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# Duals of Pointed Hopf Algebras

## 1. Introduction and Preliminaries

Unless otherwise specified, we work over $`k`$, an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. The object of this paper is to find the structure of dual Hopf algebras to some finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras with coradical $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a finite abelian group. A method for classifying pointed Hopf algebras has been proposed by N. Andruskiewitsch and H.-J. Schneider; an up-to-date survey of this project may be found in . Roughly, this approach to studying pointed Hopf algebras is based on the following observations.

Let $`A`$ be a Hopf algebra such that the coradical $`A_0`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $`A`$ so that the coradical filtration of $`A`$ is a Hopf algebra filtration. Let $`H=grA`$ be the associated (coradically) graded Hopf algebra \[34, Chapter XI\], i.e., $`H=_{n0}H(n)`$ with $`H(0)=A_0`$ and $`H(n)=A_n/A_{n1}`$ for $`n1`$. (Recall from  that a graded coalgebra $`C=_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}C(i)`$ is coradically graded if $`C(0)=C_0`$ and $`C_1=C(0)C(1)`$, where $`C_m`$ denotes the coradical filtration and also if $`C_0`$ is one-dimensional then $`C`$ is called strictly graded.) Then $`\pi `$, the Hopf algebra projection of $`H`$ onto $`H_0=A_0`$ \[26, 5.4.2\] splits the inclusion $`i:H_0H`$ and thus $`H\mathrm{\#}H_0`$, the Radford biproduct of $``$ and $`H_0`$, where $`=H^{co\pi }=\{xH:(id\pi )\mathrm{}(x)=x1\}`$ is the set of $`\pi `$-coinvariants. $``$ is a Hopf algebra in $`{}_{H_0}{}^{H_0}𝒴D`$, the category of Yetter-Drinfel’d modules over $`H_0`$. In particular, if $`H_0=k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a finite abelian group, as will be the case in the examples of interest in this paper, then $`{}_{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}{}^{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}𝒴D`$ is the set of left $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$-modules with a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-grading such that the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action preserves the grading.

Also $``$ inherits a grading from $`H`$, i.e. $``$ is graded by $`(n)=H(n)`$ with $`(0)=k1`$, and $`(1)=P()`$, the space of primitive elements of $``$. If $`V=(1)`$ generates $``$ as a Hopf algebra, then $`=(V)`$, the Nichols algebra of $`V`$. In any case $`(V)`$. Much more detail about Nichols algebras can be found in  or in the original source material . An excellent comprehensive survey of this approach with all the definitions and a compendium of results from various papers in the most generality may be found in .

Now, to construct a finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebra with coradical $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, the idea is to first find $`V_{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}𝒴D`$ with $`(V)`$ finite dimensional, and form the coradically graded Hopf algebra $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. This construction is called bosonization or the Radford biproduct. A Hopf algebra $`A`$ such that $`grAH`$ is called a lifting of $`H`$ and if $`A\cong ̸grA`$, then $`A`$ is a nontrivial lifting of $`H`$. If $`V`$ is a quantum linear space, or is of Cartan type $`A_n`$ or of Cartan type $`B_2`$, the liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ have been computed in , , , ,, , respectively. We will study duals of liftings of some quantum linear spaces.

We abbreviate $`{}_{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}{}^{k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}𝒴D`$ to $`{}_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ for the category of Yetter-Drinfel’d modules over $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. For $`V_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒴D`$, we write $`V_g^\chi `$ with $`g\mathrm{\Gamma },\chi \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ for the set of $`vV`$ with the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`v`$ given by $`hv=\chi (h)v`$ and the coaction by $`\delta (v)=gv`$. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an abelian group, and $`V_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒴D`$ then $`V=_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{g\mathrm{\Gamma }}{\chi \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}}V_g^\chi `$ \[4, Section 2\]. If $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ with $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$ then the braid matrix $`B`$ of $`V`$ is $`(b_{ij})=(\chi _j(g_i)).`$

Under our assumptions on $`k`$ and assuming $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is finite abelian, we identify $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]^{}`$ with the Hopf algebra $`k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]`$ where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is the character group of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Let $`\phi :k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]^{}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]`$ be the isomorphism between these Hopf algebras. For $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the element $`g^{}Alg(k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}],k)`$ is defined by $`g^{}(\chi )=\chi (g)`$. We usually simply write $`g`$ for a character of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ instead of $`g^{}`$.

Unless otherwise noted, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ will denote a finite abelian group.

For $`A`$ a Hopf algebra with $`g,hG(A)`$, the group of grouplike elements of $`A`$, then $`P(A)_{g,h}=\{xA|\mathrm{}x=xg+hx\}`$, the $`(g,h)`$-primitives of $`A`$. For each $`g,h`$, we write $`P^{}(A)_{g,h}`$ for a subspace of $`P(A)_{g,h}`$ such that $`P(A)_{g,h}=k(gh)P^{}(A)_{g,h}`$ \[26, §5.4\].

We use the Sweedler summation notation throughout. $`\overline{S}`$ will denote the composition inverse to the antipode $`S`$.

Throughout, we write $`I_j`$ for the $`j\times j`$ identity matrix. Also we use the notation $`^c(r,k)`$ for an $`r\times r`$ matrix coalgebra over $`k`$ and we call a basis $`e(i,j),1i,jr`$, a matrix coalgebra basis if $`\mathrm{}(e(i,j))=_{k=1}^re(i,k)e(k,j)`$, and $`ϵ(e(i,j))=\delta _{ij}`$.

Our specific constructions and examples will focus on the case of $`V`$ a quantum linear space.

###### Definition 1.1.

$`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i{}_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ with $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$ is called a quantum linear space if $`\chi _i(g_j)\chi _j(g_i)=1`$ for $`ij`$, i.e. in the braid matrix $`B`$, $`b_{ij}b_{ji}=1`$ for $`ij`$.

Recall that for $`V`$ a quantum linear space as above, $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ is the Hopf algebra generated by the $`(1,g_i)`$-primitives $`v_i\mathrm{\#}1`$ (usually written just $`v_i`$) and the grouplike elements $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Multiplication is given by $`hv_i=\chi _i(h)v_ih`$ and $`v_iv_j=\chi _j(g_i)v_jv_i`$. Also if $`\chi _i(g_i)`$ is a primitive $`r_i`$th root of unity, $`v_i^{r_i}=0`$, and then dim $`(V)=\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1}^tr_i`$.

###### Proposition 1.2.

(see  or ) For $`V`$ a quantum linear space with $`\chi _i(g_i)`$ a primitive $`r_i`$th root of unity, all liftings $`A`$ of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ are Hopf algebras generated by the grouplikes and by $`(1,g_i)`$-primitives $`x_i,1it`$ where

$$hx_i=\chi _i(h)x_ih;$$

$$x_i^{r_i}=\alpha _{ii}(g_i^{r_i}1);$$

$$x_ix_j=\chi _j(g_i)x_jx_i+\alpha _{ij}(g_ig_j1).$$

We may assume $`\alpha _{ii}\{0,1\}`$ and then we must have that

(1.1)
$$\alpha _{ii}=0\text{ if }g_i^{r_i}=1\text{ or }\chi _i^{r_i}ϵ\text{ and }\alpha _{ij}=0\text{ if }g_ig_j=1\text{ or }\chi _i\chi _jϵ.$$

Note that $`\alpha _{ji}=\chi _j(g_i)^1\alpha _{ij}=\chi _i(g_j)\alpha _{ij}`$. Thus the lifting $`A`$ is described by a matrix $`𝒜=(\alpha _{ij})`$ with 0’s or 1’s down the diagonal and with $`\alpha _{ji}=\chi _i(g_j)\alpha _{ij}`$ for $`ij`$. We associate $`𝒜=(0)`$ with $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. ∎

## 2. The dual of a Radford biproduct.

The first theorem in this section is in the form suggested by N. Andruskiewitsch who points out that the ideas for this proof are already in the literature although the statement does not appear explicitly. (See , , .) The theorem in the original version of this paper corresponded to Corollary 2.3 and follows directly from this more general formulation. In fact it is shown in \[3, 3.2.30\] that for $`V{}_{H}{}^{H}𝒴𝒟`$ with $`(V)`$ finite dimensional, then $`(^{}V)(^{}(V))^{opcop}`$ in the category $`{}_{H}{}^{H}𝒴𝒟`$. Note that the categories $`{}_{H}{}^{H}𝒴𝒟`$ and $`{}_{H^{}}{}^{H^{}}𝒴𝒟`$ are equivalent for $`H`$ finite dimensional with bijective antipode by \[3, 2.2.1\]. The results of Corollary 2.3 give a special case.

For $`k`$ any field, let $`H`$ be a graded Hopf algebra, $`H=_{n0}H^n`$ with finite dimensional components $`H^n`$. Let $`L=_{n0}(H^n)^{}`$, with the “dual” Hopf algebra structure. Assume that $`H_0=H^0`$, i.e., $`H^0`$ is cosemisimple. (Note that without restriction on $`k`$ this does not imply that $`L^0`$ is cosemisimple.) Let $`\pi :HH^0`$, $`p:HH^1`$, $`\sigma :LL^0`$ be the homogeneous projections. Then, as discussed in Section 1, $`H\mathrm{\#}H^0`$, and $`L𝒮\mathrm{\#}L^0`$ where $`=H^{co\pi }`$ and $`𝒮=L^{co\sigma }`$.

###### Lemma 2.1.

For $`k`$ any field and $`H,L`$ as above, the following are equivalent:

(i) $`H`$ is coradically graded.

(ii) $`L`$ is generated as an algebra by $`L^0`$ and $`L^1`$.

###### Proof.

Suppose (i) holds. By \[13, 2.2\], $`H`$ is coradically graded if and only if $`H_1=H^0+H^1`$. Now consider the map $`\varphi `$ from $`H^2`$ to $`H^1H^1`$ defined by $`\varphi :=pp\mathrm{}`$. If $`\varphi (a)=0`$, then $`\mathrm{}(a)H^0H^2+H^2H^0`$, and then since $`H^0=H_0`$, $`aH_1`$, which is impossible unless $`a=0`$ since $`H_1H^2=0`$. Thus $`\varphi `$ is injective. By induction (or see the proof of \[7, Lemma 5.5\]), the map $`(pp\mathrm{}p)\mathrm{}^{n1}`$ from $`H^n`$, the $`n`$th homogeneous component of $`H`$, to $`H^1\mathrm{}H^1`$ is injective for $`n2`$. Clearly this is equivalent to the surjectivity of the multiplication map from $`L^1L^1\mathrm{}L^1`$ to $`L^n`$.

Conversely, if the multiplication map from $`L^1L^1\mathrm{}L^1`$ to $`L^n`$ is surjective, so that the map $`(pp\mathrm{}p)\mathrm{}^{n1}`$ from $`H^n`$ to $`H^1\mathrm{}H^1`$ is injective, then since $`(pp\mathrm{}p)\mathrm{}^{n1}`$ acting on $`H_1`$ is zero for any $`n>1`$, then $`H_1H^n=0`$ for all $`n2`$. Thus, the containment $`H^1+H^0H_1`$ is an equality, and $`H`$ is coradically graded. ∎

From the lemma above, we immediately obtain:

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`k`$ be any field and let $`H`$ and $`L`$ be as above, with the additional assumption that $`H^0=H_0`$ is cosemisimple and also semisimple, so that $`L_0`$ is also. The following are equivalent:

(i) $`H`$ is coradically graded and is generated as an algebra by $`H^0`$ and $`H^1`$.

(ii) $`L`$ is coradically graded and is generated as an algebra by $`L^0`$ and $`L^1`$.

A Hopf algebra $`H`$ satisfying the conditions of Theorem 2.2 is called a “bialgebra of type one” in the original terminology of Nichols’ . Then, as briefly outlined in Section 1 and explained in detail in \[5, Lemmas 2.4, 2.5\] or in the survey \[4, Section 2\], $`H(V)\mathrm{\#}H^0`$, where $`V=(1)=P()`$, the space of primitives of $`=(V)`$, and $`L(W)\mathrm{\#}L^0`$, where $`W=𝒮(1)=P(𝒮)`$. Here $`=(V)`$ and $`𝒮=(W)`$ are Nichols algebras; in particular, they are strictly graded coradically graded Hopf algebras in the categories $`{}_{H_0}{}^{H_0}𝒴D`$ and $`{}_{L_0}{}^{L_0}𝒴D`$ respectively and are generated as algebras by their 1-graded component.

There is a relation between the Yetter-Drinfeld module structures on $`V`$ and $`W`$ above. Observe that the pairing $`H^1\times L^1k`$ gives rise to a pairing $`(,):V\mathrm{\#}H^0\times W\mathrm{\#}L^0k`$, which is explicitly $`(v\mathrm{\#}x,w\mathrm{\#}y)=(v,w)(x,y)`$ (by the definition of $``$ and $`𝒮`$). Next, if $`\delta :WL^0W`$ is the coaction, consider the right action $`:WH^0W`$, $`wa:=(aId)\delta (w)`$. Then since, by the definition of $`W𝒮=L^{co\sigma }`$, for $`wW`$, we have $`w_{(1)}w_{(2)}\sigma (w_{(3)})=w_{(1)}w_{(2)}1`$, and then

(2.2)
$$(ad(a)v,w)=(v,wa),aH^0,$$

where $`ad(a)v`$ denotes the adjoint action, i.e. $`ad(a)v=a_1vS(a_2).`$ Interchanging rôles, we obtain the relation between the coaction of $`V`$ and the action of $`W`$.

Now we resume our assumption that $`k`$ is algebraically closed and of characteristic 0, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a finite abelian group. Let $`V{}_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ with basis $`\{v_1,\mathrm{},v_t\}`$ where $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i},g_i\mathrm{\Gamma },\chi _i\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$. Suppose $`(V)`$, the Nichols algebra, is a finite dimensional Hopf algebra in $`{}_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$. Assume $`\chi _i(g_i)`$ is a primitive $`r_i`$th root of unity for some integer $`r_i>1`$, and then $`v_i^{r_i}=0`$ in $`(V)`$.

###### Corollary 2.3.

Let $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ for $`k,V,\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as above. Then $`H^{}(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]`$ where $`W=_{i=1}^tkw_i_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}𝒴D`$ and $`w_iW_{\chi _i}^{g_i}`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`w_iW`$ be defined by $`(v_j,w_i)=\delta _{i,j}`$. Suppose $`\delta (w_j)=_{k=1}^t\phi _{jk}w_kk[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]W`$. Then for $``$ the right action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`W`$ described above, $`w_jh=_{k=1}^t\phi _{jk}(h)w_k`$ and so by (2.2), $`\phi _{jk}(h)=(v_k,w_jh)=(ad(h)v_k,w_j)=\delta _{kj}\chi _k(h)`$. Thus $`\delta (w_j)=\chi _jw_j`$. A similar argument shows that for $`\chi \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},\chi w_i=\chi (g_i)w_i.`$

Recall from Section 1, that a pointed Hopf algebra $`A`$ is called a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ if $`grA`$, the associated graded Hopf algebra, is isomorphic to $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. The lifting is nontrivial if $`A\cong ̸grA`$. Now we show that, although the dual of $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ is pointed, the dual of a nontrivial lifting $`A`$ of $`H`$ is not pointed if the coalgebra projection $`\pi `$ from $`A`$ to $`A_0`$ is not an algebra map. This result has been shown for various particular cases in the literature, for example, \[32, p.315\], \[17, Theorem 2.5\], \[15, Cor.5.3\].

###### Proposition 2.4.

Let $`A`$ be a nontrivial lifting of $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ such that $`\pi :AA_0`$ is not an algebra map. Then $`G(A^{})`$, the group of grouplikes of $`A^{}`$, is isomorphic to a proper subgroup of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`A^{}`$ is not pointed.

###### Proof.

As above, since $`A`$ is a lifting of $`H`$, $`A`$ is generated as an algebra by $`(1,g_i)`$-primitives $`x_i`$ with $`x_iP_{(1,g_i)}^{}`$ and the elements of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The $`x_i`$ are the liftings of the $`v_i\mathrm{\#}1(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. Also $`g_ix_i=\chi _i(g_i)x_ig_i`$ and since $`\chi _i(g_i)1`$, all grouplike elements of $`A^{}`$ map the $`x_i`$ to 0. Thus grouplike elements of $`A^{}`$ are nonzero only on $`A_0=k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ and so all grouplikes are of the form $`\gamma \pi `$ where $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

However not every $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is grouplike in $`A^{}`$. Since $`\pi `$ is not an algebra map, there exist $`x,yA`$ such that $`\pi (x)\pi (y)\pi (xy)`$ in $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. But then there must exist $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ such that $`\gamma (\pi (x)\pi (y))=\gamma \pi (x)\gamma \pi (y)\gamma \pi (xy),`$ for otherwise $`\phi (\pi (x)\pi (y))=\phi (\pi (xy))`$ for all $`\phi k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]^{}`$. Then $`\gamma \pi `$ is not an algebra map from $`A`$ to $`k`$ and $`\gamma G(A^{}).`$ Thus $`G(A^{})`$ is a proper subgroup of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

Let $`Jac()`$ denote the Jacobson radical. Since $`Jac(k[\mathrm{\Gamma }])=0`$ and $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ is commutative, we have that $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]Jac(A)=0`$. For if $`zk[\mathrm{\Gamma }]Jac(A)`$, then $`z`$ is nilpotent by a theorem of Amitsur \[22, 4.20\] and so lies in $`Jac(k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]).`$ Thus $`dim`$ Jac$`(A)(dimA)|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ as $`k`$-spaces, and by \[26, 5.1.7\], $`dimcorad(A^{})=dim(A)dim`$ (Jac$`(A))|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$. Thus $`A^{}`$ cannot be pointed. ∎

Thus the coradical of the dual of a nontrivial lifting of a quantum linear space contains nontrivial matrix coalgebras. In the next sections, we will discuss the number and dimensions of these matrix coalgebras for some particular examples.

We now use Corollary 2.3 to compute the Drinfel’d double $`D(H)`$ for a finite dimensional Hopf algebra $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. Suppose, as above, that $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ where $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$. Also, as above, define $`w_iW_{\chi _i}^{g_i}H^{}`$ by $`(v_j,w_i)=\delta _{i,j}`$. Then $`w_i(hv_i)=\chi _i(h)`$ and $`w_iP(H^{})_{ϵ,\chi _i}`$. Define $`w_i^{}=\chi _i^1w_i=(1\mathrm{\#}\chi _i^1)(w_i\mathrm{\#}ϵ)`$ in $`H^{}`$ . Then $`w_i^{}(z)=\chi _i^1(g_i)`$ for $`z`$ in $`H(1)`$ of the form $`hv_i`$ and 0 otherwise. In $`H^{}`$, $`w_i^{}`$ is $`(\chi _i^1,ϵ_H)`$ -primitive. Let $`W^{}=_{i=1}^tkw_i^{}`$.

As usual, the left (right) action of $`H`$ on $`H^{}`$ is denoted $`hh^{}`$ ($`h^{}h`$) where $`hh^{}(z)=h^{}(zh)`$ ($`h^{}h(z)=h^{}(hz)`$).

###### Theorem 2.5.

Let $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, with $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ and $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$. Let $`D(H)`$ be the Drinfel’d double of $`H`$. Then $`gr(D(H))(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`U_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ is the direct sum of $`W^{}`$ and $`V`$ with appropriate actions and coactions, i.e. $`U=_{i=1}^{2t}ku_i`$ where $`u_iU_{\chi _i^1\times 1}^{g_i\times \chi _i^1}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},t`$ and $`u_iU_{ϵ\times g_i}^{g_i^1\times \chi _i}`$ for $`i=t+1,\mathrm{},2t`$. Also $`D(H)\cong ̸gr(D(H))`$.

###### Proof.

In $`H^{cop}`$, the element $`w_i^{}`$ is $`(ϵ_H,\chi _i^1)`$-primitive and $`\gamma w_i^{}\gamma ^1=g_i^{}(\gamma )w_i^{}`$ for $`\gamma G(H^{cop})`$ so that $`w_i^{}P(H^{cop})_{\chi _i^1}^{g_i}`$. Thus by an argument similar to that in Corollary 2.3, $`H^{cop}(W^{})\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}].`$ Since, as coalgebras, $`D(H)=H^{cop}H`$, by \[26, 5.1.10\] or , $`D(H)`$ is pointed with group of grouplikes $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

In $`D(H)=H^{cop}H`$, the elements $`ϵv_i`$ with $`v_iV`$ are $`(ϵ1,ϵg_i)`$-primitive and the $`w_i^{}1`$ with $`w_i^{}W^{}`$ are $`(ϵ1,\chi _i^11)`$-primitive. For $`\gamma hG(D(H))`$, using the formula for multiplication in $`D(H)`$ given in \[26, 10.3.11 (1)\] from  , we compute

$`(\gamma h)(ϵv_i)(\gamma ^1h^1)`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma hv_i)(\gamma ^1h^1)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \gamma [(hv_i)_1\gamma ^1\overline{S}((hv_i)_3)]}(hv_i)_2h^1`$
where the left and right actions of $`H`$ on $`H^{}`$ are the usual ones. Now, $`\mathrm{}^2(hv_i)=hv_ihh+hg_ihv_ih+hg_ihg_ihv_i`$ and $`\overline{S}(hv_i)=S^{2r_i1}(hv_i)=\chi _i(g_ih)(g_ih)^1v_i.`$ Since $`hv_i\gamma ^1`$ and $`\gamma ^1lv_i`$ are $`0`$ for any $`h,l\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then

$`{\displaystyle \gamma [(hv_i)_1\gamma ^1\overline{S}((hv_i)_3)]}(hv_i)_2h^1`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma [hg_i\gamma ^1h^1]hv_ih^1`$
$`=\gamma ^1(g_i)ϵ\chi _i(h)v_i`$ $`=`$ $`(g_i^1\chi _i)(\gamma h)ϵv_i.`$
Then $`ϵv_iP(D(H))_{ϵg_i}^{g_i^1\chi _i}`$ where $`g_i^1`$ means the usual identification of $`Alg(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},k)`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Similarly, we see that $`w_i^{}1_HP(D(H))_{\chi _i^11}^{g_i\chi _i^1}`$. Thus $`U=W^{}V_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ with actions and coactions as in the statement of the theorem.

Now, $`grD(H)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ as Hopf algebras. Then $`(W^{}V)`$. If $`1i,jt`$, in the braid matrix for $`W^{}V`$, $`b_{i,t+j}=<g_j^1\chi _j,\chi _i^11>=\chi _i(g_j)`$ and $`b_{t+j,i}=<g_i\chi _i^1,ϵ_Hg_j>=\chi _i(g_j)^1`$. Thus by \[18, Theorem 2.2\], $`dim(W^{}V)=dim(W^{})dim(V)=dim`$. Thus $`grD(H)(W^{}V)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$.

To show that $`D(H)\cong ̸grD(H)`$, we compute the products of the $`v_i`$ and $`w_j^{}`$. By \[26, 5.1.10\], $`(ϵ_Hv_i)(w_j^{}1_H)=v_{i_1}w_j^{}\overline{S}(v_{i_3})v_{i_2}=v_iw_j^{}1+g_iw_j^{}v_i+g_iw_j^{}\overline{S}(v_i)g_i`$. However $`v_iw_j^{}`$ and $`w_j^{}\overline{S}(v_i)`$ are 0 if $`ij`$ and then $`v_iw_j^{}=\chi _j^1(g_i)w_j^{}v_i`$. If $`i=j`$, then $`v_iw_i^{}=\chi _i(g_i)^1ϵ`$ and $`g_iw_i^{}\overline{S}(v_i)=\chi _i(g_i)^1\chi _i`$, so that

$$v_iw_i^{}=\chi _i(g_i)^1w_i^{}v_i+\chi _i(g_i)^1(ϵ1\chi _ig_i).$$

Thus $`\pi `$ is not an algebra map and $`D(H)\cong ̸(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ as algebras. ∎

Note that by adjusting the skew-primitives by a scalar in the above theorem, we may assume that $`u_{t+j}u_j=\chi _j^1(g_j)u_ju_{t+j}+(\chi _j^1g_jϵ1)`$. Recall from  that $`D(H)`$ is always minimal quasitriangular and that the dual $`D(H)^{}`$ is also quasitriangular if and only if $`H`$ and $`H^{}`$ are quasi-triangular.

For $`V`$ a quantum linear space, the question of when Hopf algebras $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ , their liftings and their doubles are quasi-triangular or ribbon has been considered in , , , , , .

###### Example 2.6.

If $`V`$ is a quantum linear space, then note that for $`V,W^{}_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ as in Theorem 2.5, $`U=W^{}V_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ is also a quantum linear space. Thus if $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, $`A=D(H)`$ is the nontrivial lifting of $`(W^{}V)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with lifting matrix $`𝒜=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & D\hfill \\ I_t\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}\right]`$ where D is the $`t\times t`$ diagonal matrix with $`d_{ii}=\chi _i(g_i)`$.

The quasi-triangularity of $`D(H)`$ can be used to prove the quasi-triangularity of some Radford biproducts.

###### Example 2.7.

Let $`V,W^{},U,H,A=D(H)`$ be as in Example 2.6. Furthermore, let $`\chi _i(g_i)=1`$ for all $`1it`$. Let $`J`$ be the Hopf ideal of $`A`$ generated by the skew-primitives $`\chi _i^1g_iϵ1`$ where $`1it`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}=(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma })/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the subgroup generated by the $`\chi _i^1g_i`$. Then $`U`$ has a natural $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ grading and also a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$-action since because $`\chi _i(g_i)^2=1=\chi _i(g_j)\chi _j(g_i)`$ then $`<g_j^1\chi _j,\chi _i^1g_i>=<g_j\chi _j^1,\chi _i^1g_i>=1`$ for all $`1i,jt`$. In fact, it is easy to see that $`A/J(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}]`$ where $`U`$ has this $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$-action and grading. Thus this biproduct is minimal quasi triangular since $`A`$ is. The $`R`$-matrices on $`L=(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}]`$ are discussed in , as well as the existence of ribbon elements for $`L`$ and $`D(L)`$.

If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }C_2`$, then $`(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}]=E(2t)`$ and this Hopf algebra has been studied by many authors.

###### Example 2.8.

Let $`U`$ be the quantum linear space $`U=_{i=1}^{2t}kv_i_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=<g>C_2`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=<\chi >C_2`$ with $`v_iU_{(1,g)}^{(g,\chi )}`$ for $`1it`$, $`v_jU_{(\chi ,1)}^{(g,\chi )}`$ for $`t+1j2t`$. Let $`A`$ be the nontrivial lifting of $`(U)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with commutation matrix $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& I_t\\ I_t& 0\end{array}\right]`$. Then $`A`$ is minimal quasitriangular since for $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$, we have $`A=D((V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }])=D(E(t))`$ in the notation of . Also it is shown in  that $`A=D(E(t))`$ has quasi-ribbon elements if and only if $`t`$ is even, in which case it has 4 quasi-ribbon elements, two of which are ribbon. And, since it is well-known that $`E(t)`$ is quasitriangular and by  or by Corollary 2.3, $`E(t)`$ is self-dual, then $`A^{}=D(E(t))^{}`$ is also quasitriangular, but is not pointed by Proposition 2.4. If $`t=1`$, then $`A`$ is the Drinfel’d double of the Sweedler Hopf algebra. This 16 dimensional pointed Hopf algebra is discussed in \[8, Section 2, Case 2\] and in \[11, p.562\] as $`H_{(5)}`$, and in \[32, p.315\], where the fact that $`A^{}`$ is not pointed is proved directly. The dual of $`D(E(1))`$ will be computed in Section 4.

###### Remark 2.9.

N. Andruskiewitsch has also pointed out that Theorem 2.5 has an antecedent in Drinfel’d’s paper  where $`U_q(g)`$ was introduced as a quotient of the quantum double of $`U_q(b)`$, and that this material is strongly tied to the construction in  where Lusztig defines $`U_q(g)`$ via what are now known as Nichols algebras. Theorem 2.5 can also be obtained as a corollary to a construction of a (possibly infinite) Hopf algebra $`𝒟(V)`$ using the notation and arguments of . Here is an outline of the proof. For $`V,W,\mathrm{\Gamma },\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ as above, define a bilinear form from $`((W)\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}])\times ((V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }])`$ to $`k`$ by $`(\xi \mathrm{\#}z|x\mathrm{\#}g)=(\xi ,x)(z,g)`$. Following \[24, 7.2.6\], form the graded double $`𝒟(V)`$. Identify $`V`$ (respectively $`W`$) with subspaces of $`𝒟(V)`$ and determine the commutation relations for $`v_iw_j`$, $`gw_j`$, $`\gamma v_i`$, and $`g\gamma `$ where $`g\mathrm{\Gamma },\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ as was done in the proof of Theorem 2.5. Then $`𝒟(V)`$ is isomorphic to $`T(Wk[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]Vk[\mathrm{\Gamma }])/𝒥`$ for $`𝒥`$ the two-sided ideal generated by the commutation relations.

As well, the coradical filtration of $`𝒟(V)`$ is given by

$`𝒟(V)_0=k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\times \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}]`$;

$`𝒟(V)_1=𝒟(V)_0+(W\mathrm{\#}k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}])k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]+k[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}](V\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]);`$

$`𝒟(V)_n=(𝒟(V)_1)^n`$ for $`n>1`$.

## 3. Duals of liftings of quantum linear spaces

Throughout this section let $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒴D`$ be a quantum linear space. We study duals of Hopf algebras $`A`$ where $`A`$ is a nontrivial lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`𝒜`$ as in Proposition 1.2. For $`v_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i},`$ suppose $`\chi _i(g_i)`$ is a primitive $`r_i`$-th root of unity. Let $`x_iA`$ be the lifting of $`v_i\mathrm{\#}1`$ to $`A`$, i.e. in $`A`$, $`x_i`$ is $`(1,g_i)`$-primitive and $`hx_i=\chi _i(h)x_ih`$ for all $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Then $`A`$ has a vector space basis $`hz`$ with $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`z𝒵=\{x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t}|0m_ir_i1\}`$.

For $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, define $`w(\gamma ,x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})A^{}`$ to be the map which takes $`hx_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t}`$ to $`\gamma (h)`$ and all other basis elements to 0, so that $`𝒲=\{w(\gamma ,z)|\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},z𝒵\}`$ is a vector space basis for $`A^{}`$. As in Section 2, we denote $`w(\chi _i,x_i)`$ by $`w_i`$ and also $`w(\gamma ,1)`$ is usually just written $`\gamma `$.

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with $`V`$ a quantum linear space. Let $`\gamma ,\lambda \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, $`0m_ir_i1`$ and $`1i<jt`$.

(i) Then

$$w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})=(\gamma \chi _i^{m_i})(g_j^{m_j})w(\gamma \lambda ,x_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j});$$

$$w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})=\lambda (g_i^{m_i})w(\gamma \lambda ,x_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j}).$$

In particular, $`w_iw_j=w(\chi _i\chi _j,x_ix_j)=\chi _i(g_j)w_jw_i`$ for $`i<j`$.

ii)

$$\gamma w(\lambda ,x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})=\gamma (g_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}g_t^{m_t})w(\lambda \gamma ,x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t});$$

$$w(\lambda ,x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})\gamma =w(\gamma \lambda ,x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t}).$$

In particular $`\gamma w_i=\gamma (g_i)w_i\gamma =\gamma (g_i)w(\chi _i\gamma ,x_i)`$.

iii) For $`0m_ir_i1`$ we have that

$$w(\lambda ,x_i)w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})=\lambda (g_i^{m_i})(q^{m_i}+q^{m_i1}+\mathrm{}1)w(\lambda \gamma ,x_i^{m_i+1})$$

where $`q=\chi _i(g_i)^1`$, a primitive $`r_i`$th root of 1.

The multiplication formulas above show that $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and the elements $`w_i`$ generate $`A^{}`$ as an algebra with $`\gamma w_i=\gamma (g_i)w_i\gamma `$, $`w_iw_j=\chi _i(g_j)w_jw_i`$ for $`ij`$, and $`w_i^{r_i}=0`$.

###### Proof.

We prove i). The proofs of ii) and iii) are similar and straightforward. The map $`w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})`$ is nonzero only on elements of $`AA`$ of the form $`hx_i^{m_i}lx_j^{m_j}`$. Thus the only basis element on which $`w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})`$ or $`w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})`$ is nonzero is $`hx_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j}`$. Then we have that

$`w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})(hx_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j})`$ $`=`$ $`w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})(hx_i^{m_i}g_j^{m_j})w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})(hx_j^{m_j})`$
$`=`$ $`(\gamma \chi _i^{m_i})(g_j^{m_j})\gamma \lambda (h).`$
Also

$`w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})(hx_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j})`$ $`=`$ $`w(\lambda ,x_j^{m_j})(hg_i^{m_i}x_j^{m_j})w(\gamma ,x_i^{m_i})(hx_i^{m_i})`$
$`=`$ $`(\lambda \gamma )(h)\lambda (g_i^{m_i}),`$
which proves i). ∎

###### Proposition 3.2.

Let $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ be a quantum linear space, and let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`𝒜`$ such that for $`ij`$, if $`\alpha _{i,j}0`$, then $`\chi _i=\chi _j`$ so that $`\chi _i^2=\chi _j^2=ϵ`$ and $`r_i=r_j=2`$. We make the following definitions:

is the subgroup of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ generated by the $`\chi _i,1it`$;

is the subgroup of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ defined by $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:\gamma (\alpha _{i,i}(g_i^{r_i}1))=0=\gamma (\alpha _{i,j}(g_ig_j1))\text{ for }1i,jt,ij\};`$

is the subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ generated by $`\{g_i^{r_i}|\alpha _{i,i}0\}\{g_ig_j|\alpha _{i,j}0\}.`$

Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and note that $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}\mathrm{\Omega }.`$ For $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\overline{g}`$ will denote its image in $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$. For $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, $`\overline{\gamma }`$ will denote its image in $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Then

1. $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the group of grouplikes in $`A^{}`$.
2. There exist subHopf algebras of $`A^{}`$ isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ and $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ where $`W=_{i=1}^tkw_i`$ with $`w_iW_{\chi _i}^{\overline{g_i}}`$. Denote by $`C(\overline{1})`$ the pointed subHopf algebra isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ and by $`B`$ the subHopf algebra isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$.
3. For $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, let $`C(\overline{\gamma })=\gamma C(\overline{1})=C(\overline{1})\gamma `$ for any $`\gamma \overline{\gamma }.`$ $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is a subcoalgebra of $`A^{}`$ and as a coalgebra, $`A^{}_{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}C(\overline{\gamma }).`$ If $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$, then $`C(\overline{\gamma })C(\overline{1})`$ as a coalgebra and $`B_{\overline{\gamma }\mathrm{\Omega }/\mathrm{\Theta }}C(\overline{\gamma })`$ as a coalgebra. Thus corad$`A^{}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}{\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }}}(coradC(\overline{\gamma })).`$
4. For all $`\overline{\gamma },\overline{\lambda }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $`C(\overline{\gamma })C(\overline{\lambda })=C(\overline{\gamma \lambda })`$ and also $`S(C(\overline{\gamma }))=C(\overline{\gamma ^1})`$.

###### Proof.

(1) Clearly $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is grouplike in $`A^{}`$ if and only if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$. Now, if $`\alpha _{i,i}0`$ then $`\chi _i^{r_i}=ϵ`$ and thus for $`ji`$, $`\chi _j(g_i^{r_i})=\chi _i^{r_i}(g_j^1)=1`$ so $`\chi _j(\alpha _{i,i}(g_i^{r_i}1))=0`$ for all $`i`$. Also, if $`\alpha _{i,j}0`$, then for $`ki,j`$, $`\chi _k(g_ig_j)=(\chi _i\chi _j)(g_k)=1`$. As well, $`\chi _i(g_ig_j)=\chi _i(g_i)\chi _i(g_j)=\chi _i(g_i)\chi _j^1(g_i)=(\chi _i\chi _j)(g_i)=1`$ since we are assuming here that $`\chi _j^2=ϵ`$.

(2) Let $`\overline{V}=_{i=1}^tk\overline{v_i}_{\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}^{\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}𝒴D`$ with $`\delta (\overline{v_i})=\overline{g_i}\overline{v_i},\overline{h}\overline{v_i}=\overline{hv_i}=\chi _i(h)\overline{v_i}`$ where $`\overline{g_i},\overline{h}`$, denote the images of $`g,h`$ in $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$. The action of $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ on $`\overline{V}`$ is well-defined by the arguments in (1). There is an exact sequence of Hopf algebras,

where $`\varphi `$ is defined by $`\varphi (hx_1^{k_1}x_2^{k_2}\mathrm{}x_t^{k_t})=\overline{h}\overline{v_1}^{k_1}\overline{v_2}^{k_2}\mathrm{}\overline{v_t}^{k_t}`$. By Corollary 2.3 the dual of $`(\overline{V})\mathrm{\#}k\overline{[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}`$ is $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ where $`W=_{i=1}^tkw_i`$ with $`w_iW_{\chi _i}^{\overline{g_i}}`$ and so $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ is isomorphic to a pointed sub Hopf algebra of $`A^{}`$. We denote this subHopf algebra by $`B`$ and note that $`C(\overline{1})=(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ is a subHopf algebra of $`B`$.

(3) Since $`k[\mathrm{\Theta }]C(\overline{1})`$, a subHopf algebra of $`A^{}`$, $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is well-defined and Lemma 3.1 implies $`\gamma C(\overline{1})=C(\overline{1})\gamma .`$ If $`\gamma `$ is grouplike, then the map $`z\gamma z`$ from $`C(\overline{1})`$ to $`\gamma C(\overline{1})`$ is a coalgebra isomorphism. If $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$, then $`\mathrm{}(\gamma )=\gamma \gamma +z(\gamma )A^{}A^{}`$. Here $`z(\gamma )`$ is a sum of terms of the form $`\xi w(\lambda ,x_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{n_t})w(\lambda ^{},x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})`$ where we have $`\xi \lambda (h)\lambda ^{}(l)=\gamma (hx_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{n_t}lx_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})=\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(l)\gamma (hlx_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{n_t}x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})`$ where $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Since this holds for all $`h,l`$ we must have $`\xi =\gamma (x_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{n_t}x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})`$ and $`\lambda =\gamma `$, $`\lambda ^{}=\gamma \lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ with $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus $`w(\lambda ,x_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{n_t})w(\lambda ^{},x_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t})C(\overline{1})\gamma C(\overline{1})\gamma `$ and $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is a coalgebra as required. Clearly $`C(\overline{1})\gamma `$ has $`k`$ basis $`𝒲_\gamma =\{w(\gamma \chi ,z)|\chi \mathrm{\Theta },z𝒵\}`$ so that $`A^{}=_{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}C(\overline{\gamma })`$ as required.

(4) Since $`C(\overline{1})`$ is a subHopf algebra,

$$C(\overline{\gamma })C(\overline{\lambda })=\gamma C(\overline{1})C(\overline{1})\lambda =\gamma C(\overline{1})\lambda =(\gamma \lambda )C(\overline{1})=C(\overline{\gamma \lambda }).$$

If $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, since $`S_A^{}(\gamma )=(S_A)^{}(\gamma )=\gamma ^1`$, the last statement is clear.

We describe $`A^{}`$ when $`dimV=1`$. It is shown in \[31, 2.3\] using the algebra structure of $`A`$ that for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=<g>`$ cyclic of order $`np`$ and $`V=kv=V_g^{\chi ^p}`$where $`\chi `$ generates $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, then for $`A`$ the unique nontrivial lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, the dual $`A^{}`$ contains $`p1`$ matrix coalgebras of dimension $`n^2`$. Also it is shown in  that $`A^{}`$ contains a nontrivial matrix subcoalgebra. We generalize this description to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ any finite abelian group and explicitly calculate the matrix coalgebras.

###### Theorem 3.3.

Let $`V=kv{}_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴D`$ with $`vV_g^\chi `$ and $`\chi (g)`$ a primitive $`r`$th root of unity. Suppose $`\chi ^r=ϵ,g^r1`$ and $`A`$ is the (only) nontrivial lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. Then as a coalgebra, $`A^{}_{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}C(\overline{\gamma })`$ where $`C(\overline{\gamma })^c(r,k)`$ if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`C(\overline{\gamma })C(\overline{1})(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ as coalgebras with $`W=kw,wW_\chi ^{\overline{g}}`$ if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$. Thus corad $`(A^{})`$ is the sum of the group algebra $`k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ and $`m`$ $`r\times r`$ matrix coalgebras where $`mr=|\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}||\mathrm{\Omega }|.`$ As an algebra $`A^{}`$ is generated by $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`w`$ where $`\gamma w=\gamma (g)w\gamma `$ for $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`w^r=0.`$

###### Proof.

Let $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and we show that $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is an $`r\times r`$ matrix coalgebra by explicitly exhibiting a matrix coalgebra basis. For $`1i,jr`$, define $`e(i,j)=w(\gamma \chi ^{i1},x^{ij})`$ if $`ij`$ and $`e(i,j)=\eta w(\gamma \chi ^{i1},x^{r+ij})`$ if $`i<j`$ where $`\eta =\gamma (g^r1)0`$. Then we claim that $`\mathrm{}(e(j,k))=(m_A^{})(e(j,k))`$ is $`_{s=1}^re(j,s)e(s,k).`$ First we note that for $`jk`$,

$`\mathrm{}w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{jk})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{js})\eta w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{r+sk})`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=k}{\overset{j}{}}}w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{js})w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{sk})`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=j+1}{\overset{r}{}}}\eta w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{r+js})w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{sk}).`$
Now in the first sum, $`s<kj`$ and so we have $`e(j,s)=w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{js})`$ and $`e(s,k)=\eta w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{r+sk}),`$ and the sum is $`_{s=1}^{k1}e(j,s)e(s,k)`$. The others are similar and we conclude that $`\mathrm{}(w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{jk}))=\mathrm{}(e(j,k))=_{s=1}^re(j,s)e(s,k).`$

Similarly, if $`j<k`$,

$`\mathrm{}\eta w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{r+jk})`$ $`=`$ $`\eta [{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{j}{}}}w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{js})w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{r+sk})]`$
$`+`$ $`\eta [\eta {\displaystyle \underset{s=j+1}{\overset{k1}{}}}w(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{js})w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{r+sk})]`$
$`+`$ $`\eta [{\displaystyle \underset{s=k}{\overset{r}{}}}(\gamma \chi ^{j1},x^{r+js})w(\gamma \chi ^{s1},x^{sk})].`$
Note that the middle sum is empty if $`j+1=k`$. It is easily verified that this sum is $`_{s=1}^re(j,s)e(s,k)`$. The last statement follows from Lemma 3.1. ∎

###### Remark 3.4.

For $`A,V,\mathrm{\Gamma },g,\chi `$ as in Theorem 3.3, Jac$`(A)`$ is the ideal $`I`$ generated by $`(1+g^r+\mathrm{}+g^{(s1)r})x`$ where $`s`$ is the order of $`g^r`$. For $`I`$ is clearly contained in Jac$`(A)`$ since $`I`$ is a nil ideal and $`dimI=|\mathrm{\Gamma }/<g^r>|(r1)=|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r1)`$, while $`dimcorad(A^{})=|\mathrm{\Omega }|+r(|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|)=dimA|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r1).`$

###### Corollary 3.5.

Let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ is a quantum linear space and $`x_i`$ is the lifting of $`v_i\mathrm{\#}1`$ to $`A`$. Suppose that the matrix $`𝒜`$ has $`\alpha _{1,1}=1`$ and has all other entries $`0`$, i.e. $`x_ix_j=\chi _j(g_i)x_jx_i,`$ for $`1i,jt`$, and $`x_j^{r_j}=0`$ for $`j=2,\mathrm{},t`$ while $`x_1^{r_1}=g_1^{r_1}1`$. Then $`A^{}`$ has coradical $`Ck[\mathrm{\Omega }]_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}{\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }}}^c(r_1,k)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`I`$ be the Hopf ideal of $`A`$ generated by the skew-primitives $`x_2,\mathrm{},x_t`$. Then there is a Hopf algebra map from $`A`$ onto $`A_1=A/I`$, and $`A_1`$ is isomorphic to the lifting of $`(kv_1)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ considered in Theorem 3.3. Thus $`A^{}`$ has a sub Hopf algebra isomorphic to $`A_1^{}`$ and by Theorem 3.3, the coradical of $`A_1^{}`$ is isomorphic to $`C`$. Now, Jac$`(A)`$ contains the nil ideals $`N_1=<x_2,\mathrm{},x_t>`$ and $`N_2=<(1+g_1^{r_1}+\mathrm{}+g_1^{(m_11)r_1})x_1>`$ where $`m_1r_1`$ is the order of $`g_1`$. Thus $`dimJac(A)|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r_1(r_2\mathrm{}r_t1)+|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r_11)r_2\mathrm{}r_t|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r_11)(r_2\mathrm{}r_t1)=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r_1(r_2\mathrm{}r_t1)+|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r_11),`$ i.e. Jac$`(A)`$ has dimension greater than or equal to $`dimN_1+dimN_2dim(N_1N_2)`$. Thus $`dim(coradA^{})|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r_1r_2\mathrm{}r_t|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r_1(r_2\mathrm{}r_t1)|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r_11)`$ $`=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r_1|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r_11)=|\mathrm{\Omega }|+(|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|)r_1=dimC`$. ∎

Now we consider quantum linear spaces of dimension 2. The next result is proved in  for the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ cyclic but without our restrictions on $`r`$. The approach is rather different.

###### Theorem 3.6.

Let $`V=kv_1kv_2`$ be a quantum linear space with $`v_1V_g^\chi `$ and $`v_2V_{g^n}^{\chi ^m}`$ and such that

i) $`\chi (g)`$ and $`\chi ^m(g^n)`$ are primitive $`r`$th roots of unity for $`r`$ an odd squarefree integer.

ii) $`\chi `$ and $`\chi ^m`$ have order $`r`$ in the group $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, i.e. $`(m,r)=1=(n,r).`$

iii) $`g^r1`$ and $`g^{nr}1`$.

Let $`A`$ be the lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$ . Then for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }=G(A^{})`$, $`C(\overline{\gamma })_{i=1}^r^c(r,k)`$, and $`corad(A)k[\mathrm{\Omega }]_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}{\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }}}(_{i=1}^r^c(r,k)).`$

###### Proof.

Let $`x`$ and $`y`$ be the liftings of $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ to $`A`$. Then $`yx=q^nxy`$ where $`q=\chi (g)`$ is a primitive $`r`$th root of unity and $`x^r=g^r1`$, $`y^r=g^{nr}1`$. The dimension of $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ for any $`\overline{\gamma }`$ is $`r^3`$.

Let $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }=G(A^{}).`$ Since $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ has no grouplike elements, $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ must contain a matrix coalgebra $`M^c(s,k)`$ for some integer $`s2.`$ Thus $`M`$ has a matrix coalgebra basis $`e(i,j),1i,js`$ with $`\mathrm{}(e(i,i))=e(i,i)e(i,i)+z_iC(\overline{\gamma })C(\overline{\gamma })`$ and $`ϵ(e(i,i))=1`$.

The only elements $`z`$ in the basis $`𝒲_\gamma =\{w(\gamma \chi ^i,x^jy^k)`$, $`0i,j,kr1\}`$ for $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$, such that a scalar multiple of $`zz`$ is a summand of $`\mathrm{}w`$ for some basis element $`w𝒲_\gamma `$ are those of the form $`z=w(\gamma \chi ^i,x^jy^k)`$ where $`\chi ^j\chi ^{mk}=ϵ`$, i.e., $`x^jy^k`$ commutes with elements of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Thus for every $`l`$, $`1ls`$, then $`e(l,l)`$ is a linear combination of such elements. If $`e(l,l)=_{i=0}^{r1}a_i\gamma \chi ^i+w`$, for $`w`$ a linear combination of basis elements from $`𝒲_\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, then it is clear that exactly one $`a_i`$ is 1 and the rest are 0 since terms of the form $`\gamma \chi ^i\gamma \chi ^j`$ with $`ij`$ do not occur in $`\mathrm{}(z)`$ for any $`zA^{}`$ . For $`w=w(\gamma \chi ^i,x^jy^k)𝒲_\gamma `$, $`\mathrm{}w=\gamma \chi ^iw+w\gamma \chi ^i\chi ^j\chi ^{km}+w^{}`$ where $`w^{}`$ is a linear combination of terms from $`𝒲_\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒲_\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$. Thus $`e(l,l)=\lambda +_{i=1}^{r1}a_iw(\lambda ,x^{nrim}y^i)=\lambda +_{i=1}^{r1}a_iz_{i,\lambda }`$, for some $`\lambda \overline{\gamma }`$, where $`z_{i,\lambda }=w(\lambda ,x^{nrim}y^i)`$ with $`n`$ the integer such that $`0nrimr1`$. (This also shows that the $`e(i,j),ij,`$ are linear combinations of elements of $`𝒲_\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}.`$) Now, in the expression for $`\mathrm{}(\lambda )`$, a nonzero scalar multiple of $`w(\lambda ,x^j)w(\lambda \chi ^j,x^{rj})`$ occurs for all $`1jr1`$. Also no such summand occurs in $`\mathrm{}z_{i,\lambda }`$ for any $`i`$ and so $`w(\lambda ,x^j)`$ must be a summand in some $`e(l,m)`$. But then $`e(m,m)`$ must contain $`\lambda \chi ^j.`$ Then, for all $`\theta \overline{\gamma }`$, $`\theta `$ is a summand of some matrix coalgebra basis element $`e(m,m)`$. Thus the dimension of $`M`$ is at least $`r^2`$.

Since $`\chi ^i`$ is grouplike, the map $`z\chi ^iz\chi ^i`$ from $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ to $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is a coalgebra isomorphism. Suppose the $`r`$ subcoalgebras $`\chi ^iM\chi ^i`$ of $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$, $`i=0,1,\mathrm{},r1`$, are not all distinct (this will be the case if $`s>r`$ ) and so $`\chi ^iM\chi ^i=M`$ for some $`i`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}=\{\chi ^i|\chi ^iM\chi ^i=M\}<\chi >`$, and let $`k`$ to be the smallest positive integer such that $`\chi ^k\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{}=<\chi ^k>`$ and $`r=kt`$ for some $`t`$.

For $`\theta ,\lambda C(\overline{\gamma })`$, denote by $`E(\theta ,\lambda )`$ the subspace of $`M`$ spanned by those $`e(i,j)`$ such that $`\mathrm{}e(i,j)`$ contains $`\theta e(i,j)`$ and $`e(i,j)\lambda `$ as summands. By the previous discussion, $`dimE(\theta ,\lambda )1`$ for all $`\theta ,\lambda \overline{\gamma }`$. Note that $`dimE(\theta ,\theta )`$ is a square, since if $`e(i,i),e(j,j)E(\theta ,\theta )`$ then $`e(i,j),e(j,i)E(\theta ,\theta ).`$ Conversely, if $`e(i,j)E(\theta ,\theta )`$, then $`e(i,i)`$ and $`e(j,j)`$ lie in $`E(\theta ,\theta ).`$ Also if $`dimE(\theta ,\theta )=l^2`$ and $`dimE(\lambda ,\lambda )=m^2`$ then $`dimE(\theta ,\lambda )=dimE(\lambda ,\theta )=lm.`$ This is because if $`e(i,i)E(\theta ,\theta )`$ and $`e(j,j)E(\lambda ,\lambda )`$ then $`e(i,j)E(\theta ,\lambda )`$ and $`e(j,i)E(\lambda ,\theta )`$ and conversely. Note that $`\chi ^kE(\theta ,\lambda )\chi ^k=E(\theta ,\lambda )`$ for all $`\theta ,\lambda \overline{\gamma }.`$

Let $`E(\theta ,\theta )`$ contain a vector $`v`$ such that $`v=a_0\theta +_{i=1}^{r1}a_iz_{i,\theta }`$ for $`z_{i,\theta }=w(\theta ,x^{nrim}y^i)`$ as above, with $`a_i0`$ for $`0ir1`$. Now $`\chi ^kv\chi ^k=a_0\theta +_{i=1}^{r1}\chi ^k(g^{nrim}g^{in})a_iz_i`$ where $`\chi ^k(g^{nrim}g^{in})=q^{ki(mn)}`$. Since $`V`$ is a quantum linear space, $`q^{m+n}=1`$ and so $`m+n=pr`$ for some $`p`$ and $`mn=2mpr`$. Thus $`q^{ki(mn)}=(q^{2m})^{ki}`$ and since $`(2,r)=(m,r)=1,`$ $`q^{2m}`$ is a primitive $`r`$th root of unity, and $`q^{}=q^{2mk}`$ is a primitive $`t`$th root of unity. Thus the $`t`$ vectors $`\chi ^{ik}v\chi ^{ik}`$, $`0it1`$, are linearly independent since the rank of the Vandermonde matrix $`V(1,q^{},q^2,\mathrm{},q^{t1})`$ is $`t`$. So $`dimE(\theta ,\theta )t`$, and since if $`t>1,t`$ is not a square by the assumption that $`r`$ is square-free, $`dimE(\theta ,\theta )>t`$. Thus, if all $`E(\theta ,\theta )`$ contain such a vector $`v`$, then $`dimM=_{\theta ,\lambda \overline{\gamma }}dimE(\theta ,\lambda )>r^2t`$. Since the isomorphic coalgebras $`M,\chi M\chi ^1,\mathrm{},\chi ^{k1}M\chi ^{(k1)}`$ are distinct by our choice of $`k`$, $`dimC(\overline{\gamma })>r^2tk=r^3`$, which is a contradiction. Thus $`k=r,t=1,`$ $`M`$ has dimension $`r^2`$ and $`C(\overline{\gamma })_{j=1}^r^c(r,k)`$.

It remains to show that every $`E(\theta ,\theta )`$ contains a vector $`v`$ of the required form.

Let $`e(l,l)E(\theta ,\theta )`$ with $`dimE(\theta ,\theta )>1`$ and suppose $`a_1=0`$ in the expression for $`e(l,l)`$. Since $`\mathrm{}\theta `$ is a summand of $`\mathrm{}e(l,l),\zeta z_{1,\theta }z_{r1,\theta }`$ is a summand of $`\mathrm{}e(l,l)`$, and $`\zeta ^{}z_{1,\theta }`$ is a summand of $`e(l,j)`$ for some $`jl`$, with $`e(l,j),e(j,j),e(j,l)E(\theta ,\theta )`$. (Here $`\zeta ,\zeta ^{}`$, etc. denote nonzero scalars.) Similarly, a nonzero multiple of $`z_{2,\theta }`$ is a summand in $`e(l,l)`$ or in some $`e(l,j)E(\theta ,\theta )`$. Continuing in this way we find a vector $`v`$ in $`E(\theta ,\theta )`$ as required, by taking some linear combination of $`e(l,l)`$ and the $`e(l,j)`$. ∎

###### Remark 3.7.

In the setting of Theorem 3.6, if $`r=2`$, then $`q^{2nki}=1`$ and $`\chi ^ke(\lambda ,\lambda )\chi ^k=e(\lambda ,\lambda )`$ so that $`M`$ is invariant under the action of $`\chi .`$

###### Corollary 3.8.

For $`A`$ as in Theorem 3.6, $`I=\{h(1+g^r+\mathrm{}+g^{r(l1)})x^iy^j|h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`l`$ is the order of $`g^r`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`0i,jr1`$ and $`i+j>0\}`$ is the Jacobson radical of $`A`$.

###### Proof.

Clearly $`I`$ is a nil ideal in $`A`$ and has dimension $`|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21)`$. But

$$dimJac(A)=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2dimcorad(A^{})=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2(|\mathrm{\Omega }|+\left(\frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|}{r}\right)r^3)=|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21).$$

###### Corollary 3.9.

Let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`V=_{i=1}^tkv_i`$ is a quantum linear space such that $`V^{}=kv_1kv_2`$ satisfies the conditions in Theorem 3.6, and $`A`$ has lifting matrix $`𝒜=\left[\begin{array}{cc}I_2& 0\\ & \\ 0& 0\end{array}\right]`$. Then in $`A^{},coradC(\overline{\gamma })_{i=1}^r^c(r,k)`$ for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`N_1=\{h(1+g^r+\mathrm{}+g^{r(l1)})x_1^{m_1}x_2^{m_2}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t}|h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`l`$ is the order of $`g^r`$, $`0m_ir_i1`$ and $`m_1+m_2>0\}`$ and let $`N_2=\{hx_1^{m_1}x_2^{m_2}x_3^{m_3}\mathrm{}x_t^{m_t}|h\mathrm{\Gamma },0m_ir_i1`$, $`m_3+\mathrm{}+m_t>0\}`$. Since $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ are nil ideals of $`A`$, then $`Jac(A)`$ has dimension at least $`|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21)r_3\mathrm{}r_t+|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2(r_3\mathrm{}r_t1)|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21)(r_3\mathrm{}r_t1)=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2(r_3\mathrm{}r_t1)+|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21).`$ Thus $`dimcorad(A^{})|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2r_3\mathrm{}r_t|\mathrm{\Gamma }|r^2(r_3\mathrm{}r_t1)|\mathrm{\Omega }|(r^21)=(|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|)r^2+|\mathrm{\Omega }|`$. Now, as in the proof of Corollary 3.5, let $`I`$ be the Hopf ideal of $`A`$ generated by the skew-primitives $`x_3,\mathrm{},x_t`$. Then $`A_1=A/I`$ is isomorphic to the lifting of $`(kv_1kv_2)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$ and so $`A_1^{}A^{}`$ has coradical isomorphic to $`k[\mathrm{\Omega }]_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\overline{\gamma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/\mathrm{\Theta }}{\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }}}(_{i=1}^r^c(r,k))`$ by Theorem 3.6. But the dimension of this space is $`|\mathrm{\Omega }|+(\frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|}{r})r^3=|\mathrm{\Omega }|+(|\mathrm{\Gamma }||\mathrm{\Omega }|)r^2`$. ∎

In the next section we do some detailed computations of bases for matrix coalgebras in the duals of some liftings of quantum linear spaces.

## 4. Examples

### 4.1. Duals with grouplikes of order 3.

The two examples in this subsection illustrate Theorem 3.6, i.e. they are duals of liftings of quantum linear spaces with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$.

###### Remark 4.1.

In the setting of Theorem 3.6, in order to choose $`e(i,i)`$ in a matrix coalgebra basis, each summand $`\alpha w`$ of $`e(i,i)`$ must be one such that $`\alpha w\alpha w`$ can occur as a summand in $`\mathrm{}(\beta w^{})`$ where $`w,w^{}`$ lie in a basis $`𝒲`$ for $`A^{}`$. This was noted in the proof of Theorem 3.6.

Suppose $`v_1V_g^\chi `$ and $`v_2V_g^{\chi ^1}`$ so that in $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$, $`e(1,1)=_{i=0}^{r1}a_iw(\gamma ,(xy)^i).`$ Then $`a_0=1.`$ Clearly $`a_2=a_1^2,a_4=a_2^2`$, etc. If $`r=3`$, then $`a_2=a_1^2`$ and $`\eta ^2a_1=a_2^2`$ where $`\eta =\gamma (g^31)`$. Then $`\eta ^2a_1=a_1^4`$ so $`a_1^3=\eta ^2`$ and $`a_1=q\eta ^{2/3}`$ where $`q^3=1.`$ Similar computations can be done for other values of $`r.`$ For instance, if $`r=5`$, then $`a_2=a_1^2,a_4=a_2^2,\eta ^2a_3=a_4^2,\eta ^2a_1=a_3^2`$ where here $`\eta =\gamma (g^51).`$ Then $`\eta ^6a_1=\eta ^4a_3^2=a_4^4=a_2^8=a_1^{16}`$ and thus $`a_1^{15}=\eta ^6`$ so if $`a_1=q\eta ^{6/15}=a\eta ^{2/5}`$ where $`q^5=1`$ then $`a_i=q^i\eta ^{2i/5}.`$

###### Example 4.2.

For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ finite abelian as usual, let $`V=kv_1kv_2`$ with $`v_1V_g^\chi ,v_2V_g^{\chi ^1}`$ where $`\chi ^3=ϵ`$ and $`g^31`$. Let $`A`$ be the nontrivial lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$. Denote by $`x,y`$ the liftings of the $`v_i\mathrm{\#}1`$ to $`A`$ and write $`q=\chi (g)`$, a primitive cube root of unity. Then $`yx=qxy`$, $`x^3=y^3=g^31`$. By Proposition 3.2, $`A^{}`$ contains a subHopf algebra of dimension 27 isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ and this subHopf algebra is denoted $`C(\overline{1})`$. We compute the matrix coalgebras that constitute $`\gamma C(\overline{1})`$ for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }.`$ We work with the $`k`$-basis $`w(\lambda ,z)`$ where $`\lambda \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`z𝒵=\{1,x,y,x^2,y^2,xy,x^2y,xy^2,(xy)^2\}.`$

Then a $`k`$-basis for $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ is $`w(\gamma \chi ^i,z)`$ for $`0i2`$ and $`z𝒵`$ as above. As in the proof of Theorem 3.6, since the only elements of $`𝒵`$ that commute with elements of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are $`1,xy`$ and $`(xy)^2`$, then any candidate for a matrix coalgebra basis element $`e(i,i)`$ containing $`\gamma `$ as a summand must be a linear combination of $`\gamma ,w(\gamma ,xy)`$ and $`w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)`$. Let $`\eta =\gamma (g^31)0`$. Supplying extra detail in this first example, we note that

$`\mathrm{}(\gamma )=\gamma \gamma +\eta [w(\gamma ,x)w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2)+w(\gamma ,x^2)w(\gamma \chi ,x)`$
$`+`$ $`w(\gamma ,y)w(\gamma \chi ,y^2)+w(\gamma ,y^2)w(\gamma \chi ^2,y)]+\eta ^2[qw(\gamma ,xy^2)w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y)`$
$`+`$ $`qw(\gamma ,x^2y)w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy^2)+w(\gamma ,xy)w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)+w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)w(\gamma ,xy)];`$
$`\mathrm{}(w(\gamma ,xy))=\gamma w(\gamma ,xy)+w(\gamma ,x)w(\gamma \chi ^2,y)+qw(\gamma ,y)w(\gamma \chi ,x)`$
$`+`$ $`\eta [w(\gamma ,x^2)w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y)+q^2w(\gamma ,y^2)w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy^2)+w(\gamma ,xy^2)w(\gamma \chi ,y^2)`$
$`+`$ $`q^2w(\gamma ,x^2y)w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2)]+\eta ^2w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)+w(\gamma ,xy)\gamma ;`$
$`\mathrm{}(w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)=\gamma w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)+w(\gamma ,xy)w(\gamma ,xy)+qw(\gamma ,y)w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y)`$
$`+`$ $`qw(\gamma ,xy^2)w(\gamma \chi ,x)+q^2w(\gamma ,x^2)w(\gamma \chi ,y^2)+q^2w(\gamma ,x)w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy^2)`$
$`+`$ $`w(\gamma ,y^2)w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2)+q^2w(\gamma ,x^2y)w(\gamma \chi ^2,y)+w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)\gamma .`$
Now define $`e(1,1)=\gamma +\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma ,xy)+\eta ^{4/3}w(\gamma ,(xy)^2)`$ as suggested by Remark 4.1. By the computations above, $`\mathrm{}(e(1,1)=e(1,1)e(1,1)+e(1,2)e(2,1)+e(1,3)e(3,1),`$ where

$`e(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma ,x)+\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma ,y^2)+q^2\eta w(\gamma ,x^2y);`$
$`e(2,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2)+\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,y)+q^2\eta w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy^2);`$
$`e(1,3)`$ $`=`$ $`\chi ^2e(2,1)\chi ^2=q\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma ,x^2)+q^2\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma ,y)+q^2\eta w(\gamma ,xy^2);`$
$`e(3,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\chi ^2e(1,2)\chi ^2=q^2\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma \chi ,x)+q\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ,y^2)+q^2\eta w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y).`$
Now we compute $`\mathrm{}(e(3,1))`$ and define $`e(3,3)=\gamma \chi +q\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ,xy)+q^2\eta ^{4/3}w(\gamma \chi ,(xy)^2)=\chi ^2e(1,1)\chi ^2.`$ Similarly we have

$`e(2,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\chi e(1,1)\chi =\gamma \chi ^2+q^2\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy)+q\eta ^{4/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,(xy)^2);`$
$`e(2,3)`$ $`=`$ $`\chi e(1,2)\chi =q\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,x)+q^2\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ^2,y^2)+q^2\eta w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2y);`$
$`e(3,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\chi e(2,1)\chi =q^2\eta ^{2/3}w(\gamma \chi ,x^2)+q\eta ^{1/3}w(\gamma \chi ,y)+q^2\eta w(\gamma \chi ,xy^2).`$
Straightforward computation then shows that these elements satisfy the conditions to be a basis for a $`3\times 3`$ matrix coalgebra and that by the proof of Theorem 3.6 or by easy computation, this matrix coalgebra is not invariant under the inner action of $`\chi `$. Thus the other two matrix coalgebras constituting $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ may be obtained by using this action and $`C(\overline{\gamma })=_{i=1}^3^c(3,k)`$. ∎

###### Example 4.3.

This example is similar to Example 4.2 but $`m=1`$ and $`n=1`$, i.e. $`V=kv_1kv_2`$ with $`v_1V_g^\chi `$ and $`v_2V_{g^1}^\chi `$ where $`\chi ^3=ϵ`$ and $`g^31`$. Otherwise $`A,𝒜,x,y,q`$ are as defined in Example 4.2. Again we compute the matrix coalgebras that constitute $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }=G(A^{}).`$ This time, we work with the $`k`$-basis for $`A`$ given by $`hz`$, $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`z𝒵=\{1,x,y,x^2,y^2,xy,x^2y,xy^2,x^2y^2\}`$ so $`A^{}`$ has basis $`w(\gamma \chi ^k,x^iy^j),0k,i,j2.`$ Here the elements of $`𝒵`$ that commute with grouplikes are $`h,hxy^2`$ or $`hx^2y,h\mathrm{\Gamma },`$ so that we guess that $`e(1,1)`$ has the form $`\gamma +aw(\gamma ,x^2y)+bw(\gamma ,xy^2)`$. Straightforward computation yields that $`a^3=b^3=(\eta q)^3=\eta ^3`$. We choose $`a=b=\eta q`$, and then find that

$`e(1,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma +\eta qw(\gamma ,x^2y)+\eta qw(\gamma ,xy^2);`$
$`e(2,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma \chi ^2+\eta q^2w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2y)+\eta w(\gamma \chi ^2,xy^2)=\chi e(1,1)\chi ;`$
$`e(3,3)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma \chi +\eta w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y)+\eta q^2w(\gamma \chi ,xy^2)=\chi ^2e(1,1)\chi ^2;`$
$`e(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta w(\gamma ,x)+\eta q^2w(\gamma ,y)+\eta ^2w(\gamma ,x^2y^2);`$
$`e(3,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta q^2w(\gamma \chi ,x)+\eta w(\gamma \chi ,y)+\eta ^2w(\gamma \chi ,x^2y^2)=\chi ^2e(1,2)\chi ^2;`$
$`e(2,3)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^1qw(\gamma \chi ^2,x)+\eta ^1qw(\gamma \chi ^2,y)+w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2y^2)=\eta ^2\chi e(1,2)\chi ;`$
$`e(2,1)`$ $`=`$ $`w(\gamma \chi ^2,x^2)+qw(\gamma \chi ^2,y^2)+qw(\gamma \chi ^2,xy);`$
$`e(1,3)`$ $`=`$ $`qw(\gamma ,x^2)+w(\gamma ,y^2)+qw(\gamma ,xy)=\chi ^2e(2,1)\chi ^2;`$
$`e(3,2)`$ $`=`$ $`q^2\eta ^2w(\gamma \chi ,x^2)+\eta ^2q^2w(\gamma \chi ,y^2)+\eta ^2qw(\gamma \chi ,xy)=\eta ^2\chi e(2,1)\chi ;`$
form a matrix coalgebra basis for a matrix coalgebra $`E=\chi E\chi =\chi ^2E\chi ^2.`$ Then $`C(\overline{\gamma })=EE\chi E\chi ^2_{i=1}^3^c(3,k).`$

### 4.2. Duals of pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16

Now we describe the duals of all pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16 which are not group algebras or their duals. In fact, this means that the duals of all Hopf algebras of dimension 16 with coradical a Hopf algebra are known, since the nonpointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16 with coradical a proper subHopf algebra were computed in  and found to be self-dual. In , all pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16 over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of characteristic 0 were computed, up to isomorphism. The classification of semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension 16 is done in .

By , there are 43 different isomorphism classes of pointed Hopf algebras: 14 for the group algebras and 29 for Hopf algebras with group of grouplikes of order 2, 4 or 8. Of these 29 Hopf algebras, 21 are of the form $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`V`$ is a quantum linear space and 8 are nontrivial liftings of such $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. First we list the Radford biproducts and their duals. We use the following notation.

If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic, then its generator is denoted by $`c`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ has generator $`c^{}`$. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the product of 2 cyclic groups then we denote their generators by $`c`$ of order $`n`$ and $`d`$ of order $`m`$ where $`nm`$ and $`c^{},d^{}`$ are the elements of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ which map $`c`$ to a primitive $`n`$th root of unity and $`d`$ to 1, $`d`$ to a primitive $`m`$th root of unity and $`c`$ to 1, respectively. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the product of 3 cyclic groups, we denote the generators by $`c,d,e`$ and the generators of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ by $`c^{},d^{},e^{}`$ with the same conventions.

We describe the space $`V=_{j=1}^{dimV}kv_j`$ with $`v_jV_{g_j}^{\chi _j}`$ by pairs $`(g_j,\chi _j)`$, one pair for each $`v_j`$. A list of the $`H_i=(V_i)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }_i]`$ and their duals is given by the table below.

| $`H_i`$ | $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ | $`V_i`$ | Dual of $`H_i`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`H_1`$ | $`C_8`$ | $`(c,c^4)`$ | $`H_2`$ |
| $`H_2`$ | $`C_8`$ | $`(c^4,c^{})`$ | $`H_1`$ |
| $`H_3`$ | $`C_8`$ | $`(c^2,c^2)`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_4`$ | $`C_8`$ | $`(c^6,c^2)(c^2,c^6)`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_5`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^2)`$ | $`H_6`$ |
| $`H_6`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(c^2,c^{})`$ | $`H_5`$ |
| $`H_7`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(cd,d^{})`$ | $`H_8`$ |
| $`H_8`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(d,c^{}d^{})(c^2d,c^{})`$ | $`H_7`$ |
| $`H_9`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(d,d^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{10}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{11}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{12}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^3)(c^3,c^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{13}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c^2,c^{})(c^2,c^{})`$ | $`H_{14}`$ |
| $`H_{14}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2)(c,c^2)`$ | $`H_{13}`$ |
| $`H_{15}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c^2,c^{})(c^2,c^3)`$ | $`H_{16}`$ |
| $`H_{16}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2)(c^3,c^2)`$ | $`H_{15}`$ |
| $`H_{17}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})(c,c^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{18}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})(d,d^{})`$ | self-dual |
| $`H_{19}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})(c,c^{}d^{})`$ | $`H_{20}`$ |
| $`H_{20}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})(cd,c^{})`$ or $`(c,c^{}d^{})(d,c^{}d^{})`$ | $`H_{19}`$ |
| $`H_{21}`$ | $`C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{})(c,c^{})(c,c^{})`$ | self-dual |

Note that for some classes, such as $`H_4`$ and $`H_8`$, we show two choices for $`g_i`$ and $`\chi _i`$. To see that the choices for $`H_8`$ are isomorphic, use the automorphism $`\varphi `$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ given by $`\varphi (c)=c,\varphi (d)=c^2d`$. The choice $`g_8=d,\chi _8=c^{}d^{}`$ is natural from Corollary 2.3; the choice $`g_8=c^2d,\chi _8=c^{}`$ is mentioned because it corresponds to the listing of the classes in . To confirm the isomorphism for $`H_4`$, use the automorphism $`\varphi `$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ given by $`\varphi (c)=c^3`$. As noted in , $`H_{10}Tk[C_2\times C_2]`$ where $`T`$ is the 4-dimensional Sweedler Hopf algebra and so it is obvious that $`H_{10}`$ is self-dual.

Now we compute some duals before summarizing information on the structure of the duals of the nontrivial liftings. Although Theorem 3.6 does not apply here since $`r`$ is not an odd integer, the approach is similar.

###### Example 4.4.

Let $`A`$ be the lifting of $`H_{14}`$ with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$, i.e. $`A`$ is the Hopf algebra $`H_3`$ of \[8, Section 2\] or the Hopf algebra $`H_1(1)`$ from \[11, Section 3\]. Thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=C_4=<c>`$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=<c^{}>`$ and $`V=V_c^{c^2}=kxky`$ with $`xy=yx`$ and $`x^2=y^2=c^21`$. We describe the dual $`A^{}`$. In this case, $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{1,c^2\}`$. Then $`A^{}`$ contains an 8-dimensional Hopf subalgebra $`C(\overline{1})`$ isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ where $`W=kwkz=W_{c^2}^c`$. By Lemma 3.1, as an algebra, $`A^{}(W)\mathrm{\#}k\widehat{[\mathrm{\Gamma }]}`$. We study the 8-dimensional coalgebra $`C(\overline{c^{}})=C(\overline{c^3})`$ by finding a matrix subcoalgebra in $`C(\overline{c^{}})`$ explicitly. Note that $`c^{}(c^21)=2`$, let $`i`$ be a primitive 4th root of 1 and let $`E=_{1i,j2}ke(i,j)`$ with

$`e(1,1)`$ $`=`$ $`c^{}2iw(c^{},xy);`$
$`e(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`w(c^{},x)iw(c^{},y);`$
$`e(2,1)`$ $`=`$ $`2[w(c^3,x)+iw(c^3,y)];`$
$`e(2,2)`$ $`=`$ $`c^3+2iw(c^3,xy).`$
Then checking that $`\{e(1,1),e(1,2),e(2,1),e(2,2)\}`$ is a matrix coalgebra basis is a straightforward computation. As noted in Remark 3.7, we have $`c^2Ec^2=E.`$ But $`EF=c^2E=Ec^2^c(2,k)`$. Here $`F`$ has matrix coalgebra basis $`\{f(i,j)|1i,j2\}=\{e(i,j)c^2|1i,j2\}=\{c^32iw(c^3,xy),w(c^3,x)iw(c^3,y),2[w(c^{},x)+iw(c^{},y)],c^{}+2iw(c^{},xy)\}`$. Thus $`A^{}`$ has coradical isomorphic to $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$.

Now let $`B`$ be the lifting of $`H_{16}`$ with matrix $`𝒜=I_2`$ and note that as algebras $`A=B`$, i.e. both are generated by $`C_4,x`$ and $`y`$ with the same commutation relations. Thus as coalgebras, their duals are isomorphic, i.e., $`B^{}`$ has coradical isomorphic to $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ and $`E`$ and $`F`$ are the same as in $`A^{}.`$ The algebra structure of $`B^{}`$ is determined in Lemma 3.1.

It remains to describe the dual of the lifting of $`H_{20}`$ with nondiagonal matrix $`𝒜.`$ Note that this Hopf algebra $`A`$ is the Hopf algebra discussed in Example 2.8, i.e. the Drinfel’d double of the Sweedler 4-dimensional Hopf algebra. It is the first lifting we have considered with a nondiagonal matrix $`𝒜=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & 1\hfill \\ 1\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}\right]`$.

###### Example 4.5.

Let $`A`$ be as above. Then $`A`$ is generated by $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=<c>\times <d>C_2\times C_2,`$ the $`(1,c)`$-primitive $`x`$ and the $`(1,cd)`$-primitive $`y`$. Also $`hx=c^{}(h)xh`$ and $`hy=c^{}(h)yh`$ for all $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ where $`c^{}(c)=d^{}(d)=1`$ and $`c^{}(d)=d^{}(c)=+1`$. In $`A`$, $`x^2=y^2=0`$, and $`xy+yx=d1`$.

Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{1,c^{}\}`$ is the group of grouplikes of $`A^{}`$ and $`A^{}`$ contains a subHopf algebra $`C(\overline{1})`$ of dimension 8 isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ where $`W=kw_1kw_2`$ with $`w_1=w(c^{},x)`$ and $`w_2=w(c^{},y)`$. Then $`w_1W_c^{}^c`$, $`w_2W_c^{}^{cd}`$ and $`w_1^2=w_2^2=0.`$

Note that the standard $`k`$-basis we have been using for $`A`$ is $`\{g,gx,gy,gxy|g\mathrm{\Gamma }\}`$ but the set $`\{g,g(x+y),g(xy),g(x+y)(xy)|g\mathrm{\Gamma }\}`$ is also a basis. Let $`x^{}=x+y,y^{}=xy`$. Then the set $`\{w(\gamma ,1)=\gamma ,w(\gamma ,x^{}),w(\gamma ,y^{}),w(\gamma ,x^{}y^{})|\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\}`$ is a $`k`$-basis for $`A^{}`$ where $`w(\gamma ,z)(hz)=\gamma (h)`$ and $`w(\gamma ,z)`$ is zero on all other basis elements as usual. Note that $`2w(\gamma ,x^{})=w(\gamma ,x)+w(\gamma ,y)`$ and also that $`w(c^{},x^{}),w(c^{},y^{})`$ are $`(ϵ,c^{})`$-primitive. Thus $`C(\overline{d}^{})`$ has $`k`$-basis $`\{w(d^{}\gamma ,z)|\gamma \{1,c^{}\},z\{1,x^{},y^{},x^{}y^{}\}\}.`$ Note that $`x^2=y^2=xy+yx=d1`$. Also $`x^{}y^{}=yxxy=y^{}x^{}`$. Then $`(x^{}y^{})^2=x^{}(x^{}y^{})y^{}=(d1)^2`$. The set

$`e(1,1)`$ $`=`$ $`d^{}+2w(d^{},x^{}y^{});`$
$`e(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}w(d^{},x^{})+\sqrt{2}w(d^{},y^{})`$
$`e(2,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},x^{})+\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},y^{});`$
$`e(2,2)`$ $`=`$ $`c^{}d^{}2w(c^{}d^{},x^{}y^{})`$
is a matrix coalgebra basis for a matrix coalgebra $`E`$. A sample computation is:

$`\mathrm{}e(1,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}d^{}+2\mathrm{}w(d^{},x^{}y^{})`$
$`=`$ $`[d^{}d^{}+(2)w(d^{},x^{})w(c^{}d^{},x^{})+(2)w(d^{},y^{})w(c^{}d^{},y^{})`$
$`+`$ $`4w(d^{},x^{}y^{})w(d^{},x^{}y^{})]+2[d^{}w(d^{},x^{}y^{})+w(d^{},x^{}y^{})d^{}`$
$`+`$ $`w(d^{},x^{})w(c^{}d^{},y^{})w(d^{},y^{})w(c^{}d^{}.x^{})]`$
$`=`$ $`d^{}[d^{}+2w(d^{},x^{}y^{})]+2w(d^{},x^{}y^{})[d^{}+2w(d^{},x^{}y^{})]`$
$`+`$ $`\sqrt{2}w(d^{},x^{})[\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},x^{})+\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},y^{})]`$
$`+`$ $`\sqrt{2}w(d^{},y^{})[\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},y^{})\sqrt{2}w(c^{}d^{},x^{})]`$
$`=`$ $`e(1,1)e(1,1)+e(1,2)e(2,1).`$
Note that the first multiplication formula in Lemma 3.1(ii) does not apply to products such as $`c^{}w(d^{},x^{})`$ because $`x^{}`$ is not the product of skew-primitives. However, the formulas do apply to products such as $`c^{}w(d^{},x^{}y^{})`$ since $`\mathrm{}(x^{}y^{})=\mathrm{}(yxxy)`$ contains a term $`dx^{}y^{}.`$ Thus we see that $`c^{}e(1,1)c^{}=e(1,1)`$ and so $`c^{}Ec^{}=E.`$ Or we could recall the fact that $`c^{}Ec^{}=E`$ from Remark 3.7.

Also $`c^{}E=Ec^{}=FE`$ is a matrix coalgebra with matrix coalgebra basis $`f(i,j)=e(i,j)c^{}`$.

Thus we have shown that as a coalgebra $`A^{}C(\overline{1})C(\overline{d^{}})`$ where $`C(\overline{d^{}})`$ is the direct sum of two 4-dimensional matrix coalgebras, so that corad $`(A^{})k[C_2]C(\overline{d}^{})`$. As an algebra, $`A^{}`$ is generated by $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},w_1=w(c^{},x)`$ and $`w_2=w(c^{},y)`$ where for $`\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, $`\gamma w_1=\gamma (c)w_1\gamma \text{ and }\gamma w_2=\gamma (cd)w_2\gamma ;w_1w_2=w_2w_1;w_1^2=w_2^2=0`$. Alternatively, as an algebra $`A^{}`$ is generated by $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`w_1^{}=w(c^{},x^{}),w_2^{}=w(c^{},y^{})`$ but $`\gamma (kw_i^{})\gamma ^1kw_i^{}`$.

Now we list the duals of the 8 classes of pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16 which are nontrivial liftings. In the table below, $`A_i`$ is the nontrivial lifting of the Hopf algebra $`H_i`$ with matrix $`𝒜_i`$, where $`D=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & 0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}\right]`$ and $`E=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & 1\hfill \\ 1\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}\right]`$.

| $`A_i`$ | $`G(A_i)`$ | $`V_i`$ | $`𝒜_i`$ | $`A_i^{}`$ | $`corad(A_i^{})`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`A_1`$ | $`C_8`$ | $`(c,c^4)`$ | $`I_1`$ | Th. 3.3 | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^3^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_5`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^2)`$ | $`I_1`$ | Th. 3.3 | $`k[C_2\times C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_7`$ | $`C_4\times C_2`$ | $`(cd,d^{})`$ | $`I_1`$ | Th. 3.3 | $`k[C_2\times C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_{14,1}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2),(c,c^2)`$ | $`D`$ | Cor.3.5 | $`k[C_2]^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_{14,2}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2),(c,c^2)`$ | $`I_2`$ | Ex. 4.4 | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_{16,1}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2),(c^3,c^2)`$ | $`D`$ | Cor.3.5 | $`k[C_2]^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_{16,2}`$ | $`C_4`$ | $`(c,c^2),(c^3,c^2)`$ | $`I_2`$ | Ex. 4.4 | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`A_{20}`$ | $`C_2\times C_2`$ | $`(c,c^{}),(cd,c^{})`$ | $`E`$ | Ex. 4.5 | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^2^c(2,k)`$ |

### 4.3. Duals of an infinite family of dimension 32

Liftings of quantum linear spaces have provided many counterexamples to Kaplansky’s 10th conjecture (see , , ). The examples of smallest dimension are families of Hopf algebras of dimension 32 with coradical $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an abelian group of order 8 (see , ). We compute the duals for the family in . Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=<c>C_8`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=<c^{}>`$ as usual with $`c^{}(c)=q`$, a primitive 8th root of 1. Let $`V=kv_1kv_2`$ with $`v_1V_c^{c^4},v_2V_{c^5}^{c^4}`$ and let $`A(\lambda )`$ be the lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ with matrix $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& \lambda \\ \lambda & 1\end{array}\right]`$. Then $`A(\lambda )\cong ̸A(\lambda ^{})`$ unless $`\lambda ^{}=\pm \lambda `$ by , so that the $`A(\lambda )`$ give an infinite family of nonisomorphic Hopf algebras of dimension 32. Since the original submission of this note, a paper by Etingof and Gelaki has appeared where it is shown that this family contains infinitely many twist equivalence classes \[15, Corollary 4.3\] , providing a counterexample to a conjecture of Masuoka . Actually Etingof and Gelaki are studying triangular Hopf algebras $`A(G,V,u,B)`$ in the notation of  (see also  and ) and the $`A(\lambda )`$ are duals of such Hopf algebras. Here, we compute the coradical of the dual of $`A(\lambda )`$ using the same type of straightforward computations as in the previous examples.

###### Example 4.6.

For $`A=A(\lambda )`$ as above, let $`x,y`$ be the liftings of $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$. Then $`x^2=y^2=c^21`$ and $`xy+yx=\lambda (c^61)`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }=G(A^{})=\{ϵ,c^4\},`$ and $`A^{}`$ contains a subHopf algebra $`C(\overline{1})`$ of dimension 8 isomorphic to $`(W)\mathrm{\#}k[\mathrm{\Omega }]`$ where $`W=kw_1kw_2`$, $`w_1=w(c^4,x)`$ and $`w_2=w(c^4,y)`$. We determine the coalgebra structure of $`C(\overline{\gamma }),\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$.

As in Example 4.5, we use a different $`k`$-basis for $`A`$. Let $`x^{}=x+y,y^{}=xy`$ and then $`A`$ has $`k`$-basis $`hz`$ where $`h\mathrm{\Gamma },z𝒵=\{1,x^{},y^{},x^{}y^{}\}`$. Then $`x^2=2(c^21)+\lambda (c^61),y^2=2(c^21)\lambda (c^61)`$ and $`x^{}y^{}=yxxy=y^{}x^{}`$. We use the corresponding basis $`\{w(\gamma ,z)|\gamma \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},z𝒵\}`$ for $`A^{}`$. Let $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$ and denote $`\alpha =\gamma (2(c^21)+\lambda (c^61))`$, $`\beta =\gamma (2(c^21)\lambda (c^61)).`$

Case i). Suppose first that $`\alpha 0`$ and $`\beta 0.`$ Then $`E=_{1i,j2}ke(i,j)^c(2,k)`$ where

$`e(1,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma +i\sqrt{\alpha }\sqrt{\beta }w(\gamma ,x^{}y^{});`$
$`e(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\alpha }w(\gamma ,x^{})+i\sqrt{\beta }w(\gamma ,y^{});`$
$`e(2,1)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\alpha }w(\gamma c^4,x^{})i\sqrt{\beta }w(\gamma c^4,y^{});`$
$`e(2,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma c^4i\sqrt{\alpha }\sqrt{\beta }w(\gamma c^4,x^{}y^{}).`$
(Here $`i^2=1`$.) Note that $`EEc^4`$ so $`EF=Ec^4^c(2,k)`$ also and $`C(\overline{\gamma })^c(2,k)^c(2,k)`$.

Case ii). One of $`\alpha ,\beta `$ is 0 and the other is nonzero. Suppose that $`\alpha 0`$ but $`\beta =0`$. Then let $`E=_{1i,j2}ke(i,j)`$ where

$`e(1,1)=\gamma `$ ; $`e(1,2)=\sqrt{\alpha }w(\gamma ,x^{});`$
$`e(2,1)=\sqrt{\alpha }w(\gamma c^4,x^{})`$ ; $`e(2,2)=\gamma c^4;`$
and it is easy to check that $`E^c(2,k)`$. Here $`E=c^4E=Ec^4.`$ By the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3.6, any matrix coalgebra basis element $`e(i,i)`$ must be of the form $`\gamma +\zeta w(\gamma ,x^{}y^{})`$. But $`\zeta ^{}w(\gamma ,x^{}y^{})w(\gamma ,x^{}y^{})`$ does not occur in $`\mathrm{}w`$ for any basis element $`w`$ and so $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ contains only one matrix coalgebra. It is easy to see that $`C(\overline{\gamma })`$ has coradical filtration of length 1, i.e. $`C(\overline{\gamma })=C(\overline{\gamma })_1`$. The argument for the case $`\alpha =0,\beta 0`$ is the same.

Case iii). The case $`\alpha =\beta =0`$ cannot occur since then $`\gamma (c)^2=1`$ so that $`\gamma \{ϵ,c^4\}=\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

Now suppose $`\gamma =c^{}`$. Then $`\alpha =c^{}(c^21)c^{}(2+\lambda (c^4+c^2+1))=(q^21)(2+q^2\lambda )`$ since $`q^4=1`$. So $`\alpha =0`$ if and only if $`2+q^2\lambda =0`$. Similarly $`\beta =0`$ if and only if $`2q^2\lambda =0`$. If $`\gamma =c^3`$ then $`\alpha =0`$ if and only if $`2+q^6\lambda =0`$ and $`\beta =0`$ if and only if $`2q^6\lambda =0`$. Thus if $`q^2\lambda =\pm 2`$, then $`C(\overline{c^{}})`$ and $`C(\overline{c^3})`$ each have coradical isomorphic to $`^c(2,k).`$ Otherwise both $`C(\overline{c^{}})`$ and $`C(\overline{c^3})`$ are cosemisimple, isomorphic to $`^c(2,k)^c(2,k)`$.

A similar argument shows that for $`\gamma =c^2`$, $`\alpha =0`$ if and only if $`\lambda =2`$ and $`\beta =0`$ if and only if $`\lambda =2`$. Thus $`C(\overline{c^2})`$ is cosemisimple unless $`\lambda =\pm 2`$ and then it has coradical isomorphic to $`^c(2,k)`$.

We summarize in the following table:

| $`\lambda `$ | $`corad(A(\lambda )^{})`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`\pm 2q^2`$ | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^4^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`\pm 2`$ | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^5^c(2,k)`$ |
| $`k\{\pm 2q^2,\pm 2\}`$ | $`k[C_2]_{i=1}^6^c(2,k)`$ |

Note that in the last row, $`\lambda `$ may be 0, and then the result follows from a simpler argument with $`\alpha =\beta `$. ∎

Acknowledgement: Many thanks to N. Andruskiewitsch for pointing out more general statements for Theorem 2.2 and Theorem 2.5, and for his many insightful comments, especially on the material in Section 2. Also thanks to S. Dăscălescu and S. Westreich for comments on the original version of Theorem 2.2.