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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

A lot of attention has been paid to compact Calabi-Yau manifolds, since they give candidates of compactification of superstring theory . Calabi-Yau manifolds are defined as Kähler manifolds satisfying the Einstein equation with zero cosmological constant, namely the Ricci-flat condition. It is, however, quite difficult to obtain explicit metrics of Calabi-Yau manifolds in general, since the Ricci-flat condition is a highly non-trivial partial differential equation. No explicit metric is known for compact Calabi-Yau manifolds. We would like to discuss non-compact Calabi-Yau manifolds.

Isometry of the manifold plays a crucial role to solve the Einstein equation, since it often reduces the equation to an ordinary differential equation (or a set of algebraic equations). When the isometry group $`G`$ is transitive, the manifold is called homogeneous and can be written as a coset space $`G/H`$, where $`H`$ is the isotropy group. However coset spaces cannot have Ricci-flat metric, since their scalar curvature is positive. When the isometry is not transitive but generic orbits have dimensions less than the whole space by one, the manifold is called cohomogeneity one and can be written as $`𝐑\times G/H`$ at least locally. Hyper-Kähler manifolds, which belong to a class of Calabi-Yau manifolds, of cohomogeneity one were completely classified by Dancer and Swann : the only one manifold is the Calabi metric  on the cotangent bundle over the projective space $`𝐂P^{N1}=SU(N)/[SU(N1)\times U(1)]`$, $`T^{}𝐂P^{N1}`$. Cohomogeneity one manifolds with holonomy of $`Spin(7)`$ or $`G_2`$ have been recently studied extensively by many authors in connection with the compactification of string theory or M-theory (see, for example, ).

General discussion of Calabi-Yau manifolds of cohomogeneity one has been recently given by Dancer and Wang . A class of Calabi-Yau manifolds of cohomogeneity one is given by the cotangent bundles over rank one symmetric spaces, $`T^{}(G/H)`$, obtained by Stenzel . In particular, the cotangent bundle over $`S^{N1}=SO(N)/SO(N1)`$, gives the higher dimensional generalization  of the Eguchi-Hanson space  and the deformed conifold . An another important class of the Calabi-Yau manifolds of cohomogeneity one is given by the complex line bundles over coset spaces with Kähler-Einstein metrics. They were firstly constructed by Page and Pope  in real coordinates. In connection with supersymmetric nonlinear sigma models  on Calabi-Yau manifolds, it is important to give such manifolds in complex coordinates for the manifest supersymmetry on the string world sheet. This has been done in a series of the papers given by the present authors  for the canonical line bundles over the Hermitian symmetric spaces, using the gauge theoretical (Kähler quotient) construction of the base spaces . (See also .) A new way of a resolution of the conical singularity of the conifold is given in , which is achieved by the line bundle over the quadric surface $`SO(N)/[SO(N2)\times U(1)]`$. The generalization of the conifold to the one with the isometry of $`E_6`$ or $`E_7`$ is given in , which is identified with the line bundle over $`E_6/[SO(10)\times U(1)]`$ or $`E_7/[E_6\times U(1)]`$.

In this paper, we give the Calabi-Yau metric and its Kähler potential on the canonical line bundle over an arbitary Kähler-Einstein manifold of a coset space $`G/H`$, using the method of the supersymmetric nonlinear realization developed in . We extensively use the Kähler-Einstein structures of the base manifolds to calculate the determinants of the metrics.

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we discuss the Kähler coset spaces $`G/H`$ and their Einstein metrics. The useful formula for the determinant of the metric is given. In section 3, we present the explicit expressions of the Ricci-flat Kähler metric and its Kähler potential on the canonical line bundle over an arbitrary Kähler coset space endowed with the Kähler-Einstein metric. Some examples are given in section 4. Section 5 is devoted to discussion. In Appendix A, we construct the Ricci tensors of the Riemann and Kähler coset spaces $`G/H`$ in terms of the structure constants of $`G`$. In Appendix B, we demonstrate that the Einstein condition on Kähler coset spaces reduces to algebraic equations using some examples.

## 2 Kähler-Einstein Metrics on Kähler Coset Spaces

A coset space $`G/H`$ has the unique Kähler metric up to scale constants , when the isotropy $`H`$ is in the form of

$`H`$ $`=H_{\mathrm{ss}.}\times U(1)^k,`$ (2.1)
where $`H_{\mathrm{ss}.}`$ is the semi-simple subgroup of $`H`$, and $`k\mathrm{rank}G\mathrm{rank}H_{\mathrm{ss}.}`$ is the dimension of the torus in $`H`$. All of the Kähler coset spaces and their complex structures were classified by Bordemann, Forger and Römer  in terms of the painted Dynkin diagram. The Kähler potential of arbitrary Kähler coset space was given by Itoh, Kugo and Kunitomo , using the supersymmetric nonlinear realization . We briefly discuss their construction of Kähler potentials in this section.

We denote the Lie algebra of $`G`$ by its Calligraphic font $`𝒢`$. The generators of $`𝒢`$ can be divided into those of $``$ and their orthonormal complements: $`\{S_{\widehat{a}}\}=`$ ($`\widehat{a}=1,\mathrm{},dimH`$) and $`\{X_{\widehat{I}}\}=𝒢`$ ($`\widehat{I}=1,\mathrm{},dimG/H`$), with $`\mathrm{tr}(S_{\widehat{a}}X_{\widehat{I}})=0`$. A complex structure on $`G/H`$ can be defined by dividing $`X_{\widehat{I}}`$ into two sets of non-Hermitian generators, $`X_I`$ and $`X_I^{}`$, and by regarding the complex isotropy algebra and its complement as $`^𝐂\{X_I\}=\widehat{}`$ and $`\{X_I^{}\}=𝒢^𝐂\widehat{}`$, respectively. Under these definitions, there exists a homeomorphism between real and complex coset spaces: $`G/HG^𝐂/\widehat{H}`$. The representative of the complex coset space $`G^𝐂/\widehat{H}`$ is given by

$`\xi (\phi )`$ $`=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi ^iX_I^{}\delta _i^I),`$ (2.2)
in which the complex coordinates $`\phi ^i`$ parametrize $`G^𝐂/\widehat{H}`$ ($`i=1,\mathrm{},dimG/H`$). Here we have used the matrices of the fundamental representation of $`G`$ for the generators, but we do not write it explicitly. The transformation law of the coordinates under $`gG`$ is given by

$`\xi \xi ^{}`$ $`=g\xi \widehat{h}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(g,\xi ),\widehat{h}^{}\widehat{H},`$ (2.3)
where $`\xi ^{}=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi ^{}{}_{}{}^{i}X_{I^{}}^{}\delta _i^I)`$ and $`\widehat{h}^{}`$ is needed to project $`g\xi `$ onto the coset representative. With prepareing $`k`$ projection matrices $`\eta _\alpha `$ ($`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},k`$), satisfying the projection condition

$`\eta \widehat{H}\eta `$ $`=\widehat{H}\eta ,\eta ^2=\eta ,\eta ^{}=\eta ,`$ (2.4)
the Kähler potential of $`G/H`$ is given by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(\phi ,\phi ^{})`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{k}{}}}v_\alpha \mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _\alpha }{}^{}\xi _{}^{}\xi ,`$ (2.5)
where $`det_\eta `$ denotes the determinant of the subspace projected by $`\eta `$, and $`v_\alpha `$ are real positive constants. This transforms under $`gG`$ by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ $`=\mathrm{\Psi }+\gamma (\phi )+\gamma ^{}(\phi ^{}),\gamma (\phi ){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{k}{}}}v_\alpha \mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _\alpha }{}^{}\widehat{h}_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(g,\xi ).`$ (2.6)
The Kähler metric is given by $`g_{ij^{}}=_i_j^{}\mathrm{\Psi }`$, where $`_i`$ denotes differentiation with respect to $`\phi ^i`$. With a suitable choice of $`v_\alpha `$, any Kähler coset space $`G/H`$ becomes Einstein  (see Appendices A and B):

$`_{ij^{}}`$ $`=hg_{ij^{}},`$ (2.7)
where $`_{ij^{}}g^{kl^{}}R_{kl^{}ij^{}}`$ is the Ricci-tensor with $`R_{ij^{}kl^{}}`$ being the curvature tensor, and $`h`$ is a real positive constant. Using an another expression of the Ricci tensor, we obtain

$`_{ij^{}}`$ $`=_i_j^{}\mathrm{log}detg_{kl^{}}=h_i_j^{}\mathrm{\Psi }.`$ (2.8)
This can be integrated to give the determinant formula ,

$`detg_{ij^{}}`$ $`=e^{h\mathrm{\Psi }}|\mathrm{hol}.|^2,`$ (2.9)
where “hol.” denotes a holomorphic function. We extensively use this formula in the next section.111 In our previous papers , we used complex isotropy transformations, $`g_{ij^{}}g_{ij^{}}^{}=(\widehat{h}g\widehat{h}^{})_{ij^{}}`$ to evaluate determinants of metrics of hermitian symmetric spaces. In some cases, the coordinates $`\phi ^i`$ can be brought to a single component while this is not generally possible. The use the determinant formula (2.9) improves this flaw and offers the far simpler method.

## 3 Ricci-flat Metrics and Kähler Potentials on Line Bundles

In this section we construct a Ricci-flat Kähler metric and its Kähler potential on canonical line bundle over an arbitrary Kähler coset space as a base manifold. We consider a direct product of $`N`$ Kähler coset spaces $`G_a/H_a`$ ($`a=1,\mathrm{},N`$) as a base manifold:

$`M`$ $`=(G_1/H_1)\times (G_2/H_2)\times \mathrm{}\times (G_N/H_N),`$ (3.1)
and we label each quantity in the last section by the index $`a`$. The isometry of $`M`$ is $`G_{a=1}^NG_a`$. The Kähler potential for the invariant metric on $`M`$ is given by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{\Psi }_a,\mathrm{\Psi }_a(\phi ,\phi ^{})={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _a=1}{\overset{k_a}{}}}v_{\alpha _a}\mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _{\alpha _a}}{}^{}\xi _{a}^{}\xi _a,`$ (3.2)
where $`k_a`$ is the dimension of the torus in $`H_a`$. This transforms under the isometry $`g=(g_1,\mathrm{},g_N)G`$ by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ $`=\mathrm{\Psi }+{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\gamma _a(\phi )+\gamma _a^{}(\phi ^{})],\gamma _a(\phi ){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _a=1}{\overset{k_a}{}}}v_{\alpha _a}\mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _{\alpha _a}}{}^{}\widehat{h}_{}^{}{}_{a}{}^{1}.`$ (3.3)
We introduce a fiber $`\sigma `$ of a complex line bundle over $`M`$ whose transformation law under $`gG`$ is defined by

$`\sigma \sigma ^{}`$ $`=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}h_a\gamma _a(\phi )\right)\sigma ,`$ (3.4)
where $`\gamma _a(\phi )`$ is defined in (3.3). This transformation law is the same with the one of  except for a factor of $`h_a`$. The reason of the inclusion of $`h_a`$ in the transformation law is clarified below. In , the consistency of the global definition of the manifold is discussed. The $`G`$-invariant is found as

$`X`$ $`\mathrm{log}\left(|\sigma |^2e^{_{a=1}^Nh_a\mathrm{\Psi }_a}\right)=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}h_a\mathrm{\Psi }_a=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }},`$ (3.5)
where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{a=1}^Nh_a\mathrm{\Psi }_a`$ can be regarded as a potential for the Ricci tensor. We assume the Kähler potential of the line bundle over $`M`$ as a function of $`X`$:

$`𝒦`$ $`=𝒦(X).`$ (3.6)
We write the coordinates for the total spase as $`z^\mu =\{\sigma ,\phi _a^i\}`$, in which the index $`i`$ runs through the dimension of $`M_a`$ for each factor of $`M_a`$, but we often omit $`a`$ if there is no confusion. Components of the Kähler metric $`g_{\mu \nu ^{}}=_\mu _\nu ^{}𝒦`$ are given by

$`g_{\mu \nu ^{}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}& g_{\sigma j^{}}\\ g_{i\sigma ^{}}& g_{ij^{}}\end{array}\right),`$ (3.9)
in which each block can be written as

$`g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}`$ $`=𝒦^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\sigma }}{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\sigma ^{}}},g_{\sigma j^{}}=𝒦^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\sigma }}{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\phi ^j}},g_{ij^{}}=𝒦^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\phi ^i}}{\displaystyle \frac{X}{\phi ^j}}+𝒦^{}{\displaystyle \frac{^2X}{\phi ^i\phi ^j}},`$ (3.10)
where the prime denotes the differentiation with respect to the argument $`X`$. Using equations $`X/\sigma =1/\sigma `$ ($`\sigma 0`$) and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2X}{\phi ^i\phi ^j}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}h_1g_{ij^{}}^1& & \mathrm{𝟎}\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ \mathrm{𝟎}& & h_Ng_{ij^{}}^N\end{array}\right),`$ (3.14)
the determinant of the metric can be calculated, to give

$`detg_{\mu \nu ^{}}`$ $`=g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}det(g_{ij^{}}g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}^1g_{i\sigma ^{}}g_{\sigma j^{}})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\sigma |^2}}𝒦^{\prime \prime }(𝒦^{})^d{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}det(h_ag_{ij^{}}^a),`$ (3.15)
where $`ddim_𝐂M`$. Using the determinant formula (2.9) for each $`M_a`$, we obtain

$`detg_{\mu \nu ^{}}`$ $`=e^X𝒦^{\prime \prime }(𝒦^{})^d|\mathrm{hol}.|^2.`$ (3.16)
Since the Ricci tensor is defined by $`_{\mu \nu ^{}}=_\mu _\nu ^{}\mathrm{log}detg_{\kappa \lambda ^{}}`$, the Ricci-flat condition $`_{\mu \nu ^{}}=0`$ implies

$`detg_{\mu \nu ^{}}`$ $`=\text{(constant)}\times |\mathrm{hol}.|^2.`$ (3.17)
We thus obtain the Ricci-flat condition for the line bundles over $`M`$ as an ordinary differential equation:

$`e^X{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dX}}(𝒦^{})^D`$ $`=a,`$ (3.18)
where $`a`$ is a constant, and $`Dd+1`$ is complex dimension of the total space. The solution for $`𝒦^{}`$ can be obtained as

$`𝒦^{}`$ $`=\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1}{D}},`$ (3.19)
where $`\lambda `$ is a constant related to $`a`$ and $`D`$, and $`b`$ is an integration constant. The Kähler potential can be integrated, to yield

$`𝒦(X)`$ $`=D\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1}{D}}+b^{\frac{1}{D}}I(b^{\frac{1}{D}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1}{D}};D),`$ (3.20)
where the function $`I(y;n)`$ is defined by

$`I(y;n){\displaystyle ^y}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t^n1}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}\left[\mathrm{log}\left(y1\right){\displaystyle \frac{1+(1)^n}{2}}\mathrm{log}\left(y+1\right)\right]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{[\frac{n1}{2}]}{}}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{2r\pi }{n}}\mathrm{log}(y{}_{}{}^{2}2y\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{2r\pi }{n}}+1)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{[\frac{n1}{2}]}{}}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{2r\pi }{n}}\mathrm{arctan}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}(2r\pi /n)y}{\mathrm{sin}(2r\pi /n)}}\right].`$ (3.21)
The components of the metric can be calculated, to give

$`g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{D}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1D}{D}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}},`$
$`g_{\sigma j^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{D}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1D}{D}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\sigma ^{}_j^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }},`$ (3.22)
$`g_{ij^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{D}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1D}{D}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}}|\sigma |^2_i\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_j^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}+\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1}{D}}_i_j^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}.`$
The metric of the submanifold of the surface defined by $`\sigma =0`$ ($`d\sigma =0`$) is

$`g_{ij^{}}|_{\sigma =0}(\phi ,\phi ^{})`$ $`=b^{\frac{1}{D}}_i_j^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }},`$ (3.23)
which is the Kähler-Einstein metric of the Kähler coset space $`M`$, whose potential is given by $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$. Therefore the total space is the canonical line bundle over $`M`$, whose base manifold is endowed with the Kähler-Einstein metric. The total manifold can be locally written as

$`𝐑\times G/H^{},\text{with }H^{}=H_{\mathrm{ss}.}\times U(1)^{k1}.`$ (3.24)
Here we make a comment. If we take the constants in the transformation law (3.4) as arbitrary values instead of $`h_a`$, the invariant $`X^{}`$ is different from $`X`$ defined in (3.5). However we obtain the same determinant with (3.16) with $`X`$ of (3.5), in which their difference is included in $`|\mathrm{hol}.|^2`$. Hence (3.4) is necessary to obtain the ordinary differential equation (3.18).

## 4 Examples

In this section, we give some examples for definiteness. We discuss line bundles over hermitian symmetric spaces and a non-symmetric space $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$. Then the line bundle over $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$ is considered.

### 4.1 Line Bundles over Hermitian Symmetric Spaces

The hermitian symmetric spaces (HSS) $`G/H`$ are

$`𝐂P^{N1}={\displaystyle \frac{SU(N)}{SU(N1)\times U(1)}},G_{N,M}={\displaystyle \frac{SU(N)}{SU(NM)\times U(M)}},{\displaystyle \frac{SO(2N)}{U(N)}},{\displaystyle \frac{Sp(N)}{U(N)}},`$
$`Q^{N2}={\displaystyle \frac{SO(N)}{SO(N2)\times U(1)}},{\displaystyle \frac{E_6}{SO(10)\times U(1)}},{\displaystyle \frac{E_7}{E_6\times U(1)}}.`$ (4.1)
The Kähler potential of HSS can be written as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=v\mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta }{}^{}\xi _{}^{}\xi ,\xi G^𝐂/\widehat{H},`$ (4.2)
with a suitable $`\eta `$ (see ). For HSS, the constant in the Einstein condition (2.7) can be calculated as

$`h`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2v}}C_2(G),`$ (4.3)
where $`C_2(G)`$ is the eigenvalue of the quadratic Casimir operator in the adjoint representation of $`G`$ \[see (B.2) in Appendix B.1\]. Its value is $`C_2(G)=N,N,N1,N+1,N2,12`$ or $`18`$ for each HSS in (4.1), respectively. We obtain the solutions (3.20) with $`X`$ being

$`X`$ $`=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}C_2(G)\mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta }{}^{}\xi _{}^{}\xi ,`$ (4.4)
which coincide with our previous results , in which we used the gauge theoretical construction. This clarifies the origin of the coefficients in $`X`$ as the coefficients in the Einstein condition for HSS. The total spaces can be locally regarded as $`𝐑\times G/H^{}`$ with $`H^{}=H/U(1)`$ in (4.1).

In , there is the coordinate singularity in the original coordinates, and a coordinate transformation is needed to obtain a regular metric. Different from these papers, the coordinate singularity has been avoided from beginning by the definition of the transformation law (3.4) of $`\sigma `$.

### 4.2 Line Bundle over $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$

As an example of a line bundle over Kähler $`G/H`$, which is not a HSS, we consider $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$. There exists two kinds of complex structures on this coset space  (see Appendix B.2).

I) In one of the two inequivalent complex structures, the complex broken generators becomes like \[see (B.15)\]

$`i\phi ^iX_I^{}\delta _i^I`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟎}_l& A& B\\ 0& \mathrm{𝟎}_m& C\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{𝟎}_n\end{array}\right),`$ (4.8)
where $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`C`$ are $`l\times m`$, $`l\times n`$ and $`m\times n`$ matrices, belonging to the $`(𝒍,\overline{𝒎},\mathrm{𝟏})`$, $`(𝒍,\mathrm{𝟏},\overline{𝒏})`$ and $`(\mathrm{𝟏},𝒎,\overline{𝒏})`$ representations of $`SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)`$, respectively. The coset representative can be calculated as

$`\xi `$ $`=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi ^iX_I^{}\delta _i^I)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟏}_l& A& B+\frac{1}{2}AC\\ 0& \mathrm{𝟏}_m& C\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right).`$ (4.12)
Using this representative, the Kähler potential is obtained as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{I}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{2}{}}}v_\alpha \mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _\alpha }{}^{}\xi _{}^{}\xi `$
$`=v_1\mathrm{log}\underset{n\times n}{det}\left[\mathrm{𝟏}_n+C^{}C+\left(B^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}C^{}A^{}\right)\left(B+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}AC\right)\right]`$
$`+v_2\mathrm{log}\underset{(m+n)\times (m+n)}{det}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{𝟏}_m+A^{}A& C+A^{}(B+\frac{1}{2}AC)\\ C^{}+(B^{}+\frac{1}{2}C^{}A^{})A& \mathrm{𝟏}_n+C^{}C+(B^{}+\frac{1}{2}C^{}A^{})(B+\frac{1}{2}AC)\end{array}\right),`$ (4.15)
where the projection operators $`\eta _\alpha `$ are given by

$`\eta _1`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟎}_l& & \\ & \mathrm{𝟎}_m& \\ & & \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right),\eta _2=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟎}_l& & \\ & \mathrm{𝟏}_m& \\ & & \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right).`$ (4.22)
The metric and the Ricci tensor at the origin $`A=B=C=0`$ can be calculated, to give222 Since the manifold is homogeneous, it is sufficient to calculate quantities at the origin. These can be calculated easily using so-called Kähler normal coordinates .

$`g_{ij^{}}|_0`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}v_2\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& (v_1+v_2)\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& v_1\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right),`$ (4.23d)
$`_{ij^{}}|_0`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}(l+m)\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& (l+2m+n)\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& (m+n)\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right),`$ (4.23h)
where we have used the indices summarized in Table 1 in Appendix B. We thus obtain $`h=(l+m)/v_2=(m+n)/v_1=(l+2m+n)/(v_1+v_2)`$ from the Einstein condition (2.7). The line bundle over $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$ endowed with the complex structure (4.8) can be obtained by the solution (3.20) with $`X`$ being

$`X`$ $`=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{I}|_{v_1=m+n,v_2=l+m}.`$ (4.24)
The manifold can be locally written as $`𝐑\times \frac{SU(l+m+n)}{SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)\times U(1)}`$.

II) The other complex structure of $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$ is given by

$`i\phi ^iX_I^{}\delta _i^I`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟎}_l& 0& B\\ D& \mathrm{𝟎}_m& C\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{𝟎}_n\end{array}\right),\xi =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟏}_l& 0& B\\ D& \mathrm{𝟏}_m& C+\frac{1}{2}DB\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right),`$ (4.31)
where $`B`$ and $`C`$ are the same matrices in (4.12), but $`D`$ is an $`m\times l`$ matrix, belonging to the $`(\overline{𝒍},𝒎,\mathrm{𝟏})`$ representation of $`SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)`$. The Kähler potential can be calculated as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{II}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{2}{}}}v_\alpha \mathrm{log}det{}_{\eta _\alpha }{}^{}\xi _{}^{}\xi `$
$`=v_1\mathrm{log}\underset{n\times n}{det}\left[\mathrm{𝟏}_n+B^{}B+\left(C^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}B^{}D^{}\right)\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}DB\right)\right]`$
$`+v_2\mathrm{log}\underset{(l+n)\times (l+n)}{det}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{𝟏}_l+D^{}D& B+D^{}(C+\frac{1}{2}DB)\\ B^{}+(C^{}+\frac{1}{2}B^{}D^{})D& \mathrm{𝟏}_n+B^{}B+(C^{}+\frac{1}{2}B^{}D^{})(C+\frac{1}{2}DB)\end{array}\right),`$ (4.34)
where $`\eta _\alpha `$ are given by

$`\eta _1`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟎}_l& & \\ & \mathrm{𝟎}_m& \\ & & \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right),\eta _2=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝟏}_l& & \\ & \mathrm{𝟎}_m& \\ & & \mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right).`$ (4.41)
The metric and the Ricci tensor at the origin $`D=B=C=0`$ are obtained, to yield

$`g_{ij^{}}|_0`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}v_2\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& v_1\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& (v_1+v_2)\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right),`$ (4.42d)
$`_{ij^{}}|_0`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}(l+m)\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& (l+n)\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& (2l+m+n)\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right).`$ (4.42h)
We thus obtain $`h=(l+m)/v_2=(l+n)/v_1=(2l+m+n)/(v_1+v_2)`$ from the Einstein condition (2.7). The line bundle over $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$ endowed with the complex structure (4.31) can be obtained by the solution (3.20) with $`X`$ being

$`X`$ $`=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{II}}|_{v_1=l+n,v_2=l+m}.`$ (4.43)
The manifold can be also locally written as $`𝐑\times \frac{SU(l+m+n)}{SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)\times U(1)}`$.

These two complex structures coincide in the simplest case of $`l=m=n=1`$: $`G/H=SU(3)/U(1)^2`$. In this case, the manifold is locally $`𝐑\times SU(3)/U(1)`$.

### 4.3 Line Bundle over $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$

As an example of the base manifold of the product of two Kähler coset spaces, we consider $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$. The Kähler potential for the Fubini-Study metric on this manifold is

$`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=v_1\mathrm{log}(1+|\varphi |^2)+v_2\mathrm{log}(1+|\chi |^2),`$ (4.44)
where $`\varphi =\{\varphi ^a\}`$ ($`a=1,\mathrm{},N1`$) and $`\chi =\{\chi ^\alpha \}`$ ($`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},M1`$) are coordinates of $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$, respectively. The metric and the Ricci tensor can be calculated, to yield

$`g_{ij^{}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_{ab^{}}^1& 0\\ 0& g_{\alpha \beta ^{}}^2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}v_1\frac{\delta _{ab}(1+|\varphi |^2)\varphi ^a\varphi ^b}{(1+|\varphi |^2)^2}& 0\\ 0& v_2\frac{\delta _{\alpha \beta }(1+|\chi |^2)\chi ^\alpha \chi ^\beta }{(1+|\chi |^2)^2}\end{array}\right),`$ (4.45e)
$`_{ij^{}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{N}{v_1}g_{ab^{}}^1& 0\\ 0& \frac{M}{v_2}g_{\alpha \beta ^{}}^2\end{array}\right).`$ (4.45h)
which satisfy the Einstein condition (2.7) with $`h_1=N/v_1`$ and $`h_2=M/v_2`$. The quantity

$`X`$ $`=\mathrm{log}|\sigma |^2+\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }},\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=N\mathrm{log}(1+|\varphi |^2)+M\mathrm{log}(1+|\chi |^2),`$ (4.46)
is invariant under the transformation of $`G=U(N)\times U(M)`$. We thus have obtained the Kähler potential of the line bundle over $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$, substituting (4.46) into (3.20) with $`D=N+M1`$. For definiteness, the metric can be written as

$`g_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{N+M1}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{2NM}{N+M1}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}},`$
$`g_{\sigma j^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{N+M1}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{2NM}{N+M1}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\sigma ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{V_j\phi ^j}{1+|\phi ^j|^2}},`$
$`g_{ij^{}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{N+M1}}\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{2NM}{N+M1}}e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}}|\sigma |^2{\displaystyle \frac{V_i\phi ^i}{1+|\phi ^i|^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_j\phi ^j}{1+|\phi ^j|^2}}`$
$`+\left(\lambda e^X+b\right)^{\frac{1}{N+M1}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_i\delta _{ij}}{(1+|\phi ^i|^2)^2}},`$ (4.47)
where $`\phi ^i=\{\varphi ^a,\chi ^\alpha \}`$ and $`V_i=N`$ (or $`M`$) when $`i`$ runs over $`a`$ (or $`\alpha `$) and we take no sum over the index $`i`$ or $`j`$. The metric of the submanifold of $`\sigma =0`$ is

$`g_{ij^{}}|_{\sigma =0}(\phi ,\phi ^{})`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}b^{\frac{1}{N+M1}}N(1+|\varphi |^2)^2& 0\\ 0& b^{\frac{1}{N+M1}}M(1+|\chi |^2)^2\end{array}\right),`$ (4.50)
which is the metric of $`𝐂P^{N1}\times 𝐂P^{M1}`$ of definite ratio of radii.

The total space can be locally written as $`𝐑\times \frac{SU(N)\times SU(M)}{SU(N1)\times SU(M1)\times U(1)}`$. In the case of $`N=M=2`$, the isomorphism $`G/H=𝐂P^1\times 𝐂P^1Q^2=SO(4)/U(1)^2`$ holds, and the total space coincides with the conifold whose conical singularity is resolved by $`Q^2`$ , which is a special case of the solution obtained by Pando Zayas and Tseytlin .

## 5 Discussion

We have used only the Einstein condition on a base manifold, but not the symmetry as in . This implies the existence of a Calabi-Yau metric on a canonical line bundle on a base manifold without any isometry, but the only known Kähler-Einstein spaces with positive scalar curvature are Kähler coset spaces  discussed in this paper. On the other hand, a Calabi-Yau metric of cohomogeneity one which is not in a form of a bundle can be constructed  as the Stenzel metric . In terms of the nonlinear realization, the total space in this paper can be understood by the existence of the so-called quasi-Nambu-Goldstone (QNG) boson . If there is only one QNG boson in generic points of the manifold, it is cohomogeneity one. The generalization to a vector bundle can be also considered, using the matter coupling method in the nonlinear realization . We consider that almost all Calabi-Yau manifolds of cohomogeneity one can be constructed using these methods. Explicit metrics of Calabi-Yau manifolds would provide more precise information about superstring propagating on these manifolds than topological structures.

## Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Y. Sakane for useful comments. This work was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research. The work of M.N. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-91ER40681 (Task B).

## Appendix

## Appendix A Ricci Tensor of Riemann and Kähler Coset Spaces

In this appendix we calculate Ricci tensors of Riemann and Kähler coset spaces. Let us first consider Riemann coset spaces $`G/H`$ . After we construct the Ricci tensor by using the structure constants of $`G`$, we require the coset to be Kähler .

### A.1 Riemann Coset Spaces

Here we assume the group $`G`$ is semi-simple. We prepare a set of generators $`S_{\widehat{a}}`$ spanning the algebra $``$ and a set of generators $`X_{\widehat{I}}`$ generating the coset $`G/H`$:

$``$ $`=\{S_{\widehat{a}}\}\text{: unbroken generators},`$ (A.1a)
$`𝒢`$ $`=\{X_{\widehat{I}}\}\text{: broken generators}.`$ (A.1b)
We consider reductive coset spaces $`G/H`$: $`[X_{\widehat{I}},S_{\widehat{a}}]X_{\widehat{J}}`$, in which case $`X_{\widehat{I}}`$ belong to, in general, reducible representations of $`H`$. The algebra can be written as

$`[X_{\widehat{I}},X_{\widehat{J}}]`$ $`=if_{\widehat{I}\widehat{J}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{K}}X_{\widehat{K}}^{}+if_{\widehat{I}\widehat{J}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}S_{\widehat{a}}^{},`$ (A.2a)
$`[X_{\widehat{I}},S_{\widehat{a}}]`$ $`=if_{\widehat{I}\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{J}}X_{\widehat{J}}^{},`$ (A.2b)
$`[S_{\widehat{a}},S_{\widehat{b}}]`$ $`=if_{\widehat{a}\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{c}}S_{\widehat{c}}^{}.`$ (A.2c)
Here we have taken generators as hermitian. When there exists an automorphism, defined by $`SS`$ and $`XX`$, a coset space is called a symmetric space and $`f_{\widehat{I}\widehat{a}}^{\widehat{J}}`$ vanishes.

Using real coordinates $`\phi ^i`$, the coset representative of $`G/H`$ can be written as $`U(\phi )=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi ^iX_{\widehat{I}}\delta _i^{\widehat{I}})`$. The $`𝒢`$-valued 1-form,

$`\alpha (\phi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}}U^1dU,`$ (A.3)
called the Maurer-Cartan 1-form, can be decomposed like

$`\alpha `$ $`=\stackrel{~}{e}^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )X_{\widehat{I}}+\omega ^{\widehat{a}}(\phi )S_{\widehat{a}}=\left[\stackrel{~}{e}_i^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )X_{\widehat{I}}+\omega _i^{\widehat{a}}(\phi )S_{\widehat{a}}\right]d\phi ^i,`$ (A.4)
where $`\omega _i^{\widehat{a}}`$ is called a $`H`$-connection and $`\stackrel{~}{e}_i^{\widehat{I}}`$ is a (rescaled) vielbein. The most general $`G`$-invariant metric $`g_{ij}(\phi )`$ on $`G/H`$ contains real positive scale constants $`r_I`$ associated with $`H`$-irreducible representations of broken generators $`X_{\widehat{I}}`$ ($`r_I=r_J`$ if $`X_{\widehat{I}}`$ and $`X_{\widehat{J}}`$ belong to the same representation of $`H`$):

$`g_{ij}(\phi )=(r_I)^2\delta _{\widehat{I}\widehat{J}}\stackrel{~}{e}_i^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )\stackrel{~}{e}_j^{\widehat{J}}(\phi )=\delta _{\widehat{I}\widehat{J}}e_i^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )e_j^{\widehat{J}}(\phi ).`$ (A.5)
Here the metric of the tangent space is normalized in the ordinary basis of $`e^{\widehat{I}}`$, defined by rescaling $`e^{\widehat{I}}=(r_I)^1\stackrel{~}{e}^{\widehat{I}}`$. They can be expanded in the coset coordinates, like

$`\stackrel{~}{e}_i^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )=\delta _i^{\widehat{I}}+O(\phi ),e_i^{\widehat{I}}(\phi )=(r_I)^1\delta _i^{\widehat{I}}+O(\phi ).`$ (A.6)
The Maurer-Cartan 1-form satisfies an equation, $`d\alpha =i\alpha \alpha `$, called the Maurer-Cartan equation. Under the decomposition (A.4), this equation becomes

$`d\stackrel{~}{e}^{\widehat{I}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}\stackrel{~}{e}_{}^{\widehat{J}}\stackrel{~}{e}^{\widehat{K}}+f_{\widehat{K}\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}\stackrel{~}{e}_{}^{\widehat{K}}\omega ^{\widehat{b}},d\omega ^{\widehat{a}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}\stackrel{~}{e}_{}^{\widehat{J}}\stackrel{~}{e}^{\widehat{K}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_{\widehat{b}\widehat{c}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}\omega _{}^{\widehat{b}}\omega ^{\widehat{c}}.`$ (A.7)
In ordinary basis of vielbeins, these equations can be rewritten as

$`de^{\widehat{I}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{r_Jr_K}{r_I}}f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}e_{}^{\widehat{J}}e^{\widehat{K}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_K}{r_I}}f_{\widehat{K}\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}e_{}^{\widehat{K}}\omega ^{\widehat{b}},d\omega ^{\widehat{a}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}r_Jr_Kf_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}e_{}^{\widehat{J}}e^{\widehat{K}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_{\widehat{b}\widehat{c}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}\omega _{}^{\widehat{b}}\omega ^{\widehat{c}}.`$ (A.8)
The connection 1-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{\widehat{I}}_{\widehat{J}}`$ and the curvature 2-form $`R^{\widehat{I}}_{\widehat{J}}`$ can be read off from the Cartan’s structure equations:

$`de^{\widehat{I}}`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }^{\widehat{I}}{}_{\widehat{J}}{}^{}e^{\widehat{J}},R^{\widehat{I}}{}_{\widehat{J}}{}^{}=d\mathrm{\Omega }^{\widehat{I}}{}_{\widehat{J}}{}^{}+\mathrm{\Omega }^{\widehat{I}}{}_{\widehat{K}}{}^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{\widehat{K}}{}_{\widehat{J}}{}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R^{\widehat{I}}{}_{\widehat{J}\widehat{L}\widehat{M}}{}^{}e_{}^{\widehat{L}}e^{\widehat{M}},`$ (A.9)
where we have imposed the torsion-free condition, and $`R^{\widehat{I}}_{\widehat{J}\widehat{L}\widehat{M}}`$ is the Riemann tensor. From equations (A.8) and (A.9), we can write down the Riemann tensor of the coset space $`G/H`$ endowed with the $`G`$-invariant metric (A.5):

$`R^{\widehat{I}}_{\widehat{J}\widehat{L}\widehat{M}}`$ $`=r_Lr_Mf_{\widehat{J}\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}f_{\widehat{L}\widehat{M}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{r_Lr_M}{r_K}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{IJ}{K}}\right)f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}f_{\widehat{L}\widehat{M}}^{}\widehat{K}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{IK}{L}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{KJ}{M}}\right)f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{M}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{K}}f_{\widehat{K}\widehat{L}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{IK}{M}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{KJ}{L}}\right)f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{L}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{K}}f_{\widehat{K}\widehat{M}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}},`$ (A.10a)
$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{IJ}{K}}\right)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r_Jr_K}{r_I}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_Ir_K}{r_J}}{\displaystyle \frac{r_Ir_J}{r_K}}.`$ (A.10b)
The Ricci tensor $`_{\widehat{J}\widehat{M}}R^{\widehat{I}}_{\widehat{J}\widehat{I}\widehat{M}}`$ can be calculated, to yield

$`_{\widehat{J}\widehat{M}}`$ $`r_Jr_Mf_{\widehat{J}\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}f_{\widehat{I}\widehat{M}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}f_{\widehat{J}\widehat{K}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{I}}f_{\widehat{I}\widehat{M}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{K}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{MK}{I}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{JI}{K}}\right).`$ (A.11)
### A.2 Kähler Coset Spaces

Now let us consider the Kähler coset spaces imposing conditions on the Riemann coset spaces following Ref. . We rewrite the broken and unbroken generators as

$``$ $`=\{S_{\widehat{a}}\}=\{S_a,Y_\alpha \},`$ $`\text{: unbroken generators},`$ (A.12a)
$`𝒢`$ $`=\{X_{\widehat{I}}\}=\{X_I,X_I^{}\},`$ $`\text{: broken generators}.`$ (A.12b)
Here $`X_I`$ and $`X_I^{}`$ are non-hermitian and hermitian conjugate to each other: $`X_I^{}=(X_I)^{}`$, $`S_a`$ generate the semi-simple subgroup $`H_{\mathrm{ss}.}`$ of $`H`$, and $`Y_\alpha `$ is a generator commuting with any generators of $``$, that is, $`Y_\alpha `$ is a $`U(1)`$ generator of the torus in $`H`$. We assume that $`Y_\alpha `$ is orthogonal to each other: $`\mathrm{tr}(Y_\alpha Y_\beta )=N_\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }`$, with a normalization constant $`N_\alpha `$. In this subsection, we denote holomorphic coordinates by $`\phi ^i`$, and replace real coordinates in the last subsection by $`\phi ^i`$ and $`\phi ^i`$. Hence, for instance, vielbein is not holomorphic: $`e^I(\phi ,\phi ^{})=e_i^I(\phi ,\phi ^{})d\phi ^i`$ \[$`e^I^{}(\phi ,\phi ^{})=e_i^{}^I^{}(\phi ,\phi ^{})d\phi ^i`$\].

We define the $`𝒀`$-charge by

$`𝒀`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{k}{}}}v_\alpha Y_\alpha ,`$ (A.13)
where $`v_\alpha `$ is a real positive constant and $`k`$ is the dimension of the torus of $`H`$ ($`1kdimG`$). The generators with the negative $`𝒀`$-charges are defined as the complex broken generators, generating the complex coset space $`G^𝐂/\widehat{H}`$ : the $`𝒀`$-charges of the generators, $`X_I`$ and $`X_I^{}`$, and $``$ are

$`[𝒀,X_I]`$ $`=x_IX_I,[𝒀,X_I^{}]=x_IX_I^{},[𝒀,]=0,`$ (A.14)
where $`x_I`$ is a real positive constant related to $`r_I`$ by $`x_I=(r_I)^2`$. From these commutation relations, the structure constants are constrained by

$`f_{IJ}{}_{}{}^{K^{}}=f_{I^{}J^{}}{}_{}{}^{K}=f_{IJ}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}=f_{I^{}J^{}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}=f_{I\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{J^{}}=f_{I^{}\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{J}=f_{IK}{}_{}{}^{I}=f_{I^{}K^{}}{}_{}{}^{I^{}}=0.`$ (A.15)
We would like to obtain further constraints from the Kähler condition: the Kähler form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ defined by

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=ig_{ij^{}}d\phi ^id\phi ^j=i\delta _{IJ^{}}e^Ie^J^{}=ix_I\delta _{IJ^{}}\stackrel{~}{e}^I\stackrel{~}{e}^J^{}`$ (A.16)
must be closed: $`d\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$. This condition gives

$`f_{IJ}^K`$ $`0,f_{I^{}J^{}}{}_{}{}^{K^{}}0`$ $`\text{if}x_I+x_J=x_K,`$ (A.17a)
$`f_{IJ^{}}^K`$ $`0`$ $`\text{if}x_Ix_J=x_K,`$ (A.17b)
$`f_{IJ^{}}^K^{}`$ $`0`$ $`\text{if}x_Ix_J=x_K,`$ (A.17c)
$`f_{I\widehat{a}}^J`$ $`0,f_{I^{}\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{J^{}}0`$ $`\text{if}x_I=x_J.`$ (A.17d)
Using these constraints, we obtain the Ricci tensor of Kähler coset spaces $`G/H`$ as

$`_{JM^{}}`$ $`=r_Jr_Mf_{J\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{I}f_{IM^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(f_{JK}{}_{}{}^{I}f_{IM^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{K}+f_{JK^{}}{}_{}{}^{I}f_{IM^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{K^{}}+f_{JK^{}}{}_{}{}^{I^{}}f_{I^{}M^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{K^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{MK}{I}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{JI}{K}}\right).`$ (A.18)
The Einstein condition (2.7) in the vielbein basis is

$`_{IJ^{}}=h\delta _{IJ^{}}.`$ (A.19)
We explicitly solve this equation for some examples in the next section.

## Appendix B Examples

In this appendix we consider two examples of the Kähler $`G/H`$. We discuss the hermitian symmetric spaces (HSS)  followed by a non-symmetric space $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$ . We see that the HSS are Einstein; on the other hand, the Einstein condition on the non-symmetric space reduces to algebraic equations among scale constants in the metric.

### B.1 Hermitian Symmetric Spaces

In this subsection let us consider symmetric spaces. The HSS are Kähler, since the Kähler condition is automatically satisfied.

The HSS have constraints on the structure constants given by $`f_{IJ}{}_{}{}^{K}=f_{I^{}J^{}}{}_{}{}^{K^{}}=f_{IJ^{}}{}_{}{}^{K}=f_{IJ^{}}{}_{}{}^{K^{}}=0`$, and each metric contains only one scale constant: $`r_Ir`$ ($`x_I=r^2v`$) for all $`I`$. Therefore the Ricci tensor (A.18) is reduced to

$`_{JM^{}}`$ $`=r^2f_{J\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{I}f_{IM^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}={\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}(f_{J\widehat{b}}{}_{}{}^{I}f_{IM^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}+f_{JI^{}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{b}}f_{\widehat{b}M^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{I^{}})={\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}f_{\widehat{A}J}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{B}}f_{\widehat{B}M^{}}^{}^{\widehat{A}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}\mathrm{tr}[\mathrm{ad}.(X_J)\mathrm{ad}.(X_M^{})]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2v}}C_2(G)\delta _{JM^{}}.`$ (B.1)
where the index $`\widehat{A}`$ represents the whole generators of $`𝒢`$: $`\widehat{A}\{I,I^{},\widehat{a}\}`$. Here we have adopted the adjoint representation $`[\mathrm{ad}.(X_I)]_{\widehat{A}}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{B}}=if_{\widehat{A}I}^{\widehat{B}}`$, and defined $`C_2(G)`$ as the eigenvalue of the quadratic Casimir operator in the adjoint representation of $`G`$.

From (B.1), the HSS are Einstein (A.19) in which $`h`$ is given by

$`h={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2v}}C_2(G).`$ (B.2)
### B.2 A Non-symmetric Space $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$

In this subsection, let us consider the coset space $`G/H=SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$, which is non-symmetric.

#### B.2.1 Complex Structures

First we discuss the complex structures of the coset space $`SU(l+m+n)/S[U(l)\times U(m)\times U(n)]`$. This coset admits two kinds of inequivalent complex structures . The unbroken group $`H=SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)\times U(1)^2`$ has two $`U(1)`$ generators $`Y_1`$ and $`Y_2`$, which can be chosen as

$`Y_1`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}n\mathrm{𝟏}_l& & \\ & \mathrm{𝟎}_m& \\ & & l\mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right),Y_2=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}m\mathrm{𝟏}_l& & \\ & (l+n)\mathrm{𝟏}_m& \\ & & m\mathrm{𝟏}_n\end{array}\right),`$ (B.9)
embedded into the fundamental representation of $`G=SU(l+m+n)`$. These generators are orthogonal to each other: $`\mathrm{tr}(Y_\alpha Y_\beta )=N_\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }`$. The whole generators of $`𝒮𝒰(l+m+n)`$ can be decomposed as

$`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}𝒮𝒰(l)& A& B\\ \overline{A}& 𝒮𝒰(m)& C\\ \overline{B}& \overline{C}& 𝒮𝒰(n)\end{array}\right).`$ (B.13)
Here $`𝒮𝒰(l)`$, $`𝒮𝒰(m)`$ and $`𝒮𝒰(n)`$ are the blocks of the unbroken subalgebra $``$, and $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`C`$ are blocks of the broken generators belonging to irreducible representations of $`H`$ (we simply call them “irreducible blocks”). We explain these irreducible blocks: the irreducible block $`A`$ consists of $`l\times m`$ generators denoted by $`X_e`$ ($`e=1,\mathrm{},lm`$). These generators belong to the $`(𝒍,\overline{𝒎},\mathrm{𝟏})`$-representation of $`SU(l)\times SU(m)\times SU(n)`$, with their $`Y_1`$\- and $`Y_2`$-charges being $`n`$ and $`l+m+n`$, respectively. The block $`\overline{A}`$ is hermitian conjugate of $`A`$. Our notation and $`H`$-representations of irreducible blocks $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`C`$ are summarized in Table 1.

Depending on real constants $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ in the definition (A.13) of $`𝒀`$-charge, the complex structure of $`G/H`$ continuously varies. There exist, however, two classes of inequivalent complex structures, which are not continuously deformed to each other, represented, for instance, by

$`\mathrm{I})𝒀`$ $`=Y_1,`$
$`\mathrm{II})𝒀`$ $`=mY_1+nY_2.`$ (B.14)
I) In the case of $`𝒀=Y_1`$, the broken generators $`X_I^{}`$ of $`𝒢^𝐂\widehat{}`$ with negative $`𝒀`$-charges are given by

$`𝒢^𝐂\widehat{}`$ $`=\{A,B,C\},`$ (B.15)
and the scale parameters $`x_I`$ are related as

$`x_A+x_C`$ $`=x_B.`$ (B.16)
II) In the case of $`𝒀=mY_1+nY_2`$, the broken generators and the relation among scale parameters are given by

$`𝒢^𝐂\widehat{}`$ $`=\{\overline{A},B,C\},x_A+x_B=x_C.`$ (B.17)
#### B.2.2 Ricci Tensor and the Einstein Condition

We show that the Einstein condition reduces to a set of algebraic equations in cases of Kähler coset spaces. To this end, let us calculate the Ricci tensor in the both cases.
I) In the case of $`𝒀=Y_1`$, the non-zero components of the Ricci tensor are given by

$`_{ef^{}}`$ $`=r_er_ff_{e\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{g}f_{gf^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_er_f}{4}}(f_{eu}{}_{}{}^{p}f_{pf^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{u}+f_{ep^{}}{}_{}{}^{u^{}}f_{u^{}f^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{p^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AB}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AC}{B}}\right),`$ (B.18a)
$`_{pq^{}}`$ $`=r_pr_qf_{p\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{r}f_{rq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_pr_q}{4}}(f_{pe^{}}{}_{}{}^{u}f_{uq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e^{}}+f_{pu^{}}{}_{}{}^{e}f_{eq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{u^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BA}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BC}{A}}\right),`$ (B.18b)
$`_{uv^{}}`$ $`=r_ur_vf_{u\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{w}f_{wv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_ur_v}{4}}(f_{ue}{}_{}{}^{p}f_{pv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e}+f_{up^{}}{}_{}{}^{e^{}}f_{e^{}v^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{p^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CA}{B}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CB}{A}}\right).`$ (B.18c)
Due to the constraint (B.16), we have

$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AB}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AC}{B}}\right)`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CA}{B}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CB}{A}}\right)=0,\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BA}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BC}{A}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{4}{x_B}}.`$ (B.19)
In order to evaluate the various terms in (B.18), we use the normalization of generators $`T_{\widehat{A}}`$ of $`SU(N)`$ in the fundamental representation, given by

$`\mathrm{tr}(T_{\widehat{A}}T_{\widehat{B}})`$ $`\delta _{\widehat{A}\widehat{B}}.`$ (B.20)
In this normalization, the eigenvalues of the quadratic Casimir operators $`C_2(N)`$ and $`C_2(\mathrm{ad}.)`$ in the fundamental and the adjoint representations, respectively, are given by

$`C_2(N)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{N^21}{N}},C_2(\mathrm{ad}.)=2N.`$ (B.21)
We also fix the normalization the $`U(1)`$ generators $`Y_\alpha `$ in the same way.

Using these equations, we can calculate the structure constants in (B.18) explicitly. From the algebra (A.2b), for instance, we can obtain the following relation:

$`f_{e\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{g}f_{gf^{}}^{}^{\widehat{a}}`$ $`=C_2(A)\delta _{ef^{}},\text{etc.}`$ (B.22)
Here $`C_2(A)`$ is the eigenvalue of the quadratic Casimir operator of the irreducible block $`A`$ in (B.13), which can be calculated, using the relations (B.21), to give

$`C_2(A)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{l^21}{l}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^21}{m}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{l(l+n)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{l+m+n}{m(l+n)}}=l+m.`$ (B.23)
In the same way, we obtain

$`f_{p\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{r}f_{rq^{}}^{}^{\widehat{a}}`$ $`=C_2(B)\delta _{pq^{}}=(l+n)\delta _{pq^{}},f_{u\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{w}f_{wv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}=C_2(C)\delta _{uv^{}}=(m+n)\delta _{uv^{}}.`$ (B.24)
Moreover, the fact of $`G=SU(N)`$ provides us the relations, given by

$`f_{eu}{}_{}{}^{p}f_{pf^{}}^{}^u`$ $`=n\delta _{ef^{}},f_{pe^{}}{}_{}{}^{u}f_{uq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e^{}}=m\delta _{pq^{}},f_{ue}{}_{}{}^{p}f_{pv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e}=l\delta _{uv^{}}.`$ (B.25)
Therefore the Ricci tensor (B.18) can be explicitly calculated, to yield

$`_{IJ^{}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{x_A}(l+m)\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{x_B}(l+2m+n)\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{x_C}(m+n)\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right).`$ (B.29)
This concides with the direct calculation (4.23h) at the origin due to (A.6).

The Einstein condition (A.19) reduces to a set of algebraic equations given by

$`h`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{l+m}{x_A}}={\displaystyle \frac{l+2m+n}{x_B}}={\displaystyle \frac{m+n}{x_C}}.`$ (B.30)
II) In the case of $`𝒀=mY_1+nY_2`$, the components of the Ricci tensor are given by

$`_{ef^{}}`$ $`=r_er_ff_{e\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{g}f_{gf^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_er_f}{4}}(f_{ep}{}_{}{}^{u}f_{uf^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{p}+f_{eu^{}}{}_{}{}^{p^{}}f_{p^{}f^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{u^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AB}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{AC}{B}}\right),`$ (B.31a)
$`_{pq^{}}`$ $`=r_pr_qf_{p\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{r}f_{rq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_pr_q}{4}}(f_{pe}{}_{}{}^{u}f_{uq^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e}+f_{pu^{}}{}_{}{}^{e^{}}f_{e^{}q^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{u^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BA}{C}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{BC}{A}}\right),`$ (B.31b)
$`_{uv^{}}`$ $`=r_ur_vf_{u\widehat{a}}{}_{}{}^{w}f_{wv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\widehat{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_ur_v}{4}}(f_{ue^{}}{}_{}{}^{p}f_{pv^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{e^{}}+f_{up^{}}{}_{}{}^{e}f_{ev^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{p^{}})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CA}{B}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{CB}{A}}\right).`$ (B.31c)
By the same discussion from (B.19) to (B.24), we obtain the Ricci tensor, given by

$`_{IJ^{}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{x_A}(l+m)\delta _{ef^{}}& 0& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{x_B}(l+n)\delta _{pq^{}}& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{x_C}(2l+m+n)\delta _{uv^{}}\end{array}\right).`$ (B.35)
This also concides with the direct calculation (4.42h) at the origin due to (A.6).

The Einstein condition (A.19) reduces to a set of algebraic equations:

$`h`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{l+m}{x_A}}={\displaystyle \frac{l+n}{x_B}}={\displaystyle \frac{2l+m+n}{x_C}}.`$ (B.36)


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# Chandra HRC and HST observations of NGC6240: resolving the AGN and Starburst

## 1 Introduction

NGC6240 is a prototypical luminous infrared galaxy. Its high IR luminosity ($`L_{\mathrm{IR}}10^{12}L_{\mathrm{}}`$) and proximity ($`d=147`$ Mpc, for $`z=0.0245`$, H$`{}_{}{}^{}=50`$ km s-1 Mpc-1) have made it the subject of numerous studies at all wavelengths. Its central region exhibits an extremely complex optical morphology with two distinctive nuclei, whilst at larger radii a distorted disc-like system with extended tidal tails is observed. ROSAT HRI observations of the galaxy show that extended luminous emission can be traced out to a radius of $`20\mathrm{}`$ (Komossa, Schulz & Greiner, 1998).

Starburst activity dominates the emission of NGC6240 at most wavelengths. Optical spectroscopy classifies the nuclei as LINER (Veilleux et al. 1995), whilst integral field near-IR observations show that the K band is dominated by red supergiants (Tecza et al. 2000). Mid-IR ISO data, however, reveal a weak OIV line, indicative of the presence of an active nucleus (Genzel et al. 1998). The definite presence of an AGN is seen only in X-rays, with a hard reflected component observed below 10 keV (Iwasawa & Comastri 1998, hereafter IC98) and direct transmitted emission detected above this energy (Vignati et al. 1999). The estimated unabsorbed X-ray luminosity in the 2-10 keV energy band is $`10^{44}`$ erg s-1, implying a bolometric AGN luminosity of a few times $`10^{45}`$ erg s-1. Which of the two nuclei corresponds to the active source is not known, and it is possible that both could harbor an AGN. This paper provides the first direct observation in X-rays that resolves the two nuclei and the complex extended emission.

## 2 Observations

Chandra observations of NGC6240 were obtained using the HRC-I detector (Murray et al. 1997) on the 16th of February 2000 with an exposure time of 8.8 ksec. The HRC-I is a microchannel plate detector optimised for imaging but has no energy resolution. Its pixel size of $`0.13\mathrm{}`$ provides a good sampling of the telescope PSF (FWHM $`0.4\mathrm{}`$).

HST observations of NGC6240 were obtained using the PC camera on the 23rd of March 1999 through both wide and narrow-band filters (PI: van der Marel). Observations obtained with the F673N filter ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda =47.2`$ Å, $`\lambda _c=6733`$ Å), corresponding to the redshifted H$`\alpha `$ wavelength ($`\lambda _\mathrm{H}\alpha =6724`$ Å), are presented here.

## 3 Extended emission

Figure 1 shows the central region of NGC6240 as observed by Chandra. No other emission associated with the galaxy was detected outside this region. A total of 509 counts were detected within a radius of 10.5″, of which about $`5\%`$ correspond to background emission, which was determined from a large area free of X-ray sources. The data have been slightly smoothed in order to increase the signal-to-noise using a Gaussian with $`\sigma =0.3\mathrm{}`$. The emission is clearly extended and presents a filamentary and clumpy morphology with several concentrations of emission.

Figure 2 shows the HST H$`\alpha `$ image with X-ray contours overlaid. The H$`\alpha `$ data shows remarkable structure, with very extended filaments and loops. This complex morphology is suggestive of gas outflowing from the distorted main plane of the galaxy, which is roughly coincident with the orientation of the dark dust lane seen in our figure at a PA of $`15\mathrm{°}`$ (east from north - for a larger V-band image of the galaxy see Fig 1 in Colbert et al. 1994; for a discussion on the H$`\alpha `$ morphology see Heckman, Armus & Miley 1990). Spectroscopic evidence for the presence of an outflowing galactic wind has been discussed by Heckman, Armus & Miley (1990) who derived an internal velocity dispersion in excess of 1000 km s-1, which is highest at the position angle coincident with the minor axis of the galaxy.

The most interesting spatial features can be seen to the west in Fig 2, where two giant ‘arms’ can be seen in H$`\alpha `$ emission extending 9″ ($`6.5`$ kpc) perpendicularly to the galactic plane with an opening angle $`60\mathrm{deg}`$, suggesting a limb-brightened cone-like outflow. The base of the northern arm presents a spectacular ‘bubble’ morphology with dimensions $`5.2\times 3.6\mathrm{}`$ ($`3.7\times 2.6`$ kpc). On the other hand, the eastern region has higher surface brightness and a less clearly defined morphology, possibly resulting from a more dense ambient medium which slows down and diverts the outflowing wind.

The X-ray contours follow remarkably well most of the structures seen in H$`\alpha `$. On the western side of the galaxy, however, most of the X-ray emission is associated with the bubble, while the southern arm shows little emission. This in part could be due to the presence of the dust lane. Most of the observed X-ray emission is diffuse although some knots with higher surface brightness are seen in the central region (see Figure 1), particularly the areas associated with the nuclei (see Section 4).

To obtain X-ray fluxes from the HRC observations we must assume a spectral shape for the emission within the standard 0.08-10 keV energy band of the instrument. From ASCA observations we know that thermal emission and a power law are required to explain the observed X-rays in the 0.5-10 keV energy range (IC98). The power law is very hard and corresponds to scattered light from the obscured AGN. The thermal emission is most probably related to the starburst activity and at least two components are needed: a warm ($`kT1`$ keV) and obscured ($`N_H10^{22}`$ cm-2) component, probably arising from the innermost regions of the starburst, and a cool ($`kT0.20.6`$ keV) and less absorbed ($`N_H0.65\times 10^{21}`$ cm-2) component, associated with the more external regions of the galactic wind (IC98). These results are in good agreement with what is observed in other well studied starburst galaxies such as M82, Arp 299 and NGC3256 (Strickland, Ponman & Stevens 1997, Heckman et al. 1999, Lira et al. 2002).

The extent and morphology of the observed X-ray emission suggests that the bulk of it is associated with an ongoing starburst. Assuming that the thermal components observed with ASCA are a good representation for the extended emission seen in Fig 1 (after removing the emission associated with the nuclei), we find an absorbed flux of $`1.4\times 10^{12}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2 in the 0.08-10 keV energy band (from an aperture $`20\mathrm{}`$ in diameter). The unabsorbed flux corresponds to $`0.61.4\times 10^{11}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2 ($`L_\mathrm{x}24\times 10^{43}`$ ergs s-1), depending on the spectral parameters of the warmer component. This diffuse component dominates the X-ray emission in the 0.08-10 keV energy range. The implied 0.5-2.0 keV flux corresponds to $`9\times 10^{13}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2, which is similar to the $`6\times 10^{13}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2 flux determined by IC98 in the same spectral range.

The total H$`\alpha `$ flux within an aperture of 18″ in diameter, corresponds to $`1.4\times 10^{12}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2 To correct for extinction we must estimate the value of $`A_V`$ towards the starburst. NICMOS colour maps suggest a highly variable extinction, with $`A_V28`$ (Scoville et al. 2000). This is in agreement with the extinction map derived by Tecza et al. (2000). Assuming an average $`A_V=3`$, we derived a corrected total H$`\alpha `$ flux of $`1\times 10^{11}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2, and a total luminosity $`L_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }=3\times 10^{43}`$ ergs s-1.

A non-thermal radio source with flux 22.5 mJy ($`\lambda =20`$cm) is coincident with the bubble seen in the western region of NGC6240 (source W1 in Colbert et al. 1994). The source is more compact than the structures seen in H$`\alpha `$ and X-rays ($`1.9\mathrm{}`$) and from the crude positional information we extracted from Fig 3a in Colbert et al. (1994) it appears to be located towards the top region of the bubble. The H$`\alpha `$ flux associated with the bubble is $`7\times 10^{14}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2. Assuming $`A_V=3`$ the corrected H$`\alpha `$ flux is $`6\times 10^{13}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2. The observed X-ray flux is $`3\times 10^{14}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2 (from an aperture $`5\mathrm{}`$ in diameter and assuming a thermal model described by the cool component as determined by the ASCA observations). The intrinsic X-ray flux is $`5\times 10^{13}`$ ergs s-1 cm-2, for $`N_H5\times 10^{21}`$ cm-2. The H$`\alpha `$ to X-ray flux ratio for the bubble in NGC6240 is therefore 1.2, in good agreement with the ratios determined for different regions of the galactic wind in NGC253, which are generally within a factor 2 of unity (Strickland et al. 2001).

## 4 The double nuclei

From the registration of the H$`\alpha `$ image with the HST data obtained using the F814W filter ($``$ I band), which is less affected by reddening and allows for a better determination of the region morphology, we have identified the galaxy nuclei as the brightest knots of emission in the H$`\alpha `$ image. The northern nucleus is clearly resolved, with a FWHM $`0.23\mathrm{}`$ ($`160`$ pc). The southern nucleus is resolved into two knots of H$`\alpha `$ emission $`0.44\mathrm{}`$ apart. Obscuration of an extended source is probably responsible for the observed morphology in the southern nucleus, as supported by images obtained at longer wavelengths (Gerssen et al. 2002).

Radio maps show two bright and unresolved sources (FWHM $`<0.1\mathrm{}`$ or 70 pc) coincident to within errors with the position of the optical nuclei, and which account for about half of the radio power emitted by the central region of NGC6240 (Colbert et al. 1994). The highest resolution radio observations at $`\lambda =2`$cm and obtained with a beam size of $`0\stackrel{}{.}15\times 0\stackrel{}{.}14`$ imply a distance of $`1.5\mathrm{}`$ ($``$ 1070 pc) between the two nuclear peaks (Carral et al. 1990). This resolution is well matched by archival NICMOS observations of NGC6240 (Scoville et al. 2000), which have a FWHM for a point source of 0.1″-0.2″. Both nuclei appear resolved in these images, with FWHMs $`0.4\mathrm{}0.5\mathrm{}`$ ($`320`$ pc). From the F160W ($``$ H band) and F222M ($``$ K band) images ($`\lambda _c1.6`$ and 2.22 $`\mu `$m, respectively) we find a nuclear separation of $`1.8\mathrm{}`$ ($``$ 1280 pc).

The X-ray image does not have sufficient signal to noise to allow an accurate determination of the flux-centroids or the analysis of the spatial profile of the nuclei. In fact, only by registering the X-ray and H$`\alpha `$ images it is possible to determine the position of the X-ray nuclei. The northern nucleus is marginally resolved, with 10 counts observed within a diameter of $`0.8\mathrm{}`$ (the instrument PSF FWHM is $`0.4\mathrm{}`$) and without showing an obvious peak of emission in the raw data. The southern nucleus is extended in the north-south direction and presents a complex morphology without a clear peak but instead showing several knots of emission. Adopting an aperture of $`2.2\mathrm{}`$ in diameter, 46 counts are detected. Background contribution is negligible within the nuclear apertures. If the X-ray and the H$`\alpha `$ images are aligned using the position of the northern nucleus (as shown in Figure 2), then the H$`\alpha `$ emission from the southern nucleus seems to be slightly displaced towards the north of the X-ray emitting region, possibly due to absorption effects.

To convert the observed count rates to fluxes we must assume a spectral shape for the sources. The nuclear emission could be due to star forming activity in the innermost and most obscured part of the starburst. In this case the emission is probably best described by the spectral parameters of the warm and highly absorbed thermal component as determined from the ASCA analysis (IC98). Alternatively, the nuclei could be dominated by the AGN reflection component, which is characterised by a hard power-law with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=1.5`$ below $`3`$ keV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=0.3`$ above $`3`$ keV and by an absorbing column of $`N_H=10^{22}`$ cm-2 (IC98). The observed and corrected fluxes for the nuclei under these two scenarios are presented in Table 1. Note that the value for $`N_H`$derived by IC98 might not reflect actual physical conditions, as it depends entirely on the chosen spectral shape. The dusty enviroment in the nuclear region of NGC6240, on the other hand, suggests that some of this obscuration could be real. Also, note that this column density is affecting scattered light from the AGN, while the the active nucleus is obscured behind a gas column of at least $`10^{24}`$ cm-2.

The presence a Compton-thick AGN in NGC6240 has been determined from ASCA and BeppoSAX observations (IC98, Vignati et al. 1999). Assuming the spectral shape and flux observed by ASCA, about 85 counts are predicted from the power-law scattered component in our HRC observation. This number of counts suggests that the southern nucleus, with 46 detected counts, is a better candidate for the counterpart of the scattered emission. This would also be supported by HST narrow-band observations which show that the brightest optical peak in the southern nucleus has emission line ratios compatible with the presence of a high excitation region (Rafanelli et al. 1997). The discrepancy between the predicted counts and the observed numclear values couls also be due to contamination with the large ASCA PSF. The starburst could make a significant contribution to the power law component if there was an unresolved component of accreting binaries, for example. But note that the predicted HRC number of counts is very sensitive to the assumed slope of the power-law component and its change in value from the hard to the soft band.

A compact reflector in the southern nucleus could be associated with the dust in a molecular torus lying as close as a few parsecs from the central source. A large scale reflector could be associated with the electrons in the NLR, a region hundreds of parsecs across. The size of the X-ray region associated with the southern nucleus is not well defined by our observations, but a reflector as large as a few thousand parsec across is plausible. Recent Chandra observations of the prototypical Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC1068 show hard emission arising from a region $`2`$ kpc in size (Young et al. 2001). Young et al. pointed out that results from XMM-Newton RGS observations suggest that the gas is mainly photo-ionised, implying that its density would be too low to provide the required scattering efficiency. It is also possible, however, that some dense thermal gas is present, which may be responsible for the observed hard continuum. So the scattering scenario remains plaussible.

## 5 AGN vs starburst activity

In Figure 3 we show the observed large aperture radio, IR and X-ray emission of NGC6240 in order to investigate its spectral energy distribution (SED). We compare these data with the typical spectral energy distributions of QSOs and starburst galaxies taken from Elvis et al. (1995) and Schmidt et al. (1997). The starburst distribution has been normalized to match the observed far-IR emission, while the QSO distribution has been scaled to match the inferred 2-10 keV AGN emission. The 10-200 $`\mu `$m continuum can be represented by two modified blackbody components with emissivity $`\lambda ^1`$ with temperatures of 42 and 140 Kelvin degrees (see Klass et al. 1997 for details), corresponding to luminosities $`L_{42}3\times 10^{45}`$ ergs s-1 and $`L_{140}1\times 10^{45}`$ ergs s-1, respectively (for $`d=147`$ Mpc). The cold component is believed to originate from the heating of dust by OB stars in star forming regions, while the warmer component is interpreted as emission from the reprocessing of hard photons by dust associated with the molecular torus located near to the active nucleus (Klass et al. 1997).

Fig 3 shows that the starburst SED is in very good agreement with the data at most wavelengths, suggesting that the starburst component dominates most of the observed emission. The departure of the SCUBA data point at $`1000`$ $`\mu `$m from the model SED is not significant as Schmidt et al. simply draw a straight line to join the radio with the far-IR 100 $`\mu `$m for the average SED of their starburst sample. The excess emission at radio wavelengths is within the large intrinsic spread found at radio frequencies for the galaxies in the Schmidt’s sample, and also possibly contains some contribution from the AGN, as already noted by (Colbert et al. 1994) (see also Iwasawa et al. 2001). For example, the unresolved radio nuclei contribute $`40\%`$ of the total 3.6 cm flux (Colbert et al. 1994).

A significant excess over the starburst SED is seen around the position of the 140 K bump, consistent with the idea that this component is related to the AGN and not to the star-forming activity. Some contribution from the nuclear starburst, however, is likely. PHA emission features are readily visible at wavelengths $`812`$ $`\mu `$m (see arrows in Fig 3; also see Fig 1 in Klaas et al. 1997 for a more detailed plot of the ISO data). Also, N-band (10.5 $`\mu `$m) imaging shows that the unresolved nuclear flux (shown as a triangle) corresponds only to 50% of the flux measured by ISO (Krabbe et al. 2001).

In agreement with our SED, detailed observations suggest that the AGN is completely absorbed in the near-IR, optical and soft X-ray bands (ie, in the $`2\mu `$m - 10 keV range; Tecza et al. 2000, Veilleux et al. 1995, IC98), resulting in an observed pure starburst SED at these wavelengths. If the absorbed AGN continuum emission is reprocessed and emerges as the observed warm 140 K bump, the $`L_{140}`$ component should be of the same order as the amount of energy removed by dust absorption at wavelengths shorter than $`1`$ $`\mu `$m. We can test this hypothesis by integrating the QSO SED, as shown in Fig 3, for wavelengths shorter than 1 $`\mu `$m and then comparing this value with that derived for $`L_{140}`$. For $`\lambda <912`$Å, however, UV photons are also absorbed by photoelectric processes. It is estimated that about 2/3 of the ionizing continuum is absorbed by dust, either directly or as reemited Ly$`\alpha `$ photons (Calzetti et al. 2000). We find that the amount of AGN continuum removed from the QSO SED corresponds to $`4\times 10^{45}`$ ergs s-1, which is 4 times larger than the luminosity of the 140 K component.

This discrepancy between $`L_{140}`$ and the absorbed AGN continuum may be even larger if, as suggested by the nuclear N-band 10.5 $`\mu `$m measurements, the large ISO apertures include some significant amount of emission from the starburst, implying an overestimation of the $`L_{140}`$ emission from the nuclear region. On the other hand, the assumption that the average QSO SED is a good representation of the intrinsic AGN continuum distribution in NGC6240 is also highly uncertain. In fact, the nuclear N-band measurements also imply that the AGN component is about an order of magnitude underluminous at 10 $`\mu `$m if the extrapolated 2-10 keV X-ray emission (see caption to Fig 3) is used for the normalization of the QSO SED. This was already noted by Krabbe et al. (2001), who speculated that a higher extinction could be responsible for the faint N-band flux. Finally, some of the discrepancy between $`L_{140}`$ and the amount of removed AGN continuum could be explained by the intrinsic properties of the AGN. Some torus models predict a strong anisotropy of the reprocessed emission, with tori viewed edge-on being much fainter than tori observed pole-on, as most of the emission is radiated from the inner face and the top and bottom surfaces of the torus (Pier & Krolik, 1992). This idea is supported by recent results from an IR study of the CfA Seyfert Sample which show clear evidence for non-isotropic emission (Perez Garcia & Rodriguez Espinosa, 2001). It is found that the ratio of the warm, torus-related component, to the total IR flux is $`0.4`$ for Seyfert 1 galaxies and $`0.3`$ for Seyfert 2 galaxies. NGC6240 has a ratio of only 0.24 (Klaas et al. 1997), in agreement with a nearly edge-on orientation of the dusty torus and a significant underestimation of the intrinsic luminosity of the 140 K bump.

If our interpretation of the IR emission is correct, the luminosity of the 42 K component should arise from the dust associated with the starburst. Tecza et al. (2000) have determined that the starburst in NGC6240 can be characterised by an age of $`1525`$ Myr and a burst duration $`5`$ Myr. Using these parameters they predict a ratio of bolometric to K-band luminosity (which has a negligible contribution from the AGN) of $`100`$, and infer a bolometric luminosity for the starburst of $`6\times 10^{45}`$ ergs s-1 (for $`d=147`$ Mpc). Since very little stellar emission is produced for wavelengths longer than $`1`$ $`\mu `$m, this bolometric emission can be directly compared with the observed reddened continuum at $`\lambda <1`$ $`\mu `$m, and the difference should correspond to the amount of stellar energy absorbed by dust and reemited in the 42 K bump. Using the Schmidt SED in Fig 3 as the template for the reddened spectral distribution (parametirised as $`F_\nu \nu ^{1.8}`$ for $`\lambda <1`$ $`\mu `$m) we find that the integration under the curve gives an observed luminosity of $`6\times 10^{44}`$ erg s-1, assuming, as above, that 2/3 of the ionizing continuum ($`\lambda <912`$Å) is absorbed by dust. Therefore, $`5.4\times 10^{45}`$ erg s-1 of energy has been removed from the intrinsic starburst emission and is then reemited in the IR. Given all the uncertainties involved, this value compares well with $`L_{42}`$.

This simple analysis of the SED of NGC6240 suggests that the starburst and AGN components are extremely powerful, both components having $`L_{\mathrm{bol}}5\times 10^{45}`$ ergs s-1. Even if the bolometric luminosity of the active nucleus, inferred from the X-ray observations, has been overestimated, its luminosity is probably within a factor of a few of that of the starburst. NGC6240 contains, therefore, a clear example of an active nucleus that plays a significant role in the energetics of an infrared ultraluminous galaxy, but which eludes detection at most wavelengths.