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# Critical properties of ϕ⁴₁₊₁-theory in Light-Cone Quantization

## 1 Introduction

Light cone quantization (LCQ) of scalar field theory in two dimensions $`(LC\varphi _{1+1}^4)`$ has been studied rather extensively during the last years. The early attempts  used discretization in the space direction thereby dealing with the problematic zero mode problem of the field operators in a simple way. Besides its interests as a testing ground for techniques in LCQ such scalar field theory is mainly useful for its phase transition properties, well known in the context of equal time quantization (EQT), and relevant to the description of many physical systems.

In LCQ it is recognized now that the phase transition is driven by a coupling between two distinct parts of the field operator : the static zero mode and quantum fluctuations of the particle field. The zero mode carries essential non-perturbative informations which in EQT are present in the non-trivial vacuum structure. It is important to realize that critical behaviour studies, were it in LCQ or EQT, can only be achieved for effective theories in the continuum. Hence in the discretized versions the approach to the continuum limit must be under control, which may be problematic  . Recently an LCQ- formulation in the continuum (CLCQ) was proposed in which both the zero mode and renormalization problems are treated in a consistant way. It is based on the treatment of fields as operator-valued distributions. The critical coupling $`g_c`$ and critical exponents were calculated to lowest order in the Haag expansion of the field operators. Whereas for first order perturbation theory $`g_c`$ comes out $`45\%`$ below the value obtained from Monte Carlo or high temperature estimates , it is only $`20\%`$ below that value for lowest order CLCQ. However critical exponents are usually those of mean field theory.

To improve this situation we extend here the theory to second order in the Haag expansion of the fields. The benefit is a very natural inclusion of fluctuations of the order parameter. Clearly they are essential to discuss the dispersion relation in the vicinity of the phase transition, a feature closely related to the dynamics of the phase transition and to the critical behaviour. The following results are obtained

1) - The critical coupling is significantly improved and comes out sligthly below the canonical value.

2)- Non-trivial values of the critical exponents are related to the existence of dynamical zero modes transfering momentum and not considered so far. They enter both in the equation of motion of the classical field $`\varphi _c(x)`$ and of the particle field $`\phi _2(x)`$, thereby leading to a distinctive dispersion relation.

In Section 2 the formalism of Haag series in second order is introduced and the zero mode concept is extended to a dynamical operator able to transfer momentum. From the equation of motion (EM) for the total field $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ matrix elements of different types are taken giving coupled equations for the different components of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$. The solution of these equations is presented in Section 3, leading to a transcendental equation for the critical coupling. Its solution is discussed and solved hereafter numerically. In Section 4 the $`k^20`$ limit of the dispersion relation is discussed at some length, to extract in a transparent way its specific feature leading to a non-trivial value of the critical exponent $`\eta `$ (ie $`lim_{k0}\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(k)k^{2\eta })`$. Finally our results for $`\beta `$-functions, critical coupling and critical exponent $`\omega `$ are collected and in Section 5 a general discussion and conclusions are also given.

## 2 Haag series, equations of motion

### 2.1 Haag series in second order and dynamical zero modes

The Haag series of the total field $`\mathrm{\Phi }(X)`$ is written in terms of normal ordered products of the free field $`\phi _0(X)`$ with LC coordinates $`(X^{},X^+)`$

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(X)=\varphi _c(X)+\mathrm{\Psi }(X),$$
(2.1)
with

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(X^{},X^+)`$ $`=`$ $`\phi _0(X^{},X^+)+{\displaystyle 𝑑X_1^{}𝑑X_2^{}}:\phi _0(X_1^{},X^+)\phi _0(X_2^{},X^+):`$
$`g_2(X_1^{}X^{},X_2^{}X^{};X)+\mathrm{}`$
$`:=`$ $`\phi _0(X^{},X^+)+\phi _2(X^{},X^+)+\text{higher order terms}`$
$`\text{in the number of free fields operators }\phi _0.`$
In Eq. (2.1) $`\varphi _c(x)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)`$ are respectively the classical and quantum parts of the total field $`\mathrm{\Phi }(X)`$. Due to the interaction, $`\varphi _c(X)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)`$ are coupled to each other. This coupling is made explicit by the X-dependence in the wave function $`g_2(X_1^{}X^{},X_2^{}X^{};X)`$. It will be seen more clearly later on when the coupled equations for $`g_2`$ and $`\varphi _c(X)`$ are written down. It should be noticed that the contributions $`\phi _2(X)`$ and $`\phi _3(X)`$ are of different character: while $`\phi _3(X)`$ has perturbative contributions, $`\phi _2(X)`$ is purely non-perturbative and is only due to fluctuations of the order parameter.

In CLCQ the free field $`\phi _0(X)`$ is an operator valued distribution  with a generalized Fock expansion built out of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-test functions with compact support in $`\text{IR }^2`$ . It is written as

$`\phi _0(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\phi _0^{}(X)+\phi _0^+(X)`$ (2.3)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dk^+}{\sqrt{4\pi k^+}}[a(k^+)e^{\frac{i}{2}k.X}+a^+(k^+)e^{\frac{i}{2}k.X}]\theta (k^+)\widehat{f}(k^+)},`$
where $`\theta (k)`$ is the usual step function and the creation and annihilation operators $`a^+(k^+)`$ and $`a(k^+)`$ obey $`[a(k^+),a^+(k^+)]=\delta (k^+k^+)`$, $`k.X=\widehat{k}^{}X^++k^+X^{}`$, $`\widehat{k}^{}=\frac{m^2}{k^+}`$, $`(m^2>0)`$. The properties of the test function $`\widehat{f}(k^+)`$ are discussed in  : its effect is to render the integral finite at both ends of the spectrum in $`k^+`$ and the parameter entering any possible form of $`\widehat{f}(k^+)`$ is related in an essential way to the final renormalization procedure of the theory.

Written as in Eq.(2.2) $`\phi _2(X)`$ is not apparently covariant since the integrations are done on a fixed time sheet. However manipulations on $`\theta `$-functions, standard in Eq.(2.3), can bring it into a manifestly covariant form exhibiting advanced and retarded parts of the amplitude $`g_2`$.

The form (2.3) is used in Eq.(2.2) and a Fourier transformation with respect to $`X_1^{}X^{}`$ and $`X_2^{}X^{}`$ is then performed, giving

$`\phi _2(X)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1^+dk_2^+}{\sqrt{k_1^+k_2^+}}\theta (k_1^+)\theta (k_2^+)\widehat{f}(k_1^+)\widehat{f}(k_2^+)}`$ (2.4)
$`\{g_2^{++}(k_1,k_2;X)[a^+(k_1^+)a^+(k_2^+)e^{\frac{i}{2}(k_1+k_2).X}+a(k_1^+)a(k_2^+)e^{\frac{i}{2}(k_1+k_2).X}]`$
$`+`$ $`[g_2^+(k_1,k_2;X)+g_2^+(k_2,k_1;X)]a^+(k_1^+)a(k_2^+)e^{\frac{i}{2}(k_2k_1).X}\}.`$
Here $`k_i=(k_i^+,\widehat{k}_i^{})`$ with $`\widehat{k}_i^{}`$ defined after Eq.(2.3). Because of hermiticity the coefficient function $`g_2^{}`$ of $`a(k_1^+)a(k_2^+)`$ is identical to $`g_2^{++}`$. Hereafter the combinaition $`g_2^+(k_1,k_2;X)+g_2^+(k_2,k_1;X)`$ always occurs in this form and will be abbreviated by $`G_2(k_1,k_2;X)`$. The zero mode of the field operator $`\phi _2`$, introduced in  where it is called $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$, is contained in the form (2.4). It is obtained after integration over $`X^{}`$ with an invariant measure which, if momenta are measured in units of the renormalized mass $`\mu `$ as in  (see below) is simply $`\frac{\mu }{4\pi }dX^{}`$. In this case, with $`\overline{G}_2`$ denoting the $`X^{}`$-independant part of $`G_2`$, the specification is just

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{k_1^+k_2^+}}}G_2(k_1,k_2;X)|_{ZM}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{k_1^+}}\overline{G}_2(k_1,k_1)\delta (k_1^+k_2^+)`$ (2.5)
$`:=`$ $`C_0(k_1^+)\delta (k_1^+k_2^+).`$
It is important to realize that the zero mode concept - i.e. an $`X^{}`$-independent field contribution - can be extended to a dynamical operator transfering momentum. The physics behind this process is as follows : the coefficient function $`G_2(k_1,k_2;X)=g_2^+(k_1,k_2;X)+g_2^+(k_2,k_1;X)`$ in Eq.(2.4) can take a periodic space dependence if the particles propagate in a periodic background field, the field $`\varphi _c(X)`$ in this case. Depending upon the sign of $`k_2^+k_1^+`$ this periodic evolution is of the form $`\mathrm{exp}[\pm \frac{i}{2}k^+X^{}]`$ and compensates the periodic factor $`\mathrm{exp}[\frac{i}{2}(k_2^+k_1^+)X^{}]`$ coming from momentum transfer. Integrating Eq.(2.4) over $`X^{}`$ in this case generates a particular type of zero mode, which we note $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_k`$. It takes the general form

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_k=𝑑k_1^+C_1(k_1^+,k^+)a^+(k_1^++k^+)a(k_1^+),$$
(2.6)
where the coefficient $`C_1(k_1^+,k^+)`$ is related to the coefficient function $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{2,0}(k_1^+,k_1^+k^+)`$ of the periodic part of $`G_2(k_1,k_2;X)`$. For $`k^+=0`$ one obtains the contribution of the classical zero mode of Eq.(2.5). For $`k^+0`$ this zero mode component of $`\phi _2(X)`$ has non-zero matrix elements between one particle states differing by a momentum transfer $`\pm k^+`$. As we shall see in this case the lowest order pertubative result indicates that covariance of the dispersion relation is explicit if momenta are measured in units of the external momentum k. A specific analysis of the infinite volume limit is then necessary, thereby leading to a special form of the invariant measure $`[dX^{}]`$. The specification is now

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{k_1^+k_2^+}}}G_2(k_1,k_2;X)|_{DZM}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{V\sqrt{k_1^+(k_1^++k^+)}}}\overline{G}_{2,0}(k_1^+,k_1^+k^+)\delta (k_2^+k_1^+k^+)`$ (2.7)
$`:=`$ $`C_1(k_1^+,k^+)\delta (k_2^+k_1^+k^+),`$
with $`V`$ originating from the invariant measure. It is the existence of this dynamical zero mode (DZM) which leads to non-trivial dispersion relation and critical exponents.

### 2.2 Equations of motion

The equation of motion (EM) for the total field $`\mathrm{\Phi }(X)`$ is

$$[4_+_{}+m^2][\varphi _c(X)+\mathrm{\Psi }(X)]+\frac{\lambda }{3!}[\varphi _c(X)+\mathrm{\Psi }(X)]^3=0.$$
(2.8)
The driving term in this equation is $`\varphi _c(X)`$. Since we are interested in properties of the system close to the phase transition where all quantities related to long wave length fluctuations of $`\varphi _c`$ (the order parameter $`\varphi _o`$ in the limit $`k0`$) are small, only terms linear in $`\phi _2`$ will be kept, giving a set of coupled equation for $`\varphi _c(X)`$ and $`\phi _2`$.

$`[4_+_{}+m^2]\varphi _c(X)={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{3!}}[\varphi _c^3(X)+3\varphi _c(X)\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)`$
$$+\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)\phi _2(X)+\phi _2(X)\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)+\phi _0(X)\phi _2(X)\phi _0(X)],$$
(2.9)
$`[4_+_{}+m^2]\phi _2(X)={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{3!}}[3\varphi _c(X)\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)+\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)\phi _2(X)`$
$$+\phi _2(X)\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)+\phi _0(X)\phi _2(X)\phi _0(X)].$$
(2.10)
Denoting the vacuum state as $`|0>`$ such that $`a(k^+)|0>=0`$, $`k^+>0`$, matrix elements of EM are taken between different states : $`<0|EM|0>;<q_1^+|EM|q_2^+>;<0|EM|q_1^+q_2^+>`$ and $`<q_1^+q_2^+|EM|0>`$ with $`|q_1^+>=a^+(q_1^+)|0>`$ etc…Eqs (2.9,2.10) give then a coupled system for $`\varphi _c(X),g_2^{++}`$ and $`G_2`$. The derivation is straightforward but tedious. We only give the results for the Fourier components, $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c,\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$, with a renormalized squared-mass $`\mu ^2`$

$$\mu ^2=m^2+\frac{\lambda }{8\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk^+}{k^+}\widehat{f}^2(k^+),$$
(2.11)
coming from $`\phi _0{}_{}{}^{2}(X)`$ contributions present in the right hand side of Eqs.(2.9,2.10):

$`[\mu ^2k^+k^{}]\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c(k^+,k^{})+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{6\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1^+dk_2^+}{k_1^+k_2^+}\theta (k_1^+)\theta (k_2^+)\widehat{f}^2(k_1^+)\widehat{f}^2(k_2^+)}`$
$$[\frac{1}{4}\stackrel{~}{G}_2(k_1^+,k_2^+;k)+\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1^+,k_2^+;k)]=0,$$
(2.12)
$`[\mu ^2(q_1q_2+k)^2]\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1^+,q_2^+;k)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{8\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1^+}{k_1^+}\theta (k_1^+)\widehat{f}^2(k_1^+)}`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{G}_2(k_1^+,q_2^+;k)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1^+,k_1^+;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1^+,q_1^+;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1^+,q_2^+;k)]`$
$$+\frac{\lambda }{4\pi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c(k^+,k^{})=0,$$
(2.13)
$`[\mu ^2(q_1+q_2+k)^2]\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(q_1^+,q_2^+;k)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{16\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1^+}{k_1^+}\theta (k_1^+)\widehat{f}^2(k_1^+)}`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1^+,k_1^+;k)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_2^+,k_1^+;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1^+,q_1^+;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1^+,q_2^+;k)]`$
$$+\frac{\lambda }{8\pi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c(k^+,k^{})=0.$$
(2.14)
It is clear that the driving term for $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c(k^+,k^{})`$. Next a closer inspection of these equations shows that it is the X-dependence of $`g_2`$ (cf. Eq.(2.2)) which induces fluctuations of the order parameter $`\varphi _c`$. In turn this X-dependence has its origin in the driving term $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_c`$ present in Eqs.(2.12-2.14). To facilitate the analysis further it is useful to separate explicitely the zero-mode contribution of $`\phi _2(X)`$ to Eqs.(2.12-2.14). However one has to distinguish between the two cases $`k^+=0`$ and $`k^+0`$. The first case yields the equation for critical coupling and the second the covariant dispersion relation.

## 3 Solutions of the coupled equations at $`k^+=0`$. Critical coupling

### 3.1 Equations of motion

At $`k^+=0`$ the explicit zero mode contributions to Eqs.(2.12-2.14) are obtained with the prescription of Eq.(2.5), with the notation $`C(g,q^+)`$ instead of $`C_0(g,q^+)`$. Using

$$\mu ^2(q_1\pm q_2)^2=\mu ^2[1(q_1^+\pm q_2^+)(\frac{1}{q_1^+}\pm \frac{1}{q_2^+})]=\mu ^2\frac{(q_1^{+2}+q_2^{+2}\pm q_1^+q_2^+)}{q_1^+q_2^+},$$
(3.1)
and with dimensionless momenta (in units of $`\mu `$), Eqs.(2.13-2.14) may be reduced to $`(g=\frac{\lambda }{4\pi \mu ^2})`$

$`\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1,q_2)`$ $`=`$ $`2g_{20}(q_1,q_2){\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{q_1q_2}{q_1^2+q_2^2q_1q_2}}){\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}\widehat{f}^2(k_1)[2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,q_1)`$ (3.2)
$`+`$ $`2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,q_2)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1,k_1)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(k_1,q_2)],`$
$`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(q_1,q_2)`$ $`=`$ $`g_{20}(q_1,q_2)+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{4}}({\displaystyle \frac{q_1q_2}{q_1^2+q_2^2+q_1q_2}}){\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}\widehat{f}^2(k_1)[2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,q_1)`$ (3.3)
$`+`$ $`2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,q_2)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1,k_1)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_2,k_1)].`$
Here, for ease of notation, all the variables $`(q_i,k_i)`$ stand for $`(q_i^+,k_i^+)`$ and the source function $`g_{20}`$ is defined as

$$g_{20}(q_1,q_2)=\frac{g}{4}(\frac{q_1q_2}{q_1^2+q_2^2+q_1q_2})[\widehat{f}^2(q_1)C(g,q_1)+\widehat{f}^2(q_2)C(g,q_2)+2\varphi _0].$$
(3.4)
The presence of the zero mode in the source term $`g_{20}`$ of Eqs.(3.2,3.3) is now explicit through the coefficients $`C(g,q_1),C(g,q_2)`$.

### 3.2 Constraints

The projection of the EQM (2.9,2.10) onto the one particle and vacuum sectors yields the constraint $`\theta _3`$ with matrix elements $`<q_1^+|\theta _3|q_1^+>`$ and $`<0|\theta _3|0>`$. Their vanishing give for the first one an equation to determine $`C(g,q_1)`$ in terms of $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$

$`C(g,q_1)[q_1+g\widehat{f}^2(q_1)]`$ $`+`$ $`2g{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}\widehat{f}^2(k_1)[\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,q_1)+\frac{1}{4}(\stackrel{~}{G}_2(k_1,q_1)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2(q_1,k_1))]}`$ (3.5)
$`+`$ $`g\varphi _0=0,`$
and for the last one the equation (cf Eq.(2.12)) which fixes the critical coupling once $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++},\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ and $`C`$ are known. It reads

$$\varphi _0+\frac{2g}{3}\frac{dk_1dk_2}{k_1k_2}\widehat{f}^2(k_1)\widehat{f}^2(k_2)[\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(k_1,k_2)+\frac{1}{4}\stackrel{~}{G}_2(k_1,k_2)]+\frac{g}{6}\frac{dk_1}{k_1}\widehat{f}^4(k_1)C(g,k_1)=0.$$
(3.6)
### 3.3 Iterative procedure

The starting point is the analysis of Ref  in which the terms in $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ in Eq.(3.5) are disregarded. The properties of $`\widehat{f}^2(q_1)`$ permit to write the lowest order solution $`C^{(0)}`$ as

$$C^{(0)}(g,q_1)=\frac{g\varphi _0}{(q_1+g)}.$$
(3.7)
This fixes the initial source function $`g_{20}^{(0)}(q_1,q_2)`$ to be used in Eqs.(3.2-3.3). With $`\widehat{f}^2(q_1)=\theta (q_1\frac{\mu }{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\theta (\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\mu }q_1)`$, where $`\theta (x)`$ is the Heaviside step function, by direct computation after two iterations in Eqs.(3.2 -3.3) it is seen that $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ keep the same shape as $`g_{20}^{(0)}(q_1,q_2)`$ and $`2g_{20}^{(0)}(q_1,q_2)`$ respectively. The full solution is thus seeked under the form of $`g_{20}`$, Eq.(3.4), with however $`C(g,q_i)`$ replaced by $`C^{(0)}(g_f,q_i)`$ where $`g_f`$ is an effective coupling to be determined. There are two reasons behind this approach:

i) with (3.4) and (3.7) the results after one iteration for $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ are given in closed forms. One finds

$$\underset{q_1\mathrm{}}{lim}\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++(1)}(q_1,q_1)=\frac{1}{6}g\varphi _0\frac{g^2\varphi _0}{6}[1g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}]\frac{1}{q_1}+0(\frac{1}{q_1^2}),$$

which is just $`g_{20}(q_1,q_1)`$, Eq.(3.4), in the same limit with an effective coupling $`g_f`$ for $`C^{(0)}(g_f,q_i):`$ $`g_f`$ = $`g(1g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}).`$

Successive iterations build up the alternating sign infinite series in powers of $`g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}`$ so that one expects $`g_f`$ to be closed to $`g[1+g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}]^1`$, the departure coming from the coupling of Eqs.(3.2) and (3.3).

ii) the full solution for $`C(g,q_1)`$ from Eq.(3.5) is not expected to change drastically from the lowest order result of Eq (3.7). Indeed using in Eq (3.5) for $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ the ansatz build out of $`g_{20}`$ with a not yet known coefficient $`C(g,q)`$ one finds

$$C(g,q)=\frac{g\varphi _0}{(g+q)}\frac{g^2q}{2(g+q)}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑kC(g,k)[\frac{1}{(k^2+q^2+kq)}\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{(k^2+q^2kq)}].$$
(3.8)
To a good approximation one may write

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k\frac{C(g,k)}{(k^2+q^2\pm kq)}C(g,q)_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{(k^2+q^2\pm kq)}=C(g,q)\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9q}(31).$$

Hence with this approximation the integral term in Eq.(3.8) is exactly zero. In any case $`C(g,q)`$ will remain close to its lowest order form (cf. Appendix A for details).

To take into account the coupling between Eqs (3.2) and (3.3) the effective coupling $`g_f`$ is written under the form

$$g_f=\frac{g}{(1+g\frac{\pi x(g)\sqrt{3}}{9})}.$$
(3.9)
The function $`x(g)`$ is expected to be close to 1 and is determined by a least-square optimisation over a set of grid points $`\{q_i,q_j\}`$ of the solution of Eqs. (3.2) and (3.3) with the ansatzs for $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ as explained above. (cf. Appendix A). For $`0g7`$ it is found that a good fit to numerical values is obtained with

$$x(g)=1+\frac{g}{12}.$$
(3.10)
The critical coupling $`g_c`$ is finally obtained by evaluating Eq.(3.6). With $`\widehat{f}^2(k)`$ given in term of step functions all the integrals are obtained in closed forms. Divergences are all proportional to $`_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{k}\widehat{f}^2(k)`$ and are taken care of by a mass-type counter-term as discussed in Ref. The equation for $`g_c`$ is found as

$$1\frac{g}{6}(1+\frac{2}{9}g\pi \sqrt{3})\mathrm{ln}[g]+\frac{1}{27}g^2\pi \sqrt{3}\mathrm{ln}[1+\frac{1}{9}g\pi \sqrt{3}(1+\frac{g}{12})]=0.$$
(3.11)
To lowest order in the Haag expansion the equation was just $`1\frac{g}{6}\mathrm{ln}(g)=0`$ with the solution $`g_c^{(0)}=4.2\mathrm{}`$. Substracting the new equation from the zeroth order one gives a small and always negative quantity increasing with $`g`$, indicating that $`g_c>4.2`$. The solution of Eq.(3.11) to second order around $`g_c^{(0)}`$ is $`g_c=4.76\mathrm{}`$ while the direct numerical evaluation gives $`g_c=4.78`$. For comparison with other studies using the convention of Parisi et al  this has to be translated  into the reduced coupling unit $`r`$ which is just 1 at the perturbative one loop level. To the above values of $`g_c^{(0)}`$ and $`g_c`$ corresponds the values $`r=1.5`$ and $`r=1.71`$. This is in agreement with recent estimates from high-temperature ($`r=1.754`$)  and strong coupling expansions ($`r=1.746`$)  and Monte Carlo simulations ($`r=1.71`$) . However the recent RG-improved fifth order perturbative result of Ref.  is $`r_5=1.837(30)`$. A recent high precision estimate  of $`g_4`$ for the 2D Ising model leads to $`r=\frac{3g_4}{8\pi }=1.7543\mathrm{}`$. The discussion on the peculiarity of the perturbative result is postponed to the paragraph on critical exponents.

## 4  Dispersion relation, critical exponents and $`\beta `$-function

### 4.1 dispersion relation

Next we discuss the dispersion relation for the order parameter fluctuations, i.e. for the field $`\varphi _c(X)`$. Near the phase transition the equations of motion (2.12-14) are dominated by the dynamical zero modes. As a first step, in keeping with the treatment of Eq.(3.5), the lowest order solution is obtained by disregarding the non-zero mode contributions to Eq.(2.13). With the expressions of Eq.(2.7) for $`G_2`$, Eq.(2.13) reduces to

$$\mu ^2\overline{G}_{20}(q_1^+,q_1^+k^+)+\frac{\lambda }{8\pi V}\left[\frac{f^2(q_1^+)}{q_1^+}+\frac{f^2(q_1^++k^+)}{q_1^++k^+}\right]\overline{G}_{20}(q_1^+,q_1^+k^+)+\frac{\lambda }{4\pi }\varphi _c(k)=0,$$
(4.1)
and, with the properties of $`f^2(q_1^+)`$,

$$C_1^{(0)}(g,q_1^+,k^+)=\frac{g\varphi _c(k)\sqrt{(q_1^++k^+)q_1^+}}{V(q_1^++k^+)q_1^++\frac{g}{2}(2q_1^++k^+)}.$$
(4.2)
Going back to Eq.(2.12) for $`\varphi _c(k)`$ the DZM contribution shows up explicitely

$`[\mu ^2k^2]\varphi _c(k)`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{24\pi V}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑k_1^+{\displaystyle \frac{f^2(k_1^+)f^2(k_1^++k^+)}{k_1^+(k_1^++k^+)}}\overline{G}_{20}(k_1^+,k_1^+k^+)`$ (4.3)
$`+`$ $`\text{terms coming from non-zero modes}=0.`$
$`\overline{G}_{20}`$ being proportional to $`\varphi _c(k)`$ this DZM term, irrespective of other contributions due to corrections arising from the coupling of $`g_2^{++}`$ with $`\overline{G}_{20}`$ through Eq.(2.14), is therefore the first non trivial correction to the dispersion relation of the non-interacting system (on-shell condition).
With Eq.(4.3) as it stands the question of the covariance of the DZM contribution immediately arises. To examine this issue it is useful to recall how covariance emerges in the perturbative treatment with LC variables. Without the zero-mode the solution for $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ to lowest order in $`\lambda `$ is obtained from Eqs.(2.13-14) as

$$\stackrel{~}{G}_{20}(q_1,q_2;k)=\frac{\lambda }{4\pi }\frac{\varphi _c(k)}{(\mu ^2(q_1q_2+k)^2)},$$
(4.4)
and

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(q_1,q_2;k)=\frac{\lambda }{8\pi }\frac{\varphi _c(k)}{(\mu ^2(q_1+q_2+k)^2)}.$$
(4.5)
Using these expressions in Eq.(2.12) the corresponding contribution is shown in Fig. 1

$`k^+k_1^+k_2^+`$

$`k^+`$ $`k_2^+`$

$`k_1^+`$

FIG. 1. Perturbative contribution to the self-energy at 2nd order in $`\lambda `$

With LC variables it reads

$$I(k^+,k^{})=\frac{\lambda ^2}{96\pi ^2}_0^{k^+}\frac{dk_1^+}{k_1^+}_0^{k_1^+k^+}\frac{dk_2^+}{k_2^+}\frac{f^2(k_1^+)f^2(k_2^+)}{(k^+k_1^+k_2^+)(k^{}\frac{\mu ^2}{k^+k_1^+k_2^+}\frac{\mu ^2}{k_1^+}\frac{\mu ^2}{k_2^+})}.$$
(4.6)
Evaluating all momenta in units of $`k^+`$, that is $`k_1^+=xk^+,k_2^+=yk^+`$, $`I(k^+,k^{})`$ becomes evidently covariant, i.e. $`I(k^+,k^{})I(k^2)`$.

$$I(k^2)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{96\pi ^2\mu ^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^{1x}𝑑y\frac{f^2(x)f^2(y)}{[\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}xy(1xy)xy(x+y)(1xy)]}.$$
(4.7)
Thus in Eq.(4-2), with $`q_1^+`$ expressed in units of $`k^+`$, the volume $`V`$, which has dimension of length, must also be written in units of $`\frac{1}{k^+}`$, i.e. V is just $`\frac{1}{k^+}`$ times a function of Lorentz scalars. What is its argument? The external source function $`\varphi _c(X)`$ (cf Eqs.(2.9-10)) actually serves to probe characteristic distances of the system. For a periodic background field the interaction provokes a dispersion which induces another length scale, the energy flow scale, which is related to the off-shellness of the process. It is measured in terms of $`k^{}`$, say $`\frac{k^{}}{\mu ^2}`$. Hence in effect $`V(\frac{1}{k^+})^\alpha (\frac{k^{}}{\mu ^2})^{(1\alpha )}=\frac{1}{k^+}(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})^{(1\alpha )}`$. Since $`\alpha `$ is arbitrary any scalar function of $`\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}`$ is legitimate. Thus

$`V`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k^+}}v({\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}})`$ (4.8)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k^{}}{\mu ^2}}w({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{k^2}}),`$
with $`v(z)=zw(1/z)`$. The infinite volume limit is then performed such that $`(k^+0,k^{}\mathrm{})`$ with $`k^2`$ fixed. It is interesting to note that the two forms of $`V`$ in Eq.(4.8) are related by a conformal inversion $`k^+\mu ^2k^+/k^2,k^{}\mu ^2k^{}/k^2`$. We shall come back to the specific LC transformation properties susceptible to fix further the explicit form of $`v(z)`$.

With Eq.(4.8) the DZM coefficient $`C_1^{(0)}`$ of Eq.(4.2) takes now the following form,

$$C_1^{(0)}(g,q_1^+=xk^+,k^+)C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k)=\frac{g\varphi _c(k)\sqrt{x(1+x)}}{v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})x(1+x)+\frac{g}{2}(2x+1)}.$$
(4.9)
The zero modes covering the whole system, the presence of the volume in $`C_1^{(0)}`$ of Eq.(4.2) is not surprising. For a continuum formulation the finiteness of $`C_1^{(0)}`$ in the infinite volume limit is not evident at first sight. In the standard discretized approach (DLCQ) all momenta are inversely proportional to the size $`L`$ of the compact domain, indicating that $`C_1^{(0)}`$ should be finite in the infinite $`L`$ limit. However the restauration of covariance in this case is not clear . It is plain to see that in the continuum approach the infinite volume limit can be taken in a consistent way which, in keeping with the perturbative approach, restores also the covariance of the DZM expressions.

Going back to Eq.(4.3) the DZM contribution can be written as $`I_{DZM}(k^2)\varphi _c(k)`$

$`I_{DZM}(k^2)\varphi _c(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{24\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1+x)}}}C_1^0(g,x,k)`$ (4.10)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda g}{24\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _c(k)}{\sqrt{g^2+v^2(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})}}}\mathrm{ln}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{g+v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})+\sqrt{g^2+v^2(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})}}{g+v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})\sqrt{g^2+v^2(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})}}}\right].`$
The dispersion relation becomes simply

$$k^2\mu ^2I_{DZM}(k^2)=0.$$
(4.11)
In the limit $`k^20`$ it should reproduce the constraint (after renormalization)

$$\theta _3=\varphi _c\mu ^2(1\frac{g}{6}\mathrm{ln}(g))=0.$$
(4.12)
The comparaison of these last two relations shows that $`lim_{k^20}v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})`$ should be zero. For $`v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})g`$ the following expansion holds

$$\frac{1}{\mu ^2}I_{DZM}(k^2)|_{vg}=\frac{g}{6}[\mathrm{ln}(g)\mathrm{ln}(\frac{v}{2})+\frac{v}{g}]+O(v^2\mathrm{ln}(v)).$$
(4.13)
In this case the divergent part is given by the $`\mathrm{ln}(v)`$ term and is taken care of by renormalisation. If $`lim_{k^20}v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})(k^2)^\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <1`$ the leading term in the dispersion relation is the one linear in $`v`$ . Apparently within our approximations for the solution of the EQM the dependence of $`v`$ on $`k^2`$ determines completely the dispersion relation and therefore the critical exponent $`\eta `$. Given that $`\eta `$ is sensitive to extensive properties of the system this result is not surprising.

To proceed further we discuss now the physical conditions possibly fixing the function $`v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})`$. The volume $`V`$ of Eq.(4.8) should be at least stationnary under variations of $`(k^+,k^{})`$ preserving the local light cone structure. The identity map for the upper-half plane $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ with $`k^+>0`$ is given by the projective special linear group $`PSL(2,\text{IR })`$. Let $`z=k^{}+Ik^+`$, then an automorphism of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ must be of the form

$$T(z)=\frac{\alpha z+\beta }{\gamma z+\delta },$$
(4.14)
with $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta \text{IR }`$ and $`\alpha \delta \gamma \beta >0`$. This can always be reduced by projection to $`\alpha \delta \gamma \beta =1`$. The conformal transformation (4.14) is the product of a dilatation, a translation and an inversion. The translation is purely real and concerns only $`k^{}`$ (the energy), the origin of which is arbitrary. Since in the infinite volume limit dilatations do not change the physical situation special conformal transformations (SCT) are then the only relevant ones to consider (cf Appendix B). SCT’s corresponds to $`\alpha =1,\beta =0,\gamma =c`$ and $`\delta =1`$. To derive a differential equation for $`v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})`$ we consider the infinitesimal form of $`T(z)`$

$$\delta T(z)=z\delta _cz^2.$$
(4.15)
Putting $`V=V(z,\overline{z})`$ and $`X=\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}`$ the evaluation of $`\mathrm{\Delta }V=V(T(z),\overline{T(z)})V(z,\overline{z})`$ in the limit ($`k^+0,k^{}\mathrm{}`$, $`k^2`$ fixed) (cf. Appendix B) , yields the differential equation: $`v^{}(X)=\frac{2}{3}\frac{v(X)}{X}`$ ; with $`v(0)=0`$ the solution becomes $`v(X)=X^{(\frac{2}{3})}=(\frac{k}{\mu })^{\frac{4}{3}}`$ yielding $`\eta =24/3=2/3`$ for the critical exponent. For the universality class of the Ising model the exact result is $`\eta =1/4`$. Hence the simplest DZM contribution $`4/3`$ already accounts for about $`76\%`$ of the exact result $`7/4`$ . However there are corrections to the DZM coefficient $`C_1^{(0)}`$ of Eq.(4.9) coming from interaction terms neglected in Eq.(2.13). Can they provide the missing contributions? With their inclusion one can see that Eq.(4.9) becomes

$$C_1(g,x,k)=\frac{g\sqrt{x(1+x)}[\varphi _c(k)+A(g,x,k)]}{v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})x(1+x)+\frac{g}{2}(2x+1)+2gxB(g,x,k)}.$$
(4.16)
The calculation of the functions $`A(g,x,k)`$ and $`B(g,x,k)`$ is detailed in Appendix C. For $`g=4.2`$ the coefficients $`C_1(g,x,k)`$ above and $`C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k)`$ , Eq.(4.9), both divided by $`\varphi _c(k)\sqrt{x(x+1)}`$, are shown in Fig. $`(2.a)`$ as a function of $`x`$ for $`k=0.1\mu `$ and in Fig. $`(2.b)`$ as a function of $`k`$ for $`x=1`$.
$`(2.a)`$ $`(2.b)`$
FIG. 2. $`C_1(g,x,k)`$ and $`C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k)`$ as a function of $`x`$ for $`k=0.1`$ $`(2.a)`$ and of $`k`$
for $`x=1`$ $`(2.b)`$, both for $`g=4.2`$.

With this new value of $`C_1`$ the dispersion relation integral $`I_{DZM}(k^2)`$ can only be evaluated numerically for given values of $`g`$ and $`k`$. Fig. $`(2.a)`$ indicates that the result should be close to the initial one with however some difference in the $`k`$-dependence as seen from Fig. $`(2.b)`$. In the limit $`k0`$ and for $`g=4.2`$ the initial dispersion integral $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)=\frac{24\pi }{\lambda }I_{DZM}(k^2)`$ of Eq.(4.10) reduces to (cf Eq.(4.13))

$$\underset{k0}{lim}\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1^0}=2.12585+1.3333\mathrm{log}(k)0.238663k^{(\frac{4}{3})}+0.046304k^{(\frac{8}{3})}.$$
(4.17)
The two functions $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)`$, evaluated as above and by numerical integration with $`C_1(g,x,k)`$, are plotted in Fig $`(3.a)`$ as a function of $`k`$ for $`g=4.2`$. In the later case a least square fit (cf. Appendix C) with a functionnal of the form of Eq.(4.17) gives

$$\underset{k0}{lim}\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1}=2.3278+1.3333\mathrm{log}(k)27.103k^{(\frac{7}{4})}+3040.6k^{(\frac{7}{2})},$$
(4.18)
which is compared to the result of the numerical integration with $`C_1`$ in Fig. (3.b).
$`(3.a)`$ $`(3.b)`$
FIG. 3. The dispersion integrals $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1^0}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1}`$ in $`(3.a)`$ and the
numerical and fitted $`(Eq.(4.18))`$ expressions in $`(3.b)`$ as a function of $`k`$ for $`g=4.2`$.

It seems remarkable that the expected power of $`k`$, $`\frac{7}{4}`$ giving $`\eta =2\frac{7}{4}=\frac{1}{4}`$, provides quite a good fit. However, despite the confidence in our fitting procedure -it has been tested in fitting the exact integration performed with $`C_1^{(0)}`$ instead of $`C_1`$, whereby the result (4.17) is reproduced with high accuracy (cf. Appendic C) - the least square criterion is not stringent enough to fix the power of $`k`$ with total trust. E.g. a 10 % variation of the $`\chi ^2`$ per point results from the arbitrariness of the distribution of points between k=0 and k=0.1. This leads to a corresponding uncertainty of the power of $`k`$ of about $`3\%`$ which locates $`\eta `$ between $`0.2`$ and $`0.3`$ or in other terms $`\eta =0.25\pm 0.05`$. An analytical analysis of the behaviour of the full dispersion relation at low $`k^2`$ is the only way to settle the issue without ambiguities. Unfortunately we have not been able to perform such an analytical investigation of the interaction corrections to the dispersion integral $`I_{DZM}(k^2)`$.

### 4.2  $`\beta `$-function

To determine the $`\beta `$-function the constraint, Eq.(3.5), which depends on the cutt-off $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ through the test-function $`\widehat{f}^2(k)`$, is considered as a prescription for the calculation of the critical mass $`M(g,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. $`M^2(g,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is just $`\mu ^2`$ times the right hand side of Eq.(3.11), with $`\mu ^2=\lambda /(4\pi g)`$.

One has

$$\beta (g)=M[\frac{M}{g}]_{(\lambda ,\mathrm{\Lambda })}^1.$$
(4.19)
Evaluating (4.19) gives

$`\beta (g)`$ $`=`$ $`2g{\displaystyle \frac{N(g)}{D(g)}},`$ (4.20)
with,

$`N(g)`$ $`=`$ $`[1{\displaystyle \frac{g}{6}}(1+g{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}})\mathrm{ln}(g)+g^2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{27}}\mathrm{ln}(1+g{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{12}}))][1+g{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{12}})],`$
$`D(g)`$ $`=`$ $`(1+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{6}})[1+g{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{12}})]+{\displaystyle \frac{g^2\pi \sqrt{3}}{27}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{g^2\pi \sqrt{3}}{108}})`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2\pi \sqrt{3}}{27}}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{g\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{12}})]\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{g}{(1+g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9}(1+\frac{g}{12}))}}).`$
From standard renormalization group analysis one must have

$$\underset{g0}{lim}\beta (g)=(4D)g+O(g^2)$$

which is indeed the case for $`\beta (g)`$ of Eq.(4.20). To lowest order in the Haag expansion the corresponding $`\beta `$-function is just

$$\beta _0(g)=\frac{2g(1\frac{g}{6}\mathrm{ln}g)}{(1+\frac{g}{6})}.$$
(4.21)
The two functions $`\beta (g)`$ and $`\beta _0(g)`$ are plotted in Fig.4.
FIG. 4. The functions $`\beta (g)`$, Eqs.(4.20-4.21).

In both cases the exponent $`\omega =\beta ^{}(g_{cr})=2`$ exactly . In particular the authors of Ref emphasize that at $`D=2`$ perturbative estimates of the critical value of $`g`$ and of $`\omega `$ are not reliable due to strong nonanalytic corrections to the $`\beta `$-function. Moreover these nonanalyticities invalidate the conventionnal wisdom that $`\omega `$ is parametrization independant with respect to the space of coupling constants. This is most easily seen for the Ising model. With $`b`$ denoting the usual dimensionless Ising coupling, the critical value is $`b_c=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}(\sqrt{2}+1)`$. Let $`t=1\frac{b}{b_c}`$, then the ”mass”, i.e. the inverse of the correlation length $`\xi `$, is a known function of $`t`$, $`m=t`$. Using Eq.(4.20) gives $`\beta (b)=b_ct`$ and $`\omega =\beta ^{}(b_c)=1`$. A field theoretic definition of the coupling  is now introduced

$$g^{}=\underset{t0}{lim}g(t)=\underset{t0}{lim}[\frac{\chi _4}{\chi \xi ^2}],$$
(4.22)
Here $`\chi `$ is the ”magnetic” susceptibility, $`\chi _4`$ is the 4-point function at zero momentum and $`\xi `$ the 2nd moment of the correlation length. With this definition the new beta function becomes

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }(g^{})=m\frac{g^{}}{m}=\beta (b)\frac{g^{}}{b},$$
(4.23)
which implies

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}(g^{})=\beta ^{}(b)+\beta (b)\frac{g^\mathrm{"}(b)}{g^{^{}}(b)}.$$
(4.24)
The common wisdom is then that $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }=\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}(g_c^{})=\beta ^{}(b_c)=\omega `$ since $`\beta (b_c)=0`$. However it is not so since $`g^{}(b)=t^\mathrm{\Delta }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }1`$. Indeed $`g^\mathrm{"}(b)/g^{^{}}(b)=(\mathrm{\Delta }1)/(b_ct)`$ and since $`\beta (b)=b_ct`$ the correct relation is now

$$\stackrel{~}{\omega }=\omega +\mathrm{\Delta }1=\mathrm{\Delta }.$$
(4.25)
For the Ising model $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{7}{4}`$, and for $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{1+1}^4`$, with $`g=\frac{\lambda }{4\pi \mu ^2}`$, $`\omega =2`$.
The situation was apparently known long ago  and is examplified here in a simple and transparent way.

## 5 Conclusion

In the framework of LC quantization the mechanisms of symmetry breaking have attracted a lot of interest because of their evident nonperturbative aspects. In this respect the analysis of critical behaviour is a key issue to which, however, little attention has been given in the past. In particular for $`D=2`$ it is well known that critical exponents are truely nonperturbative extensive quantities which are not easily calculable by conventional methods. $`2D`$ Conformal Field Theory (CFT) was the most spectacular achievement providing a wealth of analytical results for a variety of models. Some specific deformations of certain $`2D`$ CFT give a hint to the treatment of some particular $`3D`$ systems but the systematics is, so far, elusive .

The LC quantization scheme is an interesting nonperturbative alternative valid in any dimension. In this paper we have shown that a full understanding of the physics of zero modes combined with non-compact continuum field dynamics is necessary to correctly evaluate the critical coupling and to treat covariantly the low k$`{}_{}{}^{+}`$ region determining the scaling behaviour. It is found that conformal transformations preserving the local light cone structure govern the scaling behaviour of the two-point function and provide $`75\%`$ of the total contribution to the critical exponent $`\eta `$ . The remaining contributions being due to specific interaction terms were analyzed and found to have the expected magnitude to make up for the missing $`25\%`$. However, our result for these corrections is based on a numerical analysis and should be supported in addition by analytical investigations taking full advantage of the conformal symmetries valid at the critical point. Thereby one could possibly relate the CLCQ approach to the corresponding CFT. It is worth noting that the ensemble of multicritical scalar models (the so called unitary A-A series in CFT language) with effective Lagrangians $`=\frac{1}{2}(\phi )^2+\phi ^{2k}`$, $`k>2`$, can also be treated in CLCQ. For $`k>2`$ the equations of motion, the constraints and the dispersion integral $`I_{DZM}(k^2)`$ will differ from the ones for $`\phi ^4`$. Comparing the critical exponents $`\eta `$ with exact CFT results would provide another test of the CLCQ DZM treatment.

#### Acknowledgements

E. Werner is grateful to André Neveu for his kind hospitality at LPM and for financial support. Discussions with A. Neveu, V. Fateev, E. Onifri, H. de Vega and Th. Heinzl are gratefully acknowledged. Part of this work has been accomplished under NATO Grant $`N^0CRG920472`$

Appendix

## Appendix A Approximate solution of the coupled equations (3.2-3.3)

For the sake of clarity a more elaborate notation is used here. The zero order coefficient $`C_0`$ of Eq.(3.7) depends also on the coupling g and on the order parameter $`\varphi _0`$, so it is noted now

$$C_0(g,\varphi _0,k)=\frac{g\varphi _0}{(g+k)}.$$
(A.1)
To make clear that the source term $`g_{20}`$ in Eqs.(3.3-3.4) may depend on the initial and effective coupling $`g`$ and $`g_f`$ through the coefficient $`C_0`$, $`g_{20}`$ is noted

$$g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)=\frac{g}{4}\frac{q_1q_2}{(q_1^2+q_2^2+q_1q_2)}[C_0(g_f,\varphi _0,q_1)+C_0(g_f,\varphi _0,q_2)+2\varphi _0].$$
(A.2)
Then $`g_{21}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ and $`G_{21}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ will be the one time iterated value of $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$. They write explicitely

$`g_{21}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ $`=`$ $`g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)g{\displaystyle \frac{q_1q_2}{(q_1^2+g_2^2+q_1q_2)}}[q_1{\displaystyle _0^{q_1}}dk_1{\displaystyle \frac{g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_1)}{(k_1^2+q_1^2k_1q_1)}}`$ (A.3)
$`+`$ $`q_2{\displaystyle _0^{q_2}}𝑑k_1{\displaystyle \frac{g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_2)}{(k_1^2+q_2^2k_1q_2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{q_1}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_1)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{q_2}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_2)]`$
$`G_{21}(g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ $`=`$ $`2g_{20}(g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)+2g{\displaystyle \frac{q_1q_2}{(q_1^2+q_2^2q_1q_2)}}[q_1{\displaystyle _0^{q_1}}dk_1{\displaystyle \frac{g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_1)}{(k_1^2+q_1^2k_1q_1)}}`$ (A.4)
$`+`$ $`q_2{\displaystyle _0^{q_2}}𝑑k_1{\displaystyle \frac{g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_2)}{(k_1^2+q_2^2k_1q_2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{q_1}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_1)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _0^{q_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_1}{k_1}}g_{20}(g,g,\varphi _0,k_1,q_2)].`$
The integration limits are dictated by the fact that only states with positive momenta can be created. The integrals in Eqs.(A.3-A.4) can be obtained in closed forms. To show that $`g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,\pm q_2)`$ with $`g_f=\frac{g}{(1+g\frac{\pi \sqrt{3}}{9})}`$ leads to good approximate solutions to the coupled integrals equations (3.2-3.3), $`g_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ and $`G_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ will denote the right hand side of Eqs.(A.3) and (A.4) respectively with $`g_{20}`$ in the integrals replaced by $`g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_i)`$. The functions $`g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_1)`$, $`g_{21}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,q_1)`$ and $`g_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_1)`$ are plotted in Fig.(A-1) as function of $`q_1`$ for $`\varphi _0=0.01`$ and $`g=1.5`$ and $`g=4.2`$.

FIG. A-1. Approximate solutions of Eq.(3.3) as explained in text.

In Fig.(A-2) the functions $`2g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,1.0)`$, $`G_{21}(g,g,\varphi _0,q_1,1.0)`$ and $`G_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,1.0)`$ are represented as function of $`q_1`$ for the same values of $`\varphi _0`$ and $`g`$ (purely diagonnal cases are not relevant here).

FIG. A-2. Approximate solutions of Eq.(3.2) as explained in text.

In both cases the one time iterated functions keep the same shape as the source term. Other non-diagonnal cases in $`q_i`$ show similar features. The agreement between $`g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ and $`g_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ is already quite satisfactory and can be further improved for $`2g_{20}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ and $`G_{22}(g,g_f,\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ in the following way. The effective coupling $`g_f`$ is changed to

$$g_f(x)=\frac{g}{(1+g\frac{x\pi \sqrt{3}}{9})}$$
(A.5)
Then a set of grid points in $`q`$ is chosen on which a $`\chi ^2`$-function depending on $`(g,x,\varphi _0)`$ is built out of the difference squared between the ansatz solutions based on $`g_{20}`$ ,$`g_{22}`$ and $`G_{22}`$. Thus, for a given $`(g,\varphi _0)`$, $`x`$ is the value which minimizes in a least square sense the difference between the left and right sides of the integral equations with $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{22}^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{22}`$ replaced by the ansatz just mentionned. The following table of values is obtained ($`\varphi _0=0.01`$, the precise value is irrelevant)

|  |  |  | g | .2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | x(g) | .822 | .918 | 1.0 | 1.09 | 1.17 | 1.255 | 1.33 | 1.41 |

As expected $`x`$ remains close to one with a linear dependence $`0.0835g\frac{g}{12}`$. For $`g`$ small ($`<2`$ ) the values of $`x`$ depend somewhat on the repartition of the grid points and the analytic argument of section (3.3) indicates that $`x1`$ in this cases. For $`g7`$ the form used hereafter is

$$x(g)=1+\frac{g}{12}.$$
(A.6)
The quality of the ansatz solutions can be vievwed easily by plotting $`g_{20}(g,g_f(x),\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$,
$`g_{22}(g,g_f(x),\varphi _0,q_1,q_2)`$ etc.. since all integrals in Eqs.(A.3-A.4) can be performed.

The expressions for $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{22}^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{22}`$ are now used to find the new $`C(g,\varphi _0,k)`$, solution of Eq.(3.5). The evaluation is simple and consists in performing exactly the integrals in Eq.(3.8). For $`g1`$ the plots do not distinguish between $`C_0(g,\varphi _0,k)`$ of Eq.(A.1) and the new function of $`k`$. Their difference increases with $`g`$ but remains small as shown in Fig.(A.3) for $`g=5`$.

FIG. A.3. the functions $`C(k)`$ of Eq.(3.7) and solution of Eq.(3.5) for $`g=5`$

This establishes the consistency of the procedure so that no further iteration seems needed with a more accurate expression for $`C(g,\varphi _0,k)`$.

## Appendix B Behaviour of the volume under transformations of the projective special linear group $`PSL(2,\text{IR })`$ preserving the local light cone structure

Let $`z=k^{}+Ik^+`$. The conformal transformation $`T(z)=\frac{\alpha z+\beta }{\gamma z+\delta }`$, with real coefficients $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta `$ such that $`\alpha \delta \beta \gamma =1`$, maps the upper-half plane onto itself and preserves the local light cone structure, namely

$`T:\{\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{timelikevector}\hfill & \hfill & \mathrm{timelikevector}\hfill \\ \mathrm{nullvector}\hfill & \hfill & \mathrm{nullvector}\hfill \\ \mathrm{spacelikevector}\hfill & \hfill & \mathrm{spacelikevector}\hfill \end{array}`$
In full generality one may choose $`\alpha =e^{\frac{\rho }{2}}(1+ac)`$, $`\beta =ae^{\frac{\rho }{2}}`$, $`\gamma =ce^{\frac{\rho }{2}}`$ and $`\delta =e^{\frac{\rho }{2}}`$. T(z) results then from the successive actions of a dilatation, $`zze^\rho `$, followed by a special conformal transformation (SCT), $`z\frac{z}{1+cz}`$, and a translation, $`zz+a`$. For infinitesimal values of the parameters $`\delta _a,\delta _c`$ and $`\delta _\rho `$ $`T(z)=z+\delta _a\delta _cz^2+\delta _\rho z`$. Requiring stationnarity of the volume $`V=\frac{1}{k^+}v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})V(z,\overline{z})`$ under the infinitesimal transformation $`zT(z)`$ leads to the relation

$$[\frac{\delta _\rho }{k^{}}+2\delta _c]\frac{v(X)}{X}=[\frac{\delta _a}{(k^{})^2}2\frac{\delta _\rho }{k^{}}+\delta _c(3\frac{k^4}{(k^{})^4})]\frac{v(X)}{X},$$
(B.2)
where $`X=\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}`$. In the limit $`(k^+0,k^{}\mathrm{})`$ with $`k^2`$ fixed only the $`\delta _c`$ (SCT) contribution survives. With the initial condition $`v(0)=0`$ the solution is $`v(X)=X^{(\frac{2}{3})}`$.

## Appendix C Corrections to the dispersion relation and power law behaviour at small $`k^2`$.

The starting point to evaluate corrections to $`C_1^{(0)}(g,q^+,k^+)`$ of Eq.(4.2) is Eq.(2.13). Using Eq.(2.7) to extract the DZM contribution, the complete equation for $`C_1(g,q^+,k^+)`$ now reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{C_1(g,x,k)}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}}\left[v({\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\mu ^2}})x(1+x)+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}(2x+1)\right]+g\varphi _c(k)`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}\widehat{f}^2(z)\left[\stackrel{~}{G}_2^{NZ}(z,(1+x);k)+\stackrel{~}{G}_2^{NZ}(x,z;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(z,x;k)+2\stackrel{~}{g}_2^{++}(z,1+x;k)\right]}=0,`$
where $`q^+=xk^+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2^{NZ}`$ is the non-zero mode contribution to $`\stackrel{~}{G}_2`$. The corrections come from the integral terms which are evaluated with the lowest order solution $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{20}^{++}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{20}^{NZ}`$, i.e. obtained by neglecting integral terms in their own equation. These solutions read

$`\stackrel{~}{g}_{20}^{++}(x,y;k)`$ $`=`$ $`h(x,y;k)\left[\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{x}{1+x}}}C_1(g,x,k)+\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{y}{1+y}}}C_1^{(0)}(g,y,k)+2\varphi _c(k)\right],`$
$`\stackrel{~}{G}_{20}^{NZ}(x,y;k)`$ $`=`$ $`2\varphi _c(k)h(x,y;k),h(x,y;k)={\displaystyle \frac{g}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{xy}{(1+k^2x)y(y+x(1+x))+x(1+x)}}.`$ (C.2)
In $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{20}^{++}(x,y;k)`$ terms which can be regrouped later on with $`C_1(g,x,k)`$ in Eq.(C.1) have been singled out whereas $`C_1(g,y,k)`$ was replaced by $`C_1^{(0)}(g,y,k)`$ whenever this coefficient enters under the integral to be performed. Eq.(C.1) can then be written as

$$\frac{C_1(g,x,k)}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}\left[v(\frac{k^2}{\mu ^2})x(1+x)+\frac{g}{2}(2x+1)+2gxB(g,x,k)\right]+g(\varphi _c(k)+A(g,x,k))=0,$$
(C.3)
where $`A(g,x,k)=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{i=1}^4A_i(g,x,k)+2\varphi _c(k)[B(g,x,k)+B(g,1+x,k)]`$ with

$`A_1(g,x,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{(1+x)}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}}\stackrel{~}{G}_{20}^{NZ}(z,(1+x);k)`$
$`A_2(g,x,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _0^x}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}}\stackrel{~}{G}_{20}^{NZ}(x,z;k)`$
$`A_3(g,x,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{z}{1+z}}}C_1^{(0)}(g,z,k)h(z,x,k)`$
$`A_4(g,x,k)`$ $`=`$ $`A_3(g,1+x,k),B(g,x,k)={\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}}h(z,x,k).`$ (C.4)
All the integrals in $`A_i(g,x,k)`$ and in $`B(g,x,k)`$ can be obtained in closed forms but the final integral over $`x`$ giving the dispersion contribution $`I_{DZM}(k^2)`$ can only be done numerically for given values of $`g`$ and $`k`$. As seen in Fig.(2.a) $`C_1(g,x,k)`$ and $`C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k)`$ approach each other for large $`x`$; we therefore separate the integral over $`x`$ as follows

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1+x)}}}C_1(g,x,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^{50}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1+x)}}}C_1(g,x,k)+`$ (C.5)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{C_1(g,50,k)}{C_1^{(0)}(g,50,k)}}{\displaystyle _{50}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1+x)}}}C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k).`$
Thereby we avoid delicate numerical work in the limit of large $`x`$, since the last contribution can be evaluated analytically. For $`g=4.2`$ the corresponding dispersion integral $`I_{DZM}(k^2)`$ is shown by the continuous curve in Fig.(3). A fitting procedure is now envisaged to extract its power law behaviour as a function of $`k`$ in the small $`k`$ region. The method is tested first on the known result with $`C_1^{(0)}(g,x,k)`$ which reads

$$\underset{k0}{lim}\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1^0}=2.12585+\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{log}(k)0.238663k^{(\frac{4}{3})}+0.046304k^{(\frac{8}{3})}0.037973k^{(\frac{8}{3})}\mathrm{log}(k).$$
(C.6)
A grid of 40 points between $`k=0`$ and $`0.1`$ is chosen according to the relation

$$k(i)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{tan}[\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{arctan}[0.210](1+z(i))],$$
(C.7)
where $`z(i)`$ are the 40 Gauss points with $`1<z(i)<1`$. This choice produces points with greater density in the region where the function to be fitted is varying most rapidly. With a trial function of the form of Eq.(C.6) with unknown coefficients and powers of $`k`$ the constant and the coefficient of the log term are first adjusted by least-square fitting the lower part of the spectrum. Thereby the domain to explore in the multiparameter space is considerably reduced. A full least-square search is then performed over the whole 40 points giving

$$fit(k)=2.12585+1.33333\mathrm{log}(k)0.23848k^{(1.3333)}+0.05382k^{(2.6666)}0.03335k^{(2.6666)}\mathrm{log}(k).$$
(C.8)
The same tactic is used for the numerical spectrum of Fig.(3). The spectral values are given in table (C.1)

Table C.1. Values of $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1}`$ as function of $`k`$

A least-square fit on the eight first points of the spectrum fixes the constant and the coefficient of the $`log`$ term to $`2.185`$ and $`1/3`$ respectively. The remaining part $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1}+2.185\frac{1}{3}log(k)`$ is shown in Fig.(C.1) and is therefore a power of k close to $`2`$.

FIG. C.1. $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{DZM}(k^2)|_{C_1}+2.185\frac{1}{3}log(k)`$ as a function of $`k`$.

The final least-square search with a trial fitting function $`a+\frac{1}{3}log(k)+ck^e+dk^{2e}`$ is made over the whole spectrum with input values $`a=2`$, $`c=27,e=1`$ and $`d=3000`$ with the result

$$fit(k)=2.3278+\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}(k)26.9999k^{(1.74959)}+3040k^{(3.4992)}.$$
(C.9)
Fixing finally $`e`$ to $`\frac{7}{4}`$ gives the fit of Eq.(4.18).