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# Ferromagnetism and giant magnetoresistance in the rare earth fullerides Eu6-xSrxC60

## I INTRODUCTION

Since the discovery of fullerenes, C60 compounds have given us various opportunities for the research in condensed matter physics and materials science. Much attention was attracted to the superconductivity in $`A_3`$C60 ($`A`$ is an alkali atom) Hebard et al. (1991). As for the magnetism, TDAE-C60 (TDAE is tetrakisdimethylaminoethylene) shows a ferromagnetic transition Allemand et al. (1991), while antiferromagnetic (or spin density wave) ground state was observed in polymeric $`A_1`$C60 Chauvet et al. (1994), Na2Rb0.3Cs0.7C60 Arčon et al. (2000), and three-dimensional (NH3)$`A_3`$C60 Takenobu et al. (2000). In these compounds a magnetic moment is considered to be carried by an electron on C60 molecule. Because various atoms and molecules can be intercalated into C60 crystal, we also expect the magnetic C60 compounds in which magnetic moment is carried by intercalants. In this viewpoint, rare earth metal is a good candidate. The research of rare earth fullerides was reported for Yb Özdaş et al. (1995) and Sm Chen and Roth (1995) in relation to the superconductivity, but little effort has been made to study the magnetic properties. The only case of magnetic study in rare earth fullerides is for europium. Europium has a magnetic moment of 7$`\mu _B`$ ($`S`$ = 7/2, $`L`$ = 0, and $`J`$ = 7/2) in the divalent state, while it is non-magnetic ($`S`$ = 3, $`L`$ = 3, and $`J`$ = 0) in the trivalent state. A photoemission study of C60 overlayered on Eu metal revealed the charge transfer from Eu to C60 and the formation of fulleride Yoshikawa et al. (1995). Ksari-Habiles et al. Ksari-Habiles et al. (1997); Claves et al. (1998) investigated the crystal structure and magnetic properties of Eu∼3C60 and Eu6C60; they observed some magnetic anomalies in Eu6C60.

In this paper, we report the ferromagnetic transition of Eu6C60, which was observed at $`T_C`$ 12 K in magnetic and heat capacity measurements. We also investigated the substitution effect from Eu to non-magnetic Sr, and the ferromagnetic transition temperature was found to change little with the Sr concentration. In the resistivity measurement we found a huge negative magnetoresistance below around $`T_C`$; the reduction ratio of resistivity $`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$ is almost 10-3 at 1 K in Eu6C60. This ratio is comparable to those in perovskite manganese oxides, which is known as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). However Eu6C60 should be categorized as a new class of giant magnetoresistive compounds in the sense that (1) the magnitude of magnetoresistance increases very steeply with decreasing temperature rather than the vicinity of $`T_C`$, (2) the compound consists of a molecule with novel structure. These features can open the further possibility to find a new magnetic and magnetoresistive material.

## II EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Polycrystalline samples of Eu6-xSrxC60 were synthesized by solid-state reaction. A stoichiometric amount of mixture of Eu, Sr and C60 powders, which was pressed into a pellet and sealed in a quartz tube in vacuum, was heat-treated at 600 C for about 10 days. In the course of the heat treatment the sample was ground for ensuring the complete reaction. Because the sample is very unstable in air, we treated it in a glove box with inert atmosphere.

Powder x-ray diffraction experiments were carried out by using synchrotron radiation x-rays at BL-1B in Photon Factory, KEK, Tsukuba. The samples was put into a glass capillary in 0.3 mm diameter and an imaging plate was used for the detection Fujiwara et al. (2000). Magnetic measurements were performed using a SQUID magnetometer. In the heat capacity measurement by relaxation method, the sample was pressed into a pellet and sealed by grease to keep from exposure to air. Eu $`L_{III}`$-edge XANES (x-ray absorption near edge structure) was measured in the fluorescence method at BL01B1 of SPring-8, Harima. The resistivity measurements were carried out by the 4-probe method. Four gold wires were attached to a pressed pellet of polycrystalline sample with sliver paste. The sample was put into a capsule and sealed in He atmosphere.

## III RESULTS

X-ray diffraction spectra of Eu6-xSrxC60 are shown in Fig. 1(a). The spectrum of Sr6C60 is also presented as a reference. The wavelength of x-ray is 0.8057 Å for $`x`$ = 0, 3, 5, and 0.8011 Å for $`x`$ = 6. They all can be understood by a $`bcc`$ structure which is an isostructure of other $`M_6`$C60 in alkali Zhou et al. (1991), alkaline earthKortan et al. (1991) and rare earth (Sm) Chen et al. (1999) fullerides. The Rietveld refinements based on the space group $`Im\overline{\mathit{3}}`$ were performed with use of the RIETAN program Izumi (1993); Kim and Izumi (1994). In the refinements, only two atomic coordinates ($`x`$ for C1 and C3) are refined in C60 molecule, which corresponds to the refinement of the length of 6:6 bond (the bond between two hexagons) and 5:6 bond (the bond between hexagon and pentagon). In the compounds of $`x`$ = 3 and 5, the sum of the metal concentration is fixed to unity. The results of refinement are presented in Table 1 and obtained structure is shown in Fig. 1(b). This crystal structure of Eu6C60 is consistent with the previous works Claves et al. (1998); Ootoshi et al. (2000), but we observed little trace of the secondary phase in the present sample. In the Sr-substituted compounds, the values of Eu concentration are in good agreement with the nominal ones.

As seen in Fig. 1(c), the obtained lattice constants change linearly with the nominal Eu concentration, which means they follow the Vegard’s law, and confirms the formation of solid solution at $`x`$ = 3 and 5. This result is attributed to the fact that ionic radius of Eu2+ and Sr2+ is quite similar, while the substitution of Ba for Eu results in the phase separation.

Figures 2 show the result of magnetic measurements of Eu6-xSrxC60. Above 30 K, magnetic susceptibility ($`\chi `$) follows the Curie-Weiss law, as shown in Figs. 2(a)-(c). The effective Bohr magneton estimated from Curie constant and the Weiss temperature are summarized in Table 2 eum . The former agrees with the Eu2+ state ($`S`$ = 7/2, $`L`$ = 0, and $`J`$ = 0). The field dependence of magnetization at 2 K gives the saturation moment close to 7$`\mu _B`$, which is consistent with the magnetic moment of Eu2+. Moreover the Eu2+ state has been also confirmed by Eu $`L_{III}`$-edge XANES experiments, as seen in Fig. 3. The spectra of EuS and Eu2O3 was also presented as a reference of divalent and trivalent of Eu, and absorption edges of Eu6-xSrxC60 are very close to that of EuS. The divalent state of Eu also observed in the case that Eu atom exists inside the C60 cage, namely, metallofullerene Eu@C60 Inoue et al. (2000).

Temperature dependence of magnetization at a weak field of 3 mT (Figs. 2(g)-(i)) shows a steep increase of magnetization below 10-14 K, indicating a ferromagnetic transition. To confirm the presence of the ferromagnetic phase transition, we measured heat capacity for Eu6C60. In Fig. 2(g) we show the temperature dependence of heat capacity including that of grease. An obvious peak can be seen near the transition temperature, which is an evidence of the ferromagnetic phase transition. The $`T_C`$ is determined to be 11.6 K from the peak position. We ascertained that there was no anomaly in specific heat in this temperature region for grease, which was used to keep the sample from exposure to air. We can also see a smaller peak near 16 K, whose origin has not been clarified yet, but we consider that it does not come from a magnetic origin because of no anomaly in the temperature dependence of magnetization. The transition temperatures for Eu3Sr3C60 and Eu1Sr5C60 are estimated from the Arrott plot Arrott (1957) at 12.8 K and 10.4 K, respectively. These values are very close to the Weiss temperature mentioned above. In Eu6C60, the transition temperature estimated from the Arrott plot is a little larger value (13.7 K) than that from the heat capacity measurement, but it is not so important in the following discussion.

From these evidences we conclude that Eu6-xSrxC60 shows a ferromagnetic transition at $`T_C`$ = 10-14 K, and the magnetic moment is ascribed to Eu2+. In the previous work of Eu6C60, Ksari-Habiles et al. Ksari-Habiles et al. (1997) observed a mixed valence state of Eu (Eu2+ and Eu3+) and three successive magnetic anomalies, which is different from the present work; a possible reason is that their sample might contain a secondary phase other than Eu6C60.

Figure 4 (a) show the temperature dependence of electric resistivity of Eu6C60 measured at some magnetic fields. A most striking feature in resistivity is the huge negative magnetoresistance below around $`T_C`$. The negative magnetoresistance becomes much more significant at lower temperature. In the case of Eu6C60, magnetoresistivity $`\rho `$($`H`$ = 9 T) is three orders magnitude smaller than $`\rho `$($`H`$ = 0 T) at 1 K, as seen in Fig. 4 (b). This large negative magnetoresistance is comparable to those of the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) materials such as perovskite manganese oxides, where CMR effect is seen only near the ferromagnetic transition temperature. We also observed a relatively large magnetoresistance in the Sr-substituted compounds, as shown in 4 (c). There is no difference between magnetoresistances in the transverse ($`HI`$) and longitudinal ($`HI`$) configurations ($`I`$ represents electric current), suggesting the magnetoresistance in Eu6C60 is not ascribed to the orbital motion of free carriers.

## IV DISCUSSION

Such giant magnetoresistance is a manifestation of the strong interaction between conduction carriers and localized magnetic moments; namely, the strong $`\pi `$-$`f`$ interaction exists in Eu6C60. When we consider formal valence state of (Eu2+)6C$`{}_{}{}^{12}{}_{60}{}^{}`$, $`t_{1g}`$ band of C60 is completely filled and the compound should become an insulator. In this case, the interaction between conduction carrier and localized moment is considered to be week, assuming that the conduction carrier mainly passes on C60 molecules. If Eu orbitals hybridize with C60 orbitals and form a part of conduction band, much enhancement of the interaction must occur. In the band calculation for Sr6C60 and Ba6C60 Saito and Oshiyama (1993) which have the same $`bcc`$ crystal structure and the same valence state as Eu6C60, the hybridization of the $`d`$ orbital of metal atom and the $`t_{1g}`$ orbital of C60 exists and make the compounds metallic. This fact is confirmed experimentally Gogia et al. (1998). The hybridization is more significant in Sr6C60 than Ba6C60 due to the smaller lattice constant of Sr6C60. The band structure of Eu6C60 has not been studied yet, but such hybridization of the 5$`d`$ and/or 6$`s`$ orbitals of Eu and the $`t_{1g}`$ orbital of C60 is plausible in Eu6C60 because Eu6C60 has a further smaller lattice constant than Sr6C60.

The $`\pi `$-$`f`$ interaction is likely to affect to magnetic interaction of 4$`f`$ electrons and the origin of ferromagnetism in Eu6C60 may be ascribed to the indirect exchange interaction. In the $`bcc`$ structure, an Eu atom has 4 nearest neighbor Eu atoms (the distance between two Eu atoms is 3.89 Å). Therefore, in the case of Eu1Sr5C60, 5 of 6 Eu atoms are replaced by non-magnetic Sr atoms, Eu atoms can no longer have the three-dimensional Eu network, so that the direct interaction fails completely. Nevertheless $`T_C`$ does not show a drastic change. This is a quite contrast with the case of magnetic semiconductor EuO, where the direct exchange interaction between Eu atoms is important Kasuya (1970) and the substitution of Ca for Eu significantly reduces the ferromagnetic transition temperature Samokhvalov et al. (1967). This fact indicates that the ferromagnetism in Eu6C60 comes from the indirect exchange interaction via C60 molecules, and the $`\pi `$-$`f`$ interaction has an important role in the present system.

Now we discuss the origin of the giant magnetoresistance. The features of magnetoresistance in Eu6C60 are (1) negative magnetoresistance occurs below around $`T_C`$, (2) saturation field of magnetizaion is close to that of magnetoresistance ratio ($`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$), as seen in the top curve of Fig. 2(d) and the bottom curve of Fig. 4(c), (3) magnetoresistance is much enhanced at lower temperatures; The magnetoresistance ratio ($`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$) does not seem to saturate with decreasing temperature, while the magnetization almost saturates at 2 K and 5.5 T. The feature (1) indicates that the present MR is closely related to the ferromagnetic transition. In usual ferromagnetic metal, spin fluctuation scatters conduction electrons and causes negative magnetoresistance de Gennes and Friedel (1958); Fisher and Langer (1968). This effect may be an origin of the magnetoresistance near $`T_C`$, but this is not the case for the giant magnetoresistance in Eu6C60 at lower temperature, because such effect is remarkable in the vicinity of $`T_C`$ inconsistent with the feature (3). The feature (2) suggests that magnetoresistance is related to the magnetization. Furthermore, when we see $`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$ in log scale, the difference of $`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$ between 2 K and 1 K is almost one order (Fig. 4(b), while that of magnetization must be small. This means there is another factor, in addtion to the magnetization, to determine the magnetoresistance. It is probably temperature, that is, an activation process needs to be considered in the origin of the magnetoresistance.

One possible interpretation of magnetoresistance in Eu6C60 is the spin-dependent tunneling at the grain boundary Helman and Abeles (1976). In the case of ferromagnetic granular metal, the conductivity is dependent on the tunneling probability of carriers through insulating barrier between grains, and the probability crucially depends on the spin polarization of carriers. In this case, each grain is assumed to be conductive and surrounded by less conductive surface. Because we measured the resistivity in a pellet of polycrystalline sample and Eu6C60 is very unstable in air, the surface may react to be insulative barrier, even if the sample is treated in high purity inert atmosphere. However we should note that the insulating region is considered to be limited only on the thin surface because unidentified peaks in XRD spectrum are very weak and they are considered not to affect to the magnetic and heat capacity measurements. As shown in the inset of Fig. 4(a), the temperature dependence of resistivity is represented as $`\rho (T)\mathrm{exp}(T_0/T)^{1/\alpha }(\alpha 2)`$, rather than the activation type which is expected in a usual semiconductor. The value of $`T_0`$ is about 180 K at 0T. This fact suggests that the resistivity in our sample might be governed by the tunneling at the boundaries Sheng et al. (1972). Our preliminary Hall effect measurement gives $`R_H`$ = +5$`\times `$10-2 cm3/C at 250 K, corresponding to the hole density of 1$`\times `$1020 cm-3 (0.1 hole per C60); this means that intrinsic Eu6C60 can have relatively high conductivity and is possibly metallic by hybridization of the C60 and metal orbitals mentioned above. Note that Hall voltage is less sensitive to the grain boundary effect. Helman and Abeles Helman and Abeles (1976) considered the magnetic exchange energy $`E_M`$ and gave the mangetoconductivity as

$$\sigma (H,T)=\sigma _0\left[\mathrm{cosh}(E_M/2k_BT)P\mathrm{sinh}(E_M/2k_BT)\right],$$
(1)
where $`P`$ is the spin polarization of carrier and $`E_M`$=(1/2)$`J`$\[1-$`m^2`$\]. $`J`$ is the exchange coupling constant between a conduction carrier and a ferromagnetic metal grain and $`m`$ is the magnetization normalized by the saturation value. The equation (1) gives a negative magnetoresistance of orders of magnitude only when $`P`$ is very close to unity. If $`P`$ = 1, we obtain

$$\rho (H)/\rho (0)=\mathrm{exp}(Jm^2/4k_BT).$$
(2)
Magnetoresistance in equation (2) becomes large with decreasing temperature, which agree qualitatively with the feature (2) mentioned above. The assumption of $`P`$ = 1 might be unrealistic in usual ferromagnetic metals. However, if the exchange interaction between Eu atoms is accomplished via $`\pi `$-bands of C60 as discussed earlier, we can expect a large spin polarization of $`\pi `$-electrons.

We can also consider the effect of magnetic polaron. In magnetic semiconductors such as Eu chalcogenides, a carrier makes surrounding magnetic moments be polarized via exchange interaction and forms a magnetic polaron Kasuya and Yanase (1968). At zero field, magnetic polarons have to move with flipping some magnetic moments which are more or less randomly oriented, and their conduction is suppressed. Application of magnetic field aligns spin directions and carriers become mobile. As a result, negative magnetoresistance occurs. The negative magnetoresistance above $`T_C`$ can be attributed to this picture. Even in the ferromagnetic phase, magnetic moments have to be flipped at a magnetic domain boundary for the motion of carrier. Because remnant magnetic moment is little, as seen in Figs. 2 (d), many magnetic domains exist in our sample of Eu6C60. The crucial point of above two interpretations (spin dependent tunneling and magnetic polaron) are that carriers must overcome large exchange interaction with localized spins when they go into the region of different orientation of magnetic moments.

## V SUMMARY

We have measured crystal structure, magnetic properties and magnetoresistance in polycrystalline Eu6C60 and its Sr-substituted compounds, Eu6-xSrxC60. They all have a $`bcc`$ structure and the compounds of $`x`$ = 3 and 5 form a solid solution concerning the occupation of metal atom. A ferromagnetic transition is observed at $`T_C`$ 12 K in Eu6C60 and all Eu atoms are in divalent state with a magnetic moment of 7$`\mu _B`$ ($`S`$ = 7/2). The fact that the substitution of non-magnetic Sr for Eu affects little to $`T_C`$ indicates the ferromagnetic interaction is caused through the conduction carriers. In the resistivity measurement, we have found that Eu6C60 showed a huge negative magnetoresistance and $`\rho (H)/\rho (0)`$ reduced almost 10-3 at $`H`$ = 9 T and $`T`$ = 1 K. The precise mechanism of magnetoresistance has not clarified yet, but it manifests a strong interaction between $`\pi `$-conduction electrons of C60 and 4$`f`$ electrons on Eu.

###### Acknowledgements.

We acknowledge to Prof. Y. Iwasa, Dr. T. Takenobu and S. Moriyama for the suggestions for synthesis and heat capacity measurements. We also thank to Prof. A. Asamitsu for the advice of the resistivity measurements at low temperature. This work was supported by “Research for the Future” of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan.


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# A Critical Examination of Li Pollution and Giant Planet Consumption by a Host Star

## 1 Introduction

The discovery of extrasolar planets in the past few years (starting with Mayor & Queloz 1995) has led to the realization that they are common around solar-type main sequence stars (for a review, see Marcy & Butler 1998). Most of the discovered planets have masses comparable to that of Jupiter and Saturn, but have orbital characteristics (such as short period or large eccentricity) that are very different from those of the giant planets in the solar system. Some of these properties result from the circumstances of their formation, while others are determined by post-formation dynamical evolution. An important challenge is to isolate the dominant cause behind the orbital properties of the population of planetary systems.

Nearly all extrasolar planets have been found with radial velocity surveys of nearby stars, and in order to optimize the detection efficiency, these surveys have been focused on mature solar-type stars with quiet atmospheres. A particularly interesting characteristic of the planet-bearing stars is that they tend to be metal rich with respect to the Sun and the F-G field star average in the solar neighborhood (e.g. Gonzales et al. 2001; Santos, Israelian & Mayor 2001). Two explanations have been advanced to explain the association of metal-rich stars with planets. First, metal-rich planetesimals or planets could have been consumed in the outer convective layers of the host star during the process of planet formation (e.g. Gonzalez 1997; Ford, Rasio, & Sills 1999). Our main focus for this paper is planetary consumption following migration through the protoplanetary disk (Lin 1997; Laughlin & Adams 1997; Sandquist et al. 1998) or gravitational interaction with other planets (Rasio & Ford 1996). Even though the contaminants are expected to be thoroughly mixed within the convective envelope, this surface layer is sufficiently shallow for F-G stars that the consumption of one or a few Jupiter-like planets would be adequate to account for observed metallicity enhancements above the field star average. Second, enhanced metallicity in the planet-forming disk (probably resulting from a metal-rich parent cloud) might be especially conducive to planet formation. In fact, Pollack et al. (1996) show that the timescale for giant planet formation in the disk (by the conventional accretion of gas onto a solid core) decreases rapidly with the surface density of solid material, which presumably derives from metal content of the gas. Thus, the first scenario attributes the excess metal content of planet-bearing stars to the dynamical evolution of the planet, whereas the second scenario assumes it to be associated with planet formation.

Detailed analysis of the chemical composition of stars with planets may hold the key to determining the relative importance of these two possibilities (Santos, Israelian, & Mayor 2000, Gonzalez et al. 2001). For example, light element abundances can constrain the time of pollution. This conjecture has recently been spotlighted by the apparent discovery of 6Li in the spectrum of the star with planet (SWP) HD 82943 (Israelian et al. 2001). Together with Be and B, 6Li is produced primarily through cosmic ray nucleosynthesis. Nuclear burning destroys 7Li at $`2.5\times 10^6`$ K and 6Li at even lower temperature. Because HD 82943 is a mature main sequence star, the temperature at the base of its surface convection zone is low enough to preserve any remaining 6Li and 7Li . However, during the pre-main sequence phase of its evolution, the temperature at the base of the more extended convection zone is large enough to completely destroy surface 6Li , and deplete 7Li . In §2, we briefly discuss our own stellar models of SWPs, and examine the possibility of detecting any signature of a pollution mechanism that may operate while a star is on the main sequence by using observations of 6Li and 7Li . We also discuss the parameters of the SWP HD 82943.

As described above, one possible avenue for the late accretion of Li isotopes is the consumption of a giant planet. In §3 we present new numerical simulations to examine the possibility of dissolving a giant planet in the convective envelope of a SWP. This calculation is an extension of our previous calculations to the limiting case of F stars that have relatively low-mass convection zones. Our primary interest is to determine whether a Jupiter-mass planet can avoid total disintegration after entering into the atmosphere of a host star of that type. In §4, we consider the dynamical origin of such a planet. We find one possible scenario for bringing the giant planet into contact with its host star that involves disk migration of the giant planet to an orbital period slightly less than the minimum observed for known extrasolar planets. Subsequent internal tidal dissipation causes this hypothetical planet to dissipate its orbital energy. If the planet reaches the proximity of the host star with a modest eccentricity, tidal dissipation may cause it to overflow its Roche lobe and become tidally disrupted. If the planet’s initial orbit is essentially circular, it would undergo moderate tidal interaction with its host star. We show that it is possible for a planet with an initial period comparable to that of known short-period planets to spiral into the envelope of a SWP within 1 Gyr. We also use HD 82943 as an example to demonstrate the existence of initial dynamically decoupled configurations in which the observed kinematic properties of known planets may be preserved despite the presence and demise of doomed short-period planets. Finally in §5, we summarize our results and discuss their implications.

## 2 Stellar Models

To produce stellar structure models for input into our hydrodynamics code (see §3), we have used the one-dimensional stellar evolution code developed by Eggleton (1971, 1972), with input physics updated by Pols et al. (1995). Our implementation of the code includes recent opacities for the surface (Alexander & Ferguson 1994) and interior (Iglesias & Rogers 1996), and reaction rates (Bahcall & Pinsonneault 1995). Chemical diffusion has also been incorporated using rates calculated using the method of Thoul, Bahcall, & Loeb (1994). Our intent is to ensure that we are modeling the stellar structure and convection zone depth as accurately as possible with current physics. We have tested the accuracy of our numerical methods by obtaining the sound speed and density residuals of our standard solar model using the radial profiles derived from helioseismic data by Basu, Pinsonneault, & Bahcall (2000). As found by Basu et al., models that do not include diffusion are much poorer matches to the Sun’s density and sound speed profiles, particularly near the base of the convection zone. Typical residuals for our models that included diffusion were about 0.4% in sound speed and 3% for density. We have also compared the radius of the convection zone boundary and surface helium abundance of our standard model with the values of the diffusion-inclusive solar model of Brun, Turck-Chièze, & Morel (1998), and again found satisfactory agreement.

### 2.1 Light Element Abundances in Solar Type Stars

Our stellar evolution code has also been modified to follow abundances of light elements 6Li , 7Li , and 9Be . Before examining other details of the pollution process, we will discuss these chemical tracers and their observability in SWPs. As many others have noted previously, the absolute value of $`N(`$Li$`)`$ can be used to distinguish substellar objects from stars (see Chabrier & Baraffe 2000 and Basri 2000 for recent reviews), and because Li is preserved in these objects, stars could well be enriched by pollution mechanisms (Alexander 1967). However, evidence from open clusters indicates that it is apparently depleted by single-star mechanisms on timescales of $`300600`$ Myr for main sequence stars with effective temperatures at or slightly above that of the Sun (see Figs. 3 and 4 of Pinsonneault 1997). Thus, the use of $`N(`$Li$`)`$ to look for signs of pollution requires a fairly accurate estimation of the age of a SWP. Scatter in measured $`N(`$Li$`)`$ values in open clusters makes definitive detection of a pollution signal even more difficult.

Because 6Li burns at a lower temperature than 7Li , models show that primordial 6Li is destroyed while the star is still on the pre-main sequence (before an age of about $`3\times 10^6`$ yr; Forestini 1994). However, for stars with masses comparable to that of the Sun, the subsequent retreat of the convection zone base means that surface material is no longer exposed to temperatures high enough to deplete 6Li . This evolutionary process places 6Li in a unique position: species like 2H which burn at lower temperatures would be depleted rapidly even on the main sequence, while 7Li and 9Be are not depleted by large amounts on the pre-main sequence, so that initial abundance variations and not-yet-understood mixing processes complicate the interpretation of abundances. 6Li is the equivalent of an on-off switch for a range of star masses near $`1M_{}`$. (Because convection-zone mass increases steeply with decreasing stellar mass, the dilution of pollutants is an important consideration for stars less massive than the Sun, and so detection depends on the sensitivity of observational techniques. For stars of solar metallicity below $`1M_{}`$, the mass in the convection zone can be approximated as $`M_{cz}/M_{}0.11(1M/M_{})+0.019`$. For stars more massive than the Sun, detectability of pollution depends on details of the pollution process: for example, what fraction of the pollutants penetrate below the convection zone of the star. We will discuss this issue in the last paragraph of this subsection.) If detected in significant amounts in a SWP, 6Li would provide definitive evidence of a pollution process in effect after an age of about $`10^7`$ yr.

Because 6Li is not depleted after $`10^7`$ yr, the amount of 6Li detected can be used to constrain the amount of polluting material (Israelian et al. 2001). However, it should be noted that the amount of heavy element pollution can probably be much more accurately constrained than total pollution. The abundance of 6Li and 7Li in solar system meteorites is measured relative to other heavy elements that have well-determined abundances relative to hydrogen in the Sun. After correcting these comparison heavy elements to a solar composition, the abundance is determined to be $`\mathrm{log}N_{Li}=3.31\pm 0.04`$ ($`\mathrm{log}N_H=12.00`$; Anders & Grevesse 1989), while that of 6Li is found to be an order of magnitude smaller. The more directly observed 7Li abundance in the interstellar medium yields a similar value (Lemoine et al. 1993; Knauth et al. 2000). Using the assumption that the Li/H ratio in the interior of giant planets is the same as the corrected meteoritic value, Israelian et al. (2001) infer that for SWP HD 82943 a giant planet of mass $`13M_J`$ could have provided the 6Li necessary to pollute the shallow convective envelope of the star.

However, this inference is probably an overestimate of the amount of giant planet material needed to account for the 6Li measurement. As indicated above, the nature of meteoritic abundance measurements makes the relative abundance of Li and Fe more accurate than the relative abundance of Li and H. Independent of that, many planetesimals or one giant planet could pollute a star by the same amount — the measured 6Li places no direct constraint on the hydrogen (and helium) content of the polluter. As a result, it is more accurate to use a measured 6Li abundance to calculate the amount of heavy elements consumed.

The mechanism by which giant planets form can have an important bearing on 6Li pollution though. If planets are formed by gravitational instabilities in the protoplanetary disk (hereafter GI; see Boss 2001 for a recent reference), then there should be a roughly linear relationship between 6Li pollution amount and consumed giant planet mass (and the solar Li/H ratio is appropriate to use in computing total pollutant mass). If giant planets are instead nucleated around a rock/ice core which accretes gas after it reaches a critical mass of $`10M_{}`$ or more (hereafter CA; Podolak, Hubbard, & Pollack 1993), the 6Li pollution mass would also be a linearly increasing function of the planet mass, but with non-zero pollution for low giant planet masses. The necessity of a solid core in this case implies that the average metal content for a giant planet will be higher than that of the gas used to form the star. Even in the absence of a core structure today, high metal content is still needed to account the relatively compact sizes of solar system giant planets. Models of Jupiter indicate that $`0.03<\overline{Z}<0.14`$ (Guillot et al. 1997).

For a giant-planet core of $`15M_{}`$, one would expect approximately $`4\times 10^{44}`$ 6Li atoms, assuming a constant $`N(`$Li$`)`$ /$`N(`$Fe$`)`$ ratio ($`6.3\pm 0.6\times 10^5`$), $`X_{Fe}/Z=0.07`$, and 6Li / 7Li = 0.08 (all from meteoritic measurements; Anders & Grevesse 1989). The importance of this mass estimate is that a giant planet of nearly any mass could provide the necessary lithium. Planets of larger mass would contain significantly more lithium because accreted gas still has cosmic abundances. However, because of the overwhelming abundance of hydrogen and helium in accreted gas, that gas would generally be more than an order of magnitude less rich in heavy elements. As a result, 6Li can provide a means of looking for consumed planets that is nearly independent of planet mass. If indeed the planet mass function rises steeply toward low masses like $`M^1`$ (Marcy & Butler 2000; Jorissen, Mayor, & Udry 2001), then the traces of destroyed low-mass giant planets are the ones most likely to be found. Low-mass planets are also more likely to be scattered by gravitational interactions with other planets within a given system. If the mass of the host star’s convection zone can be estimated via stellar models, this inference could provide a telling signature of giant planet consumption.

It is reasonable to ask whether post-formation accretion of planetesimals or planets could return the 6Li abundance to near primordial levels without noticeably over-enriching the star in 7Li . The best measurements of the 7Li / 6Li ratio come from solar system meteorites ($`12.5`$; Anders & Grevesse 1989) and from clouds in the interstellar medium. Interstellar clouds appear to show significant variations in 7Li / 6Li , ranging from near solar values toward $`\rho `$ Oph, $`\zeta `$ Oph, and $`\zeta `$ Per ($`11.1\pm 2.0`$, $`8.6\pm 0.8`$, and $`10.6\pm 2.9`$, respectively), to low values seen in another cloud toward $`\zeta `$ Oph ($`1.4`$) and two toward o Per ($`3.6\pm 0.6`$ and $`1.7\pm 0.3`$) \[see Lemoine, Ferlet, & Vidal-Madjar (1995) and Knauth et al. (2000)\]. If the low ratio values seen toward the interstellar clouds are preserved in planetesimals, effective enrichment in 6Li is possible without substantially increasing the 7Li abundance.

The discussion so far has assumed that the entire planet is destroyed either immediately outside the host star (and then accreted) or in its convection zone — if this is not the case, the uncertainty increases again because the initial abundance and present distribution of Li and other metals within gaseous giant planets are poorly constrained by observations. The abundance of both 7Li and 6Li in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter is too small to be detected because it is depleted via the formation of the molecule Li2S, which condenses under pressure at $`10^3`$K (Fegley & Lodders 1994, Lodders 1999). The distribution of Li within a giant planet can play a role in some pollution scenarios because the planet’s envelope can shield the core from dissolution until late in its plunge into a star. If Li is uniformly distributed in the planet, a substantial amount will be deposited into the star’s convection zone. However, if Li is held primarily in the core, it could be almost entirely deposited in the radiative interior where it would not be observable. At this time, it cannot be ruled out that a large fraction of a giant planet’s Li is contained in the core or deep atmosphere of the planet (Fegley, private communication). According to the CA theory, these portions of the planet form (along with meteorites) through the coagulation of solid condensates that hold most of the lithium in the protostellar disk. A major question is whether core material is re-melted and redistributed throughout the planet’s envelope by convection. As a result of these uncertainties, it is important to examine how a giant planet is destroyed during its collision with the host star. We attend to this issue in §3.

### 2.2 The Case of HD 82943

Because of the importance of the claimed detection of 6Li in HD 82943, we devote the discussion below to an examination of the characteristics of the star. Because the 6Li detection depends on a delicate fit of synthetic spectra to the shape of a much stronger 7Li line and because the Israelian et al. (2001) measurements have not yet been confirmed by an independent analysis, we must leave open the possibility that the measurement might be disputed. Nevertheless, it is useful to consider the theoretical implications of any SWP with a relatively high 6Li abundance, including HD 82943.

#### 2.2.1 Age and Metallicity

The observations we used to constrain our models of HD 82943 are summarized in Table 1. We list surface gravity as a potential constraint, although we elected not to use it. First, an error bar of $`\pm 0.10`$ results in a large uncertainty ($`25`$%) in $`M/R^2`$ (Ford, Rasio, & Sills 1999). Second, there is some indication that there are significant systematic differences in values measured by different groups (Gonzalez et al. 2001).

The relatively high effective temperature and metallicity of HD 82943 required us to consider masses near $`1.20M_{}`$, which is at the high end of the range quoted by Israelian et al. More recent analysis by Santos et al. (2001) supports this idea (they quote $`M=1.15\pm 0.05M_{}`$). We have checked this estimate by testing the output of our code against observed values for the SWP HD 209458, which has very similar observational characteristics. Using a mass of $`1.12M_{}`$ derived by Gonzalez et al. (2001) from metal-rich models of Schaerer et al. (1993), we are able to match $`M_V`$, $`T_{eff}`$, and $`\mathrm{log}g`$ to within the quoted errors at an age of 2.5 Gyr (also within the errors of their quoted age estimate).

Details of the two models for HD 82943 that we will discuss are presented in Table 2. (Detailed estimation of the errors in the mass and initial metal abundance are beyond the scope of this paper.) Figure 1 shows the evolutionary tracks for our models for comparison with the error box for HD 82943. The “Unpolluted Model” is a standard model including diffusion with a uniform initial \[Fe/H\] throughout the interior. The surface convection zone for this model contains a mass approximately half the mass of the Sun’s convection zone.

The observed metallicity for HD 82943 is at the high end of the the field star distribution for G and early K field dwarf stars (Favata et al. 1997). For this reason, we considered the possibility that the outer layer of HD 82943 was contaminated by heavy elements from the accretion of planetesimals or terrestrial planets after its formation. Pollution would raise \[Fe/H\] in the convection zone, but would leave the deep interior with a metallicity lower than the convective surface layers (although diffusion will transport some of the convection zone’s metals into the interior). Assuming pollution by $`60M_{}`$ of heavy elements starting around the time the star reached the end of the Hayashi track and continuing at a constant rate for $`10^8`$ yr, we obtained a good candidate model with $`M=1.14M_{}`$ (labelled “Polluted Model” in Table 2). This post-formation addition would result in increased lithium abundances that can be ruled out by the observations. Earlier pollution would probably have been diluted to a degree that it would not have been observable. In addition, $`60M_{}`$ of heavy element pollution can probably be ruled out based on an examination of higher-mass SWPs (Pinsonneault, DePoy, & Coffee 2001; Murray & Chaboyer 2002) and limits on metallicity variation among solar-type stars in the Pleiades cluster that have a dispersion in lithium abundance (Wilden et al. 2002). Nevertheless, we conducted the calculation as a test of the extremes possible in the envelope of HD 82943. With \[Fe/H\]$`{}_{f}{}^{}=+0.22`$, the consumption of a giant planet could boost the metallicity of the convection zone (CZ) to near the observed value of $`+0.32`$.

We note that our models indicate that an age of 6 Gyr for HD 82943 (as quoted by Israelian et al.) is very unlikely. Our unpolluted model falls within the HD 82943 error box between an age of 0.5 and 1.3 Gyr, while the polluted run falls in the box between ages of 1.4 and 2.2 Gyr. The isochrones of Schaerer et al. (1993) also put the age of HD 82943 between about 1 and 2 Gyr. In addition, both of our models require HD 82943 to have started with a super-solar metallicity. So, independent of our assumptions about pollution after the pre-main sequence, this seems to indicate that HD 82943 had to have a high initial metal abundance, supporting the scenario that high metallicity in star-forming gas may enhance the probability of planet formation (see §1).

#### 2.2.2 Lithium Abundance

Israelian et al. (2001) compared HD 82943 with the open cluster M67 (age $`4`$ Gyr), and found that HD 82943’s 7Li abundance was at the high end of the distribution of stars from that cluster, consistent with pollution. However, the error in their quoted age makes such an analysis misleading. Since 7Li is continuously being depleted on the main sequence, a more realistic comparison would be with stars from the younger cluster NGC 752 (Hobbs & Pilachowski 1986) which has an age ($`1.7`$ Gyr) similar to that of HD 82943. The abundance of HD 82943 is consistent with the mean trend in Li abundances for NGC 752. Although this similarity weakens the case for 7Li enrichment (see also Ryan 2000), it does not rule out the possibility that HD 82943 has been enriched in 7Li .

In § 2.1, we have already argued that more constraints may be placed on pollution by 6Li measurements. Using the estimate of $`3.2\times 10^{44}`$ 6Li nuclei in the convection zone of HD 82943 (Israelian et al. 2001), we find that the corresponding mass of heavy element pollutants should be near $`13M_{}`$, consistent with theoretical values for the critical core mass of giant planets (Podolak et al. 1993). For the assumptions, only about $`1M_{}`$ of iron would have been consumed, which would not have noticeably changed the star’s heavy-element abundance ($`0.03`$ dex).

## 3 Hydrodynamical Model of Star-Planet Interaction

We next consider the process of contaminating the stellar convective envelope via planet consumption. In the next section, we suggest that ultra-short-period planets may migrate toward their host stars as a consequence of the tidal interaction between them. Such a planet may either disintegrate before it reaches the surface of the host star or it may spiral into the star’s atmosphere and envelope. For the first case, the planet’s tidal debris may form an accretion disk or a swarm of much smaller bodies. Through mutual collisions and the secular perturbations of other planets, the debris fragments would fall onto the surface and become dissolved into the convective zone of the host.

For the second possibility, below we discuss the details of the hydrodynamical interaction between a short-period giant planet and the envelope of the host star. Here we model the degree to which the planet can be ablated and dissolved before it passes through the base of the convection zone of the star. For planetary disruption in the deeper radiative zone, the deposited pollutants become essentially unobservable.

### 3.1 Numerical Scheme and Initial Conditions

The hydrodynamics code used to do the calculations is largely identical to that used in Sandquist et al. (1998). Briefly, the computational domain was three-dimensional and composed of a main grid and a nested subgrid, both of $`64\times 64\times 64`$ zones. The size of the subgrid was chosen to be comparable to the size of the gas giant planet, and the main grid was then taken to be approximately 4 times larger in each dimension. Each simulation follows the center-of-mass frame of the planet, which was initially taken to be on a circular orbit at the star’s surface. The gas that flows onto the grid was given densities taken from the stellar evolution models described earlier. Aerodynamical drag causes the planet to move relative to the grid, and the adjustments the code makes to keep the planet at the center of the subgrid are used to update the radial distance from the center of the star, and the radial and tangential velocities.

In our previous simulations (Sandquist et al. 1998), we examined the interactions between cold Jupiter- and Saturn-mass giant planets and stars of 1 and 1.22 $`M_{}`$. The simulations presented here were carried out to assess the feasibility of polluting HD 82943 with a giant planet. However, these simulations have broader interest because stars near this mass have easily polluted low-mass convection zones with a large enough spatial extent that destruction of the planet in the convection zone is still likely. In addition, we have examined the effects that larger planet mass and “inflated” planet structure have on the survivability of the planet. The discovery of an unexpectedly large-size planet transiting HD 209458 (Henry et al. 2000, Charbonneau et al. 2000) has made the last issue especially relevant.

In our simulations, we chose several planet models, which included: a cold compact Jupiter-mass planet with a size $`R_p=R_J`$, a hot inflated Jupiter-mass planet with a size $`R_p=1.4R_J`$ similar to the planet orbiting HD 209458 ($`R_p=1.347\pm 0.060R_J`$, Brown et al. 2001; $`1.321\pm 0.007R_J`$, Hubbard et al. 2001), a cold compact ($`R_p=1.12R_J`$) $`3M_J`$ planet, and a hot inflated $`3M_J`$ planet ($`R_p=1.4R_J`$). There are several physical effects that may lead to the inflation of a short-period planet. For example, models of giant planets that develop near their host stars which include the effects of stellar insulation predict that the planets gravitationally contract less rapidly than they would if they had evolved much farther away (Burrows et al. 2000). During the course of spin synchronization, orbital circularization, and decay, tidal heating of short-period planets is also expected to maintain a larger planet radius, or inflate a planet that started out as cold and compact (Bodenheimer, Lin, & Mardling 2001). A larger radius for a planet results in a larger cross section, increased aerodynamical drag, and quicker orbital evolution, but also lower envelope binding energy and ease of ablation by the stellar gas.

In our hydrodynamic simulations, we have started the planet at the surface of the host star in order to model the last stages of the star-planet interaction. (The dynamical origin of this configuration will be discussed in the next section.) All four planets were modeled as $`n=1`$ polytropes (Hubbard 1984). The core structure of giant planets is still poorly understood (particularly whether rock/ice cores are present, and whether the existence of a core is affected by heating mechanisms), although this issue has a relatively minor effect on the overall structure of the planet (see Fig. 2 of Bodenheimer et al. 2001). The structure of the $`3M_J`$ planet is worth more discussion, given that models are not constrained by observations as yet. The overall planetary radius is the most uncertain quantity, primarily because of uncertainties in albedo (e.g., Marley et al. 1999). The indications from more detailed models are that the structures (most importantly, the dependence of density on radius) of planets with different total radii are likely to obey a rough homology relationship. For the cold $`3M_J`$ planet, we estimated the radius using the models of Saumon et al. (1996). Based on the insensitivity of giant planet radii to mass near $`1M_J`$ (see Figs. 4 and 6 of Saumon et al.) and the desire to make useful comparisons with our Jupiter-mass runs, we chose to give our “hot” $`3M_J`$ model the same radius as our “hot Jupiter” model ($`1.4R_J`$). This degree of inflation for a $`3M_J`$ planet would require a larger heating rate than a Jupiter-mass planet would, but the possibility of inflation to that size is likely to be insensitive to where in the planet heat is input (Bodenheimer et al. 2001), and thus insensitive to the exact cause of the inflation.

### 3.2 Results of the Simulations

The primary results are shown in Figure 2. Our simulations of cold planets show, as expected, that they penetrate deeply into the star before finally being destroyed. In our star models, the radius of the convection zone base is $`R_{cz}=0.88R_{}`$ so that a Jupiter-mass planet was able to penetrate to the base of the star’s convection zone with approximately 50% of its original mass. So, if much of the heavy element content (including Li) of the planet is in its core, it would not be observable at the star’s surface after the planet’s destruction. The cold $`3M_J`$ planet also penetrates deeply into the star, although the majority of the planet’s mass is stripped away before we were forced to end the run (when the code had difficulty following the motion of the planet). Again, it is likely that some portion of the planet’s core would make it through the base of the star’s convection zone. By contrast, the hot giant planets were much more easily ablated near the surface of the star. In all four simulations (1 and 3 $`M_J`$ planets interacting with our 1.14 and $`1.2M_{}`$ model stars), the planet is entirely destroyed before penetrating through even half of the extent of the star’s convection zone.

The initial orbital decay timescales appear to be similar for all runs, indicating that the timescale depends primarily on the structure of the host star, which is similar for both of our stellar structure models. A comparison with the cold planet simulations of Sandquist et al. (1998) shows that the lower density of the stellar envelopes in the current simulations results in longer timescales for orbital decay. Our results also show clearly that the orbits of the cold planets take longer to decay on average than the hot ones because the hydrodynamic drag is reduced for the more compact planets. The majority of the orbital evolution occurs after the planet has already lost a significant portion ($`2040`$ %) of its envelope mass. Presumably, orbital evolution in the late stages of the interaction is related to the amount of mass that is ablated and the amount of momentum transferred. The larger binding energy of the cold planets results in delayed mass loss and slower orbital evolution while the planet is still near the surface.

The orbital motions of the planets are also characterized by different degrees of “skipping” across the star’s surface — an oblique shock is quickly set up on the lower forward facing side of the planet. The stellar gas flowing past the planet is thus able to transfer a fraction of its momentum to the planet in the radially outward direction, delaying orbital decay.

We conducted one additional simulation involving a cold Jupiter-mass planet and a $`M_{}=1.2M_{}`$ star, but with the planet starting with only one-quarter of its diameter initially immersed in the star surface. The lower initial drag forces resulted in a longer timescale for orbital decay and a substantially longer computation. The run hints that a cold planet hitting a star at a shallow angle could be destroyed before reaching the base of the star’s convection zone. More realistic simulations would certainly answer this question, but most factors (mass loss from the planet prior to the hydrodynamic interaction, tidal distortion, etc.) seem to favor planet destruction. Although simulation of the destruction of a planet on an elliptical orbit is currently impractical due to long interaction timescales, our results support the idea that heated planets of small-to-moderate mass (and probably also cold planets) could be destroyed relatively easily just below the star’s surface. Thus, the consumption of a heated planet is clearly a plausible mechanism for polluting stars.

## 4 Dynamical Origin and Evolution of a Doomed Short-Period Planet

The basic assumption of the planet-consumption scenario is that some metal-rich host SWPs may once have had close planetary companions which migrated into their envelopes. In order to enhance the metallicity by a detectable amount, planet consumption must occur after these stars have reached the end of their Hayashi track pre-main-sequence evolution. In addition, the dynamical stability of the planetary system has to be considered. If we currently observe some planets on stable orbits around a star that is suspected to have been polluted, we have to monitor the effects of the time-varying gravitational potential of the doomed planet before its destruction, as well as the effects of the removal of its gravitational influence afterward (for example, orbital resonances). In this section, we examine some processes which may be able to bring planets to the surface of metal-rich SWPs.

While our objective is to provide a general assessment for the planet-consumption scenario, our analysis is applied to the HD 82943 system because the dynamical constraint for this system is particularly stringent. The coexistence of two planets in a 2:1 resonance with periods of 221 and 446 d and eccentricities of $`e=0.54`$ and 0.41 have been reported (see http://obswww.unige.ch/$``$udry/planet/hd82943syst.html). The requirement that this delicate configuration be preserved can be used to constrain the initial conditions for the system. The analytical methods developed for this case can then be applied to other systems.

We first considered the possibility that the doomed planet was gravitationally scattered off another giant planet onto an orbit that brought it near the stellar surface as a consequence. Multiple planets are found around more than half of all the SWPs (Fischer et al. 2001), and they form in a variety of configurations. During the epoch of their formation, the presence of residual gas in their nascent disks may provide sufficient dissipation to preserve a stable configuration. But after the gas is largely removed, long-term dynamical instabilities may lead to the excitation of large eccentricities and induce planets to cross orbits in some systems (Rasio & Ford, 1996, Wiedenschilling & Marzari 1996, Lin & Ida 1997, Levison et al. 1998). Subsequently, strong interactions and close encounters between planets may scatter some of them close to the surface or directly into the envelope of their host stars. Although this is a promising mechanism to account for the enhanced metallicity of some SWPs, this scenario cannot be applied to HD 82943 because the stability of the observed current 2:1 resonant system is finely tuned in the sense that small changes in the orbital elements would render this system unstable. Therefore, we consider less disruptive avenues of planetary migration.

### 4.1 Tidal Dissipation within Doomed Planets

During formation, tidal interactions between protoplanets and their viscously-evolving nascent disk induce orbital migration of the planets (Goldreich & Tremaine 1980, Lin & Papaloizou 1986). Planets formed in the inner regions of the disk migrate toward their host stars. The migration of a given planet is halted if it enters a magnetospheric cavity in the disk or if it undergoes tidal interaction with a young, rapidly-rotating host star (Lin et al. 1996). These different mechanisms can both excite and damp the incoming planet’s eccentricity. At such close range, the dissipation of tidal energy within the planet’s envelope leads to strong damping of the planet’s orbital eccentricity ($`e`$) and evolution of its spin frequency ($`\mathrm{\Omega }_p`$) toward synchronization with the orbital mean motion $`n=(GM_{}/a^3)^{1/2}`$. This process also heats the planet’s interior and causes it to inflate (Bodenheimer et al. 2000), and under some circumstances, to overflow its Roche lobe (Gu et al. 2002). But due to its small moment of inertia, very little angular momentum is exchanged between the planet’s spin and its orbit. In contrast, tidal dissipation within the envelope of a slowly/fast spinning host star does lead to significant angular momentum transfer from/to the planet’s orbit to/from the stellar spin, and thus causes a reduction/increase in the planets’ semi-major axis $`a`$. In this subsection, we assess the likelihood that these processes leading to the disruption of the planet and contamination of the host star’s outer envelope.

First we examine the dominant effects of the tidal dissipation in the planet’s envelope, which induces $`\mathrm{\Omega }_p`$ to evolve towards $`n`$, and $`e`$ to damp on timescales

$$\tau _\mathrm{\Omega }=\frac{n}{\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_p}=\frac{\alpha _pQ_p^{}}{n}\left(\frac{M_{}}{M_p}\right)\left(\frac{a}{R_p}\right)^3$$
(1)
and

$$\tau _e=\frac{e}{\dot{e}}=\frac{4}{63}\left(\frac{M_p}{M_{}}\right)\left(\frac{a}{R_p}\right)^5\frac{Q_p^{}}{n}$$
(2)
respectively, where $`R_p`$ is the planet’s radius, $`\alpha _p=I/(MR^2)`$ its moment of inertia coefficient, and $`Q_p^{}`$ its effective dissipation parameter (Goldreich & Soter 1966). Since tidal dissipation within the planet does not significantly modify its orbital angular momentum $`h=(GM_{}a(1e^2))^{1/2}`$, the damping of $`e`$ leads to an evolution in $`a`$ at a rate $`\dot{a}=2ae\dot{e}/(1e^2)`$. In the absence of ongoing eccentricity excitation, the maximum change in the semi-major axis is $`\mathrm{\Delta }a=ae^2`$. Unless the planet is on a nearly parabolic orbit, $`\mathrm{\Delta }a`$ is not adequate to bring it to the stellar surface from large distances.

#### 4.1.1 Planetary inflation and tidal disruption

Eccentricity damping also leads to the tidal dissipation of the planet’s orbital energy $`E=GM_{}M_p/2a`$ which is deposited as heat into the interior at a rate

$$\dot{E}_p=\frac{GM_{}M_p\dot{a}}{2a^2}=\frac{GM_{}M_pe^2}{a(1e^2)\tau _e}.$$
(3)
In response, the gravitational binding energy of the planet is reduced and the radius $`R_p`$ expands at a rate

$$\dot{R}_p=\frac{2\dot{E}_pR_p^2}{GM_p^2}=\frac{2M_{}R_p^2e^2}{M_pa(1e^2)\tau _e}.$$
(4)
Provided

$$a<2(M_{}/M_p)e^2R_p/(1e^2),$$
(5)
$`\tau _RR_p/\dot{R}_p<\tau _e`$ and the planet’s envelope expands before $`e`$ is damped out. A radiative equilibrium is established for the planet at a critical size $`R_c`$ such that the planets’ surface luminosity $`(R_c)`$ is balanced by $`\dot{E}_p`$. If $`R_c`$ is larger than the Roche radius $`R_R=(M_p/3M_{})^{1/3}a`$, the inflated planet begins to lose mass once $`R_pR_R`$ (further discussion of this process will be presented by Gu et al. 2002). At least a fraction of the lost mass flows through the L1 point and is accreted onto the host star.

In the context of migration due to planet-disk interaction, the necessary condition for planetary inflation in eq(5) is marginally attained as the migrating planet approaches its host star. Provided the migration is halted at a modest value of $`a`$, the planetary inflation timescale $`\tau _R`$ can be longer than the timescale for the solar-type host stars to evolve onto the main sequence ($`\tau _c3\times 10^7`$ yr). Since $`M_pM_{}`$, the planet’s tidal debris cannot significantly modify the host star’s metallicity until the mass contained in the star’s convection zone is reduced to a small fraction of $`M_{}`$, which occurs on the timescale of $`\tau _c`$ (Ford et al. 1999). In addition, the preservation of 6Li is only possible after the star has reached the end of the Hayashi track when the stellar convection zone has decreased to approximately the present size of the solar convection zone (see discussion in §2).

For short-period planets that are scattered into the vicinity of the host star as a consequence of dynamical instability in multiple-planet systems, the condition for planetary inflation is not generally satisfied immediately after the first close approach to the stellar surface. However, as $`a`$ and $`e`$ decline during the subsequent circularization of the orbit, the condition in eq(5) may be satisfied. Since this process is more likely to occur well after the host star has evolved onto the main sequence, the stellar convection zone can be noticeably polluted by tidally-disrupted stray planets. Although this mechanism is a viable process for SWP contamination, it is not likely to apply to the case of HD 82945 because the delicate two-planet orbital resonance would not have survived, as we have indicated above.

#### 4.1.2 Eccentricity Excitation

The orbital eccentricity of mature planets can also be excited long after the nascent disk is depleted. According to the pollution hypothesis, metal-rich SWPs must have possessed two or more planets originally. Even today, multiple planet systems are indicated for more than half of the SWPs (Fischer et al. 2001). In some multiple systems (such as $`\upsilon `$ And; Butler et al. 1999), short-period planets coexist with intermediate- and long-period planets. In such a configuration, a short-period planet interacts both tidally with its host star and dynamically with other planets. While tidal dissipation within the planet removes energy from its orbit (Goldreich & Soter 1966), secular interactions among planets transfer angular momentum and excite eccentricity (cf. Murray & Dermott 2000). The combined influence of these two effects is to cause the semi-major axis of the innermost planet to decay on a timescale $`\tau _{ea}e^2\tau _e`$. (This process is outlined and analyzed in more detail in Mardling & Lin 2002b for the three planet system $`\upsilon `$ And, where it appears to be important.) Significant induced orbital decay for the innermost members of multiple-planet systems would only be possible if their periods are long enough for $`e`$ to be excited to modest values and short enough for $`\tau _e`$ to be considerably less than the age of the system.

Around mature solar-type main sequence stars (with ages $`\tau _{}`$ a few Gyr), all Jovian-mass planets with periods less than 7 days have nearly circular orbits. Presumably, $`\tau _e<`$ a few Gyr for these systems. But for sensible choices of the planetary tidal dissipation factor ($`Q_p^{}10^510^6`$; Yoder & Peale 1981, Hubbard 1984), $`\tau _{ea}`$ of typical known short-period Jupiter-mass planets would be longer than a few Gyr unless they can maintain a modest or large orbital eccentricity. In multiple-planet systems, the magnitude of eccentricity variations due to secular interaction is determined by the total energy and angular momentum, the individual planet masses, and the precession frequency $`\omega _s`$, which is a decreasing function of the ratio of the semi-major axes. For short-period planets, the relativistic and rotational corrections to the host star’s gravitational potential, as well as the potential due to the planet’s tidal bulge, also cause precession with a frequency $`\omega _r`$ (see Mardling & Lin 2002b for a comparison of these effects for $`\upsilon `$ And). If they are accompanied by other planets with comparable periods, $`\omega _s>\omega _r`$ and the eccentricity is continually excited, driving orbital decay on a timescale of $`\tau _{ea}`$.

For HD 82943, the observed planets have relatively long periods. In this type of system, $`\omega _s<\omega _r`$ and the amplitude of eccentricity excitation is limited. Nevertheless, during the epoch of planet formation, the gravitational potential of the nascent disk induces precession with a frequency $`\omega _d`$ that may be greater than both $`\omega _s`$ and $`\omega _r`$ initially. As $`\omega _d`$ declines due to disk depletion, the eccentricities of several planets may be excited as they evolve through a series of sweeping secular resonances (Ward 1981 and Nagasawa & Ida 2000 attribute the large eccentricity distribution among asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects to this process of sweeping secular resonances). Since the disk depletion timescale $`\tau _d(`$ a few Myr) is generally much shorter than $`\tau _e`$, this effect cannot sustain an equilibrium eccentricity and consistently removes angular momentum from the short-period planets. Nevertheless, it can excite an initial eccentricity that may be large enough to satisfy the conditions for planetary inflation and Roche-lobe overflow. As we have indicated above, the excited $`e`$’s cannot be allowed to be too large and $`a`$’s too small or else the system would have $`\tau _R<\tau _c`$ and the heavy element pollution, including 6Li , would be deposited in the star while its convection zone is still massive and able to effectively dilute the pollutants to the point that they would be unobservable.

### 4.2 Tidal Dissipation within the Host Stars

Spin periods measured from stellar variability or calculated from Ca II emission strength (Barnes 2001) indicate that most SWPs have “normal” rotation frequencies $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ that are slower than the orbital motions of short-period planets. For slowly spinning stars, the dissipation of the tidal disturbance raised by a short-period planet tends to spin up the star at the expense of the planet’s orbital angular momentum such that $`a`$ decreases on a timescale

$$\tau _a=\frac{a}{|\dot{a}|}=\frac{Q_{}^{}}{2n}\left(\frac{M_{}}{M_p}\right)\left(\frac{a}{R_{}}\right)^5$$
(6)
where $`R_{}`$ is the radius of the host star (Goldreich & Soter 1966). The magnitude of the host star’s $`Q_{}^{}`$-value can be determined from models of either equilibrium or dynamical tides (cf. Zahn 1989, Goldreich & Nicholson 1989, Terquem et al. 1998, Goodman & Oh 1999). With these theoretical $`Q_{}^{}`$ values, the inferred $`\tau _a`$ for Jupiter-mass planets around solar-type stars is generally longer than several Gyr unless $`P<89`$ h (Rasio et al. 1996, Marcy et al. 1997). However, these theoretical $`Q^{}`$ values also imply a slow rate of circularization for the orbits of close solar-type binary stars, which is inconsistent with observations of binaries in stellar clusters of various ages (Mathieu 1994). Using the observed circularization timescales as a calibration, the inferred $`Q_{}^{}1.5\times 10^5`$ for young stellar objects (Lin et al. 1996) and $`2\times 10^6`$ for mature stars (Terquem et al. 1998). For these values of $`Q_{}^{}`$, $`\tau _a`$ of planets with $`a<0.025`$ AU is comparable to or less than the main sequence lifespan of their solar-type host stars. (This value depends slightly on the mass of the hypothetical planet, with an upper limit imposed by stability considerations in some multiple-planet systems; see next section). Thus this is a viable mechanism for the consumption of short-period planets by their host stars.

Although we have made allowance for angular momentum transfer between planets and their host stars, we have so far neglected any changes in the total angular momentum of the star-planet system. We have already addressed the issue of angular momentum transfer between the planets, their host stars, and their nascent disks. On a timescale comparable with $`\tau _c`$ (a few Myr), the protostellar disks are depleted, resulting in a decline in the rates of angular momentum drainage from the systems to the disks. However, solar-type main sequence stars also lose angular momentum as their age $`t_{}`$ increases such that their surface rotation frequency $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}/\mathrm{\Omega }_o(t_{}/t_o)^{1/2}`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_o=10\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1/R_{}`$ and $`t_o=2\times 10^8`$ yr (Skumanich 1972, Soderblom 1983). The above scaling law implies a spin-down rate $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_o/2t_o)(\mathrm{\Omega }_{}/\mathrm{\Omega }_o)^3`$. Tidal interaction also leads to angular momentum exchange between the star’s convective envelope and the planet that modifies $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ at a rate

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_t\mathrm{sign}(n\mathrm{\Omega }_{})\frac{M_pa^2}{M_{cz}R_{}^2}\frac{n}{2}\frac{\dot{a}}{a}.$$
(7)
The total rate of angular frequency evolution is $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{}=\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_t\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{}`$.

$`[`$In arguments throughout this paper, we assume that the star’s convection zone and its radiative interior rotate independently of each other. The most direct evidence of this comes from helioseismology through frequency splitting of the Sun’s oscillation modes (Thompson et al. 1996), showing the differentially rotating convection zone surrounding the uniformly and more rapidly rotating interior. Observations of young open cluster stars (Soderblom et al. 1993) suggest that the radiative interior of solar-type stars provides a long-term source of angular momentum for the convection zone, maintaining the surface rotation at modest values ($`v\mathrm{sin}i10`$ km s-1). Based on these considerations, we believe the assumption of a rotationally-decoupled convection zone is realistic.$`]`$

Shortly after disk depletion, a short-period planet migrates outward slightly as its host star spins down. For $`a>a_c(M_{cz}/M_p)^{1/2}R_{}`$, the moment of inertia of the planet’s orbit is larger than that of the star’s convective envelope so that when the star reaches synchronization with the planets’ orbit it is secularly stable to conservative tidal transfer of angular momentum (Chandrasekhar 1968, Hut 1980, Lin 1981, Rasio et al. 1996). But as the host star continues to spin down the planet can resume its inward migration (Bryden et al. 1998). A quasi-equilibrium value $`\mathrm{\Omega }_e(M_pt_on/M_{cz}\tau _a\mathrm{\Omega }_o)^{1/3}(a/R_{})^{2/3}\mathrm{\Omega }_o`$ is attained when $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_t\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{}`$. The initial value of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_eR_{}`$ a few km s-1 when $`\tau _a1`$ Gyr because of the strong dependence of the spin-down rate on surface rotation frequency. The stars are thus able to rid themselves of most of the angular momentum transferred to them by their planets until their spin rate gets low enough. Based on this argument, we can safely assume a small initial value for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}(=2\pi /`$ 500 h) in our analysis.

The magnitude of $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_t`$ increases rapidly as $`a`$ decreases. Close to the star, $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_t>|\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{}|`$ so that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ would increase with time. But $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ would be less than $`n`$ and the planet’s orbit would continue to decay if $`a<a_c=(M_{cz}/M_p)^{1/2}R_{}`$. Even for $`a>a_c`$, the loss of angular momentum from the system eventually leads $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ to be much smaller than that expected from conservative tidal evolution $`\mathrm{\Omega }_c=(M_p/(M_p+M_{cz}))(a_i/R_{})^{1/2}\mathrm{\Omega }_s`$, where $`a_i`$ is the initial value of $`a`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_s=(GM_{}/R_{}^3)^{1/2}`$ is the Keplerian frequency near the stellar surface. For numerical models 1 and 2 which will be presented below, we choose, respectively, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_c/\mathrm{\Omega }_s=0.1`$ and $`0.5`$ for the innermost planet — in other words, the planet’s orbital decay is unlikely to be impeded by the attempted synchronization of the spin of the stellar surface with the planet’s mean motion. Note that the spin of the stellar convection zone is unlikely to modify the gravitational potential and introduce additional planetary precession because of the small values of both $`\mathrm{\Omega }_c/\mathrm{\Omega }_s`$ and $`M_{cz}/M_{}`$. Thus, the relative speed of the orbiting planet and the spinning convective envelope is expected to be large, leading to the initial state of our dynamical models and hydrodynamical simulations.

### 4.3 Dynamical Stability of a Three-Planet System

If the contamination scenario is to be able to explain the high metal abundances in a large fraction of SWPs, it will be necessary to require some of the planetary systems to have stable (at the very least, dynamically) configurations prior to and after the planet consumption event. For those SWPs that contain one or more intermediate- or long-period planets today, the surviving planets can have been dynamically decoupled from the hypothesized short-period planet such that its existence and disruption had little dynamical consequence. For systems containing short-period planets today, even though the surviving planets may have intensely interacted with their demised siblings, the signatures of the encounters can be erased by their own subsequent tidal interactions with the host star. However, systems containing resonant planets, such as HD 82943, may be more sensitive to perturbations by the hypothesized short-period planet. Therefore it is important to assess the requirements for coexistence. In this subsection, we carry out numerical simulations to establish the existence of stable and perhaps dynamically decoupled systems, which contain both short-period and resonant planets, and then follow their dynamical evolution, taking into account the effects of tidal and secular interactions as well as stellar spindown.

In order to quantitatively determine the relative importance of these processes, we used the (direct) numerical model described in Mardling & Lin (2002a) for all our dynamical studies. This code can be used to study the dynamical evolution of up to three planets, including the secular effects of the relativistic potential of the star and the tidal evolution and spin-orbit coupling of the star and innermost planet. Orbit averaging was not used because, among other things, we were interested in stability issues.

A comprehensive stability analysis requires an extensive simulation for a large number of orbital parameters such as the planets’ masses, semi-major axis, and eccentricity distribution. Such a study is beyond the scope of the present paper. Here we use the specific example of HD 82943 to demonstrate that resonant planets can easily retain their observed dynamical properties despite the initial existence and subsequent disruption of hypothetical short-period planets.

An understanding of the stability of the observed resonant system including the resonant capture process deserves its own dedicated study (for a study of the other known, and much shorter period, 2:1 resonant system GJ 876, see Lee & Peale 2001). The high eccentricities and similar masses of the two planets orbiting HD 82943 present a challenge to existing theories of stability and resonant capture (Murray & Dermott 2000). From an empirical point of view, it is possible to constrain the configuration parameters using observational data as has been done for GJ 876 (Laughlin & Chambers 2001). In lieu of such a study, we chose our working orbital parameters as follows. We started by considering the stability of the observed two-planet system. Using the orbital parameters available at the time of writing ($`e_1=0.54\pm 0.05`$, $`e_2=0.41\pm 0.08`$, $`a_1=0.73`$ AU, $`a_2=1.16`$ AU, $`\varpi _1`$ not determined, $`\varpi _2=117.8^o`$, where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inner and outer planets respectively and $`\varpi `$ is the longitude of periastron), together with the minimum masses ($`M_1\mathrm{sin}i=0.88M_J`$, $`M_2\mathrm{sin}i=1.63M_J`$), and zero internal inclination (in the absence of a measured estimate), there exist stable configurations only for some values of the initial relative phases, at least for the short times we integrated the orbits ($`10^4`$ yr). However, these “stable” systems exhibit large variations in the eccentricities of both planets, as well as large variations in the relative longitude of periastron (for whatever value we choose for the initial value of $`\varpi _1`$). Our study of GJ 876 (Lin & Mardling, in preparation) together with the theory of resonant capture (Murray & Dermott 2000) lead us to believe there should be very little variation in these parameters, and hence we expect future observations of the HD 82943 system to reveal slightly different values for the eccentricities.

For the present study, we chose to vary the outer eccentricity in order to produce a system with the above properties. To do this we used a formula derived by Mardling & Lin (2002a; equation 9) which gives the critical ratio of eccentricities for which there is no secular variation in the eccentricities and relative longitude of periastron for systems of two planets. This formulation does not take into account any variations due to resonant effects, but nonetheless yields a system with essentially the desirable properties. Figure 3 illustrates this for a three-planet system with $`e_2=0.207`$. The addition of a short-period planet at 0.02 AU ($`M\mathrm{sin}i=0.5M_J`$) does not disturb the stability, nor does it affect the extent of variations of the orbital parameters of the two outer planets. In this configuration, provided $`M_p<2.5M_J`$, the secular evolution of the outer two planets proceeds as if the innermost planet did not exist; similarly the orbit of the innermost planet decays on the same timescale it would were it isolated. The orbit of the innermost planet is also unaffected by the secular perturbation of the outer two resonant planets because the relativistic correction dominates the precession of its periastron longitude. Although we cannot investigate the long-term evolution of this system with our numerical code, we are confident that stability of the system persists because the innermost planet becomes more and more decoupled from the outer two as time goes on. It is likely that Nature has arranged for the observed system to suffer even less secular variation than illustrated here; however our hypothetical system serves the purpose of the present discussion.

In order to be consistent with our hydrodynamical simulations, we considered a range of masses for the hypothetical short-period planet, with the eccentricity taken to be 0.01 in each case and the spin period of the star taken to be 500 h (the solar value). For the present calculation we adopt $`Q_{}^{}=10^6`$ so that given a planet with $`M_p=0.5M_J`$, the initial semi-major axis needed to achieve the prescribed decay timescale ($`\tau _a`$ 1 Gyr) is $`a_i=0.02`$ AU (model 1; see Figure 3), while a planet of $`2.5M_J`$ can start a little further out at $`a_i=0.025`$ AU (model 2). These simulations show that 1) the orbit of the innermost planet does indeed decay on the timescale $`\tau _a1`$ Gyr, 2) the resonant configuration of the outer two planets is preserved despite the demise of the hypothetical planet, and 3) the host star can lose sufficient angular momentum to account for its observed slow spin.

## 5 Summary and Discussions

The hydrodynamical simulations presented here indicate that if a heated giant planet can be brought into contact with the stellar surface, it is likely that the planet would be easily destroyed, and its ablated material would be thoroughly mixed in the star’s convection zone, thereby modifying the surface abundances in an observable way. Such a planet may have formed several AU from its host star and migrated inward as a consequence of tidal interaction with the protoplanetary disk shortly after formation. This early phase of migration may be halted if the planet enters a magnetospheric cavity near the inner boundary of the disk or if it interacts tidally with a slowly rotating host star. If it arrives near the stellar surface with a modest eccentricity, such a planet may be disrupted outside the star as a consequence of intense tidal dissipation on a timescale longer than the time needed for the star to reach the main sequence. But if it arrives near the stellar surface with an almost circular orbit, the planet may resume its inward migration as its host star’s spin frequency declines below its orbit frequency. The driving force in this latter scenario is the dissipation of the planet’s tidal disturbance in the star. This tidal interaction can cause the planet to eventually enter into the atmosphere and envelope of its host star while the star is still on the main sequence. A substantial portion of a cold planet’s mass (most importantly, a core) may survive the plunge, although a definitive answer will require more sophisticated simulations. Regardless, the destruction of a cold planet in a star could still pollute the star if the planet has little or no rock/ice core (in other words, if its heavy elements are mixed throughout the planet).

If a giant planet mostly disintegrates within the convection zone of its host star, the momentum input from the planet would increase the rotational velocity of the star’s convection zone above $`M_p\mathrm{\Omega }_sR_{}/(M_p+M_{cz})`$ if the convection zone rotates as a solid body. At the interface between the convective and radiative zones, there is likely to be a large shear as a result. This shear could in principle result in mixing between the convection zone and interior, and thus would tend to weaken any pollution signature. To gain some guidance as to whether this could occur, we can look at the Sun (Thompson et al. 1996). For the Sun, a tachocline transition layer (Spiegel & Zahn 1992) separates the surface convection zone and the radiative interior, which have distinct rotational properties. It has been suggested that an interior magnetic field is responsible for confining the shear in the tachocline and quenching mixing between these regions (Gough & McIntyre 1998). Extrapolating from these solar phenomena, it it possible that the rotational and compositional mixing between the convection zone and the radiative interior of SWPs with masses near that of the Sun would be limited. Application of the stellar spin-down formula would imply that the surface rotational speed may be reduced substantially in less than a Gyr, limiting the duration of any mixing that might occur.

In stellar evolution, atomic species like 6Li , 7Li , 9Be , and B all provide valuable diagnostics of the evolution of surface convection zones, so it is worthwhile to try to understand how much information they can reveal about the frequency of pollution among planetary systems. The temperatures at the base of the convection zones of pre-main sequence stars result in complete depletion of 6Li and moderate depletion of 7Li , while 9Be is mostly unaffected. 6Li abundances constrain the pollution that can have occurred since an age of about 30 Myr after star formation. We point out that the amount of 6Li detected in a star could distinguish between different pollution mechanisms if giant planets are formed around massive planetesimal cores, and that this test is mostly independent of giant planet mass.

The diagnostic usefulness of 6Li and the other species is limited for low-mass stars ($`M<\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.1}M_{}`$) because their convection zones are too massive, diluting pollutants to the point that they are unobservable. Unfortunately, these stars are also the ones that have the most nuclear processing of diagnostic species, and thus would be easiest to distinguish from an unpolluted star. Stars with $`1.1M_{}<M<\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.3}M_{}`$ have relatively shallow convection zones that are easily polluted, but this also reduces the temperature at the base of the convection zone to the point that the depletion rates for the lithium isotopes are small. There is some evidence for 7Li depletion (and therefore, presumably 6Li ) in this range from comparisons of stars in the Pleiades, Hyades, and older clusters like NGC 752 and M67. 9Be and B are unlikely to be affected.

Stars with masses a little above $`1.3M_{}`$ are not currently understood. Standard models predict a small surface convection zone or none at all, while stars in the Hyades (a very well-studied cluster) show severe 7Li depletion (the so-called “Li dip”). Comparison with observations of other open clusters indicates that the depletion timescale for stars in the dip is less than about the age of the Hyades ($`600`$ Myr). Though a theoretical understanding of the depletion mechanism is currently lacking (see Pinsonneault 1997), stars that would normally fall in the Li dip seem to be excellent candidates for a search for evidence of pollution. Deposited 7Li would be expected to survive for a large enough fraction of a SWP’s main sequence lifetime ($`30\%)`$ that the chances of detecting a pollution signature are favorable. This would be best accomplished using comparisons with open clusters of age similar to the host star. Murray & Chaboyer (2002) have recently asserted that the \[Fe/H\] abundances for SWPs in the Li dip can be explained by hypothesizing a mixed layer at the star’s surface of the size needed to explain the 7Li depletion pattern. If true, a pollution signature would of course be diluted. In either case, the diagnostic possibilities are good, and so we would like to add our voices to encourage observations of SWPs in this range.

Finally, we present a scenario which may account for the dynamical history of the system HD 82943. We show that the resonant planets around HD 82943 are dynamically stable if the inner and outer planets have eccentricities $`0.54`$ and $`0.207`$ respectively. In this scenario, although the eccentricity of the inner resonant planet is the same as observed, that of the outer resonant planet is considerably smaller than that reported. We find that a planet with a mass $`0.52M_J`$ and a semi-major axis $`0.020.025`$ AU is dynamically decoupled from the resonant planets with semi-major axes of 0.73 and 1.16 AU. The orbital configuration of this planetary system is similar to that of $`\upsilon `$ And, and it is formed naturally as a consequence of planet-disk interaction. Under the action of tidal orbital evolution, this hypothetical short-period planet may have undergone orbital decay into the host star on a timescale less than 1 Gyr. The analogues of such a planetary system might be observed around young stars after the T Tauri phase of the star’s evolution. The existence of short-period planets around relatively young stars with normal metal abundance is a natural prediction of this scenario. A direct search for such systems is technically feasible with the Space Interferometer Mission.

We thank A. Burkert for the use of his nested-grid hydrodynamic code. We would like to thank B. Jones, P.-G. Gu, P. Bodenheimer, B. Fegley, D.O. Gough, and D. Lambert for helpful conversations. This work is supported in part by NASA through grant NAG5-10727 and NSF through AST-9987417 to D.N.C.L., and J.J.D. was partly supported by an RSCA grant from San Diego State University to E.L.S.


text:
# Impurity-Induced Antiferromagnetic Ordering in the Spin Gap System TlCuCl3

## Abstract

The magnetization measurements have been performed on the doped spin gap system TlCu1-xMgxCl3 with $`x0.025`$. The parent compound TlCuCl3 is a three-dimensional coupled spin dimer system with the excitation gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }/k_\mathrm{B}=7.7`$ K. The impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering was clearly observed. The easy axis lies in the $`(0,1,0)`$ plane. It was found that the transition temperature increases with increasing Mg2+ concentration $`x`$, while the spin-flop transition field is almost independent of $`x`$. The magnetization curve suggests that the impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering coexists with the spin gap for $`x0.017`$.

The singlet ground state with an excitation gap (spin gap) has been found in many quantum spin systems such as the Haldane chain, spin-Peierls system, spin ladder, exchange alternating chain, and coupled spin dimer system. These spin gap systems do not undergo magnetic ordering down to zero temperature. In the last decade, however, it has been found that very small amounts of nonmagnetic site impurities can give rise to antiferromagnetic ordering in these spin gap systems . When nonmagnetic ions are substituted for magnetic ions, the singlet ground state is disturbed so that staggered moments are induced around the impurities. If the induced moments interact through effective exchange interactions, which are mediated by intermediate singlet spins, three-dimensional (3D) long-range order can arise. Such impurity-induced magnetic ordering is a new type of phase transition caused by the quantum effect.

Impurity-induced magnetic ordering of spin gap systems was first observed in Zn2+-doped CuGeO3 , which is a well-known inorganic spin-Peierls material , and was precisely investigated in Mg2+-doped CuGeO3 . Magnetic ordering due to pinning of lattice dimerization by doped nonmagnetic impurities was also observed in CuGe1-xSixO3 . In Cu1-xZnxGeO3 and CuGe1-xSixO3 with low $`x`$, the coexistence of lattice dimerization and antiferromagnetic ordering has been observed in neutron scattering experiments . Impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering was also observed in Zn2+-doped antiferromagnetic two-leg spin ladder SrCu2O3  and the Mg2+-doped Haldane system PbNi2V2O8 . The site-impurity effect on spin gap systems has been argued theoretically by many authors , and impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering has been demonstrated.

As mentioned above, experimental studies of impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering have been performed only on quasi-1D systems to date. Therefore, for comprehensive understanding of impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering, it may be necessary to study the impurity effect on 3D spin gap systems. With this motivation, we studied the magnetic properties in the Mg2+-doped spin gap system TlCuCl3 by means of magnetization measurements.

TlCuCl3 has the monoclinic structure (space group $`P2_1/c`$) . The crystal structure is composed of planar dimers of Cu2Cl6. The dimers are stacked on top of one another and form infinite double chains parallel to the crystallographic $`a`$-axis. These double chains are located at the corners and center of the unit cell in the $`bc`$ plane, and are separated by Tl+ ions. The magnetic ground state of TlCuCl3 is the spin singlet with excitation gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }=7.7`$ K . From the analyses of the dispersion relation obtained by neutron inelastic scattering, it was found that the origin of the spin gap of TlCuCl3 is the strong antiferromagnetic interaction $`J=5.68`$ meV in the chemical dimer Cu2Cl6, and that the neighboring dimers are coupled by the strong interdimer interactions along the double chain and in the $`(1,0,2)`$ plane . Consequently, TlCuCl3 was characterized as a strongly coupled 3D spin dimer system.

Before preparing the doped TlCu1-xMgxCl3 system, we prepared single crystals of TlCuCl3. The preparation of a single crystal of TlCuCl3 is described in reference . Mixing TlCuCl3, TlCl and MgCl2 in a ratio of $`1x:x:x`$, we prepared TlCu1-xMgxCl3 by the vertical Bridgman method. We obtained single crystals of 1$``$3 cm3 with $`x=0.008,0.014,0.017,0.020,0.022`$ and 0.025. The magnesium concentration $`x`$ was analyzed by emission spectrochemical analysis after the measurements. Samples used for magnetic measurements were cut to $`50150`$ mg. The magnetizations were measured down to 1.8 K in magnetic fields up to 7 T using a SQUID magnetometer (Quantum Design MPMS XL).

First, we measured the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibilities $`\chi =M/H`$ in TlCu0.975Mg0.025Cl3 under the magnetic field of $`H=0.1`$ T perpendicular to the cleavage planes $`(0,1,0)`$ and $`(1,0,\overline{2})`$, and along the $`[2,0,1]`$ direction which is parallel to both $`(0,1,0)`$ and $`(1,0,\overline{2})`$ planes, respectively. These three field directions are orthogonal to one another. The results are shown in Fig. 1. With decreasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibilities display broad maxima at $`T36`$ K and decrease, as observed in pure TlCuCl3 . However, the magnetic susceptibilities increase again below 7 K, and then exhibit sharp bend anomalies at $`T_\mathrm{N}=3.5`$ K, which is indicative of magnetic ordering, for $`H(1,0,\overline{2})`$ and $`H[2,0,1]`$, whereas the magnetic susceptibility for $`Hb`$ increases monotonically. Below $`T_\mathrm{N}`$, the magnetic susceptibility for $`H(1,0,\overline{2})`$ is almost independent of temperature, while that for $`H[2,0,1]`$ decreases. These results indicate that the antiferromagnetic ordering induced by Mg2+ doping occurs at $`T_\mathrm{N}=3.5`$ K, and that the easy axis is in the $`(0,1,0)`$ plane and is close to the $`[2,0,1]`$ direction.

In order to determine the easy axis, we measured the magnetic susceptibility in TlCu0.980Mg0.020Cl3, varying the field direction in the $`(0,1,0)`$ plane at $`T=1.8`$ K. The susceptibility minimum was observed, when the magnetic field was at an angle of 38 with the $`a`$-axis. This implies that the easy axis is canted by 38 from the $`a`$-axis. Since the angle between the $`[2,0,1]`$ direction and the $`a`$-axis is 51, the angle between the $`[2,0,1]`$ direction and the easy axis is 13.

Figure 2 shows the low-temperature magnetic susceptibilities in TlCu0.978Mg0.022Cl3 measured at $`H=0.1`$ T. The magnetic field was applied along the $`b`$-axis, the easy axis and the hard axis in the $`(0,1,0)`$ plane, which are orthogonal to one another. With decreasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of the easy axis decreases toward zero below $`T_\mathrm{N}=3.45`$ K, while the others increase monotonically. This behavior is indicative of an antiferromagnet with collinear ordering.

Figure 3 shows the magnetization curves of TlCu0.978Mg0.022Cl3 measured at $`T=1.8`$ K for $`H`$ easy axis, hard axis and $`b`$-axis. For $`H`$ easy axis, the spin-flop transition is clearly observed at $`H_{\mathrm{sp}}=0.32`$ T, while no transition is observed for the other field directions. From these results, it is evident that collinear antiferromagnetic ordering along the easy axis arises below $`T_\mathrm{N}`$. The sharp cusplike maximum of the susceptibility at $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and the sharp spin-flop transition indicate the good homogeneity of the present sample at the macroscopic scale.

Figure 4 shows the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibilities in TlCu1-xMgxCl3 with various $`x`$ for $`H[2,0,1]`$. The magnetic field of 0.1 T was applied in the measurements. For $`x=0`$, no anomaly indicative of the magnetic ordering can be seen down to 1.8 K, although a slight increase of the magnetic susceptibility was observed due to a small amount of impurities or lattice defects. On the other hand, the cusplike anomalies indicative of antiferromagnetic ordering were clearly observed for $`x0`$. With increasing $`x`$, the transition temperature $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ and the magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility increase. The transition temperatures for $`x0.025`$ were plotted in Fig. 5 as a function of $`x`$. The transition temperature $`T_\mathrm{N}`$ shows a tendency to saturate at $`T_\mathrm{N}3.5`$ K. Although the behavior of the phase transition for $`x>0.025`$ is of great interest, the measurements were not performed, because it is difficult to prepare good single crystals of TlCu1-xMgxCl3 with $`x>0.025`$ at present.

It is considered that the direction of the easy axis does not strongly depend on $`x`$, and is close to the $`[2,0,1]`$ direction, because the susceptibilities for various $`x`$ display a similar cusplike anomaly for $`H[2,0,1]`$, as shown in Fig. 4. Thus, it is expected that the spin-flop transition is observed for $`H[2,0,1]`$, and the transition field is close to that for $`H`$ easy axis. Figure 6 shows the magnetization curves of TlCu1-xMgxCl3 with various $`x`$ measured at $`T=1.8`$ K for $`H[2,0,1]`$. For $`x=0`$, the magnetization is almost zero up to the gap field $`H_\mathrm{g}=\mathrm{\Delta }/g\mu _\mathrm{B}6`$ T, and then it increases rapidly. For $`x0`$, the magnetization increases with a finite slope, and exhibits a jump indicative of the spin-flop transition at $`H0.35`$ T with increasing magnetic field. It is noted that spin-flop field $`H_{\mathrm{sp}}`$ is almost independent of $`x`$, although the amount of the magnetization jump increases with increasing $`x`$.

A theoretical description of the spin-flop transition in the impurity-induced antiferromagnetic phase has not been established to date. In the conventional antiferromagnet, spin-flop field $`H_{\mathrm{sp}}`$ is proportional to the square root of the product of anisotropy energy and the exchange interactions and the magnitude of the spin moment. The small value of $`0.35`$ T of spin-flop field $`H_{\mathrm{sp}}`$ may be indicative of the low induced spin moments around the impurities or the low anisotropy energy. At present, however, we have no explanation for why the spin-flop field is independent of $`x`$.

For $`x0.017`$, the magnetization tends to increase at $`H6`$ T, which is almost the same as the $`6`$ T of gap field $`H_\mathrm{g}`$ of pure TlCuCl3, as shown in Fig. 6. This suggests that the excitation gap remains for $`x0.017`$, i.e., antiferromagnetic ordering coexists with the excitation gap. If the gap remains, field-induced magnetic ordering may occur, as observed in pure TlCuCl3 . In TlCuCl3, the magnetization has the cusplike minimum at the transition temperature . This behavior can be described in terms of the Bose-Einstein condensation of the excited triplets (magnons) . In the ordered phase, transverse staggered magnetic ordering with respect to the applied magnetic field occurs . This transverse staggered magnetic ordering, in which two spins on the same dimer are antiparallel, was confirmed by neutron elastic scattering analysis in high magnetic fields for $`Hb`$ . For this field direction, it was observed that spins lie in the (0,1,0) plane at an angle of 39 to the $`a`$-axis. This spin direction is almost the same as that of the easy axis in the impurity-induced antiferromagnetic phase for TlCu0.978Mg0.022Cl3. Thus, the relation between the impurity-induced antiferromagnetic phase and the field-induced ordered phase is of great interest.

In order to investigate whether or not field-induced magnetic ordering occurs in Mg2+-doped TlCuCl3, we examined the temperature dependence of the magnetization in TlCu0.992Mg0.008Cl3 at various magnetic fields up to 7 T for $`H[2,0,1]`$. However, no definite phase transition was detected due to the large Curie-Weiss term, although a fairly sharp inflection point indicative of the phase transition was observed for $`H>5`$ T. Thus, other experiments such as specific heat and neutron scattering measurement are required in order to determine whether field-induced magnetic ordering occurs also in Mg2+-doped TlCuCl3.

In conclusion, we carried out magnetization measurements in TlCu1-xMgxCl3. Impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering was clearly observed for $`0.008x0.025`$. It was found that the easy axis of the magnetic moments lies in the (0,1,0) plane at an angle of $`38^{}`$ to the $`a`$-axis. For $`x0.025`$, the transition temperature increases with increasing $`x`$, while the spin-flop field is almost independent of $`x`$. The magnetization curve suggests that the energy gap remains even in the ordered phase for $`x0.017`$.

We thank T. Masuda for useful comments on impurity-induced antiferromagnetic ordering. This work was supported by the Toray Science Foundation and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (B) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. A. O. was supported by Research Fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists.