (2,0]`$.

From Lemma 12.27 in \[McSa1\] we easily derive

###### Lemma 2.2

Given a Riemannian metric $`g`$ on $`M`$, there exists $`\rho =\rho (g,M)>0`$ such that for every smooth function $`H`$ on $`M`$ with

$$\underset{xM}{sup}_g_gH(x)_g<\rho $$

the Hamiltonian equation $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions. In particular, the conclusion holds if $`H_{C^2}<\rho `$. Here $`_g`$ is the Levi-Civita connection of $`g`$ and norms are taken with respect to $`g`$.

From Darboux’s theorem we obtain

###### Lemma 2.3

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold, and $`B^{2n}(r)=\{z^{2n}:|z|r\}`$ with $`r>0`$. Then for any $`z_0\mathrm{Int}(M)`$ and any small $`\epsilon >0`$ there exist $`r>0`$, a symplectic embedding $`\phi :(B^{2n}(2r),\omega _0)(M,\omega )`$ with $`\phi (0)=z_0`$ and a smooth function $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi :M`$ such that:

$`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi =0`$ outside $`\mathrm{Int}(\phi (B^{2n}(2r))`$, and $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi =\epsilon `$ on $`\phi (B^{2n}(r))`$.

$`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi `$ is constant $`h(s)`$ along $`\phi (\{|z|=s\})`$ for any $`s[0,2r]`$, where $`h:[0,2r][0,\epsilon ]`$ is a nonnegative smooth function which is strictly decreasing on $`[r,2r]`$. Consequently, $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi (\phi (z))>H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi (\phi (z^{}))`$ if $`r|z|<|z^{}|2r`$, and $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi `$ has no critical values in $`(0,\epsilon )`$.

$`\dot{x}=X_{H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi }(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions.

Proof of Lemma 1.4. Case (i). We only need to prove that

$$C_{HZ}(M,\omega ;pt,pt)c_{HZ}(M,\omega ).$$

To this end it suffices to construct for any $`H_{ad}(M,\omega )`$ an

$$F_{ad}(M,\omega ;pt,pt)$$

such that $`\mathrm{max}F\mathrm{max}H`$. By the definition there exist a nonempty open subset $`U`$ and a compact subset $`KMM`$ such that: (a) $`H|_U=0`$ and $`H|_{MK}=\mathrm{max}H`$, (b) $`0H\mathrm{max}H`$, (c) $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions. These imply that $`U\mathrm{Int}(K)`$. By the illustrations below the definition of $`c_{HZ}`$ in §1.2 we may assume that $`MK\mathrm{}`$. Then both $`U`$ and $`MK`$ are nonempty open sets because $`M`$ is a closed manifold. For a given small $`\epsilon >0`$ we may take symplectic embeddings $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ from $`(B^{2n}(2r),\omega _0)`$ to $`(M,\omega )`$ such that

$$\phi (B^{2n}(2r))U\mathrm{and}\psi (B^{2n}(2r))MK.$$

Let $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi `$ and $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\psi `$ be the corresponding functions as in Lemma 2.3. Since $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi `$ (resp. $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\psi `$) is equal to zero outside $`\phi (B^{2n}(2r))`$ (resp. $`\psi (B^{2n}(2r))`$) we can define a smooth function $`\stackrel{~}{H}:M`$ by

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(x)=\{\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{max}H+H_{r,\epsilon }^\psi (x)\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hfill & xMK,\\ H(x)\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hfill & xKU,\\ H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi (x)\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hfill & xU.\end{array}$$

Define $`F=\stackrel{~}{H}+\epsilon `$. Then $`\mathrm{max}F=\mathrm{max}H+2\epsilon \mathrm{max}H`$, $`\mathrm{min}F=0`$ and $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic orbits in $`M`$.

Since $`M`$ is a closed manifold, $`M\mathrm{Int}(\psi (B^{2n}(r)))`$ is a compact submanifold with boundary $`\psi (B^{2n}(r))`$. It follows that $`F_{ad}(M,\omega ;pt,pt)`$ with $`P(F)=\phi (B^{2n}(r))`$ and $`Q(F)=M\mathrm{Int}(\psi (B^{2n}(r)))`$. The desired result follows.

Going through the above proof we see that if $`H_{ad}^{}(M,\omega )`$, i.e., $`\dot{x}=X_H(x)`$ has no nonconstant contractible fast periodic solutions, then $`F_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;pt,pt)`$. This implies that $`C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )`$.

Case (ii). The arguments are similar. We only point out different points. Let $`H_{ad}(M,\omega )`$. For a compact subset $`K(H)MM`$ we find by assumption a compact submanifold $`W`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero such that $`K(H)W`$. Since $`K(H)`$ is compact and disjoint from $`M`$ we can assume that $`K(H)`$ is also disjoint from $`W`$. By Lemma 2.1 we can choose embeddings

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:[5,0]\times WM$$

such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\{0\}\times W)=W`$ and that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }([5,0]\times W)W\mathrm{and}K(H)\mathrm{\Phi }([5,0]\times W)=\mathrm{}.$$

For each $`t[5,0]`$ the set

$$W_t:=W\mathrm{\Phi }((t,0]\times W)$$

is a compact submanifold of $`M`$ which is diffeomorphic to $`W`$. By shrinking $`\epsilon >0`$ in Case (i) if necessary, one easily constructs a smooth function $`H_\epsilon :M`$ such that

$`H_\epsilon =0`$ in $`\mathrm{Int}(W_4)`$ and $`H_\epsilon =\epsilon `$ outside $`W_1`$;

$`0H_\epsilon \epsilon `$ and each $`c(0,\epsilon )`$ is a regular value of $`H_\epsilon `$;

$`H_\epsilon `$ is constant $`f(s)`$ along $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\{s\}\times W)`$ for any $`s[5,0]`$, where $`f:[5,0][0,\epsilon ]`$ is a nonnegative smooth function which is strictly increasing in $`[4,1]`$.

$`\dot{x}=X_{H_\epsilon }(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions.

Let $`H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi `$ be as in Case (i). We can define a smooth function $`\stackrel{~}{H}:M`$ by

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{max}H+H_\epsilon (x)\mathrm{if}xMK,\hfill & \\ H(x)\mathrm{if}xKU,\hfill & \\ H_{r,\epsilon }^\phi (x)\mathrm{if}xU,\hfill & \end{array}$$

and set $`F=\stackrel{~}{H}+\epsilon `$. Then $`\mathrm{max}F\mathrm{max}H`$, $`\mathrm{min}F=0`$ and $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions. As in Case (i) one checks that $`F_{ad}(M,\omega ;pt,pt)`$ with $`P(F)=\phi (B^{2n}(r))`$ and $`Q(F)=M\mathrm{Int}(W_1)`$. So we have $`\mathrm{max}H\mathrm{max}FC_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ for any $`H_{ad}(M,\omega )`$, and thus $`c_{HZ}(M,\omega )C_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$. As above we get that $`C_{HZ}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}(M,\omega )`$ and $`C_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )=c_{HZ}^{}(M,\omega )`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 1.5. (i) We take $`H_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$. Let $`P=P(H)`$ and $`Q=Q(H)`$ be the corresponding submanifolds in Definition 1.2, and $`\alpha _0`$, $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ the chain representatives. Define $`G=H+\mathrm{max}H`$. Then $`0G\mathrm{max}G=\mathrm{max}H`$, $`G|_P=\mathrm{max}G`$, $`G|_{M\mathrm{Int}(Q)}=0`$ and $`X_G=X_H`$. Therefore, $`G_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0)`$, and (i) follows.

(ii) is a special case of (v), and (iv) and (vi) are clear.

For (iii), note that $`B^{2n}(1)`$ and $`Z^{2n}(1)`$ are contractible. One can slightly modify the proofs of Lemma 3 and Theorem 2 in Chapter 3 of \[HZ2\] to show that $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(B^{2n}(1),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\pi `$ and $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(Z^{2n}(1),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\pi `$. Then (iii) follows from (v) and definitions:

$`\pi `$ $``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(B^{2n}(1),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$
$``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(B^{2n}(1),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$
$``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(Z^{2n}(1),\omega _0;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$
$``$ $`\pi .`$
For (v) we only prove the first claim. The second claim then follows together with the argument in \[Lu1\]. For $`H_{ad}(M_1,\omega _1;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ let the submanifolds $`P_1`$ and $`Q_1`$ of $`(M_1,\omega _1)`$ be as in Definition 1.2. Set $`P_2=\psi (P_1)`$ and $`Q_2=\psi (Q_1)`$, and define $`\psi _{}(H)C^{\mathrm{}}(M_2,)`$ by

$$\psi _{}(H)(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}H\psi ^1(x)\hfill & \mathrm{if}x\psi (M_1)\hfill \\ \mathrm{max}H\hfill & \mathrm{if}x\psi (M_1).\hfill \end{array}$$

It is clear that $`\psi _{}(H)_{\mathrm{ad}}(M_2,\omega _2;\psi _{}(\alpha _0),\psi _{}(\alpha _{\mathrm{}}))`$, and so (v) follows.

To prove (vii) we only need to show that $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ is nonempty under the assumptions there. Without loss of generality let $`\alpha _0`$ be represented by a compact connected submanifold $`S\mathrm{Int}M`$ without boundary. Since $`dim\alpha _0+dim\alpha _{\mathrm{}}dimM1`$ it follows from intersection theory that there is a cycle representative $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`S\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{}`$.

Choose a Riemannian metric $`g`$ on $`M`$. For $`ϵ>0`$ let $`𝒩_ϵ`$ be the closed $`ϵ`$-ball bundle in the normal bundle along $`S`$, and let $`\mathrm{exp}:𝒩_ϵM`$ be the exponential map. For $`ϵ>0`$ small enough, $`P=S_ϵ=\mathrm{exp}(𝒩_ϵ)`$ and $`Q=S_{2ϵ}=\mathrm{exp}(𝒩_{2ϵ})`$ are smooth compact submanifolds of $`M`$ of codimension zero, and $`S_{2ϵ}`$ is still disjoint from $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}}`$. Since $`dimS=dim\alpha _0dimM2`$, both $`P`$ and $`Q`$ have connected boundary.

Take a smooth function $`f:R`$ such that $`f(t)=0`$ for $`t\epsilon ^2`$, $`f(t)=1`$ for $`t4\epsilon ^2`$ and $`f^{}(t)>0`$ for $`\epsilon ^2<t<4\epsilon ^2`$. We define a smooth function $`F:M`$ by $`F(x)=0`$ for $`xP`$, $`F(x)=1`$ for $`xMQ`$ and $`F(x)=f(v_x_g^2)`$ for $`x=(s_x,v_x)S_{2\epsilon }`$. In view of Lemma 2.2 above, for $`\delta >0`$ sufficiently small the function $`F_\delta =\delta F`$ belongs to $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Proposition 1.7. Note that every function $`H`$ in $`_{ad}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$ can be viewed as one in $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ in a natural way, and so (6) follows.

If the inclusion $`WM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(W)\pi _1(M)`$ then each function $`H`$ in $`_{ad}^{}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$ can be viewed as one in $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$. Therefore we get (8).

To prove (10) let us take a function $`H_{ad}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)`$. Suppose that $`P(H)Q(H)\mathrm{Int}(MW)`$ are submanifolds associated with $`H`$. Then $`H=\mathrm{max}H`$ on $`(MW)Q`$. Therefore we can extend $`H`$ to $`M`$ by setting $`H=\mathrm{max}H`$ on $`W`$. We denote this extension by $`\overline{H}`$. Since we have assumed that $`\alpha _0`$ has a cycle representative whose support is contained in $`\mathrm{Int}(W)MQ`$, $`\overline{H}`$ belongs to $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0)`$.

If $`H_{ad}^{}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)`$ and the inclusion $`MWM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(MW)\pi _1(M)`$ then the above $`\overline{H}`$ belongs to $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _0)`$. This implies (11).

For (12) we only need to prove that $`𝒲_G(M,\omega )C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )`$ since $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha )`$. For any given symplectic embedding $`\psi :(B^{2n}(r),\omega _0)(\mathrm{Int}(M),\omega )`$ and sufficiently small $`ϵ>0`$ we can choose a representative of $`\alpha `$ with support in $`M\psi (B^{2n}(rϵ))`$ because $`dim\alpha dimM1`$. By (5) and (7) we have

$$\pi (rϵ)^2=𝒲_G(\psi (B^{2n}(rϵ)),\omega )C_{HZ}(\psi (B^{2n}(rϵ)),\omega )C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;pt,\alpha ).$$

With $`ϵ0`$ we arrive at the desired conclusion. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 1.8. To prove (13) let $`W`$ and $`\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}}`$ satisfy the assumptions in Theorem 1.8. For $`H_{ad}(W,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$ and $`G_{ad}(MW,\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)`$ let $`P_1\mathrm{Int}(Q_1)Q_1\mathrm{Int}(W)`$ and $`P_2\mathrm{Int}(Q_2)Q_2MW`$ be corresponding submanifolds as in Definition 1.2. Then $`H|_{P_1}=0`$, $`H|_{W\mathrm{Int}(Q_1)}=\mathrm{max}H`$ and $`G|_{P_2}=0`$, $`G|_{(MW)\mathrm{Int}(Q_2)}=\mathrm{max}G`$. Define $`K:M`$ by

$$K(x)=\{\begin{array}{ccc}H(x),\hfill & & \mathrm{if}xW,\hfill \\ \mathrm{max}H+\mathrm{max}GG(x),\hfill & & \mathrm{if}xMW.\hfill \end{array}$$

This is a smooth function and belongs to $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ with $`P(K)=P_1`$ and $`Q(K)=M\mathrm{Int}(P_2)`$. But $`\mathrm{max}K=\mathrm{max}H+\mathrm{max}G`$. This leads to (13). $`\mathrm{}`$

The following corollary of Theorem 1.8 will be useful later on.

###### Corollary 2.4

Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.8, let $`(N,\sigma )`$ be another closed connected symplectic manifold and $`\beta H_{}(N;)\{0\}`$. Then

$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times W,\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times (MW),\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times M,\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \alpha _0,\beta \times \alpha _{\mathrm{}}),`$
and

$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times W,\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)+C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times (MW),\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{}},pt)`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(N\times M,\sigma \omega ;\beta \times \alpha _0,\beta \times \alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$
if both inclusions $`WM`$ and $`MWM`$ also induce an injective homomorphisms $`\pi _1(W)\pi _1(M)`$ and $`\pi _1(MW)\pi _1(M)`$.

## 3 The proof of Theorem 1.10

We wish to reduce the proof of this theorem to the arguments in \[LiuT\]. Liu-Tian’s approach is to introduce the Morse theoretical version of Gromov-Witten invariants. In their work the paper \[FHS\] plays an important role. To show how the arguments in \[LiuT\] apply to our case we need to recall some related material from \[FHS\].

Consider the vector space $`𝒮=\{S^{2n\times 2n}S^T=S\}`$ of symmetric $`(2n\times 2n)`$-matrices. It has an important subset $`𝒮_{\mathrm{reg}}^{2n}`$ consisting of all matrices $`S𝒮`$ such that for any four real numbers $`a,b,\alpha ,\beta `$ the system of equations

(30)
$$\{\begin{array}{cc}(SJ_0J_0SaI_{2n}bJ_0)\zeta =0\hfill & \\ (SJ_0J_0SaI_{2n}bJ_0)S\zeta \alpha \zeta \beta J_0\zeta =0\hfill & \end{array}$$

has no nonzero solution $`\zeta ^{2n\times 2n}`$, where $`I_n`$ denotes the identity matrix in $`^{n\times n}`$ and

$$J_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \hfill I_n\\ I_n& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$

It has been proved in Theorem 6.1 of \[FHS\] that for $`n2`$ the set $`𝒮_{\mathrm{reg}}^{2n}`$ is open and dense in $`𝒮`$ and $`\tau \mathrm{\Phi }^TS\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮_{\mathrm{reg}}^{2n}`$ for any $`S𝒮_{\mathrm{reg}}^{2n}`$, any $`\mathrm{\Phi }GL(n,)O(2n)`$ and any real number $`\tau 0`$. In view of Definition 7.1 in \[FHS\] and the arguments in \[McSl\] we introduce

###### Definition 3.1

A nondegenerate critical point $`p`$ of a smooth function $`H`$ on a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is called strong admissible if it satisfies the following two conditions:

the spectrum of the linear transformation $`DX_H(p):T_pMT_pM`$ is contained in $`\{\lambda i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\pi \pm \lambda <+\mathrm{}\}`$;

there exists $`J_p𝒥(T_pM,\omega _p)`$ such that for some (and hence every) unitary frame $`\mathrm{\Phi }:^{2n}T_pM`$ (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Phi }J_0=J_p\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\omega _p=\omega _0`$) we have

$$S=J_0\mathrm{\Phi }^1DX_H(p)\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮_{\mathrm{reg}}^{2n}.$$

###### Definition 3.2

An $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-admissible $`(`$resp. $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})^{}`$-admissible) function $`H`$ in Definition 1.2 is said to be $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-strong admissible (resp. $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})^{}`$-strong admissible) if instead of condition (5) it satisfies the stronger condition

$`H`$ has only finitely many critical points in $`\mathrm{Int}(Q)P`$, and each of them is strong admissible in the sense of Definition 3.1.

Let us respectively denote by

(31)
$$_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{and}_{sad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})$$

the set of $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$-strong admissible and $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})^{}`$-strong admissible functions. They are subsets of $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ respectively. The following lemma is key to our proof.

###### Lemma 3.3

If $`dimM4`$, then $`_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ (resp. $`_{sad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$) is $`C^0`$-dense in $`_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ (resp. $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$).

Proof. Let $`F_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ (resp. $`_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$). We shall prove that for any small $`ϵ>0`$ there exists a $`G_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ (resp. $`_{sad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$) such that

(32)
$$\mathrm{max}F\mathrm{max}G\mathrm{max}Fϵ.$$

Our proof is inspired by the proof of Proposition 3.1 in \[Schl\].

Let $`C_F`$ (resp. $`c_F`$) be the largest (resp. smallest) critical value of $`F`$ in $`(0,\mathrm{max}F)`$. If there are no such critical values, there is nothing to show. If $`c_F=C_F`$, then it is the only critical value of $`F`$ in $`(0,\mathrm{max}F)`$, and this case can easily be proved by the following method. So we now assume $`c_F<C_F`$. Then by Definition 1.2(5) we have

$$0<c_F<C_F<\mathrm{max}F.$$

Let $`C(F)`$ be the set of critical values of $`F`$. It is compact and has zero Lebesgue measure, so that for small $`ϵ>0`$ we can choose regular values of $`F`$,

$$b_0^{}<a_1^{}<b_1^{}<\mathrm{}<a_{k1}^{}<b_{k1}^{}<a_k^{},$$

such that:
(i) $`0<b_0^{}<c_F`$ and $`C_F<a_k^{}<\mathrm{max}F`$.
(ii) $`[a_i^{},b_i^{}][c_F,C_F]C(F)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k1`$.
(iii) $`_{i=1}^{k1}(b_i^{}a_i^{})+b_0^{}+\mathrm{max}Fa_k^{}>\mathrm{max}Fϵ`$.
Furthermore we may also take regular values of $`F`$,

$$b_0<a_1<b_1<\mathrm{}<a_{k1}<b_{k1}<a_k,$$

such that

$`b_0<b_0^{},a_k>a_k^{},a_i^{}<a_i<b_i<b_i^{},i=1,\mathrm{},k1,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}(b_ia_i)+b_0+\mathrm{max}Fa_k>\mathrm{max}F2ϵ.`$
Consider the piecewise-linear function $`f:`$,

$$f(t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}t\hfill & \mathrm{for}tb_0,\hfill \\ b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}b_0ta_1,\hfill \\ ta_1+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}a_1tb_1,\hfill \\ b_1a_1+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}b_1ta_2,\hfill \\ ta_2+(b_1a_1)+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}a_2tb_2,\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\hfill & \mathrm{for}\mathrm{},\hfill \\ ta_{k1}+_{i=1}^{k2}(b_ia_i)+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}a_{k1}tb_{k1},\hfill \\ _{i=1}^{k1}(b_ia_i)+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}b_{k1}ta_k,\hfill \\ ta_k+_{i=1}^{k1}(b_ia_i)+b_0\hfill & \mathrm{for}ta_k.\hfill \end{array}$$

Then $`\mathrm{min}\{f(t)|t[0,\mathrm{max}F]\}=0`$ and

$$\mathrm{max}\{f(t)|t[0,\mathrm{max}F]\}=\mathrm{max}Fa_k+\underset{i=1}{\overset{k1}{}}(b_ia_i)+b_0>\mathrm{max}F2ϵ.$$

Note that $`b_0<a_1<b_1<\mathrm{}<a_{k1}<b_{k1}<a_k`$ are all nonsmooth points of $`f`$ in $`(0,\mathrm{max}F)`$. By suitably smoothing $`f`$ near these points we can get a smooth function $`h:`$ satisfying:

$`0h^{}(t)1`$ for $`t`$;

$`0<h^{}(t)1`$ for $`t[0,b_0^{})(a_k^{},\mathrm{max}F](_{i=1}^{k1}(a_i^{},b_i^{}))`$;

$`h(t)=f(t)`$ for $`t_{i=0}^{k1}[b_i^{},a_{i+1}^{}]`$;

$`h(t)=f(t)`$ near $`t=0`$ and $`t=\mathrm{max}F`$.

Set $`H=hF`$. Then $`(h)_1`$ and $`(h)_4`$ imply that $`H_{ad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ and

(33)
$$\mathrm{max}H=h(\mathrm{max}F)=\mathrm{max}Fa_k+\underset{i=1}{\overset{k1}{}}(b_ia_i)+b_0>\mathrm{max}F2ϵ.$$

Furthermore, one easily checks that

The critical values of $`H`$ in $`(0,\mathrm{max}H)`$ are exactly $`b_0`$, $`_{i=1}^j(b_ia_i)+b_0`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},k1`$;

The corresponding critical sets are respectively $`\{b_0^{}Fa_1^{}\}`$ and $`\{b_j^{}Fa_{j+1}^{}\}`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},k1`$;

$`H=b_0`$ on $`\{b_0^{}Fa_1^{}\}`$;

$`H=_{i=1}^j(b_ia_i)+b_0`$ on $`\{b_j^{}Fa_{j+1}^{}\}`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},k1`$.

For each $`0s<\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{min}\{a_{i+1}^{}b_i^{},b_i^{}a_i^{},b_0^{},\mathrm{max}Fa_k^{}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik1\}`$ we set

$$N_s:=\underset{i=0}{\overset{k1}{}}\{b_i^{}sFa_{i+1}^{}+s\}.$$

Since the set of regular values of $`F`$ is open, both $`N_0`$ and $`N_s`$ with sufficiently small $`s>0`$ are compact smooth submanifolds with boundary. For any open neighborhood $`𝒪`$ of $`N_0`$ we have also $`N_s𝒪`$ if $`s>0`$ is small enough. By $`(H)_3`$ and $`(H)_4`$, $`_g_gH=0`$ on $`N_0`$ and thus we can choose

$$0<\delta <\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{min}\{a_{i+1}^{}b_i^{},b_i^{}a_i^{},b_0^{},\mathrm{max}Fa_k^{}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ik1\}$$

so small that

$$\underset{xN_{2\delta }}{sup}_g_gH(x)_g<\rho /2.$$

Here $`\rho `$ is given by Lemma 2.2. Let us take a smooth function $`L:M`$ such that

$`\mathrm{supp}(L)N_\delta `$;

$`L_{C^2}<\rho /2`$ (and thus $`sup_{xN_{2\delta }}_g_g(H+L)(x)_g<\rho `$);

$`h(b_i^{}2\delta )<H(x)+L(x)<h(a_{i+1}^{}+2\delta )`$ for $`x\{b_i^{}\delta Fa_{i+1}^{}+\delta \}`$, $`i=0,\mathrm{},k1`$;

$`H+L`$ has only finitely many critical points in $`N_\delta `$ and each of them is strong admissible.

The condition $`(L)_4`$ can be assured by Lemma 7.2 (i) in \[FHS\]. To see that $`(L)_3`$ can be satisfied, note that $`(h)_1`$ implies that $`h(b_i^{}\delta )H(x)h(a_{i+1}^{}+\delta )`$ as $`b_i^{}\delta F(x)a_{i+1}^{}+\delta `$. By the choice of $`\delta `$ we have $`b_0^{}2\delta >0`$, $`a_k^{}+2\delta <\mathrm{max}F`$ and

$$a_i^{}+\delta ,a_i^{}+2\delta ,b_i^{}2\delta ,b_i^{}\delta (a_i^{},b_i^{}),i=1,\mathrm{},k1.$$

It follows from $`(h)_2`$ that for $`i=0,\mathrm{},k1`$,

(34)
$$h(b_i^{}2\delta )<h(b_i^{}\delta )<h(b_i^{})h(a_{i+1}^{})<h(a_{i+1}^{}+\delta )<h(a_{i+1}^{}+2\delta ).$$

Using these and $`(L)_2`$ we can easily choose $`L`$ satisfying $`(L)_3`$. Set $`G=H+L`$. Then $`P(G)=P(H)`$, $`Q(G)=Q(H)`$ and

(35)
$$\mathrm{max}G=\mathrm{max}H\mathrm{and}\mathrm{min}G=\mathrm{min}H=0.$$

Now we are in position to prove

$$G_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})(\mathrm{resp}._{sad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})).$$

Firstly, the above construction shows that all critical values of $`G`$ in $`(0,\mathrm{max}G)`$ sit in

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{k1}{}}(h(b_i^{}2\delta ),h(a_{i+1}^{}+2\delta ))$$

and the corresponding critical points sit in $`N_\delta `$. It follows that $`G`$ has only finitely many critical points in $`\mathrm{Int}(Q)P`$ and each of them is strong admissible.

Next we prove that $`X_G`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic orbits. Assume that $`\gamma `$ is such an orbit. It cannot completely sit in $`MN_\delta `$ because $`G=H`$ in $`MN_\delta `$. Moreover, Lemma 2.2 and $`(L)_2`$ imply that $`\gamma `$ cannot completely sit in $`N_{2\delta }`$. So there must exist two points $`\gamma (t_1)`$ and $`\gamma (t_2)`$ such that $`\gamma (t_1)N_\delta `$ and $`\gamma (t_2)N_{2\delta }`$. Note that all possible values $`G`$ takes on $`N_\delta `$ (resp. $`N_{2\delta }`$) are

$`h(b_i^{}\delta ),h(a_{i+1}^{}+\delta ),i=0,\mathrm{},k1.`$
$`(\mathrm{resp}.h(b_i^{}2\delta ),h(a_{i+1}^{}+2\delta ),i=0,\mathrm{},k1.)`$
By (34) any two of them are different. But $`G(\gamma (t_1))=G(\gamma (t_2))`$. This contradiction shows that $`X_G`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic orbit. Clearly, this argument also implies that $`X_G`$ has no nonconstant contractible fast periodic orbit if $`F_{ad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$.

Finally, (33) and (35) together gives

$$\mathrm{max}G\mathrm{max}F2ϵ.$$

The desired conclusion is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

As direct consequences of Lemma 3.3 and (2) we have

(36)
$$\{\begin{array}{cc}C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=sup\left\{\mathrm{max}H\right|H_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\},\hfill & \\ C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})=sup\left\{\mathrm{max}H\right|H_{sad}^{}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\}.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Proof of Theorem 1.10. We only prove (15). The proof of (16) is similar. Without loss of generality we assume that $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})>0`$ and $`\mathrm{GW}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})<+\mathrm{}`$. We need to prove that if

(37)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)0$$

for homology classes $`AH_2(M;)`$, $`CH_{}(\overline{}_{g,m+2};)`$ and $`\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _mH_{}(M;)`$ and integers $`m1`$ and $`g0`$, then

(38)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})\omega (A).$$

Arguing by contradiction, we may assume by (36) that there exists $`H_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ such that $`\mathrm{max}H>\omega (A)`$. Then we take $`\eta >0`$ such that

(39)
$$\mathrm{max}H2\eta >\omega (A).$$

By the properties of $`H`$ there exist two smooth compact submanifolds $`P,QM`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero such that the conditions (1),(2),(3),(4),(6) in Definition 1.2 and ($`5^{}`$) in Definition 3.2 are satisfied. Changing $`H`$ slightly near $`\{H=0\}`$ and near $`\{H=\mathrm{max}H\}`$ in the class $`_{sad}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}})`$ and using Lemma 2.1, we can choose embeddings

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:[2,0]\times QQ\mathrm{Int}(P)\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Psi }:[0,2]\times PQ\mathrm{Int}(P)$$

such that:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(\{0\}\times Q)=Q`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\{0\}\times P)=P`$;

$`\mathrm{\Phi }([2,0]\times Q)\mathrm{\Psi }([0,2]\times P)=\mathrm{}`$;

$`H`$ has no critical points in $`\mathrm{\Phi }([2,0)\times Q)\mathrm{\Psi }((0,2]\times P)`$ and is constant $`m_s`$ on $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\{s\}\times Q)`$ and $`n_t`$ on $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\{t\}\times P)`$ for each $`s[2,0]`$ and $`t[0,2]`$;

$`H(x)<m_s`$ for any $`xM\widehat{Q}_s`$ and $`s[2,0]`$, and $`n_t<H(x)`$ for any $`xM\widehat{P}_t`$ and $`t[0,2]`$, where

$$\widehat{Q}_s=(MQ)\mathrm{\Phi }([s,0]\times Q)\mathrm{and}\widehat{P}_t=P\mathrm{\Psi }([0,t]\times P).$$

Notice that the above assumptions imply

$$m_s<m_s^{}<\mathrm{max}H\mathrm{and}0<n_t<n_t^{}$$

for $`2<s<s^{}<0`$ and $`0<t<t^{}<2`$. Moreover $`\widehat{Q}_s`$ (resp. $`\widehat{P}_t`$) is a smooth compact submanifold of $`M`$ with boundary $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\{s\}\times Q)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\{t\}\times P)`$). Clearly, $`\widehat{Q}_s\widehat{P}_t=\mathrm{}`$. For $`\tau [0,2]`$ we abbreviate

$$B_\tau =\widehat{P}_\tau \widehat{Q}_\tau .$$

By the properties of $`H`$ and (39) we find $`\delta (0,1)`$ such that

(40)
$$m_{2\delta }>\mathrm{max}H\eta ,n_{2\delta }<\eta \mathrm{and}\underset{xB_{2\delta }}{sup}_g_gH(x)_g<\rho /2,$$

where $`\rho `$ is as in Lemma 2.2. As before we may choose a smooth function $`L:M`$ such that

$`\mathrm{supp}(L)\mathrm{Int}(B_\delta )`$;

$`L_{C^2}<\mathrm{min}\{\rho /2,\eta \}`$ (and thus $`sup_{xB_{2\delta }}_g_g(H+L)(x)_g<\rho `$);

$`H+L`$ has only finitely many critical points in $`\mathrm{Int}(B_\delta )`$, and each of them is also strong admissible;

$`m_{2\delta }<H(x)+L(x)`$ for $`x\mathrm{Int}(\widehat{Q}_\delta )`$.

$`H(x)+L(x)<n_{2\delta }`$ for $`x\mathrm{Int}(\widehat{P}_\delta )`$.

As above, condition (c) is assured by Lemma 7.2 (i) in \[FHS\]. Set $`F=H+L`$. If $`xB_\delta `$ then either $`F(x)>m_{2\delta }`$ or $`F(x)<n_{2\delta }`$. On the other hand, the above (a) and (iv) imply that $`n_{2\delta }<F(x)<m_{2\delta }`$ if $`xMB_{2\delta }`$. This means that a solution of $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$ cannot go to $`B_\delta `$ from $`MB_{2\delta }`$ because $`F`$ is constant along any solution of $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$. So any nonconstant solution of $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$ lies either in $`B_{2\delta }`$ or in $`MB_\delta `$. It follows from (a) and (b) that $`\dot{x}=X_F(x)`$ has no nonconstant fast periodic solutions. Using (40) and (a)-(e) again we get that $`F`$ is a smooth Morse function on $`M`$ satisfying

each critical point of $`F`$ is strong admissible;

$`\lambda F`$ has no non-trivial periodic solution of period $`1`$ for any $`\lambda (0,1]`$;

$`F(x)>\mathrm{max}H\eta `$ for $`x\widehat{Q}_\delta `$, and $`F(x)<\eta `$ for any $`x\widehat{P}_\delta `$;

$`\mathrm{max}F\mathrm{max}H+\eta `$ and $`\mathrm{min}F\eta `$.

As a consequence of $`(F)_1`$ we get that $`𝒥_{ad}(M,\omega ,X_F)`$ is nonempty. From Lemma 7.2(iii) in \[FHS\] we also know that $`𝒥_{ad}(M,\omega ,X_F)`$ is open in $`𝒥(M,\omega )`$ with respect to the $`C^0`$-topology. Therefore, we may choose a regular $`J𝒥_{ad}(M,\omega ,X_F)`$ and then repeat the arguments in \[LiuT\] to define the Morse theoretical Gromov-Witten invariants

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,J_\lambda ,\lambda F,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)$$

and to prove

(41)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,J_\lambda ,\lambda F,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)$$

for each $`\lambda [0,1]`$. As in Lemma 7.2 of \[LiuT\] we can prove the corresponding moduli space $`(c_0,c_{\mathrm{}};J_1,F,A)`$ to be empty for any critical points $`c_0\widehat{P}_\delta `$ and $`c_{\mathrm{}}\widehat{Q}_\delta `$ of $`F`$. In fact, otherwise we may choose an element $`f`$ in it. Then one easily gets the estimate

(42)
$$0E(f)=F(c_0)F(c_{\mathrm{}})+\omega (A).$$

(Note: from the proof of Lemma 7.2 in \[LiuT\] one may easily see that the energy identity above their Lemma 3.2 should read $`E(f)=\omega (A)+H(c_{})H(c_+)`$.) From the above $`(F)_3`$ and (42) it follows that

$$\mathrm{max}H2\eta <F(c_{\mathrm{}})F(c_0)\omega (A).$$

This contradicts (39). So $`(c_0,c_{\mathrm{}};J_1,F,A)`$ is empty and thus

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,J_1,F,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)=0.$$

By (41) we get $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(C;\alpha _0,\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _m)=0`$. This contradicts (37). (38) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Proofs of Theorems 1.15, 1.16, 1.17 and 1.21

Proof of Theorem 1.15. We start with the matrix definition of the Grassmannian manifold $`G(k,n)=G(k,n;)`$. Let $`n=k+m`$, $`M(k,n;)=\{A^{k\times n}|\mathrm{rank}A=k\}`$ and $`\mathrm{GL}(k;)=\{Q^{k\times k}|\mathrm{det}Q0\}`$. Then $`\mathrm{GL}(k;)`$ acts freely on $`M(k,n;)`$ from the left by matrix multiplication. The quotient $`M(k,n;)/\mathrm{GL}(k;)`$ is exactly $`G(k,n)`$. For $`AM(k,n;)`$ we denote by $`[A]G(k,n)`$ the $`\mathrm{GL}(k;)`$-orbit of $`A`$ in $`M(k,n;)`$, and by

$$\mathrm{Pr}:M(k,n;)G(k,n),A[A]$$

the quotient projection. Any representative matrix $`B`$ of $`[A]`$ is called a homogeneous coordinate of the point $`[A]`$. For increasing integers $`1\alpha _1<\mathrm{}<\alpha _kn`$ let $`\{\alpha _{k+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ be the complement of $`\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k\}`$ in the set $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$. Let us write $`AM(k,n;)`$ as $`A=(A_1,\mathrm{},A_n)`$ and

$$A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}=(A_{\alpha _1},\mathrm{},A_{\alpha _k})^{k\times k}\mathrm{and}A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}=(A_{\alpha _{k+1}},\mathrm{},A_{\alpha _n})^{k\times m},$$

where $`A_1,\mathrm{},A_n`$ are $`k\times 1`$ matrices. Define a subset of $`M(k,n;)`$ by

$$V(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=\{AM(k,n;)|\mathrm{det}A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}0\}$$

and set $`U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=\mathrm{Pr}(V(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k))`$ and

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k):U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)^{k\times m}^{km},`$
$`[A]Z=(A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k})^1A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}.`$
It is easily checked that this is a homeomorphism. $`Z`$ is called the local coordinate of $`[A]G(k,n)`$ in the canonical coordinate neighborhood $`U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$. Note that for any $`Z^{k\times m}`$ there must exist an $`n\times n`$ permutation matrix $`P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ such that for the matrix $`A=(I^{(k)},Z)P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ we have

(43)
$$A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}=I^{(k)}\mathrm{and}A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}=Z.$$

Hereafter $`I^{(k)}`$ denotes the unit $`k\times k`$ matrix. It follows from this fact that for another set of increasing integers $`1\beta _1<\mathrm{}<\beta _kn`$ the transition function $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)^1`$ from $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)(U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k))`$ to $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)(U(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k))`$ is given by

$$ZW=(W_{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _k})^1W_{\beta _{k+1}\mathrm{}\beta _n},$$

where $`(W_{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _k},W_{\beta _{k+1}\mathrm{}\beta _n})=(I,Z)P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)P^{}(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)`$. It is not hard to check that this transformation is biholomorphic. Thus

(44)
$$\left\{(U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k),\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k))\right|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\alpha _1<\mathrm{}<\alpha _kn\}$$

gives an atlas of the natural complex structure on $`G(k,n)`$, which is called the canonical atlas. It is not hard to prove that the canonical Kähler form $`\sigma ^{(k,n)}`$ on $`G(k,n)`$ in such coordinate charts is given by

$$\frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}\mathrm{tr}[(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{})^1dZ(I^{(m)}+\overline{Z}^{}Z)^1d\overline{Z}^{}]=\frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}\overline{}\mathrm{log}det(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{}),$$

where $`dZ=(dz_{ij})_{1ik,1jm}`$ and $``$, $`\overline{}`$ are the differentials with respect to the holomorphic and antiholomorphic coordinates respectively (cf. \[L\]).

On the other hand, it is easy to see that

$`\tau _{k,n}={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\overline{}\mathrm{log}det(A\overline{A}^{})`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[(A\overline{A}^{})^1dA\overline{A}^{}(A\overline{A}^{})^1Ad\overline{A}^{}+(A\overline{A}^{})^1dAd\overline{A}^{}]`$
is an invariant Kähler form on $`M(k,n;)`$ under the left action of $`\mathrm{GL}(k;)`$. Thus it descends to a symplectic form $`\widehat{\tau }_{k,n}`$ on $`G(k,n;)`$. If $`A=(I^{(k)},Z)`$ it is easily checked that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[(A\overline{A}^{})^1dA\overline{A}^{}(A\overline{A}^{})^1Ad\overline{A}^{}+(A\overline{A}^{})^1dAd\overline{A}^{}]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{})^1dZ\overline{Z}^{}(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{})^1Zd\overline{Z}^{}`$
$`+(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{})^1dZd\overline{Z}^{}]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[(I^{(k)}+Z\overline{Z}^{})^1dZ(I^{(m)}+\overline{Z}^{}Z)^1d\overline{Z}^{}].`$
It follows that $`\widehat{\tau }_{k,n}=\sigma ^{(k,n)}`$. Since $`\mathrm{Pr}^{}\widehat{\tau }_{k,n}=\tau _{k,n}`$ we arrive at

(45)
$$\mathrm{Pr}^{}\sigma ^{(k,n)}=\tau _{k,n}.$$

As usual, if we identify $`z=(z_{11},\mathrm{},z_{1m},z_{21},\mathrm{},z_{2m},\mathrm{},z_{k1},\mathrm{},z_{km})^{km}`$ with the matrix $`Z=(z_{ij})_{1ik,1jm}`$ the standard symplectic form in $`^{km}`$ becomes

$$\omega ^{(km)}=\frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}\mathrm{tr}[dZd\overline{Z}^{}].$$

Denote by

$$M^0(k,n;)=\{AM(k,n;)|A\overline{A}^{}=I^{(k)}\}.$$

Then

(46)
$$\tau _{k,n}|_{M^0(k,n;)}=\omega ^{(km)}|_{M^0(k,n;)}.$$

In fact, since $`A\overline{A}^{}=I^{(k)}`$ we have that $`dA\overline{A}^{}+Ad\overline{A}^{}=0`$ and thus

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[(A\overline{A}^{})^1dA\overline{A}^{}(A\overline{A}^{})^1Ad\overline{A}^{}+(A\overline{A}^{})^1dAd\overline{A}^{}]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[dA\overline{d}A^{}]+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1}}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[dA\overline{A}^{}dA\overline{A}^{}].`$
We want to prove the second term is zero. A direct computation yields

$`\mathrm{tr}[dA\overline{A}^{}dA\overline{A}^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{js}da_{is})({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{is}da_{js})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{is}da_{js})({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{js}da_{is})(\mathrm{interchanging}i,j)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{js}da_{is})({\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{a}_{is}da_{js}).`$
Hence $`\mathrm{tr}[dA\overline{A}^{}dA\overline{A}^{}]=0`$. (46) is proved.

###### Lemma 4.1

For the classical domain of the first type (cf. \[L\])

$$R_I(k,m)=\{Z^{k\times m}|I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}>0\},$$

the map

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:(R_I(k,m),\omega ^{(km)})(^{k\times n},\omega ^{(kn)}),Z(\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}},Z)$$

is a symplectic embedding with image in $`M^0(k,n;)`$, and therefore we get a symplectic embedding $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\mathrm{Pr}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`(R_I(k,m),\omega ^{(km)})`$ into $`(G(k,n;),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$.

Proof. Differentiating

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(Z)\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }(Z)}^{}=\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}}\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}}+Z\overline{Z}^{}=I^{(k)}$$

twice from both sides we get

$$d\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}}d\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}}=0.$$

This leads to

$$d\mathrm{\Phi }(Z)d\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }(Z)}^{}=dZd\overline{Z}^{},i.e.,\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\omega ^{(kn)}=\omega ^{(km)}.$$

Using (45) and (46) we get that the composition $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\mathrm{Pr}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ yields the desired symplectic embedding from $`(R_I(k,m),\omega ^{(km)})`$ to $`(G(k,n;),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.2

The open unit ball $`B^{2km}(1)`$ is contained in $`R_I(k,m)`$.

Proof. It is well known that for any $`Z^{k\times m}`$ with $`km`$ (resp. $`k>m`$) there exist unitary matrices $`U`$ of order $`k`$ and $`V`$ of order $`m`$ such that

$$UZV=(\mathrm{diag}(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _k),O)(\mathrm{resp}.UZV=(\mathrm{diag}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _m),O)^{})$$

for some $`\lambda _1\mathrm{}\lambda _k0`$ (resp. $`\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _m0`$), where $`\mathrm{diag}(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _k)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{diag}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _m)`$) denote the diagonal matrix of order $`k`$ (resp. $`m`$), and $`O`$ is the zero matrix of order $`k\times (mk)`$ (resp. $`(km)\times m`$). Therefore, $`ZR_I(k,m)`$, i.e., $`I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}>0`$, if and only if $`\lambda _j<1`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},k`$, (resp. $`\mu _i<1`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},m`$). Let $`ZB^{2km}(1)`$. Then

$$Z^2=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}|z_{ij}|^2=\mathrm{tr}(Z\overline{Z}^{})=\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}\lambda _j^2(\mathrm{resp}.\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\mu _k^2)<1,$$

and thus $`\lambda _j<1`$ (resp. $`\mu _i<1`$), i.e., $`ZR_I(k,m)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2 yield directly

(47)
$$𝒲_G(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})𝒲_G(R_I(k,m),\omega ^{(km)})\pi $$

for $`m=nk`$. Moreover, for the submanifolds $`X^{(k,n)}`$ and $`Y^{(k,n)}`$ of $`G(k,n)`$ the computation in \[SieT, Wi\] shows $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k,n)},0,3}(pt;[X^{(k,n)}],[Y^{(k,n)}],pt)=1`$. Thus (12) and Theorem 1.13 lead to

(48)
$$𝒲_G(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})C_{HZ}^{(2)}(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)};pt,\alpha )\sigma ^{(k,n)}(L^{(k,n)})=\pi $$

for $`\alpha =[X^{(k,n)}]`$ or $`\alpha =[Y^{(k,n)}]`$ with $`kn2`$. Hence the conclusions follow from (47) and (48). Theorem 1.15 is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 1.16. Since $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k,n)},0,3}(pt;[X^{(k,n)}],[Y^{(k,n)}],pt)=1`$ it follows from Proposition 7.4 that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;[M]\times [X^{(k,n)}],[M]\times [Y^{(k,n)}],pt)0$$

for $`A=0\times L^{(k,n)}`$, where $`0`$ denotes the zero class in $`H_2(M;)`$. Theorem 1.13 implies

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times G(k,n),\omega (a\sigma ^{(k,n)});pt,[M]\times \alpha )|a|\pi $$

for $`\alpha =[X^{(k,n)}]`$ or $`\alpha =[Y^{(k,n)}]`$ with $`kn2`$. This implies (20).

For (21) we only prove the case $`r=2`$ for the sake of simplicity. The general case is similar. Let us take $`A=_{i=1}^2L^{(k_i,n_i)}H_2(W,)`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=(|a_1|+|a_2|)\pi `$. Note that

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_i,n_i)},0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_i,n_i)}],[Y^{(k_i,n_i)}])`$
$`=\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_i,n_i)},0,3}(pt;pt,[Y^{(k_i,n_i)}],[X^{(k_i,n_i)}])=1`$
because the dimensions of $`[X^{(k_i,n_i)}]`$ and $`[Y^{(k_i,n_i)}]`$ are even for $`i=1,2`$. Proposition 7.7 gives

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [Y^{(k_2,n_2)}],[Y^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [X^{(k_2,n_2)}])`$
$`=\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_1,n_1)},0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}],[Y^{(k_1,n_1)}],pt)`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_2,n_2)},0,3}(pt;pt,[Y^{(k_2,n_2)}],[X^{(k_2,n_2)}])=1,`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [X^{(k_2,n_2)}],[Y^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [Y^{(k_2,n_2)}])`$
$`=\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_1,n_1)},0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}],[Y^{(k_1,n_1)}])`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{L^{(k_2,n_2)},0,3}(pt;pt,[X^{(k_2,n_2)}],[Y^{(k_2,n_2)}])=1.`$
As before it follows that

$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [Y^{(k_2,n_2)}])`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=(|a_1|+|a_2|)\pi ,`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,[X^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [X^{(k_2,n_2)}])`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=(|a_1|+|a_2|)\pi ,`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(W,\mathrm{\Omega };pt,[Y^{(k_1,n_1)}]\times [Y^{(k_2,n_2)}])`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)=(|a_1|+|a_2|)\pi ,`$
proving (21).

To see (22) we assume $`r>1`$ because of the result in Theorem 1.15. It immediately follows from (12) and (20) that

$$𝒲_G(G(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times G(k_r,n_r),\sigma ^{(k_1,n_1)}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{(k_r,n_r)})\pi .$$

On the another hand, by Lemma 4.1 we have a symplectic embedding from $`(R_I(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times R_I(k_r,n_r),\omega ^{(k_1n_1)}\mathrm{}\omega ^{(k_rn_r)})`$ to $`(G(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times G(k_r,n_r),\sigma ^{(k_1,n_1)}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{(k_r,n_r)})`$. Moreover, Lemma 4.2 implies that

$`B^{2k_1n_1+\mathrm{}+2k_rn_r}(1)`$ $`B^{2k_1n_1}(1)\times \mathrm{}\times B^{2k_rn_r}(1)`$
$`R_I(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times R_I(k_r,n_r).`$
These give

$$𝒲_G(G(k_1,n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times G(k_r,n_r),\sigma ^{(k_1,n_1)}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{(k_r,n_r)})\pi $$

and thus desired (22). $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 1.17. Without loss of generality we may assume $`a>0`$. Firstly, as in the proof of Theorem 1.16 one shows that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;[M\times P^n],[M\times pt],pt)0$$

for $`A=[pt\times P^1]`$, and thus arrive at

(49)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times P^n,\omega a\sigma _n;pt,[M\times pt])a\pi .$$

Next we prove

(50)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,[M\times pt])=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt).$$

By Definition 1.2 it is clear that the left side in (50) is less than or equal to the right side in (50). To see the converse inequality we take $`H_{ad}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt)`$. Let $`P=P(H)`$ and $`Q=Q(H)`$ be the corresponding submanifolds in Definition 1.2. Since

$$PQ\mathrm{Int}(M\times B^{2n}(r))=M\times \mathrm{Int}(B^{2n}(r))$$

and $`Q`$ is compact there exists $`\eta (0,r)`$ such that $`QM\times B^{2n}(\eta )`$. (Note that here we use $`M=\mathrm{}`$.) Therefore, $`H`$ may be viewed as an element of $`_{ad}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,[M\times pt])`$ naturally. This implies that the left side in (50) is more than or equal to the right side in (50).

Thirdly, as in \[HZ1, HZ2\] one proves

(51)
$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt)\pi r^2$$

for any $`r>0`$. By (49), Theorem 1.5 (v), (50) and (51) we can obtain

$`a\pi `$ $``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times P^n,\omega a\sigma _n;pt,[M\times pt])`$
$``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times P^n,\omega a\sigma _n;pt,[M\times pt])`$
$``$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times B^{2n}(\delta \sqrt{a}),\omega \omega _0;pt,[M\times pt])`$
$`=`$ $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times B^{2n}(\delta \sqrt{a}),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt)`$
$``$ $`\pi \delta ^2a`$
for any $`\delta (0,1)`$. Here we use the symplectic embedding $`(B^{2n}(\delta \sqrt{a}),\omega _0)(P^n,a\sigma _n)`$ in the proof of Corollary 1.5 in \[HV2\] for any $`0<\delta <1`$. Taking $`\delta 1`$, we find that for $`\delta =1`$ the above inequalities are equalities. Together with Lemma 1.4 we obtain (23) and $`C(M\times B^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)=\pi r^2`$ in (24).

To prove the other equality of (24), i.e., $`C(M\times Z^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0)=\pi r^2`$, note that each $`H_{ad}(M\times Z^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt)`$ can naturally be viewed as a function in $`_{ad}(M\times B^2(r)\times ^{2n2}/m^{2n2},\omega \omega _0\omega _{st};pt,pt)`$ for sufficiently large $`m>0`$. Here $`\omega _{st}`$ is the standard symplectic structure on the tours $`^{2n2}/m^{2n2}`$. It follows from the equality just proved in (24) that $`\mathrm{max}H\pi r^2`$ and so

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M\times Z^{2n}(r),\omega \omega _0;pt,pt)\pi r^2$$

for any $`r>0`$. The desired conclusions easily follow. $`\mathrm{}`$

In order to prove Theorem 1.21 we need the following lemma told to me by Professor Dusa McDuff and Dr. Felix Schlenk.

###### Lemma 4.3

For any two closed symplectic manifolds $`(M,\omega )`$ and $`(N,\sigma )`$ it holds that

$$c(M\times N,\omega \sigma )c(M,\omega )+c(N,\sigma )$$

for $`c=c_{HZ}`$, $`c_{HZ}^{}`$ and $`C_{HZ}`$, $`C_{HZ}^{}`$.

According to Lemma 1.4 it suffices to prove Lemma 4.3 for $`c_{HZ}`$ and $`c_{HZ}^{}`$. Let $`F`$ and $`G`$ be admissible functions on $`M`$ and $`N`$, respectively. Since the Hamiltonian system for $`F+G`$ splits, we see that $`F+G`$ is an admissible function on $`M\times N`$. From this Lemma 4.3 follows at once.

Proof of Theorem 1.21. We denote by $`(W,\omega )`$ the product manifold in Theorem 1.21. Without loss of generality we may assume $`a_i>0`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. Let $`A_i=[P^1]`$ be the generators of $`H_2(P^{n_i};)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. They are indecomposable classes. Since $`[Y^{(1,n_i)}]=pt`$ it follows from the proof of Theorem 1.16 that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_i,0,3}(pt;pt,pt,[X^{(1,n_i)}])=1$$

for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. Set $`A=A_1\times \mathrm{}\times A_k`$. Note that each $`(P^{n_i},a_i\sigma _{n_i})`$ is monotone. By Proposition 7.7 in the appendix we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}(pt;pt,pt,\beta )=1$$

for some class $`\beta H_{}(W,)`$. Thus by Corollary 1.19 we get that

(52)
$$c(W,\omega )\omega (A)=(a_1+\mathrm{}+a_k)\pi $$

for $`c=c_{HZ}`$, $`c_{HZ}^{}`$. On the other hand, Lemma 4.3 yields

$`c(W,\omega ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}c(P^{n_i},a_i\sigma _{n_i})=(a_1+\mathrm{}+a_k)\pi `$
for $`c=c_{HZ}`$, $`c_{HZ}^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Proof of Theorems 1.22 and 1.24

Proof of Theorem 1.22. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.22 it follows from Remark 1.11 that the Gromov-Witten invariant

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m+2}(\pi ^{}C;\alpha _0,PD([\omega ]),\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)0,$$

and thus Theorem 1.10 leads to

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,PD([\omega ]))<+\mathrm{}.$$

For a sufficiently small $`ϵ>0`$ the well-known Lagrangian neighborhood theorem due to Weinstein \[We1\] yields a symplectomorphism $`\varphi `$ from $`(U_ϵ,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$ to a neighborhood of $`L`$ in $`(M,\omega )`$ such that $`\varphi |_L=id`$. Since $`L`$ is a Lagrange submanifold one can, as in \[Lu3, V6\], use the Poincaré-Lefschetz duality theorem to prove that there exists a cycle representative of $`PD([\omega ])`$ whose support is contained in $`M\varphi (U_ϵ)`$ because $`\omega `$ is exact near $`L`$. By (6) we get that

$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_ϵ,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$ $`=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(\varphi (U_ϵ),\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,PD([\omega ]))<+\mathrm{}.`$
Here we still denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0`$ the images in $`H_{}(U_\epsilon ,)`$ and $`H_{}(\varphi (U_\epsilon ),)`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0`$ under the maps induced by the inclusions $`LU_\epsilon `$ and $`L\varphi (U_\epsilon )`$. Note that for any $`\lambda 0`$ the map

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda :T^{}LT^{}L,(q,v^{})(q,\lambda v^{}),$$

satisfies $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda ^{}\omega _{\mathrm{can}}=\lambda \omega _{\mathrm{can}}`$. Theorem 1.5 (iv), (5) and this fact imply that

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)<+\mathrm{}$$

for any $`c>0`$.

In the case $`g=0`$, since the inclusion $`LM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(L)\pi _1(M)`$ and thus $`\varphi (U_ϵ)M`$ also induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(\varphi (U_\epsilon ))\pi _1(M)`$ it follows from (8) that

$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_ϵ,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$ $`=C_{HZ}^{(2)}(\varphi (U_ϵ),\omega ;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)`$
$`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(M,\omega ;\alpha _0,PD([\omega ]))<+\mathrm{},`$
and thus that $`C_{HZ}^{(2)}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}};\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_0,pt)<+\mathrm{}`$ for any $`c>0`$.

In particular, if $`L`$ is a Lagrange submanifold of a $`g`$-symplectic uniruled manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, then we can take $`\alpha _0=pt`$ and derive from (7)

$$c_{HZ}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})=C_{HZ}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})<+\mathrm{}$$

for any $`c>0`$, and from (9)

$$c_{HZ}^{}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})=C_{HZ}^{}(U_c,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})<+\mathrm{}$$

for all $`c>0`$ if $`g=0`$ and the inclusion $`LM`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(L)\pi _1(M)`$. Here we use Lemma 1.4 and the fact that $`U_c`$ is a compact smooth manifold with connected boundary and of codimension zero because $`dimL2`$.

To see the final claim note that $`(M,\omega )`$ is also strong $`g`$-symplectic uniruled. It follows from Proposition 7.5 that the product $`(M\times M,(\omega )\omega )`$ is strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled. By the Lagrangian neighborhood theorem there exists a neighborhood $`𝒩(\mathrm{})M\times M`$ of the diagonal $`\mathrm{}`$, a fiberwise convex neighborhood $`𝒩(M_0)T^{}M`$ of the zero section $`M_0`$, and a symplectomorphism $`\psi :(𝒩(\mathrm{}),(\omega )\omega )(T^{}M,\omega _{\mathrm{can}})`$ such that $`\psi (x,x)=(x,0)`$ for $`xM`$. Note also that the inclusion $`\mathrm{}M\times M`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(\mathrm{})\pi _1(M\times M)`$. The desired conclusion follows immediately. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 1.24. The case $`dimM=2`$ is obvious. So we assume that $`dimM4`$. We follow \[Bi1\]. Let $`p:L=\nu (N)N`$ be the symplectic normal bundle of $`N`$ in $`(M,\omega )`$. It may naturally be viewed as a complex line bundle with an obvious $`S^1`$-action

$$t(b,v)=(b,e^{2\pi it}v),(b,v)L\mathrm{and}tS^1=/.$$

Consider the projectivized bundle $`\pi :𝐏(L)N`$ whose fiber at $`bN`$ is the complex projective space $`𝐏(L_b)`$. This bundle has a natural $`S^1`$-action induced by the action $`tz=e^{2\pi it}z`$ of $`S^1`$ on each fiber summand of $``$, i.e., $`t(b,[v:z])=(b,[v:e^{2\pi it}z])`$. It has also two special sections, the zero section $`Z_0=𝐏(\{0\})`$ and the infinity section $`Z_{\mathrm{}}=𝐏(L\{0\})`$. One can construct an $`S^1`$-invariant symplectic form on $`𝐏(L)`$. Roughly speaking, fix any Hermitian metric $``$ on $`L`$ and denote by $`p_N:S(L)=\{(b,v)L|v=1\}N`$ the associated unit circle bundle of $`L`$. The latter is a principal $`S^1`$-bundle. Let $`S^1=/`$ act on $`P^1`$ and $`S(L)\times P^1`$ by

$`t[z_0:z_1]=[z_0:e^{2\pi it}z_1],[z_0:z_1]P^1,`$
$`t((b,v),[z_0:z_1])=((b,e^{2\pi it}v),[z_0:e^{2\pi it}z_1])`$
for $`(b,v)S(L)`$ and $`tS^1`$. Then the quotient manifold $`S(L)\times _{S^1}P^1`$ and $`𝐏(L)`$ can be identified via the diffeomorphism induced by the projection

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}:S(L)\times P^1𝐏(L),((b,v),[z_0:z_1])(b,[z_0v:z_1]).$$

Under this identification one has $`Z_0=S(L)\times _{S^1}\{[0:1]\}`$ and $`Z_{\mathrm{}}=S(L)\times _{S^1}\{[1:0]\}`$. If $`R^{}`$ is the curvature of the Hermitian connection $``$ on $`L`$, then $`\rho _N:=\frac{1}{2\pi i}R^{}`$ is a representing $`2`$-form of the Chern class $`c_1(L)`$. Choose $`0<\lambda _0<\epsilon `$ so that

$$\tau _\lambda :=\omega |_N+\lambda \rho _N$$

are symplectic forms on $`N`$ for all $`0<\lambda \lambda _0`$. Let $`h:P^1[0,1]`$ be given by $`h([z_0:z_1])=|z_0|/(|z_0|^2+|z_1|^2)`$. Define a map

$$H_{\lambda _0}:S(L)\times _{S^1}P^1[0,\lambda _0],[(b,v),[z_0:z_1]]\lambda _0h([z_0:z_1]).$$

Then all level sets $`H_{\lambda _0}^1(\lambda )`$, $`\lambda \{0,\lambda _0\}`$, are diffeomorphic to $`S(L)`$, and the only critical submanifolds of $`H_{\lambda _0}`$ are $`H_{\lambda _0}^1(0)=Z_0`$ and $`H_{\lambda _0}^1(\lambda _0)=Z_{\mathrm{}}`$. As in Example 5.10 in \[McSa1\] (see also \[MWo\]) one gets an $`S^1`$-invariant symplectic form $`\omega _{\lambda _0}`$ on $`𝐏(L)`$ such that $`Z_0`$, $`Z_{\mathrm{}}`$ and all fibers are symplectic submanifolds. More precisely, $`\omega _{\lambda _0}|_{Z_0}=\omega |_N`$, $`\omega _{\lambda _0}|_Z_{\mathrm{}}=\omega |_N+\lambda _0\rho _N`$ and each fiber $`𝐏(L)_bP^1`$ is equipped with an $`S^1`$-invariant symplectic form with corresponding moment map $`\lambda _0h`$, i.e., $`\lambda _0\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}`$. Here $`\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}`$ is the standard Fubini-Study form on $`P^1`$ with $`_{P^1}\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}=1`$. Furthermore, $`Z_0`$ has normal bundle in $`(𝐏(L),\omega _{\lambda _0})`$ with first Chern class $`[\rho _N]=c_1(L)`$, see the appendix in \[MWo\].

As in \[Bi1\], from a transgression $`1`$-form $`\alpha ^{}`$ of the connection $``$ on $`L0`$ one can get a $`1`$-form $`\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }^1(S(L))`$ such that $`d\alpha =p_N^{}\rho _N`$ and $`\alpha (X)1`$, where $`X:S(L)TS(L)`$ is the fundamental vector field of the above $`S^1`$-action on $`S(L)`$. The first condition means that $`=\mathrm{Ker}(\alpha )`$ is the horizontal distribution of the connection on $`S(L)`$ induced by $``$. By Exercise 5.11 in \[McSa1\], under the above identification $`𝐏(L)=S(L)\times _{S^1}P^1`$, the symplectic form $`\omega _{\lambda _0}`$ is induced by the $`S^1`$-invariant closed $`2`$-form

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{\lambda _0}:=p_N^{}(\omega |_N)\lambda _0d(h\alpha )+\lambda _0\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}$$

on $`S(L)\times P^1`$.

Set $`X_L=𝐏(L)`$. Take an almost complex structure $`J_N𝒥(N,\omega |_N)`$. By shrinking $`\lambda _0>0`$ we can assume that $`J_N`$ is $`(\omega |_N+\lambda \rho _N)`$-tame for all $`0<\lambda \lambda _0`$, i.e., $`J_N𝒥_\tau (N,\omega |_N+\lambda \rho _N)`$. (This is not needed in the case of \[Bi1\] because $`\rho _N`$ can be taken as $`\omega |_N`$ there.) Notice that the above horizontal distribution $``$ over $`S(L)`$ naturally induces a horizontal distribution $`\stackrel{~}{}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{}(\times 0)`$ on $`X_L`$. So $`TX_L=\stackrel{~}{}\stackrel{~}{𝒱}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}TX_L`$ is the vertical subbundle whose fiber at $`qX_L`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}_q=\mathrm{Ker}(d\pi (q))=T_q(X_L)_{\pi (q)}`$. Actually $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is exactly the horizontal distribution on $`𝐏(L)`$ induced by the sum of the connection $``$ on $`L`$ and the trivial connection on $`N`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\lambda _0}=p_N^{}(\omega |_N+\lambda _0h\rho _N)+\lambda _0(\omega _{\mathrm{FS}}dh\alpha )`$, it is not hard to check that for any $`qX_L`$ the subspaces $`\stackrel{~}{}_q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}_q`$ are $`(\omega _{\lambda _0})_q`$-orthogonal. Similar to \[Bi1\] we construct an almost complex structure $`J_X`$ on $`X_L`$ as follows; for any $`qX_L`$, $`J_X|_{\stackrel{~}{}_q}`$ is the horizontal lift of $`(J_N)_q`$ by the linear isomorphism $`d\pi (q)|_{\stackrel{~}{}_q}:\stackrel{~}{}_qT_{\pi (q)}N`$, and the restriction of $`J_X`$ to the fiber $`(X_L)_{\pi (q)}=𝐏(L_{\pi (q)})`$ is the sum of the complex structure determined by the Hermitian metric $``$ on $`L`$ and of the standard one on $``$. This $`J_X`$ is $`\omega _{\lambda _0}`$-tame because $`J_N𝒥_\tau (N,\omega |_N+\lambda \rho _N)`$ for all $`0<\lambda \lambda _0`$. One easily sees that the almost complex structure $`J_X`$ is fibred on $`X_L`$ in the sense of Definition 2.2 of \[Mc2\]. Hence with $`J_X`$ we can prove as in Lemma 2.3 of \[Lu6\] that for the homology class $`FH_2(X_L;)`$ of a fibre of $`X_LN`$ the Gromov-Witten invariant

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{F,0,3}^{(X_L,\omega _{\lambda _0})}(pt;[Z_0],[Z_{\mathrm{}}],pt)=1.$$

That is, $`(X_L,\omega _{\lambda _0})`$ is a strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled manifold in the sense of Definition 1.14. By Theorem 1.10 we have

$$C_{HZ}^{(2)}(X_L,\omega _{\lambda _0};pt,[Z_{\mathrm{}}])\mathrm{GW}_0(X_L,\omega _{\lambda _0};pt,[Z_{\mathrm{}}])\omega _{\lambda _0}(F)=\lambda _0.$$

Note that for any $`0<\delta <\lambda _0`$ the set $`\{H_{\lambda _0}\delta \}`$ is a smooth compact submanifold in $`X_L`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero that is a neighborhood of $`Z_0`$ in $`X_L`$. It is easily seen that the inclusion $`\{H_{\lambda _0}\delta \}X_L`$ induces an injective homomorphism $`\pi _1(\{H_{\lambda _0}\delta \})\pi _1(X_L)`$. It follows from (9) that

$$c_{HZ}^{}(\{H_{\lambda _0}\delta \},\omega _{\lambda _0})C_{HZ}^{(2)}(X_L,\omega _{\lambda _0};pt,[Z_{\mathrm{}}])\lambda _0.$$

Identifying $`N`$ with the zero section $`0_L`$ and thus $`Z_0`$ it follows from the symplectic neighborhood theorem that for $`\delta >0`$ sufficiently small, $`(\{H_{\lambda _0}\delta \},\omega _{\lambda _0})`$ is symplectomorphic to a smooth compact submanifold $`WM`$ with connected boundary and of codimension zero that is a neighborhood of $`N`$ in $`M`$. Together with Lemma 1.4 we therefore get

$$c_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )=C_{HZ}^{}(W,\omega )\lambda _0<\epsilon .$$

The desired conclusion is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Proof of Theorem 1.35

The idea is the same as in \[Ka\]. We can assume that $`n/k2`$. Following the notations in the proof of Theorem 1.15, notice that the canonical atlas on $`G(k,n)`$ given by (44) has $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)`$ charts, and that for each chart

$$(\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k),U(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k))$$

Lemma 4.1 yields a symplectic embedding $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}`$ of $`(R_I(k,m),\omega ^{(km)})`$ into $`(G(k,n),\sigma ^{(k,n)})`$ given by

$$Z[(\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}},Z)P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)],$$

where $`P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ is the $`n\times n`$ permutation matrix such that (43) holds for the matrix $`B=(I^{(k)},Z)P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$. Moreover, for the matrix $`A=(\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}},Z)P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$ we have

$$A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}=\sqrt{I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{}}\mathrm{and}A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}=Z.$$

Note that

$`A^2`$ $`=`$ $`A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}^2+A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}^2`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{tr}(A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}\overline{A}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}^{})+\mathrm{tr}(A_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}\overline{A}_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}^{})`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{tr}(I^{(k)}Z\overline{Z}^{})+\mathrm{tr}(Z\overline{Z}^{})=k,`$
and therefore

$$A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}^2=kA_{\alpha _{k+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _n}^2=kZ^2.$$

By Lemma 4.2 these show that $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}(B^{2km}(r))`$ is contained in

(54)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k;r)=\{[B]G(k,n)\text{ for all }A[B]M^0(k,n;),\hfill \\ & A_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}^2>kr^2\}\hfill \end{array}$$

for any $`0<r1`$. Note that $`k>1`$ and $`n/k2`$. There must be two disjoint subsets of $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, say $`\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k\}`$ and $`\{\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k\}`$, such that $`\alpha _1<\mathrm{}<\alpha _k`$ and $`\beta _1<\mathrm{}<\beta _k`$. For any two such subsets we claim that

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}(B^{2km}(1))\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _k}(B^{2km}(1))=\mathrm{}.$$

In fact, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k;1)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k;1)`$ are disjoint. Otherwise, let $`[B]`$ belong to their intersection and take a representative $`A`$ of $`[B]`$ in $`M^0(k,n;)`$. Then

$$kA_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k}^2+A_{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _k}^2>2k2$$

by (54). This contradicts the assumption that $`k2`$. Now the conclusion follows from the fact that there exist exactly $`[n/k]`$ mutually disjoint subsets of $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ consisting of $`k`$ numbers. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of (27). Notice that $`G(k,n)`$ can be embedded into the complex projective space $`P^N`$ with $`N=n!/(nk)!k!1`$ by the Plücker map $`p`$ (\[GH\]), and that for any $`l`$-dimensional subvariety $`X`$ of $`P^N`$ one has

$$\mathrm{Vol}(X)=\mathrm{deg}(X)\mathrm{Vol}(L)$$

with respect to the Fubini-Study metric, where $`L`$ is an $`l`$-dimensional linear subspace of $`P^N`$ (cf. \[Fu, p. 384\]). But it was shown in Example 14.7.11 of \[Fu\] that

$$\mathrm{deg}(p(G(k,n)))=\frac{1!2!\mathrm{}(k1)!(k(nk))!}{(nk)!(nk+1)!\mathrm{}(n1)!}.$$

It is well-known that the volume of a $`k(nk)`$-dimensional linear subspace $`L`$ of $`P^N`$ is

$$\mathrm{Vol}(P^{k(nk)})=\frac{\pi ^{k(nk)}}{(k(nk))!}.$$

These give (27). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 7 Appendix: The Gromov-Witten invariants of product manifolds

In this appendix we collect some results on Gromov-Witten invariants needed in this paper. They either are easily proved or follow from the references given.

Let $`(V,\omega )`$ be a closed symplectic manifold of dimension $`2n`$. Recall that for a given class $`AH_2(V;)`$ the Gromov-Witten invariant of genus $`g`$ and with $`k`$ marked points is a homomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V:H_{}(\overline{}_{g,k};)\times H_{}(V;)^k,$$

where $`2g+k3`$ and $`\overline{}_{g,k}`$ is the space of isomorphism classes of genus $`g`$ stable curves with $`k`$ marked points, which is a connected Kähler orbifold of complex dimension $`3g3+k`$. In \[Lu8\] we used the cohomology $`H_c^{}(V;)`$ with compact support and the different notation $`𝒢𝒲_{A,g,k}^{(\omega ,\mu ,J)}`$ to denote the GW-invariants since we also considered noncompact symplectic manifolds for which the dependence on further data needs to be indicated. For closed symplectic manifolds we easily translate the composition law and reduction formulas in \[Lu8\] into the homology version, which is the same as the ones in \[RT2\]. Let integers $`g_i0`$ and $`k_i>0`$ satisfy $`2g_i+k_i3`$, $`i=1,2`$. Set $`g=g_1+g_2`$ and $`k=k_1+k_2`$ and fix a decomposition $`S=S_1S_2`$ of $`\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$ with $`|S_i|=k_i`$. Then there is a canonical embedding

(55)
$$\theta _S:\overline{}_{g_1,k_1+1}\times \overline{}_{g_2,k_2+1}\overline{}_{g,k},$$

which assigns to marked curves $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }_i;x_1^i,\mathrm{},x_{k_i+1}^i)`$, $`i=1,2`$, their union $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ with $`x_{k_1+1}^1`$ and $`x_{k_2+1}^2`$ identified and the remaining points renumbered by $`\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$ according to $`S`$. Let

$$\mu _{g,k}:\overline{}_{g1,k+2}\overline{}_{g,k}$$

be the map corresponding to gluing together the last two marked points. It is continuous. Suppose that $`\{\beta _b\}_{b=1}^L`$ is a homogeneous basis of $`H_{}(V;)`$ modulo torsion, $`(\eta _{ab})`$ its intersection matrix and $`(\eta ^{ab})=(\eta _{ab})^1`$.

Composition law. Let

$$[K_i]H_{}(\overline{}_{g_i,k_i+1};),i=1,2,[K_0]H_{}(\overline{}_{g1,k+2};)$$

and $`AH_2(V;)`$. Then for any $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k`$ in $`H_{}(V;)`$ we have

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V(\theta _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}([K_1\times K_2]);\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=(1)^{\mathrm{cod}(K_2)_{i=1}^{k_1}\mathrm{cod}(\alpha _i)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{A=A_1+A_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{a,b}{}}`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_1,g_1,k_1+1}^V([K_1];\{\alpha _i\}_{ik_1},\beta _a)\eta ^{ab}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_2,g_2,k_2+1}^V([K_2];\beta _b,\{\alpha _j\}_{j>k_1}),`$
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V((\mu _{g,k})_{}([K_0]);\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=\underset{a,b}{}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g1,k+2}^V([K_0];\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k,\beta _a,\beta _b)\eta ^{ab}.$$

Remark that $`(1)^{\mathrm{cod}(K_2)_{i=1}^{k_1}\mathrm{cod}(\alpha _i)}=(1)^{\mathrm{dim}(K_2)_{i=1}^{k_1}\mathrm{dim}(\alpha _i)}`$ because the dimensions of $`\overline{}_{g_i,k_i+1}`$ and $`V`$ are even. Denote the map forgetting the last marked point by

$$\pi _k:\overline{}_{g,k}\overline{}_{g,k1}.$$

Reduction formula. Suppose that $`(g,k)(0,3),(1,1)`$. Then

for any $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1}`$ in $`H_{}(V;)`$ and $`[K]H_{}(\overline{}_{g,k};)`$ we have

(56)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V([K];\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1},[V])=\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k1}^V((\pi _k)_{}([K]);\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1})$$

if $`\alpha _kH_{2n2}(V;)`$ we have

(57)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V([\pi _k^1(K)];\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=PD(\alpha _k)(A)\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k1}^V([K];\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{k1}).$$

###### Lemma 7.1

Let $`(V,\omega )`$ be a closed symplectic manifold, $`\{\beta _b\}_{b=1}^L`$ a homogeneous basis of $`H_{}(V;)`$ modulo torsion as in the composition law above. Suppose that there exist homology classes $`AH_2(V;)`$, $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _mH_{}(V;)`$ and $`g>0`$ such that

(58)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m}^V(pt;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)0.$$

Then for each nonnegative integer $`g^{}<g`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g^{},m+2s}^V(pt;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m,\beta _{a_1},\beta _{b_1},\mathrm{},\beta _{a_s},\beta _{b_s})0$$

for $`s=gg^{}`$ and some $`\beta _{a_i},\beta _{b_i}`$ in $`\{\beta _b\}_{b=1}^L`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},s`$.

Proof. By the composition law for Gromov-Witten invariants we have

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m}^V(pt;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m}^V((\mu _{g,m})_{}(pt);\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a,b}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g1,m+2}^V(pt;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m,\beta _a,\beta _b)\eta ^{ab}.`$
By (58), the left side is not equal to zero. So there exists a pair $`(a,b)`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g1,m+2}^V(pt;\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m,\beta _a,\beta _b)0.$$

If $`g1>g^{}`$ we can repeat this argument to reduce $`g1`$. After $`s=gg^{}`$ steps the lemma follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 7.2

Let $`(V,\omega )`$ and $`\{\beta _b\}_{b=1}^L`$ be as in Lemma 7.1. Suppose that there exist homology classes

$$AH_2(V;),\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _kH_{}(V;)\mathrm{and}[K]H_{}(\overline{}_{g,k};)$$

such that

(59)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V([K];\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _k)0$$

for some integer $`g0`$. Then for each integer $`m>k`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,m}^V([K_1];\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _k,\stackrel{mk}{\stackrel{}{PD([\omega ]),\mathrm{},PD([\omega ])}})0.$$

Here $`K_1=(\pi _m)^1\mathrm{}(\pi _{k+1})^1(K)`$.

Proof. Using the definition of the GW-invariants, it follows from (59) that $`2g+k3`$ and that the space $`\overline{}_{g,k}(V,J,A)`$ of $`k`$-pointed stable $`J`$-maps of genus $`g`$ and of class $`A`$ in $`V`$ is nonempty for generic $`J𝒥(V,\omega )`$. In particular, this implies $`\omega (A)0`$. Applying the reduction formula (57) to (59) we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k+1}^V([\pi _{k+1}^1(K)];\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _k,PD([\omega ]))=\omega (A)\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k}^V([K];\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _k)0.$$

Continuing this process $`mk1`$ times again we get the desired conclusion. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 7.3

For a closed symplectic manifold $`(V,\omega )`$, if there exist homology classes $`AH_2(V;)`$ and $`\alpha _iH_{}(V;)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, such that the Gromov-Witten invariant

(60)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,g,k+1}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)0$$

for some integer $`g0`$, then there exist homology classes $`BH_2(V;)`$ and $`\beta _1,\beta _2H_{}(V;)`$ such that

(61)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{B,0,3}(pt;pt,\beta _1,\beta _2)0.$$

Consequently, every strong symplectic uniruled manifold is strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled.

(61) implies that $`B`$ is spherical. In fact, in this case there exists a $`3`$-pointed stable $`J`$-curve of genus zero and in class $`B`$. By the gluing arguments we can get a $`J`$-holomorphic sphere $`f:P^1M`$ which represents the class $`B`$. That is, $`B`$ is $`J`$-effective. So $`B`$ is necessarily spherical, cf. Page 67 in \[McSa2\].

Proof of Proposition 7.3. By Lemma 7.1, we can assume $`g=0`$ in (60), i.e.

(62)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,k+1}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)0.$$

This implies that $`k+13`$ or $`k2`$. If $`k=2`$ then the conclusion holds. If $`k=3`$ we can use the reduction formula (56) to get

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,5}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _3,[V])=\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,4}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _3)0.$$

Therefore we can actually assume that $`k4`$ in (62). Since $`\overline{}_{0,m}`$ is connected for every integer $`m3`$, $`H_0(\overline{}_{0,m},)`$ is generated by pt. For the canonical embedding $`\theta _S`$ as in (55) we have $`\theta _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(pt\times pt)=pt`$. Hence it follows from the composition law that

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,k+1}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{A=A_1+A_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{a,b}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_1,0,4}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\beta _a)\eta ^{ab}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_2,0,k1}(pt;\beta _b,\alpha _3,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$
because $`\mathrm{cod}(K_2)=\mathrm{cod}(pt)`$ is even. This implies that

(63)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_1,0,4}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\beta _a)0$$

for some $`A_1H_2(V;)`$ and $`1aL`$. By the associativity of the quantum multiplication,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_1,0,4}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\beta _a)=`$
$`\pm {\displaystyle \underset{A_1=A_{11}+A_{12}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_{11},0,3}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,e_l)\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_{12},0,3}(pt;f_l,\alpha _2,\beta _a)`$
where $`\{e_l\}_l`$ is a basis for the homology $`H_{}(M;)`$ and $`\{f_l\}_l`$ is the dual basis with respect to the intersection pairing, see (6) in \[Mc2\]. It follows from this identity and (63) that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_{11},0,3}(pt;pt,\alpha _1,e_l)0$$

for some $`l`$. Taking $`B=A_{11}`$ we get (61). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 7.4

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ and $`(N,\sigma )`$ be two closed symplectic manifolds. Then for every integer $`k3`$ and homology classes $`A_2H_2(N;)`$ and $`\beta _iH_{}(N;)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{0A_2,0,k}^{M\times N}(pt;[M]\beta _1,\mathrm{},[M]\beta _{k1},pt\beta _k)=\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_2,0,k}^N(pt;\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k),$$

where $`0H_2(M;)`$ denotes the zero class.

Proof. Take $`J_M𝒥(M,\omega )`$, $`J_N𝒥(N,\sigma )`$ and set $`J=J_M\times J_N`$. Note that the product symplectic manifold $`(M\times N,\omega \sigma )`$ is a special symplectic fibre bundle over $`(M,\omega )`$ with fibres $`(N,\sigma )`$. Moreover, the almost complex structure $`J=J_M\times J_N`$ on $`M\times N`$ is fibred in the sense of Definition 2.2 in \[Mc2\]. So for a fibre class $`0A_2`$ we can, as in the proof of Proposition 4.4 of \[Mc2\], construct a virtual moduli cycle $`\overline{M}_{0,3}^\nu (M\times N,J,0A_2)`$ of $`\overline{M}_{0,3}(M\times N,J,0A_2)`$ such that the $`M`$-components of each element in $`\overline{M}_{0,3}^\nu (M\times N,J,0A_2)`$ are $`J_M`$-holomorphic, and thus constant. This shows that the virtual moduli cycle $`\overline{M}_{0,3}^\nu (M\times N,J,0A_2)`$ may be chosen as $`M\times \overline{M}_{0,3}^\nu (N,J_N,A_2)`$. The desired conclusion follows. These techniques were also used in the proof of Lemma 2.3 in \[Lu6\]. We refer to there and $`\mathrm{\S }4.3`$ in \[Mc2\] for more details. $`\mathrm{}`$

As a direct consequence of Proposition 7.3 and Proposition 7.4 we get

###### Proposition 7.5

The product of a closed symplectic manifold and a strong symplectic uniruled manifold is strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled. In particular, the product of finitely many strong symplectic uniruled manifolds is also strong $`0`$-symplectic uniruled.

Actually we can generalize Proposition 7.4 to a symplectic fibre bundle over a closed symplectic manifold with a closed symplectic manifold as fibre. Therefore, a symplectic fibre bundle over a closed symplectic manifold with a strong symplectic uniruled fibre is also strong symplectic uniruled.

In the proof of Theorem 1.21 we need a product formula for Gromov-Witten invariants. Such a formula was given for algebraic geometry GW-invariants of two projective algebraic manifolds in \[B\]. However it is not clear whether the GW-invariants used in this paper agree with those of \[B\] for projective algebraic manifolds. For the sake of simplicity we shall give a product formula for a special case, which is sufficient for the proof of Theorem 1.21. Recall that a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is said to be monotone if there exists a number $`\lambda >0`$ such that $`\omega (A)=\lambda c_1(A)`$ for $`A\pi _2(M)`$. The minimal Chern number $`N0`$ of a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ is defined by $`c_1,\pi _2(M)=N`$. For $`J𝒥(M,\omega )`$, a homology class $`AH_2(M,)`$ is called J-effective if it can be represented by a $`J`$-holomorphic sphere $`u:P^1M`$. Such a homology class must be spherical. Moreover, a class $`AH_2(M,)`$ is called indecomposable if it cannot be decomposed as a sum $`A=A_1+\mathrm{}+A_k`$ of classes which are spherical and satisfy $`\omega (A_i)>0`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$.

###### Proposition 7.6

Let the closed symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ either be monotone or have minimal Chern number $`N2`$. Then for each indecomposable class $`AH_2(M,)`$ and classes $`\alpha _iH_{}(M,)`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}^M(pt;\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)`$ adopted in this paper agrees with the invariant $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,3}^M(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)`$ in §7.4 of \[McSa2\].

Proof. Let $`J𝒥(M,\omega )`$. Consider the space $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ of equivalence classes of all $`3`$-pointed stable $`J`$-maps of genus zero and of class $`A`$ in $`M`$. For $`[𝐟]\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$, since $`A`$ is indecomposable it follows from the definition of stable maps that $`𝐟=(\mathrm{\Sigma };z_1,z_2,z_3;f)`$ must be one of the following four cases:

The domain $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=P^1`$, $`z_i`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ are three distinct marked points on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, and $`f:\mathrm{\Sigma }M`$ is a $`J`$-holomorphic map of class $`A`$.

The domain $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has exactly two components $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1=P^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2=P^1`$ which have a unique intersection point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}`$ is nonconstant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ only contains one marked point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_2}`$ is constant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ contains two marked points.

The domain $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has exactly two components $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1=P^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2=P^1`$ which have a unique intersection point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}`$ is nonconstant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ contains no marked point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_2}`$ is constant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ contains three marked points.

The domain $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has exactly three components $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1=P^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2=P^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3=P^1`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$) have only one intersection point, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$ have no intersection point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}`$ is nonconstant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ contains no marked point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_2}`$ is constant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ contains one marked point. $`f|_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_3}`$ is constant and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$ contains two marked points.

Let $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_i`$, $`i=1,2,3,4`$ be the subsets of the four kinds of stable maps. It is easily proved that for generic $`J𝒥(M,\omega )`$ they are smooth manifolds of dimensions

$`dim\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1=dimM+2c_1(A),`$
$`dim\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_2=dimM+2c_1(A)4,`$
$`dim\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_3=dimM+2c_1(A)6,`$
$`dim\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_4=dimM+2c_1(A)6.`$
So $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)=_{i=1}^4\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_i`$ is a stratified smooth compact manifold. Note that each stable map in $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ has no free components. The construction of the virtual moduli cycle in \[Lu8\] with Liu-Tian’s method in \[LiuT\] is thus trivial or not needed: The virtual moduli cycle of $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ may be taken as

$$\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_{0,3,A}^M,[𝐟][𝐟],$$

where $`_{0,3,A}^M`$ is the space of equivalence classes of all $`3`$-pointed stable $`L^{k,p}`$-maps of genus zero and of class $`A`$ in $`M`$. Therefore for homology classes $`\alpha _iH_2(M,)`$, $`i=1,2,3`$, satisfying the dimension condition

$$\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _1)+\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _2)+\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _3)=2n+2c_1(A)$$

the Gromov-Witten invariant

(64)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}^M(pt;\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)=(\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A})(\overline{\alpha }_1\times \overline{\alpha }_2\times \overline{\alpha }_3)& \\ =(\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A})|_{\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1}(\overline{\alpha }_1\times \overline{\alpha }_2\times \overline{\alpha }_3)& \end{array}$$

because the intersections can only occur in the top strata. Here

(65)
$$\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A}:\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)M^3,[𝐟](f(z_1),f(z_2),f(z_3)),$$

and $`\overline{\alpha }_i:U_iM`$ are generic pseudocycle representatives of the classes $`\alpha _i`$, $`i=1,2,3`$, cf. \[McSa2\] for details. Note that each element $`[𝐟]`$ in $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1`$ has a unique representative of the form $`(P^1;0,1,\mathrm{};f)`$. So $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1`$ may be identified with the space $`(M,A,J)`$ of all $`J`$-holomorphic curves which represent the class $`A`$. Fix marked points $`𝐳=(0,1,\mathrm{})(P^1)^3`$ and define the evaluation map

(66)
$$E_{A,J,𝐳}:(M,A,J)M^3,f(f(0),f(1),f(\mathrm{})).$$

From the above arguments one easily checks that it is a pseudocycle in the sense of \[McSa2\]. Then (64) gives rise to

(67)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}^M(pt;\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)=E_{A,J,𝐳}(\overline{\alpha }_1\times \overline{\alpha }_2\times \overline{\alpha }_3)=\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,3}^M(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)$$

because we can require that $`\overline{\alpha }_1\times \overline{\alpha }_2\times \overline{\alpha }_3`$ is also transverse to $`E_{A,J,𝐳}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 7.7

Consider closed symplectic manifolds $`(M_k,\omega _k)`$ as in Proposition 7.6 and indecomposable classes $`A_kH_2(M_k,)`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$. Then for $`\alpha _i^{(k)}H_{}(M_k,)`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$ we have the Gromov-Witten invariant

(68)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}^M(pt;\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _1^{(k)},\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _2^{(k)},\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _3^{(k)})=\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_k,0,3}^{M_k}(pt;\alpha _1^{(k)},\alpha _2^{(k)},\alpha _3^{(k)}),$$

where $`A=_{k=1}^mA_k`$.

Proof. Set $`(M,\omega )=(\times _{k=1}^mM_k,\times _{k=1}^m\omega _k)`$. Take $`J_k𝒥(M_k,\omega _k)`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$ and set $`J=\times _{k=1}^mJ_k`$. Then $`J𝒥(M,\omega )`$. It is not hard to prove that for generic $`J_k𝒥(M_k,\omega _k)`$ the space $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ is still a stratified smooth compact manifold. We still denote by $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1`$ its top stratum, which consists of elements $`[𝐟]\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ whose domain has only one component $`P^1`$. It is a smooth noncompact manifold of dimension $`dimM+2c_1(A)=_{k=1}^mdimM_k+2c_1(A_k)`$, and each element $`[𝐟]\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1`$ has a unique representative of the form

$$𝐟=(P^1;0,1,\mathrm{};f=(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)),$$

where $`f_k:P^1M_k`$ are $`J`$-holomorphic maps in the homology classes $`A_k`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$. Note that the other strata of $`\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)`$ have at least codimension two. For homology classes $`\alpha _i^{(k)}H_{}(M_k,)`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$, satisfying the dimension condition

$$\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _1^{(k)})+\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _2^{(k)})+\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _3^{(k)})=dimM_k+2c_1(A_k),$$

we may choose the pseudo-cycle representatives $`\overline{\alpha }_i^{(k)}:U_i^{(k)}M`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$ such that:

$`(\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)})`$ is transverse to the evaluations $`\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A}`$ in (65) and $`E_{A,J,𝐳}`$ in (66),

each $`\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)}\times \overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)}\times \overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)}`$ is transverse to the evaluations $`E_{A_k,J_k,𝐳}`$ and

$$\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J_k,A_k}:\overline{}_{0,3}(M_k,A_k,J_k)M_k^3,[𝐟_k](f_k(0),f_k(1),f_k(\mathrm{}))$$

for $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$.

Then as above we get that the Gromov-Witten invariant

(69) $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{A,0,3}^M(pt;\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _1^{(k)},\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _2^{(k)},\times _{k=1}^m\alpha _3^{(k)})`$
$`=(\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A})((\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)}))`$
$`=(\mathrm{EV}_{0,3}^{J,A})|_{\overline{}_{0,3}(M,A,J)_1}((\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)}))`$
$`=E_{A,J,𝐳}((\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)}))`$
because of (67). Note that $`(M,A,J)=_{k=1}^m(M_k,A_k,J_k)`$. It easily follows from the above (i) and (ii) that

$`E_{A,J,𝐳}((\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)})\times (\times _{k=1}^m\overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)}))`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}E_{A_k,J_k,𝐳}(\overline{\alpha }_1^{(k)}\times \overline{\alpha }_2^{(k)}\times \overline{\alpha }_3^{(k)})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_k,3}^{M_k}(\alpha _1^{(k)},\alpha _2^{(k)},\alpha _3^{(k)})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{A_k,0,3}^{M_k}(pt;\alpha _1^{(k)},\alpha _2^{(k)},\alpha _3^{(k)}).`$
The final step comes from Proposition 7.6. This and (69) lead to (68). $`\mathrm{}`$