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# ∞∞The∞∞BIC∞of∞a∞conical∞fibration.

## 1 Conical∞foliations.

### 1.1

Singularfoliations.

A∞∞regular∞∞foliation∞∞∞on∞a∞manifold∞$`M`$∞is∞a∞partition $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞of∞$`M`$∞∞by∞connected∞immersed∞submanifolds,∞called ∞leaves,∞with∞the∞following∞local∞model:

$$(\mathrm{}R^m,\mathrm{}H)$$

where∞leaves∞of∞$`\mathrm{}`$∞are∞defined∞by∞$`\{\mathrm{}dx_1\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}dx_p\mathrm{}=0\}`$.∞We∞shall∞say∞that∞$`(\mathrm{}R^m,\mathrm{}H)`$∞is∞a∞∞simple foliation.∞Notice∞that∞the∞leaves∞have∞the∞same∞dimension.

A∞∞singularfoliation∞∞on∞a∞manifold∞$`M`$∞is∞a∞partition $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞of∞$`M`$∞∞by∞connected∞immersed∞submanifolds,∞called ∞leaves,∞with∞the∞following∞local∞model:

$$(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{n+1},\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}K)\mathrm{}$$

where∞$`(\mathrm{}R^{mn1},\mathrm{}H)`$∞is∞∞a∞simple∞foliation∞and $`(\mathrm{}R^{n+1},\mathrm{}K)`$∞is∞∞a∞singular∞foliation∞having∞the∞origin as∞a∞leaf.∞When∞$`n=1`$∞we∞just∞have∞a∞regular∞foliation.∞Notice∞that the∞leaves∞may∞have∞different∞dimensions.∞This∞local∞model∞is∞exactly the∞local∞model∞of∞a∞foliation∞of∞Sussmann∞∞and∞Stefan ;∞so,∞they∞are∞singular∞foliations∞in∞our∞sense

∞∞Classifying∞the∞points∞of∞$`M`$∞following∞the∞dimension∞of∞the∞leaves one∞gets∞a∞stratification∞$`\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞of∞$`M`$∞whose elements∞are∞called∞∞strata.∞The∞foliation∞is∞regular∞∞when∞this stratification∞has∞just∞one∞stratum $`\{\mathrm{}M\}`$.

A∞smooth∞map∞$`f\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(M^{},^{})`$∞∞between∞singular∞foliated∞manifolds∞is∞∞foliated∞if∞it sends∞the∞leaves∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞into∞the∞leaves∞of∞$`^{}`$.∞When∞$`f`$∞is∞an∞embedding∞it∞preserves∞the∞dimension∞of∞the leaves∞and∞therefore∞it∞sends∞the∞strata∞of∞$`M`$∞into∞the∞strata∞of $`M^{}`$.∞The∞group∞of∞foliated∞diffeomorphisms∞preserving∞the∞foliation will∞be∞denoted∞by∞$`Diff\mathrm{}(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$.∞∞Examples,∞more properties∞and∞the∞singular∞version∞of∞the∞Frobenius∞theorem∞the reader∞can∞find∞in∞.

#### 1.1.1

∞∞Examples.

(a)∞In∞any∞open∞subset∞$`U\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$∞we∞have∞the∞singular∞foliation $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_U\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}`${connected∞components∞of∞∞$`L\mathrm{}\mathrm{}U\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}L\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞}.∞The∞associated∞stratification∞is∞$`\text{S}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_U}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\text{connected∞components∞of∞}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}U\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\}.\mathrm{}`$

(b)∞We∞shall∞say∞that∞a∞foliated∞embedding∞of∞the∞form

$$\mathrm{}\phi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{n+1},\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}K)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(U,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_U),\mathrm{}$$

∞∞is∞a∞foliatedchart∞∞modelled∞on∞$`(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{n+1},\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}K)`$.

(c)∞Consider∞$`(N,\mathrm{}K)`$∞a∞connected∞regular∞foliated manifold.∞In∞the∞product∞$`N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}M`$∞we∞have∞the∞singular∞foliation $`\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}L_1\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}L_2\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}L_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}K,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\}`$.∞∞The∞associated∞stratification∞is∞$`\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\}.`$

∞(d)∞Consider∞$`\mathrm{}S^n`$∞the∞sphere∞of∞dimension∞$`n`$ ∞endowed∞with∞a∞singular∞foliation∞$`\mathrm{}G`$∞without ∞$`0`$-dimensional∞leaves.∞Identify the∞disk∞$`D^{n+1}`$∞with∞the∞cone∞$`c\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}0\}`$∞by∞the∞map∞∞$`\mathrm{}x\mathrm{}\mathrm{}[x/x,x]`$∞where $`[u,t]`$∞is∞a∞generic∞element∞of∞the∞cone.∞We∞shall∞consider∞on $`D^{n+1}`$∞∞the∞singular∞foliation

$$\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}t\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G,t\mathrm{}\mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\},$$

where∞$`\vartheta `$∞is∞the∞vertex∞$`[u,0]`$∞of∞the∞cone.∞The∞induced stratification∞is

$$\mathrm{}\text{S}_{c\mathrm{}G}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_\mathrm{}G\}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\vartheta \},\mathrm{}$$

since∞$`𝒢`$∞does∞not∞possesses∞$`0`$-dimensional∞leaves. For∞technical∞reasons∞we∞allow∞$`n=1`$,∞in∞this∞case $`\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$∞and∞$`c\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}`$.

Unless∞otherwise∞stated,∞if∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$∞is∞a∞singular foliation, we∞shall∞consider∞on∞$`D^{n+1}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n`$∞∞the∞foliation∞$`c𝒢`$.

### 1.2

Conicalfoliations.

The∞strata∞of∞this∞kind∞of∞foliations∞are not∞necessarily∞manifolds∞∞and∞their∞relative∞position∞can∞be∞very wild. Consider∞$`(\mathrm{}R,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞where∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞is∞given∞by∞a vector∞field∞$`f\frac{}{\mathrm{}t}`$;∞there∞are∞two∞kind∞of∞strata.∞The connected components∞of∞$`f^1(\mathrm{}R\{\mathrm{}0\})`$∞and∞these∞of∞$`f^1(0)`$. In∞other∞words,∞any∞connected∞closed∞subset∞of∞$`\mathrm{}S`$∞can∞be∞a∞stratum. In∞order∞∞to∞support∞a∞intersection∞cohomology∞structure,∞the stratification $`\mathrm{}S_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞asks∞for∞a∞certain∞amount∞of regularity∞and conicalicity∞(see∞∞for∞the∞case∞of∞∞stratified pseudomanifolds).∞This∞leads∞us∞to∞introduce∞the∞following∞definition.

A∞singular∞foliation∞$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞is∞said∞to∞be∞a∞∞conical foliation∞if∞∞any∞point∞$`x\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$∞∞possesses∞a∞foliated∞chart $`(U,\phi )`$∞modelled∞on

$$(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G),$$

where $`(\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$∞is∞a∞conical∞foliation∞without∞∞0-dimensional leaves.∞We∞shall∞say∞that∞$`(U,\phi )`$∞is∞a∞∞conicalchart∞of $`x`$∞and∞that∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$∞is∞the∞∞link∞of∞$`x`$. Notice∞that,∞if∞$`S`$∞is∞the∞stratum∞containing∞$`x`$∞then $`\phi ^1(S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}U)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}`$.∞This definition∞is∞made∞by∞induction∞on∞the∞dimension∞of∞$`M`$.

∞Notice∞that∞each∞stratum∞is∞an∞embedded∞submanifold∞of∞$`M`$.∞The∞leaf (resp.∞stratum)∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞(resp.∞$`\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$) containing∞$`x`$∞is∞∞sent∞by∞$`\phi `$∞to∞the∞leaf∞of∞$`\mathrm{}H`$ containing∞$`0`$∞(resp.∞$`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}`$).∞Although∞a∞point∞$`x`$∞may∞have several∞charts∞the∞integer∞$`n+1`$∞is∞an∞invariant:∞it∞is∞the codimension∞of∞the∞stratum∞containing∞$`x`$.∞This∞integer∞cannot∞to∞be 1∞since∞the∞conical∞foliation∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$∞∞has∞not 0-dimensional∞leaves.

We∞also∞use∞the∞notion∞of∞conical∞foliation∞in∞a∞manifold∞with boundary.∞In∞this∞case,∞the∞points∞of∞the∞boundary∞have∞conical charts∞modelled∞on∞$`(\mathrm{}R^{mn2}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}H\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G)`$∞where∞$`\mathrm{}I`$∞is the∞foliation∞by∞points∞of∞$`[0,1[`$.∞The∞boundary∞$`(\mathrm{}M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_\mathrm{}M)`$∞is∞also∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold.

The∞above∞local∞description∞implies∞some∞important∞facts∞about∞the stratification∞$`𝒮_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$.∞Notice∞for∞example∞that∞the family∞of∞strata∞is∞finite∞in∞the∞compact∞case∞and∞locally∞finite in∞the∞general∞case. The∞closure∞of∞a∞stratum∞$`S\mathrm{}𝒮_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞is∞a∞union∞of∞strata.∞Put∞$`\mathrm{}S_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S_2`$∞if∞$`S_1,\mathrm{}S_2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞and $`S_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\overline{S_2}`$.∞This∞relation∞is∞an∞order∞relation∞and therefore $`(\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F,)`$∞is∞a∞poset.

The∞∞$`0pt`$∞∞of∞$`\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$,∞written∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$,∞is∞defined∞to∞be∞the∞largest∞$`i`$∞for∞which∞there exists∞a∞chain∞of∞strata∞$`S_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S_i`$.∞So, $`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0`$∞if∞and∞only∞if∞the∞foliation $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞is∞regular.∞We∞also∞have∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_U}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞for∞any open∞subset∞$`U\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$∞and∞∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_{\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}G}\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G}`$∞(cf.∞1.1.1).

The∞minimal∞strata∞are∞exactly∞the∞closed∞strata.∞An∞inductive argument∞shows∞that∞the∞maximal∞strata∞are∞the∞strata∞of∞dimension $`m`$.∞They∞are∞called∞∞∞regularstrata∞and∞the∞others∞singularstrata.∞∞∞The∞union∞of∞singular∞strata∞is∞written∞$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}`$.∞Since∞the∞codimension∞of∞singular∞strata∞is∞at least∞2,∞then∞only∞one∞regular∞$`R`$∞strata∞appears,∞which∞is∞an∞open dense∞subset.

∞For∞the∞definition∞of∞perverse∞forms∞we∞exploit∞the∞compatibility between∞the∞foliated∞charts∞∞given∞in∞the∞following∞Lemma∞whose∞proof can∞be∞found∞in∞.

###### Lemma 1.2.1

Let$`(U_1,\phi _1)`$,$`(U_2,\phi _2)`$betwofoliatedchartsofapoint $`x`$ of$`M`$∞∞with$`U_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}U_2`$.Thereexists∞∞anuniquefoliated embedding

$$\phi _{1,2}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[,\mathrm{}H_1\times \mathrm{}G_1\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[,\mathrm{}H_2\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}G_2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}I)$$

makingthefollowingdiagramcommutative

$$\mathrm{}\text{}$$

wherethesmoothmap$`P`$isdefinedby$`P(u,\theta ,t)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(u,[\theta ,t])`$.

This∞result∞also∞implies∞that∞the∞link∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞of∞a point∞$`x`$∞is∞the same∞for∞any∞point∞of∞the∞stratum∞$`S`$∞containing∞$`x`$.∞For∞this∞reason∞we∞shall∞say∞that $`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞is∞∞thelinkofthestratum$`S`$.

### 1.3 Partialblowup.

A∞useful∞tool∞for∞inductive arguments∞is∞the∞desingularisation.∞Fix∞$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞∞a conical∞foliated∞manifold∞with∞strictly∞positive∞depth.∞A∞partialblowup∞is∞∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold∞with∞boundary $`(\widehat{M},\widehat{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F})`$∞and∞a∞foliated∞smooth∞map $`\mathrm{}L_M\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\widehat{M},\widehat{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F})\mathrm{}(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞such∞that:

* ∞The∞restriction∞$`\mathrm{}L\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\widehat{M}\mathrm{}\widehat{M}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S_{_{min}}`$∞is∞a∞diffeomorphism,∞where $`S_{_{min}}`$∞is∞the∞union∞of∞closed∞(minimal)∞strata.
* ∞For∞any∞point∞$`x\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S_{_{min}}`$∞there∞exists∞a∞commutative diagram

$$\mathrm{}\text{}$$

where∞$`(U,\phi )`$∞is∞a∞conical∞chart∞of∞$`x`$∞and∞$`\phi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}𝒢\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I)\mathrm{}(\widehat{M},\widehat{})`$∞is∞a∞foliated∞embedding.

∞Notice∞that∞each∞restriction∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L^1(S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S`$,∞where∞$`S`$∞is∞a∞closed∞stratum, is∞a∞fiber∞bundle∞possessing∞a∞foliated atlas∞whose∞structural∞group∞is∞$`Diff\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$∞relatively to∞a∞conical∞foliation∞$`(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}G)`$.

###### Proposition 1.3.1

The∞∞partialblowupalwaysexistsandisunique.Italsoverifies

* ∞∞∞∞
* ∞∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\widehat{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F}}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F1`$.
* $`(\mathrm{}\widehat{M},\mathrm{}\widehat{}_{\widehat{M}})`$isaconicalfoliatedmanifold.

The∞proof∞of∞Proposition∞1.3.1∞is∞presented∞in∞.

## 2 Basic∞Intersection∞cohomology.

There∞are∞two∞ways∞to∞define∞perverse∞forms,∞the∞first∞one∞uses∞a system∞of tubular∞neighborhoods∞(cf.∞)∞and∞the∞second∞one∞uses∞a global∞blow∞up∞().∞In∞the∞study∞of∞conical∞foliations∞we∞have decided∞to∞introduce∞intersection∞forms∞in∞an∞intermediate∞way: iterating∞the∞local∞blow∞up∞$`M`$∞we∞obtain∞∞a∞manifold $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$∞with∞borders∞where∞the∞foliation∞become∞regular.∞A similar∞procedure∞has∞been∞developed∞in∞.∞Some∞of∞the differential∞forms∞on∞the∞regular∞part∞of∞$`M`$∞∞can∞be∞extended∞to $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$,∞these∞are∞the∞perverse∞forms.∞We∞present∞this notion∞in∞an∞intrinsic∞way∞without∞constructing∞$`\stackrel{~}{M}`$.

We∞are∞going∞to∞deal∞with∞differential∞forms∞on∞∞a∞product∞$`N\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^p`$,∞where∞$`N`$∞is∞a∞manifold:∞they∞are∞restrictions∞of differential∞forms∞defined∞on∞$`N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]1,1[^p`$.

### 2.1 Perverseforms.

The∞differential∞complex $`𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p)`$∞of∞perverse∞forms∞is∞introduced by∞induction∞on∞the∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$.∞When∞this depth∞is∞∞0∞then∞$`𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}(\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p\mathrm{})`$.∞In∞the∞general∞case∞we∞shall put∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p)`$∞if∞$`\omega `$∞is∞a differential∞form∞on∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}(\mathrm{}(M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p\mathrm{}))`$∞such∞that∞any∞$`x\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$∞possesses∞a∞conical∞chart $`(U,\phi )`$∞such∞that

$$(\phi \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\text{identity}_{[0,1[^p})^{}\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{∞extends∞to∞}\omega _\phi \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{p+1}).$$

In∞fact,∞$`𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^p)`$∞is∞a∞differential graduated commutative∞algebra∞(dgca∞in∞short)∞since∞$`(\omega \mathrm{}+\eta )_\phi \mathrm{}=\omega _\phi \mathrm{}+\mathrm{}\eta _\phi `$,∞$`(\omega \mathrm{}\eta )_\phi \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\omega _\phi \mathrm{}\eta _\phi `$∞and∞$`(d\omega )_\phi \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}d\omega _\phi `$.

Notice∞that∞the∞notion∞of∞perverse∞form∞depends∞on∞the∞foliation $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞trough∞the∞stratification∞$`\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$.

#### 2.1.1

∞∞Properties∞(see∞).

(a)∞Let∞$`(N,\mathrm{}H)`$∞be∞a∞regular∞foliated∞manifold.∞The partial∞blow up∞of∞$`N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n`$∞is∞$`N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[`$,∞with $`(x,\theta ,t)\mathrm{}(x\mathrm{},\mathrm{}[\theta ,t])`$.∞Here∞the∞factor∞$`[0,1[`$∞appears.∞Further desingularisation∞produces∞extra∞$`[0,1[`$∞factors.

∞∞(b)∞Consider∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_M\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\widehat{M}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$ the∞partial∞blow∞up∞of∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold.∞Any∞perverse∞form $`\omega `$∞on∞$`M`$∞defines∞a∞perverse∞form∞$`\widehat{\omega }`$∞on $`\widehat{M}`$∞extending∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_M^{}\omega `$.∞This∞map∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\widehat{\omega }`$∞defines∞an∞isomorphism∞between $`𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{})`$∞and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{^{}}(\widehat{M})`$.

(c)∞Any∞perverse∞form∞and∞any∞conical∞chart∞verify∞the∞equation∞(1).

(d)∞There∞are∞smooth∞functions∞on∞$`M\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞which are∞not perverse.∞Any∞differential∞form∞$`\omega `$∞of∞$`M`$∞is∞perverse.

(e)∞Consider∞$`\{\mathrm{}U\mathrm{},\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\}`$∞an∞open∞covering∞of∞$`M`$.∞There∞exist∞a subordinated∞partition∞of∞the∞unity∞made∞up∞with∞smooth∞functions defined∞on∞$`M`$.∞The∞Mayer-Vietoris∞short∞sequence

$$0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(M)\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(U)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(V)\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(U\mathrm{}V)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0,\mathrm{}$$

where∞the∞map∞are∞defined∞by∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\omega ,\omega )`$∞and $`(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\alpha \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\beta `$,∞is∞exact.

### 2.2 Perversedegree.

The∞amount∞of∞transversality∞of∞a∞perverse∞form∞$`\omega \mathrm{}𝚷^{}(M)`$∞with∞respect∞a∞singular∞stratum∞$`S`$∞is∞measured by∞the∞perverse∞degree.∞Given∞a∞point∞$`x`$∞of∞a∞singular∞stratum∞$`S`$, we∞define∞the∞∞perversedegree$`\omega _x`$∞as∞the∞smallest integer∞$`k`$∞verifying:

$$i_{\zeta _0}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}i_{\zeta _k}\omega _\phi \mathrm{}\mathrm{}0$$

for∞each∞conical∞chart∞$`(U,\phi )`$∞of∞$`x`$,∞with∞$`\phi ^1(x)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(a,\vartheta \mathrm{})`$,∞and∞each∞family∞of∞vector∞fields∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\zeta _i\}_{i=0}^k\mathrm{}`$∞on $`\{\mathrm{}a\mathrm{}\}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}0\mathrm{}\}`$.∞Here $`i_{}`$ denotes∞the∞interior∞product.∞When∞the∞form∞$`\omega _\phi `$∞vanishes∞on $`]aϵ,a+ϵ[\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \{\mathrm{}0\mathrm{}\}`$∞then∞we∞shall∞write∞$`\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}_x\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.∞We∞define the∞∞perversedegree $`\omega _S`$∞by

$$\omega _S\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}sup\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}||\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}||_x\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}x\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\}.$$

#### 2.2.1

∞∞Properties.

We∞recall∞some∞basic∞properties∞of∞the perverse∞form,∞cf.∞.

(a)∞A∞perverse∞form∞$`\omega `$∞can∞be∞extended∞to∞$`\stackrel{~}{M}`$.∞Its perverse∞degree∞is∞in∞fact∞the∞degree∞of∞$`\omega `$∞on∞the∞added∞part when∞passing∞from∞$`M`$∞to∞$`\stackrel{~}{M}`$.

(b)∞The∞perversity∞conditions∞(2)∞and∞(3)∞do∞not∞depend∞on∞the∞choice of∞the∞conical∞chart.

(c)∞For∞two∞perverse∞forms∞$`\omega `$∞and∞$`\eta `$∞and∞a∞singular∞stratum $`S`$∞we∞have:∞

$$\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}+\mathrm{}\eta _S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{max}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}||\omega ||_S\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\eta _S\}\mathrm{},\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\eta _S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\omega _S\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\eta _S\mathrm{}.$$

(d)∞The∞perverse∞degree∞of∞a∞perverse∞function∞is∞0∞or∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$. The∞perverse∞degree∞of∞a∞∞differential∞form∞$`\omega `$∞of∞$`M`$∞is∞0∞or $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.

∞(e)∞Let∞$`(N,\mathrm{}H)`$∞be∞a∞regular∞foliation∞and∞$`a_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}N`$∞a basis∞point.∞Put∞$`pr\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}M`$∞the∞canonical projection∞and∞$`\iota \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}M`$∞the∞inclusion defined∞by∞$`\iota \mathrm{}(x)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(a_0,x)`$.∞For∞any∞$`\omega \mathrm{}𝚷^{}(M)`$∞and∞$`\eta 𝚷^{}(N\times \mathrm{}M)`$∞we have

$$\mathrm{}pr^{}\mathrm{}\omega _{N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}S}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\omega _S\mathrm{}\text{∞and∞}\mathrm{}\iota ^{}\mathrm{}\omega _S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\omega _{N\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}S}\mathrm{}$$

for∞each∞singular∞stratum∞of∞$`M`$.

(f)∞Consider∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)`$∞a∞perverse∞form. Its∞perverse∞degree∞relatively∞to∞the∞vertex∞is:

$$\mathrm{}||\omega ||_{\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\hfill & \mathrm{}\text{∞if∞}\mathrm{}\omega _\phi \mathrm{}\mathrm{}0\mathrm{}\text{∞on∞}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{0\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}\hfill & \mathrm{}\text{∞if∞not,}\hfill \end{array}$$

where∞$`(U,\phi )`$∞is∞any∞conical∞chart∞of∞$`\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}`$.

(g)∞A∞perverse∞form∞with∞$`\omega _S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0`$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}d\omega \mathrm{}_S\mathrm{}0`$∞induces∞a∞differential∞form∞$`\omega _S`$∞on∞$`S`$.∞When∞this happens∞for∞each stratum∞we∞conclude∞that∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\omega _S\}`$∞is∞a∞Verona’s controlledform∞(cf.∞).

### 2.3 Basiccohomology.

Consider∞$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞∞a foliated∞manifold.∞A∞differential∞form∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\right)`$∞is∞∞basic∞if

$$i_X\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}i_X\mathrm{}d\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0,$$

for∞each∞vector∞field∞$`X`$∞on∞$`M`$∞tangent∞to∞the∞foliation.∞By $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)`$∞we∞denote∞the∞complex∞of∞basic∞forms. Since∞the∞sum∞and∞the∞product∞of∞basic∞forms∞are∞still∞basic∞forms then∞the∞complex∞of∞basic∞forms∞is∞a∞dgca.∞Its∞cohomology $`H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)`$∞is∞the∞∞basiccohomology∞of∞$`(M,)`$,∞which∞is∞a∞dgca.∞If∞$`F\mathrm{}M`$∞is∞a∞saturated∞closed∞subset we∞shall∞write $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}(M,F)/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\right)`$∞the∞subcomplex∞of∞basic forms∞of∞$`M`$∞vanishing∞on∞$`F`$.∞Its∞cohomology∞will∞be∞denoted∞by $`H^{}((M,F)/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$

#### 2.3.1

∞∞Properties.

(a)∞A∞smooth∞foliated∞map∞$`f\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(M_1,_1)\mathrm{}(M_2,_2)`$ induces∞∞the∞dgca∞operator∞$`f^{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M_2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/_2\mathrm{}\right)`$$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M_1\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}\right)`$.

(b)∞An∞open∞covering∞$`\{\mathrm{}U\mathrm{},\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\}`$∞∞of∞$`M`$∞by∞saturated∞open subsets∞is∞a∞∞basiccovering. when∞there∞exists∞a subordinated∞partition∞of∞the∞unity∞made∞up∞of∞basic∞∞functions.∞They may∞or∞may∞not∞exist. Then∞the∞Mayer-Vietoris∞short∞sequence

$$0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}U/\mathrm{}_U\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}V/\mathrm{}_V\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}(U\mathrm{}V)/\mathrm{}_{U\mathrm{}V}\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0,$$

where∞the∞map∞are∞defined∞by∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\omega ,\omega )`$∞and $`(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\alpha \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\beta `$,∞is∞exact.∞This∞result∞is∞not longer∞true∞for more∞general∞coverings

### 2.4 Basicintersectioncohomology.

Consider∞$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold.∞∞A∞perversity∞is∞a∞map∞$`\overline{p}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Z\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.∞There∞are∞two∞particular∞perversities:∞the∞zeroperversity$`\overline{0}`$∞and∞the∞∞topperversity$`\overline{t}`$ defined∞by∞$`\overline{0}(S)\mathrm{}=0`$∞and∞$`\overline{t}(S)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}codim\mathrm{}S2`$. Associated∞to∞a∞smooth∞foliated∞map∞$`f\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(M^{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F^{})\mathrm{}(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}`$∞(resp.∞$`f\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}(M^{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F^{})\mathrm{})`$∞there∞exists∞a∞perversity∞on $`(M^{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F^{})\mathrm{}`$,∞still∞written∞$`\overline{p}`$,∞defined∞by $`\overline{p}(S^{})\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\overline{p}(S)`$∞where∞$`S^{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$ and∞$`S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞with∞$`f(S^{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S`$∞(resp.∞$`S=\mathrm{}f^1(S^{})`$).

The∞basic∞intersection∞cohomology∞appears∞when∞one∞considers∞basic forms∞whose perverse∞degree∞is∞controlled∞by∞a∞perversity.∞We∞shall∞write

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}(\mathrm{}(M\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_{M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F}\mathrm{})\mathrm{}/max\mathrm{}(||\omega ||_S\mathrm{},||d\omega ||_S\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\overline{p}(S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\}$$

the∞complex∞of∞basic∞forms∞whose∞perverse∞degree∞(and∞that∞of∞the their∞derivative)∞is∞bounded∞by∞the∞perversity∞$`\overline{p}`$.∞It∞is∞a differential complex,∞but∞it∞is∞not∞an∞algebra,∞in∞fact∞the∞wedge∞product∞acts∞in this∞way:

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^^i\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^^j\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}\overline{q}}}^{^{i+j}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)$$

The∞cohomology∞$`IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\right)`$∞of∞this∞complex∞is the∞∞basicintersectioncohomology∞of∞$`M`$,∞or∞BIC∞for∞short, relatively∞to∞the∞perversity∞$`\overline{p}`$.

#### 2.4.1

∞∞Properties.

(a)∞A∞foliated∞embedding$`f\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(M_1,_1)\mathrm{}(M_2,_2)`$ induces∞∞the∞dgca∞operator∞$`f^{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M_2\mathrm{}/_2\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M_1/\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}\right)`$.

(b)∞Consider∞$`\{\mathrm{}U\mathrm{},\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\}`$∞a∞basic∞covering∞of∞$`M`$. Then∞the∞Mayer-Vietoris∞short∞sequence

$$0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}U/_U\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}V/_V\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}(U\mathrm{}\mathrm{}V)/_{U\mathrm{}\mathrm{}V}\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0,$$

where∞the∞map∞are∞defined∞by∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\omega ,\omega )`$∞and $`(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\alpha \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\beta `$,∞is∞exact.∞This∞result∞is∞not longer∞true∞for more∞general∞coverings.

The∞basic∞intersection∞cohomology∞coincides∞with∞the∞basic∞cohomology when∞the∞foliation∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞is∞regular.∞But∞it∞also generalizes∞the∞intersection∞cohomology∞of∞Goresky-MacPherson∞(cf. )∞when∞the∞leaf∞space∞$`B`$∞lies∞in∞the∞right∞category,∞that of∞stratified∞pseudomanifolds∞(cf.∞Theorem∞3.1.3).

The∞intersection∞basic∞cohomology,∞as∞the∞basic∞cohomology,∞are∞not easily∞computed.∞Nevertheless,∞the∞typical∞calculations∞for intersection∞basic∞cohomology∞are∞the∞following.

###### Proposition 2.4.2

Let$`(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^k\mathrm{},\mathrm{}H)`$beasimplefoliationandlet $`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$be∞∞aconicalfoliation.Foranyperversity $`\overline{p}`$theprojection$`pr\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^k\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(M\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$ inducesanisomorphism

$$IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^k\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right).$$

###### Proposition 2.4.3

Let$`\mathrm{}G`$beaconicalfoliationonthesphere$`\mathrm{}S^n`$.For anyperversity$`\overline{p}`$theprojection$`pr\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)`$inducestheisomorphism

$$IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^^i\left(\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^k\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^^i(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^k\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\mathrm{})& \mathrm{}\text{if}\text{}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\mathrm{}\hfill \\ 0\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if}\text{}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}>\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}).\hfill \end{array}$$

This∞result∞shows∞that∞the∞basic∞intersection∞cohomology∞is∞not∞completely determinated by∞the∞cohomology∞of∞$`M`$.

## 3 Stratified∞pseudomanifolds.

In∞some∞cases,∞mainly∞when∞the∞leaves∞are∞compact,∞the∞orbit∞space $`B`$∞of∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold∞$`(M,)`$∞has∞a nice∞topological∞structure,∞that∞of∞stratified∞pseudomanifold. This∞notion∞∞has∞been∞introduced∞in .∞In∞the∞smooth∞context,∞a∞∞stratifiedpseudomanifold $`X`$ is∞∞given∞by

* ∞∞∞∞
* ∞a∞paracompact∞space∞$`X`$ ∞∞∞∞
* ∞∞a∞locally∞finite∞partition∞$`\text{S}_X`$,∞called ∞∞∞∞∞stratification,∞made∞up∞of∞connected∞smooth ∞∞∞∞manifolds,∞called∞∞strata. ∞∞∞∞

The∞local∞structure∞must∞be∞conical,∞that∞is,∞the∞local∞model∞is∞$`\mathrm{}R^p\mathrm{}\times cL`$,∞where∞$`L`$∞is∞a∞smaller∞compact∞stratified∞pseudomanifold.∞More exactly,∞each∞point∞of∞$`X`$∞has∞a∞neighborhood∞which∞is∞homeomorphic∞to the∞local∞model,∞and∞this∞homeomorphism∞sends∞diffeomorphically∞a stratum∞into∞a∞stratum.∞Moreover,∞there∞exists∞a∞dense∞stratum∞$`R`$, the∞∞regularstratum.

The∞work∞initiated∞by∞∞Goresky∞and∞MacPherson∞have∞proved∞that∞the right∞homology∞to∞study∞this∞kind∞of∞singular∞spaces∞is∞the intersection∞homology∞(see∞∞and∞also∞, ). ∞The∞main∞result∞of this∞works∞stablishes∞an∞isomorphism∞between∞the∞intersection∞homology of∞$`B`$∞and∞the∞basic intersection∞cohomology∞of∞$``$.

### 3.1 Without∞holonomy

In∞this∞section,∞we∞are∞interested∞in∞the∞case∞where∞the∞conical foliation∞$``$ is∞proper∞leaves∞without∞holonomy. We∞∞write∞$`B`$∞the∞leaf∞space∞and∞∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$∞∞the canonical∞projection. ∞We∞shall∞say∞that∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold∞$`(M,)`$∞is∞a∞∞∞singularfibration when,∞for∞each∞singular∞singular∞stratum∞$`S`$∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\text{S}_{}`$, we∞have

* ∞the∞restriction∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\pi (S)`$∞is∞a∞smooth∞fiber∞bundle∞(∞holonomyconditionfor $`_S`$),
* ∞∞the∞link∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞of∞$`S`$∞is∞a∞singular fibration∞(∞inductivecondition) and
* ∞the∞trace∞of∞a∞leaf∞of∞$``$∞on∞$`\mathrm{}S^n`$∞is connected∞(∞holonomyconditionfor$`S`$on$`M`$).

∞For∞this∞kind∞of∞foliations∞we∞have∞the∞following∞result.

###### Proposition 3.1.1

∞∞∞∞ ∞∞∞∞Theleafspace∞∞ofasingularfibration ∞∞∞∞∞isastratifiedpseudomanifold. ∞∞∞∞

∞∞∞∞Proof. ∞∞∞∞∞Let∞$`(M,)`$∞be∞∞the∞singular∞fibration∞and∞let∞$`B`$∞be∞the∞leaf ∞∞∞∞∞space.∞We∞prove∞first∞that∞$`B`$∞is∞a∞paracompact∞space.∞This∞comes from∞the∞fact∞that, being∞$`M`$∞second∞countable,∞we∞can∞find∞a∞basis∞$`\{\mathrm{}(\phi ,U)\}`$∞of the∞topology∞made up∞with∞good∞conical∞charts.∞The∞induced∞family∞$`\{\mathrm{}(\psi ,\pi (U)\mathrm{}\}`$ is∞a∞countable∞basis∞of∞$`B`$;∞the∞orbit∞space∞$`B`$∞is∞therefore∞second countable.∞It∞is∞also∞clearly∞regular.∞This∞implies∞that∞$`B`$∞is paracompact∞∞(cf.∞).

From∞a)∞and∞from∞the∞fact∞that∞the∞family∞∞$`\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$∞is∞a∞locally∞finite∞then∞we∞get∞that∞the∞family $`\text{S}_B\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\pi (S))\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\}`$ ∞is∞a stratification.

Let∞us∞study∞the∞local∞structure∞of∞this∞stratification. We∞proceed∞by∞induction on∞the∞depth∞of∞the∞stratification.∞In∞the first∞step∞of∞the∞induction∞we∞have∞that∞the∞projection $`\pi `$∞is∞a∞fibration∞and∞∞$`B`$∞is∞a∞stratified pseudomanifold∞whose∞depth∞is∞0.∞∞The∞Proposition∞becomes∞the∞usual deRham∞Theorem.

We∞consider,∞in∞the∞generic∞case,∞∞a∞conical∞chart∞$`(\phi ,U)`$∞of∞a point∞of∞a∞stratum∞$`S`$.∞Since $`(S,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_S)`$∞is∞a∞fibration,∞then∞∞any∞point∞of∞$`S`$∞admits∞a∞chart modelled∞on∞∞$`(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}H))\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^r,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}K)\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}R^s,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}I)`$,∞where∞$`\mathrm{}K`$∞is∞the∞foliation with∞one∞leaf∞and∞$`\mathrm{}I`$∞is∞the∞foliation∞by∞points,∞with∞the property∞that∞each∞point∞of∞$`\mathrm{}R^s`$∞belongs∞to∞a∞different∞leaf∞of $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$.∞We∞shall∞say∞that $`(\phi ,U)`$∞is∞a∞∞goodconicalchart∞if∞it∞is∞modelled∞on

$$(\mathrm{}R^r\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}K\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\times c\mathrm{}G).$$

∞A∞good∞conical∞chart∞$`\phi `$∞induces∞the stratified∞embedding∞(homeomorphism∞sending∞diffeomorphically∞the strata∞into∞the∞strata)∞$`\psi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)B`$∞(cf.∞c)),∞where∞$`\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}`$∞is∞the∞canonical∞projection∞on∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n`$. Here,∞since∞$`(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G)`$∞is∞a∞singular∞fibration∞(cf. b)),∞we∞can∞apply∞the∞induction∞hypothesis.

With∞the∞same∞technics,∞one∞shows∞directly∞that∞there∞exists∞a∞regular stratum∞$`R`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We∞present∞now∞some∞examples.

#### 3.1.2

Examples.

a)∞We∞begin∞with∞a∞simple∞example.∞Fix∞$`(p,q)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^2`$∞and∞put∞$`R:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}C^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}C^2`$∞the map∞defined∞by∞$`R(z_1,z_2)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(e^{2\pi \mathrm{}i\mathrm{}p}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}z_1,e^{2\pi \mathrm{}i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}q}\mathrm{}z_2)`$.∞The∞suspension∞of∞$`R`$∞defines∞on∞the manifold∞$`M\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^1\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^3`$∞a∞conical∞flow∞$``$∞without singularities. We∞have∞a∞singular∞fibration∞just∞in∞the∞case∞$`p/q\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}1`$.∞When∞$`p/q`$∞is∞irrational∞then the∞leaf∞space∞$`B`$∞is∞not∞a∞stratified∞pseudomanifold∞(even paracompact!).∞In∞the∞other∞cases∞the∞leaf∞space∞$`B`$∞is∞the cone∞over∞a∞∞lens∞space∞and∞therefore∞an∞orbifold.

b)∞Consider∞a∞smooth∞action∞of∞a∞compact∞Lie∞$`G`$∞on∞a smooth∞compact∞manifold∞$`M`$.∞Such∞an∞action∞defines∞a∞singular (Riemannian) foliation∞$`\mathrm{}F`$∞on∞$`M`$.∞Subsets∞of∞points∞of∞orbits∞of∞the same dimension∞are∞submanifolds∞of∞$`M`$∞and∞define∞a∞stratification∞(cf.∞). On∞each∞stratum∞$`S`$,∞the∞induced∞foliation∞∞$`_S`$∞is a∞regular∞Riemannian∞foliation∞whose∞leaves∞are∞compact with∞finite∞holonomy.∞The∞space∞of∞leaves∞$`S/_S`$∞is an∞orbifold. If∞we∞assume∞that∞our∞action∞has∞just∞one∞type∞of∞orbit∞in∞each stratum∞and∞that∞the∞isotropy∞subgroups∞are connected∞then∞$`(M,)`$∞is∞a∞singular∞fibration.

c) The∞considerations∞in∞∞permits∞us∞to∞formulate∞the following generalization∞for∞compact∞singular∞riemannian∞foliated∞manifold $`(M,)`$.∞The∞subsets∞consisting∞of∞points∞of leaves∞of∞the∞same∞dimension∞are∞smooth∞submanifolds∞and∞define∞a stratification∞of∞the∞manifold.∞On∞each∞stratum∞$`S`$∞the∞foliation $``$∞defines a∞regular∞Riemannian∞foliation∞$`_S`$.∞The∞leaf∞space∞$`S/_S`$∞is∞an∞orbifold. Each∞leaf∞has∞finite∞holonomy.∞When all∞these∞holonomies∞are∞trivial,∞then∞$`(M,)`$∞is∞∞a∞singular∞fibration.

The∞intersection∞homology∞$`IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞has∞been introduced∞by∞Goresky-MacPherson∞∞in∞order∞to∞study the∞stratified∞pseudomanifolds∞(see∞∞and∞also∞, ).∞The∞main∞result∞of this∞works∞relates∞this∞intersection∞homology∞with∞the∞basic intersection∞cohomology∞of∞$``$. Recall∞that∞two∞perversities∞$`\overline{p}`$∞and∞$`\overline{q}`$∞on∞$`B`$∞are∞dual∞if∞$`\overline{q}(\pi (S))\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\pi (S))\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}codim_B\mathrm{}(\pi (S))\mathrm{}\mathrm{}2`$ for∞each∞singular∞stratum∞$`\pi (S)`$.∞Notice∞that∞a∞perversity $`\overline{p}`$∞defines∞a∞perversity∞on∞$`B`$∞by∞putting∞$`\overline{p}(\pi \mathrm{}(S))\mathrm{}=\overline{p}(S)`$.

###### Theorem 3.1.3

Let$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$bea∞∞singularfibration.Put$`B`$ theorbitspace.Thenwehave

$$IH_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),$$

where∞∞$`\overline{p}`$and$`\overline{q}`$aredualperversities.

Proof. See∞Section∞4. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.2 Withholonomy.

∞We∞consider∞now∞the∞case∞where∞the holonomy∞is∞not∞trivial,∞in∞fact∞finite.∞We∞get∞the∞same∞relationship between∞the∞BIC∞of∞$``$∞and∞the∞intersection∞homology∞of $`B`$,∞but∞some∞technical∞difficulties∞appear.∞First∞of∞all∞we∞present∞an representative∞example.

#### 3.2.1

Example. Consider∞$`\mathrm{}S^3`$∞endowed∞with∞the∞riemannian foliation∞$``$ defined∞by∞the∞Hopf∞action,∞that∞is,∞$`z\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(u_1,u_2)\mathrm{}=(z\mathrm{}\mathrm{}u_1,\mathrm{}z\mathrm{}\mathrm{}u_2)\mathrm{}`$.∞On∞the∞other∞hand,∞we∞consider∞$`\mathrm{}R^6\mathrm{}=c\mathrm{}S^5`$∞endowed∞with∞the∞singular∞riemannian∞foliation∞$`c𝒬`$∞defined by∞the∞∞torus∞action∞$`\mathrm{}T^2\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^5\mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^5`$∞given∞by

$$(z_1,z_2)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}[(v_1,v_2,v_3),t]\mathrm{}=[(z_1\mathrm{}v_1,z_1z_2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}v_2,z_1z_2^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}v_3),t].$$

There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞leaves:∞points,∞circles∞and∞tori. There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞strata:∞a∞point∞(whose∞link∞is $`(\mathrm{}S^5,𝒬)`$∞),∞three∞cylinders (whose∞link∞is∞$`(\mathrm{}S^3,)`$)∞and∞the∞regular∞stratum.∞In∞fact,∞the∞singular∞part∞is∞the∞wedge∞$`\mathrm{}D^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}D^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}D^2`$ endowed∞with∞the∞foliation∞induced∞by∞the∞natural∞action∞of∞$`\mathrm{}S^^1`$∞on each∞disk. The∞finite∞group∞$`\mathrm{}Z_3`$∞acts∞freely∞∞on∞the∞product∞$`\mathrm{}S^3\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^5`$∞by

$$e^{2\pi \mathrm{}i/3}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}((u_1,u_2),[(u_1,u_2,u_3),t])\mathrm{}=((u_1,e^{2\pi \mathrm{}i/3}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}u_2),[(u_3,u_1,u_2),t]).$$

There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞leaves:∞∞circles,∞tori∞and three-dimensional∞tori. There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞strata:∞$`\mathrm{}S^3`$,∞three∞copies∞of $`\mathrm{}S^3\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^1\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[`$ and∞the∞regular∞stratum. Notice∞that∞this∞action∞permutes∞the∞∞three∞four-dimensional∞strata∞. Since∞this∞actions∞preserves∞the∞foliation∞$`\mathrm{}\times c𝒬`$,∞then∞we∞get∞on the∞quotient∞manifold

$$M\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^3\mathrm{}\times _{\mathrm{}Z_3}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^5$$

∞a∞singular∞riemannian∞foliation∞$``$. There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞leaves:∞∞circles,∞tori∞and three-dimensional∞tori. There∞are∞three∞different∞types∞of∞strata.∞The∞minimal∞stratum∞$`S`$∞is∞the∞lens∞space∞$`L(1,3)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^3/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Z^3`$, its∞link∞is∞$`(L_S,𝒢)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^5,𝒬)`$.∞There∞is∞one four-dimensional∞stratum,∞the∞product∞$`\mathrm{}S^3\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^1\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[`$ whose∞link∞is∞$`(L_S,𝒢)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^3,)`$.∞The∞last∞stratum∞is∞the∞regular∞stratum.

Put∞$`B`$∞the∞leaf∞space∞$`M/`$∞and∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$∞the∞canonical projection.∞The∞image∞$`\pi (S)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}L(3,1)/\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^2/\mathrm{}Z^3`$∞is∞not∞a∞manifold∞but∞an∞orbifold.

We∞already∞see∞a∞difference∞with∞the∞singular∞fibrations.∞Here,∞the strata∞are∞not∞necessarily∞manifolds∞but∞orbifolds (see∞for∞example∞). But∞there∞is∞another∞important∞difference∞related∞to∞the∞”links”. The∞natural∞projection∞$`\tau \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S`$∞is∞a∞foliated tubular∞neighborhood∞(the∞charts∞preserve∞the∞foliation∞and∞the conical∞structure)∞of∞$`S`$∞with∞fiber∞$`c\mathrm{}S^5`$.∞The∞induced∞map $`\sigma \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\pi (T)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi (S)`$∞is∞a∞tubular∞neighborhood∞(the charts∞preserve∞the∞conical∞structure) os∞$`\pi (S)`$∞with∞fiber∞the∞quotient∞$`(\mathrm{}S^5/𝒢)/\mathrm{}Z_3`$. The∞”link”∞$`L_{\pi (S)}\mathrm{}`$∞∞of∞$`\pi (S)`$∞is∞therefore∞$`(\mathrm{}S^5/𝒬)/\mathrm{}Z_3`$. In∞other∞words,

$$\text{we∞don’t∞have∞}\mathrm{}L_{\pi (S)}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}L_S\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}𝒢,\text{∞but∞}\mathrm{}L_{\pi (S)}\mathrm{}=(\mathrm{}L_S\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}𝒢)/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Z^3.$$

We∞can∞see∞that∞the∞trace∞of∞$``$∞on∞the∞link∞of∞$`S`$∞are exactly∞the∞obits∞of∞$`\mathrm{}Z^3\mathrm{}𝒬`$.

#### 3.2.2

∞∞Orbifoldscategory.∞These∞∞considerations∞lead∞us∞to∞introduce the∞following∞notions.∞A∞∞stratified∞pseudorbifold is∞∞defined∞as∞the∞stratified∞pseudomanifold∞changing∞”manifold”∞by orbifold∞and∞”diffeomorphism”∞by∞”isomorphism∞between∞orbifolds”.∞In other∞words,∞a∞∞stratifiedpseudorbifold is∞∞given∞by

* ∞∞∞∞
* ∞a∞paracompact∞space∞$`X`$ ∞∞∞∞
* ∞∞a∞locally∞finite∞partition∞$`\text{S}_X`$,∞called ∞∞∞∞∞stratification,∞made∞up∞of∞connected∞smooth ∞∞∞∞orbifolds,∞called∞∞strata. ∞∞∞∞

The∞local∞structure∞must∞be∞conical,∞that∞is,∞the∞local∞model∞is∞$`U\mathrm{}\times cL`$,∞where∞$`U`$∞is∞an∞orbifold,∞$`L`$∞is∞a∞smaller∞compact∞stratified pseudorbifold.∞More exactly,∞each∞point∞of∞$`X`$∞has∞a∞neighborhood∞which∞is∞homeomorphic∞to the∞local∞model,∞and∞this∞homeomorphism∞sends∞∞a stratum∞into∞a∞stratum∞by∞an∞isomorphism.∞Moreover,∞there∞exists∞a∞dense∞stratum∞$`R`$, the∞∞regularstratum.

We∞also∞extend∞the∞notion∞of∞singular∞fibration. ∞We∞shall∞say∞that∞a∞conical∞foliated∞manifold∞$`(M,)`$∞is∞a ∞∞singularSeifertfibration when,∞for∞each∞singular∞singular∞stratum∞$`S`$∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\text{S}_{}`$, we∞have

* ∞the∞restriction∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\pi (S)`$∞is∞a∞Seifert∞bundle,
* ∞∞the∞link∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞of∞$`S`$∞is∞a∞singular Seifert∞fibration and
* ∞the∞trace∞of∞a∞$``$∞on∞$`\mathrm{}S^n`$∞is given∞by∞the∞orbits∞of∞$`H\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒢`$,∞where∞$`H`$∞is∞a∞finite∞subgroup of

$$O(n+1,𝒢)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}O(n+1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Diff\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢).$$

###### Proposition 3.2.3

∞∞∞∞Theleafspace∞∞ofasingularSeifert∞∞fibration ∞∞isastratifiedpseudorbifold. ∞∞∞∞

Proof. ∞∞∞Let∞$`(M,)`$∞be∞the∞singular∞fibration∞and∞∞let∞$`B`$∞be∞the∞leaf ∞∞∞∞∞space.∞We∞know∞form∞∞that∞the∞elements∞of∞the∞family∞$`\text{S}_B\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\pi (S))\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\}`$∞are∞orbifolds.∞Proceeding∞as∞in∞Proposition 3.1.1∞we∞get∞∞that∞∞$`B`$∞is∞a∞paracompact∞space∞and∞that∞the family $`\text{S}_B`$ is∞locally∞finite.

Let∞us∞study∞the∞local∞structure∞of∞this∞stratification. We∞proceed∞by∞induction on∞the∞depth∞of∞the∞stratification.∞In∞the first∞step∞of∞the∞induction∞we∞have∞that∞the∞projection $`\pi `$∞is∞a∞Seifert∞fibration∞and∞∞$`B`$∞is∞a∞stratified pseudorbifold∞whose∞depth∞is∞0.

We∞consider,∞in∞the∞generic∞case,∞∞a∞conical∞chart∞$`(\phi ,U)`$∞of∞a point∞of∞a∞stratum∞$`S`$. The∞local∞model∞of∞a∞point∞of∞$`\pi (S)`$ ∞is∞a∞product∞$`(\mathrm{}R^p/\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^n/𝒢)/H)`$∞where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}O(p)`$∞is∞a∞finite∞subgroup,∞$`(S^n,𝒢)`$∞is∞the link∞of∞$`S`$∞and∞$`H\mathrm{}\mathrm{}O(n+1,𝒢)`$∞is∞a∞finite∞subgroup. An∞inductive∞argument∞gives∞that∞$`\mathrm{}S^n/𝒢`$∞is∞a∞stratified pseudorbifold.∞Thus∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n/𝒢)/H`$∞is∞also∞a∞stratified pseudorbifold∞. $`\mathrm{}`$

#### 3.2.4

∞∞Singularriemannianfoliations.∞From∞∞(see∞also )∞we∞know∞that∞each stratum∞$`S`$∞of∞a∞singular∞riemannian∞foliation∞$`(M,)`$ possesses∞a∞tubular∞neighborhood,∞called∞∞foliatedtubular neighborhood,∞∞$`\tau \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}T\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S`$∞with∞a with∞a∞foliated∞atlas

$$\{\mathrm{}\phi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(\tau ^1(U),)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(U\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}\times c𝒢)\mathrm{}\}$$

whose∞structural∞group∞is∞$`O(n+1,)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}A\mathrm{}O(n+1)\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}A\mathrm{}\text{∞preserves∞}\mathrm{}𝒢\mathrm{}\}`$.∞Here $`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞denotes∞the∞link∞of∞$`S`$.

A∞singular∞riemannian∞foliation∞gives∞the∞main∞example∞of∞a∞stratified pseudomanifold.

∞∞∞∞

###### Proposition 3.2.5

∞∞∞∞Theleafspaceofasingularriemannianfoliationwithcompact ∞∞∞∞leavesisastratifiedpseudorbifold. ∞∞∞∞

∞∞∞∞Proof. ∞∞Put∞$`(M,)`$∞the∞singular∞riemannian∞foliation, ∞∞∞∞$`B`$∞the∞leaf∞space∞and∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$∞the∞natural ∞∞∞∞projection.∞Since∞the∞the∞restriction∞of∞∞$``$ ∞∞∞∞to∞$`S`$∞is∞a∞riemannian∞foliation∞∞with ∞∞∞∞compact∞leaves∞∞then∞the∞restriction∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi \mathrm{}(S)`$∞is∞a∞Seifert∞bundle∞(see∞).∞This∞gives∞a).

∞∞∞∞For∞b)∞we∞notice∞that∞$`(\mathrm{}S^n,𝒢)`$∞is∞a∞singular ∞∞∞∞riemannian∞foliated∞manifold∞with∞$`0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_𝒢\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_{}\mathrm{}`$.∞An∞inductive∞argument on∞the∞depth∞of∞the∞stratification∞gives∞b).∞In∞the first∞step∞of∞the∞induction∞we∞have∞that∞the∞projection $`\pi `$∞is∞just∞a∞Seifert∞fibration.∞∞The∞Proposition∞becomes∞the deRham∞Theorem∞for∞orbifolds.

The∞foliation∞∞$``$∞does∞not∞always∞induces∞on∞$`\mathrm{}S^n`$∞the foliation∞$`𝒢`$∞(see∞the∞Example∞3.2.1).∞Consider∞$`\tau \mathrm{}:T\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S`$∞a∞foliated∞tubular∞neighborhood∞whose∞structural∞group∞is $`O(n+1,\mathrm{}𝒢)`$.∞The∞trace∞of∞$``$ on∞the∞generic∞fiber∞$`\mathrm{}S^n`$∞is∞given∞by∞the∞orbits∞$`H\mathrm{}𝒢`$∞where∞$`H\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}A\mathrm{}\mathrm{}O(n+1,\mathrm{}𝒢)\mathrm{}\text{ preserving∞the∞leaves}\}`$.∞Since∞$`H`$∞preserves∞the∞regular∞stratum then,∞for∞dimensional∞reasons,∞we∞have∞$`dim\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}=0`$.∞This∞gives∞c). $`\mathrm{}`$

∞∞As∞in∞the∞without-holonomy∞case∞we∞get∞that ∞∞the∞basic∞intersection∞cohomology∞generalizes∞the∞intersection ∞∞cohomology∞of∞the∞leaf∞space.

###### Theorem 3.2.6

∞∞∞∞ Let$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$bea∞∞singularSeifertfibration.Put$`B`$ theleafspace.Thenwehave

$$IH_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),$$

where∞∞$`\overline{p}`$and$`\overline{q}`$aredualperversities.

Proof. The∞same∞procedure∞followed∞in∞the∞proof∞of∞the∞Theorem∞3.1.3 reduces∞the∞problem∞to∞a∞local∞question∞on∞$`B`$. Recall∞that∞the∞local∞model∞of∞$`B`$∞is

$$(\mathrm{}R^p/\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)/H)$$

where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}O(p)`$∞is∞a∞finite∞subgroup,∞$`(S^n,𝒢)`$∞is∞the link∞of∞$`S`$,∞∞$`\pi \mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)`$∞denotes∞the∞canonical ∞∞∞∞projection∞associated∞to∞$`𝒢`$∞and ∞∞∞∞$`H\mathrm{}\mathrm{}O(n+1,𝒢)`$∞is∞a∞finite∞subgroup. By∞retracting∞the∞first∞factor,∞we∞transform∞the∞problem∞to ∞the∞proof∞of∞∞the∞following∞statement: ∞∞

$$H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)/H\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)/H\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\right)$$

Since∞$`\mathrm{}S^n/𝒢`$∞is∞a∞stratified pseudorbifold,∞an∞inductive∞argument∞gives

(1)
$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\right).\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}$$

∞∞∞∞A∞classic∞argument∞using∞the∞finiteness∞of∞$`H`$∞(see∞for ∞∞∞∞example∞)∞gives ∞∞∞∞$`H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)/H\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\right)^H\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$∞and ∞∞∞∞$`\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)/H\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\right)\right)^H`$, ∞∞∞∞the∞subspaces∞of∞fixed∞points.∞The∞proof∞ends∞by∞noticing∞that∞the ∞∞∞∞isomorphism∞(1)∞is∞natural. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let∞$`\mathrm{}F`$∞be∞a∞conical∞foliation∞on∞$`M`$∞with∞compact∞leaves, which∞we∞will∞call∞a∞compact∞conical∞foliation.∞Then∞on∞each∞stratum of∞$`M`$∞the∞foliation∞induces∞a∞regular∞compact∞foliation.∞The∞results of∞∞∞permit∞us∞to∞formulate∞the∞following∞Corollary.

###### Corollary 3.2.7

Let$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$beacompactconicalfoliation.Let $`\text{S}_\mathrm{}F`$bethepartitionof$`M`$bysubsets consistingofpointsofleavesof$`\mathrm{}F`$ofthesamedimension. Ifoneofthefollowingissatisfied:

* oneachstratumthevolumefunctionofleavesislocallybounded;
* ineachstratumleavesoftheinducedfoliationhavefinite holonomy;
* thecodimensionofthefoliationineachstratumis2;

thentheleafspace$`B`$,isastratifiedpseudomanifoldand,forany perversity$`\overline{p}`$,

$$IH_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),$$

where$`\overline{q}`$isthedualperversityof$`\overline{p}`$.

Proof. ∞The∞conditions∞(i),(ii)∞and∞(iii)∞assure∞that∞in∞each stratum∞the∞induced∞foliation∞is∞Riemannian. Therefore∞the∞leaf∞space∞$`B`$∞endowed∞with∞the stratification∞$`\{\mathrm{}\pi (S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}S\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}\}`$∞∞is∞a stratified∞pseudomanifold. On∞each∞stratum∞the∞natural projection∞is∞a∞Seifert∞fibration.∞The∞rest∞follows∞from∞Theorem 3.2.6.

## 4 Proof∞of∞the∞∞Theorem∞3.1.3.

We∞proceed∞in∞five∞steps.

* ∞∞∞∞
* ∞We∞reduce∞the∞problem∞to∞a∞question∞on∞the∞leaf space∞$`B`$∞by∞giving∞a∞presentation∞of∞the∞BIC∞of∞$`(M,)`$∞using∞a complex∞of∞differential∞forms∞living∞on∞$`\pi (R)`$:∞the∞complex $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$.
* ∞We∞present∞the∞intersection∞homology∞of∞$`B`$∞by∞using∞the complex $`SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞∞∞of $`\overline{p}`$-intersection∞chains.
* ∞Since∞these∞two∞complexes∞are∞not∞comparable∞by integration,∞we∞introduce∞∞the subcomplex $`LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞∞∞of∞smooth $`\overline{p}`$-intersection∞chains.
* These∞complexes∞are∞related∞by∞the∞restriction∞$`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)Hom(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)`$∞and∞the∞integration∞$`\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)`$.
* ∞We∞prove∞that∞the∞operators∞$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$∞∞and∞$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are∞quasi-isomorphisms.

### 4.1 The∞complex $`𝛀_{\overline{𝒒}}^{\mathbf{}}(𝑩)`$.

The∞result∞we∞are∞going∞to∞prove∞is∞a∞comparison∞between∞a∞cohomology defined∞on∞$`M`$∞with∞a∞cohomology∞defined∞on∞$`B`$.∞In∞order∞to∞simplify the∞proof∞we∞are∞going∞to∞present∞the∞basic∞intersection∞cohomology of∞$`(M,\mathrm{})`$∞using∞differential∞forms∞on∞$`B`$.∞We∞define

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (R)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\pi ^{}\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)\}.$$

Clearly,∞the∞differential∞operator

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi ^{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}M/\mathrm{}\right)$$

is∞an∞isomorphism.

Consider∞$`\{\mathrm{}V\mathrm{},\mathrm{}W\mathrm{}\}`$∞an∞open∞covering∞of∞$`B`$.∞Recall∞that∞there exists∞a∞subordinated∞partition∞of∞the∞unity∞made∞up∞of∞controlled functions,∞elements∞of∞∞$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{0}}}^^0\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞(cf.∞). So,∞the∞covering∞$`\{\pi ^1(U),\pi ^1(V)\}`$∞is∞a∞basic∞covering∞and∞∞we∞get∞from 2.4.1∞(b) the∞Mayer-Vietoris short∞sequence

$$0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}W\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}W\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0.$$

The∞fact∞that∞a∞differential∞form∞of∞$`\pi (R)`$∞lives∞on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$ is∞a∞∞local∞question.∞But∞we∞have∞more∞than∞that.∞Notice∞that,∞any∞two points∞of∞$`M`$∞can∞be∞related∞by∞a∞local∞foliated∞diffeomorphism∞(use good∞conical∞∞charts).∞So,∞in∞order∞to∞verify∞that∞a∞differential form∞on∞$`\pi (U\mathrm{}R)`$∞lives∞on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (U)\mathrm{}\right)`$,∞where∞$`(\phi ,U)`$∞is∞a∞good conical∞chart,∞it∞suffices∞to∞look∞at∞$`U`$∞and∞not∞at∞$`\pi ^1(U)`$. This∞implies∞that∞we∞have∞the differential∞isomorphism

(2)
$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\phi ^{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi (U)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}$$

where∞$`\pi (U)`$∞is∞the∞leaf∞space∞of∞$`((\pi ^1(\pi (U)),\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_{\pi ^1(\pi (U))})`$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}S^n)`$∞is∞the leaf∞space∞of∞$`(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times c\mathrm{}G)`$.

### 4.2 The∞complex $`𝑺𝑪_{\mathbf{}}^{\overline{𝒑}}(𝑩)`$.

∞For∞each∞integer∞$`i`$∞we shall∞write∞$`B_i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$∞the∞union∞of∞strata∞with∞dimension∞less or∞equal∞to∞$`i`$.∞The∞union∞of∞singular∞strata∞of∞$`B`$∞is∞written $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_B`$.∞We∞write∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞be∞a∞simplex∞and∞let∞$`P`$∞be∞a∞prism∞(i.e.∞a∞finite∞product∞of simplices).

A∞∞∞liftableprism∞∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$∞∞is∞a∞continuous∞map∞verifying∞the∞two∞following properties:

i)∞The∞restriction∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}int\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}\pi \mathrm{}(R)\times [0,1[^a`$∞is∞smooth.

ii)∞∞Each∞$`𝔠^1(B_i\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a\mathrm{})`$∞is∞of∞the∞form∞∞$`P\times \mathrm{}F_i`$,∞where∞∞$`F_i`$∞is∞a∞face∞of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

∞The∞liftable∞prism∞$`𝔠`$∞is∞∞$`\overline{p}`$-allowable∞if∞it∞verifies

iii)∞$`codim__B\pi \mathrm{}(S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}codim__\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}F_{_{dim\mathrm{}\pi (S)}}\mathrm{}+\overline{p}(\pi (S))`$∞for∞each∞singular∞stratum∞$`\pi (S)`$∞of∞$`B`$.

∞A∞singular∞chain∞$`\xi `$∞is∞an∞∞$`\overline{p}`$-intersectionchain when∞the∞chains∞$`\xi `$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}\xi `$∞are∞made∞up∞with $`\overline{p}`$-allowable∞simplices. We∞shall∞write∞$`SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞∞the∞complex∞of $`\overline{p}`$-intersection∞chains.∞The∞intersection∞homology $`IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞of∞$`B`$∞can∞be∞computed∞using∞the∞complex of∞∞intersection∞chains∞$`SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞(cf.∞, ).

### 4.3 The∞complex $`𝑳𝑪_{\mathbf{}}^{\overline{𝒑}}(𝑩)`$.

First∞of∞all∞we∞need∞stablish∞some∞results∞about∞the∞blow∞up∞of∞a standard∞simplex.

#### 4.3.1

∞∞Linearblow-up.

Consider∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$∞a∞decomposition∞of∞∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.∞We∞can∞think∞∞$`P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞as∞a∞∞stratifiedprism∞with∞∞singular∞strata $`\{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}((\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0),\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times ((\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k1})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k2}))\}`$∞and∞with∞a∞regular∞stratum∞$`R_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k1}))\mathrm{}`$. The∞∞depth∞of∞the∞stratified∞prism∞is∞$`0pt\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}k`$.

∞When∞this∞depth∞is∞strictly∞positive∞we∞can desingularise∞$`P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞in∞the∞following∞way. The∞∞linear blow-up∞of∞$`P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞is∞the∞smooth∞map∞

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\overline{c}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}$$

∞defined∞by $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}(x,[x_0,t_0],y)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(x,t_0x_0+(1t_0)y)`$.∞Here∞$`\overline{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$∞denotes∞the∞closed∞cone $`\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_0\times \mathrm{}[0,1]}{\mathrm{\Delta }_0\times \{\mathrm{}0\}}`$.∞We∞shall∞write∞$`(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\overline{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_0)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)`$,∞which∞is∞a stratified∞prism∞with∞$`\mathrm{}0pt(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$.∞The∞inverse image∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})=R_{(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}}\mathrm{}((P\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}1\})\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k))`$∞∞is∞a∞dense∞subset∞of $`(P\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}`$∞and∞the∞restriction

∞∞∞

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}$$

is∞a∞diffeomorphism.∞The∞same∞properties∞hold∞for∞$`int(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$,∞here

(3)
$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(int(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }))\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}int((P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}).\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}$$

∞∞∞∞Notice∞that,∞when∞$`k\mathrm{}=1`$∞and∞$`dim\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}=0`$,∞then $`_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞itself∞∞is∞in∞fact∞a∞diffeomorphism.

#### 4.3.2

∞∞Smoothintersectionhomology.

A∞liftable∞simplex∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$ induces∞a∞natural∞decomposition∞on∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.∞Consider∞$`\{i_0,\mathrm{},i_k\}`$∞the∞family∞of∞indices∞verifying∞$`F_i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_{i1}`$ and∞put∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }_j`$∞the∞face∞of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞with∞$`F_{i_j}=F_{i_j1}`$.∞∞This∞defines∞on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞the∞$`𝔠`$-decomposition∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$. We∞have∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝔠^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_B\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)=\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times (\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k1})`$.

The∞prism∞is∞∞smooth∞when∞it∞∞also∞verifies∞the∞condition:

iv)∞There∞exists∞a∞smooth∞map∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$∞with∞$`\pi \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝔠\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}𝔠`$.

Since∞$`𝔠^1(\pi (R)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ then∞the ∞∞∞∞restriction∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$ ∞∞∞∞is∞smooth∞and∞therefore∞it∞verifies∞a∞stronger∞condition∞than∞i), ∞∞∞∞namely

∞∞∞∞i)’∞The∞restriction∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\pi (R)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$∞is∞smooth.

∞A∞singular∞chain∞$`\xi `$∞is∞a∞smooth∞∞$`\overline{p}`$-intersectionchain when∞the∞chains∞$`\xi `$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}\xi `$∞are∞made∞up∞with smooth∞$`\overline{p}`$-allowable∞simplices. We∞shall∞write∞$`LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞∞the∞complex∞of smooth∞$`\overline{p}`$-intersection∞chains.∞It∞will∞be∞shown∞in∞the∞next section∞that∞this∞complex∞also∞computes∞the∞intersection∞homology.

### 4.4 The∞operators∞$`𝚯`$∞and∞$`𝚲`$.

The∞natural∞∞inclusion∞∞$`LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞induces∞the∞differential∞operator

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}Hom\mathrm{}(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R).$$

∞The∞difficulty∞to∞integrate∞a∞differential form∞$`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}`$∞on∞an∞∞intersection chain∞$`\xi `$∞lies∞on∞the∞fact∞that∞$`\omega `$∞is∞defined∞only∞on∞the regular∞stratum∞of∞$`B`$∞while∞$`\xi `$∞is∞defined∞on∞∞$`B`$.∞For∞this reason∞we∞need∞some∞preparatory∞results

∞The∞linear∞blow∞up∞is∞compatible∞with∞the∞barycentric∞subdivision∞in the∞following∞way.∞Let∞$``$∞an∞element∞of∞the∞barycentric subdivision∞of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$,∞endowed∞with∞the∞∞induced∞decomposition. That∞is,∞$`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_l`$∞where∞$`\{\mathrm{}i_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}i_l\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}1,\mathrm{},k\}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{i1}\mathrm{}\}`$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{i_j}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{i_j1}\mathrm{}_j`$.∞Notice∞that∞$`R_{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}R_\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.∞It has∞been∞proved∞in∞∞\[3, page∞220\])∞that

###### Proposition 4.4.1

Givenanelement$``$ofthebarycentricsubdivisionof$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and$`I\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{})^{blu}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}`$thenaturalinclusion,thenthereexistsasmoothmap $`I\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$ verifying$`\mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}I`$. ∞∞∞∞

#### 4.4.2

Differentialformson$`𝑷\mathbf{}\mathbf{\times }\mathbf{}𝚫`$.

We∞shall∞write∞$`𝚷^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$∞the∞complex∞of ∞liftableforms.∞When∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}=0`$∞then∞we∞put $`𝚷^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}=\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}P\times \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\right)`$.∞In∞the∞generic∞case,∞we∞shall∞say∞that∞a∞differential∞form $`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\right)`$∞is∞liftable∞if there∞exists∞a∞liftable∞form∞$`\widehat{\omega }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }^{blu})`$∞with∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\omega \mathrm{}=\widehat{\omega }`$∞on∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }})`$.∞Notice∞that,∞∞when∞$`k=1`$∞and∞$`dim\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}=0`$,∞the form∞∞$`\omega `$∞is∞defined∞in∞fact∞in∞$`P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$.∞By∞density, the∞lifting∞$`\widehat{\omega }`$∞is∞unique.∞Then∞we∞have∞$`\widehat{d\omega }\mathrm{}=d\widehat{\omega }`$.∞The∞complex∞$`𝚷^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$∞is thus∞differential.∞As∞usual,∞we∞shall∞write∞

$$\mathrm{}_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_{int(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })}\omega ,\mathrm{}$$

which∞is∞not∞always∞well∞defined.∞But∞in∞our∞context

###### Lemma A

∞∞∞∞ Let$`\omega `$bealiftableform,thentheintegral$`{\displaystyle _{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\omega `$isfinite.

Proof. We∞proceed∞by∞induction∞on∞the∞depth.∞When∞this∞depth∞is∞0∞then∞the result∞is∞clear.∞For∞the∞generic∞step∞we∞have

(4)
$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}^1(int\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }))}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\omega \mathrm{}=_{int\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })}\widehat{\omega }=_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\widehat{\omega }$$

∞∞∞∞since∞∞(3)∞and∞$`int\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}`$.∞By∞∞∞induction∞hypothesis∞this∞number∞is∞finite. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma B

Let$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$be asmooth∞∞prism. If$`\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}(\mathrm{}\pi (R)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a\mathrm{})`$∞∞with $`\pi ^{}\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(M\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)`$then $`𝔠^{}\eta `$isliftable.

Proof. ∞Since∞$`𝔠^{}\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}\right)`$∞(cf.∞∞i)’)∞then∞it∞suffices∞to∞construct∞the∞lifting $`\widehat{𝔠^{}\eta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$. We∞proceed∞in∞several∞steps.

I∞-∞∞Localizing$`M`$and$`B`$. Remark∞that∞for∞any∞element∞$``$∞of∞the∞barycentric∞subdivision of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, the∞restriction∞$`𝔠^{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^a`$∞is∞a∞smooth∞∞prism.∞The∞statement∞becomes∞a∞local∞one.∞So, we∞can∞identify∞

$$(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^r\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c𝒢\mathrm{}),\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)$$

∞and suppose∞that∞∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝔠`$∞meets∞$`\mathrm{}R^{blu}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \}\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^a`$.∞Then∞$`𝔠^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}\times [0,1[^a)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$.

∞Notice∞that∞a∞neighborhood∞of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$∞on∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞is∞a∞product of∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c`$,∞where∞$``$∞is∞a∞simplex.∞From∞Lemma 1.2.1∞we∞get∞a∞commutative∞diagram

where∞∞$`\widehat{𝔠}`$∞is∞smooth.

∞II∞-∞∞Blowingup$`𝔠`$.∞Consider∞now∞the continuous∞map

$$\widehat{𝔠}\mathrm{}=\widehat{\pi }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔠}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^{a+1},$$

where∞$`\widehat{\pi }\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{a+1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{a+1}`$∞is∞the∞projection∞defined∞by

$$\widehat{\pi }\mathrm{}(x_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}x_r,\mathrm{}y_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}y_s,\mathrm{}\theta ,t_0,t_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}t_a)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}y_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}y_s,\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^n}}(\theta ),t_0,t_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}t_a).$$

Let∞us∞see∞that∞$`\widehat{𝔠}`$∞is∞a∞smooth∞prism.

i)∞Since∞$`\widehat{\pi }`$∞and∞$`\widehat{𝔠}`$∞are∞smooth∞it∞suffices to∞prove that

$$\widehat{𝔠}^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_𝒢)\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{a+1})\mathrm{}((P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\overline{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_0)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}((\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)\mathrm{}int\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)).$$

This∞comes∞from

$$\widehat{𝔠}^1\widehat{\pi }^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^{a+1})=\widehat{𝔠}^1(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{a+1})=$$

$$\widehat{𝔠}^1(P\times \mathrm{}\text{∞Id∞}_{[0,1[^a})^1(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\times c\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1𝔠^1(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times c\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)=$$

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1𝔠^1\pi ^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times c\pi _{\mathrm{}S^n}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1𝔠^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times c\pi _{\mathrm{}S^n}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)=$$

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(P\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k1})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}((P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\overline{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_0)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}((\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)\mathrm{}int\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)).$$

ii)∞Proceeding∞as∞before∞we∞get

$$\widehat{𝔠}^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}((\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}S^n))_j\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^{a+1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{})\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}^1𝔠^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times (c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n))_{j+1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a\mathrm{}\mathrm{})=$$

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_h))=P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_h),$$

for∞some∞$`h\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}k\}`$.

iii)∞By∞construction.

III∞-∞∞Lifting$`\eta `$.∞The∞differential∞forms∞$`\pi ^{}\eta \mathrm{}𝚷^{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)`$ lifts∞into∞the∞differential∞form∞$`\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^{a+1})`$. Since∞$`\pi ^{}\eta `$∞is∞basic∞and∞the∞restriction∞of∞$`P\times \text{∞Id∞}_{[0,1[^a}`$∞to∞$`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}R_0\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$,∞where∞$`R_0`$∞is∞the∞regular∞stratum∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^{mn1}`$, is∞the∞identity∞then∞$`\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }`$∞is∞also∞basic.∞There exists∞$`\widehat{\eta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(R_0)\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^{a+1}\mathrm{})`$∞with $`\widehat{\pi }^{}\widehat{\eta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }`$.∞The differential∞form∞$`\widehat{\eta }`$∞is∞in∞the∞conditions∞of∞the∞Lemma.

IV∞-∞∞Finalstep. We∞proceed∞by∞induction∞on∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$.∞The result∞is∞clear∞when∞this∞depth∞is∞0,∞that∞is,∞when∞$`B=\pi (R)`$.∞For the∞generic∞case,∞notice that∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}G}\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}0pt\text{S}_{\mathrm{}H\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G}`$∞then∞the∞induction argument∞gives∞that∞$`\widehat{𝔠}^{}\widehat{\eta }`$∞is∞liftable. It∞remains∞to∞prove∞that∞$`\widehat{𝔠^{}\eta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\widehat{𝐜}^{}\widehat{\eta }`$,∞that∞is,∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\mathrm{}𝔠^{}\eta \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\widehat{𝐜}^{}\widehat{\eta }`$∞on∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})`$. Since∞$`𝔠\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(P\times \mathrm{}\text{ Id∞}_{[0,1[^a})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔠}`$∞then∞we∞have

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\mathrm{}𝔠^{}\eta \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}𝔠^{}\pi ^{}\eta =\widehat{𝔠}^{}\mathrm{}(P\times \mathrm{}\text{∞Id∞}_{[0,1[^a})^{}\pi ^{}\eta $$

on∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})`$.∞Since $`\pi ^{}\eta `$∞is∞liftable∞then∞

$$(P\times \mathrm{}\text{∞Id }_{[0,1[^a})^{}\pi ^{}\eta \mathrm{}=\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }=\widehat{\pi }^{}\widehat{\eta }$$

∞on $`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n})\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^a`$, So

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\mathrm{}𝔠^{}\eta \mathrm{}=\widehat{𝔠}^{}\widehat{\mathrm{}}\pi ^{}\widehat{\eta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\widehat{𝐜}^{}\widehat{\eta },$$

on∞$`\widehat{𝔠}^1(\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n})\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\times [0,1[^a)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}^1(R_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Given∞∞a∞form∞$`\mathrm{}\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{p}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$∞and∞a∞∞smooth∞$`\overline{p}`$-allowable simplex∞∞$`c\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B`$∞we∞can∞define∞∞the∞integral

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(\omega )(c)=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}c^{}\mathrm{}\eta $$

(cf.∞Lemma∞∞A∞and∞Lemma∞B). It∞remains∞to∞prove∞that∞the∞operator

$$\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R).$$

is∞a∞differential∞one.∞We∞also∞need∞some∞preparatory∞results.

#### 4.4.3

∞∞Boundary.

There∞are∞two∞types∞of∞(one∞codimensional) faces∞on∞$`(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu}`$.

* ∞∞∞∞
* ∞The∞faces∞$`(Q\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{})^{blu}\mathrm{}`$,∞where∞$`Q`$∞is∞a face∞of∞$`P`$∞and∞$`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞or∞$`Q=P`$∞and∞$``$∞is∞a∞face∞of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.∞The∞restriction∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞is∞the linear∞blow∞up∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{Q\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}}`$.

∞∞∞∞
* ∞The∞face∞$`F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}1\}\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)`$.∞The restriction∞of∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞∞is∞just∞the canonical∞projection∞over∞$`\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$.

The∞faces∞of∞type∞T1)∞∞run∞over∞the∞boundary∞of∞$`P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$. The∞face∞$`F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞is∞the∞extra∞face∞produced∞by∞the linear∞blow∞up.∞∞We∞have∞the∞formula

(5)
$$\mathrm{}((P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })^{blu})=((P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }))^{blu}+\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}.$$

#### 4.4.4

Moredifferentialformson$`𝑷\mathbf{}\mathbf{\times }\mathbf{}𝚫`$. We∞shall∞write∞$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$∞the∞complex∞of ∞regularforms.∞When∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}=0`$∞then∞we∞put $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}=\mathrm{\Omega }^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}P\times \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\right)`$.∞In∞the∞generic∞case,∞we∞shall∞say∞that∞a∞liftable∞form $`\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚷^{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$∞is∞regular∞∞if $`\widehat{\omega }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝚪^{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$∞and∞if∞its restriction∞to∞$`int\mathrm{}F_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞vanishes.∞Notice∞that $`𝚪^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is∞a∞differential∞complex.∞From∞Proposition∞4.4.1∞we∞know∞that the∞restriction∞of∞a∞regular∞form∞to∞a∞element∞of∞the∞barycentric subdivision∞is∞again∞regular.∞For∞these∞kind∞of∞forms∞we∞have∞the following∞Stoke’s∞Theorem.

###### Lemma C

Let$`\omega `$aregularform,then∞∞$`\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝑑\mathrm{}\omega =\mathrm{}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _{(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\omega `$.

Proof. We∞proceed∞by∞induction∞on∞the∞depth.∞When∞this∞depth∞is∞0∞then∞the result∞is∞clear.∞For∞the∞generic∞step∞we∞notice∞that∞$`\omega `$∞is defined∞in∞the∞interior∞of any∞face∞$`F`$∞of∞∞$`P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$∞except∞in∞the∞case∞where∞$`dim\mathrm{\Delta }_k\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0`$∞and∞$`F\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k1}`$.∞But here∞$`\omega `$∞extends∞to∞∞a∞form∞on∞$`int\mathrm{}F`$.∞To∞see∞that,∞we∞apply the∞Proposition∞4.4.1∞to∞reduce∞the∞problem∞to∞$`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1`$∞and∞$`dim\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1=0`$.∞Here∞we know∞that∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞is∞a∞diffeomorphism∞and that∞$`\widehat{\omega }`$∞is∞defined∞everywhere,∞then∞$`\omega `$∞is∞defined everywhere.∞The∞two∞terms∞of∞the∞equality∞to∞show∞make∞sense.

The∞induction∞hypothesis∞gives

$$_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}\widehat{d\omega }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_{(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta })}\widehat{\omega }$$

∞and∞therefore∞(cf.∞(5)∞and∞(4))

$$_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\widehat{d\omega }\mathrm{}=_{(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })}\widehat{\omega }\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}(P\times \mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}}\widehat{\omega }\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}}\widehat{\omega }\mathrm{}=_{\mathrm{}(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{}}\omega \mathrm{}+\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}F_{P\times \mathrm{\Delta }}}\widehat{\omega }.\mathrm{}$$

Now∞it∞suffices∞to∞notice∞that∞$`\widehat{\omega }`$∞vanishes∞on∞$`F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$. ∞ $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma D

Let$`𝔠\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$be asmooth$`\overline{p}`$-allowableprism.If$`\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)`$then∞∞∞$`𝔠^{}\eta `$isregular.

Proof. Since∞$`𝔠^{}\eta `$∞is∞liftable,∞it∞remains∞to∞prove∞that $`\widehat{𝔠^{}\eta }`$ vanishes∞on∞$`int\mathrm{}F_{P\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$.∞In∞fact,∞it∞suffices∞to∞prove that ∞that,∞∞we∞have ∞

(6)
$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔠}^{}\widehat{\eta }(u_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}u_a,v_1,\mathrm{},v_b,0,w_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}w_c)=0,\mathrm{}$$

where∞∞∞$`\{\mathrm{}u_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}u_{a\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}dim\mathrm{}P}\mathrm{}\}`$∞are∞tangent∞vectors∞to $`int\mathrm{}P`$, $`\{\mathrm{}v_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}v_{b\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}dim\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0}\mathrm{}\}`$∞are∞tangent∞vectors∞to $`int\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$∞and∞$`\{\mathrm{}w_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}w_{c\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}dim\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k}\mathrm{}\}`$∞are∞tangent∞vectors∞to∞$`int\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_k)`$.

Since∞the∞question∞is∞finally∞local,∞we∞can∞proceed∞as∞before∞and identify∞$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$∞with∞$`\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^r\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\mathrm{}S^n,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}G\mathrm{})`$, identify∞$`B`$∞with∞∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n}}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n)`$,∞identify $`S`$∞with∞$`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}`$∞and∞suppose∞that∞$`\mathrm{}𝔠`$∞meets∞$`\mathrm{}R^{blu}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$.∞Then $`𝔠^1(\mathrm{}R^s\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. The∞diagram∞(4.4)∞becomes

Here∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}(x_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}x_a,y_1,\mathrm{},y_b,0,z_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}z_c)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(x_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}x_a,y_1,\mathrm{},y_b)`$.∞The∞prism∞$`\widehat{𝔠}`$∞verifies∞i)’∞and therefore∞$`\widehat{𝔠}`$∞sends∞$`int\mathrm{}F_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }}`$∞into $`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}0\}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$.∞Since∞$`\widehat{𝔠}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\widehat{\pi }\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔠}`$∞∞and∞$`\widehat{\pi }^{}\widehat{\eta }\mathrm{}=\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }`$∞then∞the∞condition∞(6)∞is equivalent∞to

$$\widehat{\pi ^{}\eta }(\widehat{𝔠}_{}u_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{},\mathrm{}\widehat{𝐜}_{}u_a,\widehat{𝔠}_{}v_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{𝔠}_{}v_b,0,\widehat{𝐜}_{}w_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔠}_{}w_c)=0.$$

Since∞$`codim__\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}F_{dim\mathrm{}\pi (S)}=codim__\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}F_s\mathrm{}=codim__\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}c+1`$∞then∞the∞condition∞iv)∞implies∞that

$$c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}codim__B\mathrm{}\pi \mathrm{}(S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\pi (S))\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\overline{q}(\pi (S))\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}1>\overline{q}(\pi (S)).$$

Finally,∞since∞$`(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}L_{P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }})_{}w_j=0`$∞then $`\widehat{𝔠}_{}w_j`$∞is∞a∞vector∞of∞$`\mathrm{}R^{mn1}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}0\}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}[0,1[^a`$∞tangent to∞the∞fibers∞of∞$`(P\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\text{∞Identity∞}_{[0,1[^a})`$∞and∞therefore∞we∞get∞∞(10). ∞∞ $`\mathrm{}`$

∞∞

∞The∞Lemma∞C∞and∞the∞Lemma∞D∞show∞that∞the∞operator

$$\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)$$

is∞a∞differential∞operator.

### 4.5 The∞quasi-isomorphisms∞$`𝚯`$∞and $`𝚲`$.

Consider∞the∞statement∞∞$`Q(B)`$∞about∞the∞leaf∞space∞of singular∞fibrations: ∞

$$\mathrm{}Q(B)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{"}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mathrm{\Theta }}{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}Hom(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\text{∞are∞quasi-isomorphisms}\mathrm{"},$$

and∞we∞shall∞prove∞it∞by∞using∞the∞Bredon’s∞Trick∞\[5, pag.∞289\].

∞∞Bredon’sTrick.∞∞∞∞∞Let$`X`$beaparacompacttopologicalespace and∞∞let$`\{\mathrm{}U_\alpha \}`$beanopencovering,closedfor finiteintersection.Supposethat$`Q(U)`$isastatementaboutopensubsets of$`M`$,satisyingthefollowingthreeproperties:

(BT1)∞∞ $`Q(U_\alpha )`$istrueforeach$`\alpha `$;

(BT2) $`Q(U)`$,$`Q(V)`$and$`Q(U\mathrm{}V\mathrm{})`$$``$$`Q(U\mathrm{}V)`$,where$`U`$and$`V`$areopensubsetsof$`M`$;

(BT3) $`Q(U_i)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Q(\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\mathrm{}U_i)`$, where$`\{\mathrm{}U_i\}`$isadisjointfamilyofopensubsetsof$`M`$.

Then$`Q(X)`$istrue.

We∞proceed∞by induction∞on∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F`$,∞then∞this∞depth∞is∞0 then∞$`Q(B)`$∞is∞the∞usual∞de∞Rham∞Theorem.∞Let∞us∞suppose∞that∞$`Q(B)`$ is∞proved∞when∞$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.∞We∞proceed∞in∞several∞steps.

(i)∞∞Thefoliatedmanifold$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$is $`(\mathrm{}R^u\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^w,\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}I\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G)`$where$`\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}`$∞∞isthefoliationwith oneleaf,∞∞$`\mathrm{}I`$isthefoliationbypointsand∞∞$`(\mathrm{}S^v,\mathrm{}G)`$isasingularfibrationwith$`0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}𝒮_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.

Using∞the∞canonical∞projection∞$`\mathrm{Pr}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(S^w\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{})\mathrm{}`$,∞restricted∞to∞the∞regular part,∞∞we∞already∞know∞that

$$\stackrel{^{}}{\mathrm{Pr}}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{_{\overline{q}}}^{^{}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(S^w)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\right)$$

is∞a∞quasi-isomorphism∞(cf.∞Proposition∞2.4.2∞and∞(8)). Following∞the∞same∞procedure∞as∞in∞∞we∞prove∞that∞the operators

$$\stackrel{^{}}{\mathrm{Pr}}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}Hom(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{S^w}}(S^w)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)Hom(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)$$

∞and

$$\stackrel{^{}}{\mathrm{Pr}}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(S^w)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Hom(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\pi _{_{S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right),\mathrm{}R)$$

∞are∞quasi-isomorphisms.∞Now,∞since∞$`\mathrm{Pr}^{^{}}`$∞commutes∞with∞$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$∞and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, then∞$`Q(c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{}Q(\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\pi _{_{S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{})`$.∞It∞remains∞to∞prove∞$`Q(c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{})`$.

From∞Proposition∞2.4.3∞and∞(8)∞we∞know∞that∞the∞canonical projection∞$`\mathrm{Pr}\mathrm{}:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{}G)`$∞induces∞the∞quasi-isomorphism

$$IH_{_{\overline{q}}}^^i\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\{\begin{array}{cc}IH_{_{\overline{p}}}^^i\left(\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if∞}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\overline{q}(\{\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\mathrm{}\hfill \\ 0\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if∞}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}>\mathrm{}\overline{q}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\hfill \end{array}\mathrm{}.$$

Following∞the∞same∞procedure∞as∞in∞∞we∞prove∞that $`\mathrm{Pr}^{^{}}`$∞induces∞∞the∞isomorphisms

$$H^i(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}H^i(LC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if }\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}k\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\mathrm{}\hfill \\ 0\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if∞}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}>\mathrm{}k\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$H^i(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}c\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}H^i(SC_{_{}}^{^{\overline{p}}}\left(\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\right)& \mathrm{}\text{if }\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}k\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\mathrm{}\hfill \\ 0\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\text{if∞}\mathrm{}i\mathrm{}>\mathrm{}k\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}\overline{p}(\{\mathrm{}\vartheta \mathrm{}\})\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

∞where∞$`k=dim\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)`$.∞Now,∞since∞$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$∞and∞$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$∞commute with∞$`\mathrm{Pr}^{^{}}`$∞it∞suffices∞to∞apply∞∞$`Q(\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{}))`$∞and to∞take∞into∞account∞that∞the∞∞perversities∞$`\overline{p}`$∞and∞$`\overline{q}`$ on∞$`B`$∞are∞dual.

(ii)∞∞Thefoliatedmanifold$`(M,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F)`$isanopen subset∞∞of∞∞$`(\mathrm{}R^u\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}S^w,\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G)`$where$`\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}`$∞∞isthe foliationwithoneleaf,∞∞$`\mathrm{}I`$isthefoliationbypoints and∞∞$`(\mathrm{}S^v,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G)`$isasingularfibrationwith$`\mathrm{}0pt\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.

Since∞$`B`$∞is∞paracompact∞we∞can∞apply∞the∞Bredon’s∞Trick∞to∞the following covering

$$\{\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c_ϵ\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}]a_1,b_1[\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]a_v,b_v[\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^v,\mathrm{}ϵ\mathrm{}\mathrm{}[0,1[\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\{\mathrm{}\pi (U)\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}U\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}R^{u+v}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}S^w\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}]0,1[\mathrm{}\text{∞open∞}\},\mathrm{}$$

∞where∞∞$`c_ϵ\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\times [0,ϵ\mathrm{}[\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)\mathrm{}\times \{\mathrm{}0\mathrm{}\}`$.∞This∞family is∞closed∞for∞finite∞intersections.∞Let∞us∞verify∞the∞three conditions∞(BT1-3).

(BT1)∞Apply∞(i) to∞$`V\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c_ϵ\mathrm{}\pi _{_{\mathrm{}S^w}}(\mathrm{}S^w)`$∞∞and∞apply∞the∞induction∞hypothesis∞to $`\pi (U)`$∞noticing∞that$`\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}F_U}\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.

∞(BT2)∞This∞is∞Mayer-Vietoris.

∞(BT3)∞By∞construction.

(iii)Thedepthofthefoliatedmanifold$`(M,)`$is$`\mathrm{}`$.

Since∞$`B`$∞is∞paracompact∞we∞can∞apply∞the∞Bredon’s Trick∞relatively∞to∞the∞following∞covering:

$$\{\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\mathrm{}B\mathrm{}\mathrm{}/\mathrm{}V\mathrm{}\text{∞is∞an∞open∞subset∞of∞}\pi (U)\text{∞where }(\phi ,U)\text{∞is∞a∞good∞conical∞chart}\mathrm{}\}.\mathrm{}\mathrm{}$$

∞This∞family∞is∞closed∞for∞finite∞intersections.∞Let∞us∞verify∞the three∞conditions∞(BT1-3).

(BT1)∞Apply(2)∞∞and∞(ii) using∞the∞fact∞that∞$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_{\mathrm{}K\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}I\mathrm{}\times \mathrm{}c\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}0pt\mathrm{}\text{S}_\mathrm{}\mathrm{}G+1`$.

∞(BT2)∞This∞is∞Mayer-Vietoris.

∞(BT3)∞By∞construction.