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# Polarized Virtual Photon Structure Function 𝑔₂^𝛾 and Twist-3 Effects in QCD

## 1 Introduction

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the study of spin structures of photon. Especially, the first moment of the polarized photon structure function $`g_1^\gamma `$ has attracted much attention in the literature - in connection with the axial anomaly, which is also relevant to the analysis of the nucleon spin structure function $`g_1^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ . The polarized photon structure functions may be extracted from the resolved photon process in the polarized version of the $`ep`$ collider HERA . More directly, they can be measured by the polarized $`e^+e^{}`$ collision experiments in the future linear colliders (Fig.1), where $`Q^2`$ ($`P^2`$) is the mass squared of the probe (target) photon.

For the real photon ($`P^2=0`$) target, there exists only one spin-dependent structure function, $`g_1^\gamma (x,Q^2)`$, which is equivalent to the structure function $`W_4^\gamma (x,Q^2)`$ ($`g_1^\gamma 2W_4^\gamma `$) discussed some time ago in . The leading order (LO) QCD corrections to $`g_1^\gamma `$ for real photon target was first calculated by one of the authors in  and later in , while the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD analysis has been performed in .

In the case of virtual photon target ($`P^20`$), and especially when we deal with the kinematical region, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2P^2Q^2`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the QCD scale parameter, we can calculate the whole structure functions up to NLO in QCD by the perturbative method, in contrast to the case of real photon target where in NLO there exist non-perturbative pieces . In this context, the spin-independent structure functions $`F_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ and $`F_L^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ as well as the parton contents of unpolarized virtual photon were studied in the above kinematical region in LO  and in NLO -. The target mass effects on both the unpolarized and polarized virtual photon structure functions were discussed in LO . More recently, the spin-dependent structure function $`g_1^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ of virtual photon has been investigated up to NLO by the present authors in , and also in the second paper of .

Generally, for the virtual photon target, there exists another structure function $`g_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$, which is the analogue to the spin-dependent nucleon structure function $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ . In the language of operator product expansion (OPE), it is well known that both twist-2 and twist-3 operators contribute to $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ in the leading order of $`1/Q^2`$. The same is also true for $`g_2^\gamma `$. In this paper, we shall investigate the twist-3 contribution to $`g_2^\gamma `$ in the leading order in QCD, and show that they are sizable in contrast to the nucleon case, where the experimental data show that the twist-3 contribution appears to be small .

In the next section we discuss the two structure functions, $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$, which describe the deep inelastic scattering off polarized virtual photon target. (How the information on $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ can be extracted from the spin dependent experiments of $`e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+\mathrm{hadrons}`$ is shown in Appendix A.) They are related to the $`s`$-channel helicity amplitudes which appear in the forward virtual photon-photon scattering. We examine the box diagrams for the photon-photon scattering to obtain the parton model predictions for $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$. We then extract a piece which is a deviation from the Wandzura-Wilczek relation . In Sec. 3 we show in the framework of the pure QED operator product expansion that the extracted piece actually arises from the twist-3 effects. In Sec. 4, we examine the QCD twist-3 effects in $`g_2^\gamma `$ in LO. We calculate the non-trivial lowest moment ($`n=3`$) of the twist-3 contribution to $`g_2^\gamma `$. For large $`N_c`$, the QCD analysis of the twist-3 effects in the flavor nonsinglet part of $`g_2^\gamma `$ becomes simple and we can obtain its moments in a compact form for all $`n`$. The final section is devoted to the conclusion and discussion.

## 2 $`g_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ and box-diagram calculation

Let us consider the virtual photon-photon forward scattering for $`\gamma (q)+\gamma (p)\gamma (q)+\gamma (p)`$ illustrated in Fig.2,

$$T_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }(p,q)=id^4xd^4yd^4ze^{iqx}e^{ip(yz)}0|T(J_\mu (x)J_\nu (0)J_\rho (y)J_\tau (z))|0.$$
(2.1)
where $`J`$ is the electromagnetic current, and $`q`$ and $`p`$ are four-momenta of the probe and target photon, respectively. Its absorptive part is related to the structure tensor $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }(p,q)`$ for the photon with mass squared $`p^2=P^2`$ probed by the photon with $`q^2=Q^2`$:

$$W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }(p,q)=\frac{1}{\pi }\mathrm{Im}T_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }(p,q),$$
(2.2)
The anti-symmetric part, $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }^A`$, under the interchange $`\mu \nu `$ and $`\rho \tau `$, can be written in terms of the two spin-dependent structure functions, $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ as

$`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(pq)^2}}[(I_{})_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }g_1^\gamma (J_{})_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }g_2^\gamma ],`$ (2.3)
where the two tensors $`I_{}`$ and $`J_{}`$ are explicitly given by

$`(I_{})_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ $``$ $`pqϵ_{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }ϵ_{\rho \tau }^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma \beta }q^\lambda p_\beta ,`$ (2.4)
$`(J_{})_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ $``$ $`ϵ_{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha \beta }q^\lambda p^\sigma q^\alpha p^\beta pqϵ_{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }ϵ_{\rho \tau }^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma \beta }q^\lambda p_\beta .`$ (2.5)
In fact we observe that $`I_{}`$ and $`J_{}`$ are related to those of eight independent kinematic-singularity-free tensors, introduced by Brown and Muzinich (see Eqs.(A3)-(A10) of Ref.) to express the virtual photon-photon forward scattering amplitude, as follows: $`I_{}=I_2I_3`$ and $`J_{}=I_7I_8`$.

It may be useful here to see the relations between structure functions $`g_i^\gamma `$ (i=1,2) and $`s`$-channel helicity amplitudes, which are defined as

$$W(ab|a^{}b^{})=ϵ_\mu ^{}(a)ϵ_\rho ^{}(b)W^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }ϵ_\nu (a^{})ϵ_\tau (b^{}),$$
(2.6)
where $`ϵ_\mu (a)`$ represents the photon polarization vector with helicity $`a`$, and $`a,a^{}=0,\pm 1`$, and $`b,b^{}=0,\pm 1`$. They are related as follows:

$`g_1^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2X}}\left[\left\{W(11|11)W(11|11)\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{(p^2q^2)^{1/2}}{pq}}\left\{W(11|00)+W(01|10)\right\}\right],`$
$`g_2^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2X}}\left[\left\{W(11|11)W(11|11)\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{pq}{(p^2q^2)^{1/2}}}\left\{W(11|00)+W(01|10)\right\}\right],`$
where $`X=(pq)^2p^2q^2`$.

The photon structure functions $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ are just the analogues to the nucleon counterparts $`g_1^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ and $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$, respectively. But it is noted that $`g_2^\gamma `$ exists only for the off-shell or virtual photon ($`P^20`$) target.

Now let us calculate $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ in the simple parton model by evaluating the box diagrams depicted in Fig. 3. We introduce two projectors $`(P_I)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ and $`(P_J)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$:

$`(P_I)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4X^2}}\left[\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{p^2q^2}{2(pq)^2}}\right)(I_{})^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}(J_{})^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }\right],`$ (2.8)
$`(P_J)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4X^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}(I_{})^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{(pq)^2}{2p^2q^2}}\right)(J_{})^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }\right],`$ (2.9)
which satisfy

$`P_I(I_{})=1,P_I(J_{})=0,`$
$`P_J(I_{})=0,P_J(J_{})=1.`$ (2.10)
Then $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ are given by

$`g_1^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`(pq)^2(P_I)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }W_{}^{A}{}_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }{}^{},`$
$`g_2^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`(pq)^2(P_J)^{\mu \nu \rho \tau }W_{}^{A}{}_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }{}^{}.`$ (2.11)
Applying the projectors $`P_I`$ and $`P_J`$ to the box-diagram (massless quark-loop) contributions, and ignoring the power corrections of $`P^2/Q^2`$, we obtain

$`g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)={\displaystyle \frac{3\alpha }{\pi }}N_fe^4\left[(2x1)\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{P^2}}2(2x1)(\mathrm{ln}x+1)\right],`$ (2.12)
$`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)={\displaystyle \frac{3\alpha }{\pi }}N_fe^4\left[(2x1)\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{P^2}}+2(2x1)\mathrm{ln}x+6x4\right],`$
(2.13)
where $`x=Q^2/(2pq)`$, $`\alpha =e^2/4\pi `$, the QED coupling constant, and $`e^4=_{i=1}^{N_f}e_i^4/N_f`$, with $`N_f`$ being the number of active quark flavors. The above results are consistent with those of Ref., where polarized gluon structure functions were considered. It is noted that the first moment of $`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ vanishes, i.e., $`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ satisfies the Burkhardt-Cottingham (BC) sum rule :

$$_0^1𝑑xg_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)=0.$$
(2.14)
We will see from the OPE analysis in the next section that the BC sum rule for $`g_2^\gamma `$ generally holds in the deep-inelastic region, $`Q^2P^2`$. Also note that the sum $`g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}+g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ does not have $`\mathrm{ln}Q^2/P^2`$ behavior.

In the case of nucleon, the spin-dependent structure function $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ receives both twist-2 and twist-3 contributions,

$$g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}(x,Q^2)=g_2^{\mathrm{nucl},\mathrm{tw}.2}(x,Q^2)+g_2^{\mathrm{nucl},\mathrm{tw}.3}(x,Q^2),$$
(2.15)
and the twist-2 part of $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ is expressed in terms of $`g_1^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ by so-called Wandzura-Wilczek (WW) relation :

$`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl},\mathrm{tw}.2}(x,Q^2)`$ $`=`$ $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl},\mathrm{WW}}(x,Q^2)`$ (2.16)
$``$ $`g_1^{\mathrm{nucl}}(x,Q^2)+{\displaystyle _x^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dy}{y}}g_1^{\mathrm{nucl}}(y,Q^2).`$
Thus the difference, $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}=g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}g_2^{\mathrm{nucl},\mathrm{WW}}`$, contains the twist-3 contribution only. The experimental data so far obtained show that the twist-3 contribution to $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ appear to be negligibly small .

Now we may ask what about the photon structure function $`g_2^\gamma `$: Does $`g_2^\gamma `$ also receive twist-3 contribution? If so, are they small like the nucleon case, or, sizable? Does the WW relation also hold for $`g_2^\gamma `$, in other words, is the twist-2 part of $`g_2^\gamma `$ expressible in terms of $`g_1^\gamma `$? These issues will be discussed in the next section.

Here let us apply the WW relation to the results of box-diagram calculation, $`g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ and $`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ in Eqs.(2.12-2.13), and define

$$g_2^{\gamma \mathrm{WW},(\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)+_x^1\frac{dy}{y}g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(y,Q^2,P^2).$$
(2.17)
Then we find that the difference, $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}=g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}g_2^{\gamma \mathrm{WW},(\mathrm{Box})}`$, is given by

$$\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}=\frac{3\alpha }{\pi }N_fe^4\left[(2x2\mathrm{ln}x)\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^2}{P^2}2(2x1)\mathrm{ln}x+2(x1)+\mathrm{ln}^2x\right].$$
(2.18)
Its $`n`$-th moment, $`\overline{g}_{2,n}^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}=_0^1𝑑xx^{n1}\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$, is

$$\overline{g}_{2,n}^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}=\frac{3\alpha }{\pi }N_fe^4\frac{n1}{n}\left[\frac{1}{n(n+1)}\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^2}{P^2}+\frac{2}{(n+1)^2}\frac{2}{n^2}\right].$$
(2.19)
In Fig.4, we have shown the Box diagram contributions to the structure functions, $`g_1^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$, $`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ as well as the $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ given in the above equation (2.18) as functions of $`x`$ for $`Q^2=30`$ GeV2 and $`P^2=1`$ GeV2. We can see that $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ is comparable in magnitude with $`g_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ for large region of $`x`$. Now it is well expected by analogy with the nucleon case that $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ arises from the twist-3 effects. In the next section we will be convinced that $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ is indeed the twist-3 contribution.

## 3 OPE analysis and pure QED effects

Applying the OPE for the product of two electromagnetic currents, we get for the $`\mu `$-$`\nu `$ antisymmetric part

$`i{\displaystyle d^4xe^{iqx}T(J_\mu (x)J_\nu (0))^A}`$ $`=`$ $`iϵ_{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }q^\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=1,3,\mathrm{}}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{Q^2}}\right)^nq_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}q_{\mu _{n1}}`$
$`\times \left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}E_{(2)i}^nR_{(2)i}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}E_{(3)i}^nR_{(3)i}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}\right\},`$
where $`R_{(2)i}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)i}^n`$ are the twist-2 and twist-3 operators, respectively, and $`E_{(2)i}^n`$ and $`E_{(3)i}^n`$ are corresponding coefficient functions. The twist-2 operators $`R_{(2)i}^n`$ have totally symmetric Lorentz indices $`\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}`$, while the indices of twist-3 operators $`R_{(3)i}^n`$ are totally symmetric among $`\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}`$ but antisymmetric under $`\sigma \mu _i`$. Thus the “matrix elements” of operators $`R_{(2)i}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)i}^n`$ sandwiched by two photon states with momentum $`p`$ have the following forms:

$`0|T(A_\rho (p)R_{(2)i}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}A_\tau (p))|0_{\mathrm{Amp}}`$ $`=`$ $`ia_{(2)i}^nϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\{\sigma }p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}\}}p^\alpha `$ (3.2)
$`(\mathrm{traces}),`$
$`0|T(A_\rho (p)R_{(3)i}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}A_\tau (p))|0_{\mathrm{Amp}}`$ $`=`$ $`ia_{(3)i}^nϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{[\sigma ,}p^{\{\mu _1]}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}\}}p^\alpha `$ (3.3)
$`(\mathrm{traces}),`$
where the suffix ‘Amp’ stands for the amputation of the external photon lines and

$`ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\{\sigma }p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}\}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}\left[ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma }p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu _j}p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^\sigma \mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}}\right],`$ (3.4)
$`ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{[\sigma ,}p^{\{\mu _1]}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}\}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma }p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}ϵ_{\rho \tau \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu _j}p^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}p^\sigma \mathrm{}p^{\mu _{n1}}.`$
Using Eqs.(3.2)-(3), we can write down the moment sum rules for $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ as

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^{n1}g_1^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}a_{(2)i}^nE_{(2)i}^n(Q^2),`$ (3.6)
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^{n1}g_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)={\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}a_{(2)i}^nE_{(2)i}^n(Q^2)+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}a_{(3)i}^nE_{(3)i}^n(Q^2)\right],`$ (3.7)
From this general OPE analysis we conclude:
(i) The BC sum rule  holds for $`g_2^\gamma `$,

$$_0^1𝑑xg_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)=0,$$
(3.8)
(ii) The twist-2 contribution to $`g_2^\gamma `$ is expressed by the WW relation

$$\frac{n1}{n}\underset{i}{}a_{(2)i}^nE_{(2)i}^n(Q^2)=_0^1𝑑xx^{n1}g_2^{\gamma \mathrm{WW}}(x,Q^2,P^2),$$
(3.9)
with

$$g_2^{\gamma \mathrm{WW}}(x,Q^2,P^2)g_1^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)+_x^1\frac{dy}{y}g_1^\gamma (y,Q^2,P^2),$$
(3.10)
(iii) The difference, $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma =g_2^\gamma g_2^{\gamma \mathrm{WW}}`$, contains only the twist-3 contribution

$$_0^1𝑑xx^{n1}\overline{g}_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)=\frac{n1}{n}\left[\underset{i}{}a_{(3)i}^nE_{(3)i}^n(Q^2)\right].$$
(3.11)
Let us now analyze the twist-3 part of $`g_2^\gamma `$ in pure QED, i.e., switching off the quark-gluon coupling, in the framework of OPE and the renormalization group (RG) method. In this case the relevant twist-3 operators are the quark and photon operators, which are given, respectively, by

$`R_{(3)q}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`i^{n1}e_q^2\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^{[\sigma ,}D^{\{\mu _1]}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n1}\}}\psi \text{traces},`$ (3.12)
$`R_{(3)\gamma }^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}i^{n1}ϵ_{}^{[\sigma ,}{}_{\alpha \beta \gamma }{}^{}F^{\alpha \{\mu _1]}^{\mu _2}\mathrm{}^{\mu _{n1}\}}F^{\beta \gamma }\text{traces},`$ (3.13)
where $`e_q`$ is the quark charge, $`D_\mu =_\mu +ieA_\mu `$ is the covariant derivative and $`\{\}`$ means complete symmetrization over the indices, while $`[\sigma ,\mu _j]`$ denotes anti-symmetrization on $`\sigma \mu _j`$. With the above photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$, we have $`a_{(3)\gamma }^n=1`$ . The coefficient functions corresponding to operators $`R_{(3)q}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$,

$$\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha )=\left(\begin{array}{c}E_{(3)q}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha )\\ E_{(3)\gamma }^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha )\end{array}\right),$$
(3.14)
satisfy the following RG equation to lowest order in $`\alpha `$,

$$\mu \frac{}{\mu }\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha )=\gamma _n^{\mathrm{QED}}(\alpha )\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha ),$$
(3.15)
where $`\gamma _n^{\mathrm{QED}}(\alpha )`$ is the anomalous-dimension matrix. To lowest order in $`\alpha `$, this matrix has the form111We follow the convention used by Bardeen and Buras  to write the mixing anomalous dimensions between the photon and other operators.

$$\gamma _n^{\mathrm{QED}}(\alpha )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }K_{(3)q}^n& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(3.16)
Here $`K_{(3)q}^n`$ represents the mixing between the photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ and the quark operator $`R_{(3)q}^n`$. Evaluating the triangular diagrams given in Fig.5 and taking into account the color degrees of freedom in the quark-loop, we find

$$K_{(3)q}^n=24e_q^4\frac{1}{n(n+1)}.$$
(3.17)
The solution of (3.15) is

$$\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},\alpha )=\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}\gamma _n^{\mathrm{QED}}(\alpha )\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2}\right]\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(1,\alpha ).$$
(3.18)
To lowest order in $`\alpha `$, the exponential and the coefficient functions $`\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(1,\alpha )`$ are written, respectively, as

$`\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _n^{\mathrm{QED}}(\alpha )\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2}}\right]=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ \frac{\alpha }{8\pi }K_{(3)q}^n\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2}& 1\end{array}\right),`$ (3.19)
$`E_{(3)q}^n(1,\alpha )=1+𝒪(\alpha ),E_{(3)\gamma }(1,\alpha )={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }}3e_q^4B_{(3)\gamma }^n.`$ (3.20)
The “matrix element” $`a_{(3)q}^n`$ of the quark operator $`R_{(3)q}^n`$ between the photon states is obtained by evaluating again the triangular diagrams in Fig.5 and expressed as

$$a_{(3)q}^n=\frac{\alpha }{4\pi }\left(\frac{1}{2}K_{(3)q}^n\mathrm{ln}\frac{P^2}{\mu ^2}+3e_q^4A_{(3)q}^n\right).$$
(3.21)
Inserting Eqs.(3.17)-(3.21) into (3.11) and remembering $`a_{(3)\gamma }^n=1`$, we obtain for the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ in pure QED,

$$\overline{g}_2^{\gamma ,n}|_{\mathrm{QED}}=\frac{n1}{n}\frac{\alpha }{4\pi }3e_q^4\left\{\frac{4}{n(n+1)}\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^2}{P^2}+A_{(3)q}^n+B_{(3)\gamma }^n\right\}.$$
(3.22)
The dependence on the renormalization point $`\mu `$ disappears. And we note that although $`A_{(3)q}^n`$ and $`B_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ are individually renormalization-scheme dependent, the sum $`A_{(3)q}^n+B_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ is not . The calculation of box diagrams in Fig.3 gives

$$A_{(3)q}^n+B_{(3)\gamma }^n=8\left\{\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}\frac{1}{n^2}\right\}.$$
(3.23)
Now adding all the quark contributions of active flavors and replacing $`3e_q^4`$ in (3.22) with $`3N_fe^4`$, we find that the result is nothing but $`\overline{g}_{2,n}^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ given in (2.19) which is derived from the box-diagram calculation. Thus it is now clear that $`\overline{g}_{2,n}^{\gamma (\mathrm{Box})}`$ is indeed the twist-3 contribution.

## 4 QCD effects

We now switch on the quark-gluon coupling and consider the QCD effects on $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$, the twist-3 part of $`g_2^\gamma `$. In the case of nucleon, the analysis of $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$, the twist-3 part of the structure function $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$, turns out to be very complicated -. This is due to the fact that the number of participating twist-3 operators grows with spin (moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$) and that these operators mix among themselves through renormalization. Therefore, the $`Q^2`$ evolution equation for the moments of $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$ cannot be written in a simple form, but in a sum of terms, the number of which increases with spin. The same is true for $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$.

Writing down the coefficient functions $`E_{(3)i}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},g^2,\alpha )`$, which correspond to the relevant twist-3 operators $`R_{(3)i}^n`$ contributing to $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$, in a column vector $`\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},g^2,\alpha )`$, the RG equation for $`\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n`$ can be written to lowest order in $`\alpha `$ as

$$\left(\mu \frac{}{\mu }+\beta (g)\frac{}{g}\right)\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},g^2,\alpha )=\gamma _n(g^2,\alpha )\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},g^2,\alpha ),$$
(4.1)
where $`\beta (g)`$ is the QCD $`\beta `$ function and $`\gamma _n`$ is the anomalous dimension matrix. The solution is given by

$$\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(\frac{Q^2}{\mu ^2},g^2,\alpha )=\left(T\mathrm{exp}\left[_{\overline{g}(Q^2)}^g𝑑g^{}\frac{\gamma _n(g_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},\alpha )}{\beta (g^{})}\right]\right)\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n(1,\overline{g}^2,\alpha ).$$
(4.2)
The twist-3 photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ is again given by Eq.(3.13). In the convention we use now, where the photon coefficient function $`E_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ is set at the bottom of the column vector $`\stackrel{}{E}_{(3)}^n`$, the matrix $`\gamma _n`$ to lowest order in $`\alpha `$ has the form

$`\gamma _n=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{\gamma }_n(g^2)& 0\\ & \\ \stackrel{}{K}_n(g^2,\alpha )& 0\end{array}\right),`$ (4.5)
where $`\widehat{\gamma }_n`$ represents the mixing among hadronic (quark and gluon) operators and a row vector $`\stackrel{}{K}_n`$ describes the mixing between the photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ and other hadronic operators. Then the evolution factor is given by

$`T\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle _{\overline{g}}^g}𝑑g^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n(g_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})}{\beta (g^{})}}\right]=\left(\begin{array}{cc}M_n& 0\\ & \\ \stackrel{}{X}_n& 1\end{array}\right),`$ (4.8)
with

$`M_n=T\mathrm{exp}{\displaystyle _{\overline{g}}^g}𝑑g^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{\gamma }_n(g_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})}{\beta (g^{})}},\stackrel{}{X}_n={\displaystyle _{\overline{g}}^g}𝑑g^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{K}_n(g_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},\alpha )}{\beta (g^{})}}T\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle _{\overline{g}}^g^{}}𝑑g^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{\gamma }_n(g_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2})}{\beta (g^{\prime \prime })}}\right].`$ (4.9)
Expanding $`\stackrel{}{K}_n(g^2,\alpha )`$, $`\beta (g)`$ and $`\widehat{\gamma }_n(g^2)`$ in powers of $`g`$,

$`\stackrel{}{K}_n(g^2,\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }}\stackrel{}{K}_n^{(0)}+𝒪(\alpha g^2),`$ (4.10)
$`\beta (g)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^3}{16\pi ^2}}\beta _0+𝒪(g^5),\beta _0={\displaystyle \frac{11}{3}}N_c{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}N_f,`$ (4.11)
$`\widehat{\gamma }_n(g^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}\widehat{\gamma }_n^{(0)}+𝒪(g^4),`$ (4.12)
we see that the dominant contributions, which behave as $`\mathrm{ln}Q^2`$, are coming from $`\stackrel{}{X}_n`$, in other words, from the photon coefficient function $`E_{(3)\gamma }^n(Q^2/\mu ^2,g^2,\alpha )`$. Inserting the solution $`E_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ and $`a_{(3)\gamma }^n=1`$ into Eq.(3.11), we obtain the following formula for the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ in LO:

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^{n1}\overline{g}_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \alpha }{\beta _0}}[K_n^{(0)}]_i\left[{\displaystyle _{\overline{g}^2}^{g^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dg^2}{(g^2)^2}}\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{\gamma }_n^{(0)}}{2\beta _0}}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}}\right)\right]_{ij}`$ (4.13)
$`\times \left[E_{(3)}^n(1,0)\right]_j,`$
where $`i`$ and $`j`$ run over hadronic (quark and gluon) sector only.

The evaluation of the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ is feasible when $`n`$ is a small number. But as $`n`$ gets larger, it becomes more and more difficult a task due to the increase of the number of participating operators and the mixing among these operators. However, we will see that in a certain limit the analysis of the moments becomes tractable. In the following subsections we consider the two cases: (1) the non-trivial lowest moment ($`n=3`$) of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$; and (2) the flavor nonsinglet part of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ for large $`N_c`$. In case (1) the number of the participating operators is limited, and we can get all the information on the necessary anomalous dimensions. Thus we obtain the LO QCD prediction for the third moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$. In the QCD analysis of photon structure functions, the contributions are divided into two parts, the flavor singlet and nonsinglet parts. In case (2), we show that in the approximation of neglecting terms of order $`𝒪`$($`1/N_c^2`$), we can evade the problem of operator mixing for $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$, the flavor nonsinglet part of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$, and obtain the moments of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$ in a compact form for all $`n`$.

### 4.1 The third ($`n=3`$) moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$

Let us start with the analysis of the flavor nonsinglet part. Besides the photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ given by Eq.(3.13), the following four types of twist-3 operators contribute to $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$:

$`R_{(3)F}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`i^{n1}S^{}\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\sigma D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.14)
$`R_{(3)l}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2n}}\left\{(V_lV_{n1l}+U_l+U_{n1l})+(\stackrel{~}{V}_l\stackrel{~}{V}_{n1l}+\stackrel{~}{U}_l+\stackrel{~}{U}_{n1l})\right\},`$ (4.15)
$`(l=1,\mathrm{},n2)`$
$`R_{(3)m}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`i^{n2}mS^{}\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\sigma D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.16)
$`R_{(3)E}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}`$ $`=`$ $`i^{n2}{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{2n}}S^{}[\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\sigma D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}(i\overline{)}Dm)Q^{ch}\psi `$
$`+\overline{\psi }(i\overline{)}Dm)\gamma _5\gamma ^\sigma D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi ](\mathrm{traces}),`$
with

$$Q^{ch}=Q^2e^2\mathrm{𝟏},$$
(4.18)
where $`Q`$ is the $`N_f\times N_f`$ quark-charge matrix, $`e^2=_{i=1}^{N_f}e_i^2/N_f`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ is an $`N_f\times N_f`$ unit matrix with $`N_f`$ being the number of active flavors, and $`m`$ represents the quark mass. The symbol $`S^{}`$ denotes symmetrization on the indices $`\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}`$ and antisymmetrization on $`\sigma \mu _i`$. The operators in Eq.(4.15) contain the gluon and photon field strength $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`F_{\mu \nu }`$, and their dual tensors $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon _{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }G^{\alpha \beta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon _{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta }`$. Explicitly they are given by

$`V_l`$ $`=`$ $`+i^ngS^{}\overline{\psi }\gamma _5D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}G^{\sigma \mu _l}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.19)
$`U_l`$ $`=`$ $`i^{n1}gS^{}\overline{\psi }D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{G}^{\sigma \mu _l}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.20)
$`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ $`=`$ $`i^neS^{}\overline{\psi }\gamma _5D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}F^{\sigma \mu _l}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.21)
$`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ $`=`$ $`+i^{n1}eS^{}\overline{\psi }D^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{F}^{\sigma \mu _l}\mathrm{}D^{\mu _{n2}}\gamma ^{\mu _{n1}}Q^{ch}\psi (\mathrm{traces}),`$ (4.22)
where $`g`$ and $`e`$ are the QCD and QED coupling constants, respectively. The operator $`R_E^n`$ in Eq.(4.1) is proportional to the equation of motion (EOM operator) .

We emphasize that $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ (regardless of quark charge factor $`Q^{ch}`$), which are not present in the twist-3 contribution to nucleon structure function $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}}`$, must be included in the analysis of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$. The reason is that we are here considering not only QCD but also QED, and thus the covariant derivative $`D_\mu `$ should read as

$$D_\mu =_\mu igA_\mu ^aT^a+ieA_\mu ,$$
(4.23)
where $`A_\mu ^a`$ and $`A_\mu `$ are gluon and photon fields, respectively, and $`T^a`$ is color matrix. Then the commutator,

$$[D_\mu ,D_\nu ]=igG_{\mu \nu }^aT^a+ieF_{\mu \nu },$$
(4.24)
leads to the appearance of $`V_l`$, $`U_l`$, $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ terms. As far as the mixing anomalous dimensions among the hadronic operators, i.e., those given in (4.14)-(4.1), are concerned, terms $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ are irrelevant. But they are indispensable to the correct evaluation of mixing anomalous dimensions $`K_{n,l}`$ between the hadronic operator $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ and photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$. We need to have $`K_{n,l}`$ of order $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ in the leading logarithm approximation, but $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ without $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ terms gives $`K_{n,l}𝒪(g^2\alpha )`$, since $`V_l`$ and $`U_l`$ terms already have the QCD coupling constant $`g`$. In Appendix B we calculate the mixing anomalous dimensions $`K_{n,l}^{(0)}`$ of order $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ for arbitrary $`n`$ and show that $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ term (but not $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$) indeed plays an essential role. Another important consequence of introducing $`ieA_\mu `$ into the covariant derivative $`D_\mu `$ is that with this new term we can show that the photon matrix element of EOM operator $`R_E^n`$, more precisely, $`0|T(A_\rho (p)R_{(3)E}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}A_\tau (p))|0_{\mathrm{Amp}}`$ actually vanishes at $`𝒪(\alpha )`$.

The twist-3 hadronic operators given in (4.14)-(4.1) satisfy the following relation :

$$R_{(3)F}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}=\frac{n1}{n}R_{(3)m}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}+\underset{l=1}{\overset{n2}{}}(n1l)R_{(3)l}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}+R_{(3)E}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}.$$
(4.25)
Hence, including photon operator, there are, in total, $`n+1`$ independent operators which contribute to the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$. We have a freedom in choosing hadronic operators as independent bases. But we should keep in mind the following: due to the constraint Eq.(4.25), a different choice of operator bases assigns different values to the coefficient functions at the tree-level, which was first pointed out by Kodaira, Yasui and one of the authors . In the basis of independent operators which includes $`R_{(3)F}^n`$ but not $`R_{(3)m}^n`$, the tree level coefficient functions are given by

$$E_{(3)F}^n(\mathrm{tree})=1,E_{(3)l}^n(\mathrm{tree})=0.$$
(4.26)
On the other hand, if we eliminate $`R_{(3)F}^n`$, we have

$$E_{(3)m}^n(\mathrm{tree})=\frac{n1}{n},E_{(3)l}^n(\mathrm{tree})=n1l.$$
(4.27)
We always have $`E_{(3)E}^n(\mathrm{tree})=0`$ . So a different choice of the operator bases leads to different forms for the anomalous dimension matrix and the coefficient functions but the final result for the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ should be the same (See Appendix C).

Now we take $`n=3`$ and evaluate the third moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$. From now on we omit the superscripts $`n=3`$. The relevant hadronic operators are four: $`R_{(3)F}`$, $`R_{(3)1}`$, $`R_{(3)m}`$ and $`R_{(3)E}`$. Let us take $`R_{(3)1}`$, $`R_{(3)m}`$ and $`R_{(3)E}`$ as independent operators. In these operator bases, the tree level coefficient functions are given by

$$E_{(3)m}(1,0)=\frac{2}{3},E_{(3)1}(1,0)=1.$$
(4.28)
The $`3\times 3`$ anomalous dimension matrix $`\widehat{\gamma }^{(0)}`$ for hadronic operators has a form,

$$\widehat{\gamma }^{(0)}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}& 0& 0\\ \widehat{\gamma }_{m1}^{(0)}& \widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)}& 0\\ \widehat{\gamma }_{E1}^{(0)}& 0& \widehat{\gamma }_{EE}^{(0)}\end{array}\right),$$
(4.29)
with

$`\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`6C_G{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}C_F,\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)}=12C_F,`$
$`\widehat{\gamma }_{m1}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}C_F,\widehat{\gamma }_{E1}^{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}C_F.`$ (4.30)
Note that we follow the convention of Bardeen and Buras  to define the anomalous dimension matrix. The matrix $`\widehat{\gamma }^{(0)}`$ is triangular and, therefore, its eigenvalues are $`\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}`$, $`\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)}`$, and $`\widehat{\gamma }_{EE}^{(0)}`$. In fact we only need the information on the upper-left $`2\times 2`$ submatrix for the analysis, which is decomposed as

$$\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{(0)}|_{(2\times 2)}=\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}P_1+\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)}P_2,$$
(4.31)
where $`P_1`$ and $`P_2`$ are projection operators and given by

$$P_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ a& 0\end{array}\right),P_2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ a& 1\end{array}\right),$$
(4.32)
with

$$a=\frac{\widehat{\gamma }_{m1}^{(0)}}{\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)}}=\frac{2C_F}{3(9C_G19C_F)}.$$
(4.33)
The anomalous dimension $`K_{n,m}^{(0)}`$ is found to be null for all $`n`$. So we have $`K_m^{(0)}=0`$.

Inserting these informations into the moment formula for $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ in Eq.(4.13), we find for the third moment of the nonsinglet part $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$,

$`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^2\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$ (4.34)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta _0\alpha _s(Q^2)}}K_1^{(0)NS}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)NS}/2\beta _0}}`$
$`\times \left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(Q^2)}{\alpha _s(P^2)}}\right)^{\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)NS}/2\beta _0+1}\right\},`$
where we have revived the superscript $`NS`$ and $`K_1^{(0)NS}`$ is obtained from Eq.(B.8) in Appendix B as

$$K_1^{(0)NS}=24N_f(e^4e^2^2)\frac{1}{34}.$$
(4.35)
The above result for $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$ is indifferent to the choice of an independent set of operators. In Appendix C we take $`R_{(3)F}`$,$`R_{(3)1}`$,$`R_{(3)E}`$ as independent operators, replacing $`R_{(3)m}`$ with $`R_{(3)F}`$, and show that we obtain the same $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$.

Let us move to the third moment of the singlet part $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}`$. For $`n=3`$, there are five independent hadronic operators contributing to $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}`$, apart from the photon operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$. Following the work of Kodaira et.al., we take $`R_{(3)1}^S`$, $`R_{(3)m}^S`$, $`R_{(3)E}^S`$, $`T_{(3)B}`$, and $`T_{(3)E}`$ for an independent set. The first three are the analogues to $`R_{(3)1}`$, $`R_{(3)m}`$, $`R_{(3)E}`$ in the nonsinglet case, obtained by replacing the quark charge factor $`Q^{ch}`$ with an $`N_f\times N_f`$ unit matrix $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$. The rest are the BRST-exact and the gluon EOM operators, respectively, whose explicit expressions are given in Ref..

The tree level coefficient functions corresponding to these operators are

$$E_{(3)1}^S(1,0)=1,E_{(3)m}^S(1,0)=\frac{2}{3},$$
(4.36)
and others are zero. The mixing anomalous dimensions among these operators have been calculated and form a $`5\times 5`$ matrix. The physically relevant part is the following $`2\times 2`$ submatrix:

$$\widehat{\gamma }^{(0)S}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)S}& \widehat{\gamma }_{1m}^{(0)S}\\ \widehat{\gamma }_{m1}^{(0)S}& \widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)S}\end{array}\right),$$
(4.37)
with

$`\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)S}`$ $`=`$ $`6C_G{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}C_F+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}N_f,\widehat{\gamma }_{1m}^{(0)S}=0,`$
$`\widehat{\gamma }_{m1}^{(0)S}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}C_F,\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)S}=12C_F.`$ (4.38)
The matrix $`\widehat{\gamma }^{(0)S}`$ is triangular and, therefore, the same procedures as the nonsinglet case can be applied here. We obtain for the third moment of the singlet part $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}`$,

$`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (S)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^2\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$ (4.39)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta _0\alpha _s(Q^2)}}K_1^{(0)S}{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{1+\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)S}/2\beta _0}}`$
$`\times \left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(Q^2)}{\alpha _s(P^2)}}\right)^{\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)S}/2\beta _0+1}\right\},`$
with

$$K_1^{(0)S}=24N_fe^2\frac{1}{34}.$$
(4.40)
In Fig. 6, we have plotted the $`Q^2`$ evolution of the flavor singlet, nonsinglet components as well as the total of the third moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ in units of $`\alpha /\pi `$ for $`P^2=1`$ GeV2 with $`N_f=3`$. The flavor singlet and nonsinglet components show somewhat different behaviors of $`Q^2`$ dependence, and the singlet component gives larger contribution due to the charge factor.

### 4.2 Flavor nonsinglet part of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ for large $`N_c`$

For the case of flavor nonsinglet nucleon structure function $`g_2^{\mathrm{nucl}(NS)}`$, it has been observed by Ali, Braun and Hiller (ABH)  that in the large $`N_c`$ limit the twist-3 part, $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}(NS)}`$, obeys a simple Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) equation . In their formalism of working directly with the nonlocal operator contributing to the twist-3 part of $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}(NS)}`$, they showed that local operators involving gluons effectively decouple from evolution equation for large $`N_c`$, which is the number of colors. Later, the ABH result on $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}(NS)}`$ was reproduced by one of the authors  in the framework of the standard OPE and RG method. At large $`N_c`$, the operators involving gluon field strength $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ decople from the evolution equation of $`\overline{g}_2^{\mathrm{nucl}(NS)}`$, and the whole contribution in LO is represented by one type of operators. The same is true for the flavor nonsinglet part of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$.

Let us take $`R_{(3)F}^n`$, $`R_{(3)l}^n`$, $`R_{(3)E}^n`$ as independent hadronic operators, eliminating $`R_{(3)m}^n`$. The advantage of this choice of operator basis is that from Eq.(4.26) the hadronic coefficient functions take simple forms at the tree-level ,

$$E_{(3)F}^n(1,0)=1,E_{(3)l}^n(1,0)=0\mathrm{for}l=1,\mathrm{},n2.$$
(4.41)
The mixing anomalous dimensions for these operators are very complicated. However it was found in Ref. that, in the approximation of neglecting terms of order $`𝒪`$($`1/N_c^2`$) and thus putting $`2C_F=C_G`$, the $`(F,F)`$ and $`(l,F)`$ elements are reduced to have simple expressions:

$`\widehat{\gamma }_{n,FF}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8C_F(S_n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2n}}),\mathrm{with}S_n={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{j}},`$ (4.42)
$`\widehat{\gamma }_{n,lF}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`0,\mathrm{for}l=1,\mathrm{},n2.`$ (4.43)
Note that the corrections are of $`𝒪(1/N_c^2)`$, about $`10\%`$ for QCD ($`N_c=3`$).

Inserting the above results (4.41-4.43) into Eq.(4.13), we find that, for large $`N_c`$ , the $`n`$-th moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$ is given by

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx^{n1}\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta _0\alpha _s(Q^2)}}K_{n,F}^{(0)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\widehat{\gamma }_{n,FF}^{(0)}/2\beta _0}}`$ (4.44)
$`\times \left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(Q^2)}{\alpha _s(P^2)}}\right)^{\widehat{\gamma }_{n,FF}^{(0)}/2\beta _0+1}\right\},`$
with

$$K_{n,F}^{(0)}=24N_f(e^4e^2^2)\frac{1}{n(n+1)}.$$
(4.45)
We now perform the Mellin transform of Eq.(4.44) to get $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$ as a function of $`x`$. The result is plotted in Fig. 7. Comparing with the pure QED box-graph contribution, we find that the LO QCD effects are sizable and tend to suppress the structure function $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$ both in the large $`x`$ and small $`x`$ regions, so that the vanishing $`n=1`$ moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$, i.e. the BC sum rule, is preserved.

As for $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}`$, the flavor singlet part of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$, it is expected that a similar simplification may occur for large $`N_c`$ and its moments may be written in a compact form for all $`n`$ as in the case of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$. At the moment we do not know how to solve the mixing problem in the flavor-singlet sector to get an analytically simple formula for the moments of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (S)}`$ for large $`N_c`$. This is an interesting subject which should be pursued.

## 5 Conclusion

In the OPE of two electromagnetic currents, we expect the presence of the twist-3 operators in addition to the usual twist-2 operators. From the study of the lepton-nucleon polarized deep inelastic scattering, we have learned that the twist-3 contribution does not show up as a sizable effect, since the nucleon matrix elements of the twist-3 operators are found to be small in experiments.

In this paper, we have investigated the twist-3 effects in $`g_2^\gamma `$ for the virtual photon target, in the pure QED interaction as well as in the LO QCD. We have found that the twist-3 contribution is appreciable for the photon case in contrast to the nucleon case. In this sense, the virtual photon structure function $`g_2^\gamma `$ provides us with a good testing ground for studying the twist-3 effects. We expect that the future polarized version of the $`ep`$ or $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders may bring us important information on polarized photon structure. More thorough QCD analysis including the flavor-singlet part is now under way.

Acknowledgement

We thank Jacques Soffer for useful discussion. This work is partially supported by the Monbusho Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research NO.(C)(2)-12640266.

Appendix

## Appendix A Two-photon process $`e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+\mathrm{hadrons}`$

The information on the polarized structure functions $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ can be extracted from the experiments of the two-photon annhilation process with polarized $`e^+e^{}`$ beams as shown in Fig. 1,

$$e^\pm (l_1)e^{}(l_2)e^\pm (l_1^{})e^{}(l_2^{})\gamma (q)\gamma (p)e^\pm (l_1^{})e^{}(l_2^{})+\mathrm{hadrons},$$
(A.1)
with the virtual photon momenta, $`q=l_1l_1^{}`$ and $`p=l_2l_2^{}`$. The cross section for this process is written as ,

$$d\sigma ^P=\frac{(4\pi \alpha )^2}{p^2q^2}\rho _{1(pol)}^{\mu \nu }\rho _{2(pol)}^{\rho \tau }M_{\mu \rho }^{}M_{\nu \tau }\frac{(2\pi )^4\delta (p+qP_X)d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{4\left[(l_1l_2)^2m^4\right]^{1/2}}\frac{d^3l_1^{}d^3l_2^{}}{2E_1^{}2E_2^{}(2\pi )^6},$$
(A.2)
where $`m`$ is electron mass, $`E_{1,2}^{}`$ are scattered electron (positron) energies, $`P_X=\mathrm{\Sigma }_ip_i`$ and $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Pi }_id^3p_i/2p_{i0}(2\pi )^3`$ are the total momentum and the phase-space volume, respectively, of the produced hadron system, and $`M_{\nu \tau }`$ is the transition amplitude for $`\gamma \gamma `$ hadrons. For the polarized $`e^+e^{}`$ beams, the photon density matrices $`\rho _{1(pol)}^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`\rho _{2(pol)}^{\rho \tau }`$ are given by

$`\rho _{1(pol)}^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q^2}}\mathrm{Tr}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _5s/_1}{2}}(l/_1+m)\gamma ^\mu (l/_1^{}+m)\gamma ^\nu \right],`$ (A.3)
$`=`$ $`2imϵ^{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }s_{1\alpha }q_\beta /(q^2),`$
$`\rho _{2(pol)}^{\rho \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`2imϵ^{\rho \tau \alpha \beta }s_{2\alpha }p_\beta /(p^2),`$ (A.4)
where $`s_{1,2}`$ are the initial $`e^+`$($`e^{}`$) polarization vectors. When the incident beams are longitudinally polarized and at high energies, then polarization vectors are expressed as

$$s_i^\mu =h_i\frac{l_i^\mu }{m}(i=1,2),$$
(A.5)
with $`h_i=\pm 1`$, representing the helicity states of the beams.

The absorptive part of the $`\gamma \gamma `$-forward scattering amplitude $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ in (2.2) is related to the following integrated quantity over the phase-space volume of the produced hadron system222Our definition of $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ and, therefore, $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$, is such that they are proportional to $`e^2(=4\pi \alpha )`$, and not to $`e^4`$ in conformity to the nucleon case. :

$$(4\pi \alpha )W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }(p,q)=\frac{1}{2\pi }M_{\mu \rho }^{}M_{\nu \tau }(2\pi )^4\delta (p+qP_X)𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
(A.6)
Applying $`\rho _{1(pol)}^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`\rho _{2(pol)}^{\rho \tau }`$ to $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }`$ (actually to $`W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }^A`$ in (2.3)), we find for the longitudinally polarized beams,

$$\rho _{1(pol)}^{\mu \nu }\rho _{2(pol)}^{\rho \tau }W_{\mu \nu \rho \tau }=4h_1h_2\left[\left\{\frac{4l_1l_2}{pq}+1\frac{2}{y}\frac{2}{r}\right\}g_1^\gamma +4\left\{\frac{l_1l_2}{pq}\frac{1}{yr}\right\}g_2^\gamma \right],$$
(A.7)
where we have introduced the variables,

$$y\frac{pq}{l_1p},r\frac{pq}{l_2q}.$$
(A.8)
Hence the difference between the cross sections for the two-photon annhilation process with $`e^+e^{}`$ beams polarized parallel and antiparallel to each other is given by

$`d\sigma ^{}d\sigma ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3l_1^{}d^3l_2^{}}{E_1^{}E_2^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^3}{\pi ^2(l_1l_2)p^2q^2}}[\{{\displaystyle \frac{4l_1l_2}{pq}}+1{\displaystyle \frac{2}{y}}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{r}}\}g_1^\gamma `$ (A.9)
$`+4\{{\displaystyle \frac{l_1l_2}{pq}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yr}}\}g_2^\gamma ].`$
Especially for colliding beams, the laboratory is considered to be the c.m. reference frame. We have

$`l_1`$ $`=`$ $`(E,0,0,E),l_2=(E,0,0,E),`$
$`l_1^{}`$ $`=`$ $`(E_1^{},E_1^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _1\mathrm{cos}\varphi _1,E_1^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _1\mathrm{sin}\varphi _1,E_1^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _1),`$ (A.10)
$`l_2^{}`$ $`=`$ $`(E_2^{},E_2^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _2\mathrm{cos}\varphi _2,E_2^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _2\mathrm{sin}\varphi _2,E_2^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _2).`$
where $`\theta _1`$, $`\varphi _1`$, and $`\pi \theta _2`$, $`\varphi _2`$ are the polar and azimuthal angles for the final leptons $`l_1^{}`$ and $`l_2^{}`$, respectively. Then we obtain

$`d\sigma ^{}d\sigma ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{E_1^{}E_2^{}dE_1^{}dE_2^{}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _1d\mathrm{cos}\theta _2d\varphi }{\pi E^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^3}{p^2q^2(pq)}}[\{(E+E_1^{})(E+E_2^{})`$
$`+(E+E_1^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _1)(E+E_2^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _2)E_1^{}E_2^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _2\mathrm{cos}\varphi \}g_1^\gamma `$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{pq}}E^2E_1^{}E_2^{}\{(1\mathrm{cos}\theta _1)(1\mathrm{cos}\theta _2)2\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _2\mathrm{cos}\varphi \}g_2^\gamma ].`$
where $`\varphi =\varphi _1\varphi _2`$ , and

$`q^2`$ $`=`$ $`2EE_1^{}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta _1),p^2=2EE_2^{}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta _2),`$ (A.12)
$`pq`$ $`=`$ $`(EE_1^{})(EE_2^{})+(EE_1^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _1)(EE_2^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta _2)E_1^{}E_2^{}\mathrm{sin}\theta _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _2\mathrm{cos}\varphi .`$
## Appendix B Calculation of $`K_{n,l}^{(0)}`$

In this appendix we present details of the calculation of $`K_{n,l}^{(0)}`$, the mixing anomalous dimension between the hadronic and photon operators, $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$, for arbitrary $`n`$. The expressions of the operators $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ are given in Eqs.(4.15) and (3.13), respectively (we put aside the charge factor $`Q^{ch}`$). As a standard procedure, we introduce a light-like vector $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mu `$ ($`\mathrm{\Delta }^2=0`$) to symmetrize the Lorentz indices and to eliminate the trace terms, and we define

$$R_{(3)l}^n\mathrm{\Delta }R_{(3)l}^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _{n1}},R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }R_{(3)\gamma }^{\sigma \mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{n1}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _{n1}}.$$
(B.1)
Our first task is to evaluate the amputated two-point function with $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ embedded between two photon fields at $`𝒪(1)`$. We find

$`\gamma |R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma `$ $``$ $`0|T(A_\rho (p)R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }A_\tau (p))|0_{\mathrm{Amp}}`$ (B.2)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{n1}{n}}\left\{ϵ_{\rho \tau }^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma \beta }p_\beta (p\mathrm{\Delta })^{n1}ϵ_{\rho \tau }^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha p_\beta p^\sigma (p\mathrm{\Delta })^{n2}\right\}.`$
Next we calculate the one-loop diagram for the two-point function with $`R_{(3)l}^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ sandwiched by two photon fields,

$$\gamma |R_{(3)l}^n\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma 0|T(A_\rho (p)R_{(3)l}^n\mathrm{\Delta }A_\tau (p))|0_{\mathrm{Amp}},$$
(B.3)
which should be $`𝒪(\alpha )`$. The operator $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ is made up of four terms, $`V_l`$, $`U_l`$, $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$, whose expressions are given in Eqs.(4.19-4.22). Since $`V_l`$ and $`U_l`$ terms already have the QCD coupling constant $`g`$, their contributions are $`𝒪(g^2\alpha )`$. So we work with $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ terms. The three-point “basic” vertices of $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l\mathrm{\Delta }`$ depicted in Fig.8 are given, respectively, by

$`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}_{l,\kappa }`$ $`=`$ $`e\gamma _5(k\mathrm{\Delta })^{l1}(k^\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\kappa (k\mathrm{\Delta })g_{}^{\sigma }{}_{\kappa }{}^{})[(kp)\mathrm{\Delta }]^{n2l}\mathrm{\Delta }/,`$ (B.4)
$`\stackrel{~}{𝒰}_{l,\kappa }`$ $`=`$ $`ie(k\mathrm{\Delta })^{l1}ϵ_{}^{\sigma \alpha \beta }{}_{\kappa }{}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha k_\beta [(kp)\mathrm{\Delta }]^{n2l}\mathrm{\Delta }/.`$ (B.5)
The $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ contributions are coming from two diagrams shown in Fig.9. Inspecting the form of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}_{l,\kappa }`$ we easily see that loop diagrams for $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l\mathrm{\Delta }`$ fail to produce a term which is proportional to $`\gamma |R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma `$. In fact, after the loop integral we find that both $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{V}_{n1l}`$ terms give null result.

On the other hand, one-loop diagrams for $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_{n1l}`$ give terms proportional to $`\gamma |R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma `$. The logarithmically divergent part of $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ contribution, for example, has the following form:

$$\frac{1}{2n}\gamma |\stackrel{~}{U}_l\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma =\frac{\alpha }{4\pi }\frac{12}{n1}(1)^{nl}B(l+2,nl)\gamma |R_{(3)\gamma }^n\mathrm{\Delta }|\gamma \mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2,$$
(B.6)
where Beta function $`B(l+2,nl)`$ has appeared from the Feynman-parameter integral

$$_0^1𝑑xx^{l+1}(x1)^{n1l}=(1)^{n1l}B(l+2,nl).$$
(B.7)
Hence, adding together the $`\stackrel{~}{U}_{n1l}`$ contribution, we find the mixing anomalous dimension between $`R_{(3)l}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$ operators (apart from the quark charge factor) as

$$K_{n,l}^{(0)}=\frac{24}{n1}\left[(1)^{nl}B(l+2,nl)+(1)^{l+1}B(n+1l,l+1)\right].$$
(B.8)
In particular, for $`n=3`$ and so $`l=1`$, we have $`K_{n=3,1}^{(0)}=24\frac{1}{34}`$ except for the quark charge factor.

Now it is interesting to note the following identity:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n2}{}}}(n1l)\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{n1}}\left[(1)^{nl}B(l+2,nl)+(1)^{l+1}B(n+1l,l+1)\right]`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}(\text{for odd integer}n),`$ (B.9)
which is a direct consequence of the relation (4.25) satisfied by the twist-3 operators. We know $`K_{n,m}^{(0)}=0`$ from the null result of the mixing anomalous dimension between the mass operator $`R_{(3)m}^n`$ and $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$. Also we know $`K_{n,E}^{(0)}=0`$ since the photon matrix element of EOM operator $`R_{(3)E}^n`$ vanishes. Thus we have a relation,

$$K_{n,F}^{(0)}=\underset{l=1}{\overset{n2}{}}(n1l)K_{n,l}^{(0)}.$$
(B.10)
The identity (B.9) assures that the relation indeed holds true. For $`n=3`$ we have $`K_{n=3,F}^{(0)}=K_{n=3,1}^{(0)}`$.

## Appendix C Reanalysis of $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$

In this appendix we reanalyze $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$, the third moment of $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}`$. (The superscripts $`n=3`$ and $`NS`$ are omitted.) We choose $`R_{(3)F}`$,$`R_{(3)1}`$,$`R_{(3)E}`$ as independent operators, replacing $`R_{(3)m}`$ with $`R_{(3)F}`$. In these operator bases, the tree level coefficient functions are given by

$$E_{(3)F}(1,0)=1,E_{(3)1}(1,0)=0.$$
(C.1)
The relevant $`2\times 2`$ anomalous dimension matrix $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{(0)}`$ has a form,

$$\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{(0)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{FF}^{(0)}& \stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{F1}^{(0)}\\ \stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{1F}^{(0)}& \stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}\end{array}\right),$$
(C.2)
with

$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{FF}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{34}{3}}C_F,\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{F1}^{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}C_F,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{1F}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`6C_G12C_F,\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)}=6C_G`$ (C.3)
which are obtained from Eqs.(33)-(38) of Ref.. (Note that we follow the convention of Bardeen and Buras to define the anomalous dimension matrix which is the transposed one as given in Ref.. ) Then, the eigenvalues of $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{(0)}`$ and corresponding projection operators, such that $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{(0)}=\lambda _1P_1+\lambda _2P_2`$, are found to be

$`\lambda _1`$ $`=`$ $`12C_F,\lambda _2=6C_G{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}C_F,`$ (C.4)
$`P_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b+1}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& b\\ 1& b\end{array}\right),P_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b+1}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}b& b\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right),`$ (C.5)
with $`b=C_F/\left(9(2C_FC_G)\right)`$. Comparing the results in Eq.(4.30), we note that $`\lambda _1=\widehat{\gamma }_{mm}^{(0)NS}`$ and $`\lambda _2=\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)NS}`$ . This is the consequence of the fact that a different choice of the operator bases leads to different forms for the anomalous dimension matrix but its eigenvalues remain the same. Now inserting these $`E_{(3)i}(1,0)`$, $`\lambda _i`$, and $`P_i`$ for $`i=F,1`$ into the moment formula for $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma `$ in Eq.(4.13), we find that

$`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{K_F^{(0)}}{\overline{g}^2(b+1)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\frac{\lambda _1}{2\beta _0}}}\left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}}\right)^{\lambda _1/2\beta _0+1}\right\}+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{1+\frac{\lambda _2}{2\beta _0}}}\left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}}\right)^{\lambda _2/2\beta _0+1}\right\}\right]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{K_1^{(0)}}{\overline{g}^2(b+1)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\frac{\lambda _1}{2\beta _0}}}\left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}}\right)^{\lambda _1/2\beta _0+1}\right\}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\frac{\lambda _2}{2\beta _0}}}\left\{1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}}\right)^{\lambda _2/2\beta _0+1}\right\}\right].`$
From Appendix B, we observe $`K_F^{(0)}=K_1^{(0)}`$ for $`n=3`$. Thus $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$ is reduced to

$$\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}\frac{1}{\overline{g}^2}\frac{K_1^{(0)}}{1+\frac{\lambda _2}{2\beta _0}}\left\{1\left(\frac{\overline{g}^2}{g^2}\right)^{\lambda _2/2\beta _0+1}\right\},$$
(C.7)
which coincides with the expression for $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^{\gamma (NS)}`$ given in Eq.(4.34) since $`\lambda _2=\widehat{\gamma }_{11}^{(0)NS}`$.

Figure Captions

1. Deep inelastic scattering on a polarized virtual photon in polarized $`e^+e^{}`$ collision, $`e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+`$ hadrons (quarks and gluons). The arrows indicate the polarizations of the $`e^+`$ and $`e^{}`$. The mass squared of the “probe” (“target”) photon is $`Q^2(P^2)`$ ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2P^2Q^2`$).
2. Forward scattering of a virtual photon with momentum $`q`$ and another virtual photon with momentum $`p`$. The Lorentz indices are denoted by $`\mu ,\nu ,\rho ,\tau `$.
3. The Box-diagrams contributing to $`g_1^\gamma `$ and $`g_2^\gamma `$ in the pure QED interaction.
4. The Box-diagram contributions to $`g_1^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ (dashed line), $`g_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ (solid line) and $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ (dash-2dotted line) for $`Q^2=30`$ GeV2 and $`P^2=1`$ GeV2 for $`N_f=3`$. The $`2x1`$ line shows the leading logarithmic term of $`g_1^\gamma `$.
5. Triangle diagrams which contribute to the anomalous dimension describing the mixing between the twist-3 quark-bilinear operator $`R_{(3)q}^n`$ and the photonic operator $`R_{(3)\gamma }^n`$.
6. The third $`(n=3)`$ moment of $`\overline{g}_2^\gamma (x,Q^2,P^2)`$ in units of $`\alpha /\pi `$ as a function of $`Q^2`$ for $`P^2=1`$ GeV2 with $`N_f=3`$. The dash-dotted (dashed) line corresponds to the flavor nonsinglet (singlet) component. The solid line represents the sum of the two components, the total $`\overline{g}_{2,n=3}^\gamma /(\alpha /\pi )`$.
7. The Box-diagram (dashed line) and the QCD LO (solid line) contributions for large $`N_c`$ to the flavor nonsinglet photon structure function $`\overline{g}_2^{\gamma (NS)}(x,Q^2,P^2)`$ for $`Q^2=30`$ GeV2 and $`P^2=1`$ GeV2 for $`N_f=3`$.
8. The tree-level three-point vertices of $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$.
9. One-loop diagrams at $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ contributing to the Green’s functions of $`\stackrel{~}{V}_l`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_l`$ with two photons as external lines.