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# Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae

## 1 Introduction

The formation of the solar system from a nebula of gas and dust is strongly supported by observations of disks around young stars (Koerner, 2001). Observations of these protoplanetary disks are largely confined to star-forming clouds at distances greater than 140 pc. In these regions, the majority of classical T Tauri stars (cTTs) are found to have disks with masses in the range 10-2 to 10-4 $`M_{}`$ (Beckwith et al., 1990; André & Montmerle, 1994). Aperture synthesis mapping of circumstellar gas has established that these disks have radii of a few 100 AU (Koerner & Sargent, 1995; Dutrey et al., 1996), in agreement with dimensions derived from HST images of young disks (O’Dell et al., 1993; Padgett et al., 1999).

The discovery of a nearby lone classical T Tauri star by Rucinski & Krautter (1983) affords a unique opportunity for high spatial resolution studies of a gas-rich disk. TW Hydrae (TW Hya, K7Ve, $`d56`$ pc) is the eponymous member of a nearby group of young stars (Kastner et al., 1997; Webb et al., 1999). The members of the TW Hydrae Association have ages of only a few to ten million years despite their distance from a molecular cloud (Jensen et al., 1998; Webb et al., 1999). TW Hya (the star) stands in contrast to its namesakes by virtue of its large H$`\alpha `$ equivalent width (220 Å) (Kastner et al., 1997), CO emission (Weintraub et al., 1989; Zuckerman et al., 1995; Kastner et al., 1997), and molecular hydrogen (Weintraub et al., 2000). Furthermore, the considerable 1.1 and 7 mm flux densities of 874 mJy and 8 mJy, respectively (Weintraub et al., 1989; Wilner et al., 2000) – comparable, after distance scaling, to flux densities of cTTs at much larger distances – argue for an optically thick, massive ($`10^2M_{}`$) circumstellar disk. This disk appears to be still actively accreting onto the star, as inferred from H$`\alpha `$ emission (Muzerolle et al., 2000). In short, TW Hya shows all the signs of being a classical T Tauri star with a surprisingly advanced age.

Recently, Krist et al. (2000) (hereafter K00) and Weinberger et al. (1999) reported the detection of a face-on (radius $``$ 3.5″) disk around TW Hya in HST images obtained with WFPC2 and NICMOS, respectively. Wilner et al. (2000) resolve (radius $``$ 2″) thermal emission from circumstellar dust around TW Hya with 7 mm VLA observations. In this Letter, we present the first ground-based, near-infrared image of the circumstellar disk around TW Hya, and combine this data with thermal emission data to derive disk properties with a simple disk model. We find disk properties that are similar to those of disks around other cTTs. The nearby TW Hya provides the best known opportunity to study the earliest stages of potentially planet-forming systems.

## 2 Observations and Results

We observed TW Hya on 7 Apr 2000 (UT) from NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea. We used CoCo, the Cold Coronagraph, to block the light from the central star and reduce sidelobe intensity to allow imaging of the circumstellar disk; CoCo is used as a front end to the IRTF facility camera NSFCAM (Rayner et al., 1993; Shure et al., 1994). CoCo is a cryogenically cooled coronagraph with gaussian apodized focal plane masks and a cooled articulatable pupil plane mask (Wang et al., 1994; Toomey et al., 1998). We used a mask whose half-power (50% transmission) diameter is 1$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$86. A series of eight exposures of TW Hya, typically 300 seconds long, were interspersed with similar ones of nearby sky. Total on-source integration time was 2220 seconds. We also obtained six 20-second exposures of the nearby G star SAO 202496 to measure the point spread function (PSF); these observations were made immediately after the TW Hya observations. SAO 202496, which has a similar H magnitude to TW Hya ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$mag $``$ 0.5) and a sky separation of 6.4 degrees, is well suited as a PSF comparison star for use in analysis of the TW Hya images. We observed both stars in H band ($`\lambda _c`$ =1.62 µm, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 0.28 µm); seeing was consistently 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$8 at airmasses 1.7-1.8 for TW Hya and 1.8 for SAO 202496. We also observed the photometric flux standard SAO 205948 (Elias et al., 1982) at similar airmasses.

All exposures were sky-subtracted and flat-fielded. Each frame of SAO 202496 was aligned, scaled, and subtracted from each TW Hya frame. Alignment and scaling of the target and PSF frames were accomplished by minimizing the least squares difference ($`\chi ^2`$) between target and PSF frames while varying amplitude scaling and position offsets. The least squares difference was calculated in a region 4 to 6.5 arcsec from the center of the frame. Image shifting in steps of 0.1 pixel was carried out in the Fourier domain. The amplitude was varied in step sizes corresponding to approximately 1% of the best fit value. We carried out this same procedure on sets of two independent exposures of the PSF star to ensure that PSF$``$PSF results produced a null result and to characterize artifacts and residuals. Circular emission 3-4 arcsec in radius was detected in all 48 combinations of target$``$PSF frames with a signal to noise ratio of several hundred compared to the background RMS and 80 with respect to residuals in the PSF$``$PSF subtraction. Because CoCo rejects 90%-95% of the light from the central star, scattered light from the circumstellar disk itself dominates from 2″ radius out to the edge of the disk (see below).

Figure 1a shows our best image of the nebulosity around TW Hya. A circular halo of size r=4″ (5$`\sigma `$ detection limit) is clearly apparent. The peak intensity of the emission is 6.8$`\pm `$1.1 mJy/arcsec2 at a radial distance of 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$94 from the star, the smallest radial distance we can see using this focal plane mask. The reported uncertainty comprises a conservative estimate of errors. The largest source of error is imperfect centering of the stars behind the coronagraphic mask. This effect results in azimuthal variations of approximately 15% in the final subtracted image when averaged over complete quadrants; this is estimated by assuming that the circumstellar emission is axisymmetric and centered on the star. By contrast, the 1$`\sigma `$ pixel-to-pixel RMS noise in the image background is 10 $`\mu `$Jy/arcsec2, corresponding to an error of much less than 1%. (This background noise is dominated by noise from the scaled PSF star background.) The conservative nature of our photometric error estimate is illustrated by subtractions of independent observations of the PSF star (Figure 1b). Here we show the difference between two independent measurements of SAO 202496; the residuals have a maximum above-background emission at just over 1″ with an average peak surface brightness of 0.1 mJy/arcsec2. These images are subject to the same centering errors as the PSF-subtracted image of TW Hya, and the residuals seen in the PSF$``$PSF image can represent the error due to imperfect centering. The total integrated flux density from the circumstellar emission around TW Hya is 21.6$`\pm `$3.5 mJy; by comparison, the total integrated flux density of the residuals in the PSF$``$PSF image is around 0.25 mJy. The fidelity of the final TW Hya image is bolstered by the comparison displayed in Figure 1c. Here we show the K00 WFPC2 I band image in grayscale overlain with contours from our TW Hya image (Figure 1a). In radial extent and orientation, there is a very clear and convincing match between the two.

In Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae we show azimuthally averaged radial profiles of TW Hya and PSF star images before PSF subtraction (thin solid lines) as well as the radial profile of the final, PSF-subtracted image of the circumstellar emission around TW Hya (thick solid line). We also show the azimuthally averaged radial profile of the PSF$``$PSF residual (thick dotted line). This figure illustrates a point made above: outside of 2″, a circumstellar excess is seen in the TW Hya image compared to the PSF star image before PSF subtraction from either image. This excess extends to around 4″ in the fully-reduced (PSF-subtracted) data (thick solid line in Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae), corresponding to an outer radius of 225 AU at the distance of TW Hya. A single power-law fit to the radial profile follows the law $`r^{3.3\pm 0.3}`$ (thick dashed line in Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae), although the data does not precisely follow a single power law (see Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae). Although we find scant evidence for the multiple power laws derived by K00, we do not have the spatial resolution which K00 had, and our results are in good agreement with the average slope ($``$-3.5) of the K00 broken power law. Our data may show that the radial profile of the disk becomes steeper outside of 200 AU, in rough agreement with K00; this level is, however, close to the background level.

## 3 Modeling and discussion

The 1.1 mm continuum flux density from TW Hya (874$`\pm `$54 mJy) implies a total circumstellar mass (gas+dust) of order 10$`{}_{}{}^{2}M_{}^{}`$ (Weintraub et al., 1989). For micron-sized grains, this implies a total dust grain cross sectional area around $`10^7`$ AU2, more than large enough to intercept all stellar light if oriented in a spherical shell with radius similar to the disk size. Additionally, the fractional disk luminosity is $``$0.3 (Zuckerman et al., 1995) but the ratio of disk reflected light to stellar light is only $``$$`10^2`$ at H band. Both statements imply that the optical depth in the disk midplane must be quite high. This precludes the use of a model which derives temperature structure under the assumption of direct thermal equilibrium between stellar radiation and individual grains (e.g., Backman et al. (1992)). Instead, the temperature structure may reflect a variety of effects, including viscous internal heating, re-processing of stellar radiation, and super-heating in a surface layer (e.g., Lynden-Bell & Pringle (1974); Chiang & Goldreich (1997)). Without a priori knowledge of the relative magnitudes of these influences, we find it simplest to freely parameterize the temperature structure in a fit to the spectral energy distribution (SED) as in Beckwith et al. (1990).

We derive properties of the TW Hya circumstellar disk by using a simple, two-dimensional model which incorporates both our imaging data and the thermal continuum flux densities shown in Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae. Our best disk model is also shown in Figure Near-infrared coronagraphic imaging of the circumstellar disk around TW Hydrae. Following Beckwith et al. (1990), we assume power-law radial profiles for the temperature and surface density, $`T=T_1(r)^q`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Sigma }_0(r/r_0)^p`$, where $`r`$ is in AU, $`T_1`$ is the temperature at 1 AU, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$ (the surface density at $`r_0`$) is couched in terms of the disk mass, $`M_{disk}`$, by integrating over the disk surface area. The grain emissivity is $`\kappa =0.1(\nu /10^{12}`$ Hz)β cm2 g-1. $`T_1`$ and $`q`$ are found to be 125 K and 0.7, respectively, by fitting points at infrared wavelengths where the disk radiation is optically thick; $`T_1`$ 125 K is similar to results for other cTTs (Beckwith et al., 1990). An inner radius ($`R_0`$) of 0.3 AU is required to fit the 12 $`\mu `$m point. The face-on orientation and outer radius of 225 AU are indicated by the image in Figure 1a. We vary the remaining parameters ($`M_{disk}`$$`p`$, and $`\beta `$) over a grid of appropriate values while minimizing the reduced $`\chi ^2`$ difference between model and data. Our derived best-fit values are $`M_{disk}`$ = 0.03 $`M_{}`$, $`p=1.3`$, and $`\beta `$ = 0.9.

Typical $`q`$ values for cTTs ($``$0.5; Beckwith et al. (1990)) can indicate back-warming from an envelope or reprocessing by a geometrically flared disk (Natta, 1993; Chiang & Goldreich, 1997). Our larger value for $`q`$ (0.7) is closer to the value expected for either a standard viscous accretion or geometrically flat reprocessing disk, perhaps suggesting the disk flattening implied for some transitional sources (Miyake & Nakagawa, 1995). Radial brightness power law exponents for geometrically flat to fully flared disks are expected to range from -3 to -1.8. Our power-law fit exponent is -3.3$`\pm `$0.3, consistent with the average K00 exponent of $``$-3.5. Steeper indices than -3 might result from regions of the disk which are shadowed from the star. The higher angular resolution K00 observations yield regions with power-law exponents between -0.5 to -5.9, perhaps suggesting the kind of ripples which can exist for passively heated disks (Chiang, 2000; Dullemond, 2000).

The inner disk hole ($`R_0=0.3`$ AU) implied by our model is required by the deficit of disk-derived flux at 12 µm compared to that at 18 µm. However, more sophisticated models of face-on disks can produce a relative decrease at 12 µm without an inner disk hole (Chiang & Goldreich, 1997); our model simply requires an inner disk hole as a substitute for more complex radiative transfer calculations. Future work includes applying these more sophisticated models to our TW Hya data.

We derive a temperature power law index of $`q=0.7`$ from the disk continuum emission, consistent with the average K00 scattered-light disk scale height radial power law exponent of $``$1.15 (Kenyon & Hartmann, 1987). Similarly, both we and K00 derive (average) density power law indices of $`p=1.3`$. Our value for $`p`$ is not narrowly constrained, and values between 1.1 and 1.5 all provide acceptable fits to the continuum data; however, our $`p`$ is better constrained than is typical for SED fits since the principal degeneracy is with outer disk radius, which is given here by our image. K00 likewise found their density exponent not well constrained. A value of $`p=0.75`$ is the theoretical expectation for steady-state accretion (Lynden-Bell & Pringle, 1974), although Bell et al. (1997) incorporate effects such as disk opacity and shadowing and find complicated radial density distributions with effective average $`p`$ closer to unity.

Our derived $`M_{disk}`$ of 0.03 $`M_{}`$ and $`\beta `$ of 0.9 are narrowly constrained by the long wavelength (0.8, 1.1, and 7 mm) data; Wilner et al. (2000) found $`M_{disk}=0.03M_{}`$ and $`\beta =1.0`$. These derived $`\beta `$ values differ from $`\beta `$ for the ISM ($``$2), but agree with that found for dust around other cTTs (Beckwith & Sargent, 1991; Dutrey et al., 1996). This effect has been explained as the result of aggregation of dust grains into larger disk particles (Beckwith et al., 2000).

The age derived for TW Hya, 3 to $`10\times 10^6`$ yr (Jensen et al., 1998; Webb et al., 1999), is somewhat older than the ages typically reported for other cTTs with similar disks, 105 to $`5\times 10^6`$ yr (Beckwith et al., 1990). It is therefore surprising that TW Hya possesses youthful disk properties, even though it exhibits a stellar age at the upper end of this range and disks around other Association members are considerably more evolved than the TW Hya disk (Koerner et al., 1998; Jayawardhana et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b; Schneider et al., 1999; Koerner et al., 2000). However, because there can exist a wide variation in initial disk masses and lifetimes (e.g., Osterloh & Beckwith (1995)) and because ages for cTTs in star-forming regions have great uncertainties (due to poorly ascertained distances and extinction corrections), we suggest that disk properties should be taken as the key indicator of a disk evolutionary state which is only approximately correlated with HR diagram-derived stellar ages. In this view, TW Hya is especially useful as the closest example of a protoplanetary disk in the classical T Tauri phase and with a mass similar to the minimum mass solar nebula. Since disk properties at this stage are likely to hold great importance for theories about the origin of planetary systems, TW Hya’s nearby location and face-on orientation make it ideal for future high-resolution studies of T Tauri disks.

We thank the IRTF day crew and telescope operators for their invaluable assistance. We thank R. Jayawardhana for help with the planning, execution, and interpretation of these observations. We thank Z. Wahhaj, H. Klahr, and E. Chiang, and J. Krist for useful conversations, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. This work was supported in part by grants to D. Lin and P. Bodenheimer and NASA Grant AST-9618803 and NSF Grant NAG5-6310 to C.F.


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# Kaonic modes in hyperonic matter and 𝒑-wave kaon condensation

## I Introduction

Kaon condensation in high density matter has been investigated extensively from various points of view. Its existence makes the equation of state (EOS) of high density matter much softened, which affects static properties of neutron stars and also dynamical evolution of protoneutron stars. A kaon condensate also leads to rapid cooling of neutron stars via enhanced neutrino emissions. The driving force for kaon condensation is the $`s`$-wave kaon-nucleon ($`KN`$) interaction which consists of the scalar attraction simulated by the $`KN`$ sigma term $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{KN}`$ and the vector interaction corresponding to the Tomozawa Weinberg term. In neutron-star matter, the lowest excitation energy $`\omega _{\mathrm{min}}`$ of the antikaon decreases with baryon number density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ due to the $`s`$-wave $`KN`$ attraction. At a critical density, $`\omega _{\mathrm{min}}`$ becomes equal to the kaon chemical potential $`\mu _K`$, and the $`K^{}`$ appears macroscopically as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).***The kaon chemical potential $`\mu _K`$ is equal to the electron chemical potential $`\mu _e`$ in chemical equilibrium. We put $`\mu _K=\mu _e=\mu `$, and call $`\mu `$ the charge chemical potential throughout this paper. The critical density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$ has been estimated as $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}=34\rho _0`$ with $`\rho _0`$ (=0.16 fm-3) being the nuclear saturation density. Recently, some authors examined the possibility of kaon condensation in neutron stars by taking into account many-body effects such as the Pauli-blocking and the nucleon-nucleon correlations.

Studies of kaon condensation stimulated theoretical investigations of in-medium kaon properties with reference to the kaon-nucleon scattering, kaonic atoms, and heavy-ion collisions. The momentum dependence of kaon optical potentials in a nuclear medium has also been discussed, which may serve as unified understanding of these phenomena. Although there is still a debate concerning the strength of the kaon optical potential, recent experimental results on the subthreshold $`K^+K^{}`$ production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions and proton-nucleus collisions suggest a substantial decrease in the antikaon effective mass. Based on the strongly attractive kaonic potential, a possibility of kaonic nuclei has been proposed.

So far, kaon condensation has been considered mostly in neutron-star matter consisting of neutrons, protons and leptons in chemical equilibrium. However, hyperons ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$$`\mathrm{}`$) may appear in neutron-star matter. Since the early suggestion of hyperon-mixing in neutron stars, the possible existence of hyperonic matter, where hyperons are mixed as well as neutrons, protons, and leptons in the ground state of neutron-star matter, has been discussed by several authors.

Recent development of hypernuclear experiments enables us to discuss the hyperon-mixing problem in highly dense matter in a realistic situation. It has been shown that hyperons appear at a baryon number density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}=23\rho _0`$ based on the relativistic mean-field (RMF) models, relativistic Hartree-Fock methods, the nonrelativistic reaction matrix theory, the nonrelativistic effective baryon-baryon potential models, etc. The hyperonic matter is also relevant to static and dynamic properties of neutron stars and thermal evolution of neutron stars via rapid cooling.

The existence region of kaon condensation and hyperons may overlap each other, so that the competition or coexistence problem of these phases has to be clarified. Concerning this problem, it has been pointed out that a critical density of $`K^{}`$ condensation, which may be realized from hyperonic matter, is pushed up to a higher baryon number density in the presence of the negatively charged hyperons in comparison with the neutron-star matter consisting of only neutrons, protons, and leptons: The negative charge of the system is carried by the negatively charged hyperons in place of the electrons as the hyperon-mixing develops, making up with the positive charge and satisfying the charge neutrality. Accordingly, the number of the electrons $`\rho _e`$ and the charge chemical potential $`\mu `$ \[=$`(3\pi ^2\rho _e)^{1/3}`$\] get smaller with the increase in the baryon number density, which makes the onset condition for kaon condensation, $`\omega _{\mathrm{min}}=\mu `$, difficult to satisfyThe same situation is applied for the neutral hyperons, e.g., $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$: As the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ appears, the electron is absorbed by the process, $`p+e^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }+\nu _e`$ (see III B). . In Refs. , only the $`s`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction has been taken into account. However, there is the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction with Yukawa couplings, which may affect kaon dynamics in dense matter crucially as well as the $`s`$-wave interaction. In this context, interrelation between kaons and hyperons has been discussed through the introduction of a “kaesobar” which is a linear combination of the $`K^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$-particle-neutron-hole states produced by the $`p`$-wave interaction. On the other hand, the effects of the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction on kaon condensation have been considered in neutron-star matter where hyperons are not mixed in the ground state of dense matter. In Ref. , the kaon-baryon interaction has been taken into account within chiral effective Lagrangian. It has been shown that the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation sets in at a lower density, and at a higher density, the $`p`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation is realized accompanying hyperon excitation in the form of quasi-particles which are superimposed states of nucleons and hyperons. The $`K^{}`$ mode has been shown to be relevant to the onset of $`p`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation.Throughout this paper, the $`K^{}`$ and $`K^+`$ denote the kaonic modes which reduce to free kaons in vacuum ($`\rho _\mathrm{B}0`$), and are distinguished from other particle-hole modes carrying the $`K^\pm `$ quantum numbers.  In Ref. , pionic intermediate states, kaon fluctuations and residual interaction have been incorporated in addition to the $`s`$-wave and $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interactions. It has been shown that the energy of a low-lying $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-particle-proton-hole branch becomes negative beyond some density, leading to a first-order phase transition to proton matter accompanying kaon condensation.

In this paper, we consider kaon dynamics and mechanisms of kaon condensation in hyperonic matter by taking into account the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction. We discuss in-medium properties of kaons by obtaining the kaon dispersion relations in hyperonic matter. Kaon-baryon interactions for both the $`s`$-wave and $`p`$-wave type are incorporated within the effective chiral Lagrangian, while other baryon-baryon interactions are supplemented by the use of the nonrelativistic effective interactions. We show that a low-lying proton-particle-$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-hole mode with the $`K^+`$ quantum number develops at high densities. This mode, together with the other particle-hole modes carrying the $`K^{}`$ quantum number, leads to a new mechanism of kaon condensation stemming from the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction.§§§ Part of this work has been briefly reported in Ref. .

The paper is organized as follows. Section II gives the formulation to obtain the kaonic modes in hyperonic matter. In Sec. III, numerical results and discussion are given. Summary and concluding remarks are devoted in Sec. IV. In the Appendix, the expression for the potential energy density which is used in the formulation is presented.

## II Formulation

### A Kaon-baryon interaction

We start with the effective chiral SU(3)$`{}_{L}{}^{}\times `$ SU(3)R Lagrangian used by Kaplan and Nelson for the kaon-baryon interaction.  We use the units in which $`\mathrm{}`$=$`c`$=$`k_B`$=1 throughout this paper.

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}f^2\mathrm{Tr}^\mu \mathrm{\Sigma }^{}_\mu \mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f^2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\chi \mathrm{SB}}(\mathrm{Tr}M(\mathrm{\Sigma }1)+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.)`$ (1)
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}(i\partial ̸M_\mathrm{B})\mathrm{\Psi }+\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}i\gamma ^\mu [V_\mu ,\mathrm{\Psi }]+D\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^5\{A_\mu ,\mathrm{\Psi }\}+F\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^5[A_\mu ,\mathrm{\Psi }]`$ (2)
$`+`$ $`a_1\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\xi M^{}\xi +\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.)\mathrm{\Psi }+a_2\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\mathrm{\Psi }(\xi M^{}\xi +\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.)+a_3(\mathrm{Tr}M\mathrm{\Sigma }+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.)\mathrm{Tr}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\mathrm{\Psi },`$ (3)
where $`f`$($`f_\pi `$=93 MeV) is the meson decay constant, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is the nonlinear meson field, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }e^{2i\mathrm{\Pi }/f}`$, in terms of the octet meson $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, which is represented as

$`\mathrm{\Pi }=\pi _aT_a={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\pi ^0/\sqrt{2}+\eta /\sqrt{6}& \pi ^+& K^+\\ \pi ^{}& \pi ^0/\sqrt{2}+\eta /\sqrt{6}& K^0\\ K^{}& \overline{K}^0& \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\eta \end{array}\right)`$ (7)
with the Nambu-Goldstone bosons $`\pi _a`$ and the SU(3) generators $`T_a`$ ($`a=18`$). $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\chi \mathrm{SB}}`$ is the chiral symmetry breaking scale, $``$ 1 GeV, $`M`$ the mass matrix which is defined as $`M\mathrm{diag}(m_u,m_d,m_s)`$ with the quark masses $`m_i`$, and $`M_\mathrm{B}`$ is the baryon mass generated as a consequence of spontaneous chiral symmetry breakdown. The baryon fields are given as the spin 1/2 octet $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Sigma }^0/\sqrt{2}+\mathrm{\Lambda }/\sqrt{6}& \mathrm{\Sigma }^+& p\\ \mathrm{\Sigma }^{}& \mathrm{\Sigma }^0/\sqrt{2}+\mathrm{\Lambda }/\sqrt{6}& n\\ \mathrm{\Xi }^{}& \mathrm{\Xi }^0& 2\mathrm{\Lambda }/\sqrt{6}\end{array}\right).`$ (11)
Baryons couple with mesons through the mesonic vector current $`V_\mu `$, which is defined by $`V_\mu 1/2(\xi ^{}_\mu \xi +\xi _\mu \xi ^{})`$ with $`\xi \mathrm{\Sigma }^{1/2}`$, and the axial vector current $`A_\mu `$, defined by $`A_\mu i/2(\xi ^{}_\mu \xi \xi _\mu \xi ^{})`$. In the nonrelativistic limit, the fourth term including $`V_\mu `$ in Eq. (3) reduces to the $`s`$-wave vector interaction, and the fifth and sixth terms to the $`p`$-wave interaction. The last three terms in Eq. (3) represent the $`s`$-wave meson-baryon scalar interaction, which explicitly breaks down chiral symmetry. Throughout this paper, we take the same set of parameters as those in Ref. : The axial vector coupling constants $`D`$ and $`F`$ are determined from the weak decays of the baryon octet states and are chosen as $`D`$=0.81 and $`F`$=0.44. The quark masses are taken to be $`m_u`$=6 MeV, $`m_d`$=12 MeV and $`m_s`$=240 MeV. With these values for $`m_i`$, the parameters $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ are fixed so as to give the empirical octet baryon mass splittings and given as $`a_1`$=$``$0.28, $`a_2`$=0.56.

The parameter $`a_3`$ is related to the “$`\pi N`$ and $`KN`$ sigma terms" which simulate the $`s`$-wave meson-baryon scalar interactions through the relations, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\pi N}=(a_1+2a_3)(m_u+m_d)`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kp}=(a_1+a_2+2a_3)(m_u+m_s)`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}=(a_2+2a_3)(m_u+m_s)`$. Considering that there is some ambiguity about these values, we take $`a_3`$ to be $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`1.1`$, which yields $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\pi N}`$=37 MeV, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kp}`$=374 MeV, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=305 MeV for $`a_3=0.9`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\pi N}`$=45 MeV, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kp}`$=472 MeV, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=403 MeV for $`a_3=1.1`$.

In this paper, we mainly concentrate on the kaon dispersion relations in hyperonic matter and onset mechanisms of kaon condensation. Expecting that we can also discuss the EOS of a fully-developed kaon-condensed phase beyond the onset density within the same framework, we give here a formulation to elucidate both issues in a unified way: First, the energy density of the kaon-condensed phase, $`_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, is obtained, and second, the kaon inverse propagator $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)`$ is obtained from the expansion of the energy density expression with respect to the classical kaon field $`K^{\mathrm{cl}}`$ as $`_{\mathrm{eff}}(|K^{\mathrm{cl}}|)=_{\mathrm{eff}}(|K^{\mathrm{cl}}|=0)D_K^1(\omega =\mu ,𝐤;\rho _B)|K^{\mathrm{cl}}|^2+O(|K^{\mathrm{cl}}|^4)`$. Similar methods have been utilized in Refs. .

The kaon inverse propagator $`D_K^1`$ includes the self energy which is related to the forward $`KN`$ scattering amplitudes. It is to be noted that there are different ways of off-shell extrapolation from the $`KN`$ scattering amplitudes in obtaining the kaon self energy: One is derived from chiral perturbation theory and the other is based on low energy theorems of current algebra and PCAC (partial conservation of axial-vector current). These approaches lead to different off-shell properties of the kaon excitation energy. The relations between these approaches have been discussed. Based on the former way with the chiral effective Lagrangian Eq. (3), the $`s`$-wave $`KN`$ scattering amplitudes near threshold cannot be reproduced empirically without higher order terms in chiral expansion and a pole contribution from the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(1405)`$ (abbreviated to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$). These corrections enter into the kaon self energy. Nevertheless, it has been shown that part of the higher order terms for $`K^{}`$, the range term \[$`\omega (K^{})^2`$\] , becomes small in high-density matter, since the $`K^{}`$ excitation energy $`\omega (K^{})`$ decreases with density owing to the $`s`$-wave $`KN`$ attractive interaction. Furthermore, the pole contribution from the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ becomes negligible since the $`K^{}N`$ threshold lies far below the pole of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ at high density due to the decrease in $`\omega (K^{})`$. \**\**\** On the other hand, the role of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ in a nuclear medium has been discussed on the assumption that it is a $`K^{}p`$ bound state: In Ref. , it has been shown that the mass of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ is shifted upwards due to the Pauli blocking of intermediate states, and that the $`K^{}`$ feels an attractive potential by scattering through an intermediate $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ state. In subsequent works, the mass of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ has been shown to be left as a free space value due to the net effects of the Pauli-blocking and the attraction which comes from the modification of the $`K^{}`$ in the intermediate $`K^{}N`$ states, while the decay width of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ increases with an increase in the baryon number density.  Hence these corrections become irrelevant to the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ excitation energy in high-density matter, while the $`K^+`$ excitation energy is largely changed due to the repulsive effects from the higher-order corrections.

When hyperons are incorporated, extra terms next to leading order, coming from the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction, contribute to the self energy. These terms are typically proportional to $`(k^\mu )^2=\omega ^2𝐤^2`$, and are responsible for reproducing the low-energy data on pion- and photon-induced kaon production and elastic and inelastic $`K^{}p`$ scatterings. In hyperonic matter, several kaonic modes of particle-hole excitations, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ , appear in addition to the $`K^\pm `$ due to the $`p`$-wave interaction, as shown in Sec. III††††††The superscript ‘$`1`$’ denotes a hole state. , and the excitation energies for these modes are small, being of order of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ energy. Thus we expect that the higher order terms coming from the $`p`$-wave interaction have minor effects on the kaonic modes as far as the kaon momentum is not very large, i.e., $`|𝐤|=O(\omega )`$ except for the $`K^+`$. Hence, throughout this paper, we are based on the chiral effective Lagrangian Eq. (3), and don’t take into account higher order terms in chiral expansion with respect to $`M/\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\chi SB}`$ and $`/\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\chi SB}`$.

There are also other $`p`$-wave subthreshold resonances such as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(1385)`$ (abbreviated to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$) , which may appear in the dispersion relations of the kaonic modes. However, the excitation energies of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}N^1`$ modes are of the order $``$450 MeV so that their branches lie far above the other particle-hole branches, $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ considered in this paper. Furthermore, their coupling strengths $`g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}N}`$ to the $`K^{}N`$ are not so large as compared with $`g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}`$, $`g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}`$, and $`g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$. Hence the inclusion of these resonances would not change the results quantitatively. Quantitative evaluation including the higher order terms in chiral perturbation and effects of the subthreshold resonances remains to be a future investigation.

### B Effective energy density

For simplicity, we take only the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ for hyperons in addition to the proton ($`p`$), neutron ($`n`$) for nucleons and the ultrarelativistic electron for leptons. The other hyperons, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^0`$, are supposed to be irrelevant because they appear in higher densities due to their heavy baryon masses and due to the fact that the electron chemical potential does not assist to satisfy the threshold condition in contrast to the case of the negatively charged hyperons.

We consider charged kaon condensation in chemically-equilibrated hyperonic matter, and neglect other mesons in the octet meson field $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. The classical kaon field is then assumed to be a plane wave type:

$$K^{\pm ,\mathrm{cl}}(𝐫,t)=\frac{f}{\sqrt{2}}\theta e^{\pm i(\mu _Kt𝐤𝐫)},$$
(12)
where $`\theta `$ is a chiral angle which means an amplitude of a condensate, $`\mu _K`$ the kaon chemical potential, and $`𝐤`$ is the kaon momentum.

The effective Hamiltonian $`_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is derived with the introduction of the charge chemical potential $`\mu `$(=$`\mu _K`$=$`\mu _e`$) by a charge neutrality condition, and is separated into baryon, meson and lepton parts:

$$_{\mathrm{eff}}=_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^e,$$
(13)
where $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}=^\mathrm{B}+\mu \rho _Q^\mathrm{B}`$, $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}=^\mathrm{M}+\mu \rho _Q^\mathrm{M}`$, and $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^e=^e+\mu \rho _Q^e`$ with the charge density operators $`\rho _Q^i`$ ($`i=\mathrm{B},\mathrm{M},e`$).

The axial vector coupling terms in the baryonic part $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$ have space-time dependent factors $`\mathrm{exp}(\pm ip_Kx)`$ with a four momentum $`p_K^\mu `$ \[=($`\mu _K,𝐤)`$\]. These factors are eliminated by transformation of the baryon bases $`\psi ^T=(p,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Xi }^{},n,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})`$ as $`\psi ^T\stackrel{~}{\psi }^T=(e^{ip_Kx}p,\mathrm{\Lambda },e^{ip_Kx}\mathrm{\Xi }^{},e^{ip_Kx/2}n,e^{ip_Kx/2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})`$. By this transformation, the momentum of each baryon is shifted by $`𝒱_3𝐤`$, where $`𝒱_3`$ is the $`V`$-spin defined by $`𝒱_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I_3+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}Y\right)`$ with the third component of the isospin $`I_3`$ and the hypercharge $`Y`$. After making the Foldy-Wouthuysen-Tani transformation for $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$ and expanding it up to $`O(1/M_N)`$ with $`M_N`$ the nucleon mass, one obtains the baryonic part of the Hamiltonian in a nonrelativistic form as $`\stackrel{~}{}_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}=\stackrel{~}{\psi }^{}H_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ with

$`H_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}H_{pp}& H_{p\mathrm{\Lambda }}& H_{p\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}& 0& 0\\ H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}& H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}& H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}& 0& 0\\ H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}p}& H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}& H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& H_{nn}& H_{n\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}\\ 0& 0& 0& H_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}& H_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}\end{array}\right),`$ (19)
where the nonvanishing matrix elements are given by

$`H_{pp}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M_N}}\left\{(𝐩𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta )^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta \right)^2\right\}+\mu \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kp}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ (20)
$`H_{p\mathrm{\Lambda }}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\mathrm{sin}\theta \left\{𝐤{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{2M_N}}(2𝐩𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right\}𝝈=H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}^{}`$ (21)
$`H_{p\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8M_N}}g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta )^2=H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}p}`$ (22)
$`H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M_N}}\left[𝐩^2+\left\{\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}}{2}}\right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{2}}\right)^2\right\}(\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta )^2\right]+\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }N}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Lambda }}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ (23)
$`H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{sin}\theta \left\{𝐤{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{2M_N}}(2𝐩+𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right\}𝝈=H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}`$ (24)
$`H_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M_N}}\left\{(𝐩+𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta )^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta \right)^2\right\}+\delta M_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}N}\mu \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ (25)
$`H_{nn}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M_N}}\left\{\left(𝐩{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta \right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta \right)^2\right\}\mu \mathrm{sin}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{2}}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ (26)
$`H_{n\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\mathrm{sin}\theta \left(𝐤{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{M_N}}𝐩\right)𝝈=H_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}^{}`$ (27)
$`H_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M_N}}\left\{\left(𝐩+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐤\mathrm{cos}\theta \right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\mu \mathrm{sin}\theta \right)^2\right\}+\delta M_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}N}\mu \mathrm{cos}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{2}}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta ).`$ (28)
In Eq. (28), $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{KY}`$ ($`Y=\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }^{},\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$) are the “kaon-hyperon sigma terms" given by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}a_1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}a_2+2a_3\right)(m_\mathrm{u}+m_\mathrm{s})`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{K\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kp}`$. $`\delta M_{YN}`$ ($`Y=\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }^{},\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$) are the hyperon-nucleon mass difference. The $`p`$-wave axial vector coupling strengths are defined by $`g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}=(D+3F)/\sqrt{6}`$ (=0.87), $`g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}=DF`$ (=0.37), and $`g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}=(D+3F)/\sqrt{6}`$ (=0.21). For simplicity, the nucleon mass is taken to be the free neutron mass, $`M_N=M_P=M_n`$=939.57 MeV, and the mass differences $`\delta M_{YN}`$ are taken from the free baryon masses: $`M_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$=1115.7 MeV, $`M_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$=1197.4 MeV, and $`M_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$=1321.3 MeV. The $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon Yukawa couplings are brought about through the terms proportional to $`𝐤𝝈`$ with $`𝝈`$ the spin matrix in the off-diagonal matrix elements in Eq. (28). There appear terms of order $`O(1/M_N)`$ coming from meson-baryon recoils, $`𝐩𝐤/M_N`$, $`𝐤^2/M_N`$, $`\mu 𝐩𝝈/M_N`$, $`\mu ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta /M_N`$, etc. in Eq. (28). The magnitude of the baryon momentum $`|𝐩|`$ is typically the Fermi momentum $`p_F`$, which is in the range $`p_F4m_\pi `$ with $`m_\pi `$ being the pion mass. Thus these terms are considered to be small as compared with the kinetic energy $`𝐩^2/(2M_N)`$ of each baryon so long as $`\mu =O(m_\pi )`$ and $`|𝐤|3m_\pi `$. Numerically, these terms are not necessarily small. Nevertheless, we would like to elucidate mechanisms of kaon condensation within the basic $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction in hyperonic matter, at the cost of detailed corrections to the effective Hamiltonian. Hence, for simplicity, we neglect the terms of order $`O(1/M_N)`$ except for the kinetic energy term.

After diagonalization of $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$, the baryonic eigenstates are represented as “quasiparticles" which consist of superposition of the baryons, e.g., $`|\stackrel{~}{p}=\alpha |p+\beta |\mathrm{\Lambda }+\gamma |\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`|\stackrel{~}{n}=\delta |n+ϵ|\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, etc. , where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$, $`\delta `$, $`ϵ`$ are coefficients.‡‡‡‡‡‡ In general, the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$ state is also superposed to the quasiparticle states $`|\stackrel{~}{p}`$, $`|\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, and $`|\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Xi }}^{}`$ through the $`p`$-wave couplings, but we simply neglect the effects of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$ on these quasiparticle states.  The baryon contribution to the effective energy density, $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$, is obtained from occupation of the quasiparticles over each Fermi sea.

$$_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}=\underset{i}{}\underset{\stackrel{\left|𝐩\right|\left|𝐩_F\left(i\right)\right|}{s=\pm 1/2}}{}E_s^{(i)}(𝐩),$$
(29)
where $`𝐩_F(i)`$ ($`i=\stackrel{~}{p},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Xi }}^{},\stackrel{~}{n},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}^{}`$) are the Fermi momenta, and the subscript ‘$`s`$’ stands for the spin states for the quasiparticles.

The mesonic contribution to the effective energy density is given by the substitution of the classical kaon field (12) into $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}`$ as

$$ϵ_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}=\frac{1}{2}f^2(\mu ^2𝐤^2)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +f^2m_K^2(1\mathrm{cos}\theta ),$$
(30)
where $`m_K[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\chi \mathrm{SB}}(m_u+m_s)]^{1/2}`$, which is identified with the free kaon mass, and is replaced by the experimental value, 493.7 MeV. The leptonic contribution in Eq. (13) reduces to the effective energy density

$$ϵ_{\mathrm{eff}}^e=\frac{\mu ^4}{4\pi ^2}\mu \frac{\mu ^3}{3\pi ^2}=\frac{\mu ^4}{12\pi ^2}$$
(31)
for the ultra-relativistic electrons. Thus one obtains the total effective energy density as $`_{\mathrm{eff}}=_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^e`$.

### C Potential contribution

Here we introduce baryon-baryon interactions beyond the framework of chiral symmetry. The potential energy density $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ produced from baryon-baryon interactions is crucial to obtaining the EOS and matter composition of the ground state for not only the normal (noncondensed) phase but also the condensed phase. We suppose that $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ depends on the extent of kaon condensation only implicitly through the change of each number density $`\rho _i`$ ($`i=p,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Xi }^{},n,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$) due to condensation. Then the form of $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ is assumed to be $`_{\mathrm{pot}}(\rho _p,\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda },\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{},\rho _n,\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})`$. Following a procedure for incorporating nuclear interactions in case of pion condensation, we define the potential for the baryon $`V_i`$ ($`i`$=$`p`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`n`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$) in hyperonic matter as

$$V_i=_{\mathrm{pot}}/\rho _i,$$
(32)
which corresponds to a potential contribution to each baryon chemical potential, i.e., estimated at the Fermi momentum of each baryon. Thus momentum dependence of the potential is neglected, which is reasonable for the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ potentials because of their weak momentum dependence, as suggested from recent microscopic calculations. It should be reminded, however, that it is not a good approximation for the nuclear potentials where the potential depths at zero momentum are deeper than the value at the Fermi momentum.

The potential terms $`V_i`$ are added to each diagonal matrix element of the baryonic part of the effective Hamiltonian $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$ \[ Eq. (28) \] as $`H_{ii}H_{ii}^{}=H_{ii}+V_i`$ . Then the baryonic part of the modified effective energy density $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{B}}`$ is given by

$$_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{B}}=\underset{i}{}\underset{\stackrel{\left|𝐩\right|\left|𝐩_F\left(i\right)\right|}{s=\pm 1/2}}{}E_{s}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}(𝐩)+_{\mathrm{pot}}\underset{i=p,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Xi }^{},n,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}{}\rho _iV_i,$$
(33)
where $`E_{s}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}(𝐩)`$ are eigenvalues diagonalized with inclusion of the $`V_i`$ in the diagonal parts of $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}^B`$. The last term on the r. h. s. in Eq. (33) is introduced in order to subtract the double counting of the baryon interaction energies in the first sum over the quasiparticle energies $`E_{s}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}(𝐩)`$.

For a practical use of the potential energy density $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ in hyperonic matter, we adopt the nonrelativistic expression by Balberg and Gal, which includes hyperon-hyperon interactions as well as hyperon-nucleon ones, and higher order terms in $`\rho _i`$ simulating the many-body effects. The expression for the $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ is given in Appendix A. We take the exponents $`\delta `$ and $`\gamma `$ in the density-dependent terms in Eq. (A11) to be $`\delta =\gamma =5/3`$, which gives the moderate stiffness of the EOS among the three cases in Ref. . Some of the parameters in $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ are refitted so as to be consistent with recent empirical data on nuclear and hypernuclear experiments and the saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter: We take the saturation density $`\rho _0`$=0.16 fm-3, the binding energy 16 MeV, and the incompressibility 210 MeV at $`\rho _0`$ in symmetric nuclear matter, from which $`a_{NN}`$ and $`c_{NN}`$ are fixed for the isoscalar terms in the nucleon-nucleon ($`NN`$) part of the potential energy \[ Eq. (A11) \]. From the symmetry energy $``$ 30 MeV at $`\rho _B=\rho _0`$, one obtains $`b_{NN}`$ for the isospin-dependent term for the $`NN`$ part.\**\**\** It is to be noted that the potential contribution $`V_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho _B)`$ to the symmetry energy is read from the isovector term for the $`NN`$ interactions in Eq. (A11) as $`V_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho _B)=b_{NN}\rho _B/2`$, which mimics the density dependence of the $`V_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho _B)`$ in the RMF models. In normal neutron-star matter, this linear density dependence leads to a large proton fraction $`\rho _p/\rho _B0.1`$ at high density and the large electron chemical potential $`\mu _e`$ through the relation $`\mu _e=(3\pi ^2\rho _e)^{1/3}`$ and the charge neutrality $`\rho _e=\rho _p`$. The large proton fraction concerns with a possibility of the direct Urca process in neutron stars, and the large electron chemical potential assists the onset of the negatively charged hyperons, e.g., the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, through the chemical equilibrium condition, $`\mu _n+\mu _e=\mu _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. However, there is an ambiguity about the density dependence of the symmetry energy. E.g., the nonrelativistic potential models show its moderate increase in density in comparison with the RMF case.  For the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }N`$ part, $`a_{\mathrm{\Lambda }N}`$ and $`c_{\mathrm{\Lambda }N}`$ are taken to be the same as in Ref. . The depth of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ potential in nuclear matter is then equal to the empirical value, i.e., $`V_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ ( $`\rho _p=\rho _n=\rho _0/2`$, $`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }=\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}=\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=0`$)=$`a_{\mathrm{\Lambda }N}\rho _0+c_{\mathrm{\Lambda }N}\rho _0^\gamma `$=$``$27 MeV. For the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}N`$ part, $`a_{\mathrm{\Xi }N}`$ and $`c_{\mathrm{\Xi }N}`$ are related with each other by the use of the depth of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ potential in nuclear matter, which is deduced from the recent ($`K^{},K^+`$) experimental data as $`1420`$ MeV. Here we put $`V_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ ( $`\rho _p=\rho _n=\rho _0/2`$, $`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }=\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}=\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=0`$)= $`a_{\mathrm{\Xi }N}\rho _0+c_{\mathrm{\Xi }N}\rho _0^\gamma `$=$``$16 MeV. Further, the crossover density $`\rho _{\mathrm{co}}`$, where $`V_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}(\rho _B=\rho _{\mathrm{co}})`$=0, is taken to be equal to that for the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. As for the $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, recent ($`K^{}`$, $`\pi ^\pm `$) experiment at BNL suggests a strong isospin dependence in the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-nucleus potential. It has been shown that the experimental data is compatible with the analysis by the Nijmegen model F for the baryon-baryon interaction, which gives a repulsive isoscalar part and a large positive isospin dependent term (Lane potential) for the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-nucleus potential. The analysis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ atom data also shows the repulsive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential. Theoretically, a repulsive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ potential in nuclear matter has been obtained from the $`G`$ matrix calculation based on the SU(6) quark model baryon-baryon interaction. Referring to these results, we first take the potential depth of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ in nuclear matter to be repulsive as follows: In Ref. , the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential has been parametrized as $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(k_\mathrm{\Sigma })=V_0(k_\mathrm{\Sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}V_1(k_\mathrm{\Sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{2ZA}{A}}`$, where $`k_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ is the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ momentum, and $`A`$, $`Z`$ are the mass number and the atomic number, respectively. The calculated values in Ref.  for $`V_0`$ and $`V_1`$ at $`k_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$=0 in nuclear matter based on the Nijmegen model F are identified with the corresponding terms in our model such that $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(\rho _p=\rho _n=\rho _0/2,\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }=\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}=\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=0)=a_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}\rho _0+c_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}\rho _0^\gamma `$=$`V_0`$=23.5 MeV, and $`b_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}\rho _0=V_1/2`$=40.2 MeV. We call this parametrization for the repulsive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential Case I. For the second case, the parameters $`a_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}`$, $`b_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}`$, and $`c_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}`$ are taken to be the same as in Ref. . The depth of the $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ is then equal to that of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as an extreme case for the attractive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential, i.e., $`a_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}\rho _0+c_{\mathrm{\Sigma }N}\rho _0^\gamma `$=$``$27 MeV. We call this parametrization for the attractive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential Case II.

The remaining parameters in the potential energy density $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$, relevant to the hyperon-hyperon interactions, are taken to be the same as those in Ref. . The numerical values for the parameters are summarized in Tables I and II in Appendix A.

In general, there are additional off-diagonal matrix elements in $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{B}`$ in the presence of condensation. These off-diagonal matrix elements include the densities $`\overline{\rho }_{p\mathrm{\Lambda }}ip^{}𝝈\widehat{𝐤}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\overline{\rho }_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}i\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}𝝈\widehat{𝐤}\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`\overline{\rho }_{n\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}in^{}𝝈\widehat{𝐤}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ means the ground state expectation value with $`\widehat{𝐤}𝐤/|𝐤|`$. The strengths in these off-diagonal matrix elements are approximately related to the Landau-Migdal parameters, which simulate the short-range correlations between baryons, as is the case of pion condensation. However, the values of the Landau-Migdal parameters for the particle-holes including hyperons are hardly known both theoretically and experimentally. Hence, in this paper, we don’t take into account these extra off-diagonal matrix elements, by putting emphasis on a brief discussion about onset mechanisms of the $`p`$-wave kaon condensation within a simple model.

### D Kaon propagation in hyperonic matter

After expanding the total effective energy density $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}`$ ($`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{B}}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^\mathrm{M}+_{\mathrm{eff}}^e`$) with respect to $`\theta `$ around $`\theta =0`$ as $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}=_{\mathrm{eff}}^{}(\theta =0){\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{2}}D_K^1(\mu ,𝐤;\rho _B)\theta ^2+O(\theta ^4)`$, one obtains the kaon inverse propagator:

$$D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)=\omega ^2𝐤^2m_K^2\mathrm{\Pi }_K(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)$$
(34)
with the kaon self energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)=\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)+\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)`$, where

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\rho _i\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Ki}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}\left(\rho _p+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho _n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\right)\omega `$ (36)
$`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2f^2}}[{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _p\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda })(g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}𝐤)^2}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _n\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})(g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}𝐤)^2}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_n}}`$ (37)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{})(g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}𝐤)^2}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}V_\mathrm{\Lambda }}}].`$ (38)
The first term on the r.h.s. of Eq. (36) gives the $`s`$-wave scalar attraction with $`\rho _i`$ the number densities for baryons $`i`$ ($`i=p,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Xi }^{},n,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$). The second term on the r.h.s. of Eq. (36) gives the $`s`$-wave vector interaction, where the coefficients in front of the number densities come from the $`V`$-spin ($`𝒱_3`$). This term gives attraction for proton and neutron, while repulsion for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$. The $`p`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p`$ \[Eq. (38)\] consists of the pole contributions from the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction. The diagrams corresponding to each term in Eq. (38) are depicted in Fig. 1.

The excitation energies for kaonic modes are obtained as zero points of the kaon inverse propagator, $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)`$, which depends on the composition of the ground state of noncondensed hyperonic matter, i.e., the number densities for the particles, $`\rho _i`$ ($`i=p,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Xi }^{},n,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{},e^{}`$). The particle number densities are determined from charge neutrality condition, $`\rho _p=\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+\rho _e`$, baryon number conservation, $`\rho _p+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _n+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=\rho _B`$, and chemical equilibrium conditions between $`p`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`n`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ and $`e^{}`$,

$`\mu _n`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _p+\mu _e\text{for}npe^{}\overline{\nu }_e,`$ (40)
$`\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _p+\mu _e\text{for}pe^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\nu _e,`$ (41)
$`\mu _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mu _e\text{for}\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{}\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\nu _e,`$ (42)
$`\mu _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _n+\mu _e\text{for}ne^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\nu _e,`$ (43)
where the chemical potentials for baryons $`\mu _i`$ are given by

$$\mu _i=(3\pi ^2\rho _i)^{2/3}/(2M_N)+\delta M_{iN}+V_i(\delta M_{iN}=0\text{for}i=p,n).$$
(44)
## III Numerical results and discussion

### A $`K^{}`$ optical potential

We take a preliminary view of the in-medium kaon properties within our model by estimating a $`K^{}`$ optical potential $`V_{\mathrm{opt}}(𝐤;\rho _B)`$ at $`\rho _B=\rho _0`$ in symmetric nuclear matter. The $`K^{}`$ optical potential $`V_{\mathrm{opt}}(𝐤;\rho _B)`$ is defined in terms of the kaon self energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K`$ \[Eq. (34) \] as

$$V_{\mathrm{opt}}(𝐤;\rho _B)=\mathrm{\Pi }_K^{}(\omega (𝐤,\rho _B),𝐤;\rho _B)/2\omega (𝐤,\rho _B),$$
(45)
where $`\omega (𝐤,\rho _B)`$ is the $`K^{}`$ excitation energy obtained from the dispersion equation, $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _B)=0`$ at given $`\rho _B`$ and $`𝐤`$.

In Fig. 2, we show $`V_{\mathrm{opt}}(𝐤;\rho _0)`$ as a function of the kaon momentum $`|𝐤|`$. The solid lines represent the total values coming from both the $`s`$ and $`p`$-wave interactions \[see Eq. (34) \], and the dashed lines represent the contribution from the $`p`$-wave interaction. The bold lines are for $`a_3=0.9`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=305 MeV), and the thin lines for $`a_3=0.28`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=0). Since the numerical result depends little on the choice of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ potential (Case I or Case II), only Case I is shown in the figure. The total attractive potential energy decreases monotonically with $`𝐤`$. The potential depth at zero momentum is $``$120 MeV for $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`55`$ MeV for $`a_3=0.28`$. It is to be noted that the total potential energy is attractive even if the $`s`$-wave scalar interaction is almost absent (thin solid line) due to the existence of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}N`$ vector attraction (the Tomozawa-Weinberg term). Since the excitation energy for $`K^{}`$ is larger than those at the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ poles, i.e., $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_n<0`$ and $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p<0`$, the $`p`$-wave part of the optical potential is repulsive for $`K^{}`$ at this density, as seen from Eq. (34), and has a minor contribution in comparison with the $`s`$-wave attraction. The $`K^{}`$-nucleus potential has been obtained phenomenologically from kaonic atom data in several works. In Ref. , a strongly attractive potential inside a nucleus, Re $`V_{\mathrm{opt}}=200\pm 20`$ MeV, has been obtained with a nonlinear density dependent term. On the other hand, the energy shifts and widths have been well reproduced in Ref.  with much reduced attraction $`45`$ MeV in a local density approximation.

Several authors have elaborated the momentum-dependent $`K^{}`$ optical potential in nuclear matter. With a coupled channel approach based on chiral models, or a $`G`$-matrix method with the Jülich $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction taking into account the in-medium modification of the kaon, they have obtained more moderate momentum dependence for Re $`V_{\mathrm{opt}}`$ than ours over the relevant momentum region. On the other hand, our result for $`a_3=0.9`$ is similar to the result by a dispersion relation approach in Ref. . At present, there is a controversy about the magnitude of the $`K^{}`$ potential at finite momentum as well as at zero momentum.

### B Particle fractions in hyperonic matter

Before considering the behaviors of kaonic modes, we make a survey of the ground state properties of hyperonic matter by obtaining the matter composition $`\rho _i`$ ($`i=p,n,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }^{},\mathrm{\Xi }^{},e^{}`$), which enters into the kaon self energy Eq. (34), being responsible for kaon dynamics. The particle fractions $`\rho _i/\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ as functions of the baryon number density $`\rho _B`$ are shown in Fig. 3 (a) for Case I (the repulsive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$) and Fig. 3 (b) for Case II (the attractive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$).

In Case I, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ appears at $`\rho _B`$ 0.37 fm-3, and its fraction rapidly increases with density, exceeding the proton fraction ($`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }>\rho _p`$) at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.40 fm-3. Soon after the appearance of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ are mixed at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.42 fm-3, and it increases with density. On the other hand, the electron fraction rapidly decreases after the appearance of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$. The $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ does not appear over the relevant densities because of its repulsive potential.

In Case II, the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ first appears at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.31 fm-3, and the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ appears at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}0.40`$ fm-3 after the onset of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. Both fractions rapidly increase with density. In particular, the fraction of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ exceeds the proton fraction at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.47 fm-3. The electron fraction decreases due to the appearance of the negatively charged hyperon $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, which is qualitatively the same feature as for Case I. The electron chemical potential $`\mu _e`$ \[$`=(3\pi ^2\rho _e)^{1/3}`$\] also becomes small with increase in density, which is unfavorable to matching the chemical equilibrium condition, $`\mu _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}=\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mu _e`$. Thus the existence region of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ is pushed up to very high densities as compared with that in Case I.

These results for matter composition in Case I and II qualitatively reproduce the results of Figs. 4 and 3 in Ref. , respectively.

### C Kaonic modes in hyperonic matter

#### 1 Case I (the repulsive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$)

(i) The weaker $`s`$-wave scalar interaction ($`a_3=0.9`$)

Here we discuss kaonic excitations in hyperonic matter in Case I. In Fig. 4 (a), we show the excitation energies for kaonic modes as functions of the kaon momentum $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=0.9`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=305 MeV) and $`\rho _B`$=0.38 fm-3 in Case I. Around this density, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ begins to appear in a neutron-star matter \[ Fig.3 (a) \], where $`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }<\rho _p`$. In addition to the $`K^{}`$ and $`K^+`$ branches, there are three particle-hole branches: $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$. The excitation modes are discriminated by a sign of the residue $`(D_K^1/\omega )^1`$ at their pole of the Green’s function $`D_K`$, as is the case with pionic modes: If $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})/\omega >0`$, the mode has a $`K^{}`$ quantum number, while if $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})/\omega <0`$, the mode has a $`K^+`$ quantum number. In Fig. 4 (b), the value of the inverse kaon propagator $`D_K^1`$ is shown as a function of the excitation energy $`\omega `$ at $`|𝐤|`$=500 MeV for the same $`a_3`$ and density as Fig. 4 (a). The intersection with the $`\omega `$ axis denotes an excitation energy for each mode. One finds that the three particle-hole modes have the $`K^{}`$ quantum numbers at this density.

As is seen from Fig. 4 (a), the energies of the particle-hole branches depends little on the momentum $`|𝐤|`$, since the energy for each particle-hole mode is essentially determined from the location of the pole in the limit $`|𝐤|0`$ in the $`p`$-wave part of the self energy (Eq. 38), so long as the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon coupling strength is not very strong. On the other hand, the energies of the $`K^+`$ and $`K^{}`$ branches are sensitive to $`|𝐤|`$.

Now we look into the behavior of the excitation modes at the higher density where the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is fully mixed and satisfies $`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }>\rho _p`$. In Fig. 5 (a), we show the excitation energies for kaonic modes as functions of $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.50 fm-3 (dashed lines) and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.57 fm-3 (solid lines). The inset in Fig. 5 (a) shows the magnified part of the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branches.

In Fig. 5 (b), the value of $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ as a function of $`\omega `$ at certain momentum $`|𝐤|`$=$`k^\mathrm{C}`$ (=984 MeV) is shown for the same $`a_3`$ and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ as in Fig. 5 (a). For these high densities, the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branch which has a quantum number of the $`K^+`$ appears instead of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ branch: E.g., for $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.50 fm-3, $`D_K^1/\omega <0`$ at the pole of the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode \[ Fig. 5 (b) \]. In order to go into details about the condition for the appearance of the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode, one obtains from Eqs.(34) and (34),

$`D_K^1/\omega `$ $`=`$ $`2\omega +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}[(\rho _p+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho _n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\rho _p\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda })\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}𝐤}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p}}\right)^2`$ (46)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}𝐤}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}V_\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\right)^2`$ (47)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\rho _n\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}𝐤}{\delta M_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\omega +V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_n}}\right)^2].`$ (48)
Since the excitation energy $`\omega (p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1)`$ for the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode roughly satisfies $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega (p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1)+V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p0`$, the second term in the bracket on the r.h.s. of Eq. (48) coming from the $`K^{}p\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ interaction is dominant, and a sum of the remaining terms in (48) is positive. Hence, in order to satisfy $`D_K^1/\omega <0`$, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ have to be more abundant than the proton ($`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }>\rho _p`$), which is the necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the existence of the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode. In Case I, the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode appears at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.40 fm-3, where $`\rho _p\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ \[see Fig. 3\].

As the baryon number density increases, the locations of the particle-hole branches become lower owing to the $`p`$-wave interactions, as shown in Fig. 5 (a). In particular, the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branches get close to each other, and they merge at certain density ($`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.57 fm-3) with a critical momentum $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ (=984 MeV). At $`|𝐤|=k^\mathrm{C}`$, these two excitation modes merge at the $`\omega `$ axis in the $`D_K^1\omega `$ plane \[Fig. 5 (b) \], where the double-pole condition,

$`D_\mathrm{K}^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})=0,`$ (50)
$`D_\mathrm{K}^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})/\omega =0,`$ (51)
and the extremum condition with respect to $`|𝐤|`$,

$$D_\mathrm{K}^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})/|𝐤|=0,$$
(52)
are satisfied. It means that a pair of the two modes, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, are created spontaneously with no cost of energy because the energy of $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode with the quantum number $`K^+`$ is to be reversed in sign. Hence the system is unstable with respect to a pair creation of \[$`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] and \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] modes. This instability originates from the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction, and we call this instability $`p`$-wave kaon condensation. The onset mechanism of the $`p`$-wave kaon condensation is similar to that of pion condensation, where a driving force is given by the $`p`$-wave $`\pi N`$ interaction. From Eqns. (50), (51), (52), and by putting $`\omega =\mu `$ (the charge chemical potential), one obtains the baryon number density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$, the charge chemical potential $`\mu ^\mathrm{C}`$, and the kaon momentum $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ at the onset of condensation. It is to be noted that the numerical value of $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ obtained for $`a_3=0.9`$ in Case I may be very large. As a realistic effect, form factors at the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon vertices might reduce the large $`p`$-wave attraction, resulting in a moderate value of $`k^\mathrm{C}`$, while pushing a critical density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$ to a higher baryon number density.

The population of the modes can be seen from the spectral density which is defined as $`A(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})=2\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}D^\mathrm{R}(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$, where $`D^\mathrm{R}(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ is the retarded Green’s function for kaons. In our formulation, the particle-hole continuum states are not included, so that the spectral density has a form

$$A(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})=2\pi \underset{i}{}Z_i\delta (\omega \omega _i),$$
(53)
where $`\omega _i`$ ($`i=K^{},p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1,\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1,K^+`$) are the solutions of the dispersion equation, $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})=0`$, and $`Z_i`$ \[$`=1/(D_K^1/\omega )_{\omega =\omega _i}`$\] are the residues of $`D_K(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ at $`\omega =\omega _i`$. The spectral density has a sum rule,

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\omega }{2\pi }\omega A(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})=\underset{i}{}\omega _iZ_i=1,$$
(54)
which follows from the canonical commutation relation for the charged kaon field. In Fig. 6, we show occupation factors which are defined as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(i)\omega _iZ_i`$ for the kaonic modes ($`i=K^{},p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1,\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1,\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1,K^+`$) as functions of $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.57 fm-3 in Case I. The $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode has a negative contribution to the occupation factor. For $`|𝐤|<k^\mathrm{C}`$, the occupation factors for both the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ are small in comparison with those for the other modes. Near the critical momentum $`k^\mathrm{C}`$, however, they become large and diverge at $`k^\mathrm{C}`$, which implies the instability of the system.

The effects of the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction on the kaon dynamics near the onset density of condensation are evaluated from the self energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K`$. For each kaonic mode, we show, in Fig. 7, the kaon self energy for the $`s`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ \[Eq. (36)\] and the $`p`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ \[Eq. (38)\] by the dashed lines and the solid lines, respectively, as a function of $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=`$ 0.9 and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}=\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$=0.57 fm-3. For the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$, and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, the attractive $`p`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p`$ gets large almost proportionally to $`|𝐤|^2`$, and the magnitude becomes comparable to that of the $`s`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s`$ at $`|𝐤|`$ 500 MeV.

On the other hand, the $`p`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p`$ for the $`K^{}`$ works repulsively at small $`|𝐤|`$, and it decreases monotonically with $`|𝐤|`$. At a high momentum, the excitation energy for the $`K^{}`$ mode is so large that the $`K^{}`$ mode is located far beyond the poles for the other particle-hole modes, which yields $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega (K^{})+V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p0`$, $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n}\omega (K^{})+V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_n0`$, and $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\omega (K^{})+V_\mathrm{\Xi }^{}V_\mathrm{\Lambda }0`$ in the $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p`$. Hence the magnitude of the $`p`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^p`$ for the $`K^{}`$ is tiny, and the $`s`$-wave part $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s`$ is dominant in the self energy.

(ii) The stronger $`s`$-wave scalar interaction ($`a_3=1.1`$)

Next we consider a case for the stronger $`s`$-wave scalar attraction. In Fig. 8 (a), we show the excitation energies of kaonic modes as functions of $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=1.1`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=403 MeV) and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.48 fm-3 just beyond the onset of condensation. In Fig. 8 (b), the value of the kaon inverse propagator $`D_K^1(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})`$ is shown as a function of $`\omega `$ at $`|𝐤|=k^\mathrm{C}`$=118 MeV for the same values of $`a_3`$ and $`\rho _B`$ as those in Fig. 8 (a). As is the case with $`a_3=0.9`$, the $`p`$-wave condensation of the \[$`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] and \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] pairs occurs but at a smaller density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.48 fm-3 and a smaller momentum $`|𝐤|^\mathrm{C}`$=118 MeV than those for $`a_3=0.9`$. The difference of the critical density and the critical momentum between the two cases is attributed to the difference of the microscopic structures of the kaonic modes. Figure 8 (a) shows that there are level crossings between the $`K^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branches, whereas there is a level crossing only between the $`K^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ branches for $`a_3=0.9`$ \[Fig. 5 (a)\]. The difference of the structures for the kaonic modes between the $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`1.1`$ cases can also be seen from the dependence of the kaonic modes on the baryon number density. In Fig. 9, we show the dependence of the excitation energies of kaonic modes on the baryon number density except for the $`K^+`$. (a) is for $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`|𝐤|`$=500 MeV which is smaller than $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ (=984 MeV), and (b) is for $`a_3=1.1`$ and $`|𝐤|`$=100 MeV, which is smaller than but near $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ (=118 MeV). For $`a_3=0.9`$, the $`K^{}`$ is repelled far from the remaining particle-hole modes over the relevant densities, and there is no level crossing. The $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ modes merge at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.60 fm-3, which corresponds to the instability with respect to $`p`$-wave condensation. The qualitative feature is also applied to the case at the critical momentum $`k^\mathrm{C}`$ which satisfies the conditions Eqs. (III C 1) and (52). The particle-hole branches such as the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ do not depend much on the value of $`|𝐤|`$, nor does the critical point for the $`p`$-wave condensation.

For $`a_3=1.1`$, on the other hand, the excitation energy of the $`K^{}`$ is small as compared with the $`a_3=0.9`$ at a given density due to the larger $`s`$-wave scalar attraction and the smaller momentum $`|𝐤|`$, and one can see in Fig. 9 (b) that there are energy gaps between $`K^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ branches and the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branches owing to the level crossings.\*†\*†\*†The appearance of the collective modes was also pointed out in relation to the level crossing in Ref. .  As a result of the level crossings, the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branch takes over the characteristics of the $`K^{}`$, the excitation energy of which changes appreciably depending on the magnitude of the $`s`$-wave scalar interaction simulated by $`a_3`$.\*‡\*‡\*‡This mode corresponds to the kaesobar.  Thus, when the level crossing occurs, the behavior of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branch is sensitive to the value of $`a_3`$, and the critical point for the $`p`$-wave condensation, which is given by the merge point of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branches, also depends on $`a_3`$. This mechanism of $`p`$-wave condensation is similar to that of $`p`$-wave pion condensation, where the $`\pi ^{}`$ mode, which reduces to a free $`\pi ^{}`$ in vacuum, and the spin-isospin zero sound (called $`\pi _s^+`$ ) are spontaneously created in pairs.

The larger mixing of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ than the proton in hyperonic matter is a necessary condition for the appearance of the low-lying particle-hole mode ($`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$) having a $`K^+`$ quantum number, and this condition is crucial to the realization of $`p`$-wave kaon condensation considered here. The result should be compared with a mechanism of $`p`$-wave kaon condensation realized from the conventional neutron-star matter where only the nucleons $`n`$, $`p`$ are present as baryons. In the latter case, there is no low-lying collective mode having the $`K^+`$ quantum number in the ground state of the neutron-star matter, so that condensation of pair modes with the $`K^+`$ and $`K^{}`$ quantum numbers cannot be expected. Instead, it is a single mode having the $`K^{}`$ quantum number that is relevant to kaon condensation in the (nucleonic) neutron-star matter: In particular, it has been shown in Ref.  that a Bose-Einstein condensation of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ mode occurs at some density as a result of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}N`$ attraction, where hyperons are still absent in matter. It has also been shown that only at higher densities, the classical $`K^{}`$ field simply acquires a momentum, increasing the attractive energy through the $`p`$-wave kaon- baryon interaction in addition to the $`s`$-wave one, accompanying hyperon excitation.

As seen in Fig. 9, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ branch crosses the charge chemical potential, i. e., $`\omega (\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)=\mu `$ at $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$ 0.38 fm-3. It apparently suggests an onset of another type of Bose-Einstein condensation of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ mode. In Fig. 10, we show the occupation factors $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(i)`$ as functions of $`|𝐤|`$ for $`a_3=0.9`$ and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$=0.38 fm-3 in Case I. The value of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ mode as well as the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ is negligible over the relevant kaon momentum $`|𝐤|`$. This is explained as follows: The excitation energy for the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ mode is determined from $`\delta M_{\mathrm{\Lambda }p}\omega (\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)+V_\mathrm{\Lambda }V_p0`$, and it depends little on the momentum $`𝐤`$ \[ see Fig. 4 (a) and the discussion at the beginning of Sec. III C 1-(i)\]. In this case, the second term in the bracket on the r.h.s. of Eq. (48) for the $`D_K^1/\omega `$ becomes very large at $`\omega =\omega (\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)`$, so that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)`$ \[ $`1/(D_K^1/\omega )_{\omega =\omega (\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)}`$\] becomes very small. The small population of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ is also explained in a similar way. The main population of kaonic modes is thus exchanged between the $`K^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ modes before and after an avoided level-crossing point $`|𝐤|200`$ MeV \[ see Fig. 4 (a) \] . On the other hand, the number of $`K^{}`$ with $`𝐤`$ is given as $`n(𝐤)={\displaystyle \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }\omega f_K(\omega )A(\omega ,𝐤;\rho _\mathrm{B})}={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_K(\omega _i)\mathrm{\Gamma }(i)`$ , where $`f_K(\omega )`$ (=$`1/[\mathrm{exp}\{(\omega \mu )/T\}1]`$) is the Bose-Einstein distribution function. Since the $`f_K(\omega )`$ becomes divergent at $`\omega =\omega (\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)`$, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$ mode brings about a singular behavior of $`n(𝐤)`$, however small the population $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1)`$ is. In this respect, the physical significance of this instability should be considered carefully. In this paper, however, we don’t go into details about this possible instability, and only concentrate on the characteristic features of the pair-mode condensation.

#### 2 Case II (the attractive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$)

Next we discuss behaviors of kaonic modes in Case II (the attractive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$). In Fig. 11, we show the dependence of the excitation energies of kaonic modes on the baryon number density in Case II. (a) is for $`a_3=0.9`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=305 MeV) and $`|𝐤|`$=500 MeV, and (b) is for $`a_3=1.1`$ ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=403 MeV) and $`|𝐤|`$=30 MeV. Due to the strong attraction of $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ branch is softer than those of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ and $`K^{}`$ branches for $`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$0.40 fm-3, and the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ merges first with the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branch instead of the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$. Hence, in Case II, $`p`$-wave condensation is brought about by a spontaneous creation of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ pair. For the larger $`a_3`$ \[Fig. 11 (b)\], there are level crossings between the $`K^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$. The $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ branch takes over the characteristics of the $`K^{}`$ around the crossing point with the $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ branch \[$`\rho _\mathrm{B}`$0.53 fm-3\], so that the critical point for the $`p`$-wave condensation is sensitive to the value of $`a_3`$, which is similar to the stronger $`s`$-wave attraction case ($`a_3=1.1`$) in Case I \[see Fig. 9 (b)\].

The critical density and the corresponding momentum are given from Eq. (52) in addition to the double-pole condition Eq. (III C 1) as $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$=0.64 fm-3, $`k^\mathrm{C}`$=978 MeV for $`a_3=0.9`$, and $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$=0.53 fm-3, $`k^\mathrm{C}`$=39 MeV for $`a_3=1.1`$. Quantitatively, the critical density in Case II is a little larger than that in Case I. As seen from Fig. 9 and Fig. 11, the strongly attractive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ in Case II modifies the density dependence of the relevant kaonic modes, especially $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ and $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }p^1`$), from that in Case I ( the repulsive $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$) through changing chemical composition of highly dense matter. The quantitative estimation of the density at which the two modes merge is subtle depending on the specific density dependence of these modes.

#### 3 Comparison of the critical densities for $`p`$-wave and $`s`$-wave condensations

Here we compare the critical density for the $`p`$-wave condensation discussed in the preceding subsections with that for the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation which is obtained within the present framework. In Fig. 12, we show the dependence of the minimum excitation energy of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ on the baryon number density for $`|𝐤|=0`$. (a) is for Case I, and (b) is for Case II. The solid line is for $`a_3=0.9`$ and the dashed line is for $`a_3=1.1`$. The $`K^{}`$ energy decreases with density due to the $`s`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_K^s`$ \[Eq. (36)\]. However, due to the substantial decrease of the charge chemical potential $`\mu `$ with density in the presence of hyperons, the onset condition for the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation, $`\omega _{\mathrm{min}}(K^{})=\mu `$, is met at a much larger density (filled circles) than that in the conventional neutron-star matter which consists of only the nucleons $`n`$, $`p`$ and $`e^{}`$. On the other hand, the critical density of the $`p`$-wave condensation is indicated by the arrows in Fig. 12 (the solid arrow for $`a_3=0.9`$ and the dashed arrow for $`a_3=1.1`$). One finds that the $`p`$-wave condensation precedes the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation.

In Fig. 13, we summarize the dependence of the critical density of the $`p`$-wave kaon condensation $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(p)`$ (solid and dotted lines) on the kaon-neutron sigma term $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$ \[$`(a_2+2a_3)(m_u+m_s)`$\] . For comparison, the critical density of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(s)`$ (the dashed line) is also shown. (a) is for Case I, and (b) is for Case II. For the strong $`s`$-wave scalar attraction such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$ 340 MeV ($`a_30.98`$), there are level crossings between the $`K^{}`$ and the particle-hole branches. As a result, the critical density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(p)`$ is sensitive to the magnitude of $`|a_3|`$. $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(p)`$ is slightly smaller than $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(s)`$ in both Cases I and II, but the difference is small, as shown by the dotted lines and dashed lines. For the weaker $`s`$-wave attraction such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$ 340 MeV ($`a_30.98`$), the critical density of the $`p`$-wave condensation $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(p)`$ depends little on the magnitude of $`a_3`$ (the solid lines). This is because the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$. and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$ branches hardly depend on the magnitude of $`a_3`$ as long as no level crossing with the $`K^{}`$ branch occurs before the onset of instability. The critical density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(p)`$ changes little over the range from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$=0 ($`a_3=0.28`$) to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$ 340 MeV ($`a_30.98`$) in both Cases I and II. On the other hand, the critical density for the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}(s)`$ becomes large as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Kn}`$ (or $`|a_3|`$) becomes small, due to the reduced contribution from the $`s`$-wave scalar attraction to the $`K^{}`$ excitation energy $`\omega (K^{})`$. In conclusion, the critical density of the $`p`$-wave condensation is always smaller than that of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation as long as $`|a_3|`$ is not too large, and the difference between these critical densities gets remarkable with the decrease in the magnitude of the $`s`$-wave scalar attraction.

### D Outline of the condensed phase

We address qualitative features of the $`p`$-wave kaon condensation discussed in this paper. The details will be given elsewhere.

At a critical density $`\rho _\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{C}`$, pairs of the kaonic modes, \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\]-\[$`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] in Case I or \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\]-\[$`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$\] in Case II, are spontaneously created via the reaction, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Xi }^{}p`$ in Case I or $`\mathrm{\Lambda }n\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}p`$ in Case II. Thus, formation of a condensate in hyperonic matter proceeds essentially through the strong reactions, which should be compared with the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation: In the latter case, a condensate is formed through the weak reactions such as $`nnnpK^{}`$, $`e^{}K^{}\nu _e`$. In the $`p`$-wave condensed phase, baryonic system consists of the Fermi seas of the quasiparticles $`\stackrel{~}{p}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Xi }}^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{n}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}^{}`$ (see Sec. II B). The absolute value of total negative strangeness of the system increases as the baryon number density increases by virtue of the weak reactions. The relevant strangeness-changing weak processes are given by $`\stackrel{~}{Y}K^{}\stackrel{~}{Y}e^{}\overline{\nu }_e`$, $`\stackrel{~}{Y}e^{}\stackrel{~}{Y}K^{}\nu _e`$ (for $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$=$`\stackrel{~}{p}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Xi }}^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{n}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}^{}`$), where the classical kaon field $`K^{}`$ given by Eq. (12) supplies the system with the energy and momentum to satisfy the kinematical condition for these reactions. These weak processes may also be relevant to enhanced cooling of neutron stars via neutrino emissions just like a case of pion condensed phase.

The EOS of the $`p`$-wave kaon-condensed phase would be further softened as compared with that of noncondensed hyperonic matter owing to the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon attractive interaction in addition to the $`s`$-wave one. The significant softening will make phase transition of a first order after Maxwell’s construction, leading to a drastic change of the internal structure of neutron stars. In particular, the first-order phase transition may imply a mixed phase where droplets of a kaon condensate are immersed in the normal phase. The first-order phase transition has also important effects on the dynamical evolution of newly-born neutron stars accompanying a delayed collapse, which has already been discussed by several authors in case of the $`s`$-wave kaon condensation.

## IV Summary and concluding remarks

We have discussed in-medium properties of kaonic modes in hyperonic matter by taking into account the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction as well as the $`s`$-wave one on the basis of chiral symmetry. Nonrelativistic effective baryon-baryon interactions, which are parametrized by the use of the recent hypernuclear experimental data, have been used. It has been shown that a collective $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode with the $`K^+`$ quantum number appears over the densities where the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is more abundant than the proton. The system becomes unstable with respect to a creation of \[$`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] and \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] pair or \[$`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}n^1`$\] and \[$`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$\] pair ($`p`$-wave kaon condensation), which stems from the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction. The onset density of this instability is lower than that of the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}`$ condensation for a standard value of the parameter $`a_3`$ simulating the magnitude of the $`s`$-wave kaon-baryon scalar interaction, and it hardly depends on the value of $`a_3`$ as long as $`|a_3|`$ is not too large.

The possibility of the $`p`$-wave kaon condensation depends on composition of baryons in hyperonic matter. In particular, large mixing of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as compared with that of the proton is needed for the appearance of the $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ mode. The details about the onset densities of hyperons and their fractions at high densities differ between specific models for the baryonic potentials. One of the important ingredients which control matter composition is three-body forces for baryons. It has been shown that phenomenological inclusion of three-body forces for only nucleons makes hyperon-mixing favorable. However, it has been pointed out that inclusion of three-body forces for hyperons on the same footing as the nucleons may considerably change the results on the matter composition and the resultant EOS of the hyperonic matter. Thus one has to be careful for the parametrization of the effective baryon-baryon interactions used in this paper, keeping consistency with these other model calculations.

Our model used for the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon interaction is based on the leading order expansion in the chiral perturbation theory. Higher order terms in chiral expansion which are relevant to the $`p`$-wave meson-baryon scatterings have been estimated with reference to the experimental results such as pion and photon-induced reactions or elastic and inelastic $`K^{}p`$ scatterings. It needs more consideration whether these higher order terms are quantitatively important to kaon dynamics in highly dense matter.

It has to be elucidated whether the instability of the system with respect to the $`p`$-wave condensation leads to a fully condensed phase beyond the critical density. In this context, the EOS of the $`p`$-wave condensed phase and the characteristic features of the system have to be examined. Mixing of hyperons only already leads to appreciable softening of the EOS. Hence, further development of kaon condensates in hyperonic matter would make the EOS too soft to obtain the observed neutron star masses $`1.4M_{}`$ or even much larger masses$`2.0M_{}`$ if the recent analyses from the observations of the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) are confirmed. Relativistic effects may help weaken the softness of the EOS, since it has been shown that the energy gain of kaon condensation coming from the $`s`$-wave scalar attraction is suppressed by relativistic effects: As a kaon condensate develops, the effective nucleon mass $`M^{}`$ decreases due to the scalar attraction, which leads to suppression of the scalar density, $`\rho _s={\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}M^{}/\sqrt{𝐩^2+M^2}}`$. Thus the energy gain of the condensed phase from the scalar attraction ($`\rho _s\mathrm{\Sigma }_{KN}`$ with the $`KN`$ sigma term $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{KN}`$) and the growth of a condensate are suppressed.

In addition, in view of making the EOS consistent with observations, some realistic effects which reduce the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon attraction should be taken into account: (1) vertex renormalization at the $`p`$-wave kaon-baryon vertices in terms of form factors. (2) short-range correlations between baryons. For the $`p`$-wave part, the off-diagonal matrix elements in the baryonic part of the effective Hamiltonian \[Eq. (19)\] are to be added by the particle-hole densities, the strengths of which are related with the Landau-Migdal parameters in the relevant channel in the same way as pion condensation.

## V Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank T. Tatsumi for useful discussions and comments. The author is also grateful to T. Takatsuka, S. Nishizaki, M. Yasuhira, D. N. Voskresensky, J. Schaffner-Bielich and P. K. Sahu for discussions and interest in this work. This work is supported in part by the Japanese Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund (C) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture (No. 12640289). Numerical calculations were carried out on the DEC Alpha Server 4100 System, Chiba Institute of Technology.

## A Potential energy density in hyperonic matter

We show the expression for the potential energy density $`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ based on the nonrelativistic baryon-baryon interactions by Balberg and Gal (Eq. (6) in ). Since only $`p`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$, $`n`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ are incorporated for the baryons in this paper, the other terms relevant to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$, and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^0`$ are omitted.

$`_{\mathrm{pot}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[a_{\mathrm{NN}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})^2+b_{\mathrm{NN}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}\rho _\mathrm{n})^2+c_{\mathrm{NN}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})^{\delta +1}\right]`$ (A1)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{N}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+c_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{N}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\right]`$ (A2)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[a_{YY}\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}+(a_{\mathrm{YY}}+b_{\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{\Xi }})\rho _{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}\right]`$ (A3)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{N}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+b_{\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{N}}(\rho _\mathrm{n}\rho _\mathrm{p})\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ (A4)
$`+`$ $`c_{\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{N}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\right]`$ (A5)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }\right]`$ (A6)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{N}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+b_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{N}}(\rho _\mathrm{n}\rho _\mathrm{p})\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ (A7)
$`+`$ $`c_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{N}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n}+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}}(\rho _\mathrm{p}+\rho _\mathrm{n})\right]`$ (A8)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\right]`$ (A9)
$`+`$ $`a_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+b_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Xi }}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Xi }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}}\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}}{\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}+\rho _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}}\rho _\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\right]`$ (A10)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[(a_{\mathrm{YY}}+b_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }})\rho _{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+c_{\mathrm{YY}}\rho _{\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma +1}\right]`$ (A11)
The parameters relevant to the $`NN`$ and $`YN`$ parts in Eq. (A11) have been refitted in reference to the recent empirical data on the nuclear and hypernuclear properties. Numerical values of the parameters are listed in Tables I and II.