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# Generalization of Sato equation and systems of multidimensional nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

## 1 Introduction

Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (PDE) have a great variety of application in both mathematical physics and applied mathematics. The well developed tools for study are admitted by the wide class of PDE which is called Completely Integrable Nonlinear PDE. These systems reflect many important properties of real physical objects and have been studied in many details. So, Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) , Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation (KP) , Camassa-Holm equation  and some of its two dimensional generalizations (for instance, ), are well known in hydrodynamics, where they describe propagation of surface waves on incompressible fluid without viscosity; Nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) is closely used in nonlinear fiber optics, where it describes propagation of electromagnetic pulses . Note that some methods for study of the integrable PDE do not presume in advance their integrability. For instance, Sato theory , Hirota bilinear method , Penlevé method , recent modification of the dressing method based on the algebraic matrix equation .

In this paper we use the ideas of the ref., where the space of one dimensional pseudo-differential (or differential) operators has been used for description of the KP hierarchy. We replace the space of one dimensional operators with the space of multi-dimensional differential operators, which allows one to treat larger class of PDE, in particular, ($`n+1`$)-dimensional PDE with $`n>2`$. We provide the family of particular solutions, parameterized by the set of arbitrary functions. Although we have not answered the question about complete integrability of the PDE under consideration. In comparison with approach considered in the refs. , the manifold of available solutions is reacher. Trying to make the understanding of this article independent on references, we supply all necessary details below.

General idea is developed in Sec.2. The useful subspace of $`n`$-order multidimensional differential operators together with related systems of nonlinear PDE is considered in the Sec.3. We represent simple example of (2+1)-dimensional equation and generalization of the KP hierarchy in the same section. Algorithm for construction of the families of particular solutions is discussed in the Sec.4. Conclusions are given in the Sec.5.

## 2 Space of $`N`$-dimensional differential operators and related systems of nonlinear PDE

Hereafter we will use Greek letters to denote multi-index, $`\alpha =(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _N)`$, where $`N`$ is the dimension of $`x`$-space. The dimension of $`t`$-space (space of additional parameters $`t_\gamma `$, $`\gamma =(\gamma _1,\mathrm{}\gamma _N)`$ ) may be arbitrary. In particular, it may be infinity. By definition,

$`x=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N),\alpha ={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\alpha _i,`$ (1)
$`^\alpha ={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}_i^{\alpha _i},_i{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_i}},_\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t_\gamma }},`$
$`Q_n^\alpha \text{is the number of all possible values of }\alpha \text{with }\alpha =n.`$ (2)
All functions are differentiable with respect to their arguments as many times as one needs.

Denote $`^n`$ the linear space of $`n`$-order differential operators of the following general form

$`W_n^n:W_n={\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n}{}}}w_\beta ^\beta ,`$ (3)
where $`w_\beta `$ are functions of $`x`$ and $`t`$, which will be specified below. Denote $`Q_n`$ the number of terms in the operator $`W_n`$ of general form (3):

$`Q_n={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{n}{}}}Q_n^\alpha .`$ (4)
Space $`^n`$ is related with $`Q_n`$-dimensional linear space $`^{Q_n}`$ of functions $`\psi (x,t)`$ with the basis $`\psi _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_n`$, satisfying the following condition:

$`\text{det}^\beta \psi _i0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0}\beta n,i=1,\mathrm{},Q_n,`$ (5)
where $`^\beta \psi _i`$ is $`Q_n\times Q_n`$ matrix. Indexes $`\alpha `$ and $`i`$ enumerate columns and rows of this matrix respectively. By definition, dependence on parameters $`x`$ is arbitrary, while parameters $`t_\gamma `$ are introduced in functions $`\psi _i`$ by the following formulas:

$`_\gamma \psi _i=^\gamma \psi _i.`$ (6)
Suggestion 1. Let parameter $`Q_n`$ be defined by the eq.(4). For any $`\alpha `$ such that $`\alpha =n`$ and any space $`^{Q_{n1}}`$ there is set of $`Q_{n1}`$ uniquely defined functions $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ such that space $`^{Q_{n1}}`$ forms $`Q_{n1}`$-dimensional linear subspace of solutions for the following linear differential equation:

$`S_\alpha \psi =0,S_\alpha =^\alpha +W_\alpha ,W_\alpha ={\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n1}{}}}w_\beta ^\alpha ^\beta ^n.`$ (7)
$`\mathrm{}`$ Let us fix parameter $`\alpha `$ with $`\alpha =n`$ and basis $`\psi _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}`$ of space $`^{Q_{n1}}`$. One can write the formal system of differential equations (7)

$`S_\alpha \psi _i^\alpha \psi _i+{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n1}{}}}w_\beta ^\alpha \psi _i=0,i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}.`$ (8)
Let us consider the system (8) as nonhomogeneous system of algebraic equations on the functions $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$. The matrix of this system, $`^\beta \psi _i`$ ($`0\beta n1`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}`$), is nondegenerate due to the condition (5). So that this system has unique solution, i.e. functions $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ are defined uniquely in terms of functions $`\psi _i`$ and their derivatives. Owing to this, $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ are functions of both sets of variables, $`x`$ and $`t`$. By construction, we have determined coefficients $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ in the system of differential equations (7), for which given set of functions $`\psi _i`$ ($`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}`$) forms basis for certain solution subspace. $`\mathrm{}`$

Equations of the form (7) with all possible values of parameter $`\alpha `$ such that $`\alpha =n`$, form system of $`Q_n^\alpha `$ differential equations. One can show that its coefficients $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ satisfy some system of nonlinear PDE. For this purpose, one needs to fix multi-index $`\gamma `$, $`\gamma =n_\gamma `$, differentiate the eqs.(7) with respect to $`t_\gamma `$ and study the result:

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha }{t_\gamma }}+S_\alpha ^\gamma \right)\psi =0,\gamma =n_\gamma .`$ (9)
Suggestion 2. For each particular pair of parameters $`\alpha `$ ($`\alpha =n`$) and $`\gamma `$ there is set of $`Q_n^\alpha `$ differential operators $`B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}=_{\delta =0}^{n_\gamma }v_{\gamma \alpha ϵ\delta }^\delta ^{n_\gamma }`$ with coefficients expressed in terms of functions $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ and their derivatives such that operators $`M_{\gamma \alpha }`$

$`M_{\gamma \alpha }{\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha }{t_\gamma }}+S_\alpha ^\gamma +{\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=n}{}}B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}S_ϵ`$ (10)
belong to the space $`^{n1}`$, i.e. $`M_{\gamma \alpha }`$ can be written in the form

$`M_{\gamma \alpha }={\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n1}{}}}a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }^\beta ,`$ (11)
where $`a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }`$ are some functions of $`\omega _\beta ^\alpha `$ and their derivatives.

$`\mathrm{}`$ The first term in the operator $`M_{\gamma \alpha }`$, $`{\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha }{t_\gamma }}{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{w_\beta ^\alpha }{t_\gamma }}^\beta `$, belongs to the space $`^{n1}`$. Since $`S^\alpha ^n`$, the second term in the eq.(10) belongs to the space $`^{n+n_\gamma }`$. Let $`B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}=_{\delta =0}^{n_\gamma }v_{\gamma \alpha ϵ\delta }^\delta ^{n_\gamma }`$ be $`n_\gamma `$-order differential operators with arbitrary coefficients. Then one can write

$`{\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=n}{}}B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}S_ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =n}{\overset{n+n_\gamma }{}}}b_{\gamma \alpha \beta }^\beta +R^{n1},R^{n1}^{n1},`$ (12)
$`b_{\gamma \alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`v_{\gamma \alpha ϵ(\beta ϵ)}+`$
$`f(v_{\gamma \alpha ϵ\stackrel{~}{\delta }},||\stackrel{~}{\delta }||>||\beta ϵ||;\text{coefficients of operators }W_\alpha ),`$
$`\beta =n,\mathrm{},n+n_\gamma .`$
This means that $`_{ϵ=n}B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}S_ϵ^{n+n_\gamma }`$ and has all arbitrary coefficients ahead of the derivatives of the order grater or equal to $`n`$. Let us choose these coefficients in such a way that

$`\left(S_\alpha ^\gamma +{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =n}{}}B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}S_ϵ\right)^{n1}.`$ (14)
which provides condition $`M_{\gamma \alpha }^{n1}`$. Due to the relation (14), coefficients $`v_{\gamma \alpha ϵ\delta }`$ are expressed in terms of the coefficients of the operators $`W_\alpha `$, $`\alpha =n`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

By construction, operators $`M_{\gamma \alpha }`$ generate the following system of $`Q_{n1}\times Q_n^\alpha `$ linear differential equations:

$`M_{\gamma \alpha }\psi _i{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n1}{}}}a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }^\beta \psi _i=0,\alpha =n,i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}.`$ (15)
Let us regard the system (15) as linear homogeneous system of algebraic equations on coefficients $`a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }`$ with nondegenerate matrix $`^\beta \psi _i`$ ($`0\beta n1`$) due to the condition (5). This system has only trivial solution, i.e.

$`a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (16)
From another point of view, coefficients $`a_\beta ^{\gamma \alpha }`$ have been defined in terms of coefficients of the operators $`W_\alpha `$ and their derivatives, i.e. the system (16) is system of nonlinear PDE on functions $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$, generated by the space of $`(n1)`$-order differential operators $`W_\alpha `$ with parameter $`t_\gamma `$ introduced by the eq.(6). The complete set of systems of nonlinear PDE, related with all possible parameters $`t_\gamma `$, introduced by the eq.(6), forms hierarchy of PDE associated with given space $`^{n1}`$.

We call the equation (15) written in the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha }{t_\gamma }}+S_\alpha ^\gamma +{\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=n}{}}B_{\gamma \alpha ϵ}S_ϵ=0,\alpha =n`$ (17)
generalization of Sato equation. The system of equations (8) serves for construction of particular solutions to the system of nonlinear PDE (16), which will be used in Sec.4.

The system (16) consists of $`Q_{n1}\times Q_n^\alpha `$ equations. Equations of the system (16) with any particular $`\gamma `$ recursively relate all $`Q_{n1}\times Q_n^\alpha `$ coefficients $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ ($`\alpha =n`$, $`\beta =0,1,\mathrm{},n1`$) of the operators $`W_\alpha `$ and compose the complete system of equations for whole set of these coefficients. Disadvantage of this system is that its structure depends on $`n`$. In the next section we consider the subspace of the space $`^{n1}`$, which allows one to generate the systems of PDE which do not depend on the value of parameter $`n`$, if only this value is big enough. These systems of PDE admit the class of solutions, which depends on the set of arbitrary functions of single variable.

## 3 About reductions

Let $`𝒫_{n_2,\mathrm{},n_N}^n^n`$, $`n=_{i=1}^Nn_i`$, be defined as follows:

$`W_n𝒫_{n_2,\mathrm{},n_N}^n:W_n={\displaystyle \underset{\beta =0}{\overset{n}{}}}w_{\widehat{\beta }}^\beta ,\beta _in_i\text{for}i>1,`$ (18)
$`\beta =(\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _N),\widehat{\beta }=((n\beta _11)\beta _2\mathrm{}\beta _N),`$
i.e. parameters $`n_i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$, mean the order of the highest derivative with respect to $`x_i`$ in the differential operators $`W_n`$. Emphasize that we don’t put any restriction on the order of the derivative with respect to $`x_1`$, i.e its highest possible order in operators $`W_n`$ equals $`n`$. Index with hat is introduced for convenience of representation of system of nonlinear PDE. All multi-indexes (without hat) in this section have the following structure:

$`\alpha =(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _N)\text{ with}\alpha _i<n_i\text{ for}i>1.`$ (19)
Let us introduce the set of equations, which specifies the dependence on $`x_i`$, $`i>1`$:

$`_i^{n_i+1}\psi =^{\alpha ^{(i)}}\psi ,\alpha ^{(i)}=(\alpha _1^{(i)}\mathrm{}\alpha _N^{(i)}),\alpha _i^{(i)}=0,`$ (20)
where $`\psi ^{Q_n}`$. Recall that $`Q_n`$ is the maximum number of terms in operators $`W_n𝒫_{n_2,\mathrm{},n_N}^n`$. Due to the relations (20), one can use variables $`x_i`$ ($`i>1`$) along with $`t_\gamma `$ for construction of the nonlinear eqs. (16). One needs just replace $`_\gamma `$ with $`_i`$ in formulas (9-17). This fact will be used in sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2.

### 3.1 Examples of nonlinear PDE related with space $`𝒫_1^n`$

In this section we will use two-dimensional $`x`$-space, $`x=(x_1,x_2)`$, $`W_j𝒫_1^{n1}`$, $`j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$. Maximum order of derivative with respect to $`x_2`$ in the operators $`W_j`$ equals one: $`n_2=1`$. Because of that, the set of operators $`S_\alpha `$ consists of two operators $`S_1S_{n0}`$ and $`S_2S_{(n1)1}`$ for any fixed parameter $`n`$:

$`S_1_1^n+W_1,W_1={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n2}{}}}u_{(nk2)1}_1^k_2+{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}u_{(nk1)0}_1^k,`$ (21)
$`S_2_1^{n1}_2+W_2,W_2={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n2}{}}}v_{(nk2)1}_1^k_2+{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}v_{(nk1)0}_1^k.`$ (22)
These operators introduce two differential equations (7) on the function $`\psi `$:

$`S_1\psi =0,S_2\psi =0.`$ (23)
It is simple to define the number of terms $`Q_{n1}`$ in the operators $`W_j`$:

$`Q_{n1}=2n1.`$ (24)
Next, one needs to fix $`(2n1)`$-dimensional basis $`\psi _i`$ ($`i=1,\mathrm{},2n1`$) in subspace $`^{2n1}`$ and write formally the system (8)

$`S_1\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (25)
$`S_2\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`0,i=1,\mathrm{},2n1,`$ (26)
Condition (5) now reads

$`\left|\begin{array}{ccccccc}_1^{n1}\psi _1& _1^{n2}\psi _1& \mathrm{}& \psi _1& _1^{n2}_2\psi _1& \mathrm{}& _2\psi _1\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ _1^{n1}\psi _{2n1}& _1^{n2}\psi _{2n1}& \mathrm{}& \psi _{2n1}& _1^{n2}_2\psi _{2n1}& \mathrm{}& _2\psi _{2n1}\end{array}\right|0`$ (30)
Each of the systems (25) and (26) should be treated as system of algebraic equations on coefficients $`u_{ij}`$ and $`v_{ij}`$ respectively. Due to the condition (30) these equations have unique nontrivial solution.

#### 3.1.1  Example 1: (2+1) dimensional PDE

In this example we take the eq.(20) in the following form

$`_2^2\psi =_1\psi ,`$ (31)
and use notations

$`xx_1,t_1x_2,t_2t_\alpha ,\alpha =(20).`$ (32)
Function $`\psi `$ depends on variable $`t_2`$ due to the formula (see eq. (6))

$`_{t_2}\psi =_1^2\psi .`$ (33)
Equations (17) related with parameters $`t_1x_2`$ and $`t_2`$ have the following form:

$`M_{1j}={\displaystyle \frac{S_j}{x_2}}+S_j_1+B_{1j1}S_1+B_{1j2}S_2=0,j=1,2,`$ (34)
$`M_{2j}={\displaystyle \frac{S_j}{t_2}}+S_j_1^2+B_{2j1}S_1+B_{2j2}S_2=0,j=1,2,`$ (35)
where $`B_{ijk}`$ are differential operators of the next form

$`B_{111}`$ $`=`$ $`v_{00},B_{112}=(u_{00}+v_{01})_1,`$ (36)
$`B_{121}`$ $`=`$ $`1,B_{122}=v_{00},`$ (37)
$`B_{211}`$ $`=`$ $`2u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1^2,B_{212}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{},`$ (38)
$`B_{221}`$ $`=`$ $`2v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{},B_{222}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1^2,`$ (39)
which provide the following structure of the operators $`M_{ij}`$ (see (11)):

$`M_{ij}={\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{n2}{}}}a_{s1}^{ij}_1^s_2+{\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}a_{s0}^{ij}_1^s,i,j=1,2`$ (40)
and

$`a_{sk}^{ij}0`$ (41)
(compare with derivation of the eq.(16)).

Below are several equations from the list (41) which compose the complete system of equations:

$`a_{(n1)0}^{11}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{01}+v_{00}v_{01}v_{10}+u_{00}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}=0,`$ (42)
$`a_{(n2)1}^{11}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{10}+u_{01}v_{00}u_{00}v_{01}+v_{01}^2v_{11}+u_{01}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}=0,`$ (43)
$`a_{(n1)0}^{12}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{00}v_{00}^2+v_{01}+v_{00}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}=0,`$ (44)
$`a_{(n2)1}^{12}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{01}v_{00}v_{01}+v_{10}+v_{01}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}=0,`$ (45)
$`a_{(n2)0}^{12}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{10}v_{00}v_{10}+v_{11}+v_{10}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}=0,`$ (46)
$`a_{(n1)0}^{21}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{00}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}+2u_{00}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+2v_{00}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}2u_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$ (47)
$`a_{(n2)1}^{21}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{01}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}+2u_{01}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+2v_{01}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}2u_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$ (48)
$`a_{(n1)0}^{22}`$ $`=`$ $`v_{00}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}+2u_{00}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+2v_{00}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}2v_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$ (49)
$`a_{(n2)1}^{22}`$ $`=`$ $`v_{01}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}+2u_{01}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+2v_{01}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}2v_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$ (50)
We leave without proof the statement that this system remains the same for any value of parameter $`n`$, which happens due to the special structure of the subspace $`𝒫_1^{n1}`$.

To simplify the system (42-50), let us solve eqs. (44,45,46) with respect to $`u_{00}`$, $`u_{01}`$ and $`u_{10}`$ respectively, substitute the result in the rest of equations. Then eqs.(49) and (42,43) result in the following system of equations on the functions $`u=v_{00}`$, $`v=v_{01}`$, and $`w=v_{10}`$:

$`u_{t_2}2u^2u_x+2vu_x+2u_{x_2}u_x+2uv_x2w_xu_{xx}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (51)
$`2uu_{x_2}+2v_{x_2}+u_{x_2x_2}u_x`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
$`2vu_{x_2}+2w_{x_2}+v_{x_2x_2}v_x`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$
Simple example of particular solution for this system will be constructed in the Sec.4.

#### 3.1.2 Example 2: (3+1)-dimensional generalization of KP hierarchy

In this example we use the following notations:

$`xx_1,t_1x_2,t_it_{\alpha ^{(i)}},i=2,3,\alpha ^{(2)}=(11),\alpha ^{(3)}=(30).`$ (52)
Dependence on $`t_1=x_2`$, $`t_2`$ and $`t_3`$ is given by the following equations:

$`_2^2\psi =_1^2\psi ,_{t_2}\psi =_1_2\psi ,_{t_3}\psi =_1^3\psi ,`$ (53)
Equations (17) have the following form:

$`M_{1j}={\displaystyle \frac{S_j}{x_2}}+S_j_1^2+B_{1j1}S_1+B_{1j2}S_2=0,j=1,2,`$ (54)
$`M_{2j}={\displaystyle \frac{S_j}{t_2}}+S_j_1+B_{2j1}S_1+B_{2j2}S_2=0,j=1,2,`$ (55)
$`M_{3j}={\displaystyle \frac{S_j}{t_3}}+S_j_1+B_{3j1}S_1+B_{3j2}S_2=0,j=1,2,`$ (56)
One has the following expressions for differential operators $`B_{ijk}`$:

$`B_{111}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{01}+v_{00}),`$ (57)
$`B_{112}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{00}+v_{01})_1,`$ (58)
$`B_{121}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{00}v_{01})_1,`$ (59)
$`B_{122}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{01}v_{00}),`$ (60)
$`B_{211}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{00}u_{01}u_{11}v_{00}v_{01}+v_{10}+2v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{})+(u_{01}+v_{00})_1,`$ (61)
$`B_{212}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{01}^2u_{10}u_{01}v_{00}+u_{00}v_{01}v_{01}^2+v_{11}+2v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{})+`$
$`(u_{00}+v_{01})_1_1^2,`$
$`B_{221}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{00}^2+u_{10}u_{01}v_{00}+v_{00}^2+u_{00}v_{01}v_{11}+2u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{})+`$
$`(u_{00}v_{01})_1_1^2,`$
$`B_{222}`$ $`=`$ $`((u_{00}u_{01})+u_{11}+v_{00}v_{01}v_{10}+2u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{})+(u_{01}v_{00})_1,`$ (64)
$`B_{311}`$ $`=`$ $`3(u_{00}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{00}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{})+3u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1_1^3,`$ (65)
$`B_{312}`$ $`=`$ $`3(u_{01}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{01}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{})+3u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1,`$ (66)
$`B_{321}`$ $`=`$ $`3(u_{00}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{00}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{})+3v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1,`$ (67)
$`B_{322}`$ $`=`$ $`3(u_{01}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{01}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{})+3v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}_1_1^3.`$ (68)
With given operators $`B_{ijk}`$, equations (54-56) take the form (40) with $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`j=1,2`$. Write down several nonlinear equations, generated by each of the eqs.(54-56).

From the eq.(54):

$`a_{(n1)0}^{11}`$ $`=`$ $`(u_{00}u_{01})+u_{11}+v_{00}v_{01}v_{10}+u_{00}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}=0,`$ (69)
$`a_{(n2)1}^{11}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{01}^2+u_{10}+u_{01}v_{00}u_{00}v_{01}+v_{01}^2v_{11}+`$
$`u_{01}^{}{}_{x_2}{}^{}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}=0,`$
$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}.`$
From the eq.(55):

$`a_{(n1)0}^{21}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{00}^2u_{01}u_{01}u_{10}u_{00}u_{11}+u_{21}+u_{01}^2v_{00}u_{01}v_{00}^2`$
$`v_{00}v_{01}^2+v_{01}v_{10}+v_{00}v_{11}v_{20}+u_{00}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}u_{01}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+`$
$`v_{00}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+u_{00}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{01}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+2v_{00}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}`$
$`2v_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$
$`a_{(n2)1}^{21}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{00}u_{01}^22u_{01}u_{11}+u_{20}+u_{11}v_{00}+u_{01}^2v_{01}`$
$`u_{10}v_{01}2u_{01}v_{00}v_{01}+u_{00}v_{01}^2v_{01}^3+u_{01}v_{10}`$
$`u_{00}v_{11}+2v_{01}v_{11}v_{21}+u_{01}^{}{}_{t_2}{}^{}u_{01}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+v_{00}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+`$
$`2u_{01}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}u_{00}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3v_{01}v_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}2v_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}=0,`$
$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}.`$
From the eq.(56):

$`a_{(n1)0}^{31}`$ $`=`$ $`u_{00}^{}{}_{t_3}{}^{}3u_{00}^2u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3u_{10}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}3u_{01}v_{00}u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3u_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{2}`$
$`3u_{00}v_{00}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}3v_{00}v_{01}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3v_{10}u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3u_{00}u_{10}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+`$
$`3v_{00}u_{11}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}3u_{20}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3u_{01}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}v_{00}^{}{}_{x}{}^{}+3u_{00}u_{00}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}+`$
$`3v_{00}u_{01}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}3u_{10}^{}{}_{xx}{}^{}u_{00}^{}{}_{xxx}{}^{}=0,`$
$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}.`$
Let us show that the above lists of nonlinear PDE can be reduced to the integrated KP. First of all note that the reduction $`_2_1`$ leads to the following identities:

$`v_{ij}u_{ij},u_{i1}u_{i0},\text{for all}i\text{and}j.`$ (74)
Then equations (69) and (3.1.2) becomes identities, while the system (3.1.2) - (3.1.2) results in three equations ( $`u=u_{00}`$, $`v=u_{10}`$, $`w=u_{20}`$)

$`u_{t_1}+4uu_x2v_xu_{xx}=0,v_{t_1}+4vu_x2w_xv_{xx}=0,`$ (75)
$`u_{t_3}u_{xxx}3v_{xx}3w_x+6u_x^2+6uu_{xx}+6vu_x+6uv_x12u^2u_x=0.`$ (76)
Eq.(76) results in the integrated KP after elimination of $`v`$ and $`w`$:

$`u_{t_3}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}u_{xxx}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}^1u_{t_1t_1}+3u_x^2=0`$ (77)
For this reason we call the above system (69) - (3.1.2) (together with the whole list of nonlinear PDE related with different variables $`t_\gamma `$) the generalization of KP hierarchy.

## 4 Construction of particular solutions

For construction of particular solutions to the nonlinear PDE which appear in this paper, one needs to choose the functions $`\psi _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}`$ which satisfy the conditions (5) and (6). One of the following Fourier integrals is suitable for this purpose.

For the equations from the Sec.2:

$`\psi _i={\displaystyle c_i(𝐤)\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}k_ix_i+\underset{\gamma }{}\omega _\gamma (𝐤)t_\gamma \right)𝑑𝐤},`$ (78)
$`𝐤=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_N),i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}.`$
Here $`\omega _\gamma `$ depends on $`𝐤`$ due to the dispersion equations associated with the eqs.(6)

$`\omega _\gamma =k^\gamma .`$ (79)
In this case $`\psi _i`$ are arbitrary functions of all variables $`x_i`$.

For the equations from the Sec.3:

$`\psi _i={\displaystyle c_i(k_1)\mathrm{exp}\left(k_1x_1+\underset{i=2}{\overset{N}{}}k_i(k_1)x_i+\underset{\gamma }{}\omega _\gamma (k_1)t_\gamma \right)𝑑k_1},`$ (80)
$`i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}.`$
Functions $`\omega _\gamma (k_1)`$ and $`k_i(k_1),i>1`$ represent the dispersion relations associated with eqs.(6) and (20):

$`\omega _\gamma =k^\gamma ,k_i^{n_i+1}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}k_j^{\alpha _j^{(i)}},a_i^{(i)}=0,i=2,3,\mathrm{},N.`$ (81)
Here $`\psi _i`$ are arbitrary functions of single variable $`x_1`$; $`c_i(𝐤)`$ and $`c_i(k_1)`$ in formulas (78) and (80) are such functions of argument(s) that condition (5) is satisfied.

After this, one needs to solve the system of algebraic equations (8) for coefficients $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ which are the solutions of appropriate system of nonlinear PDE (16).

For instance, let us construct the particular solution for the system (51). In this case the equation (80) should be written in the form

$`\psi _i={\displaystyle c_i(k_2)\mathrm{exp}\left(k_2^2x_1+k_2x_2+k_2^4t_1\right)𝑑k_2},i=1,\mathrm{},Q_{n1}.`$ (82)
To construct the simple solution, let $`Q_{n1}=3`$ (or $`n=2`$ due to the eq.(24)) and take the following expressions for $`\psi _i`$:

$`\psi _i=c_{1i}+c_{2i}\mathrm{exp}(k_i^2x_1+k_ix_2+k_i^4t_1),i=1,2,3.`$ (83)
Then the systems (25) and (26) becomes $`3\times 3`$ algebraic matrix equations for the coefficients $`u_{ij}`$ and $`v_{ij}`$ respectively, which can be solved directly. One can see that the condition (30) is satisfied for our choice of functions $`\psi _i`$. We give only expression for the function $`u=v_{00}`$:

$`u`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{s_1E_1E_2+s_2E_1E_3+s_3E_2E_3+s_4E_1E_2E_3}{p_1E_1E_2+p_2E_1E_3+p_3E_2E_3+p_4E_1E_2E_3}},`$ (84)
$`E_i`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}(k_i^2x+k_iy+k_i^3t_1),`$
$`s_1`$ $`=`$ $`c_{13}c_{21}c_{22}k_1k_2(k_2^2k_1^2),s_2=c_{12}c_{21}c_{23}k_1k_3(k_1^2k_3^2),`$
$`s_3`$ $`=`$ $`c_{11}c_{22}c_{23}k_2k_3(k_3^2k_2^2),`$
$`s_4`$ $`=`$ $`c_{21}c_{22}c_{23}k_1k_2(k_2k_1)(k_1k_3)(k_2k_3)(k_1+k_2+k_3),`$
$`p_1`$ $`=`$ $`c_{13}c_{21}c_{22}k_1k_2(k_1k_2),p_2=c_{12}c_{21}c_{23}k_1k_3(k_3k_1),`$
$`p_3`$ $`=`$ $`c_{11}c_{22}c_{23}k_2k_3(k_2k_3),p_4=c_{21}c_{22}c_{23}(k_1k_2)(k_1k_3)(k_2k_3),`$
If all coefficients $`p_i`$ in the denominator of this solution have the same sign (this can be arranged by the appropriate choice of parameters $`c_i`$ and $`k_i`$), then the solution has no singularities for all values of independent variables and describes inelastic three-kink interaction.

## 5 Conclusions

We represent an example of multidimensional generalization of Sato equation (17), written in terms of pure differential operators. We give algorithm for construction of different multidimensional hierarchies which admit the special family of particular solutions. Namely, solutions are parameterized by the set of arbitrary functions of either one or several variables $`x_i`$. Different subspaces of general space (3) result in specific systems of nonlinear PDE. Two examples of this kind are given in the Sec.3.

The represented approach might be considered as the mixture of Sato theory and Lax representation. In fact, each equation of the system (17) is nothing but the compatibility condition of the overdetermined linear systems (6) and (7). For each particular $`\gamma `$, the equation (17) gives the complete system of nonlinear PDE (16) on the coefficients $`w_\beta ^\alpha `$ of the operators $`W_\alpha `$. But the structure of this system depends on $`n`$ (order of differential operators $`S_\alpha `$) in general case. The examples of systems of nonlinear PDE which do not depend on $`n`$ are given in the Sec.3.

Author thanks Professor A.H.Zimerman (IFT UNESP, Sao Pãulo, Brazil) for initiation of this work. The work is supported by RFBR grants 01-01-00929 and 00-15-96007.