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# Harmonic analysis of signed Ruelle transfer operators

## 1. Introduction

The multiresolution wavelet theory establishes a close interconnection between two operators: $`M`$ \- the cascade refinement operator and $`R`$ \- the transfer operator, also called Ruelle operator ( see \[Dau92\], \[Jor98\] ). Our present approach stresses representation theory and intertwining operators.

In this paper we show how to get wavelets from representations and we compare representations which yield different wavelets. Examples are given in section 4.

We recall that $`M`$ operates on $`L^2\left(\right)`$ by

$$M\psi (x)=\sqrt{N}\underset{k}{}a_k\psi (Nxk),(x)$$

or, equivalently, in Fourier space

$$\widehat{M\psi }(x)=\frac{m_0\left(\frac{x}{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\widehat{\psi }\left(\frac{x}{N}\right),(x)$$

where $`N2`$ is an integer - the scale, $`m_0(z)=_ka_kz^k`$ for $`z𝕋`$, $`𝕋`$ being the unit circle, and $`\widehat{\psi }`$ denotes the Fourier transform

$$\widehat{\psi }(x)=_{}\psi (t)e^{itx}𝑑t.$$

The Ruelle transfer operator is defined on $`L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ by

$$Rf(z)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\left|m_0(w)\right|^2f(w),(z𝕋).$$

On $`𝕋`$, we consider $`\mu `$, the normalized Haar measure.

It is the equation

(1.1)
$$M\phi =\phi ,$$

or, equivalently,

$$\phi (x)=\sqrt{N}\underset{k}{}a_k\phi (Nxk),(x)$$

which generates the wavelets. It is called the refinement (or scaling) equation.

The orthogonality properties of the integer translates of the scaling function $`\phi L^2\left(\right)`$, $`M\phi =\phi `$ are closely connected to the problem of finding a positive eigenvector for $`R`$

(1.2)
$$hL^1\left(𝕋\right),h0,Rh=h$$

(see \[CoDa92\], \[BrJo99\], \[CoRa90\] where a correspondence is established between the non-zero $`L^2\left(\right)`$-solutions $`\phi `$ to (1.1) and the non-zero solutions $`h`$ to (1.2). In general, solutions need not exist.) A necessary condition for the orthogonality of the translates of the scaling function is the quadrature mirror filter restriction:

$$\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\left|m_0(w)\right|^2=1(z𝕋)$$

which , in terms of the Ruelle operator can be rewritten as:

$$R\text{1}\text{1}=\text{1}\text{1}.$$

Lawton( \[Law91a\]) gave a neccesary and sufficient condition formulated also in terms of the Ruelle operator: the translates of the scaling function are orthogonal if and only if the constant function 11 is the only continuous solution of (1.2) (up to a multiplicative costant).

The scaling equation (1.1) can be reformulated in a $`C^{}`$-algebra setting.

Consider $`𝔄_N`$, the $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by two unitary operators $`U`$ and $`V`$, satisfying the relation $`UVU^1=V^N`$. It has a representation on $`L^2\left(\right)`$ given by

$$U:\psi \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\psi \left(\frac{x}{N}\right),V:\psi \psi (x1)(x)$$

$`V=\pi (z)`$ where $`\pi `$ is the representation of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ given by

$$\left(\pi (f)\psi \right)^\widehat{}=f\widehat{\psi },(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

The scaling equation (1.1) becomes

$$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi .$$

The system $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(\right),\phi ,m_0)`$ is called the wavelet representation with scaling function $`\phi `$ (see \[Jor98\]).

If a wavelet representation is given with scaling function $`\phi `$ then it produces a solution for (1.2):

$$h_\phi (z)=\underset{n}{}z^n\pi \left(z^n\right)\phi \text{ }\phi =\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{k}{}\left|\widehat{\phi }(\omega +2k\pi )\right|^2,(z=e^{i\omega }).$$

In \[Jor98\] it is proved that a converse also holds. Any solution $`h0`$ to $`Rh=h`$ arises in this way, as $`h=h_\phi `$ for some representation $`\pi `$ of $`𝔄_N`$.

Thus, the analysis of orthogonal wavelets is closely related to the study of the positive Ruelle operator $`R`$ and this operator is linked to the representations of the algebra $`𝔄_N`$.

For an analysis of biorthogonal wavelets, it turns out that we have to consider non-positive Ruelle operators. They correspond to a pair of filters $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ and are defined by:

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}f(z)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\overline{m_0(w)}m_0^{}(w)f(w),(fL^1\left(𝕋\right),z𝕋).$$

The condition corresponding to the quadrature mirror filter condition, and necessary for the biorthogonality of wavelets, is

$$\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\overline{m_0(w)}m_0^{}(w)=1,(z𝕋)$$

which rewrites as

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}\text{1}\text{1}=\text{1}\text{1}.$$

If two scaling functions $`\phi ,\phi ^{}`$ are given, with $`U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi `$, $`U\phi ^{}=\pi \left(m_0^{}\right)\phi ^{}`$, then

$$h_{\phi ,\phi ^{}}(z)=\underset{n}{}z^n\pi \left(z^n\right)\phi \text{ }\phi ^{}=\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{k}{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}(\omega +2k\pi ),(z=e^{i\omega })$$

satisfies

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_{\phi ,\phi ^{}}=h_{\phi ,\phi ^{}}.$$

For more background on wavelets we refer the reader to \[Dau92\].

We will see in this paper that solutions to $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h=h`$ correspond to operators that intertwine the representations of $`𝔄_N`$ introduced in \[Jor98\] arrising from $`m_0`$ and $`m_0^{}`$, respectively. In chapter 2 we establish this correspondence and in chapter 3 we give a criterion for the biorthogonality of two given scaling functions in terms of the eigenspace of the non-positive Ruelle transfer operator $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$ associated to the eigenvalue $`1`$. In chapter 4 we consider some concrete examples of filters and give complete solutions for the equation $`Rh=h`$.

## 2.  Main results

In this section we prove our main theorems on wavelets and representations: theorem 2.4 and theorem 2.7. These results prove the bijective correspondence between two sets: operators that intertwine the cyclic representations presented in \[Jor98\] and solutions to $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h=h`$ .

We begin with some properties of the Ruelle operator. We will denote by $`R=R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$, $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$.

###### Lemma 2.1.

For $`fL^1\left(𝕋\right)`$

1. $$_𝕋Rf(z)𝑑\mu =_𝕋\overline{m_0(z)}m_0^{}(z)f(z)𝑑\mu .$$
2. $$_𝕋g(z)Rf(z)𝑑\mu =_𝕋g(z^N)\overline{m_0(z)}m_0^{}(z)f(z)𝑑\mu .$$
3. $$R(g(z^N)f(z))=g(z)Rf(z),$$

$$R^n(g(z^{N^n})f(z))=g(z)R^nf(z).$$
4. $$_𝕋R^nf(z)𝑑\mu =_𝕋\overline{m_0^{(n)}(z)}m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}f(z)𝑑\mu .$$

where $`m_0^{(n)}(z)=m_0(z)m_0\left(z^N\right)\mathrm{}m_0\left(z^{N^{n1}}\right)`$ .

###### Proof.

(i)

$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}Rf(z)𝑑\mu `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}\overline{m_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{\theta +2k\pi }{N}}\right)}m_0^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\theta +2k\pi }{N}}\right)f\left({\displaystyle \frac{\theta +2k\pi }{N}}\right)𝑑\theta `$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\frac{2k\pi }{N}}^{\frac{2(k+1)\pi }{N}}}\overline{m_0(\theta )}m_0^{}(\theta )f(\theta )𝑑\theta `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{m_0(z)}m_0^{}(z)f(z)𝑑\mu .`$
(iii) Clear.
(ii) Follows from (i) and (iii).
(iv) Proof by induction. For $`n=1`$ it is (i).

$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}R^{n+1}f𝑑\mu `$ $`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R\left(R^nf\right)𝑑\mu ={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{m_0(z)}m_0^{}(z)R^nf(z)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R^n\left(\overline{m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)}m_0^{}\left(z^{N^n}\right)f(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{m_0^{(n)}(z)}m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}(z)\overline{m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)}m_0^{}\left(z^{N^n}\right)f(z)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{m_0^{(n+1)}(z)}m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n+1)}(z)f(z)𝑑\mu .`$
From \[Jor98\] theorem 2.4 we know that, given $`m_0L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ which is non-singular (i.e. doesn’t vanish on a subset of positive measure), there is a 1-1 correspondence between

$$(a)hL^1\left(𝕋\right),h0,R(h)=h(\text{here }R=R_{m_0,m_0})$$

and

$$(b)\stackrel{~}{\pi }Rep(𝔄_N,),\phi $$

with the unitary $`U`$ from $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ satisfying

$$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi $$

$`Rep(𝔄_N,)`$ is the set of normal representations of the algebra $`𝔄_N`$. These representations are in fact generated by a unitary $`U`$ on $``$ and a representation $`\pi `$ of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ on $``$, with the property that

$$U\pi (f(z))U^1=\pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)\right),(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

Here is again theorem 2.4 from \[Jor98\]:

###### Theorem 2.2.

1. Let $`m_0L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, and suppose $`m_0`$ does not vanish on a subset of $`𝕋`$ of positive measure. Let

(2.1)
$$\left(Rf\right)\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\left|m_0\left(w\right)\right|^2f\left(w\right),fL^1\left(𝕋\right).$$

Then there is a one-to-one correspondence between the data (a) and (b) below, where (b) is understood as equivalence classes under unitary equivalence:

1. $`hL^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`h0`$, and

    (2.2)
    $$R\left(h\right)=h.$$
    2. $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }Rep(𝔄_N,)`$, $`\phi `$, and the unitary $`U`$ from $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ satisfying

    (2.3)
    $$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi .$$
2. From (a)$``$(b), the correspondence is given by

(2.4)
$$\phi \text{ }\pi \left(f\right)\phi _{}=_𝕋fh𝑑\mu ,$$

where $`\mu `$ denotes the normalized Haar measure on $`𝕋`$.

From (b)$``$(a), the correspondence is given by

(2.5)
$$h\left(z\right)=h_\phi \left(z\right)=\underset{n}{}z^n\pi \left(e_n\right)\phi \text{ }\phi _{}.$$
3. When (a) is given to hold for some $`h`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }Rep(𝔄_N,)`$ is the corresponding cyclic representation with $`U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi `$, then the representation is unique from $`h`$ and (2.4) up to unitary equivalence: that is, if $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }^{}Rep(𝔄_N,^{})`$, $`\phi ^{}^{}`$ also cyclic and satisfying

$`\phi ^{}\pi ^{}\left(f\right)\phi ^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle _𝕋}fh𝑑\mu `$
and
$`U^{}\phi ^{}`$ $`=\pi ^{}\left(m_0\right)\phi ^{},`$
then there is a unitary isomorphism $`W`$ of $``$ onto $`^{}`$ such that $`W\pi \left(f\right)=\pi ^{}\left(f\right)W`$, for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`WU=U^{}W`$ and $`W\phi =\phi ^{}`$.

###### Definition 2.3.

Given $`h`$ as in theorem 2.2 call $`(\pi ,U,,\phi )`$ the cyclic representation of $`𝔄_N`$ associated to $`h`$.

The next theorem shows how solutions of $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0`$ induce operators that intertwine these cyclic representations.

###### Theorem 2.4.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ be non-singular and $`h,h^{}L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`h,h^{}0`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}(h)=h`$, $`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}(h^{})=h^{}`$. Let $`(\pi ,U,,\phi )`$, $`(\pi ^{},U^{},^{},\phi ^{})`$ be the cyclic representations corresponding to $`h`$ and $`h^{}`$ respectively.
If $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}\left(h_0\right)=h_0`$ and $`\left|h_0\right|^2chh^{}`$ for some $`c>0`$ then there exists a unique operator $`S:^{}`$ such that

$$SU^{}=US,S\pi ^{}(f)=\pi (f)S,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Moreover $`S\sqrt{c}`$.

###### Proof.

To symplify the notation let $`R_0:=R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$. Look at the construction of $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ and $``$ in the proof of theorem 2.4. in \[Jor98\]. We reproduce here the main steps of this construction. First, one considers

$$𝒱_n:=\{(\xi ,n)\xi L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)\}$$

and

$$(\xi ,n)\text{ }(\eta ,n)_{}=_𝕋R^n\left(\overline{\xi }\eta h\right)𝑑\mu \text{ for }n=1,2,\mathrm{}$$

Let $`_n`$ be the completion of $`𝒱_n`$ in this scalar product.

When $`n`$, $`k`$ are given, $`n0`$, $`k1`$, one constructs the isometry $`𝒱_n𝒱_{n+k}`$ by iteration of the one from $`𝒱_n`$ to $`𝒱_{n+1}`$, i.e.,

$$𝒱_n⸦⟶𝒱_{n+1}⸦⟶𝒱_{n+2}⸦⟶\mathrm{}⸦⟶𝒱_{n+k},$$

where $`J:𝒱_n𝒱_{n+1}`$ is defined by

$$J\left((\xi ,n)\right):=(\xi \left(z^N\right),n+1).$$

Then $``$ is defined as the inductive limit of the Hilbert spaces $`_n`$. The set $`_{n0}𝒱_n`$ is dense in $``$.

The representation is defined as follows

$$U(\xi ,0):=(S_0\xi ,0)=(m_0\left(z\right)\xi \left(z^N\right),0),$$

$$U(\xi ,n+1):=(m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi \left(z\right),n),$$

and

$$\pi \left(f\right)(\xi ,n):=(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi \left(z\right),n)$$

The scaling function $`\phi `$ is $`(\text{1}\text{1},0)`$. Recall also the main property of this representation

$$U\pi (f)=\pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)U,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

Having these, we return to our proof. Define

$$B\left[(\xi ,n)|(\xi ^{},n)\right]=_𝕋R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi }\xi ^{}h_0\right)𝑑\mu ,\text{for}(\xi ,n)𝒱_n,(\xi ^{},n)𝒱_n^{}.$$

Then

$`\left|B[(\xi ,n)|(\xi ^{},n)]\right|`$ $`=\left|{\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi }\xi ^{}h_0\right)𝑑\mu \right|`$
$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|\overline{m_0^{(n)}(z)}m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}(z)\overline{\xi }\xi ^{}h_0\right|𝑑\mu \text{(by (}\text{iv}\text{) of lemma }\text{2.1}\text{)}`$
$`\sqrt{c}{\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|m_0^{(n)}(z)\right|\left|m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}(z)\right|\left|\xi ^{}\right|\left|\xi \right|\left|h\right|^{\frac{1}{2}}\left|h^{}\right|^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑\mu `$
$`\sqrt{c}\left({\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|m_0^{(n)}(z)\right|^2\left|\xi \right|^2h𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}\right|^2\left|\xi ^{}\right|^2h^{}𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`=\sqrt{c}(\xi ,n)_{}(\xi ^{},n)_{^{}}.`$
Therefore

(2.6)
$$\left|B[(\xi ,n)|(\xi ^{},n)]\right|\sqrt{c}(\xi ,n)_{}(\xi ^{},n)_{^{}}.$$

Equation (2.6) implies also that $`B`$ can be extended from $`𝒱_n\times 𝒱_n^{}`$ to $`_n\times _n^{}`$ such that (2.6) remains valid.

Next we prove that $`B`$ is compatible with the inductive limit structure that define the Hilbert spaces $``$ and $`^{}`$.

$`B\left[J(\xi ,n)|J^{}(\xi ^{},n)\right]`$ $`=B\left[(\xi (z^N),n+1)|(\xi ^{}(z^N),n+1)\right]`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^{n+1}\left(\overline{\xi (z^N)}\xi ^{}(z^N)h_0(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(R_0\left(\overline{\xi (z^N)}\xi ^{}(z^N)h_0(z)\right)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi (z)}\xi ^{}(z)R_0\left(h_0\right)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi (z)}\xi ^{}(z)h_0\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`=B\left[(\xi ,n)|(\xi ^{},n)\right].`$
The compatibility with the inductive limit entails the existence of a sesquilinear extension of $`B`$ to $`\times ^{}`$ with

(2.7)
$$\left|B[\xi |\xi ^{}]\right|\sqrt{c}\xi _{}\xi ^{}_{^{}}.$$

There are some commuting properties between $`B`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{\pi },\stackrel{~}{\pi }^{})`$ as follows:

$`B\left[U(\xi ,n+1)|U(\xi ^{},n+1)\right]`$ $`=B\left[(m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi (z),n)|(m_0^{}\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi ^{}(z),n)\right]`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(\overline{m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)}m_0^{}\left(z^{N^n}\right)\overline{\xi (z)}\xi ^{}(z)h_0(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{m_0(z)}m_0^{}(z)R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi (z)}\xi ^{}(z)h_0(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0\left(R_0^n\left(\overline{\xi (z)}\xi ^{}(z)h_0(z)\right)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`=B\left[(\xi ,n+1)|(\xi ^{},n+1)\right].`$
So, by density

(2.8)
$$B\left[U\xi |U^{}\xi ^{}\right]=B\left[\xi |\xi ^{}\right],(\xi ,\xi ^{}^{}).$$

For $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$,

$`B\left[\pi (f)(\xi ,n)|(\xi ^{},n)\right]`$ $`=B\left[(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi (z),n)|(\xi ^{},n)\right]`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_0^n\left(\overline{f}\left(z^{N^n}\right)\overline{\xi }(z)\xi ^{}(z)h_0(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`=B\left[(\xi ,n)|(\overline{f}\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi (z),n)\right]`$
$`=B\left[(\xi ,n)|\pi ^{}\left(\overline{f}\right)(\xi ^{},n)\right]`$
and, again by density

(2.9)
$$B\left[\pi (f)\xi |\xi ^{}\right]=B\left[\xi |\pi ^{}\left(\overline{f}\right)\xi ^{}\right],(\xi ,\xi ^{}^{}).$$

As $`\phi =(\text{1}\text{1},0)=\phi ^{}`$ we obtain also

(2.10)
$$B\left[\phi |\pi ^{}(f)\phi ^{}\right]=B\left[(\text{1}\text{1},0)|\pi ^{}(f)(\text{1}\text{1},0)\right]=_𝕋f(z)h_0(z)𝑑\mu .$$

Since $`B`$ is sesquilinear and bounded, there exists $`S:^{}`$ , a bounded linear operator with $`S\sqrt{c}`$ such that

$$B\left[\xi |\xi ^{}\right]=\xi \text{ }S\xi ^{}(\xi ,\xi ^{}^{}).$$

Rewriting (2.8) in terms of $`S`$, one obtains

$$SU^{}=US,$$

(2.9) gives

$$\pi (f)S=S\pi ^{}(f)(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),$$

and (2.10) yields

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu .$$

For the uniqueness part we will use a lemma which will be useful outside this context too.

###### Lemma 2.5.

If $`n_1,n_2`$ are integers and $`f_1,f_2L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ then

$`U^{n_1}\pi \left(f_1\right)\phi SU_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n_2}\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi =`$
$`=\{\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill _𝕋\overline{f_1}\left(z^{N^{n_2n_1}}\right)\overline{m}_0^{(n_2n_1)}(z)f_2(z)h_0(z)𝑑\mu & \text{ for }& n_2n_1\hfill \\ \hfill _𝕋\overline{f_1}(z)m_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n_1n_2)}(z)f_2\left(z^{N^{n_1n_2}}\right)h_0(z)𝑑\mu & \text{ for }& n_1n_2\hfill \end{array}`$
###### Proof.

For $`n_2n_1`$

$`U^{n_1}\pi \left(f_1\right)\phi SU_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n_2}\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi `$ $`=U^{n_2}U^{n_1}\pi \left(f_1\right)\phi U^{n_2}SU_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n_2}\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi `$
$`=U^{n_2n_1}\pi \left(f_1\right)\phi S\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi `$
$`=\pi \left(f_1\left(z^{N^{n_2n_1}}\right)\right)U^{n_2n_1}\phi S\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi ^{}`$
$`\text{and using }U^n\phi =\pi \left(m_0^{(n)}\right)\phi `$
$`=\pi \left(f_1\left(z^{N^{n_2n_1}}\right)\right)\pi \left(m_0^{(n_2n_1)}\right)\phi S\pi ^{}\left(f_2\right)\phi ^{}`$
$`=\phi S\pi ^{}\left(\overline{f_1}\left(z^{N^{n_2n1}}\right)\overline{m}_0^{(n_2n_1)}(z)f_2(z)\right)\phi ^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{f_1}\left(z^{N^{n_2n1}}\right)\overline{m}_0^{(n_2n_1)}(z)f_2(z)h_0(z)𝑑\mu .`$
For $`n_1n_2`$ the computation is completely analogous. ∎

The set

$$\left\{U^n\pi \left(f\right)\phi \right|n,fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)\}$$

is dense in $``$ and similarly for $`^{}`$, therefore lemma 2.5 implies the uniqueness of $`S`$. ∎

Even more uniqueness holds. In theorem 2.4 in \[Jor98\] it is proved that if $`(\pi _1,U_1,_1,\phi _1)`$ and $`(\pi _2,U_2,_2,\phi _2)`$ are two cyclic representations of $`𝔄_N`$ corresponding to the same $`h`$ then there exists a unique unitary isomorphism $`W:_1_2`$ such that

$$W\pi _1(f)=\pi _2(f)W,fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right),WU_1=U_2W,$$

$$W\phi _1=\phi _2.$$

###### Theorem 2.6.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{},h,h^{},h_0`$ be as in theorem 2.4. Suppose $`(\pi _i,U_i,_i,\phi _i)`$ $`i=1,2`$ are cyclic representations coresponding to $`h`$, $`(\pi _i^{},U_i^{},_i^{},\phi _i^{})`$ $`i=1,2`$ are cyclic representations corresponding to $`h^{}`$ and $`S_i:_i^{}_i`$ $`i=1,2`$ are bounded operators such that

$$S_i\pi _i^{}(f)=\pi _i(f)S_i,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),S_iU_i^{}=U_iS_i,(i=1,2)$$

$$\phi _i\text{ }S_i\pi _i^{}(f)\phi _i^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu (i=1,2).$$

Then there exists unique unitary isomorphisms $`W:_1_2`$ and $`W^{}:_1^{}_2^{}`$ such that

$$W\pi _1(f)=\pi _2(f)W,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),WU_1=U_2W,$$

$$W\phi _1=\phi _2$$

$$W^{}\pi _1^{}(f)=\pi _2^{}(f)W^{},(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),W^{}U_1^{}=U_2^{}W^{},$$

$$W\phi _1^{}=\phi _2^{},$$

$$S_2W^{}=WS_1.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`W,W^{}`$ be given by theorem 2.4 in \[Jor98\] . Consider $`\stackrel{~}{S}_1=W^1S_2W^{}:_1^{}_1`$; we prove that $`\stackrel{~}{S}_1`$ satisfies the same conditions as $`S_1`$ so it must be equal to $`S_1`$( see theorem 2.4). Let $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$.

$`\stackrel{~}{S}_1\pi _1^{}(f)`$ $`=W^1S_2W^{}\pi _1^{}(f)=W^1S_2\pi _2^{}(f)W^{}`$
$`=W^1\pi _2(f)S_2W^{}=\pi _1(f)W^1S_2W^{}`$
$`=\pi _1(f)\stackrel{~}{S}_1.`$
Similarly $`\stackrel{~}{S}_1U_1^{}=U_1\stackrel{~}{S}_1`$. Also

$`\phi _1\stackrel{~}{S}_1\pi _1^{}(f)\phi _1^{}`$ $`=\phi _1\pi _1(f)W^1S_2W^{}\phi _1^{}`$
$`=\phi _1\pi _1(f)W^1S_2\phi _2^{}`$
$`=\phi _1W^1\pi _2(f)S_2\phi _2^{}`$
$`=W\phi _1\pi _2(f)S_2\phi _2^{}`$
$`=\phi _2\pi _2(f)S_2\phi _2^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}fh_0𝑑\mu .`$
Next we approach the converse problem: that is, given non-sigular $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ and $`h,h^{}L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ $`h,h^{}0`$ , $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ , $`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}h^{}=h^{}`$ , consider the cyclic representations $`(\pi ,U,,\phi )`$ and $`(\pi ^{},U^{},^{},\phi ^{})`$. We want to see if an intertwining operator $`S:^{}`$ induces an eigenvector $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ with

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0$$

and

$$\phi \text{ }S\pi ^{}(f)\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

The answer is positive and is given in the next theorem.

###### Theorem 2.7.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{},h,h^{},(\pi ,U,,\phi ),(\pi ^{},U^{},^{},\phi ^{})`$ be as in theorem 2.4. Suppose $`S:^{}`$ is a bounded operator that satisfies

$$S\pi ^{}(f)=\pi (f)S,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),SU^{}=US.$$

Then there exists a unique $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ such that

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0$$

and

$$\phi \text{ }S\pi ^{}(f)\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

Moreover

$$\left|h_0\right|^2S^2hh^{}\text{ almost everywhere on }𝕋.$$

###### Proof.

We will need the following result

###### Lemma 2.8.

If $`f_iL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`i`$, $`f_i`$ converges pointwise to $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ $`\mu `$-a.e. and $`f_i_{\mathrm{}}M<\mathrm{}`$ for $`i`$ then

$$\pi \left(f_i\right)(\xi )\pi \left(f\right)(\xi )\text{ in },(\xi ).$$

###### Proof.

Consider first $`(\xi ,n)𝒱_n`$ so $`\xi L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

$`\pi \left(f_i\right)(\xi ,n)\pi \left(f\right)(\xi ,n)_{}^2`$ $`=(\left(f_i\left(z^{N^n}\right)f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\right)\xi (z),n)^2`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|f_if\right|^2\left(z^{N^n}\right)\left|\xi \right|^2(z)h(z)\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|f_if\right|^2(z)R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\xi \right|^2h\right)𝑑\mu 0`$
by Lebesque’s dominated convergence theorem.

The set

$$𝒱=\left\{(\xi ,n)\right|\xi L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right),n\}$$

is dense in $``$. Fix $`ϵ>0`$ and let $`a`$. There exists a $`b𝒱`$ with $`ab_{}<ϵ/(3M)`$

$`\pi \left(f_i\right)(a)\pi \left(f\right)(a)_{}`$ $`\pi \left(f_i\right)(a)\pi \left(f_i\right)(b)_{}+\pi \left(f_i\right)(b)\pi \left(f\right)(b)_{}+`$
$`+\pi \left(f\right)(b)\pi \left(f\right)(a)_{}`$
$`\pi \left(f_i\right)ab_{}+\pi \left(f_i\right)(b)\pi \left(f\right)(b)_{}+`$
$`+\pi \left(f\right)ab_{}`$
There is an $`n_ϵ`$ such that for $`in_ϵ`$ one has $`\pi \left(f_i\right)(b)\pi \left(f\right)(b)_{}<ϵ/3`$. Then for such indices $`i`$:

$$\pi \left(f_i\right)(a)\pi \left(f\right)(a)_{}f_i_{\mathrm{}}\frac{ϵ}{3M}+\frac{ϵ}{3}+f_{\mathrm{}}\frac{ϵ}{3M}ϵ$$

This concludes the proof of the lemma. ∎

Returning to the proof of the theorem, construct the continuous linear functional on $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }:f\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}.$$

Its restriction to the continuous functions on $`𝕋`$ is continuous so there is a finite regular Borel measure $`\nu `$ on $`𝕋`$ such that

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋f𝑑\nu ,fC(𝕋)$$

Now take $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$. Lusin’s theorem provides a sequence of continuous functions $`f_i`$ on $`𝕋`$ that converges to $`f`$ pointwise $`\mu +|\nu |`$-a.e. and with $`f_i_{\mathrm{}}f_{\mathrm{}}`$ for all $`i`$. Using our lemma

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}\phi \text{ }\pi (f_i)S\phi ^{}=\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}_𝕋f_i𝑑\nu =_𝕋f𝑑\nu ,$$

the last equality following from Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem. Hence

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋f𝑑\nu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

The measure $`\nu `$ in absolutely continuous, because, if $`E`$ is a Borel set of $`\mu `$ measure zero, then $`\pi \left(\chi _E\right)=0`$ so $`\nu (E)=_𝕋\chi _E𝑑\nu =0`$. Consequently, there is an $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ such that $`d\nu =h_0d\mu `$ and we rewrite the previous equation:

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right).$$

Next we prove that $`R_0h_0=h_0`$. Take an arbitrary $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}fh_0𝑑\mu `$ $`=\phi \pi (f)S\phi ^{}`$
$`=U\phi U\pi (f)S\phi ^{}`$
$`=\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi \pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)SU^{}\phi ^{}`$
$`=\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi S\pi ^{}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)\pi ^{}\left(m_0^{}\right)\phi ^{}`$
$`=\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi \pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)m_0^{}(z)\right)S\phi ^{}`$
$`=\phi \pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)m_0^{}(z)\overline{m_0(z)}\right)S\phi ^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}f\left(z^N\right)m_0^{}(z)\overline{m_0(z)}h_0(z)𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}f(z)R_0h_0𝑑\mu .`$
As $`f`$ is arbitrary in $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ this implies that $`R_0h_0=h_0`$.

Uniqueness of $`h_0`$ is clear and we concentrate on last inequality stated in the theorem. For all $`f,gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ we have

$`\left|{\displaystyle _𝕋}\overline{f}gh_0𝑑\mu \right|`$ $`=\left|\pi (f)\phi \pi (g)S\phi ^{}\right|`$
$`\pi \left(f\right)\phi _{}S\pi ^{}\left(g\right)\phi ^{}_{}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|f\right|^2h𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}S\left({\displaystyle _𝕋}\left|g\right|^2h^{}𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
Since $`h_0,h,h^{}`$ are in $`L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, almost every point is a Lebesgue density point for all of them. Take $`z`$ a Lebesgue point and $`f=g=\chi _I`$ where $`I`$ is a small segment centered at $`z`$. The inequality above implies

$$\left|_Ih_0𝑑\mu \right|S\left(_Ih𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(_Ih^{}𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}},$$

and, dividing by $`\mu (I)`$,

$$\left|\frac{1}{\mu (I)}_Ih_0𝑑\mu \right|S\left(\frac{1}{\mu (I)}_Ih𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{1}{\mu (I)}_Ih^{}𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

Then let $`I`$ shrink to $`\left\{z\right\}`$

$$\left|h_0(z)\right|Sh^{1/2}(z)h_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1/2}(z)$$

and the proof is complete. ∎

## 3.  Applications to wavelets

We have wavelet representations of $`𝔄_N`$: $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(\right),\phi ,m_0)`$. Then, by theorem 2.2, it is the cyclic representation associated to some positive $`h`$ with $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$. Let’s see what the corresponding $`h`$ is. We must have

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (f)\phi =_𝕋fh𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

and by the unitarity of the Fourier transform

$$\frac{1}{2\pi }_{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}f\widehat{\phi }𝑑m=_𝕋fh𝑑\mu $$

and after periodization

$$_𝕋fPer\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)d\mu =_𝕋fh𝑑\mu $$

which implies $`Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)=h`$. Here, for $`fL^1\left(\right)`$

$$Per\left(f\right)(\omega )=\underset{k}{}f(\omega +2k\pi ),\omega [0,2\pi ].$$

Hence the wavelet representation is the cyclic representation corresponding to $`Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)`$.

Next, we try to give a neccesary and sufficient condition for the biorthogonality of wavelets. In the case of biorthogonal wavelets we have the following identity for the filters $`m_0,m_0^{}`$ :

$$\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\overline{m_0(w)}m_0^{}(w)=1,z𝕋$$

which can be rewritten as

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}\text{1}\text{1}=\text{1}\text{1}.$$

If $`\phi ,\phi ^{}`$ are scaling functions corresponding to $`m_0,m_0^{}`$ respectively then we see that $`Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)`$ is also an eigenvector for $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$ .

Indeed one has the corresponding scaling equations

$$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi ,U\phi ^{}=\pi \left(m_0^{}\right)\phi ^{}$$

or the Fourier transform versions

$$\widehat{\phi }(\omega )=\frac{m_0\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\widehat{\phi }\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right),\widehat{\phi }^{}(\omega )=\frac{m_0^{}\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\widehat{\phi }^{}\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right).$$

Then

$`Per`$ $`\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)(\omega )={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}(\omega +2k\pi )`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}(\omega +2kN\pi +2l\pi )`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{m_0}\left(\frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}+2k\pi \right){\displaystyle \frac{m_0^{}\left(\frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}+2k\pi \right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}\overline{m_0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}\right)m_0^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}+2k\pi \right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{N1}{}}}\overline{m_0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}\right)m_0^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}\right)Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega +2l\pi }{N}}\right)`$
$`=R_{m_0,m_0^{}}\left(Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)\right)(\omega ).`$
Thus, if we know that $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$ has only one eigenvector (up to a multiplicative constant) in some subspace containing 11 and $`Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)`$, then we get that

$$Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)=\text{1}\text{1}$$

which is the Fourier transform version of the biorthogonality of $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$.

We shall see that, under some mild regularity assumptions on $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$, the converse also holds so the biorthogonality implies that $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}`$ has a 1-dimensional eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue $`1`$.

We set up the framework for this converse. Suppose we have cyclic vectors $`\phi `$, $`\phi ^{}`$ for the wavelet representation $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ of $`𝔄_N`$ on $`L^2\left(\right)`$, satisfying the scaling equations

$$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi ,U\phi ^{}=\pi \left(m_0^{}\right)\phi ^{}$$

with $`m_0,m_0^{}`$ non-singular in $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

The wavelet representation $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(\right),\phi ,m_0)`$ is the cyclic representation corresponding to $`h=Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)`$. Similarly, for $`\phi ^{}`$, the wavelet representation corresponds to $`h^{}=Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }^{}\right|^2\right)`$.

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{},\phi ,\phi ^{}`$ as above. Suppose the following conditions are satisfied:

1. $$\widehat{\phi }(0)0\widehat{\phi ^{}}(0)$$
2. The integer translates of $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ form Riesz bases for their corresponding linear spans.
3. $`\widehat{\phi }`$ and $`\widehat{\phi ^{}}`$ are continuous at 0 and

$$\underset{k0}{}\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(x+2k\pi )0\text{ as }x0,$$

$$\underset{k0}{}\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2(x+2k\pi )0\text{ as }x0.$$
4. $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ are biorthogonal or equivalently

$$\underset{k}{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}(x+2k\pi )\widehat{\phi ^{}}(x+2k\pi )=1,\text{a.e. on }.$$

Then there exist exactly one (up to a constant multiple) solution for

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0,h_0L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)$$

which is continuous at $`z=1`$ (The solution is $`h_0=\text{1}\text{1}).`$

###### Proof.

Employing Schwarz’ inequality we have

$`1`$ $`=\left|Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)\right|^2(\omega )=\left|{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}(\omega +2k\pi )\right|^2`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(\omega +2k\pi )\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2(\omega +2k\pi )\right)`$
$`=\left(Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)\left(Per\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2\right)(\omega )=h(\omega )h^{}(\omega ).`$
Suppose $`h_0`$ is a solution in $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ of $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0`$ which is continuous at $`z=1`$. Since $`h_0L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, there is a $`c<\mathrm{}`$ such that $`\left|h_0\right|^2c`$ almost everywhere on $`𝕋`$ and the previous inequality implies

$$\left|h_0\right|^2chh^{}.$$

Therefore, by theorem 2.4, $`h_0`$ induces an operator $`S:L^2\left(\right)L^2\left(\right)`$ such that

$$US=SU,\pi (f)S=S\pi (f),(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)),$$

$$\phi \text{ }S\pi (f)\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu .$$

Fourier transform the last equation and then periodize to obtain for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

$$_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu =\frac{1}{2\pi }\widehat{\phi }\text{ }f\widehat{\left(S\phi ^{}\right)}=_𝕋Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\left(S\phi ^{}\right)}\right)fd\mu .$$

So

(3.1)
$$h_0=Per\left(\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\left(S\phi ^{}\right)}\right)$$

Also the commuting properties of $`S`$ imply that $`S\phi ^{}`$ is a solution for the scaling equation

$$US\phi ^{}=\pi \left(m_0^{}\right)S\phi ^{}$$

Assume $`S\phi ^{}c\phi ^{}`$ where $`c`$ is some constant. We want to prove that $`\widehat{S\phi ^{}}`$ can’t be continuous at $`0`$. Otherwise, consider the Fourier version of the scaling equation

$$\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(\omega )=\frac{m_0^{}\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\left(\frac{\omega }{N}\right)$$

and by induction

$$\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(\omega )=\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{m_0^{}\left(\frac{\omega }{N^i}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\right]\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\left(\frac{\omega }{N^n}\right).$$

A similar equation can be constructed for $`\widehat{\phi ^{}}`$. If $`\widehat{S\phi ^{}}`$ is continuous at 0 then

$$\frac{\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(x)}{\widehat{\phi ^{}}(x)}=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\left(\frac{x}{N^n}\right)}{\widehat{\phi ^{}}\left(\frac{x}{N^n}\right)}=\frac{\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(0)}{\widehat{\phi ^{}}(0)}$$

So $`S\phi ^{}=c\phi `$ with $`c=\frac{\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(0)}{\widehat{\phi ^{}}(0)}`$, a contradiction.

On the other hand, from (3.1) we get

(3.2)
$$\overline{\widehat{\phi }}(x)\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(x)=h_0(x)\underset{k0}{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}(x+2k\pi )\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(x+2k\pi ).$$

$`\overline{\widehat{\phi }}`$ and $`h_0`$ are continuous at $`x=0`$. We prove that the sum in (3.2) converges to $`0`$ as $`x0`$. By the Schwarz inequality

(3.3)
$$\left|\underset{k0}{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(x+2k\pi )\right|\left(\underset{k0}{}\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(x+2k\pi )\right)\left(\underset{k0}{}\left|\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\right|^2(x+2k\pi )\right).$$

We try to bound the second factor. Since $`S`$ commutes with $`\pi `$ and $`U`$, the same is true for $`S^{}`$ and $`S^{}S`$. By theorem 2.7, $`S^{}S`$ induces some $`h_0^{}`$ with $`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}h_0^{}=h_0^{}`$, $`\left|h_0^{}\right|^2ch_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ for some $`c>0`$ and

$$\phi ^{}\text{ }\pi (f)S^{}S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0^{}𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

Then

$$S\phi ^{}\text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0^{}𝑑\mu .$$

Using again the Fourier transform and periodization we obtain

$$Per\left|\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\right|^2=h_0^{}\sqrt{c}h^{}.$$

Since $`\phi ^{}`$ generates a Riesz basis, (see \[Dau92\]) there is a $`B<\mathrm{}`$ such that

$$h^{}=Per\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2B$$

Thus $`Per\left|\widehat{S\phi ^{}}\right|^2`$ is bounded and, using the hypothesis (iii), in (3.3) we obtain that

$$\underset{x0}{lim}\left|\underset{k0}{}\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{S\phi ^{}}(x+2k\pi )\right|=0.$$

Now apply this to (3.2) and use the fact that $`\widehat{\phi }`$ is continuous at 0 with $`\widehat{\phi }(0)0`$ to conclude that $`\widehat{S\phi ^{}}`$ is continuous 0, again a contradiction which leads to $`S\phi ^{}=c\phi ^{}`$. Without loss of generality, take the constant $`c`$ to be 1.

$$_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu =\phi \text{ }\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=\phi \text{ }\pi (f)\phi ^{}=_𝕋f𝑑\mu $$

the last equality follows from (iv) using the usual Fourier-periodization technique. The equality holds for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ so $`h_0=\text{1}\text{1}`$ . ∎

###### Corollary 3.2.

If $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ are compactly supported, biorthogonal,

$$m_0(0)=\sqrt{N}=m_0^{}(0),m_0\left(\frac{2k\pi }{N}\right)=0=m_0^{}\left(\frac{2k\pi }{N}\right),k\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}$$

then 11 is the only solution of $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0`$ which is continuous at $`z=1`$ (up to a multiplicative constant).

###### Proof.

We have to check the conditions of theorem 3.1. The Fourier coefficients of $`Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2`$ are given by

$$_𝕋e_kPer\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2d\mu =\phi \text{ }\pi \left(e_k\right)\phi =\phi \text{ }\phi (\omega k),$$

where $`e_k=e^{ik\theta }`$. Therefore the coefficients are zero except for a finite number of them so $`Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2`$ is a trigonometric polynomial. The same is true for $`Per\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2`$. Also the fact that $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ are compactly supported implies that $`\widehat{\phi },\widehat{\phi ^{}}`$ are continuous. From the scaling equation we obtain that $`\widehat{\phi (0)}=1=\widehat{\phi ^{}}(0)`$.

For $`k`$, $`k0`$, we can write $`k=N^pl`$ with $`l=Nq+r`$, $`r\{1,\mathrm{},N1\}`$. Then

$`\widehat{\phi }(2k\pi )`$ $`=\widehat{\phi }\left(2N^pl\pi \right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{m_0\left(2N^{p1}l\pi \right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{m_0\left(2Nl\pi \right)}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_0(2l\pi )}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_0\left(\frac{2l\pi }{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\widehat{\phi }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2l\pi }{N}}\right)=0`$
because

$$m_0\left(\frac{2l\pi }{N}\right)=m_0\left(\frac{2(Nq+r)\pi }{N}\right)=m_0\left(\frac{2r\pi }{N}\right)=0.$$

Thus $`\widehat{\phi }(2k\pi )=0`$ for $`k0`$. This shows that $`Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(0)=1`$. Then

$$\underset{k0}{}\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(x+2k\pi )=Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(x)\widehat{\phi }(x)Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(0)\widehat{\phi }(0)=0\text{ as }x0.$$

The same argument applies to $`\widehat{\phi ^{}}.`$

Condition (ii) is obtain as follows: look at the first inequality in the proof of theorem 3.1. We have

$$1\left(Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)\left(Per\left|\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right|^2\right)(\omega )$$

As both factors are trigonometric polynomials they are bounded by a common constant $`0<A<\mathrm{}`$ . Hence

$$1/A\left(Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)A$$

which implies that the translates of $`\phi `$ form a Riesz basis for their linear span (see \[Dau92\]). Similarly for $`\phi ^{}`$. ∎

## 4.  Some examples

We know that in the case of a quadrature mirror filter $`m_0`$ for which the transfer operator $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$ has 1 as a simple eigenvalue in $`C(𝕋)`$, the cyclic representation that corresponds to the constant function 11 is in fact the wavelet representation on $`L^2()`$. Then the commutant of this representation is in one-to-one correspondence with $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$-solutions for $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$. We will describe this commutant and give the form of all corresponding $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$-solutions.

We recall that the wavelet representation of $`𝔄_N`$ is generated by

$$U:\psi \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\psi \left(\frac{x}{N}\right),V:\psi \psi (x1)$$

$`V=\pi (z)`$ where $`\pi `$ is the representation of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ given by

$$\left(\pi (f)\psi \right)^\widehat{}=f\widehat{\psi },(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right),\psi L^2\left(\right)).$$

It will be useful to consider the representation in Fourier space and in this case $`U`$ has the form

(4.1)
$$\widehat{U}\widehat{\psi }(x)=\sqrt{N}\widehat{\psi }(Nx).$$

Thus we have another representation of $`𝔄_N`$ on $`L^2()`$ , which is generated by $`\widehat{U}`$ given in (4.1) and the representation $`\widehat{\pi }`$ of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ given by

$$\widehat{\pi }(f)\widehat{\psi }=f\widehat{\psi },(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right),\widehat{\psi }L^2()).$$

This representation is equivalent to the wavelet representation via the Fourier transform.

###### Theorem 4.1.

The commutant of $`(\widehat{\pi },\widehat{U},L^2(𝕋))`$ is

$$\left\{M_f\right|fL^{\mathrm{}}(),f(Nx)=f(x)\text{ a.e. on }\}$$

where $`M_f(\psi )=f\psi `$ for all $`\psi L^2(),fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right).`$

###### Proof.

(The theorem is valid even in a more general case , see \[Li00\]) Let $`A`$ be an operator that commutes with $`\widehat{U}`$ and $`\widehat{\pi }(f)`$ for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$. We prove first that $`A`$ commutes with $`M_g`$, where $`gL^{\mathrm{}}()`$ is periodic of period $`2N\pi `$.

Indeed, let $`f(x)=g(Nx)`$ for $`x`$. Then $`f`$ is $`2\pi `$-periodic and bounded so $`\widehat{\pi }(f)`$ commutes with $`A`$. Then $`A`$ commutes also with $`\widehat{U}^1\widehat{\pi }(f)\widehat{U}`$. But

$$(\widehat{U}^1\widehat{\pi }(f)\widehat{U}\psi )(x)=\widehat{U}^1\left(f(x)\sqrt{N}\psi (Nx)\right)=f\left(\frac{x}{N}\right)\psi (x)=g(x)\psi (x).$$

So $`\widehat{U}^1\widehat{\pi }(f)\widehat{U}=M_g`$. It follows by induction that $`A`$ commutes with any multiplication by a $`2\pi N^k`$-periodic, function in $`L^{\mathrm{}}()`$. Now, consider $`fL^{\mathrm{}}()`$. We claim that $`A`$ commutes with $`M_f`$. Define $`f_n(x)=f(x)`$ on $`[\pi N^n,\pi N^n]`$ and extended it on $``$ by $`2\pi N^n`$-periodicity. First we prove that $`M_{f_n}`$ converges to $`M_f`$ in the strong operator topology. For this, take $`\psi L^2()`$. Then

$`M_{f_n}\psi M_f\psi ^2`$ $`={\displaystyle _{}}\left|f_nf\right|^2\left|\psi \right|^2𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _{\left|x\right|\pi N^n}}\left|f_nf\right|^2\left|\psi \right|^2𝑑x`$
$`\left(2f_{\mathrm{}}\right)^2{\displaystyle _{}}\chi _{\left\{\left|x\right|\pi N^n\right\}}\left|\psi \right|^2𝑑x`$
$`0\text{ as }n\mathrm{}.`$
Thus $`M_f`$ is the limit of $`M_{f_n}`$ in the strong operator topology and consequently $`A`$ will commute with $`M_f`$ also. Using then theorem IX.6.6 in \[Con90\] we obtain that $`A=M_f`$ for some $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$. Then, the fact that $`A`$ and $`\widehat{U}`$ commute implies:

$$f(Nx)=f(x)\text{ a.e. on }.$$

This proves one inclusion, the other one is a straightforward verification. ∎

Using this theorem we can find all solutions to $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h=h`$ as follows:

###### Corollary 4.2.

Suppose we have the wavelet representations $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(\right),\phi ,m_0)`$ and $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(\right),\phi ^{},m_0^{})`$. Let $`h=Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)`$ and $`h^{}=Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }^{}\right|^2\right)`$. Then each solution $`h_0L^1\left(\right)`$ for $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0`$ with $`\left|h_0\right|^2chh^{}`$ for some positive constant $`c`$, has the form

$$h_0=Per\left(f\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right)$$

for some $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ with $`f(Nx)=f(x)`$ a.e.

Conversely, any such $`h_0`$ is an $`L^1\left(\right)`$-solution for $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0`$ and $`\left|h_0\right|^2chh^{}`$ for some $`c>0`$.

###### Proof.

The cyclic representations corresponding to $`h`$ and $`h^{}`$ are the wavelet representations given in the hypothesis. Hence the intertwining operators are in fact the ones in the commutant of the wavelet representation. We will transfer everything into the Fourier space by applying the Fourier transform and then use theorem 4.1 and the results in section 2.

If $`h_0`$ is as given then there is an operator $`A`$ in the commutant of the representation such that

$$\phi \text{ }\pi (g)A\phi ^{}=_𝕋gh_0𝑑\mu ,(gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

But after the Fourier transform, we saw that $`\widehat{A}`$ has the form $`\widehat{A}=M_f`$ where $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ with $`f(Nx)=f(x)`$ a.e. . Therefore

$$\frac{1}{2\pi }\widehat{\phi }\text{ }gf\widehat{\phi ^{}}=_𝕋gh_0𝑑\mu ,(gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

and after periodization we obtain that

$$h_0=Per\left(f\overline{\widehat{\phi }}\widehat{\phi ^{}}\right).$$

Conversely, it is easy to see that, when $`f`$ is given,

$$\frac{1}{2\pi }\widehat{\phi }\text{ }gM_f\widehat{\phi ^{}}=_𝕋gh_0𝑑\mu ,(gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

and as $`M_f`$ is in the commutant, the rest follows. ∎

###### Example 4.3.

In the sequel we consider $`N=2`$, $`m_0(z)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(1+z^p\right)`$, $`p`$ being an odd integer. This example appears also in \[BraJo\]. We try to find out the solutions for $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$.

It is easy to see that

$$R_{m_0,m_0}\text{1}\text{1}=\text{1}\text{1}$$

Also if $`\phi =\frac{1}{p}\chi _{(0,p)}`$ then

$$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi .$$

Then the wavelet representation $`(U,\pi ,L^2\left(𝕋\right),\phi ,m_0)`$ is the cyclic representation corresponding to $`h_\phi =Per\left(\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\right)`$,

$$\widehat{\phi }(x)=e^{ip\frac{x}{2}}\frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{px}{2}}{\frac{px}{2}}.$$

Using the identity

(4.2)
$$\underset{n}{}\frac{1}{(t+2\pi n)^2}=\frac{1}{4\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)},(t).$$

we obtain

$$h_\phi (t)=\frac{1}{p^2}\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{pt}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)},(t).$$

We try to construct the cyclic representation corresponding to 11. Let $`\rho =e^{i\frac{2\pi }{p}}`$ and for $`\eta 𝕋`$ define $`\alpha _\eta (f)(z)=f(\eta z)`$ for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ and $`z𝕋`$. The essential observation is that we have the following identity:

(4.3)
$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}\alpha _{\rho ^k}\left(h_\phi \right)=1,\text{ on }𝕋$$

This identity follows from the following computation:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}\alpha _{\rho ^k}\left(h_\phi \right)(t)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}h_\phi \left(t+{\displaystyle \frac{2k\pi }{p}}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{4}{p^2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{pt}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(t+\frac{2k\pi }{p}+2n\pi \right)^2}}`$
$`=4\mathrm{sin}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{pt}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(pt+2\pi l\right)^2}}(l=k+pn)`$
$`=1,\text{(using (}\text{4.2}\text{)).}`$
We construct now the cyclic representation that corresponds to 11. Let

$$_1=\underset{p\text{ times}}{\underset{}{L^2\left(\right)L^2\left(\right)\mathrm{}L^2\left(\right)}}$$

For $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ define

$$\pi _1(f)(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _{p1})=(\pi (\alpha _{\rho ^0}(f))(\xi _0),\pi (\alpha _{\rho ^1}(f))(\xi _1),\mathrm{},\pi (\alpha _{\rho ^{p1}}(f))(\xi _{p1})),$$

$$U_1(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _{p1})=(U\xi _{\sigma (0)},U\xi _{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},U\xi _{\sigma (p1)}),$$

where $`\pi `$ and $`U`$ come from the wavelet representation on $`L^2\left(\right)`$ and $`\sigma `$ is the permutation of the set $`\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}`$ given by $`\rho ^{2k}=\rho ^{\sigma (k)}`$ so $`\sigma (k)=2k\text{ mod }p`$.

$`\pi _1`$ is a representation of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`U_1`$ is unitary, and a short computation, based on the fact that $`\alpha _{\rho ^k}\left(f\left(z^2\right)\right)=\left(\alpha _{\rho ^{\sigma (k)}}(f)\right)\left(z^2\right)`$, shows that

$$U_1\pi _1(f)=\pi _1\left(f\left(z^2\right)\right)U_1,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Define $`\phi _1=(\phi ,\phi ,\mathrm{},\phi )`$. Since $`\alpha _{\rho ^k}(m_0)=m_0`$ for all $`k\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}`$ and $`U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi `$,

$$U_1\phi _1=\pi _1\left(m_0\right)\phi _1.$$

And, finally, we check that 11 is the eigenfunction that induces this representation. As $`\phi \text{ }\pi (f)\phi =_𝕋fh_\phi 𝑑\mu `$, we have

$`\phi _1\pi _1(f)\phi _1`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}{\displaystyle _𝕋}\alpha _{\rho ^k}(f)h_\phi 𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}{\displaystyle _𝕋}f\alpha _{\rho ^k}(h_\phi )𝑑\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}f{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{p1}{}}}\alpha _{\rho ^l}(h_\phi )d\mu `$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}f\text{1}\text{1}𝑑\mu ,(\text{ by (}\text{4.3}\text{})`$
Now we Fourier transform everything and try to find the commutant of the representation. After the Fourier transform, $`\widehat{\pi }_1`$ and $`\widehat{U}_1`$ have the same form as before, only now, $`\widehat{\pi }(f)`$ is the multiplication by $`f`$, ($`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$), and

$$\widehat{U}\psi (x)=\sqrt{2}\psi (2x),(\psi L^2\left(\right))$$

So consider $`A:_1_1`$ that commutes with the representation, $`A=\left(A_{ij}\right)_{i,j=0}^{p1}`$.

Consider $`gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ of period $`\frac{2\pi }{p}`$. Then $`\alpha _{\rho ^k}(g)=g`$ for all $`k`$. Hence

$$\widehat{\pi }_1(g)(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _{p1})=(\widehat{\pi }(g)(\xi _0),\mathrm{},\widehat{\pi }(g)(\xi _{p1})).$$

Also, since $`\sigma `$ is permutation, there is an $`M`$ such that $`\sigma ^M(k)=k`$ for all $`k`$ so

$$\widehat{U}_1^M(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _{p1})=(\widehat{U}^M\xi _0,\mathrm{},\widehat{U}^M\xi _{p1}).$$

Note that $`P_i`$ , the projection on the $`i`$-th component, commutes with $`\widehat{\pi }_1(g)`$ and $`\widehat{U}_1^M`$. Then $`P_iAP_j`$ commutes with $`\widehat{\pi }_1(g)`$ and $`\widehat{U}_1^M`$, and this implies that $`A_{ij}`$ commutes with $`\widehat{\pi }(g)`$ and $`\widehat{U}^M`$. Repeating the argument in theorem 4.1, we obtain that $`A_{ij}=M_{f_{ij}}`$ for some $`f_{ij}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$.

Now take $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ arbitrary. The fact that $`\widehat{\pi }_1(f)`$ and $`A`$ commute can be rewritten as

$$\underset{j=0}{\overset{p1}{}}f_{ij}\alpha _{\rho ^j}(f)\xi _j=\alpha _{\rho ^i}(f)\underset{j=0}{\overset{p1}{}}f_{ij}\xi _j,(i\{0,\mathrm{},p1\},(\xi _j)_1)$$

Fix $`k`$ and let $`\xi _j=0`$ for $`jk`$. Then

$$f_{ik}\alpha _{\rho ^k}(f)\xi _k=\alpha _{\rho ^i}(f)f_{ik}\xi _k$$

and this implies that $`f_{ik}=0`$ for $`ik`$.

Now the fact that $`A`$ commutes with $`\widehat{U}_1`$ implies

$$f_{ii}(x)=f_{\sigma (i)\sigma (i)}(2x),\text{ a.e. on },(i\{0,\mathrm{},p1\})$$

A simple check shows that any $`A`$ of this form commutes with the representation, therefore the commutant is given by :

$`\widehat{\pi }_1^{}`$ $`=\{A:_1_1|A(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _{p1})=(f_0\xi _0,\mathrm{},f_{p1}\xi _{p1}),`$
$`f_iL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right),f_i(x)=f_{\sigma (i)}(2x)\text{ a.e .}\}.`$
Using this and section 2 we obtain that the $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$-solutions for $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ must satisfy the identity

$$\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}\widehat{\phi }\text{ }\alpha _{\rho ^k}(f)f_k\widehat{\phi }=_𝕋fh,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)).$$

for some $`f_kL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ with $`f_k(x)=f_{\sigma (k)}(2x)`$ a.e. on $``$. So

$$h=\underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}Per\left(f_k\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)\right).$$

To conclude our analysis we try to find the continuous eigenfunctions. So let’s take $`h`$ continuous, having the form mentioned above. We want to see what conclusions can be drawn on $`f_i`$. We prove that they are constants.

Fix $`k\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}`$.

$`h(x)`$ $`=f_k\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2k\pi }{p}}\right)\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2k\pi }{p}}\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l\left\{0\right\}}{}}f_k\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2k\pi }{p}}+2l\pi \right)\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2k\pi }{p}}+2l\pi \right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}\left\{k\right\}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}f_j\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2j\pi }{p}}+2l\pi \right)\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{2j\pi }{p}}+2l\pi \right).`$
Denote the first sum by $`A(x)`$ and the second one by $`B(x)`$.

$$\left|A(x)\right|M\underset{l\left\{0\right\}}{}\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}+2l\pi \right),$$

where $`M=sup_isup_x\left|f_i(x)\right|`$. This last sum is a continuous function, as it is the difference between $`h_\phi \left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)`$ and $`\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)`$, and its value at $`\frac{2k\pi }{p}`$ is 0, since

$$\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(\frac{2k\pi }{p}+\frac{2k\pi }{p}+2l\pi \right)=0,l0.$$

Similarly,

$$\left|B(x)\right|M\underset{j\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}\left\{k\right\}}{}Per\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2j\pi }{p}\right)$$

and also this function is continuous and $`0`$ at $`x=\frac{2k\pi }{p}`$ ( look at $`h_\phi `$ ). Thus

$$A(x)+B(x)0,\text{ as }x\frac{2k\pi }{p}.$$

Since $`h`$ is continuous, the following identity holds

$$\underset{x\frac{2k\pi }{p}}{lim}f_k\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)=h\left(\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right).$$

But $`\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2`$ is also continuous and $`\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2(0)=1`$ so

$$\underset{x0}{lim}f_k(x)=h\left(\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right).$$

On the other hand since $`\sigma `$ is a permutation, there is a $`K`$ such that $`\sigma ^K(i)=i`$ for all $`i\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}`$. Then by induction $`f_k(x)=f_{\sigma ^K(k)}(2^Kx)=f_k(2^Kx)`$ a.e. on $``$. This, coupled with the limit at 0, makes $`f_k`$ constant $`a_k`$. Then

$$h=\underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}a_kPer\left|\widehat{\phi }\right|^2\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{p}\right)$$

so

$$h=\underset{k=0}{\overset{p1}{}}a_k\alpha _{\rho ^k}\left(h_\phi \right)$$

with $`a_k=a_{\sigma (k)}`$ for all $`k\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}`$.

We want to give a basis for the space of the continuous eigenfunctions $`h`$. For this, note that $`a_k`$ is constant for $`k`$ in a cycle of $`\sigma `$. So let $`O_1,\mathrm{},O_{c(p)}`$ be the cycles of $`\sigma `$. Then each continuous $`h`$ will have the form

$$h=\underset{k=1}{\overset{c(p)}{}}b_k\underset{lO_k}{}\alpha _{\rho ^l}\left(h_\phi \right).$$

The functions $`_{lO_k}\alpha _{\rho ^l}\left(h_\phi \right)`$ can be seen to be linearly independent if we observe that the set of zeroes are $`\left\{\rho ^l\right|l\{0,\mathrm{},p1\}O_k\}`$.

Also, it is easy to see that the cyclic representation associated to

$$h_{O_k}=\underset{lO_k}{}\alpha _{\rho ^l}\left(h_\phi \right)$$

is given by $`P_{O_k}\pi _1`$, $`P_{O_k}U_1`$, where $`P_{O_k}`$ is the projection on the components in $`O_k`$.

Take now , for example $`p=9`$. So $`m_0(z)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(1+z^9\right)`$, $`\phi =\frac{1}{9}\chi _{(0,9)}`$.

$$h_\phi (t)=\frac{1}{9^2}\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{9t}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)}.$$

it induces the wavelet representation on $`L^2\left(\right)`$.

$$\sigma =\left(\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6& 7& 8\\ 0& 2& 4& 6& 8& 1& 3& 5& 7\end{array}\right)$$

The cycles are $`O_1=\{0\}`$, $`O_2=\{1,2,4,5,7,8\}`$, $`O_3=\{3,6\}`$.

$`h_{O_1}=h_\phi `$ of course.
Observe that

$`h_{O_1}(x)+h_{O_3}(x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{4}{9^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{9\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{3}+2n\pi \right)}{2}\right)}{\left(x+\frac{2k\pi }{3}+2n\pi \right)^2}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{4}{3^2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{9x}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(3x+2\pi (k+3n)\right)^2}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{4}{3^2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{9x}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(3x+2\pi l\right)^2}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{9x}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{3x}{2}\right)}}.`$
Also

$$h_{O_1}+h_{O_2}+h_{O_3}=\text{1}\text{1}.$$

Therefore a basis for the continuous eigenfunctions is

$$\{\text{1}\text{1},\frac{1}{3^2}\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{9x}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{3x}{2}\right)},\frac{1}{9^2}\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{9x}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}\}.$$

###### Acknowledgements.

The author wants to thank professor Palle E.T. Jorgensen for his suggestions and his always kind and prompt help.