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# 1 INTRODUCTION

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Studying the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the gravitational field of a rotating black hole is of great importance in understanding the astrophysics of quasars. Quasars manifest themselves as compact, intense sources of electromagnetic radiation, which occasionally have huge narrowly directed jets and which are most likely active galactic nuclei. The Blandford Znajek process  is one of the models that accounts for observational manifestations of quasars. A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of plasma accreting onto a rotating black hole underlies this process. Through the Bardeen Petterson process , accretion can proceed only from the equatorial plane; therefore, it makes sense to model accretion as a superposition of equatorial ring currents. Such modeling is proper if the pair production by an induced electric field gives rise to currents that are much weaker than the source ring current. The Hawking effect of particle production on the horizon is negligible in this model, because it gives a negligible correction when the Compton particle wavelength is much smaller than the radius of space curvature. For electrons, this corresponds to a black hole with a mass larger than about $`10^{16}M_{^{_{{\scriptscriptstyle }}}}`$.

In all the cited studies, calculations were performed by using 3 + 1 formalism. In contrast to these studies, we use the general covariant formalism of general relativity and do not use the approximation of MHD magnetic field line freezing-in in plasma, which leads to the condition for the scalar product of the electric and magnetic fields being equal to zero (force-free field). We introduce same notation for electromagnetic and gravitational quantities as in , (§90). 111Below, we use the system of units $`=1`$ — the speed of light, and $`G=1`$ — the gravitational constant, for convenience.

## 2 SPECIFYING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Let us specify the boundary conditions that must be imposed on the electromagnetic-field tensor components required to determine the latter. First, the classical boundary conditions must be satisfied: all field components must become zero at infinity. Second, the boundary conditions on the horizon must also be added to the classical ones. They are required so that, in the frame of reference associated with a freely falling observer (FFO), no anomalies arise in its motion as it flies up to the horizon due to the electromagnetic-field acceleration (anomalies result in the violation of the condition for the FFO electric charge being a test one. 222A more detailed discussion of this requirement can be found in . Therefore, to find the conditions imposed on the field components on the horizon, we must write out the 4-vector of FFO acceleration and establish which of its components have the anomalies on the horizon related to the electromagnetic field. Below, we use the coordinates that are at rest with respect to an infinitely remote, static observer. The FFO 4-acceleration components are 333Unless stated otherwise, the Latin indices run the series 0, 1, 2, 3, while the Greek indices run the series 1, 2, 3.

$$W^i=w^i+\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)F^{ij}u__j$$
$`(1)`$
Here, $`e`$ and $`m`$ are the FFO test charge and mass, respectively; $`w^i=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{km}^iu^^ku^^m`$, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{km}^i`$ are the Christoffel symbols; $`F^{ij}`$ are the contravariant tensor components of the electromagnetic field; and $`u^^k`$ are the FFO 4-velocity components. Let us calculate the 4-acceleration for a radially falling FFO in the Schwarzschild metric. The components of the Christoffel symbols and the FFO 4-velocity for this metric are given in . Denoting the Schwarzschild radius by $`r__g=2M`$, where $`M`$ is the blackhole mass, we have

$$u^^0=g_{_{rr}};u^^r=\sqrt{r__g/r};w^0=\frac{1}{r}(r__g/r)^{3/2};w^1=\frac{r__g}{2r^2}(2+g_{_{rr}}).$$

The remaining $`u^^i`$ and $`w^i`$ are zero. When approaching the horizon ($`rr__g`$), the metric tensor component $`g_{_{rr}}\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, let us write out the asymptotics of the squares of the observed 4-acceleration components in the principal (in $`g_{_{rr}}`$) order expressed in terms of the contravariant field components:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}W_0W^0g_{_{rr}}\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2\frac{r__g}{r}\left(F^{r0}\right)^2;W_rW^rg_{_{rr}}\left[\frac{r__g}{2r^2}g_{_{rr}}+\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)F^{r0}\right]^2;\hfill & & \\ \text{ }\hfill & & \\ W_\theta W^\theta g_{_{rr}}^2\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2\frac{r__g}{r}g_{_{\theta \theta }}\left(F^{r\theta }\right)^2;W_\phi W^\phi g_{_{rr}}^2\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2\frac{r__g}{r}g_{_{\phi \phi }}\left(F^{r\phi }\right)^2.\hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(2)`$
We thus see that the singularity in the radial acceleration component does not result in the violation of the condition for the charge being a test one for the following reasons: (1) the gravitation near the horizon in the radial direction acts a factor of $`g_{_{rr}}`$ more strongly than the electromagnetic field; (2) the zero $`W`$ component has a weak singularity; and (3) the tangential acceleration components have a strong singularity, which can significantly change the FFO trajectory near the horizon and can violate the condition for the FFO charge being a test one: $`em`$. The contravariant components of the tangential magnetic field must be set equal to zero on the horizon, lest this happen. Similarly, the asymptotics of the squares of the 4-acceleration components dependent on the covariant field components is

$$\begin{array}{ccc}W_0W^0g_{_{rr}}\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2\frac{r__g}{r}\mathrm{"}\left(F_{r0}\right)^2;\mathrm{"}W_rW^rg_{_{rr}}\left[\frac{r__g}{2r^2}g_{_{rr}}+\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)F_{r0}\right]^2;\hfill & & \\ \text{ }\hfill & & \\ W_\theta W^\theta g_{_{rr}}^2\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2g^{^{\theta \theta }}\left(F_{\theta 0}\right)^2;W_\phi W^\phi g_{_{rr}}^2\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)^2g^{^{\phi \phi }}\left(F_{\phi 0}\right)^2.\hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(3)`$
We thus see that the covariant components of the tangential electric field with the strongest singularity must become equal to zero on the horizon. However, the Kerr field rather than the Schwarzschild field is of physical interest. Let us write out the Kerr metric and its determinant in a nonrotating (relative to remote stars) frame:

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}ds^2=(1\frac{r_gr}{\rho ^2})dt^2\frac{\rho ^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }}dr^2\rho ^2d\theta ^2\hfill & & \\ (r^2+a^2+\frac{r_gra^2}{\rho ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta )\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2+\frac{2r_gra}{\rho ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi dt,\hfill & & \\ g=\rho ^4\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(4)`$
(here, $`\rho ^2=r^2+a^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta `$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=r^2+a^2r_gr`$, and $`a`$ is the Kerr parameter). In this case, in the Kerr field, both the space itself and the FFO are drawn into rotation when approaching a black hole. The conditions for the tangential electromagnetic field components in the Schwarzschild field then change to the conditions for the same components in the frame of reference observers in the Kerr field. 444In what follows, by the reference frame we mean a frame in which $`g_{_{0\phi }}^{^{\prime \prime }}=0`$ (see ). This is the frame in which the reference observers rotate with angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }=g_{_{0\phi }}/g_{_{\phi \phi }}`$ relative to remote stars and have a zero angular momentum. Expressions (2) and (3) give a summary of the boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field on the horizon in the Kerr field:

$$F_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{\theta 0}{}^{}0;F_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{\phi 0}{}^{}0;F_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{r\theta }0;F_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{r\phi }0.$$
$`(5)`$
Let us write out formulas that can be of use in the subsequent analysis. Designating $`\kappa =g_{_{00}}/g_{_{\phi \phi }}`$, $`\kappa +\mathrm{\Omega }^2=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta /g_{_{\phi \phi }}^2`$, we then have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}g^{^{\theta \theta }}=1/g_{_{\theta \theta }},g^{^{rr}}=1/g_{_{rr}},g^{^{00}}=\frac{g_{_{\phi \phi }}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta },\hfill & & \\ g^{^{\phi \phi }}=\frac{g_{_{00}}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta },g^{^{0\phi }}=\frac{g_{_{0\phi }}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta }.\hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(6)`$
## 3 PASSAGE TO THE REFERENCE FRAME

Since the current is axisymmetric and stationary, the system has two Killing vectors: along the translations in time and along the translations in angle $`\phi `$. Therefore, all fields in frame (4) are stationary. In general, this stationarity is not conserved when passing to a frame of reference rotating with an arbitrary angular velocity. To show this, let us write out the coordinate transformations to a frame of reference rotating with a spatially nonuniform angular velocity $`\omega (r,\theta )`$ required in the subsequent analysis:

$$dx^i=dx^k[\delta _k^i+\omega \delta _\phi ^i\delta _k^0+t\delta _\phi ^i\delta _k^\beta _\beta \omega ]$$
$`(7)`$
The corresponding transformations of the contravariant field components (see ) are

$$F^{\alpha 0}=F^{\alpha 0};\mathrm{"}F^{0\phi }=F^{0\phi }+tF^{\alpha 0}_\alpha \omega ;F^{\alpha \phi }=F^{\alpha \phi }\omega F^{\alpha 0};F^{r\theta }=F^{r\theta }.$$
$`(8)`$
For the covariant components, we derive 555 $`e^{\alpha \beta \gamma }=e_{\alpha \beta \gamma }`$ — is the Levi Civita symbol.

$$F_{\alpha \phi }^{}=F_{\alpha \phi };F_{\alpha 0}^{}=F_{\alpha 0}+\omega F_{\alpha \phi };F_{0\phi }^{}=F_{0\phi };F_{r\theta }^{}=F_{r\theta }+te^{\alpha \beta \phi }F_{\alpha \phi }_\beta \omega .$$
$`(9)`$
In expressions (8) and (9), $`\alpha `$ runs the values of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$. We see from these expressions that only the frames of reference rigidly rotating relative to another stationary frame (relative to remote stars) are stationary. The stationary frame of reference rotating with the horizon angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }__H`$ coincides with the FFO frame on the horizon. Therefore, the boundary conditions in this horizon frame, which below is marked by a tilde, 666A tilde denotes the electromagnetic field components in a stationary frame of reference that passes to the horizon reference frame, i.e., to the frame rotating with the FFO angular velocity on the horizon, $`\mathrm{\Omega }__H=\frac{a}{r__Hr_g}`$. are the same as (5):

$$\stackrel{~}{F}_{\theta 0}0;\stackrel{~}{F}_{\phi 0}0;\stackrel{~}{F}^{r\theta }0;\stackrel{~}{F}^{r\phi }0.$$
$`(10)`$
## 4 MAXWELL EQUATIONS

Suppose that the current has a density with a deltashaped distribution function in the meridional plane:

$$j^i(r,\theta )=J^\phi \delta _\phi ^i\left[\delta (rr__0)\delta (\theta \theta __0)\right]/\sqrt{g}.$$
$`(11)`$
Since the other currents are assumed to be negligible and since the frame is stationary, the toroidal electromagnetic- field components are zero. Therefore, the axisymmetric Maxwell equations for the covariant field components outside the horizon are

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}e^{\alpha \beta \phi }_\beta F_{\alpha \phi }=0;\hfill & & \\ e^{\alpha \beta \phi }_\beta F_{\alpha 0}=0.\hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(12)`$
We thus see that the covariant tensor components of the electromagnetic field can be represented as

$$F_{\alpha \phi }=_\alpha A_\phi ;F_{\alpha 0}=_\alpha A__0.$$
$`(13)`$
Here, $`A_i`$ — are the covariant components of the 4-vector electromagnetic-field components. Let us now write the axial Maxwell equations for the contravariant field components without electric charges:

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\alpha (\sqrt{g}F^{\alpha 0})=0,& & \\ \hfill \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\alpha (\sqrt{g}F^{\alpha \phi })=4\pi j^\phi .& & \end{array}$$
$`(14)`$
The right-hand part of the second equation in (14) is given by expression (11).

## 5 DETERMINING THE MAGNETIC-FIELD COMPONENTS

Let us determine the magnetic field in the Schwarzschild metric ($`a=0`$ in ). Because of axial symmetry, the vector potential of the magnetic field has the toroidal component alone. According to (13), we have for its covariant part

$$F^{\gamma \phi }=g^{\gamma \beta }g^{\phi \phi }_\beta A_\phi .$$
$`(15)`$
Denoting the tensor components in Euclidean space by the subscript 0, we then have, according to (6),

$$F^{\gamma \phi }=g__0^{\gamma \beta }(\delta _\beta ^\gamma \frac{r__g}{r}\delta _\beta ^r\delta _r^\gamma )g__0^{\phi \phi }_\beta A_\phi =F__0^{\beta \phi }(\delta _\beta ^\gamma \frac{r__g}{r}\delta _\beta ^r\delta _r^\gamma ).$$
$`(16)`$
We see from (15) and (16) that if the function Aj is smooth and has no singularities, then the boundary conditions (5) are satisfied with the required asymptotics (2). The second equation in (14) can then be rewritten as

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\alpha (\sqrt{g}F__0^{\alpha \phi })=4\pi j_{tot}^\phi .$$
$`(17)`$
where we designated $`j_{tot}^\phi =j^\phi +\frac{r__g}{4\pi r^2}_r(rF__0^{r\phi })`$. Next, let us introduce the physical vector components by the definition (see )

$$\widehat{B}^\alpha =B^\beta \sqrt{|g_{\alpha \beta }|}$$
$`(18)`$
In these components, Eq. (17) has the form of the Poisson equation in Euclidean space for the vector potential $`\widehat{A}^\gamma `$ with source $`\widehat{j}_{tot}^\gamma `$. The solution of this equation is known to be (see )

$$\widehat{A}^\alpha {}_{(r,\theta )}{}^{}=\delta _\phi ^\alpha \widehat{e}^\phi \frac{\widehat{j^{}}_{tot}^\gamma \widehat{e}_\gamma }{|\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r^{}}|}r^2dr^{}\underset{r_g}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{|}}\mathrm{sin}\theta ^{}d\theta ^{}\underset{0}{\overset{\pi }{|}}d\phi ^{}\underset{\pi }{\overset{\pi }{|}}.$$
$`(19)`$
Here, $`\widehat{e}^\gamma `$ — is a unit vector 777$`\widehat{j^{}}_{tot}^\gamma \widehat{e}_\gamma =j_{}^{}{}_{tot}{}^{\phi }r^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta ^{}\mathrm{cos}\phi ^{}`$. in the direction of angle $`\phi `$, $`|\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r^{}}|^2=r^2+r^22rr^{}(\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta ^{}+\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta ^{}\mathrm{cos}\phi ^{}),`$ $`\theta `$ — is the inclination of vector $`𝐫`$ to the $`z`$ axis, $`\theta ^{}`$ is the inclination of vector $`𝐫^{}`$ to the $`z`$ axis, and $`\phi ^{}`$ is the angle between the projections of vectors $`𝐫`$ and $`𝐫^{}`$ onto the plane perpendicular to the $`z`$ axis. The integration is performed in Euclidean space outside the sphere of radius $`r_g`$. Solution (19) is obtained by iterations; we assume that $`r__g=0`$ in the initial iteration.
Let us determine the magnetic vector

$$H_\lambda =\frac{\sqrt{g}}{2}e_{\lambda \beta \gamma }F^{\beta \gamma },$$
$`(20a)`$
or

$$F^{\alpha \beta }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}H_\lambda e^{\lambda \alpha \beta }.$$
$`(20b)`$
According to (18) and (20), the components $`A_\phi `$, $`H_r`$ , and $`H_\theta `$ are given by

$$A_\phi =r\mathrm{sin}\theta \widehat{A}^\phi ,H_r=\frac{_\theta (\mathrm{sin}\theta \widehat{A}^\phi )}{r\mathrm{sin}\theta },H_\theta /r=\frac{1\frac{r_g}{r}}{r}_r(r\widehat{A}^\phi ).$$
$`(21)`$
For the initial iteration, according to (21), the following expressions can be derived for the magnetic- field components from (19) and because of the presence of delta functions in (11):

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}H_r^^0{}_{(r,\theta )}{}^{}=\left[\frac{J^\phi }{r__0}\right]\underset{\pi }{\overset{\pi }{}}\left\{\frac{\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\phi ^{}(1+x^2x\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi ^{})}{x\mathrm{sin}\theta (1+x^22x\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi ^{})^{3/2}}\right\}d\phi ^{}\hfill & & \\ H_\theta ^^0{}_{(r,\theta )}{}^{}/r=\left[\frac{J^\phi }{r__0}\right]\underset{\pi }{\overset{\pi }{}}\left\{\frac{x\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\phi ^{}\mathrm{cos}\phi ^{}}{x(1+x^22x\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi ^{})^{3/2}}\right\}d\phi ^{}.\hfill & & \end{array}$$
$`(22)`$
Here, we designated $`x=r/r__0`$. In particular, we obtain

$$\underset{\theta 0}{lim}(H_\theta ^^0/r)=0,\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}(H_\theta ^^0/r)=\frac{\pi J^\phi \mathrm{sin}\theta }{r__0x^3},\underset{\theta 0}{lim}H_r^^0=\frac{2\pi J^\phi \mathrm{cos}\theta }{r__0(1+x^2)^{3/2}}.$$
$`(23)`$
## 6 DETERMINING THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

To calculate the electric potential $`A__0`$, we use the formula

$$F^{\alpha 0}=\{F_{\beta 0}g^{^{00}}+F_{\beta \phi }g^{^{0\phi }}\}g^{^{\alpha \beta }}$$
$`(24)`$
However, the components $`F^{\alpha 0}`$ must be expressed in terms of $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{\beta 0}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{F}^{\beta \phi }`$, because we know the boundary conditions only for them in stationary frames of reference. For the poloidal electromagnetic-field components, using formulas (6), (8), and (9), and the expression $`g^{^{\alpha i}}g_{_{\gamma i}}=g^{^{\alpha \beta }}g_{_{\gamma \beta }}=\delta __\gamma ^^\alpha `$, 888 For $`\alpha `$ running the values of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$, we have $`g_{0\alpha }=0`$ and $`g^{0\alpha }=0`$. we obtain

$$F^{\alpha 0}=L_f[g^{^{00}}g^{^{\alpha \beta }}\stackrel{~}{A}_0,{}_{\beta }{}^{}+\stackrel{~}{F}^{\alpha \phi }(\mathrm{\Omega }__H\mathrm{\Omega })/(\kappa +\mathrm{\Omega }^2)],$$
$`(25)`$
where $`L_f=\left[1(\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }__H)^2/(\kappa +\mathrm{\Omega }^2)\right]^1`$ has the meaning of FFO Lorentz factor relative to the stationary frame of the horizon. Hence, in the second approximation in $`a^{}=a/M=L/M^2`$, the dimensionless black-hole angular momentum ($`0<a^{}<1`$), the first equation in (14) can be reduced to

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{A}__0=4\pi \left(f_{(H_\alpha )}+U_{(\stackrel{~}{A}__0)}\right),$$
$`(26)`$
Here, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ — is the Laplace operator in Euclidean space and $`H_\alpha `$ — are the Schwarzschild magnetic-field components derived in the preceding section:
$`U_{(\stackrel{~}{A}__0)}=\frac{r__g}{4\pi r^3}_r(r^2_r\stackrel{~}{A}__0),`$$`f_{(H_\alpha )}=\frac{a}{4\pi r__g^2}(1\frac{r__g}{r})\times \times ((1+\frac{r__g}{r}+\frac{r__g^2}{r^2})[2\mathrm{cos}\theta H_r4\pi j^\phi r^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta ]\mathrm{sin}\theta (2+\frac{r__g}{r})H_\theta /r).`$
The expression in round brackets on the right-hand side of Eq. (26) is an analog of the electric charge density in the Poisson equation. However, because of the second term, the $`\stackrel{~}{A}__0`$ —dependent function $`U`$, it can be solved by the iteration method assuming that $`U=0`$ in the initial iteration. According to the boundary conditions (10), solving Eq. (26) is equivalent to calculating the potential $`\stackrel{~}{A}__0`$, produced by the density of electric charge $`\rho =(f+U)`$ around a conductive sphere of radius $`r__g`$ in Euclidean space. This external problem for the Poisson equation can be solved by the image method . The solution that satisfies the boundary conditions (10) is

$$\stackrel{~}{A}__0{}_{(r,\theta )}{}^{}=\rho _{(r^{},\theta ^{})}\{\frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r^{}}|}\frac{r__g/r^{}}{|\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r^{}}(r__g^2/r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})|}\}r^2dr^{}\underset{r_g}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{|}}\mathrm{sin}\theta ^{}d\theta ^{}\underset{0}{\overset{\pi }{|}}d\phi ^{}\underset{\pi }{\overset{\pi }{|}}.$$
$`(27)`$
The integration is performed in Euclidean space outside the sphere of radius $`r__g`$ \[see (19)\]. According to (7), we obtain the potential $`A__0`$ from (27)

$$A__0=\stackrel{~}{A}__0\mathrm{\Omega }__H\stackrel{~}{A}_\phi ;A_\phi =\stackrel{~}{A}_\phi .$$
$`(28)`$
We can factor $`aJ^\phi /r__0`$ outside integral (27). Denoting the magnetic-field strength at the center of the system in the absence of a black hole by $`H__0=2\pi J^\phi /r__0`$ \[see (23)\], we derive for $`\stackrel{~}{A}__0`$ and $`A__0`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{A}__0=\stackrel{~}{Int}(\frac{r}{r__g},\theta )a^{}MH__0/(2\pi );\text{ }A__0=Int(\frac{r}{r__g},\theta )a^{}MH__0/(2\pi ).$$
$`(29)`$
Here, $`Int(\frac{r}{r__g},\theta )`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Int}(\frac{r}{r__g},\theta )`$ are dimensionless functions, which can be numerically calculated using expressions (27) and (28). The corresponding results are shown in the figure. Some important characteristics of the solution can also be established analytically.

1). Since the system has a mirror symmetry relative to the inversion in the equatorial plane, 999This can be seen from (26) and from the expression for $`f`$ ($`\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ and $`H_\theta `$ are even, while $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`H_r`$ are odd relative to the mirror inversion). the electric-field direction on the axis depends on the coincidence of the directions of black-hole angular momentum and ring-current moment.

2). We see from (27) that $`\stackrel{~}{A}__00`$ when $`rr__H`$ (the expression in curly braces becomes zero). This important result has a simple explanation:
Since the total charge under the horizon is zero, the electric field must pierce the horizon in different directions. Therefore, there must be an equipotential surface that separates these directions, pierces the horizon, and goes to infinity. Since the potential $`\stackrel{~}{A}__0`$ changes neither on this surface, nor on the horizon (in view of the boundary conditions), the horizon potential is equal to the potential at infinity (zero). This conclusion has an important implication: the existence of a local extremum for the potential $`\stackrel{~}{A}__0`$. Similar reasoning also applies to $`A__0`$. It might seem that a nonzero electric charge density must arise near the extremum. In reality, however, this is not the case: the charge density is determined by the contravariant electric-field components ($`F^{\alpha 0}`$ rather than $`F_{\alpha 0}`$), while the derivation of (27) is based on the first equation in (14), a zero charge density in the entire space. We emphasize that there is no extremum in the well-known solution of Wald  for a black hole placed in a uniform magnetic field aligned along the symmetry axis of the black hole. This is because the field does not vanish at infinity in this solution, and this nonphysical boundary condition wipes out the extremum.

## 7 THE KINETIC ENERGY OF A CHARGED PARTICLE EMERGING ALONG THE AXIS

The conserved mass energy of a charged particle with a zero angular momentum component along the $`z`$ axis is given by

$$E=m__0\gamma __L\sqrt{\frac{\rho ^2\mathrm{\Delta }}{(r^2+a^2)^2a^2\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta }}qA__0=m__0\gamma _{_L}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}},$$
$`(30)`$
where $`\gamma __L`$ — is the Lorentz factor of the particle, and $`q`$ — is its charge. Consider the acceleration of an emerging charged particle along the axis by an electric field. Since $`qA__0=|q\stackrel{~}{A}__0|`$ in this case, the kinetic energy of this particle at infinity with $`\gamma __L`$, $`g_{_{00}}`$, and $`A__0`$ specified at any point of the $`z`$ axis is

$$E_k=Em__0=m__0(\sqrt{g_{_{00}}}\gamma __L1)+|qA__0|.$$
$`(31)`$
Since the electromagnetic energy of a charged particle for quasars is much larger than the corresponding rest energy, it is convenient to represent the result for $`A__0`$ as the energy (in electronvolts) that an elementary charge emerging along the axis acquires. For magnetic fields $`H__010^4`$ and mass $`M10^8M_{^{_{{\scriptscriptstyle }}}}`$ we obtain from (29) and (31):
$`E_ka^{}10^{19}Int(\frac{r}{r__g},0)`$ \[eV\].

## 8 CONCLUSION

We have calculated the electric field generated by a rotating black hole that interacts with an external magnetic field. As can be seen from the above discussion, this field is quadrupole in nature, being actually an analog of the pulsar electric field (unipolar inductor model ). The situation on the $`z`$ axis was not chosen by chance. Because of strong magnetic fields, the Larmor radii of a charged particle must be of the order of the gravitational radius of the system, and the particle acceleration mechanism will be effective only in directions close to the $`z`$ axis, where the Lorentz force does not act. The reader may ask a legitimate question: Will a strong electric field produce electron positron plasma near the horizon and will it destroy the force field $`(𝐄𝐇)0`$? At large gradients in $`A__0`$, this can actually happen, and the problem should then be solved in the force-free approximation (see review papers \[9 11\] on this subject). However, as numerical estimates show, the electric-field strength in the model does not exceed $`10^7Vcm^1`$ while a strength of the order of $`10^9Vcm^1`$ is required for the particle production. 101010The production of particles by inverse-Compton-type effects is not considered, because the particle number density around the black hole is assumed to be low. In addition, in the force-free approximation, particles cannot be accelerated along the $`z`$ axis, because there is no electric field in this direction. Besides, in any direction in a forcefree field, the electric and magnetic fields equally act on the particle. Therefore, even if its trajectory goes to infinity, the particle loses most of its energy in the process. Recall that jets are observed in quasars precisely in the directions along and opposite to the axis. For this reason, solving the problem under consideration in the force-field approximation is of considerable importance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank N.S. Kardashev, V.S. Beskin, V.N. Lukash, B.V. Komberg, M.I. Zel nikov, Yu.Yu. Kovalev, and all the remaining staff of the theoretical departments at the Astrospace Center and the Lebedev Institute of Physics, as well as participants of workshops for taking an active part in preparing the article and for important remarks.

This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project N 00-15-96698 and 01-02-17829).

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Translated by V. Astakhov


text:
# One-loop vertex integrals in heavy-particle effective theories

## 1 Introduction

The study of the dynamics and spectroscopy of hadrons containing a heavy quark has been greatly simplified and systematized with the introduction of heavy quark effective theory (HQET) . Heavy-particle theories along similar lines have also been successfully applied in other, related contexts. Thus, in those cases where a chiral approach to the strong interactions of heavy hadrons with light mesons is applicable, a combination of chiral and heavy-quark symmetries leads to heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory (HHChPT) . A heavy-particle expansion has also been developed in the chiral-perturbative framework for nucleon-meson interactions, which constitutes the so-called heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) .

In this paper we report on a complete analytic computation of three-point loop integrals with one heavy propagator, up to the third tensor rank, for arbitrary real values of masses and residual momenta. Together with the results for vertex integrals with two heavy propagators , this gives the set of all one-loop three-point integrals in heavy particle theories.

For the calculations we use the same method as in , namely, we compute the vertex integrals with heavy propagators as limits of ordinary three-point integrals. The latter are evaluated by closely following the method of , so that the calculation is standardized and the results expressed in terms of the usual logs and dilogs. Since we only have to compute to leading order in a certain limit, however, the calculations are drastically simplified as compared to ordinary vertex integrals.

In the next section, we define the integrals to be studied and give the calculational details and results for the scalar integral. We also discuss some particular cases which are of importance in applications and as cross-checks of our results. Then, in section 3 we consider the vector, second-, and third-rank tensor integrals, which are given in terms of scalar integrals.

## 2 Vertex integrals

The three-point loop integrals we consider are of the form,

$$_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}=\frac{i\mu ^{4d}}{(2\pi )^d}d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^{\alpha _n}}{\left(2v\mathrm{}\delta M+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}p)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}p^{})^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)}.$$
(1)
Here $`v^\mu `$ is the velocity of the heavy lines, $`p^\mu `$ and $`p^\mu `$ the residual momenta of the external heavy particles, and $`\delta M`$ the residual mass of the internal one, given by the mass splitting within the corresponding heavy-quark symmetry multiplet. $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ are the masses of the light particles in the loop, which are pseudoscalar mesons in HHChPT and HBChPT, and (massless) gluons in HQET. The scalar integral is finite, whereas the vector and higher-rank tensors are divergent, with degree of divergence $`n+d5`$. We consider tensor integrals with $`n=1,2,3`$ below. These are computed in terms of integrals with lower rank and fewer points.

By shifting the integration variable $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}+(p^{}+p)/2`$ , the scalar integral can be written as,

$$_3=\frac{i}{(2\pi )^4}d^4\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\left(2v\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)},$$
(2)
with $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\delta Mv(p^{}+p)`$, $`q=(p^{}p)/2`$. Thus, $`_3`$ depends explicitly on $`q^\mu `$, through $`q^2`$ and $`vq`$, but depends on $`(p^{}+p)^\mu `$ only through $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Since $`_3`$ is invariant under the transformation $`qq`$, $`mm^{}`$ of its arguments, we can choose $`vq>0`$ without loss of generality.

We will compute the scalar integral $`_3`$ as the large-mass limit of the auxiliary integral

$$\stackrel{~}{}_3=\frac{i}{(2\pi )^4}d^4\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\left((\mathrm{}+Mv)^2(M+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)}.$$
(3)
Since both $`_3`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ are convergent, we clearly have, $`_3=lim_M\mathrm{}M\stackrel{~}{}_3.`$ The calculation of $`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ to leading order in $`M`$ will be carried out by closely following the standard method of . We will only sketch the main steps of the calculation.

Starting from the usual Feynman parametrization for $`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$, after integrating over $`d^4\mathrm{}`$ and over the Feynman parameter multiplying the last propagator in (3), we obtain,

$`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑x{\displaystyle \frac{1}{D}}+𝒪\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2}}\right)`$ (4)
$`D`$ $`=`$ $`M^2z^2+Mz(2(12x)vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+xm^2+(1x)m^24x(1x)q^2i\epsilon .`$
In this expression we have retained only the leading terms in $`M`$ in the coefficients of the polynomial in the denominator. Clearly, only the region where $`z=𝒪(M^1)`$ will contribute to $`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ to $`𝒪(M^1)`$, so we have also set the upper limit of the integral over $`x`$ to 1 instead of $`1z`$.

We notice that if we make the change of variable $`\lambda =Mz`$ in (4) and let $`M\mathrm{}`$, we are led to the HQET parametrization for $`_3`$, confirming the validity of the approximations leading to (4).

Following , we make the change of variable $`zz\alpha x/M`$, with $`\alpha `$ one of the roots to $`(\alpha v2q)^2=0`$,

$$\alpha _\pm =2(vq\pm |𝐪|).$$
(5)
We henceforth assume that $`q^2<(vq)^2`$, so that $`|𝐪|\sqrt{(vq)^2q^2}>0`$ is real. For the change of variable we choose $`\alpha =\alpha _+>0`$, leading to,

$$\stackrel{~}{}_3=\frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}_0^1𝑑x_{\alpha x/M}^{1+\alpha x/M}𝑑z\frac{1}{M^2z^2(4M|𝐪|zz_0)x+Mz(2vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+m^2i\epsilon },$$
(6)
with $`z_0=(m^2m^2)\alpha _+(\mathrm{\Delta }2|𝐪|)`$. Exchanging the order of integration,

$`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}\left\{{\displaystyle _0^{\alpha /M}}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^{Mz/\alpha }}𝑑x+{\displaystyle _{\alpha /M}^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑x+{\displaystyle _1^{1+\alpha /M}}𝑑z{\displaystyle _{\frac{M}{\alpha }(z1)}^1}𝑑x\right\}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2z^2(4M|𝐪|zz_0)x+Mz(2vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+m^2i\epsilon }}.`$
In the last integral in this equation $`z=𝒪(1)`$ over the entire domain of integration, so that the integral itself is $`𝒪(M^2)`$ and can be neglected. We will drop it henceforth. Integrating over $`dx`$ we then have,

$`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\alpha /M}}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|zz_0}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{Y}{Z}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _{\alpha /M}^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|zz_0}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{X}{Z}}\right)`$ (8)
$`X`$ $`=`$ $`M^2z^2+Mz(2vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+m^2i\epsilon (4M|𝐪|zz_0)`$
$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`M^2z^2+Mz(2vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+m^2i\epsilon {\displaystyle \frac{M}{\alpha }}z(4M|𝐪|zz_0)`$
$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`M^2z^2+Mz(2vq+\mathrm{\Delta })+m^2i\epsilon `$
We notice that there is no singularity at the zero of the denominator of the integrand in (8), $`z=z_0/(4M|𝐪|)`$, since $`X=Y=Z`$ there and the logs vanish. The roots of these polynomials in $`z`$ are given by,

$`x_{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`vp^{}+2|𝐪|{\displaystyle \frac{\delta M}{2}}\pm \sqrt{\left(vp{\displaystyle \frac{\delta M}{2}}\right)^2m^2+i\epsilon }`$
$`y_{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\alpha _{}}}\left(4q^2+m^2m^2\pm \sqrt{\left(4q^2(m^{}+m)^2\text{}\right)\left(4q^2(m^{}m)^2\text{}\right)+i\epsilon \sigma }\right)`$ (9)
$`z_{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`vp^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta M}{2}}\pm \sqrt{\left(vp^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta M}{2}}\right)^2m^2+i\epsilon },`$
where in the expression for $`y_j`$ we denoted $`\sigma \mathrm{sgn}(q^2)`$. The fact that $`X`$, $`Y`$, and $`Z`$ are all equal at $`z=z_0/(4M|𝐪|)`$ leads to the important identity,

$$\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}x_1\right)\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}x_2\right)=\frac{\alpha _{}}{\alpha _+}\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}y_1\right)\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}y_2\right)=\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}z_1\right)\left(\frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|}z_2\right)$$
(10)
Factorizing the polynomials in the arguments of the logarithms in (8), we get

$`\stackrel{~}{}_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\alpha /M}}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|zz_0}}\left\{\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{}}{\alpha _+}}\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{y_1}{M}}\right)\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{y_2}{M}}\right)\right]\mathrm{log}\left[\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{M}}\right)\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{z_2}{M}}\right)\right]\right\}`$ (11)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _{\alpha /M}^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|zz_0}}\left\{\mathrm{log}\left[\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{x_1}{M}}\right)\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{x_2}{M}}\right)\right]\mathrm{log}\left[\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{M}}\right)\left(z{\displaystyle \frac{z_2}{M}}\right)\right]\right\}.`$
In order to be able to distribute the integrals inside the braces without introducing spurious singularities at the zero of the denominator, we add and subtract the value of each logarithm at $`z=z_0/(4M|𝐪|)`$, with the help of identity (10). We can then use the fact that $`x_{1,2}`$ have imaginary parts of opposite sign, and analogously $`y_{1,2}`$ and $`z_{1,2}`$, to split the logarithms. (In the case of the logarithm containing $`y_{1,2}`$, proper account must be taken of the fact that there is a factor $`\alpha _{}/\alpha _+`$ in the argument. Whereas $`\alpha _+>0`$, we have $`\alpha _{}>0`$ if $`q^2>0`$, and $`\alpha _{}<0`$ if $`q^2<0`$.) This procedure, which is described in detail in  (see also , and appendix A), leads to a set of integrals that can be evaluated in terms of dilogarithms, with the result,

$`_3`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{M\mathrm{}}{lim}M\stackrel{~}{}_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4|𝐪|}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2}{}}\left(_1(y_j)+_2(x_j)_3(z_j)\right)`$ (12)
$`_1(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_0}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)`$
$`_2(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{\mu ^2}}\right)`$
$`_3(x)`$ $``$ $`_1(x)+_2(x)=\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_0}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{\mu ^2}}\right).`$
In this equation the functions $`_2`$ and $`_3`$ are defined in terms of an arbitrary mass parameter $`\mu >0`$, analogous to the dimensional regularization mass unit. $`_3`$ does not depend on $`\mu `$ since, by virtue of the identity (10), all $`\mu `$ dependence cancels in the sum in (12). In principle, $`\mu `$ can be eliminated from $`_3`$, but we prefer not to do so. In appendix A we discuss the form of $`_2`$ in more detail, and give several equivalent forms for it, some of which will be used below. (12) is then our final result for $`_3`$.

The cuts of $`_3`$ as a function of external momenta can be easily found from (11). As $`M\mathrm{}`$, the integral of the logarithm containing $`y_{1,2}`$ has a cut at $`(m^{}+m)^2<4q^2<+\mathrm{}`$, that of the log containing $`x_{1,2}`$ has a cut at $`\delta M/2+m<vp<+\mathrm{}`$, and the integral of the log containing $`z_{1,2}`$ has a cut at $`\delta M/2+m^{}<vp^{}<+\mathrm{}`$.

### 2.1 The massless case

In HQET the heavy quark-gluon vertex at one loop  is expressed in terms of integrals of the form (1) with $`m^{}=0=m`$, and $`\delta M=0`$ if the heavy quark residual mass term in the Lagrangian is chosen to vanish. The scalar integral $`_3`$ has been given in  in that case, for $`q^2<0`$, $`vp^{}<0`$, $`vp<0`$. It is then of interest to evaluate our result (12) in the massless case, both because of its applicability to HQET and to cross-check our calculation with that of .

Defining $`w^{}vp^{}`$, $`w=vp`$, $`Q=2|𝐪|=|𝐩^{}𝐩|>0`$, $`\sigma _w^{}=\mathrm{sgn}(w^{})`$ and $`\sigma _w=\mathrm{sgn}(w)`$, and setting $`m^{}=m=\delta M=0`$, from (12) we get,

$`_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4|𝐪|}}\{\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{w^{}+wQ}{w^{}+w+Q+i\epsilon \sigma }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}(w^{}+w+Q)(w^{}wQ)i\epsilon \sigma _w)`$
$``$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{w^{}+w+Q}{w^{}+wQi\epsilon \sigma }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}(w^{}w+Q)(w^{}+wQ)+i\epsilon \sigma _w\right)`$
$``$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(w^{}w+Q)(w^{}+wQ)}{(w^{}wQ)(w^{}+w+Q)i\epsilon \sigma _w}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}(w^{}+wQ)(w^{}wQ)i\epsilon \sigma _w^{}\right)`$
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(w^{}+w+Q)(w^{}w+Q)}{(w^{}+wQ)(w^{}wQ)i\epsilon \sigma _w^{}}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}(w^{}+w+Q)(w^{}w+Q)+i\epsilon \sigma _w^{})\}.`$
This expression is in full numerical agreement with eq. (24) of  in the region where $`q^2`$, $`w`$ and $`w^{}`$ are all negative. Also, (2.1) has cuts at $`w^{}>0`$, $`w>0`$ and $`q^2>0`$, as it should.

### 2.2 The limit $`q0`$

In the limit $`q0`$ the integral $`_3`$ can be easily computed as the difference of two-point integrals. Using the notation of  (see appendix B), we have,

$`_3|_{q=0}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m^2m^2}}\left(_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m^2)_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m^2)\right)`$ (14)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m^2m^2}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{m^2}}+m^{}(\xi ^{})m(\xi )\right\}`$
$`(x)`$ $``$ $`\sqrt{x^21+i\epsilon }\left[\mathrm{log}\left(x\sqrt{x^21+i\epsilon }\right)\mathrm{log}\left(x+\sqrt{x^21+i\epsilon }\right)\right],`$
where $`\xi ^{}=\mathrm{\Delta }/(2m^{})`$, $`\xi =\mathrm{\Delta }/(2m)`$.

In order to obtain the value at $`q=0`$ of $`_3`$ directly from (12) we have to expand the functions in the sum to first order in $`q^\mu `$, due to the factor $`1/|𝐪|`$ in front of the sum.

We consider first the terms $`_j(_1(y_j)_1(z_j))`$ in (12). In the limit $`q0`$ the two dilogarithms in the definition of $`_1`$ (see (12)) cancel each other up to terms of $`𝒪(|𝐪|^2)`$, so these terms give a vanishing contribution to $`_3`$ at $`q=0`$. It should be noted, however, that the expansion about $`q=0`$ of $`y_{1,2}`$ is singular because of the factor $`1/\alpha _{}`$ in their definition (2). Thus, we expand first about $`|𝐪|=0`$, $`q^0>0`$ and take the limit $`q^00`$ afterwards. There are no such complications in the case of $`_1(z_{1,2})`$.

In order to expand the remaining terms $`_j(_2(x_j)_2(z_j))`$ in (12) about $`q=0`$, we use the form (A.5) for $`_2(x)`$. To lowest order, we get,

$`_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4|𝐪|}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2}{}}(_2(x_j)_2(z_j))+𝒪(q)`$ (15)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2}{}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{x}_j}{\overline{}z_0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{x}_j}{\overline{}z_0}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{x}_j}{\mu }}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}_j}{\overline{}z_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}_j}{\overline{}z_0}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}_j}{\mu }}\right)\right\}.`$
Here, $`\overline{x}_j`$, $`\overline{z}_j`$, $`\overline{}z_0`$ are the zeroth-order terms in the expansions of $`x_j`$, $`z_j`$, $`z_0`$ about $`q=0`$, respectively. Using the notation of (14), we have,

$$\overline{x}_{1,2}=m\left(\xi \pm \sqrt{\xi ^21+i\epsilon }\right),\overline{z}_{1,2}=m^{}\left(\xi ^{}\pm \sqrt{\xi ^21+i\epsilon }\right),\overline{}z_0=m^2+m^2.$$
(16)
Substituting (16) into (15) we recover (14).

## 3 Tensor integrals

In this section we consider tensor three-point integrals, up to the third rank. These are given in terms of integrals with smaller ranks and fewer points, by using the well-known method of . The general tensor integral has the form (1). We will restrict ourselves to integrals of the standard form

$$𝖧_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m,m^{})=\frac{i\mu ^{4d}}{(2\pi )^d}d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^{\alpha _n}}{\left(2v\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}q)^2m^2+i\epsilon \right)}.$$
(17)
By shifting $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}+(p^{}+p)/2`$ in (1) we can express $`_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}`$ in terms of $`𝖧_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}`$ as,

$$_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}=𝖧_3^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m,m^{})+\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}r^{\{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}r^{\alpha _j}𝖧_3^{\alpha _{j+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _{n\}}}(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m,m^{}),$$
(18)
where $`r^\mu 1/2(p^{}+p)^\mu `$, and $`A^{\{\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _s\}}A^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _s}+A^{\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _s\alpha _1}+\mathrm{}+A^{\alpha _s\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _{s1}}`$. Clearly, the scalar integral $`_3=𝖧_3`$. The standard form (17) has the advantage that it depends explicitly on only two four-vectors, $`v^\mu `$ and $`q^\mu `$, instead of three as in (1).

### 3.1 Vector integral

For the vector integral we write $`𝖧_3^\alpha (v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)=𝖵_1v^\alpha +𝖵_2q^\alpha /|𝐪|`$, with $`|𝐪|\sqrt{(vq)^2q^2}`$, and $`𝖵_{1,2}=𝖵_{1,2}(vq,q^2,\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2).`$ If $`|𝐪|=0`$, then $`q^\alpha v^\alpha `$ and we can set $`𝖵_2=0`$. If $`|𝐪|0`$, then,

$$|𝐪|^2𝖵_1=q^2v_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha +vqq_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha ,|𝐪|𝖵_2=vqv_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha q_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha ,$$
(19)
with,

$`v_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha (v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}B_0(4q^2,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}𝖧_3(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$
$`q_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha (v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}_2(\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}_2(\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2m_2^2}{4}}𝖧_3(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2).`$
The scalar two-point integrals $`_2`$ and $`B_0`$ are given in the appendix.

### 3.2 Second-rank tensor integral

The decomposition of $`𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$ in terms of form factors can be written as,

$$𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)=𝖳_1g^{\alpha \beta }+𝖳_2v^\alpha v^\beta +𝖳_3\frac{q^\alpha q^\beta }{|𝐪|^2}+𝖳_4\frac{v^{\{\alpha }q^{\beta \}}}{|𝐪|}.$$
(21)
The components of $`𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$ are obtained by direct computation,

$`𝖥_1`$ $``$ $`g_{\alpha \beta }𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_2(\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_2(\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2+m_2^22q^2}{2}}𝖧_3`$
$`𝖥_2`$ $``$ $`v_\alpha v_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }=vqB_1(4q^2,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}vq\right)B_0(4q^2,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}{4}}𝖧_3`$ (22)
$`𝖥_3`$ $``$ $`q_\alpha q_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }={\displaystyle \frac{q_\alpha }{4}}\left(_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\text{}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{4}}\left(_2(\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)+_2(\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\text{}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2m_2^2}{4}}q_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha `$
$`𝖥_4`$ $``$ $`v_\alpha q_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }=q^2B_1(4q^2,m_1,m_2){\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{2}}B_0(4q^2,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}q_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha `$
where, on both sides of these equations the arguments $`(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$ of $`𝖧_3`$, $`𝖧_3^\alpha `$ and $`𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$ have been omitted for brevity. To one-loop level, the form factors in (21) are given in terms of the $`𝖥s`$ as,

$`2|𝐪|^2𝖳_1`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)\left(|𝐪|^2𝖥_1+q^2𝖥_2+𝖥_32vq𝖥_4\right)`$
$`2|𝐪|^2𝖳_2`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)q^2𝖥_1+\left(3+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{q^4}{|𝐪|^2}}𝖥_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|𝐪|^2}}\left(2(vq)^2+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)q^2\right)𝖥_3(6+ϵ){\displaystyle \frac{q^2vq}{|𝐪|^2}}𝖥_4`$
$`2|𝐪|^2𝖳_3`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)|𝐪|^2𝖥_1+\left(2(vq)^2+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)q^2\right)𝖥_2+\left(3+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)𝖥_3(6+ϵ)vq𝖥_4`$ (23)
$`2|𝐪|^2𝖳_4`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right)vq|𝐪|𝖥_1\left(3+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{q^2vq}{|𝐪|}}𝖥_2\left(3+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{vq}{|𝐪|}}𝖥_3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|𝐪|}}\left(2q^2+(4+ϵ)(vq)^2\right)𝖥_4.`$
Equations (3.2) and (3.2) give an explicit expression for $`𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }.`$

### 3.3 Third-rank tensor integral

The decomposition in terms of form factors can be written as,

$`𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$ (24)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{SS}_1g^{\{\lambda \mu }v^{\nu \}}+\mathrm{SS}_2g^{\{\lambda \mu }q^{\nu \}}+\mathrm{SS}_3v^{\{\lambda }v^\mu q^{\nu \}}+\mathrm{SS}_4v^{\{\lambda }q^\mu q^{\nu \}}+\mathrm{SS}_5v^\lambda v^\mu v^\nu +\mathrm{SS}_6q^\lambda q^\mu q^\nu `$
These form-factors are given implicitly by the following linear relations,

$`(d+2)\mathrm{SS}_1+(d+2)vq\mathrm{SS}_2+3vq\mathrm{SS}_3+(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_4+\mathrm{SS}_5+q^2vq\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`g_{\lambda \mu }v_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$
$`(d+2)vq\mathrm{SS}_1+(d+2)q^2\mathrm{SS}_2+(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_3+3q^2vq\mathrm{SS}_4+vq\mathrm{SS}_5+q^4\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`g_{\lambda \mu }q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$
$`3vq\mathrm{SS}_1+(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_2+(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_3+(2q^2+(vq)^2)vq\mathrm{SS}_4`$ (25)
$`+vq\mathrm{SS}_5+q^2vq\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`v_\lambda v_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$
$`(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_1+3q^2(vq)\mathrm{SS}_2+vq((vq)^2+2q^2)\mathrm{SS}_3+q^2(q^2+2(vq)^2)\mathrm{SS}_4`$
$`+(vq)^2\mathrm{SS}_5+q^2vq\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`v_\lambda q_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$
$`3\mathrm{SS}_1+3vq\mathrm{SS}_2+3vq\mathrm{SS}_3+3(vq)^2\mathrm{SS}_4+\mathrm{SS}_5+(vq)^3\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`v_\lambda v_\mu v_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$
$`3q^2vq\mathrm{SS}_1+3q^4\mathrm{SS}_2+3(vq)^2q^2\mathrm{SS}_3+3(vq)q^4\mathrm{SS}_4+(vq)^3\mathrm{SS}_5+q^6\mathrm{SS}_6`$ $`=`$ $`q_\lambda q_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu },`$
where the right-hand side can be obtained by direct computation,

$`g_{\lambda \mu }v_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(A_0(m_1)+A_0(m_2)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2+m_2^22q^2}{4}}B_0+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}𝖧_{3\alpha }^\alpha `$
$`g_{\lambda \mu }q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_\alpha }{2}}\left(_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)+_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{2}}\left(_2(\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)_2(\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2+m_2^22q^2}{2}}q_\alpha 𝖧_3^\alpha `$
$`v_\lambda v_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{v_\alpha q_\beta }{2}}B_2^{\alpha \beta }(2q,m_1,m_2)+2q^2vqB_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}vqq^2B_0+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}v_\alpha q_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$
$`v_\lambda q_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}q_\alpha q_\beta B_2^{\alpha \beta }(2q,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{q^4}{2}}B_0+2q^4B_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}q_\alpha q_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$ (26)
$`v_\lambda v_\mu v_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}v_\alpha v_\beta B_2^{\alpha \beta }(2q,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(vq)^2B_0+2(vq)^2B_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}v_\alpha v_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$
$`q_\lambda q_\mu q_\nu 𝖧_3^{\lambda \mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}q_\alpha q_\beta \left(_2^{\alpha \beta }(v,\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)_2^{\alpha \beta }(v,\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{2}}q_\alpha \left(_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)+_2^\alpha (v,\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^4}{4}}\left(_2(\mathrm{\Delta }2vq,m_2)_2(\mathrm{\Delta }+2vq,m_1)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2m_2^2}{4}}q_\alpha q_\beta 𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }.`$
In these equations $`B_0=B_0(4q^2,m_1,m_2)`$ and similarly $`B_1`$, and $`𝖧_3=𝖧_3(v,q;\mathrm{\Delta },m_1,m_2)`$ and similarly $`𝖧_3^\alpha `$ and $`𝖧_3^{\alpha \beta }`$.

## 4 Final remarks

In phenomenological applications, the exact functional dependence of Feynman integrals on masses and residual momenta is usually not needed. Often, the first few terms in a series expansion in some of the parameters provides the required accuracy. We believe, however, that the exact analytic computation presented here does not require more calculational effort than approximate schemes. It has the added advantage of being valid over the entire physical region for internal and external masses. Applications of the results presented here to loop graphs in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory which have a calculable dependence on the ratio of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-nucleon mass difference to the pion mass will be given elsewhere.

Our approach, which is based on well-known methods and results for vertex integrals in renormalizable theories , streamlines the computation so that it can be easily reproduced and verified, and adapted to other, more complicated one-loop diagrams. Another important feature of this approach is that contact with the unitary cuts of the diagram, as given by Cutkosky rules, is explicitly kept at every step of the calculation .

## Acknowledgements

This work has been partially supported by Conacyt of Mexico.

## Appendix A Calculation of $`_2`$

In this appendix we discuss the calculation of the second integral in (11). We consider first the basic integral, whose computation is standard ,

$`{\displaystyle _{\alpha /M}^1}dz{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|zz_0}}\{\mathrm{log}(z{\displaystyle \frac{x}{M}})\mathrm{log}({\displaystyle \frac{z_0}{4|𝐪|M}}{\displaystyle \frac{x}{M}})\}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|}}\{\text{}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)`$ (A.1)
$`+\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha x}{M}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{4|𝐪|M}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4M|𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)`$
$`\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4M|𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4M|𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\text{}\}+𝒪({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4M|𝐪|}}_2(x)+𝒪({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2}}),`$
where $`_2(x)`$ is defined by this equation. In (A.1) we have made use of the relation  $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left(x\right)=\mathrm{Li}_2\left(1/x\right)\pi ^2/61/2\mathrm{log}^2(x)`$ in order to obtain the leading $`M`$ dependence of $`\mathrm{Li}_2(4M|𝐪|/(z_04|𝐪|x))`$.

Denoting by $`𝒢`$ the second integral in (11), we have,

$$𝒢=\frac{1}{4M|𝐪|}\underset{j=1,2}{}(_2(x_j)_2(z_j))+𝒪\left(\frac{1}{M^2}\right).$$
(A.2)
Clearly, those terms in $`_2(x)`$ which do not depend on $`x`$ will cancel in (A.2), so they can be omitted. Also, due to the identity (10), $`𝒢`$ does not depend on the value of $`M`$, which can be replaced by an arbitrary mass $`\mu >0`$ that remains constant as $`M\mathrm{}`$. Thus, in (A.2) we can write,

$`_2(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)+\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha x}{\mu }}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{4|𝐪|\mu }}\right)`$ (A.3)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\mu |𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\mu |𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\mu |𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right).`$
The last two logarithms in this equation can be rewritten according to the identity $`\mathrm{log}^2(z)2\mathrm{log}(z)\mathrm{log}(z)=\pi ^2\mathrm{log}^2(z)`$, which is valid for the principal determination of the log. Dropping the constant term, we see that in (A.2) we can write,

$`_2(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)+\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha x}{\mu }}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{4|𝐪|\mu }}\right)`$ (A.4)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\mu |𝐪|}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right).`$
This equation can still be rewritten by completing the last two terms to the square of a sum of logs. Once again discarding $`x`$-independent terms that do not contribute to (A.2), we get,

$$_2(x)=\mathrm{Li}_2\left(\frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}\right)+\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}\right)\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{\alpha x}{\mu }\right)+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}^2\left(\frac{z_04|𝐪|x}{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }\right).$$
(A.5)
From (A.4), by means of the identity

$`\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Li}_2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}\mathrm{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_04|𝐪|\alpha }{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4|𝐪|(\alpha x)}{z_04|𝐪|x}}\right),`$
we obtain $`_2(x)`$ as given by (11), up to constant terms. All of these expressions for $`_2(x)`$ lead to the same results when substituted into (A.3) or (11).

## Appendix B Loop integrals

In this appendix we give a list of loop integrals used in the foregoing. More complete calculations can be found, e.g., in  and references therein. Divergent integrals are separated in a dimensional-regularization pole term and a finite remainder. $`\overline{\mu }=\mu \sqrt{4\pi e^{\gamma _E}}`$.

$`A_0(m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon }}={\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}a_0(m^2)`$
$`a_0(m^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}\right)1`$
$`B_0(p^2,m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}b_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$
$`b_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑x\mathrm{log}\left((1x){\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}+x{\displaystyle \frac{m_2^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}i\epsilon \right)`$
$`B_1^\mu (p,m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu }{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)}}=p^\mu B_1(p^2,m_1,m_2)`$
$`p^2B_1(p^2,m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(A_0(m_1)A_0(m_2)(p^2+m_1^2m_2^2)B_0(p^2,m_1,m_2)\right)`$
$`B_2^{\mu \nu }(p,m_1,m_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu \mathrm{}^\nu }{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)}}=G\left(g^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{p^\mu p^\nu }{p^2}}\right)+L{\displaystyle \frac{p^\mu p^\nu }{p^2}}`$
$`(d1)G`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_0(m_2)+m_1^2B_0(p^2,m_1,m_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(m_1^2m_2^2+p^2)B_1(p^2,m_1,m_2)`$
$`L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_0(m_2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(m_1^2m_2^2+p^2)B_1(p^2,m_1,m_2)`$
$`_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{(2v\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }+i\epsilon )(\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon )}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{32\pi ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{ϵ}}+\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\mu }^2}{m^2}}\right)+2\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{16\pi ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2m}}\right)\text{(see (}\text{14}\text{))}`$
$`_2^\mu (v,\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu }{(2v\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }+i\epsilon )(\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon )}}=F(\mathrm{\Delta },m)v^\mu `$
$`F(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_0(m)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$
$`_2^{\mu \nu }(v,\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu \mathrm{}^\nu }{(2v\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }+i\epsilon )(\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon )}}=I_0(\mathrm{\Delta },m)g^{\mu \nu }+I_1(\mathrm{\Delta },m)v^\mu v^\nu `$
$`(d1)I_0(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{4}}A_0(m)+\left(m^2{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}{4}}\right)_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$
$`(d1)I_1(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{4}}A_0(m)\left(m^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }^2}{4}}\right)_2(\mathrm{\Delta },m)`$