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# References

Combining Solutions of Semilinear

Partial Differential Equations in $`\text{IR}^n`$

with Critical Exponent

Man Chun LEUNG

National University of Singapore

matlmc@math.nus.edu.sg

## Abstract

Let $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ be two different positive smooth solutions of the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n(n3).$$

By a result of Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg,

$$u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{and}u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x\xi _2|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}$$

for $`x\text{IR}^n.`$ Here $`\xi _1,\xi _2\text{IR}^n`$ are fixed points and $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ are positive numbers. Let $`u`$ be a positive $`C^2`$-function on $`\text{IR}^n`$ such that $`u=u_1`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`u=u_2`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ are disjoint non-empty open domains in $`\text{IR}^n`$. $`u`$ satisfies the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)Ku^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n,$$

where

$$K(x):=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)}{n(n2)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$

By the same result of Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg, $`K1`$ in $`\text{IR}^n`$. In this paper we discuss lower bounds on $`\underset{\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K1|.`$ Relation with decay estimates at the isolated singularity via the Kelvin transform is also expounded.

KEY WORDS: scalar curvature estimates, combining solutions, decay estimates.
2000 AMS MS CLASSIFICATIONS: Primary 35J60 ; Secondary 53C21.

1. Introduction

In this article we consider the quantitative behavior of the scalar curvature equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)Ku^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n,n3.$$
$`(1.1)`$
Here $`K`$ is a smooth function. Equation (1.1) receives extensive studies in connection with the analysis of nonlinear differential operators in $`\text{IR}^n`$ and conformal deformations of Riemannian metrics (see, for examples, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  and the references within). We consider the influence of the form of $`u`$ on $`K`$. Our study is motivated by questions on slow decay for positive solutions of equation (1.1) in $`\text{IR}^n`$, when $`K`$ close to, but not identically equal to, one. In case a solution $`u`$ fails to have slow decay, it develops bubbles which are modeled after the spherical solutions (see §2). We are interested in understanding particular values of $`K`$ when $`u`$ is known to be similar to the spherical solutions at certain regions. The investigation leads to estimates on how large $`|K(x)1|`$ can be for some $`x`$.
Let $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ be two different positive smooth solutions of the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(1.2)`$
By a salient result of Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg (, ; cf. ),

$$u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{and}u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x\xi _2|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}$$
$`(1.3)`$
for $`x\text{IR}^n`$ (these are known as spherical solutions). Here $`\xi _1,\xi _2\text{IR}^n`$ are fixed points, and $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ are positive numbers. For a positive $`C^2`$-function $`u`$ on $`\text{IR}^n`$. define the $`K`$-function (or curvature function) of $`u`$ to be

$$K(x):=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)}{n(n2)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(1.4)`$
With the function $`K`$, $`u`$ satisfies equation (1.1). Suppose that $`u=u_1`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`u=u_2`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ are disjoint non-empty open domains in $`\text{IR}^n`$. By the same result of Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg, $`K1.`$ Our task is to provide lower bounds on $`\underset{\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K1|.`$

In the consideration of slow decay for positive smooth solutions of equation (1.1) in $`\text{IR}^n`$, the blow-up analysis involves functions of the form (1.3) (cf. §2). Assume that $`a^2K(x)b^2`$ for $`x\text{IR}^n,`$ where $`a`$ and $`b`$ are positive numbers. One may ask whether when $`a/b`$ is close to one, positive smooth solutions $`u`$ of (1.1) have the slow decay

$$u(x)\frac{C}{|x|^{(n2)/2}}\text{for}|x|1.$$
$`(1.5)`$
Here $`C`$ is a positive constant. To establish (1.5) is an important first step toward a better understanding on the properties of $`u`$, which include asymptotic symmetry and completeness (cf. ,  and ). See also  and  for relation of slow decay to asymptotic geometry. Information on slow decay is helpful in finding solutions of equation (1.1), which is also related to the Kazdan-Warner problem  .
By studying addition of spherical solutions, Taliaferro constructs positive solutions without  slow decay and considers the ratio $`a/b`$. This leads him to formulate a conjecture pertaining slow decay and $`a/b`$ (, cf. also  and ). Separately, C.-S. Lin conjectures in  that if the Kelvin transform of $`K`$, given by $`K(x/|x|^2)`$ for $`x0`$, extends as a Hölder-continuous function across the origin, then every positive smooth solutions of (1.1) has slow decay. Recently the author in  constructs counter-examples to the conjecture of Lin when $`n>4`$, and to Taliaferro’s conjecture. It appears that $`(n2)/2`$ is a critical order and one may ask the question: Suppose that

$$|K(x)1|C|x|^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}|x|1,$$

where $`C`$ is a positive constant, does every positive $`C^2`$-solution $`u`$ of equation (1.1) have slow decay (1.5)? The questions on slow decay, together with its applications, are key motivations for us to investigate blending spherical solutions.
In §2 we discuss the appearance of bubbles, the blow-up analysis that is essential in the study of equation (1.1) when $`K>0.`$ The glue-in of a spherical solution is described in the §6, together with estimates on the change of the $`K`$-function. In §3 and §4, we prove the following main results.
Theorem A. Consider a positive function $`uC^2(\text{IR}^n)`$ with

$$u(x)=u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}for|x|<\rho $$

and

$$u(x)=u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}for|x|R.$$

Here $`0<\rho <R`$ are positive numbers. Assume that either

$$\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _2}\frac{\rho ^2}{R^2}\left(\frac{1}{1+\lambda _2^2/R^2}\right),or\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{3(n+2)}{2(n2)}\left(1+\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^4}\right).$$
$`(1.6)`$
Then the $`K`$-function of $`u`$ satisfies

$$\underset{xB_o(R)}{sup}|K(x)1|\frac{n+2}{n}.$$
$`(1.7)`$
By using the Kelvin transform, there is a dual condition to (1.6) (remark 4.20). Taking into the account of the ratio $`\rho :\lambda _1,`$ the first condition in (1.6) can be interpreted as a relation between the values of $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ on the boundaries (see remark 4.13).
Theorem B. Let $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ be disjoint open domain in $`\text{IR}^n`$ with

$$B_{\xi _1}(r_1)D_1andB_{\xi _2}(a)D_2,$$

where $`\xi _1,\xi _2\text{IR}^n,`$ and $`r_1`$ and $`a`$ are positive numbers. Consider a positive $`C^2`$-function $`u`$ on $`\text{IR}^n`$ with

$$u(x)=u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}forxD_1$$

and

$$u(x)=u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x\xi _2|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}forxD_2.$$

Assume that both $`u`$ and the $`K`$-function of $`u`$ have removable singularities at the origin under the Kelvin transformation $`xx/|x|^2,`$ $`x0`$. Given a number $`\sigma 1`$, if $`r_1\lambda _1,`$ $`a\lambda _2`$ and

$$\frac{\lambda _2^2}{\lambda _1^2}8^nn\frac{|\xi _1\xi _2|^4}{r_1^4}(\sigma ^2+6),$$
$`(1.8)`$
then we have

$$\underset{x\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K(x)1|\frac{n+2}{2n}\sigma ^2.$$
$`(1.9)`$
In the last section we apply the idea of estimating $`K`$-functions to study slow decay (1.5) of positive solutions of equation (1.1). We find restriction on the “depths” of bubbles.
Throughout this article $`n`$ is an integer bigger than two, and $`B_x(r)`$ is the open ball in $`\text{IR}^n`$ with center at $`x`$ and radius $`r>0.`$ In conformity with the convention, we denote by $`C,C^{},C_o,C_1,\mathrm{}`$ various positive constants, which may be different from section to section, unless it is stated otherwise.

2. The Blow-up Situation

In order to discuss the asymptotic behavior of equation (1.1) near infinity, we apply the Kelvin transformation $`xx/|x|^2`$ and consider a positive smooth solution $`u`$ of the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)Ku^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}B_o(1)\{0\},$$
$`(2.1)`$
where $`K`$ is a smooth function on $`B_o(1)\{0\}.`$ We examine the isolated singularity of $`u`$ at $`0`$. Precisely, assume that $`u`$ does not satisfy the slow decay

$$u(x)\frac{C_o}{|x|^{(n2)/2}}\text{for}x\text{ with   small}|x|,x0.$$
$`(2.2)`$
Given a small positive number $`\epsilon `$ and $`xB_o(5/8)B_o(\epsilon )`$, define

$$d_\epsilon (x):=\mathrm{min}\{|x|\epsilon ,5/8|x|\}\text{and}U_\epsilon (x):=[d_\epsilon (x)]^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x).$$

Let

$$M_\epsilon :=\underset{B_o(5/8)B_o(\epsilon )}{\mathrm{max}}U_\epsilon .$$
$`(2.3)`$
Suppose that $`U_\epsilon `$ achieves the maximal value $`M_\epsilon `$ at a point $`x_oB_o(5/8)B_o(\epsilon ).`$ We normalize the solution and spread it out by setting

$$\lambda :=\frac{1}{[u(x_o)]^{\frac{2}{n2}}}\text{and}w_\lambda (x):=\lambda ^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x_o+\lambda x)=\frac{u(x_o+\lambda x)}{u(x_o)}.$$
$`(2.4)`$
Assume that

$$\underset{x0}{lim}K(x)=1\text{and}|x||K(x)|C_1\text{for}xB_o(5/8)\{0\}.$$
$`(2.5)`$
As (2.2) fails to hold, we may assume that $`U_\epsilon (x_o)`$ is large when $`\epsilon `$ is small. Bubbles start to emerge in the following sense (see  and , cf. ). Given any positive constants $`R`$ and $`\delta (0,1/2],`$ there is a positive constant $`C`$ depending on $`n`$, $`R`$ and $`\delta `$ only, such that if $`M_\epsilon C`$, then

$$w_\lambda u_{\mu ,y_o}_{C^2(B_o(R))}<\delta .$$
$`(2.6)`$
Here

$$u_{\mu ,y_o}(x)=\left(\frac{\mu }{\mu ^2+|xy_o|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n$$

is a spherical solution. From (2.3) and (2.4), we note that

$$\lambda =\frac{d_\epsilon (x_o)}{M_\epsilon ^{\frac{2}{n2}}}<\frac{5}{8}\frac{1}{M_\epsilon ^{\frac{2}{n2}}}\frac{5}{8}\frac{1}{C^{\frac{2}{n2}}}.$$
$`(2.7)`$
It is rather clear that there are infinite number of bubbles if (2.2) fails to hold. Indeed, let $`C^{}`$ be a positive number such that

$$C^{}>(5/8)^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x_o)>C.$$

Here $`C`$ is the same constant as in (2.7). There exist a small positive number $`\epsilon ^{}`$ and $`xB_o(5/8)B_o(\epsilon ^{})`$ such that $`U_\epsilon ^{}(x)C^{}.`$ The function $`U_\epsilon ^{}`$ reaches the maximum at a point $`x^{}B_o(5/8)B_o(\epsilon ^{})`$. As

$$d_\epsilon ^{}^{\frac{n2}{2}}(x^{})u(x^{})=U_\epsilon ^{}(x^{})C^{}>(5/8)^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x_o)$$

and $`d_\epsilon ^{}(x^{})<5/8,`$ we conclude that $`x^{}x_o`$. A bubble estimate of the form (2.6) holds near $`x^{}`$ for $`u`$. Let $`\lambda ^{}:=[u(x^{})]^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}/(n2)}`$. Given the number $`R`$, if $`C^{}`$ is large enough, then we have $`B_{x_o}(\lambda R)B_x^{}(\lambda ^{}R)=\mathrm{}.`$
Innate to the construction, we find small flexibility on the choice of the center. We may shift the center to a nearby point $`x_1`$ (cf. ) and obtain

$$u_{1,0}w_\lambda _{C^2(B_o(R))}<\delta .$$
$`(2.8)`$
Here $`w_\lambda (x)`$ becomes $`\lambda ^{(n2)/2}u(x_1+\lambda x).`$ The distance between $`x_o`$ and $`x_1`$ is bounded by $`c_n\lambda `$, where $`c_n`$ is a positive constant that depends on $`n`$ only (cf. ). Using the change of variables $`y=\lambda x`$ (without loss of generality, we may assume that $`\lambda <1`$), (2.8) implies that

$$\left(\frac{\lambda }{\lambda ^2+|y|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x_1+y)_{C^o(B_o(\lambda R))}<\delta \lambda ^{\frac{2n}{2}}$$
$`(2.9)`$
and

$$\left(\frac{\lambda }{\lambda ^2+|y|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}u(x_1+y)_{C^1(B_o(\lambda R))}<\frac{\delta }{\lambda }\lambda ^{\frac{2n}{2}}$$
$`(2.10)`$
for $`|y|<\lambda R.`$ In addition, $`R`$ can be as large as required.
Under condition (2.5), it is not known to us whether positive smooth solutions of equation (2.1) must have slow decay. For further discussion on the blow-up analysis and slow decay, we refer to , ,  and .

3. Estimates

Let $`H(x,\xi )`$ be the fundamental solution for the Laplacian on $`\text{IR}^n.`$ It is given by

$$H(x,\xi )=\frac{1}{(2n)\omega _n}\frac{1}{|x\xi |^{n2}}$$

for $`x,\xi \text{IR}^n`$ with $`x\xi ,`$ where $`\omega _n`$ is the volume of the unit sphere in $`\text{IR}^n`$. We have $`H<0.`$
Theorem 3.1. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be non-empty domains in $`\text{IR}^n`$ with

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_2\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

Assume that the boundary $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ is smooth. Consider two positive smooth solutions $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ of the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
$`(3.2)`$
Let $`u_c`$ be a positive $`C^2`$-function on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ with $`u_c=u_1`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`u_c=u_2`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_2.`$ The $`K`$-function of $`u`$ is given by

$$K(x):=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }u_c(x)}{n(n2)}[u_c(x)]^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}forx\mathrm{\Omega },$$

so that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u_c+n(n2)Ku_c^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

For any $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ we have

$`(3.3)`$ $`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )\left[K(x)1\right]𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`u_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$
$`+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left(\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\right)𝑑x.`$
Proof. We have

$$\mathrm{\Delta }f(u)=f^{}(u)\mathrm{\Delta }u+f^{\prime \prime }(u)|u|^2,$$

where $`f`$ is a smooth function on $`\text{IR}^+`$. Hence we obtain

$`(3.4)\mathrm{\Delta }u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{n2}}u_c^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\mathrm{\Delta }u_c+\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{n2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\right)u_c^{\frac{2n}{n2}}|u_c|^2`$
$`=`$ $`4nK+(n+2)\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}\right|^2.`$
Given $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, it follows from the representation formula (, §2.4, p. 18) that

$`(3.5)u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )\mathrm{\Delta }u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x)𝑑x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}\left[u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{}{𝐧_x}}\left(u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x)\right)\right]𝑑S_x`$
$`=`$ $`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )K(x)𝑑x+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}\left[u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{}{𝐧_x}}\left(u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x)\right)\right]𝑑S_x`$
$`=`$ $`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )K(x)𝑑x(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}\left[u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{}{𝐧_x}}\left(u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x)\right)\right]𝑑S_x,`$
where $`𝐧`$ is the unit outward normal to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2.`$ Likewise, we can draw the conclusion that

$`(3.6)u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )𝑑x(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}\left[u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{}{𝐧_x}}\left(u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(x)\right)\right]𝑑S_x.`$
As $`u_c=u_2`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_2,`$ it follows from (3.5) and (3.6)

$`u_c^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$
$`=`$ $`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )[K(x)1]𝑑x(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$`+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x.`$
Since $`u_c(\xi )=u_1(\xi )`$ for $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_1,`$ the above equality leads to

$`4n{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}H(x,\xi )[K(x)1]𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`u_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$
$`+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left(\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\right)𝑑x.`$
This completes the proof of theorem. $``$
Lemma 3.7. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be a bounded domain in $`\text{IR}^n.`$ Assume that $`\mathrm{\Omega }B_{x_o}(R).`$ We have

$$_\mathrm{\Omega }|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x\frac{R^2}{2(n2)}for\xi \mathrm{\Omega }.$$
$`(3.8)`$
Proof. It suffices to show the case when $`\mathrm{\Omega }=B_o(R).`$ Let $`\xi B_o(R)`$ and $`W=B_o(R)B_\xi (R).`$ Consider

$$\text{I}:=_{B_o(R)}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x\text{and}\text{II}:=_{B_\xi (R)}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x=\frac{R^2}{2(n2)}.$$

We have $`|x\xi |<R`$ for $`xB_\xi (R)\overline{W}`$, and $`|y\xi |>R`$ for $`yB_o(R)\overline{W}.`$ From the form of $`H`$ and the symmetry of $`B_\xi (R)\overline{W}`$ and $`B_o(R)\overline{W},`$ one sees that

II $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _W}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x+{\displaystyle _{B_\xi (R)\overline{W}}}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _W}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x+{\displaystyle _{B_o(R)\overline{W}}}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x=\text{I},`$
and equality holds only if $`\xi =0`$. Thus we obtain the result. $``$
From (3.3) we have

$`4n\underset{x\mathrm{\Omega }_2}{sup}|K(x)1|{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|𝑑x`$
$``$ $`u_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$
$`+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left(\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\right)𝑑x`$
for $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_1.`$ If $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2B_{x_o}(R),`$ then it follows from (3.8) that

$`(3.9)`$ $`\underset{x\mathrm{\Omega }_2}{sup}|K(x)1|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n2}{2n}}R^2[u_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(\xi )`$
$`+(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,\xi )|\left(\right|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)|^2|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)|^2)dx].`$
In §7 we seek to generalize the above result to the case where there is an isolated singularity.

4. The Concentric Case

In (3.9), consider the case when $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1=B_o(\rho )`$ , $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2=B_o(R),`$ and

$$u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{and}u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(4.1)`$
Here $`\rho `$ and $`R`$ are positive numbers with $`0<\rho <R.`$ In this case we have

$$u_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(0)u_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(0)=\lambda _1^2\lambda _2^2,$$
$`(4.2)`$
and

$$\left|u_i^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2=\frac{4|x|^2}{\lambda _i^2}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n\text{and}i=1,2.$$
$`(4.3)`$
It follows from (4.3) that

$`(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,0)|\left[\left|u_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\left|u_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\right]𝑑x`$
$``$ $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}(n+2){\displaystyle _{B_o(\rho )}}|H(x,0)|\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{\lambda _1^2}}\right)𝑑x\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}(n+2){\displaystyle _{B_o(R)}}|H(x,0)|\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{\lambda _2^2}}\right)𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^4}{\lambda _1^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}}\right],`$
where $`r=|x|.`$ we have $`K(x)=1`$ for $`|x|<\rho `$ and

$$_{B_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}|H(x,0)|𝑑x=\frac{R^2\rho ^2}{2(n2)}.$$

Using (3.9) we obtain

$`(4.4)`$ $`\underset{xB_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}{sup}|K(x)1|`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{n2}{2n}}\left\{\lambda _1^2\lambda _2^2+{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^4}{\lambda _1^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}}\right]\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{R^2\rho ^2}}.`$
In particular, we have the following results.
Proposition 4.5. Let $`\lambda _1`$, $`\lambda _2`$, $`\rho `$ and $`R`$ be as above. If

$$\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _2}\frac{\rho ^2}{R^2}\left(\frac{1}{1+\lambda _2^2/R^2}\right),$$
$`(4.6)`$
then

$$\underset{xB_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}{sup}|K(x)1|\frac{n+2}{n}.$$

Proof. (4.6) is equivalent to

$$\frac{\lambda _1}{\rho ^2}\frac{\lambda _2}{R^2}\left[1+\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{R}\right)^2\right]^1.$$
$`(4.7)`$
Hence we have

$$\frac{\rho ^4}{\lambda _1^2}R^4\left[\frac{1+\lambda _2^2R^2}{\lambda _2}\right]^2=\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}+2R^2+\lambda _2^2.$$

It follows that

$$\frac{n2}{2n}\left\{\lambda _1^2\lambda _2^2+\frac{n+2}{n2}\left[\frac{\rho ^4}{\lambda _1^2}\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}\right]\right\}\frac{1}{R^2\rho ^2}\frac{n+2}{n}.$$

This completes the proof. $``$
Proposition 4.8. Let $`\lambda _1`$, $`\lambda _2`$, $`\rho `$ and $`R`$ be as above. If

$$\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{3(n+2)}{2(n2)}\left(1+\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^4}\right),$$
$`(4.9)`$
then

$$\underset{xB_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}{sup}|K(x)1|\frac{n+2}{n}.$$
$`(4.10)`$
Proof. It can be seen that

$$\lambda _2^2+\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}2R^2.$$
$`(4.11)`$
From (4.9) and (4.11) we have

$$\lambda _1^2\frac{3(n+2)}{2(n2)}\left(\lambda _2^2+\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}\right)\frac{n+2}{n2}\left(\lambda _2^2+\frac{R^4}{\lambda _2^2}+R^2\right).$$
$`(4.12)`$
Hence the result follows from (4.4). $``$
Combining propositions 4.5 and 4.8, we obtain theorem A.
Remark 4.13. Let us introduce the depth factors

$$k_1:=\frac{\rho }{\lambda _1}\text{and}k_2:=\frac{R}{\lambda _2}.$$
$`(4.14)`$
The depth factor is related to the functions $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ is the following way. Define

$$u_i(r):=\left(\frac{\lambda _i}{\lambda _i^2+r^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}r0\text{and}i=1,2.$$

It can be seen that

$$\left[\frac{u_1(0)}{u_1(\rho )}\right]^{\frac{2}{n2}}=\frac{1}{\lambda _1[u_1(\rho )]^{\frac{2}{n2}}}=1+k_1^2.$$
$`(4.15)`$
Similar expression holds for $`k_2.`$ We see that the smaller the value of $`u_1(\rho )`$ (or the deeper the bubble goes), the larger the depth factor.
(4.15) helps to shed light on condition (4.6) in proposition 4.5. We assert that condition (4.6) is equivalent to the condition that

$$u_2(R)\nu u_1(\rho ),$$
$`(4.16)`$
where $`\nu `$ is the number given by

$$\nu :=\left(\frac{k_1^2+1}{k_1^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}.$$
$`(4.17)`$
Observe that $`\nu 1`$ as $`k_1\mathrm{}.`$
Condition (4.6) can be written as

$$\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _1}\frac{k_1^2}{k_2^2+1}.$$
$`(4.18)`$
Condition (4.16) is the same as

$$\left[\frac{u_2(R)}{u_1(\rho )}\right]^{\frac{2}{n2}}\frac{1}{\nu ^{\frac{2}{n2}}}1.$$
$`(4.19)`$
From (4.15) and (4.19), we obtain

$$\frac{k_1^2}{k_2^2+1}=\frac{k_1^2+1}{k_2^2+1}\frac{1}{\nu ^{\frac{2}{n2}}}=\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _1}\left[\frac{u_2(R)}{u_1(\rho )}\right]^{\frac{2}{n2}}\frac{1}{\nu ^{\frac{2}{n2}}}\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _1}.$$

That is, condition (4.6) is satisfied if $`u_2(R)\nu u_1(\rho ),`$ and vice versa. We note that the term $`\nu u_1(\rho )`$ is independent on $`u_2.`$
Remark 4.20. By applying the Kelvin transformation $`x\rho ^2x/|x|^2`$ on $`u`$, we come to a situation where there is a positive $`C^2`$-function $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ such that

$$\stackrel{~}{u}(x)=\stackrel{~}{u}_2(x):=\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_2}{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}|x|<\rho ^2/R$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{u}(x)=\stackrel{~}{u}_1(x)=\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_1}{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_1^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}|x|\rho .$$

Here

$$\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_i=\rho ^2/\lambda _i\text{for}i=1,2.$$

\[See . cf. also (5.5), (5.6) and (5.7) in §5; here $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ has a removable singularity at the origin because of the form of $`u_2`$ .\] From theorem A, assuming that either

$$\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _2}\frac{\rho ^2}{R^2}\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho ^2/\lambda _1^2}\right),\text{or}\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{3(n+2)}{2(n2)}\left(1+\frac{\lambda _1^4}{\rho ^4}\right),$$
$`(4.21)`$
we have

$$\underset{xB_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}{sup}|K(x)1|=\underset{xB_o(\rho )\overline{B_o(\rho ^2/R)}}{sup}|\stackrel{~}{K}(x)1|\frac{n+2}{n}.$$

Here $`\stackrel{~}{K}`$ is the $`K`$-function of $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ and is given by $`\stackrel{~}{K}(x)=K(\rho x/|x|^2)`$ for $`x0`$. Thus we may replace the conditions (1.6) by (4.21) in order to obtain the estimate (1.7).
We note that the results can be generalized into the situation when $`B_o(\rho )\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2B_o(R),`$ and similar technique can be applied to the eccentric case. It is clear that, from (4.4), if the parameters $`\rho `$, $`R`$, $`\lambda _2`$ are fixed, then

$$\underset{xB_o(R)\overline{B_o(\rho )}}{sup}|K(x)1|\mathrm{}\text{as}\lambda _10^+.$$

5. Disjoint Domains

By a translation, in theorem B, we may take $`\xi _2=0.`$ Thus let $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ be disjoint open domains in $`\text{IR}^n`$ with

$$B_o(a)D_2\text{and}B_{\xi _1}(r_1)D_1$$

for positive number $`r_1`$ and $`a,`$ and for a point $`\xi _1\text{IR}^n`$. Consider spherical solutions

$$u_1(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{and}u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n,$$

where $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ are positive numbers. Let $`u_c`$ be a positive $`C^2`$-function on $`\text{IR}^n`$ such that

$$u_c=u_1\text{in}D_1\text{and}u_c=u_2\text{in}D_2.$$

$`u_c`$ satisfies the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u_c+n(n2)Ku_c^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n,$$
$`(5.1)`$
where $`K`$ is the $`K`$-function of $`u_c`$ (cf. (1.4)). We use a Kelvin transform to bring the setting into that of theorem 3.1. (cf. also example 5.25.)
The Kelvin transform of $`u_c`$ about the sphere of radius $`a`$ and center at the origin is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_c(x):=\left(\frac{a}{|x|}\right)^{n2}u_c\left(\frac{a^2x}{|x|^2}\right)\text{for}x\text{IR}^n\{0\}.$$
$`(5.2)`$
We find that $`\stackrel{~}{u}_c`$ satisfies the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{u}_c+n(n2)\stackrel{~}{K}\stackrel{~}{u}_c^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n\{0\},$$
$`(5.3)`$
where

$$\stackrel{~}{K}(x):=K\left(\frac{a^2x}{|x|^2}\right)\text{for}x\text{IR}^n\{0\}.$$

Lemma 5.4. Let $`u`$ be a function defined on $`\text{IR}^n`$, and let

$$\stackrel{~}{u}(x):=\frac{1}{|x|^{n2}}u\left(\frac{x}{|x|^2}\right)forx0$$

be the Kelvin transforms of $`u`$ with center at the origin and radius one; and

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_{\xi _2,a}(x):=\frac{a^{n2}}{|x\xi _2|^{n2}}u\left(\xi _2+\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}\right)forx\xi _2,$$

be the Kelvin transforms of $`u`$ with center at $`\xi _2`$ and radius $`a>0.`$ Then

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_{\xi _2,a}(x)=\frac{a^{n2}}{|x\xi _2|^{n2}}\left|\xi _2+\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}\right|^{2n}\stackrel{~}{u}\left(\frac{\xi _2+\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}}{\left|\xi _2+\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}\right|^2}\right)$$

for $`x\xi _2.`$

Proof. We have

$$u(x)=\frac{1}{|x|^{n2}}\stackrel{~}{u}\left(\frac{x}{|x|^2}\right)\text{for}x0.$$

Substitute into the expression for $`\stackrel{~}{u}_{\xi _2,a}`$ we obtain the result. $``$
It follows from lemma 5.4 that, as $`x\xi _2`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_{\xi _2,a}(x)\frac{a^{n2}}{|x\xi _2|^{n2}}\left|\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}\right|^{2n}\stackrel{~}{u}\left(\frac{\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}}{\left|\frac{a^2(x\xi _2)}{|x\xi _2|^2}\right|^2}\right)=\frac{1}{a^{n2}}\stackrel{~}{u}\left(\frac{x\xi _2}{a^2}\right).$$

By the assumption in theorem B and lemma 5.4, mindful also of the translation, $`\stackrel{~}{u}_c`$ can be extended as a $`C^2`$-function across the origin. Likewise, $`\stackrel{~}{K}`$ can be extended as a continuous function, so that equation (5.3) is satisfied on the whole $`\text{IR}^n.`$ With all this, compare also with theorem 7.9.
The Kelvin transforms of $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ about the sphere of radius $`a>0`$ and center at the origin are given by

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_1(x):=\left(\frac{\overline{\lambda }_1}{\overline{\lambda }_1^2+|x\overline{\xi }_1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n,$$
$`(5.5)`$
and

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_2(x):=\left(\frac{a^2\lambda _2^1}{a^4\lambda _2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n,$$
$`(5.6)`$
respectively (see, for example, ). Here

$$\overline{\xi }_1=\frac{a^2\xi _1}{\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2}\text{and}\overline{\lambda }_1=\frac{a^2\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2}.$$
$`(5.7)`$
Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ denote the image of $`D_1`$ under the inversion

$$xa^2x/|x|^2,x0.$$

It follows that

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_c=\stackrel{~}{u}_1\text{in}\mathrm{\Omega }_1\text{and}\stackrel{~}{u}_c=\stackrel{~}{u}_2\text{in}\text{IR}^nB_o(a).$$

We seek a suitable point to apply (3.9).
The inversion $`xa^2x/|x|^2`$ sends a ball to a ball. Consider the line passing through the origin and $`\xi _1`$. It can be seen that the “inverted” ball of $`B_{\xi _1}(r_1)`$ has diameter $`d`$ given by

$$d=\left(\frac{a^2}{|\xi _1|r_1}\frac{a^2}{|\xi _1|+r_1}\right)=\frac{2r_1a^2}{|\xi _1|^2r_1^2}.$$
$`(5.8)`$
($`|\xi _1|>r_1`$ because $`B_o(a)`$ and $`B_{\xi _1}(r_1)`$ are disjoint.) Assume that

$$r_1\lambda _1.$$

We have

$$\frac{a^2|\xi _1|}{|\xi _1|^2+r_1|\xi _1|}\frac{a^2|\xi _1|}{|\xi _1|^2+\lambda _1^2}\frac{a^2|\xi _1|}{|\xi _1|^2r_1|\xi _1|}.$$

Hence there exists a point $`\xi B_{\xi _1}(r_1)`$ such that

$$\frac{a^2\xi }{|\xi |^2}=\frac{a^2\xi _1}{|\xi _1|^2+\lambda _1^2}=\overline{\xi }_1.$$
$`(5.9)`$
From (5.5) and (5.9) we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_1(a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)=\left(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_1}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}.$$

That is,

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_1^{\frac{4}{n2}}(a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)=\overline{\lambda }_1^2=\frac{a^4\lambda _1^2}{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}.$$
$`(5.10)`$
Moreover,

$$\stackrel{~}{u}_2^{\frac{4}{n2}}(a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)=\frac{(\lambda _2^2|\xi |^2+1)^2a^4\lambda _2^2}{|\xi |^4}=\left(\frac{a}{|\xi |}\right)^4\frac{(\lambda _2^2+|\xi |^2)^2}{\lambda _2^2}.$$
$`(5.11)`$
The following lemma can be verified by direct calculations.
Lemma 5.12. Given a point $`\xi \text{IR}^n`$ and a positive number $`\lambda `$, let

$$u(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda }{\lambda ^2+|x\xi |^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}forx\text{IR}^n.$$

We have

$$\left|u^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2=4\frac{|x\xi |^2}{\lambda ^2}forx\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(5.13)`$
Thus,

$$\left|\stackrel{~}{u}_1^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2=4\frac{|x\overline{\xi }_1|^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2\text{and}\left|\stackrel{~}{u}_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2=4|x|^2\lambda _2^2a^4$$

for $`x\text{IR}^n.`$ In this case $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2=B_o(a).`$ It follows from lemma 3.7 that

$`(5.14)`$ $`(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)|\left|\stackrel{~}{u}_2^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$``$ $`4(n+2)\lambda _2^2a^2{\displaystyle _{B_o(a)}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)|𝑑x\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\right)\lambda _2^2.`$
The inverted ball of $`B_{\xi _1}(r_1)`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ contains a ball $`B_{\xi _o}(\rho )`$ with radius $`\rho =d/8.`$ By choosing the center $`\xi _o`$ suitably \[cf. (5.8) and (5.9)\], we have

$$|xa^2\xi /|\xi |^2|=|x\overline{\xi }_1|\rho \text{for   all}xB_{\xi _o}(\rho ).$$

Hence

$`(5.15)`$ $`(n+2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_1}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)||\stackrel{~}{u}_c^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)|^2𝑑x`$
$``$ $`(n+2){\displaystyle _{B_{\xi _o}(\rho )}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)||\stackrel{~}{u}_1^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)|^2𝑑x`$
$``$ $`4(n+2){\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{B_{\xi _o}(\rho )}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)||x\overline{\xi }_1|^2𝑑x`$
$``$ $`4(n+2){\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}\rho ^2{\displaystyle _{B_{\xi _o}(\rho )}}|H(x,a^2\xi /|\xi |^2)|𝑑x`$
$``$ $`4(n+2){\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}\rho ^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n2)\omega _n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d^{n2}}}\right){\displaystyle _{B_{\xi _o}(\rho )}}𝑑x`$
$``$ $`4(n+2){\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}\rho ^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n2)\omega _n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d^{n2}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega _n}{n}}\rho ^n\right)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(n+2)}{n(n2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8^{n+2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}d^4`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(n+2)}{n(n2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8^{n+2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{a^4\lambda _1^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2^4r_1^4a^8}{(|\xi _1|^2r_1^2)^4}}\right)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n(n2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{a^4}{|\xi _1|^8}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{\lambda _1^2}}r_1^4.`$
It follows from (3.9), (5.10), (5.11), (5.14) and (5.15) that

$`(5.16)`$ $`\underset{\text{IR}^nB_o(a)}{sup}|K1|=\underset{B_o(a)}{sup}|\stackrel{~}{K}1|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n2}{2n}}a^2[{\displaystyle \frac{a^4\lambda _1^2}{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n(n2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{a^4}{|\xi _1|^8}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{\lambda _1^2}}r_1^4`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{a}{|\xi |}}\right)^4{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _2^2+|\xi |^2)^2}{\lambda _2^2}}2\left({\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\right)\lambda _2^2].`$
Let the positive numbers $`c`$, $`k`$ and $`C`$ be defined by the equations

$$r_1=c\lambda _1,a=k\lambda _2,|\xi _1|=C\lambda _2,$$
$`(5.17)`$
respectively. We obtain

$$\frac{a^4\lambda _1^2}{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}=\frac{k^4\lambda _2^4\lambda _1^2}{(\lambda _1^2+C^2\lambda _2^2)^2}=\frac{k^4\lambda _1^2}{\left(\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}+C^2\right)^2},$$

$$\frac{a^4}{|\xi _1|^8}\frac{(\lambda _1^2+|\xi _1|^2)^2}{\lambda _1^2}r_1^4=\frac{k^4\lambda _2^4}{C^8\lambda _2^8}\left(\lambda _1^2+C^2\lambda _2^2\right)^2c^4\lambda _1^2>\frac{c^4}{C^4}k^4\lambda _1^2.$$

From (5.9) we have

$$|\xi |=|\xi _1|+\frac{\lambda _1^2}{|\xi _1|}|\xi |>|\xi _1|.$$

Assume that $`k=a/\lambda _21.`$ It follows that

$$\left(\frac{a}{|\xi |}\right)^4\frac{(\lambda _2^2+|\xi |^2)^2}{\lambda _2^2}=\left(\frac{\lambda _2^2}{|\xi |^2}+1\right)^2k^4\lambda _2^2\left(\frac{\lambda _2^2}{|\xi _1|^2}+1\right)^2k^4\lambda _2^22^2k^4\lambda _2^2,$$

as $`|\xi _1|>a\lambda _2.`$ From (5.16) and the fact that $`a^2=k^2\lambda _2^2`$, we have

$`(5.18)`$ $`\underset{\text{IR}^nB_o(a)}{sup}|K1|=\underset{B_o(a)}{sup}|\stackrel{~}{K}1|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n2}{2n}}[{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\left(\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}+C^2\right)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n(n2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8^n}}k^2{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{c^4}{C^4}}`$
$`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}4}k^2\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{n+2}{n2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{k^2}}].`$
Observe that

$$\frac{k^2}{\left(\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}+C^2\right)^2}\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{k^2}{4C^2}=\frac{a^2}{4|\xi _1|^2}\frac{1}{4}.$$

Given a number $`\sigma 1`$, we seek conditions for the inequality

$$\frac{n+2}{n(n2)}\frac{1}{8^n}k^2\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{c^4}{C^4}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}4}k^2\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\left(\frac{n+2}{n2}\right)\frac{1}{k^2}\left(\frac{n+2}{n2}\right)\sigma ^2$$
$`(5.19)`$
to hold. That is,

$$\frac{n+2}{n(n2)}\frac{1}{8^n}\frac{\lambda _1^2}{\lambda _2^2}\frac{c^4}{C^4}4+\left(\frac{n+2}{n2}\right)\left[\frac{2}{k^4}+\frac{\sigma ^2}{k^2}\right].$$
$`(5.20)`$
As

$$\frac{c^4}{C^4}=\frac{\lambda _2^4}{\lambda _1^4}\frac{r_1^4}{|\xi _1|^4},$$

(5.20) is equivalent to

$$\frac{\lambda _2^2}{\lambda _1^2}8^n\frac{|\xi _1|^4}{r_1^4}\left[\frac{4n(n2)}{n+2}+\left(\frac{2n\lambda _2^4}{a^4}+\frac{n\sigma ^2\lambda _2^2}{a^2}\right)\right].$$
$`(5.21)`$
As $`\lambda _2/a1`$, (5.21) holds if

$$\frac{\lambda _2^2}{\lambda _1^2}8^nn\frac{|\xi _1|^4}{r_1^4}\left[4+2+\sigma ^2\right].$$
$`(5.22)`$
Hence we conclude that if

$$\frac{\lambda _2^2}{\lambda _1^2}8^nn\frac{|\xi _1|^4}{r_1^4}(\sigma ^2+6),$$
$`(5.23)`$
and $`r_1\lambda _1`$ and $`a\lambda _2`$, then

$$\underset{\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K1|\frac{n+2}{2n}\sigma ^2.$$
$`(5.24)`$
Taking into the account of the translation, we obtain theorem B.

Example 5.25. Let

$$u(x):=u_1(x)+u_2(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}+\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$

In can be seen that

$$|K(x)1|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}2^{4/(2n)}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(5.26)`$
Here $`K`$ is the $`K`$-function of $`u.`$ At points $`x\text{IR}^n`$ with $`u_1(x)=u_2(x)`$, we have $`K(x)=2^{4/(2n)}.`$ Moreover,

$$\underset{|x|\mathrm{}}{lim}K(x)=\frac{\lambda _1^{\frac{n+2}{2}}+\lambda _2^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}{\left(\lambda _1^{\frac{n2}{2}}+\lambda _2^{\frac{n2}{2}}\right)^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}.$$
$`(5.27)`$
In particular, if $`\lambda _1=\lambda _2`$, we have $`\underset{|x|\mathrm{}}{lim}K(x)=2^{4/(2n)}.`$
We observe the decay behavior of $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ so that when $`|\xi _1|`$ is large enough, the effect of $`u_1`$ on $`u_2`$ is small, and vice versa. Given positive numbers $`r_1`$ and $`a`$, if $`|\xi _1|1,`$ applying the cut and glue-in technique (cf. §6) on $`u_1`$ in a small neighborhood of $`B_{\xi _1}(2r_1),`$ and on $`u_2`$ in a small neighborhood of $`B_o(2a),`$ one obtains a positive smooth function $`u_c`$ such that

$$u_c=u_1\text{in}B_{\xi _1}(r_1)\text{and}u_c=u_2\text{in}B_o(a).$$

Denote by $`K_c`$ the $`K`$-function of $`u_c.`$ \[$`u_c(x)=u(x)`$ and $`K_c(x)=K(x)`$ for $`x`$ in a large part of $`\text{IR}^n`$, especially when $`|x|1.`$\] The Kelvin transforms of $`u_c`$ and $`K_c`$ extend smoothly to the origin. Furthermore, even for small $`\lambda _1,`$ large $`r_1`$, and large $`a/\lambda _2`$, if $`\xi _1`$ is far away, we still have

$$\underset{\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K_c1|12^{4/(2n)}+ϵ,$$

where the positive constant $`ϵ`$ can be chosen to be as small as possible when $`|\xi _1|\mathrm{}.`$ This illustrates the importance of the factor $`|\xi _1|`$ in (5.23). On the other hand, if $`|\xi _1|/r_1`$ is relatively small comparing to $`\lambda _2/\lambda _1,`$ then by theorem B, $`\underset{\text{IR}^n}{sup}|K_c1|`$ has to be large. We notice the dramatic alternation of $`u`$ and $`u_c`$ in the latter case. The sharp change in $`K_c`$ is mainly introduced by the cut and glue-in process, especially near the regions where $`u_1`$ or $`u_2`$ are small \[ cf. (5.26)\].

6. Glue-in the Bubbles

In §2 the development of bubbles is discussed. We seek to cut and glue a bubble on the solution and keep track of the change in the $`K`$-function, trying not to disturb it too much. The key point appears to be finding a suitable place to cut and glue. The glue-in argument is based on (2.9) and (2.10). We follow the notations in §2.
Let $`\delta `$ be the constant in (2.9) and $`\overline{\delta }:=\delta ^{2/(n2)}.`$ We may assume that $`\delta <1.`$ Given a positive number $`\alpha `$ such that $`2(1+\alpha )<n,`$ let $`\rho _M`$ be a positive number such that

$$2\overline{\delta }^{\frac{(n2)(n22\alpha )}{2(n+2)}}\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\overline{\delta }^{\frac{(n2)(n22\alpha )}{2(n+2)}}+\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}}.$$
$`(6.1)`$
In particular,

$$\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}\right)\overline{\delta }.$$

It follows from (6.1) that

$$\left[\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}}\right]^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}\alpha }.$$
$`(6.2)`$
For a point $`y`$ with $`|y|=\lambda \rho _M`$, we have

$$\left(\frac{\lambda }{\lambda ^2+|y|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}=\left(\frac{\lambda }{\lambda ^2+\lambda ^2\rho _M^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}=\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\frac{1}{\lambda ^{\frac{n2}{2}}}.$$
$`(6.3)`$
Here $`\lambda `$ is the parameter in (2.9) and (2.10).
We may also assume that $`R`$ is large enough such that $`\rho _M<R`$ and that $`\delta `$ is small enough so that, say, $`\rho _M>100`$ (in §2, $`R`$ can be taken arbitrarily large and $`\delta `$ arbitrarily small). Let $`\rho _m:=\rho _M10`$. Take a cut-off function $`\varphi C^{\mathrm{}}([0,\mathrm{}))`$ so that $`\varphi 0`$ in $`[0,\mathrm{})`$, $`\varphi =1`$ in $`[0,\lambda \rho _m)`$, $`\varphi =0`$ in $`[\lambda \rho _M,\mathrm{})`$, $`|\varphi ^{}|C_\varphi \lambda ^1`$ and $`|\varphi ^{\prime \prime }|C_\varphi \lambda ^2`$ in $`[\lambda \rho _m,\lambda \rho _M]`$ for some positive constant $`C_\varphi `$. Let

$$w(x)=\varphi (|x|)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (|x|)]u(x_1+x)\text{for}|x|<\lambda R.$$
$`(6.4)`$
We have

$`\mathrm{\Delta }w(x)`$ $`=`$ $`[u_{\lambda ,o}(x)u(x_1+x)]\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi (x)+2[u_{\lambda ,o}(x)_xu(x_1+x)]\varphi (x)`$
$`+\varphi (x)\mathrm{\Delta }u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\mathrm{\Delta }_xu(x_1+x)`$
$`=`$ $`[u_{\lambda ,o}(x)u(x_1+x)]\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi (x)+2[u_{\lambda ,o}(x)_xu(x_1+x)]\varphi (x)`$
$`n(n2)\left[\varphi (x)u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]K(x_1+x)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x_1+x)\right]`$
for $`|x|<\lambda R.`$ Assume that

$$|K1|\epsilon \text{in}B_{x_1}(\lambda R),$$
$`(6.5)`$
where $`\epsilon `$ is a positive number. As $`w`$ is a non-negative function in $`B_o(\lambda R)`$, there is a function $`K_gC^{\mathrm{}}(B_o(\lambda R))`$ (the $`K`$-function of $`w`$) such that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }w+n(n2)K_gw^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}B_o(\lambda R).$$
$`(6.6)`$
It follows that

$`(6.7)`$ $`|K_g(x)1|`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }w(x)}{n(n+2)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}+1\right|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi (x)||u_{\lambda ,o}(x)u(x_1+x)|}{n(n+2)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2|\varphi (x)||u_{\lambda ,o}(x)_xu(x_1+x)|}{n(n+2)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}`$
$`+\left|{\displaystyle \frac{u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[K(x_1+x)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\right]}{\{u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\right]\}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\right|`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ We have

$`(6.8)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\right]\right\}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}`$
$``$ $`\left[u_{\lambda ,o}(x)|u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)|\right]^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}`$
$``$ $`\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}}\right]^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda ^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}\alpha }}{\lambda ^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}}`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ As $`\varphi `$ is a radial function,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi =\frac{d^2\varphi }{dr^2}+\frac{n1}{r}\frac{d\varphi }{dr},$$

where $`r=|x|.`$ Together with the bounds on $`\varphi ^{}`$ and $`\varphi ^{\prime \prime }`$, the fact that $`\lambda \rho _m|x|<\lambda \rho _M,`$ and (2.9), (2.10) and (6.8), we obtain

$$\frac{|\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi (x)||u_{\lambda ,o}(x)u(x_1+x)|}{n(n2)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}C\overline{\delta }^\alpha $$
$`(6.9)`$
and

$$\frac{2|\varphi (x)||u_{\lambda ,o}(x)_xu(x_1+x)|}{n(n2)w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}C\overline{\delta }^\alpha $$
$`(6.10)`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ As for the last term in (6.7), we have

$`(6.11)`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \frac{u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[K(x_1+x)u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\right]}{\{u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\right]\}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\right|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\left|u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\{u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\right]\}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\right|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{|K(x+x_1)|\left|u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\right|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}+|K(x+x_1)1|{\displaystyle \frac{u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ We note that

$$x^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}y^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=\frac{n+2}{n2}_y^xt^{\frac{4}{n2}}𝑑t\frac{n+2}{n2}x^{\frac{4}{n2}}|xy|\text{for}xy0.$$
$`(6.12)`$
Also,

$$\underset{B_o(\lambda R)}{sup}u_{\lambda o}^{\frac{4}{n2}}=\frac{1}{\lambda ^2}\text{and}\underset{B_o(\lambda R)}{sup}u^{\frac{4}{n2}}\frac{2}{\lambda ^2},$$

as $`\lambda `$ is small. Hence we obtain

$$|K(x+x_1)|\frac{\left|u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\right|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}C\lambda ^2\frac{|u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}C^{}\overline{\delta }^\alpha $$
$`(6.13)`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ Using the left-hand-side inequality of (6.1), we have

$$|K(x+x_1)1|\frac{u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}\epsilon \frac{\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _m^2}\right)^{\frac{n+2}{2}}\lambda ^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}{\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}\alpha }\lambda ^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}2\epsilon \frac{\left(\frac{1}{1+\rho _M^2}\right)^{\frac{n+2}{2}}}{\overline{\delta }^{\frac{n2}{2}\alpha }}2^{\frac{2n}{n2}}\epsilon $$
$`(6.14)`$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ Here we make use of the fact that $`\rho _M100`$ and $`\rho _m=\rho _M10.`$ Likewise, using (6.12) and (2.9), we obtain

$`(6.15)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\left|u_{\lambda ,o}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)\{u_{\lambda ,o}(x)+[1\varphi (x)]\left[u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\right]\}^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\right|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}`$
$``$ $`C\lambda ^2{\displaystyle \frac{|u(x_1+x)u_{\lambda ,o}(x)|}{w^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(x)}}C^{}\overline{\delta }^\alpha `$
for $`xB_o(\lambda \rho _M)B_o(\lambda \rho _m).`$ Finally, we glue in the bubble and see that

$$u(x_1+x)=u_{\lambda ,o}(x)\text{for}|x|\lambda (\rho _M10).$$

It follows from (6.5), (6.7), (6.9), (6.10), (6.11), (6.13), (6.14) and (6.15) that

$$|K_g1|C\mathrm{max}\{\epsilon ,\overline{\delta }^\alpha \}$$
$`(6.16)`$
in $`B_o(\lambda \rho _M).`$ Here $`C`$ is a positive constant that depends on $`n`$, $`1+\epsilon `$ and $`C_\varphi `$ only. For applications in §7, we note that $`\rho _M`$ can be chosen to be large when $`\delta `$ is small and $`R`$ is large.

7. Estimates at the Singularity

Let $`v`$ be a positive smooth solution of the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }v+n(n2)\stackrel{~}{K}v^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(7.1)`$
Consider the Kelvin transform

$$u(x):=\frac{v(y)}{|x|^{n2}},\text{and}K(x):=\stackrel{~}{K}(y),\text{where}y:=\frac{x}{|x|^2},x0.$$
$`(7.2)`$
We know that $`u`$ satisfies the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }u+n(n2)Ku^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n\{0\}.$$
$`(7.3)`$
We assume that

$$\underset{x0}{lim}K(x)=1\text{and}|x||K(x)|C\text{for}xB_o(1)\{0\}.$$
$`(7.4)`$
It follows from the fact that $`K`$ is bounded near infinity and the limit in (7.4) that

$$|K(x)1|\kappa ^2\text{for}y\text{IR}^n\{0\},$$
$`(7.5)`$
where $`\kappa `$ is a positive constant. Condition (7.4) is equivalent to

$$\underset{y\mathrm{}}{lim}\stackrel{~}{K}(y)=1\text{and}|y||\stackrel{~}{K}(y)|C\text{for}y1.$$
$`(7.6)`$
Assume that $`u`$ does not satisfy the slow decay estimate

$$u(x)C_o|x|^{\frac{n2}{2}}$$

for $`x`$ close to (but not equal to) the isolated singularity at the origin. As discussed in §2, bubbles develop and they are described by (2.9) and (2.10). We choose a small $`\delta `$ and large $`R`$ as in §2, there is a bubble with center at $`\xi _2`$ which satisfies (2.9) and (2.10). Applying the cut and glue-in process in §6, we may replace $`u`$ by another positive smooth function which differs from $`u`$ only on small neighborhood of $`\xi _2`$, and because of this we still denote the new function by $`u`$, such that

$$u(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _2^2+|x\xi _2|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{in}B_{\xi _2}(a).$$
$`(7.7)`$
Here

$$a=(\rho _M10)\lambda _2,$$

where $`\rho _M`$ is the constant in (6.1). Furthermore, by the choice of $`\delta `$ and $`R`$, we have $`a\lambda _2.`$ (Actually we may have $`a\lambda _2.`$)
We choose another set of numbers $`\delta ^{}`$ (small) and $`R^{}`$ (large). There exists a bubble with center at $`\xi _1.`$ Similar to the above discussion, we may assume that

$$u(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _1^2+|x\xi _1|^2}\right)^{\frac{n2}{2}}\text{in}B_{\xi _1}(r_1),$$
$`(7.8)`$
where

$$r=(\rho _M^{}10)\lambda _1,$$

and $`\rho _M^{}`$ is the constant in (6.1) defined by $`\delta ^{}.`$ We also have $`r\lambda _1.`$ By choosing $`\xi _1`$ close to the origin, we may assume that $`B_{\xi _2}(a)B_{\xi _1}(r_1)=\mathrm{}.`$ We may also assume that $`r_1/\lambda _1`$ and $`a/\lambda _2`$ are large. With $`\delta `$ to be small and $`R`$ large, and $`\xi _1`$ and $`\xi _2`$ close to the origin, it follows from (6.16) and (7.4) that (7.5) remains valid.
Under the Kelvin transform with center at the origin and radius $`1`$, the origin, which is a regular point for both $`v`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{K}`$, is sent to infinity. When we apply the Kelvin transform with center at $`\xi _2`$ and radius $`a`$ (cf. lemma 5.4), the result is that the infinity is sent to $`\xi _2.`$ It can be seen that the center $`\xi _2`$ is a regular point for the Kelvin transforms of $`u`$ and $`K`$ with center at $`\xi _2`$ and radius $`a`$. An argument toward this observation is similar to the proof of lemma 5.4.
We seek to apply the conclusion in theorem B. As the origin in equation (7.3) is a singularity for $`u`$, after the Kelvin transformation with center at $`\xi _2`$ and radius $`a`$, there is an isolated singularity at $`(\xi _2+a^2\xi _2/|\xi _2^2|)B_{\xi _2}(a).`$ Thus theorem 3.1 may not apply. Consider the following extension of the representation formula with a point singularity.
Theorem 7.9. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be a bounded domain in $`\text{IR}^n`$ with smooth boundary $`\mathrm{\Omega }.`$ For a fixed point $`p\mathrm{\Omega },`$ consider a function $`uC^2(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}\{p\}).`$ Assume that there exist positive constants $`\mu ,\nu (0,1),`$ $`C_1`$, $`C_2`$, and a small positive number $`\delta `$ with $`B_p(\delta )\mathrm{\Omega }`$, such that

$$|\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)|\frac{C_1}{|xp|^{n1+\mu }},|u(x)|\frac{C_2}{|xp|^{n1\nu }}forxB_p(\delta )\{p\}.$$
$`(7.10)`$
Then for any $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }\{p\},`$ we have

$$u(\xi )=_\mathrm{\Omega }H(x,\xi )\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)𝑑x+_\mathrm{\Omega }\left[u(x)\frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}H(x,\xi )\frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}\right]𝑑S_x.$$
$`(7.11)`$
Proof. Given a point $`\xi \mathrm{\Omega }\{p\},`$ and a small positive number $`\epsilon `$ such that $`\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}\overline{B_\xi (\epsilon )}=\mathrm{},`$ let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\epsilon =\mathrm{\Omega }\{\overline{B_\xi (\epsilon )}\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}\}.`$ Applying Green’s identity we obtain

$`(7.12){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_\epsilon }}H(x,\xi )\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)𝑑x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Omega }}\left[H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}}u(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}\right]𝑑S_x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\overline{B_\xi (\epsilon )}}}\left[H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}}u(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}\right]𝑑S_x`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}}}\left[H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}}u(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}\right]𝑑S_x.`$
Here $`𝐧`$ is the unit outward normal to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\epsilon .`$ It is known that (, loc. cit.)

$$_{\overline{B_\xi (\epsilon )}}\left[u(x)\frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}H(x,\xi )\frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}\right]𝑑S_xu(\xi )\text{as}\epsilon 0^+.$$

Furthermore, as $`p\xi `$, we have

$`(7.13)\left|{\displaystyle _{B_p(\epsilon )\{p\}}}H(x,\xi )\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)𝑑x\right|`$ $``$ $`C{\displaystyle _{B_p(\epsilon )\{p\}}}|\mathrm{\Delta }u(x)|𝑑x`$
$``$ $`C_1{\displaystyle _0^\epsilon }r^\mu 𝑑r={\displaystyle \frac{C_1}{1\mu }}\epsilon ^{1\mu }0`$
as $`\epsilon 0^+.`$ It follows from (7.10) that

$$|u(x)|\frac{C_2}{|xp|^{n2\nu }}\text{for}0<|xp|<\delta .$$
$`(7.14)`$
Considering (7.10) and (7.14), we have

$`\left|{\displaystyle _{\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}}}\left[H(x,\xi ){\displaystyle \frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}}u(x){\displaystyle \frac{H(x,\xi )}{𝐧_x}}\right]𝑑S_x\right|`$
$``$ $`C_3{\displaystyle _{\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{u(x)}{𝐧_x}}\right|𝑑S_x+C_4{\displaystyle _{\overline{B_p(\epsilon )}}}|u(x)|𝑑S_x`$
$``$ $`C_5(\epsilon ^{1+\nu }+\epsilon ^\nu )0`$
as $`\epsilon 0^+.`$ Thus by letting $`\epsilon 0^+`$ in (7.12) we obtain (7.11). $``$
The main assumption to apply theorem 7.9 on $`v`$ in (7.1) is the following.

$$|v(y)|C|y|^\alpha \text{for}|y|1,$$
$`(7.15)`$
where $`\alpha `$ is a positive constant. We also assume, for the moment, that

$$v(y)c|y|^{(n2)/2}\text{for}|y|1.$$
$`(7.16)`$
It follows from (7.15) that

$$v(y)C_1|y|^{1\alpha }\text{for}|y|1.$$
$`(7.17)`$
Recall that $`u(x)=|x|^{2n}v(x/|x|^2)`$ for $`x\text{IR}^n\{0\}.`$ By a direct calculation we obtain

$$|u(x)|^2C_2\left[|x|^{2(n1)}v^2(y)+|x|^{2n}|v(y)|^2\right]\frac{C_3}{|x|^{2n2\alpha }}\text{for}0<|x|<1,$$

where $`y=x/|x|^2`$ for $`x0.`$ From (7.16) we have

$$u(x)\frac{C_4}{|x|^{\frac{n2}{2}}}\text{for}|x|>0\text{small}.$$
$`(7.18)`$
Thus we obtain

$$\left|u^{4/(n2)}(x)\right|=\left|\frac{u(x)}{u^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}\right|\frac{C_5}{|x|^{\frac{n2}{2}\alpha }}\text{for}|x|>0\text{small}.$$
$`(7.19)`$
Likewise, we have

$$\frac{|u(x)|^2}{u^{\frac{2n}{n2}}}\frac{C_6}{|x|^{n2\alpha }}\text{for}|x|>0\text{small}.$$
$`(7.20)`$
It follows from (3.4), (7.3), (7.4) and (7.20) that

$$\left|\mathrm{\Delta }u^{4/(n2)}(x)\right|\frac{C_7}{|x|^{n2\alpha }}\text{for}|x|>0\text{small}.$$
$`(7.21)`$
We also observe that

$$\left|u^{\frac{2}{n2}}(x)\right|^2\frac{C_8}{|x|^{n2\alpha }}\text{for}|x|>0\text{small}.$$

As the Kelvin transform with center at $`\xi _2`$ and radius $`a`$ does not change the essential features of the singularity at the origin, from (7.19) and (7.21), we may apply theorem 7.9.
We proceed to add a “base” function to $`v`$ so that the lower bound (7.16) is fulfilled. Let $`v_b`$ be given by

$$v_b(x)=(|x|^2+1)^{(2n)/4}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(7.22)`$
The $`K`$-function of $`v_b`$ is given by

$$K_b(x)=\frac{1}{2}\left(1\frac{n+2}{2n}\frac{|x|^2}{|x|^2+1}\right)\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(7.23)`$
(See, for example, , where the constant $`n(n2)`$ is present because of scaling.) In particular

$$\frac{n2}{4n}K_b(x)\frac{1}{2}\text{for}x\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(7.24)`$
$`v_b`$ satisfies the equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }v_b+n(n2)K_bv_b^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}=0\text{in}\text{IR}^n.$$
$`(7.25)`$
We have

$$2^{(n2)/4}|x|^{(n2)/2}v_b(x)|x|^{(n2)/2}\text{for}|x|1,$$
$`(7.26)`$
and

$$|v_b(x)|\left(\frac{n2}{2}\right)|x|^{n/2}\text{for}|x|1.$$
$`(7.27)`$
(Or else we may use one of the glued-functions similar to those described in , which is less explicit but with the $`K`$-function closer to $`1.`$)
Consider

$$v_c=v+v_b\text{in}\text{IR}^n.$$

The $`K`$-function of $`v_c`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{K}_c=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v+\mathrm{\Delta }v_b}{n(n2)(v+v_b)^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}=\frac{\stackrel{~}{K}v^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}+K_bv_b^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}{(v+v_b)^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}}\text{in}\text{IR}^n.$$

Using (7.24) and the inequalities

$$s^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}+t^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}(s+t)^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\text{and}(s+t)^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}2^{\frac{4}{n2}}\left(s^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}+t^{\frac{n+2}{n2}}\right)$$
$`(7.28)`$
for non-negative numbers $`s`$ and $`t`$, we obtain

$$\mathrm{min}\{1\kappa ^2,\frac{\mathrm{min}\{(n2)/(4n),1\kappa ^2\}}{2^{4/(n2)}}\}\stackrel{~}{K}_c\mathrm{max}\{1+\kappa ^2,1/2\}$$
$`(7.29)`$
in $`\text{IR}^n`$. Furthermore,

$$v_c(x)v_b2^{(n2)/4}|x|^{(n2)/2}\text{for}|x|1.$$
$`(7.30)`$
Under the assumption in (7.15), we have

$$|v_c(x)||v_b(x)|+|v(x)|C|x|^\alpha \text{for}|x|1.$$
$`(7.31)`$
Here we set $`0<\alpha n/2.`$ That is, $`v_c`$ satisfies the conditions (7.4), (7.15) and (7.16). What remains is to show that the essential features of the bubbles are not altered by adding $`v_b`$ to $`v`$.
Let $`u_c`$, $`u`$ and $`u_b`$ be the Kelvin transforms of $`v_c`$, $`v`$ and $`v_b`$, respectively, and $`K_c`$ the $`K`$-function of $`u_c`$, which is given by

$$K_c(x)=\stackrel{~}{K}_c(x/|x|^2)\text{for}x\text{IR}^n\{0\}.$$
$`(7.32)`$
As $`u`$ does not have slow decay, and $`K`$ satisfies the conditions in (7.4), bubbles develops according to (2.9) and (2.10). By (7.26) and (7.27), we have

$$u_b(x)|x|^{(n2)/2}\text{and}|u_b(x)|\left(\frac{(n^24)\sqrt{n}}{2}\right)|x|^{n/2}$$
$`(7.33)`$
for $`|x|>0`$ close to zero. From the blow-up analysis in (2.7), (2.9) and (2.10), the distance between $`x_o`$ and $`x_1`$ is at most $`c_n\lambda `$, where $`c_n`$ is a positive constant that depends on $`n`$ only (cf. ). In (2.9) and (2.10), we add the bound

$$|y|\left(\frac{d_\epsilon (x_o)}{2\lambda }\right)\lambda =\frac{1}{2}d_\epsilon (x_o).$$
$`(7.34)`$
Note that, by (2.7),

$$\frac{d_\epsilon (x_o)}{2\lambda }\frac{M_\epsilon ^{2/(n2)}}{2},$$

which can be made arbitrarily large \[cf. (2.3)\]. By using (7.33) we obtain

$$u_b(x_1+y)[d_\epsilon (x_o)/4]^{(n2)/2}2^{n2}\frac{\lambda ^{\frac{2n}{2}}}{M_\epsilon }\text{for}|y|\frac{1}{2}d_\epsilon (x_o).$$
$`(7.35)`$
Likewise

$$|u_b(x_1+y)|\frac{2^{n1}(n2)}{M_\epsilon ^{n/(n2)}}\lambda ^{\frac{n}{2}}\text{for}|y|\frac{1}{2}d_\epsilon (x_o).$$
$`(7.36)`$
Given a small positive number $`\delta `$, consider $`\delta /2.`$ Select a large positive number $`R`$ so that (6.1) if fulfilled. By the blow-up analysis, there exists a positive constant $`C`$ such that if $`M_\epsilon C`$, then (2.9) and (2.10) hold for $`\delta /2`$ (and hence also for $`\delta `$). Choose $`M_\epsilon `$ to be large enough so that

$$\frac{M_\epsilon ^{2/n2}}{2}R,\text{which   implies}\frac{d_\epsilon (x_o)}{2}R\lambda .$$

From (7.35) and (7.36), if we add the base function to $`u`$, (2.9) and (2.10) remain valid for $`u_c`$ with the constant $`\delta `$, for $`|y|<\lambda Rd_\epsilon (x_2)/2.`$
Hence we may assume that $`u`$ satisfies the lower bound (7.16). By choosing slightly smaller $`a`$ and $`r_1`$ if necessary, we may assume that (7.7) and (7.8) are satisfied. Thus we are justified to apply theorem 7.9. The arguments in §3 and §6 lead to similar condition (1.8) for estimate (1.9) to hold. As $`\xi _1`$ and $`\xi _2`$ are close to the origin, we have $`|\xi _1\xi _2|1.`$ It follows from (7.29) and (1.9) that there exists a positive constant $`C(n,\kappa )`$ that depends on $`\kappa `$ and $`n`$ only, such that

$$\frac{\lambda _2^2}{\lambda _1^2}\frac{C(n,\kappa )}{r_1^4}.$$
$`(7.37)`$
That is,

$$\frac{r_1^4}{\lambda _1^2}C(n,\kappa )\lambda _2^2.$$
$`(7.38)`$
In order to obtain (7.38), the conditions are (7.4) for $`K`$, and (7.15) for $`v`$, together with the assumption that $`v`$ does not have the slow decay. Fixing $`\lambda _2`$ in (7.38), we obtain, roughly speaking, that there are no “deep rooted” bubbles close to the origin. That is, $`r_1^2`$ cannot be relatively large comparing to $`\lambda _1.`$

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS , NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE , 2 SCIENCE DRIVE 2 , SINGAPORE 117543 , REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE matlmc@math.nus.edu.sg
Fax number: 65-779-5452


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# Two Contrastive Boson-Pair Coherent States in Deformed Boson Scheme

The boson coherent state has played a central role in the studies of many-body physics, and for various problems, many ideas for the modification have been proposed. The squeezed boson coherent state is one of examples and the present authors have studied it extensively. Further, recently, from the viewpoint of the $`q`$-deformed boson scheme, the modifications were reinvestigated by the present authors. An example is the multiboson coherent state. Under the idea by Penson and Solomon, the present authors investigated the following multiboson coherent state :

$`|c_m(+)=(\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(+)})^1{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}(\sqrt{n!}\sqrt{r!})^1\gamma _+^n\delta _+^r(\sqrt{C_m(n,r)})^{+1}|mn+r,`$ (1)
$`C_m(n,r)=n!r!\left[(mn+r)!\right]^1.`$ (2)
Here, $`\gamma _+`$ and $`\delta _+`$ denote complex parameters and $`m`$, $`n`$ and $`r`$ are integers which are shown as follows :

$`m=2,3,4,\mathrm{},n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},r=0,1,2,\mathrm{},(m1).`$ (3)
The quantity $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(+)`$ denotes the normalization factor given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(+)=\underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}(r!)^1(|\delta _+|^2)^r\left(\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(n!)^1C_m(n,r)^{+1}(|\gamma _+|^2)^n\right).$$
(4)
The states $`|mn+r`$ compose an orthonormal set :

$`|mn+r`$ $`=`$ $`(\sqrt{(mn+r)!})^1(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^{mn+r}|0,`$ (5)
$`\stackrel{~}{c}|0`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (6)
Here, $`(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})`$ denotes boson operator. The condition (3) tells us that the set $`\{|mn+r\}`$ is complete. Hereafter, the space spanned by the states (5) is called $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$. We can prove that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(+)`$ is convergent for any $`m`$ in the region

$$|\gamma _+|^2<\mathrm{}.(m=2,3,4,\mathrm{})$$
(7)
This means that the state $`|c_m(+)`$ is normalizable for $`m=2,3,4,\mathrm{}`$. It may be clear that the state $`|mn+r`$ consists of the multiboson $`(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^m`$. In this sense, we call the state $`|c_m(+)`$ the multiboson coherent state.

On the other hand, formally, we can set up the following state :

$`|c_m()=(\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m()})^1{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}(\sqrt{n!}\sqrt{r!})^1\gamma _{}^n\delta _{}^r(\sqrt{C_m(n,r)})^1|mn+r.`$ (8)
The normalization factor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m()`$ is written down as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_m()=\underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}(r!)^1(|\delta _{}|^2)^r\left(\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(n!)^1C_m(n,r)^1(|\gamma _{}|^2)^n\right).$$
(9)
However, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m()`$ is convergent only for $`m=2`$ in the region

$$|\gamma _{}|^2<1/4.(m=2)$$
(10)
For the cases $`m=3,4,5,\mathrm{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m()`$ is divergent in any region of $`|\gamma _{}|^2`$ and in these cases, the state (8) loses its meaning. The states $`|c_{m=2}(\pm )`$ consist of the boson-pair $`(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^2`$ and, then, we call them the boson-pair coherent states. We can see that the form of the superposition of $`|c_2(+)`$ is contrastive to that of $`|c_2()`$. The state $`|c_2()`$ was already investigated by the present authors with an interesting conclusion : With the aid of the state (8) with $`m=2`$, we are able to obtain the classical counterpart of the boson-pair, which is treated as the set $`(\stackrel{~}{T}_+,\stackrel{~}{T}_{},\stackrel{~}{T}_0)`$ defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_+=(1/2)\stackrel{~}{c}^2,\stackrel{~}{T}_{}=(1/2)\stackrel{~}{c}^2,\stackrel{~}{T}_0=(1/2)\stackrel{~}{c}^{}\stackrel{~}{c}+1/4.$$
(11)
The set $`(\stackrel{~}{T}_+,\stackrel{~}{T}_{},\stackrel{~}{T}_0)`$ obeys the $`su(1,1)`$-algebra. Further, by the requantization, we get the Holstein-Primakoff type boson representation for the set $`(\stackrel{~}{T}_+,\stackrel{~}{T}_{},\stackrel{~}{T}_0)`$. The above-mentioned scheme presents us a problem : To investigate that the state (1) for $`m=2`$ can produce the above-mentioned feature. The above task is the purpose of this paper.

By adopting the basic idea of the MYT boson mapping, we investigate the structure of the states (1) and (8) for $`m=2`$ from the viewpoint of the deformed boson scheme. In order to get the images of $`|c_2(\pm )`$, we must prepare a new space, which is called, hereafter, $`\widehat{B}`$. Following the remarks mentioned in the final part of Ref.?, we construct the space $`\widehat{B}`$ in terms of the boson $`(\widehat{c},\widehat{c}^{})`$ and the operator $`(\stackrel{˘}{d},\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})`$. For the boson $`(\widehat{c},\widehat{c}^{})`$, we have orthonormal set in the form

$`|n=(\sqrt{n!})^1(\widehat{c}^{})^n|0,(n=0,1,2,\mathrm{})`$ (12)
$`\widehat{c}|0=0.`$ (13)
Let the operator $`(\stackrel{˘}{d},\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})`$ obey the following commutation relation :

$$[\stackrel{˘}{d},\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}]=1(m/(m1)!)(\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})^{m1}(\stackrel{˘}{d})^{m1}.$$
(14)
For the operator $`(\stackrel{˘}{d},\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})`$, we presuppose the existence of the state $`|0)`$ obeying

$$\stackrel{˘}{d}|0)=0.$$
(15)
Then, with use of the relations (14) and (15), we are able to obtain the following set:

$$|r(m))=\{\begin{array}{cc}(\sqrt{r!})^1(\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})^r|0),(r=0,1,2,\mathrm{},m1)\hfill & \\ 0(r=m,m+1,\mathrm{})\hfill & \end{array}$$
(16)
The operation of $`\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}`$ on the state $`|r=m1(m))`$ automatically leads us to

$$\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}|r=m1(m))=0.$$
(17)
The relation (17) gives us the form in the lower equation of (16). We can also prove the relation

$$\stackrel{˘}{N}_d|r(m))=r|r(m)),(r=0,1,2,\mathrm{},m1),\stackrel{˘}{N}_d=\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}\stackrel{˘}{d}.$$
(18)
Therefore, the set $`\{|r(m));r=0,1,2,\mathrm{},m1\}`$ is orthonormal and complete. Then, Dirac’s sense, we can set up the following relation for $`(\stackrel{˘}{d},\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})`$ :

$$(\stackrel{˘}{d})^m=0,(\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})^m=0.$$
(19)
Combining the states (12) with the states (16), we define the orthonormal set $`\{|n,r(m)\}`$ :

$$|n,r(m)=|n|r(m)).$$
(20)
The set consisting of the state (20) composes the space $`\widehat{B}`$. Of course, $`\{|n,r(m)\}`$ is complete. Hereafter, we treat the case $`m=2`$ concretely.

The normalization factors $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )`$ are calculated as follows :

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(+)=\mathrm{cosh}|\gamma _+|+|\delta _+|^2|\gamma _+|^1\mathrm{sinh}|\gamma _+|,`$ (21a)
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2()=(\sqrt{14|\gamma _{}|^2})^1+|\delta _{}|^2(\sqrt{14|\gamma _{}|^2})^3.`$ (21b)
The images of $`|c_2(\pm )`$ in the space $`\widehat{B}`$, which we denote $`|c_2(\pm )`$, are expressed in the form

$$|c_2(\pm )=𝑼|c_2(\pm ).$$
(22)
Here, $`𝑼`$ is given as

$$𝑼=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{r=0}{\overset{1}{}}|n,r(2)2n+r|.$$
(23)
The relation (22) presents the following expression for $`|c_2(\pm )`$ :

$`|c_2(\pm )=(\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )})^1\mathrm{exp}(2^1\gamma _\pm \widehat{c}^{}(\sqrt{\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2})^1)\mathrm{exp}\left(\delta _\pm \stackrel{˘}{d}^{}\right)|0.`$ (24)
Here, $`|0`$ denotes the vacuum for $`\widehat{c}`$ and $`\stackrel{˘}{d}`$. Since $`(\stackrel{˘}{d}^{})^2=0`$, which comes from the relation (19), we should note the form

$$\mathrm{exp}\left(\delta _\pm \stackrel{˘}{d}^{}\right)|0=|0+\delta _\pm \stackrel{˘}{d}^{}|0.$$
(25)
For the states (24), we define the following operators :

$`\widehat{\gamma }_\pm =2^{\pm 1}(\sqrt{\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2})^{\pm 1}\widehat{c},`$ (26)
$`\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm =(\sqrt{(\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2)(\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2)^1})^{\pm 1}\stackrel{˘}{d}.`$ (27)
The operators $`\widehat{\gamma }_\pm `$ and $`\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm `$ satisfy the commutation relations

$`[\widehat{\gamma }_\pm ,\widehat{\gamma }_{}^{}]=1,[\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm ,\widehat{\gamma }_{}^{}]=0,[\widehat{\gamma }_\pm ,\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm ]=0.`$ (28)
The operation of $`\widehat{\gamma }_\pm `$ and $`\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm `$ on the states $`|c_2(\pm )`$ gives us

$`\widehat{\gamma }_\pm |c_2(\pm )=\gamma _\pm |c_2(\pm ),`$ (29a)
$`\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm |c_2(\pm )=\delta _\pm \widehat{P}_1|c_2(\pm ).(\widehat{P}_1=|0)(0|)`$ (29b)
The relation (Two Contrastive Boson-Pair Coherent States in Deformed Boson Scheme) tells us that the states $`|c_2(\pm )`$ are regarded as coherent states for the operators $`\widehat{\gamma }_\pm `$ and $`\stackrel{˘}{\delta }_\pm `$, respectively.

It may be interesting to introduce new parameters $`(c,c^{})`$ and $`(d,d^{})`$ in our present system, which obey the canonicity condition

$$c_2(\pm )|_c|c_2(\pm )=c^{}/2,c_2(\pm )|_d|c_2(\pm )=d^{}/2.$$
(30)
As was shown in the TDHF theory in canonical form, $`(c,c^{})`$ and $`(d,d^{})`$ obeying the condition (30) can be regarded as canonical variables in the boson type. The condition (30) gives us

$$c=\gamma _\pm \sqrt{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )/|\gamma _\pm |^2\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )^1},d=\delta _\pm \sqrt{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )/|\delta _\pm |^2\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )^1}.$$
(31)
Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\pm )`$ are functions of $`|\gamma _\pm |^2`$ and $`|\delta _\pm |^2`$, we can express $`\gamma _\pm `$ and $`\delta _\pm `$ in terms of $`(c,c^{})`$ and $`(d,d^{})`$. As was done in Ref.?, the expression for $`(\gamma _{},\delta _{})`$ is easily obtained in the form

$`\gamma _{}=(1/2)c(\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+1/2})^1,`$ (32a)
$`\delta _{}=d\sqrt{(1/2+|d|^2)(1|d|^2)^1}(\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+1/2})^1.`$ (32b)
Of course, we used the relation (21b). In the case of $`(\gamma _+,\delta _+)`$, the relations (21a) and (31) give us

$`|\gamma _+|^2=(1|d|^2)^1\left(2|c|^2+|d|^2(1h(|\gamma _+|))\right)h(|\gamma _+|),`$ (33a)
$`|\delta _+|^2=|d|^2(1|d|^2)^1h(|\gamma _+|),`$ (33b)
$$h(|\gamma _+|)=|\gamma _+|\mathrm{coth}|\gamma _+|.$$
(34)
As is clear from the form (Two Contrastive Boson-Pair Coherent States in Deformed Boson Scheme), it may be impossible to have simple expression for $`(|\gamma _+|^2,|\delta _+|^2)`$ in terms of $`(|c|^2,|d|^2)`$. Therefore, we try to give approximate expressions in the two extreme regions : $`|\gamma _+|0`$ and $`|\gamma _+|\mathrm{}`$. First, we note that the following expressions can be derived :

$`h(|\gamma _+|)=1+(1/3)|\gamma _+|^2(1/45)|\gamma _+|^4+(2/945)|\gamma _+|^6\mathrm{},\text{for}|\gamma _+|<\pi ,`$ (35)
$`h(|\gamma _+|)=|\gamma _+|(1+2e^{2|\gamma _+|}+2e^{4|\gamma _+|}+2e^{6|\gamma _+|}+\mathrm{}),\text{for}|\gamma _+|0.`$ (36)
The forms (35) and (36) are useful for the regions $`|\gamma _+|^20`$ and $`|\gamma _+|^2\mathrm{}`$, respectively. By using the relation (35), the form (33a) is reduced to the following for the region $`|\gamma _+|0`$ :

$`|\gamma _+|^2=2|c|^2+(2/3)(|c|^2+|d|^2)|\gamma _+|^2(2/45)(|c|^2+2|d|^2)|\gamma _+|^4+\mathrm{}.`$ (37)
The relation (37) leads us to the approximate expressions for $`(\gamma _+,\delta _+)`$ in the region $`|\gamma _+|0`$ :

$`\gamma _+=2c\sqrt{(1/3)(|c|^2+|d|^2)+1/2},\delta _+=d(\sqrt{1|d|^2})^1\sqrt{(2/3)|c|^2+1}.`$ (38)
The relation (36) gives us the following form which is reduced from the relation (Two Contrastive Boson-Pair Coherent States in Deformed Boson Scheme) for the region $`|\gamma _+|\mathrm{}`$ :

$`|\gamma _+|^2`$ $`=`$ $`(2|c|^2+|d|^2)^2+4\left((2|c|^2+|d|^2)^22|d|^2(2|c|^2+|d|^2)|\gamma _+|\right)e^{2|\gamma _+|}`$ (39)
$`+`$ $`8\left((2|c|^2+|d|^2)^24|d|^2(2|c|^2+|d|^2)|\gamma _+|+2|d|^4|\gamma _+|^2\right)e^{4|\gamma _+|}+\mathrm{}.`$
Then, we have the approximate expressions for $`(\gamma _+,\delta _+)`$ in the region $`|\gamma _+|\mathrm{}`$ :

$`\gamma _+=2c\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+|d|^4/4|c|^2},\delta _+=d(\sqrt{1|d|^2})^1\sqrt{2|c|^2+|d|^2}.`$ (40)
Since $`|c_2(+)`$ is different from $`|c_2()`$, it is meaningless to compare the results (38) and (40) with (31) directly.

The comparison of both results can be done through the expectation values of the images of $`\stackrel{~}{T}_{\pm ,0}`$, defined in the relation (11). The operators $`\widehat{𝑻}_{\pm ,0}`$ defined by $`𝑼\stackrel{~}{T}_{\pm ,0}𝑼^{}`$ are given by

$`\widehat{𝑻}_+=\widehat{c}^{}\sqrt{\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2},\widehat{𝑻}_{}=\sqrt{\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d+1/2}\widehat{c},\widehat{𝑻}_0=\widehat{N}_c+\stackrel{˘}{N}_d/2+1/4.`$ (41)
The expectation value of $`\widehat{𝑻}_+`$ for $`|c_2()`$ is shown in Ref.? :

$$c_2()|\widehat{𝑻}_+|c_2()=c^{}\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+1/2}.$$
(42)
In the case of $`|c_2(+)`$, we note the relation $`\widehat{𝑻}_+=\widehat{\gamma }_+^{}/2`$. Then, in the region $`|\gamma _+|0`$, i.e., $`|c|0`$, the first equation in (38) gives us

$$c_2(+)|\widehat{𝑻}_+|c_2(+)=c^{}\sqrt{(1/3)(|c|^2+|d|^2)+1/2}.$$
(43a)
In the region $`|\gamma _+|\mathrm{}`$, i.e., $`|c|\mathrm{}`$, the first equation in (40) leads us to

$$c_2(+)|\widehat{𝑻}_+|c_2(+)=c^{}\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+|d|^4/4|c|^2}.$$
(43b)
For $`\widehat{𝑻}_0`$, both forms $`|c_2(\pm )`$ give us the common result :

$$c_2(\pm )|\widehat{𝑻}_0|c_2(\pm )=|c|^2+|d|^2/2+1/4.$$
(44)
The operator $`\widehat{𝒄}^{}`$ defined by $`𝑼\stackrel{~}{c}^{}𝑼^{}`$ is also interesting. It is given by

$$\widehat{𝒄}^{}=\sqrt{2}(\widehat{c}^{}\stackrel{˘}{d}+\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}\sqrt{\widehat{c}^{}\widehat{c}+\stackrel{˘}{d}^{}\stackrel{˘}{d}+1/2}).$$
(45)
The expectation value for $`|c_2()`$ is calculated as

$$c_2()|\widehat{𝒄}^{}|c_2()=\sqrt{(1|d|^2)(1/2+|d|^2)^1}(c^{}d+d^{}\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2+1/2}).$$
(46)
The above is shown in Ref.?. The expectation value for $`|c_2(+)`$ is given in the form

$$c_2(+)|\widehat{𝒄}^{}|c_2(+)=(\gamma _+^{}\delta _++\delta _+^{}h(|\gamma _+|))(|\delta _+|^2+h(|\gamma _+|))^1.$$
(47)
In the region $`|\gamma _+|0`$, i.e., $`|c|0`$, the relation (47) is approximated as

$`c_2(+)|\widehat{𝒄}^{}|c_2(+)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{(1|d|^2)(1/2)^1}(c^{}d\sqrt{(1+(2/3)(|c|^2+|d|^2)(1+(2/3)|c|^2)^1}`$ (48a)
$`+d^{}\sqrt{(1/3)|c|^2+1/2}).`$
Further, the approximate form in the region $`|\gamma _+|\mathrm{}`$, i.e., $`|c|\mathrm{}`$, is obtained as follows :

$$c_2(+)|\widehat{𝒄}^{}|c_2(+)=\sqrt{(1|d|^2)(1/2)^1}(c^{}d+d^{}\sqrt{|c|^2+|d|^2/2}).$$
(48b)
The expectation values of $`\widehat{𝑻}_+`$ and $`\widehat{𝒄}^{}`$ shown in the relations (42) and (46), respectively, for the state $`|c_2()`$ are exactly calculated in any region of $`|c|^2`$ and the case of $`\widehat{𝑻}_0`$ shown in the form (44) is also in the same situation as the above. Further, the expectation values of $`\widehat{𝑻}_{\pm ,0}`$ give us the Poisson brackets under the form which are completely the same as those of the commutation relations for $`\stackrel{~}{T}_{\pm ,0}`$ in Dirac’s sense. This fact was shown in Ref.?. From the above reason, we can see that the state $`|c_2()`$ gives us the classical counterpart for the set $`(\stackrel{~}{T}_+,\stackrel{~}{T}_{},\stackrel{~}{T}_0)`$. On the other hand, we gave the approximate expressions in the two extreme regions for the state $`|c_2(+)`$. However, the leading terms with respect to $`|c|^2`$ are exact and, the forms are almost the same as those in the case of $`|c_2()`$ in the framework of the leading term. Therefore, we can able to reproduce the same aspects as those for $`|c_2()`$ with rather high accuracy in spite of contrastive superpositions for the two boson-pair coherent states. Further, it can be expected that the approximation shown in the relation (38) in Ref.? may be permitted. We note again that the state $`|c_2(+)`$ can be extended to the case $`m=3,4,5,\mathrm{}`$, but the state $`|c_2()`$ cannot be done. From the above reason, $`|c_m(+)`$ may be superior to $`|c_m()`$. This is our conclusion. It may be interesting to apply the state $`|c_2(+)`$ to the Lipkin model, the prototype of which was already presented in Ref.?.