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# On a class of algebraic solutions to Painlevé VI equation, its determinant formula and coalescence cascade

## 1 Introduction

Enlarging the work by Yablonskii and Vorob’ev for PII  and Okamoto for PIV , Umemura has introduced a class of special polynomials associated with the algebraic solutions of each Painlevé equation PIII, PV and PVI . These polynomials are generated by Toda equation that arises from Bäcklund transformations of each Painlevé equation. It is also known that the coefficients of the polynomials admit mysterious combinatorial properties .

It is remarkable that some of such polynomials are expressed as a specialization of the Schur functions. Yablonskii-Vorob’ev polynomials are expressible by 2-reduced Schur functions, and Okamoto polynomials by 3-reduced Schur functions . It is now recognized that these structures reflect the affine Weyl group symmetry as groups of the Bäcklund transformations . The determinant formulas of Jacobi-Trudi type for Umemura polynomials of PIII and PV resemble each other. In both cases, they are expressed by 2-reduced Schur functions and entries of the determinant are given by the Laguerre polynomials .

Furthermore, in a recent work, it has been revealed that the whole families of the characteristic polynomials for the rational solutions of PV, which include Umemura polynomials for PV as a special case, admit more general structures . Namely, they are expressed in terms of the universal characters that are a generalization of the Schur functions. The latter are the characters of the irreducible polynomial representations of $`GL(n)`$, while the former are introduced to describe the irreducible rational representations .

What kind of determinant structures do Umemura polynomials for PVI admit? Recently, Kirillov and Taneda have introduced a generalization of Umemura polynomials for PVI in the context of combinatorics and shown that their polynomials degenerate to the special polynomials for PV in some limit . This result suggests that the special polynomials associated with the algebraic solutions of PVI are also expressible by the universal characters.

In this paper, we consider PVI

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{y1}+\frac{1}{yt}\right)\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^2\left(\frac{1}{t}+\frac{1}{t1}+\frac{1}{yt}\right)\frac{dy}{dt}\hfill \\ \\ +\frac{y(y1)(yt)}{2t^2(t1)^2}\left[\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2\kappa _0^2\frac{t}{y^2}+\kappa _1^2\frac{t1}{(y1)^2}+(1\theta ^2)\frac{t(t1)}{(yt)^2}\right],\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.1)
where $`\kappa _{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\kappa _0`$, $`\kappa _1`$ and $`\theta `$ are parameters. As is well known , PVI (1.1) is equivalent to the Hamilton system

$$\text{S}\text{VI}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t(t1)\frac{d}{dt},$$
(1.2)
with the Hamiltonian

$$\begin{array}{c}H=q(q1)(qt)p^2[\kappa _0(q1)(qt)+\kappa _1q(qt)+(\theta 1)q(q1)]p+\kappa (qt),\\ \kappa =\frac{1}{4}(\kappa _0+\kappa _1+\theta 1)^2\frac{1}{4}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2.\end{array}$$
(1.3)
In fact, the equation for $`y=q`$ is nothing but PVI (1.1).

The aim of this paper is to investigate a class of algebraic solutions to PVI (or SVI) that originate from the fixed points of the Bäcklund transformations corresponding Dynkin automorphisms and to present its explicit determinant formula.

Let us remark on the terminology of “algebraic solutions”. PVI admits the several classes of algebraic solutions , and the classification has not established. In this paper, if we do not comment especially, we use “algebraic solutions” in the above restricted sense.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present a determinant formula for the algebraic solutions of PVI (or SVI). This expression is also a specialization of the universal characters and the entries of the determinant are given by the Jacobi polynomials. The symmetry of PVI is described by the affine Weyl group of type $`D_4^{(1)}`$. We give a symmetric description of Bäcklund transformations of PVI and derive several sets of bilinear equations for the $`\tau `$-functions in Section 3. In Section 4, we construct a family of algebraic solutions of PVI. Proof of our result is given in Section 5. As is well known, PVI degenerates to P$`{}_{\mathrm{V}}{}^{},\mathrm{}`$, PI by successive limiting procedures . In Section 6, we show that the algebraic solutions of PVI degenerate to the rational solutions of PV and PIII with preserving the determinant structures. Section 7 is devoted to discuss the relationship to the original Umemura polynomials for PVI.

## 2 A determinant formula

###### Definition 2.1

Let $`p_k=p_k^{(c,d)}(x)`$ and $`q_k=q_k^{(c,d)}(x),k`$, be two sets of polynomials defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_k^{(c,d)}(x)\lambda ^k=G(x;c,d;\lambda ),p_k^{(c,d)}(x)=0\text{for}k<0,\\ q_k^{(c,d)}(x)=p_k^{(c,d)}(x^1),\end{array}$$
(2.1)
respectively, where the generating function $`G(x;c,d;\lambda )`$ is given by

$$G(x;c,d;\lambda )=(1\lambda )^{cd}\left(1+x\lambda \right)^c.$$
(2.2)
For $`m,n_0`$, we define a family of polynomials $`R_{m,n}=R_{m,n}(x;c,d)`$ by

$$R_{m,n}(x;c,d)=\left|\begin{array}{cccccccc}q_1& q_0& \mathrm{}& q_{m+2}& q_{m+1}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}& q_{mn+2}\\ q_3& q_2& \mathrm{}& q_{m+4}& q_{m+3}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}& q_{mn+4}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}& q_{2m2}& \mathrm{}& q_m& q_{m1}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}& q_{mn}\\ p_{nm}& p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_{n1}& p_n& \mathrm{}& p_{2n2}& p_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}& p_{nm+5}& \mathrm{}& p_{n+3}& p_{n+4}& \mathrm{}& p_2& p_3\\ p_{nm+2}& p_{nm+3}& \mathrm{}& p_{n+1}& p_{n+2}& \mathrm{}& p_0& p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(2.3)
For $`m,n_{<0}`$, $`R_{m,n}`$ are defined through

$$R_{m,n}=(1)^{m(m+1)/2}R_{m1,n},R_{m,n}=(1)^{n(n+1)/2}R_{m,n1}.$$
(2.4)
###### Theorem 2.2

We set

$$R_{m,n}(x;c,d)=S_{m,n}(x;a,b),$$
(2.5)
with

$$c=a+b+n\frac{1}{2},d=2bm+n.$$
(2.6)
Then, for the parameters

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=b,\kappa _0=bm+n,\kappa _1=a+m+n,\theta =a,$$
(2.7)
we have a family of algebraic solutions of the Hamilton system SVI,

$$\begin{array}{c}q=x\frac{S_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b)S_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b)}{S_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)S_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)},\\ p=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b+n\frac{1}{2}\right)x^1\frac{S_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)S_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)S_{m,n1}(x;a,b)}{S_{m,n}(x;a,b)S_{m1,n1}(x;a+1,b)S_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b)},\end{array}$$
(2.8)
with $`x^2=t`$.

This Theorem means that a class of algebraic solutions of PVI is expressed in terms of the universal characters , which also appear in the expression of the rational solutions of PV . Note that the entries $`p_k`$ and $`q_k`$ are essentially the Jacobi polynomials, namely,

$$p_k^{(c,d)}(x)=P_k^{(d1,cdk)}(12x).$$
(2.9)
Applying some Bäcklund transformations, which can include outer transformations given in (7.14), to the above solutions, we can get other families of algebraic solutions of PVI. Some examples are presented in Corollary 6.2 and 6.8, so we omit detail here.

## 3 A symmetric description of Painlevé VI equation

Noumi and Yamada have introduced the symmetric form of Painlevé equations . This formulation provides us with a clear description of symmetry structures of Bäcklund transformations and a systematic tool to construct special solutions.

In this section, we present a symmetric description for the Bäcklund transformations of PVI . After introducing the $`\tau `$-functions via Hamiltonians, we derive several sets of bilinear equations.

### 3.1 Bäcklund transformations of PVI

We set

$$f_0=qt,f_3=q1,f_4=q,f_2=p,$$
(3.1)
and

$$\alpha _0=\theta ,\alpha _1=\kappa _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _3=\kappa _1,\alpha _4=\kappa _0.$$
(3.2)
Then, the Hamiltonian (1.3) is written as

$$H=f_2^2f_0f_3f_4[(\alpha _01)f_3f_4+\alpha _3f_0f_4+\alpha _4f_0f_3]f_2+\alpha _2(\alpha _1+\alpha _2)f_0,$$
(3.3)
with

$$\alpha _0+\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4=1,$$
(3.4)
and the Hamilton equation (1.2) is written down as

$$\begin{array}{c}f_4^{}=2f_2f_0f_3f_4(\alpha _01)f_3f_4\alpha _3f_0f_4\alpha _4f_0f_3,\hfill \\ f_2^{}=(f_0f_3+f_0f_4+f_3f_4)f_2^2\hfill \\ +[(\alpha _01)(f_3+f_4)+\alpha _3(f_0+f_4)+\alpha _4(f_0+f_3)]f_2\alpha _2(\alpha _1+\alpha _2).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.5)
The Bäcklund transformations of PVI are described as follows ,

$$s_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _ja_{ij}\alpha _i,(i,j=0,1,2,3,4)$$
(3.6)
$$s_2(f_i)=f_i+\frac{\alpha _2}{f_2},s_i(f_2)=f_2\frac{\alpha _i}{f_i},(i=0,3,4)$$
(3.7)
$`s_5:`$ $`\alpha _0\alpha _1,\alpha _3\alpha _4,`$ (3.8)
$`f_2{\displaystyle \frac{f_0(f_2f_0+\alpha _2)}{t(t1)}},f_0{\displaystyle \frac{t(t1)}{f_0}},f_3(t1){\displaystyle \frac{f_4}{f_0}},f_4t{\displaystyle \frac{f_3}{f_0}},`$
$`s_6:`$ $`\alpha _0\alpha _3,\alpha _1\alpha _4,`$ (3.9)
$`f_2{\displaystyle \frac{f_4(f_4f_2+\alpha _2)}{t}},f_0t{\displaystyle \frac{f_3}{f_4}},f_3{\displaystyle \frac{f_0}{f_4}},f_4{\displaystyle \frac{t}{f_4}},`$
$`s_7:`$ $`\alpha _0\alpha _4,\alpha _1\alpha _3,`$ (3.10)
$`f_2{\displaystyle \frac{f_3(f_3f_2+\alpha _2)}{t1}},f_0(t1){\displaystyle \frac{f_4}{f_3}},f_3{\displaystyle \frac{t1}{f_3}},f_4{\displaystyle \frac{f_0}{f_3}},`$
where $`A=(a_{ij})_{i,j=0}^4`$ is the Cartan matrix of type $`D_4^{(1)}`$:

$$a_{ii}=2(i=0,1,2,3,4),a_{2j}=a_{j2}=1,(j=0,1,3,4),a_{ij}=0(\text{otherwise}).$$
(3.11)
These transformations commute with the derivation , and satisfy the following relations

$$\begin{array}{c}s_i^2=1(i=0,\mathrm{},7),s_is_2s_i=s_2s_is_2(i=0,1,3,4),\\ s_5s_{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=s_{\{1,0,2,4,3\}}s_5,s_6s_{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=s_{\{3,4,2,0,1\}}s_6,s_7s_{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=s_{\{4,3,2,1,0\}}s_7,\\ s_5s_6=s_6s_5,s_5s_7=s_7s_5,s_6s_7=s_7s_6.\end{array}$$
(3.12)
This means that transformations $`s_i(i=0,\mathrm{},4)`$ generate the affine Weyl group $`W(D_4^{(1)})`$, and $`s_i(i=0,\mathrm{},7)`$ generate its extension including the Dynkin diagram automorphisms.

### 3.2 The $`\tau `$-functions and bilinear equations

We add a correction term to the Hamiltonian (3.3) as follows,

$$H_0=H+\frac{t}{4}\left[1+4\alpha _1\alpha _2+4\alpha _2^2(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2\right]+\frac{1}{4}\left[(\alpha _1+\alpha _4)^2+(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2+4\alpha _2\alpha _4\right].$$
(3.13)
This modification gives a simpler behavior of the Hamiltonian with respect to the Bäcklund transformations. From the corrected Hamiltonian (3.13), we introduce a family of Hamiltonians $`h_i(i=0,1,2,3,4)`$ as

$$h_0=H_0+\frac{t}{4},h_1=s_5(H_0)\frac{t1}{4},h_3=s_6(H_0)+\frac{1}{4},h_4=s_7(H_0),h_2=h_1+s_1(h_1).$$
(3.14)
Then, we have

$$s_i(h_j)=h_j,(ij,i,j=0,1,2,3,4),$$
(3.15)
$$\begin{array}{c}s_0(h_0)=h_0\alpha _0(t1)\frac{f_4}{f_0},s_1(h_1)=h_1\alpha _1f_3,\\ s_3(h_3)=h_3+\alpha _3\frac{t1}{f_3},s_4(h_4)=h_4+\alpha _4\frac{f_0}{f_4}.\end{array}$$
(3.16)
Moreover, from (3.14),(3.16) and the equations (3.5), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}[s_i(h_i)+h_i][s_1(h_1)+h_1]=\frac{f_i^{}}{f_i},(i=0,3,4)\\ [s_2(h_2)+h_2](h_0+h_1+h_3+h_4)=\frac{f_2^{}}{f_2}\frac{1}{2}(t1).\end{array}$$
(3.17)
Next, we also introduce $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _i(i=0,1,2,3,4)`$ by

$$h_i=\frac{\tau _i^{}}{\tau _i}.$$
(3.18)
Implying that the action of $`s_i`$’s on $`\tau `$-functions also commute with the derivation , one can lift the Bäcklund transformations to the $`\tau `$-functions. From (3.15) and (3.17), we get

$$s_i(\tau _j)=\tau _j,(ij,i,j=0,1,2,3,4),$$
(3.19)
and

$$s_0(\tau _0)=f_0\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _0},s_1(\tau _1)=\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _1},s_2(\tau _2)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}f_2\frac{\tau _0\tau _1\tau _3\tau _4}{\tau _2},s_3(\tau _3)=f_3\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _3},s_4(\tau _4)=f_4\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _4},$$
(3.20)
respectively. The action of the diagram automorphisms $`s_5,s_6`$ and $`s_7`$ are derived by using (3.14) as follows,

$`s_5:`$ $`\tau _0[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\tau _1[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,`$
$`\tau _3t^{\frac{1}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\tau _4t^{\frac{1}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,`$
$`\tau _2[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{2}}f_0\tau _2,`$
$$s_6:\tau _0it^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\tau _3it^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,\tau _1t^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\tau _4t^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\tau _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}f_4\tau _2,$$
(3.23)
$`s_7:`$ $`\tau _0(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\tau _4(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,`$
$`\tau _1(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\tau _3(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,`$
$`\tau _2i(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}f_3\tau _2.`$
The algebraic relations of $`s_i`$’s are preserved in this lifting except for the following modification,

$$s_is_2(\tau _2)=s_2s_i(\tau _2)(i=5,6,7),$$
(3.26)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}s_5s_6\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=\{i,i,1,i,i\}s_6s_5\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}},\hfill \\ s_5s_7\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=\{i,i,1,i,i\}s_7s_5\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}},\hfill \\ s_6s_7\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}=\{i,i,1,i,i\}s_7s_6\tau _{\{0,1,2,3,4\}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.27)
Note that one can regard (3.20) as the multiplicative formulas for $`f_i`$ in terms of $`\tau `$-functions,

$$f_0=\frac{\tau _0s_0(\tau _0)}{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)},f_3=\frac{\tau _3s_3(\tau _3)}{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)},f_4=\frac{\tau _4s_4(\tau _4)}{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)},f_2=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_1(\tau _1)}{\tau _0\tau _3\tau _4}.$$
(3.28)
From these formulas, it is possible to derive various bilinear equations for $`\tau `$-functions. First, the constraints for $`f`$-variables

$$f_0=f_4t,f_3=f_41,$$
(3.29)
yield to

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)+\tau _3s_3(\tau _3)\tau _4s_4(\tau _4)=0,\\ \tau _0s_0(\tau _0)+t\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)\tau _4s_4(\tau _4)=0,\\ \tau _1s_2s_1(\tau _1)+\tau _3s_2s_3(\tau _3)\tau _4s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\\ \tau _0s_2s_0(\tau _0)+t\tau _1s_2s_1(\tau _1)\tau _4s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0.\end{array}$$
(3.30)
The Bäcklund transformations (3.7) are lead to the following sets of bilinear equations,

$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _0t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _3\tau _4s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_1(\tau _1)+\tau _0s_0s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _0t^{\frac{1}{2}}(t1)\tau _1\tau _4s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_3(\tau _3)+\tau _0s_0s_2s_3(\tau _3)=0,\\ \alpha _0t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _1\tau _3s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_4(\tau _4)+\tau _0s_0s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\end{array}$$
(3.31)
$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _1t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _3\tau _4+s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_0(\tau _0)\tau _1s_1s_2s_0(\tau _0)=0,\\ \alpha _1t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _4+s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_3(\tau _3)\tau _1s_1s_2s_3(\tau _3)=0,\\ \alpha _1t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _3+s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_4(\tau _4)\tau _1s_1s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\end{array}$$
(3.32)
$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _3t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _4s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_1(\tau _1)+\tau _3s_3s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _3t^{\frac{1}{2}}(1t)\tau _1\tau _4s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_0(\tau _0)+\tau _3s_3s_2s_0(\tau _0)=0,\\ \alpha _3t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _1s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_4(\tau _4)+\tau _3s_3s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\end{array}$$
(3.33)
$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _4t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _3s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_1(\tau _1)+\tau _4s_4s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _4t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _1\tau _3s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_0(\tau _0)+\tau _4s_4s_2s_0(\tau _0)=0,\\ \alpha _4t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _1s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_3(\tau _3)+\tau _4s_4s_2s_3(\tau _3)=0,\end{array}$$
(3.34)
$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _3\tau _4s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_0(\tau _0)+s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _4s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_3(\tau _3)+s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _3s_1(\tau _1)s_2s_4(\tau _4)+s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_1(\tau _1)=0,\\ \alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _0\tau _1s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_3(\tau _3)+s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\\ \alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}\tau _1\tau _3s_4(\tau _4)s_2s_0(\tau _0)+s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_4(\tau _4)=0,\\ \alpha _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}(t1)\tau _1\tau _4s_3(\tau _3)s_2s_0(\tau _0)+s_0(\tau _0)s_2s_3(\tau _3)=0.\end{array}$$
(3.35)
### 3.3 The $`\tau `$-functions on the weight lattice of type $`D_4`$

Let us define the following translation operators

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{03}=s_3s_0s_2s_4s_1s_2s_6,T_{14}=s_4s_1s_2s_3s_0s_2s_6,\\ \widehat{T}_{34}=s_3s_2s_0s_1s_2s_3s_5,T_{34}=s_4s_3s_2s_1s_0s_2s_5,\end{array}$$
(3.36)
which act on parameters $`\alpha _i`$ as

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{03}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(1,0,1,1,0),\\ T_{14}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,1,1,0,1),\\ \widehat{T}_{34}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,0,0,1,1),\\ T_{34}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,0,1,1,1),\end{array}$$
(3.37)
and generate the weight lattice of type $`D_4`$. It is possible to derive Toda and Toda-like equations.

###### Proposition 3.1

We have

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{03}(\tau _0)T_{03}^1(\tau _0)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}+\frac{1}{4}(1\alpha _0\alpha _3)^2+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _0^2,\hfill \\ T_{14}(\tau _0)T_{14}^1(\tau _0)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}+\frac{1}{4}(\alpha _1+\alpha _4)^2+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _0^2,\hfill \\ \widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0)\widehat{T}_{34}^1(\tau _0)=\left(\frac{t1}{t}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}+\frac{1}{4}(\alpha _3\alpha _4)^2\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _0^2,\hfill \\ T_{34}(\tau _0)T_{34}^1(\tau _0)=\left(\frac{t1}{t}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}+\frac{1}{4}(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _0^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.38)
Proof. Note that

$$\frac{d}{dt}h_0=f_2^2f_3f_4+(\alpha _3f_4+\alpha _4f_3)f_2\frac{1}{4}(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2+\frac{1}{2}.$$
(3.39)
Using (3.6),(3.7),(3.20),(3.23) and (3.36), we have

$$T_{03}(\tau _0)T_{03}^1(\tau _0)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}h_0h_0+\frac{1}{4}(1\alpha _0\alpha _3)^2+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _0^2,$$
(3.40)
which gives the first equation in (3.38). The other equations are obtained in similar way.

These translation operators commute each other except for the action on $`\tau `$-functions. Due to the algebraic relations (3.26) and (3.27), the commutation relations on $`\tau _0`$ are described as

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{03}T_{14}(\tau _0)=T_{14}T_{03}(\tau _0),T_{03}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0)=i\widehat{T}_{34}T_{03}(\tau _0),\hfill \\ T_{03}T_{34}(\tau _0)=iT_{34}T_{03}(\tau _0),T_{14}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0)=i\widehat{T}_{34}T_{14}(\tau _0),\hfill \\ T_{14}T_{34}(\tau _0)=iT_{34}T_{14}(\tau _0),\widehat{T}_{34}T_{34}(\tau _0)=T_{34}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.41)
We introduce $`\tau `$-functions on the weight lattice of type $`D_4`$ as

$$\tau _{k,l,m,n}=T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(\tau _0),k,l,m,n.$$
(3.42)
In terms of this notation, the $`24\tau `$-functions in the bilinear equations (3.30)-(3.35) are expressed as follows,

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _{0,0,0,0}=\tau _0,\tau _{1,1,1,0}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\tau _{1,0,1,1}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\tau _{1,0,0,1}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\\ \tau _{2,0,1,1}=s_0(\tau _0),\tau _{1,1,0,1}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}s_1(\tau _1),\\ \tau _{1,0,0,0}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}s_3(\tau _3),\tau _{1,0,1,0}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}s_4(\tau _4),\\ \tau _{1,1,1,1}=s_2s_0(\tau _0),\tau _{0,0,0,1}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}s_2s_1(\tau _1),\\ \tau _{0,1,0,0}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}s_2s_3(\tau _3),\tau _{0,1,1,0}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}s_2s_4(\tau _4),\end{array}$$
(3.43)
$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _{1,1,0,2}=s_1s_2s_0(\tau _0),\tau _{1,1,0,0}=s_3s_2s_0(\tau _0),\tau _{1,1,2,0}=s_4s_2s_0(\tau _0),\\ \tau _{2,0,1,2}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}s_0s_2s_1(\tau _1),\tau _{0,0,1,0}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}s_3s_2s_1(\tau _1),\\ \tau _{0,0,1,0}=[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}s_4s_2s_1(\tau _1),\\ \tau _{2,1,1,1}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}s_0s_2s_3(\tau _3),\tau _{0,1,1,1}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}s_1s_2s_3(\tau _3),\tau _{0,1,1,1}=it^{\frac{1}{4}}s_4s_2s_3(\tau _3),\\ \tau _{2,1,2,1}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}s_0s_2s_4(\tau _4),\tau _{0,1,0,1}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}s_1s_2s_4(\tau _4),\\ \tau _{0,1,0,1}=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}s_3s_2s_4(\tau _4).\end{array}$$
(3.44)
Toda equations (3.38) yield to

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _{k+1,l,m,n}\tau _{k1,l,m,n}\hfill \\ =t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}+\frac{(1\alpha _0\alpha _32kmn)^2}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _{k,l,m,n}^2,\hfill \\ \tau _{k,l+1,m,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n}\hfill \\ =t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}+\frac{(\alpha _1+\alpha _4+2lm+n)^2}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _{k,l,m,n}^2,\hfill \\ \tau _{k,l,m+1,n}\tau _{k,l,m1,n}=\left(\frac{t1}{t}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}+\frac{(\alpha _3\alpha _4+kl+2m)^2}{4}\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _{k,l,m,n}^2,\hfill \\ \tau _{k,l,m,n+1}\tau _{k,l,m,n1}=\left(\frac{t1}{t}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}+\frac{(\alpha _3+\alpha _4+k+l+2n)^2}{4}\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _{k,l,m,n}^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.45)
It is easy to see from (3.28),(3.42) and (3.43) that we have

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(f_0)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k,l,m,n}\tau _{k+2,l,m1,n1}}{\tau _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}},\hfill \\ T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(f_3)=(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l,m1,n1}\tau _{k+1,l,m,n}}{\tau _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}},\hfill \\ T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(f_4)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l,m,n1}\tau _{k+1,l,m1,n}}{\tau _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}},\hfill \\ T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(f_2)=(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}\tau _{k,l,m,n1}}{\tau _{k,l,m,n}\tau _{k+1,l,m1,n1}\tau _{k+1,l,m,n1}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.46)
## 4 Construction of a family of algebraic solutions

It is known that one can get an algebraic solution of Painlevé equations by considering the fixed points with respect to the Bäcklund transformations corresponding to Dynkin automorphisms . Iteration of Bäcklund transformations to the seed solution gives a family of algebraic solutions, which are expressed by the ratio of some characteristic polynomials, such as Yablonskii-Vorob’ev, Okamoto and Umemura polynomials. These polynomials are defined as the non-trivial factors of $`\tau `$-functions and generated by Toda type recursion relations.

In this section, we construct a family of algebraic solutions to the symmetric form of PVI by following the above recipe.

### 4.1 A seed solution

Consider the Dynkin diagram automorphism $`s_6`$ to get a seed solution. By (3.9), the fixed solution is derived from

$$\alpha _0=\alpha _3,\alpha _1=\alpha _4,f_4=\frac{t}{f_4},f_2=\frac{f_4(f_4f_2+\alpha _2)}{t}.$$
(4.1)
Then, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(a,b,\frac{1}{2}ab,a,b),\\ f_0=xx^2,f_3=x1,f_4=x,f_2=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\frac{1}{2}\right)x^1,x^2=t,\end{array}$$
(4.2)
as a seed solution, which is equivalent to the following algebraic solution of SVI,

$$q=x,p=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\frac{1}{2}\right)x^1,$$
(4.3)
for the parameters

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=b,\kappa _0=b,\kappa _1=a,\theta =a.$$
(4.4)
###### Remark 4.1

Equation (4.4) gives a plane in the parameter space. One can choose the other diagram automorphism, e.g., $`s_5`$, to get a seed solution. Such a solution exists on the other plane and can be transformed to (4.2) by some Bäcklund transformations. The seed solution (4.2) is the simplest one.

Under the specialization of (4.2), the Hamiltonians $`h_i`$ and $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _i`$ are calculated as

$`h_0={\displaystyle \frac{7}{16}}x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(2a+2b1)(2a2b1)x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(8a^28a+3+8b^2),`$ (4.5)
$`h_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(2a+2b1)(2a2b+1)x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(8a^2+8b^28b+7),`$ (4.6)
$`h_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(4a^24b^21)x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(8a^2+8b^2+7),`$ (4.7)
$`h_3={\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(2a+2b1)(2a2b1)x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(8a^28a+7+8b^2),`$ (4.8)
$`h_4={\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(2a+2b1)(2a2b+1)x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(8a^2+8b^28b+3),`$
and

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _0=(x1)^{a^2a+\frac{3}{4}}x^{a^2+ab^2\frac{3}{8}}(x+1)^{b^2+\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \\ \tau _1=(x1)^{a^2+\frac{1}{4}}x^{a^2b^2+b\frac{7}{8}}(x+1)^{b^2b+\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \\ \tau _2=(x1)^{2a^2+\frac{1}{2}}x^{2a^22b^2\frac{7}{4}}(x+1)^{2b^2+1},\hfill \\ \tau _3=(x1)^{a^2a+\frac{3}{4}}x^{a^2+ab^2\frac{7}{8}}(x+1)^{b^2+\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \\ \tau _4=(x1)^{a^2+\frac{1}{4}}x^{a^2b^2+b\frac{3}{8}}(x+1)^{b^2b+\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.9)
up to the multiplication by some constants, respectively.

Using the multiplicative formulas (3.28) and the bilinear equations (3.30)-(3.35), we get the $`24\tau `$-functions in (3.43) and (3.44). These are expressed in the form of

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _{k,l,m,n}=\sigma _{k,l,m,n}(x1)^{\stackrel{~}{a}^2+\frac{1}{2}}x^{\stackrel{~}{a}^2\stackrel{~}{b}^2\frac{1}{2}m(m+1)\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)\frac{1}{8}}(x+1)^{\stackrel{~}{b}^2+\frac{1}{2}},\\ \stackrel{~}{a}=a+k+\frac{m+n1}{2},\stackrel{~}{b}=b+l+\frac{m+n}{2},\end{array}$$
(4.10)
where $`\sigma _{k,l,m,n}`$ are given as follows,

$$\sigma _{0,0,0,0}=1,\sigma _{1,0,0,0}=i,\sigma _{0,1,0,0}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\sigma _{1,1,0,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right),$$
(4.11)
$$\sigma _{0,0,1,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right),\sigma _{0,1,1,0}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\sigma _{1,0,1,0}=i,\sigma _{1,1,1,0}=1,$$
(4.12)
$$\sigma _{0,0,0,1}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\sigma _{0,1,0,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right),\sigma _{1,0,0,1}=i,\sigma _{1,1,0,1}=1,$$
(4.13)
$$\sigma _{1,0,1,1}=i,\sigma _{2,0,1,1}=1,\sigma _{1,1,1,1}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\sigma _{2,1,1,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right),$$
(4.14)
$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{0,1,0,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)x\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right)\right],\\ \sigma _{0,0,1,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right)x\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\right],\end{array}$$
(4.15)
$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{0,1,1,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right)x+\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\right],\\ \sigma _{0,1,1,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)x+\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right)\right],\end{array}$$
(4.16)
$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{1,1,0,2}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)x+\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right)\right],\\ \sigma _{1,1,2,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right)x+\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\right],\end{array}$$
(4.17)
$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{2,1,2,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right)x\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\right],\\ \sigma _{2,0,1,2}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)x\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right)\right].\end{array}$$
(4.18)
### 4.2 Application of Bäcklund transformations

Assume that $`\tau _{k,l,m,n}`$ are expressed as (4.10) for any $`k,l,m,n`$. Substituting $`\alpha _0=\alpha _3=a,\alpha _1=\alpha _4=b`$ and (4.10) into (3.45), we obtain the Toda equations for $`\sigma _{k,l,m,n}`$. The first two equations yield to

$$\begin{array}{c}4\sigma _{k+1,l,m,n}\sigma _{k1,l,m,n}=\left[(x+1)^2𝒟^2(\stackrel{~}{a}+\stackrel{~}{b})(\stackrel{~}{a}\stackrel{~}{b})\right]\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n},\\ 4\sigma _{k,l+1,m,n}\sigma _{k,l1,m,n}=\left[(x1)^2𝒟^2(\stackrel{~}{a}+\stackrel{~}{b})(\stackrel{~}{a}\stackrel{~}{b})\right]\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n},\end{array}$$
(4.19)
where we denote as

$$𝒟^2\sigma \sigma =x(\ddot{\sigma }\sigma \dot{\sigma }^2)+\dot{\sigma }\sigma ,\dot{\sigma }=\frac{d\sigma }{dx}.$$
(4.20)
The others are reduced to

$$\begin{array}{c}4\sigma _{k,l,m+1,n}\sigma _{k,l,m1,n}=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\dot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\hfill \\ +\{[(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m\frac{1}{2})(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+3m+\frac{1}{2})n(n+1)]x\hfill \\ +(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m\frac{1}{2})(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n\frac{1}{2})\}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}^2,\hfill \\ 4\sigma _{k,l,m,n+1}\sigma _{k,l,m,n1}=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\dot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{\sigma }_{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\hfill \\ +\{[(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n\frac{1}{2})(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+3n+\frac{1}{2})m(m+1)]x\hfill \\ +(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n\frac{1}{2})(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m\frac{1}{2})\}\sigma _{k,l,m,n}^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.21)
with

$$\widehat{a}=a+k,\widehat{b}=b+l.$$
(4.22)
Toda equations (4.19) and (4.21) with the initial data (4.11)-(4.18) generate $`\sigma _{k,l,m,n}=\sigma _{k,l,m,n}(x;a,b)`$ for $`k,l,m,n`$. From (3.46) and (4.10), we see that the ratio of $`\sigma _{k,l,m,n}`$ gives a family of algebraic solutions to the symmetric form of PVI.

Noticing that we have

$$T_{14}^lT_{03}^k(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\widehat{a},\widehat{b},\frac{1}{2}\widehat{a}\widehat{b},\widehat{a},\widehat{b}),$$
(4.23)
under the specialization (4.2), we see that the action of $`T_{03}`$ and $`T_{14}`$ on the parameter space is absorbed by shift of the parameters $`a`$ and $`b`$, respectively. This suggests that we do not need to consider the translations $`T_{03}`$ and $`T_{14}`$ in order to get a family of algebraic solutions of PVI.

To verify this, we put

$$\sigma _{k,l,m,n}=\omega _{k,l,m,n}V_{k,l,m,n},\omega _{k,l,m,n}=\omega _{k,l,m,n}(a,b),k,l,m,n.$$
(4.24)
The constants $`\omega _{k,l,m,n}`$ are determined by recurrence relations as follows. With respect to the indices $`k`$ and $`l`$, $`\omega _{k,l,i,j}`$ with $`(i,j)=(1,1),(1,0),(0,1),(0,0)`$ are subject to

$$\begin{array}{c}4\omega _{k+1,l,i,j}\omega _{k1,l,i,j}=\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+i\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+j\frac{1}{2}\right)\omega _{k,l,i,j}^2,\\ 4\omega _{k,l+1,i,j}\omega _{k,l1,i,j}=\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+i\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+j\frac{1}{2}\right)\omega _{k,l,i,j}^2.\end{array}$$
(4.25)
The initial conditions are given by

$$\omega _{0,0,0,0}=1,\omega _{1,0,0,0}=i\omega _{0,1,0,0}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\omega _{1,1,0,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right),$$
(4.26)
$$\omega _{0,0,1,0}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right),\omega _{0,1,1,0}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\omega _{1,0,1,0}=i,\omega _{1,1,1,0}=1,$$
(4.27)
$$\omega _{1,0,0,1}=i,\omega _{1,1,0,1}=1\omega _{0,0,0,1}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\omega _{0,1,0,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}a+b\right),$$
(4.28)
$$\omega _{1,0,1,1}=i,\omega _{2,0,1,1}=1\omega _{1,1,1,1}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right),\omega _{2,1,1,1}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+ab\right).$$
(4.29)
Note that these imply

$$V_{k,l,1,1}=V_{k,l,1,0}=V_{k,l,0,1}=V_{k,l,0,0}=1,k,l.$$
(4.30)
For the indices $`m`$ and $`n`$, we set

$$\begin{array}{c}8\omega _{k,l,m+1,n}\omega _{k,l,m1,n}=\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m\frac{1}{2}\right)\omega _{k,l,m,n}^2,\\ 8\omega _{k,l,m,n+1}\omega _{k,l,m,n1}=\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n\frac{1}{2}\right)\omega _{k,l,m,n}^2.\end{array}$$
(4.31)
Thus, $`\omega _{k,l,m,n}`$ are determined for any $`k,l,m,n`$. As a result, the functions $`V_{k,l,m,n}=V_{k,l,m,n}(x;a,b)`$ introduced in (4.24) have a symmetry described in the following lemma.

###### Lemma 4.2

We have

$$V_{k,l,m,n}(x;a,b)=V_{0,0,m,n}(x;a+k,b+l).$$
(4.32)
Proof. Toda equations (4.21) are reduced to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)V_{k,l,m+1,n}V_{k,l,m1,n}`$ (4.33)
$`=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{V}_{k,l,m,n}V_{k,l,m,n}\dot{V}_{k,l,m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{V}_{k,l,m,n}V_{k,l,m,n}`$ (4.34)
$`+\left\{\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\left[\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+3m+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)x+\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right]n(n+1)x\right\}V_{k,l,m,n}^2,`$ (4.35)
(4.36)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)V_{k,l,m,n+1}V_{k,l,m,n1}`$ (4.37)
$`=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{V}_{k,l,m,n}V_{k,l,m,n}\dot{V}_{k,l,m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{V}_{k,l,m,n}V_{k,l,m,n}`$ (4.38)
$`+\left\{\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\left[\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+3n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)x+\left(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right]m(m+1)x\right\}V_{k,l,m,n}^2.`$
Then, we see that $`V_{k,l,m,n}(x;a,b)`$ satisfy the same Toda equations as $`V_{0,0,m,n}(x;a+k,b+l)`$. Since the initial conditions are given by (4.30), we obtain (4.32).

On the other hand, we have from (3.46),(4.10) and (4.24)

$`T_{34}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^mT_{14}^lT_{03}^k(f_0)`$ $`=`$ $`x(x1){\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{k,l,m,n}\sigma _{k+2,l,m1,n1}}{\sigma _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\sigma _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}}`$ (4.39)
$`=`$ $`x(x1){\displaystyle \frac{\omega _{k,l,m,n}\omega _{k+2,l,m1,n1}}{\omega _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\omega _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_{k,l,m,n}V_{k+2,l,m1,n1}}{V_{k+1,l1,m1,n}V_{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}}.`$ (4.40)
The ratio of $`\omega `$’s is calculated as

$$\frac{\omega _{k,l,m,n}\omega _{k+2,l,m1,n1}}{\omega _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\omega _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}=1.$$
(4.41)
Similarly, for $`f_3,f_4`$ and $`f_2`$, we get

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\omega _{k+1,l,m1,n1}\omega _{k+1,l,m,n}}{\omega _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\omega _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}=1,\frac{\omega _{k+1,l,m,n1}\omega _{k+1,l,m1,n}}{\omega _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\omega _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}}=1,\\ \frac{\omega _{k+1,l1,m1,n}\omega _{k+1,l+1,m,n1}\omega _{k,l,m,n1}}{\omega _{k,l,m,n}\omega _{k+1,l,m1,n1}\omega _{k+1,l,m,n1}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}+n\frac{1}{2}\right).\end{array}$$
(4.42)
The above discussion means that we can put $`k=l=0`$ without loss of generality for our purpose. Hence, we denote $`V_{0,0,m,n}=V_{m,n}`$.

Moreover, it is observed that $`V_{m,n}=V_{m,n}(x;a,b)(m,n)`$ are polynomials in $`a,b`$ and $`x`$ with coefficients in $``$. We will show this in the next section by presenting the explicit expressions.

###### Proposition 4.3

Let $`V_{m,n}=V_{m,n}(x;a,b)(m,n)`$ be polynomials generated by Toda equations,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(ab+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)V_{m+1,n}V_{m1,n}`$ (4.43)
$`=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{V}_{m,n}V_{m,n}\dot{V}_{m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{V}_{m,n}V_{m,n}`$ (4.44)
$`+\left\{\left(ab+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\left[\left(ab+3m+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)x+\left(a+b+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right]n(n+1)x\right\}V_{m,n}^2,`$ (4.45)
(4.46)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(a+b+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)V_{m,n+1}V_{m,n1}`$ (4.47)
$`=(x1)x(x+1)(\ddot{V}_{m,n}V_{m,n}\dot{V}_{m,n}^2)+(3x^21)\dot{V}_{m,n}V_{m,n}`$ (4.48)
$`+\left\{\left(a+b+n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\left[\left(a+b+3n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)x+\left(ab+m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right]m(m+1)x\right\}V_{m,n}^2,`$
with the initial conditions,

$$V_{1,1}=V_{1,0}=V_{0,1}=V_{0,0}=1.$$
(4.49)
Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=x(1x)\frac{V_{m,n}(x;a,b)V_{m1,n1}(x;a+2,b)}{V_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)},\hfill \\ f_3=(x1)\frac{V_{m1,n1}(x;a+1,b)V_{m,n}(x;a+1,b)}{V_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)},\hfill \\ f_4=x\frac{V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b)V_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b)}{V_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)},\hfill \\ f_2=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b+n\frac{1}{2}\right)x^1\frac{V_{m1,n}(x;a+1,b1)V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b+1)V_{m,n1}(x;a,b)}{V_{m,n}(x;a,b)V_{m1,n1}(x;a+1,b)V_{m,n1}(x;a+1,b)},\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.50)
satisfy the symmetric form of PVI for the parameters

$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(a,b,\frac{1}{2}abn,a+m+n,bm+n).$$
(4.51)
Furthermore, the bilinear relations for $`V_{m,n}`$ are derived from (3.30)-(3.35).

###### Proposition 4.4

The polynomials $`V_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ satisfy the following bilinear relations,

$$\begin{array}{c}V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+(x1)V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}xV_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}=0,\hfill \\ (x1)V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}xV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}=0,\hfill \\ V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}(x+1)V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+xV_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (x+1)V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}xV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.52)
$$\begin{array}{c}4aV_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}+2\nu _n(x1)V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n2}^{(2,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 2aV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}\nu _nV_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}\mu _{m+1}V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(2,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 4axV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}2\nu _n(x1)V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m2,n1}^{(2,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.53)
$$\begin{array}{c}4bV_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}2\nu _n(x+1)V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}+V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n2}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 4bxV_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}2\nu _n(x+1)V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m+1,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2bV_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}\nu _nV_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}+\mu _mV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.54)
$$\begin{array}{c}4(a+m+n)xV_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}2\nu _n(x1)V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m+1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 2(a+m+n)V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}\nu _nV_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}\mu _{m+1}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 4(a+m+n)V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}+2\nu _n(x1)V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n+1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.55)
$$\begin{array}{c}2(bm+n)V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}\nu _nV_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}+\mu _mV_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 4(bm+n)xV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}2\nu _n(x+1)V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}+V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m2,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 4(bm+n)V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}2\nu _n(x+1)V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n+1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.56)
$$\begin{array}{c}2V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}(x+1)V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}+(x1)V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 2xV_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}(x+1)V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}(x1)V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 2V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ 2V_{m,n}^{(0,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}(x+1)V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+(x1)V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2xV_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}(x+1)V_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}(x1)V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2V_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}V_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}V_{m,n}^{(1,0)}V_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}V_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}V_{m,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.57)
where we denote as

$$\mu _m=ab+m\frac{1}{2},\nu _n=a+b+n\frac{1}{2},$$
(4.58)
$$V_{m,n}^{(k,l)}=V_{m,n}(x;a+k,b+l).$$
(4.59)
Conversely, by solving the bilinear relations (4.52)-(4.57) with the initial conditions (4.49), one can get the family of algebraic solutions (4.50) with (4.51). Even though these bilinear relations are overdetermined systems, the consistency is guaranteed by construction. In order to show Theorem 2.2, we will prove not Toda equations (4.46) but the bilinear relations (4.52)-(4.57).

## 5 Proof of the determinant formula

In this section, we give a proof of Theorem 2.2.

###### Proposition 5.1

We have

$$V_{m,n}(x;a,b)=(2x)^{m(m+1)/2}(2)^{n(n+1)/2}\xi _m\xi _nS_{m,n}(x;a,b),m,n,$$
(5.1)
where $`S_{m,n}=S_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ is defined in Theorem 2.2 and $`\xi _n`$ is the factor determined by

$$\xi _{n+1}\xi _{n1}=(2n+1)\xi _n^2,\xi _1=\xi _0=1.$$
(5.2)
From this Proposition, it is easy to verify that $`V_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ are indeed polynomials in $`a,b`$ and $`x`$ with coefficients in $``$.

Substituting (5.1) into (4.50), we find that Theorem 2.2 is a direct consequence of Proposition 5.1. Taking (2.5),(2.6) and (5.1) into account, we obtain the bilinear relations for $`R_{m,n}`$.

###### Proposition 5.2

Let $`R_{m,n}`$ be a family of polynomials given in Definition 2.1. Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+(x1)R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,0)}xR_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (x1)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}xR_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}(x+1)R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+xR_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ (x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}xR_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}(2cdmn)R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}+c(x1)R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}+(2n+1)R_{m,n+1}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (2cdmn)R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}cR_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}(cd)R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (2cdmn)xR_{m,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}c(x1)R_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}+(2m+1)xR_{m+1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.4)
$$\begin{array}{c}(d+mn)R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}c(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}(2n+1)R_{m1,n+1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (d+mn)xR_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}c(x+1)R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}(2m+1)xR_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m+1,n1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ (d+mn)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}cR_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}+(cd)R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.5)
$$\begin{array}{c}(2cd+m+n)xR_{m,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}c(x1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}+(2m+1)xR_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m+1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \\ (2cd+m+n)R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}cR_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}(cd)R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (2cd+m+n)R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}+c(x1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}+(2n+1)R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n+1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.6)
$$\begin{array}{c}(dm+n)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}cR_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+(cd)R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (dm+n)xR_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}c(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}(2m+1)xR_{m+1,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}=0,\hfill \\ (dm+n)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}c(x+1)R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}(2n+1)R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n+1}^{(0,0)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.7)
$$\begin{array}{c}2R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,2)}+(x1)R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2xR_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}(x+1)R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}(x1)R_{m,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}(x+1)R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}+(x1)R_{m,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2xR_{m,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,2)}(x1)R_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \\ 2R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.8)
where we denote as

$$R_{m,n}^{(i,j)}=R_{m,n}(c+i,d+j).$$
(5.9)
From the above discussion, now the proof of Theorem 2.2 is reduced to that of Proposition 5.2.

It is possible to reduce the number of bilinear relations to be proved by the following symmetries of $`R_{m,n}`$.

###### Lemma 5.3

We have the relations for $`m,n_0`$

$$R_{n,m}(x^1)=R_{m,n}(x),$$
(5.10)
$$R_{m,n}(c,d)=(1)^{m(m+1)/2+n(n+1)/2}R_{m,n}(c,d),$$
(5.11)
$$R_{m,n}(x;c,2cd)=(1)^{m(m+1)/2+n(n+1)/2}R_{m,n}(x;c,d).$$
(5.12)
Proof. The first relation (5.10) is easily obtained from the definition (2.1) and (2.3). To verify the second relation (5.11), we introduce two sets of polynomials $`\overline{p}_k=\overline{p}_k^{(c,d)}(x)`$ and $`\overline{q}_k=\overline{q}_k^{(c,d)}(x),k`$, by

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{p}_k^{(c,d)}(x)\lambda ^k=G(x;c,d;\lambda ),\overline{p}_k^{(c,d)}(x)=0\text{for}k<0,\\ \overline{q}_k^{(c,d)}(x)=\overline{p}_k^{(c,d)}(x^1),\end{array}$$
(5.13)
where $`G`$ is the generating function (2.2). Since we have

$$\frac{G(x;c,d;\lambda )}{G(x;c,d;\lambda )}=(1\lambda ^2)^{c+d}\left(1x^2\lambda ^2\right)^c,$$
(5.14)
we see that

$$\overline{p}_k(x)=p_k(x)+\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\rho _j(x)p_{k2j}(x),\overline{q}_k(x)=q_k(x)+\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\rho _j(x^1)q_{k2j}(x),$$
(5.15)
where $`\rho _j(x)=\rho _j(x;c,d)`$ are some functions. Therefore, $`R_{m,n}`$ for $`m,n_0`$ can be expressed in terms of the same determinant as (2.3) with the entries $`p_k`$ and $`q_k`$ replaced by $`\overline{p}_k`$ and $`\overline{q}_k`$, respectively. Noticing that

$$\overline{p}_k^{(c,d)}(x)=(1)^kp_k^{(c,d)}(x),\overline{q}_k^{(c,d)}(x)=(1)^kq_k^{(c,d)}(x),$$
(5.16)
we obtain the relation (5.11). The third relation (5.12) is verified similarly.

By the symmetries of $`R_{m,n}`$ described by (2.4) and Lemma 5.3, it is sufficient to prove the following bilinear relations for $`m,n_0`$,

$$(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}xR_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}=0,$$
(5.17)
$$(d+mn)R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}c(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}(2n+1)R_{m1,n+1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,$$
(5.18)
$$(d+mn)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}cR_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}+(cd)R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}=0,$$
(5.19)
$$2R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}=0,$$
(5.20)
$$2R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0,$$
(5.21)
$$2R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n}^{(0,1)}(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,2)}+(x1)R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=0.$$
(5.22)
From the symmetry (5.12) and the bilinear relation (5.17), we have

$$(x1)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}xR_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}+R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}=0.$$
(5.23)
Then, it is possible to derive the bilinear relation (5.22) as follows,

$$R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)}\times (\text{5.20})|_{dd1}R_{m1,n}^{(1,2)}\times (\text{5.17})+R_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}\times (\text{5.23})|_{cc1,dd1}=R_{m1,n1}^{(0,1)}\times (\text{5.22}).$$
(5.24)
Therefore, the bilinear relations to be proved are (5.17)-(5.21).

In the following, we show that these bilinear relations (5.17)-(5.21) are reduced to Jacobi’s identity of determinants. Let $`D`$ be an $`(m+n+1)\times (m+n+1)`$ determinant and $`D\left[\begin{array}{cccc}i_1& i_2& \mathrm{}& i_k\\ j_1& j_2& \mathrm{}& j_k\end{array}\right]`$ the minor that are obtained by deleting the rows with indices $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_k`$ and the columns with indices $`j_1,\mathrm{},j_k`$. Then, we have Jacobi’s identities

$$DD\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right],$$
(5.25)
$$DD\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& 2\end{array}\right]=D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 2\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 2\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right],$$
(5.26)
$$DD\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& m+1\\ 2& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=D\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 2\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 2\end{array}\right].$$
(5.27)
First, we give the proof of the bilinear relations (5.17)-(5.19). We have the following lemmas.

###### Lemma 5.4

Put

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}q_1^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_1^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c,d1)}\\ q_3^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_3^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c,d1)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_{2m1}^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn}^{(c,d1)}\\ x^{mn}p_{2n}^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_{2n}^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n}^{(c1,d2)}& p_{2n}^{(c,d1)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^{mn}p_2^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_2^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_2^{(c1,d2)}& p_2^{(c,d1)}\\ x^{mn}p_0^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_0^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_0^{(c1,d2)}& p_0^{(c,d1)}\end{array}\right|.$$
(5.28)
Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}D=(1)^m(1+x^1)^{m+n}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)},D\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=x^nR_{m1,n1}^{(1,2)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^mx^n(1+x^1)^{m+n1}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^{m1}x^{n1}(1+x^1)^{m+n1}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}.\end{array}$$
(5.29)
###### Lemma 5.5

Put

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}\stackrel{~}{q}_1^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_1^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_3^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_3^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_{2n}^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_{2n+1}^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n+1}^{(c2,d3)}& p_{2n+1}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \widehat{p}_2^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_3^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_3^{(c2,d3)}& p_3^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_0^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_1^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_1^{(c2,d3)}& p_1^{(c1,d2)}\end{array}\right|,$$
(5.30)
with

$$\widehat{p}_{2k}^{(cmn,dmn)}=\frac{x^{mn}}{2k+1}p_{2k}^{(cmn,dmn)},\stackrel{~}{q}_{2k1}^{(cmn,dmn)}=\frac{q_{2k1}^{(cmn,dmn)}}{(dmn+2k2)x}.$$
(5.31)
Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}D=(1)^{m+n}(1+x)^{m+n}x^m\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n}{}}}(cmn+j1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(2k+1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^{m+n1}(1+x)^{m+n1}x^{mn}\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n1}{}}}(cmn+j1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(2k+1)}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^{m+n1}(1+x)^{m+n1}x^{mn}\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n1}{}}}(cmn+j1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}(2k+1)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m1,n+1}^{(1,2)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m,n}^{(1,2)},D\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=x^nR_{m1,n}^{(2,3)}.\end{array}$$
(5.32)
###### Lemma 5.6

Put

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}\stackrel{~}{q}_1^{(c,dmn)}& q_1^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c1,d3)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_3^{(c,dmn)}& q_3^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c1,d3)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_{2m1}^{(c,dmn)}& q_{2m1}^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c1,d3)}& q_{mn}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_{2n}^{(c,dmn)}& (1)^{m+n1}p_{2n+1}^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& (1)^1p_{2n+1}^{(c1,d3)}& p_{2n+1}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \widehat{p}_2^{(c,dmn)}& (1)^{m+n1}p_3^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& (1)^1p_3^{(c1,d3)}& p_3^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_0^{(c,dmn)}& (1)^{m+n1}p_1^{(c1,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& (1)^1p_1^{(c1,d3)}& p_1^{(c1,d2)}\end{array}\right|,$$
(5.33)
with

$$\widehat{p}_{2k}^{(c,dmn)}=(1)^{m+n}\frac{p_{2k}^{(c,dmn)}}{2k+1},\stackrel{~}{q}_{2k1}^{(c,dmn)}=\frac{q_{2k1}^{(c,dmn)}}{(dmn+2k2)x}.$$
(5.34)
Then, we have

$`D=(1)^{m+n}(1+x)^{m+n}x^m{\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n}{}}}(cd+m+nj+1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(2k+1)}}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)},`$ (5.35)
$`D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^m(1+x)^{m+n1}x^{m+1}{\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n1}{}}}(cd+m+nj+1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(2k+1)}}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)},`$ (5.38)
$`D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^{m1}(1+x)^{m+n1}x^m{\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n1}{}}}(cd+m+nj+1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}(2k+1)}}R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)},`$ (5.41)
$`D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m1,n+1}^{(1,2)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=R_{m,n}^{(1,2)},D\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(1)^nR_{m1,n}^{(1,3)}.`$ (5.48)
It is easy to see that the bilinear relations (5.17) and (5.18) follow immediately from Jacobi’s identity (5.25) by using Lemma 5.4 and 5.5, respectively. By the Lemma 5.6, Jacobi’s identity (5.25) is reduced to

$$(d+mn)xR_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}+(cd)(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}R_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}+(2n+1)R_{m1,n+1}^{(0,0)}R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}=0.$$
(5.49)
Then, the bilinear relation (5.19) is derived as follows,

$$R_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}\times (\text{5.49})+R_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}\times (\text{5.18})+(d+mn)R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}\times (\text{5.17})|_{dd+1}=(x+1)R_{m,n}^{(1,2)}\times (\text{5.19}).$$
(5.50)
The proof of Lemmas 5.4$``$5.6 is given in Appendix B.

Next, we prove the bilinear relations (5.20) and (5.21). We have the following lemmas.

###### Lemma 5.7

Put

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}x^1q_1^{}& x^1q_1^+& q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}\\ x^1(q_3^{}+x^2q_1^{})& x^1q_3^+& q_3& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+6}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1(q_{2m1}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2m+2}q_1^{})& x^1q_{2m1}^+& q_{2m1}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}\\ p_{nm+1}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2n2}p_{nm+3}^{}& p_{nm+1}^+& p_{nm+2}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+5}^{}+x^2p_{nm+3}^{}& p_{nm+5}^+& p_{nm+6}& \mathrm{}& p_3\\ p_{nm+3}^{}& p_{nm+3}^+& p_{nm+4}& \mathrm{}& p_1\end{array}\right|,$$
(5.51)
with $`p_k^\pm =p_k^{(c\pm 1,d\pm 1)}`$. Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 1\end{array}\right]=x^{m+1}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=x^mR_{m,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ 2\end{array}\right]=(x)^{m+1}R_{m1,n}^{(1,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 2\end{array}\right]=(x)^mR_{m,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{cc}m& m+1\\ 1& 2\end{array}\right]=R_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)},\end{array}$$
(5.52)
and

$$D=2(1)^mx^{2m+1}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}.$$
(5.53)
###### Lemma 5.8

Put

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ x^1q_1^{}& x^1q_1^+& q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}\\ x^1(q_3^{}+x^2q_1^{})& x^1q_3^+& q_3& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1(q_{2m1}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2m+2}q_1^{})& x^1q_{2m1}^+& q_{2m1}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}\\ p_{nm}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2n2}p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm}^+& p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}^{}+x^2p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+4}^+& p_{nm+5}& \mathrm{}& p_3\\ p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+2}^+& p_{nm+3}& \mathrm{}& p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(5.54)
Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}D=x^mR_{m,n}^{(1,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& m+1\\ 2& m+n+1\end{array}\right]=(x)^{m+1}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 2\end{array}\right]=(x)^mR_{m,n}^{(1,1)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=x^{m+1}R_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)},\\ D\left[\begin{array}{c}m+1\\ 2\end{array}\right]=R_{m1,n}^{(0,0)},D\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ m+n+1\end{array}\right]=2(1)^mx^{2m+1}R_{m,n1}^{(0,0)}.\end{array}$$
(5.55)
From Lemma 5.7, Jacobi’s identity (5.26) is lead to the bilinear relation (5.20). Lemma 5.8 and Jacobi’s identity (5.27) give the bilinear relation (5.21). We also give the proof of Lemma 5.7 and 5.8 in Appendix B.

## 6 Degeneration of algebraic solutions

It is well known that, starting from PVI, one can obtain P$`{}_{\mathrm{V}}{}^{},\mathrm{}`$, PI by successive limiting procedures in the following diagram ,

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}\text{P}_\mathrm{V}\text{P}_{\mathrm{III}}\\ \\ \text{P}_{\mathrm{IV}}\text{P}_{\mathrm{II}}\text{P}_\mathrm{I}.\end{array}$$
(6.1)
It is also known that each Painlevé equation, except for PI, admits particular solutions expressed by special functions, and that the coalescence diagram of these special functions is given as

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{hypergeometric}\text{confluent hypergeometric}\text{Bessel}\\ \\ \text{Hermite-Weber}\text{ }\text{Airy}.\end{array}$$
(6.2)
How is the degeneration diagram of algebraic (or rational) solutions that originate from the fixed points of Dynkin automorphisms? In this section, we show that, starting from the family of algebraic solutions to PVI given in Section 2, we can obtain that of the rational solutions to PV, PIII and PII by degeneration in the following diagram,

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}\text{P}_\mathrm{V}\\ \\ \text{P}_{\mathrm{III}}\text{P}_{\mathrm{II}}.\end{array}$$
(6.3)
The horizontal arrows in (6.3) are naturally obtained as the coalescence of Painlevé equations (or corresponding Hamilton systems). We need to remark on the vertical arrows. The degeneration procedures themselves are obtained as the combination of those for equations or Hamilton systems. Nevertheless, the degeneration of the algebraic (or rational) solutions seems to be direct one. Namely, we believe that the rational solutions of PV cannot degenerate to those of PIII and that the rational solutions of PIV expressed in terms of Okamoto polynomials cannot be linked with the above diagram.

### 6.1 Degeneration from PVI to PV

As is known , PV

$$\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=\left(\frac{1}{2y}+\frac{1}{y1}\right)\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^2\frac{1}{t}\frac{dy}{dt}+\frac{(y1)^2}{2t^2}\left(\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2y\frac{\kappa _0^2}{y}\right)(\theta +1)\frac{y}{t}\frac{y(y+1)}{2(y1)},$$
(6.4)
is equivalent to the Hamilton system

$$\text{S}\text{V}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t\frac{d}{dt},$$
(6.5)
with the Hamiltonian

$$\begin{array}{c}H=q(q1)^2p^2\left[\kappa _0(q1)^2+\theta q(q1)+tq\right]p+\kappa (q1),\\ \kappa =\frac{1}{4}(\kappa _0+\theta )^2\frac{1}{4}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2.\end{array}$$
(6.6)
This system can be derived from SVI by degeneration . The Hamilton equation (1.2) with the Hamiltonian (1.3) is reduced to (6.5) with (6.6) by putting

$$t1\epsilon t,\kappa _1\epsilon ^1+\theta +1,\theta \epsilon ^1,$$
(6.7)
and taking the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$.

The rational solutions of SV are expressed as follows .

###### Proposition 6.1

Let $`p_k=p_k^{(r)}(z)`$ and $`q_k=q_k^{(r)}(z),k`$, be two sets of polynomials defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_k^{(r)}\lambda ^k=(1\lambda )^r\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{z\lambda }{1\lambda }\right),p_k^{(r)}=0\text{for}k<0,\\ q_k^{(r)}(z)=p_k^{(r)}(z).\end{array}$$
(6.8)
We define the polynomials $`R_{m,n}=R_{m,n}^{(r)}(z)`$ by

$$R_{m,n}^{(r)}(z)=\left|\begin{array}{cccccccc}q_1^{(r)}& q_0^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_{m+2}^{(r)}& q_{m+1}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(r)}& q_{mn+2}^{(r)}\\ q_3^{(r)}& q_2^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_{m+4}^{(r)}& q_{m+3}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(r)}& q_{mn+4}^{(r)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{(r)}& q_{2m2}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_m^{(r)}& q_{m1}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(r)}& q_{mn}^{(r)}\\ p_{nm}^{(r)}& p_{nm+1}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_{n1}^{(r)}& p_n^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n2}^{(r)}& p_{2n1}^{(r)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}^{(r)}& p_{nm+5}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_{n+3}^{(r)}& p_{n+4}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_2^{(r)}& p_3^{(r)}\\ p_{nm+2}^{(r)}& p_{nm+3}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_{n+1}^{(r)}& p_{n+2}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_0^{(r)}& p_1^{(r)}\end{array}\right|,$$
(6.9)
for $`m,n_0`$ and by

$$R_{m,n}=(1)^{m(m+1)/2}R_{m1,n},R_{m,n}=(1)^{n(n+1)/2}R_{m,n1},$$
(6.10)
for $`m,n_{<0}`$, respectively. Then, setting

$$R_{m,n}^{(r)}(z)=S_{m,n}(t,s),$$
(6.11)
with

$$z=\frac{t}{2},r=2sm+n,$$
(6.12)
we see that

$$\begin{array}{c}q=\frac{S_{m,n1}(t,s)S_{m1,n}(t,s)}{S_{m1,n}(t,s1)S_{m,n1}(t,s+1)},\hfill \\ p=\frac{2n1}{4}\frac{S_{m1,n}(t,s1)S_{m,n1}(t,s+1)S_{m1,n2}(t,s)}{S_{m1,n1}^2(t,s)S_{m,n1}(t,s)},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.13)
give a family of rational solutions to the Hamilton system SV for the parameters

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=s,\kappa _0=sm+n,\theta =m+n1.$$
(6.14)
Let us consider the degeneration of the algebraic solutions of SVI. Applying the Bäcklund transformation $`s_0`$ to the solutions in Theorem 2.2, we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 6.2

Let $`S_{m,n}=S_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ be polynomials given in Theorem 2.2. Then, for $`m,n`$,

$$q=x\frac{S_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}S_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}}{S_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}S_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}},p=\frac{2n1}{2x(1x)}\frac{S_{m1,n}^{(1,1)}S_{m,n1}^{(1,1)}S_{m1,n2}^{(2,0)}}{S_{m1,n1}^{(1,0)}S_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}S_{m1,n1}^{(2,0)}},$$
(6.15)
where we denote as $`S_{m,n}^{(k,l)}=S_{m,n}(x;a+k,b+l)`$, satisfy SVI for the parameters

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=b,\kappa _0=bm+n,\kappa _1=a+m+n,\theta =a,$$
(6.16)
with $`x^2=t`$.

It is easy to see that by putting

$$t1\epsilon t,a=\epsilon ^1,$$
(6.17)
SVI with (6.16) is reduced to SV with (6.14) in the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$.

Next, we investigate the degeneration of $`R_{m,n}^{(i,j)}`$ given in Definition 2.1. Putting

$$x(1\epsilon t)^{\frac{1}{2}},c=\epsilon ^1+s+n\frac{1}{2},d=2sm+n,$$
(6.18)
we see that the generating function (2.2) degenerates as

$`G`$ $`=`$ $`(1\lambda )^d\mathrm{exp}\left\{c\left[\mathrm{log}(1\lambda )\mathrm{log}(1+x^{\pm 1}\lambda )\right]\right\}`$ (6.19)
$`=`$ $`(1\lambda )^r\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z\lambda }{1\lambda }}+O(\epsilon )\right),`$ (6.20)
where we use (6.12). Then, we have

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}p_k^{(c,d)}(x)=p_k^{(r)}(z),\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}q_k^{(c,d)}(x)=q_k^{(r)}(z),$$
(6.21)
which gives

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}R_{m,n}^{(i,j)}(x)=R_{m,n}^{(r+j)}(z).$$
(6.22)
Finally, it is easy to see that (6.15) yields to (6.13).

###### Remark 6.3

As we mentioned in Section 1, Kirillov and Taneda have introduced “generalized Umemura polynomials” for PVI in the context of combinatorics and shown that these polynomials degenerate to $`S_{m,n}=S_{m,n}(t,s)`$ defined in Proposition 6.1 in some limit .

###### Remark 6.4

The polynomials $`p_k^{(r)}`$ (and $`q_k^{(r)}`$) defined by (6.8) are essentially the Laguerre polynomials, namely, $`p_k^{(r)}(z)=L_k^{(r1)}(z)`$. The above degeneration corresponds to that from the Jacobi polynomials to the Laguerre polynomials.

### 6.2 Degeneration from PVI to PIII

Next, we consider PIII

$$\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{y}\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^2\frac{1}{t}\frac{dy}{dt}\frac{4}{t}\left[\eta _{\mathrm{}}\theta _{\mathrm{}}y^2+\eta _0(\theta _0+1)\right]+4\eta _{\mathrm{}}^2y^3\frac{4\eta _0^2}{y},$$
(6.23)
which is equivalent to the Hamilton system

$$\text{S}\text{III}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t\frac{d}{dt},$$
(6.24)
with the Hamiltonian

$$H=2q^2p^2[2\eta _{\mathrm{}}tq^2+(2\theta _0+1)q+2\eta _0t]p+\eta _{\mathrm{}}(\theta _{\mathrm{}}+\theta _0)tq.$$
(6.25)
This system can be also derived from SVI, directly, by degeneration. This process is achieved by putting

$$t\epsilon ^2t^2,q\epsilon tq,p\epsilon ^1t^1p,$$
(6.26)
$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^1+\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(1)},\kappa _0\eta _0\epsilon ^1+\theta _0^{(1)}+1,\kappa _1\eta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^1+\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(2)},\theta \eta _0\epsilon ^1+\theta _0^{(2)},$$
(6.27)
$$H\frac{1}{2}(H+qp),$$
(6.28)
and taking the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$. In fact, the system (1.2) with the Hamiltonian (1.3) is reduced to (6.24) with (6.25) by this procedure, where we put

$$\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}+\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(2)},\theta _0=\theta _0^{(1)}+\theta _0^{(2)}.$$
(6.29)
It is known that the rational solutions of SIII are expressed as follows .

###### Proposition 6.5

Let $`p_k=p_k^{(r)}(t),k`$, be polynomials defined by

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_k^{(r)}\lambda ^k=(1+\lambda )^r\mathrm{exp}\left(t\lambda \right),p_k^{(r)}=0\text{for}k<0.$$
(6.30)
We define a family of polynomials $`R_n^{(r)}=R_n^{(r)}(t)`$ by

$$R_n^{(r)}(t)=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}p_n^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n2}^{(r)}& p_{2n1}^{(r)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{n+4}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_2^{(r)}& p_3^{(r)}\\ p_{n+2}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& p_0^{(r)}& p_1^{(r)}\end{array}\right|,$$
(6.31)
for $`n_0`$ and by

$$R_n=(1)^{n(n+1)/2}R_{n1},$$
(6.32)
for $`n_{<0}`$, respectively. Then,

$$q=\frac{R_{n1}^{(r+1)}R_n^{(r)}}{R_n^{(r+1)}R_{n1}^{(r)}},p=\frac{2n1}{2}\frac{R_n^{(r+1)}R_{n2}^{(r+1)}}{R_{n1}^{(r+1)}R_{n1}^{(r+1)}},$$
(6.33)
give the rational solutions of SIII for the parameters

$$\theta _{\mathrm{}}=r+\frac{1}{2}+n,\theta _0+1=r\frac{1}{2}+n,$$
(6.34)
with

$$\eta _{\mathrm{}}=\eta _0=\frac{1}{2}.$$
(6.35)
Before discussing the degeneration to the rational solutions of SIII, we slightly rewrite the determinant expression in Definition 2.1 for convenience.

###### Lemma 6.6

Let $`\overline{p}_k=\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)`$ and $`\overline{q}_k=\overline{q}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)`$, $`k`$, be two sets of polynomials defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)\lambda ^k=\overline{G}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d};\lambda ),\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)=0\text{for}k<0,\\ \overline{q}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)=\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x^1),\end{array}$$
(6.36)
respectively, where the generating function $`\overline{G}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d};\lambda )`$ is given by

$$\overline{G}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d};\lambda )=(1\lambda )^{\overline{d}1}(1+x\lambda )^{\overline{c}}.$$
(6.37)
Define $`\overline{R}_{m,n}=\overline{R}_{m,n}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d})`$ in terms of the same determinant as (2.3) with entries $`p_k`$ and $`q_k`$ replaced by $`\overline{p}_k`$ and $`\overline{q}_k`$, respectively. Then, we have

$$\overline{R}_{m,n}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d})=S_{m,n}(x;a,b),$$
(6.38)
with

$$\overline{c}=a+b+n\frac{1}{2},\overline{d}=ab+m+\frac{1}{2}.$$
(6.39)
###### Remark 6.7

The polynomials $`\overline{p}_k`$ and $`\overline{q}_k`$ are also expressed by the Jacobi polynomials as

$$\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)=(1)^kP_k^{(\overline{d}1k,\overline{c}\overline{d})}(1+2x).$$
(6.40)
Let us consider the degeneration of the algebraic solutions of SVI. Applying the Bäcklund transformation $`s_1s_0`$ to the solutions in Theorem 2.2, we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 6.8

Let $`\overline{R}_{m,n}=\overline{R}_{m,n}(x;\overline{c},\overline{d})`$ be polynomials defined in Lemma 6.6. Then, for $`m,n`$,

$$q=x\frac{\overline{R}_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}\overline{R}_{m1,n}^{(1,0)}}{\overline{R}_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}\overline{R}_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}},p=\frac{2n1}{2x(1x)}\frac{\overline{R}_{m1,n}^{(0,1)}\overline{R}_{m,n1}^{(1,0)}\overline{R}_{m1,n2}^{(0,1)}}{\overline{R}_{m1,n1}^{(0,0)}\overline{R}_{m,n1}^{(0,1)}\overline{R}_{m1,n1}^{(1,1)}},$$
(6.41)
where we denote as $`\overline{R}_{m,n}^{(i,j)}=\overline{R}_{m,n}(x;\overline{c}+i,\overline{d}+j)`$, satisfy SVI for the parameters

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=b,\kappa _0=bm+n,\kappa _1=a+m+n,\theta =a,$$
(6.42)
under the setting of (6.38),(6.39) and $`x^2=t`$.

According to (6.27) and (6.42), we fix as (6.35) and put

$$a=\frac{1}{2}\left(\epsilon ^1+r+\frac{1}{2}m+\zeta \right),b=\frac{1}{2}\left(\epsilon ^1r\frac{1}{2}+m+\zeta \right),$$
(6.43)
where $`\zeta `$ is a quantity of $`O(1)`$. Then, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(r+\frac{1}{2}m\zeta \right),\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(2)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(r+\frac{1}{2}+m+\zeta \right)+n,\\ \theta _0^{(1)}+1=\frac{1}{2}\left(r+\frac{1}{2}+m\zeta \right)+n,\theta _0^{(2)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(r+\frac{1}{2}m+\zeta \right).\end{array}$$
(6.44)
Setting as (6.26) and (6.28), we see that SVI with (6.42) is reduced to SIII with (6.34) in the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$. Note that $`m`$ vanishes in (6.34). Then, it is possible to put $`m=0`$ without losing generality in this limiting procedure.

Next, we investigate the degeneration of $`\overline{R}_n^{(i,j)}=\overline{R}_{1,n}^{(i,j)}=\overline{R}_{0,n}^{(i,j)}`$. Putting

$$x\epsilon t,\overline{c}=\epsilon ^1+\zeta +n\frac{1}{2},\overline{d}=r+1,$$
(6.45)
we find that the generating function (6.37) degenerates as

$$\overline{G}=(1\lambda )^{\overline{d}1}\mathrm{exp}\left[\overline{c}\mathrm{log}(1+x\lambda )\right]=(1\lambda )^r\mathrm{exp}\left[t\lambda +O(\epsilon )\right].$$
(6.46)
Then, we have

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\overline{p}_k^{(\overline{c},\overline{d})}(x)=(1)^kp_k^{(r)}(t),$$
(6.47)
which gives

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\overline{R}_n^{(i,j)}(x)=(1)^{n(n+1)/2}R_n^{(r+j)}(t).$$
(6.48)
Finally, it is easy to see that (6.41) is lead to (6.33) in the above limit.

###### Remark 6.9

The polynomials $`p_k^{(r)}`$ defined by (6.30) are also the Laguerre polynomials, namely, $`p_k^{(r)}(t)=L_k^{(rk)}(t)`$. Then, the above degeneration also corresponds to that from the Jacobi polynomials to the Laguerre polynomials.

Similarly, the rational solutions of PV and PIII given in Proposition 6.1 and 6.5, respectively, degenerate to those of PII. We give detail in Appendix A. Therefore, the coalescence cascade (6.3) is obtained.

## 7 Relationship to the original Umemura polynomials

In this section, we show that the original Umemura polynomials for PVI are understood as a special case of our polynomials $`V_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ introduced in Section 4.

### 7.1 Umemura polynomials associated with PVI

First, we briefly summarize the derivation of the original Umemura polynomials for PVI . Set the parameters $`b_i(i=1,2,3,4)`$ as

$$b_1=\frac{1}{2}(\kappa _0+\kappa _1),b_2=\frac{1}{2}(\kappa _0\kappa _1),b_3=\frac{1}{2}(\theta 1+\kappa _{\mathrm{}}),b_4=\frac{1}{2}(\theta 1\kappa _{\mathrm{}}),$$
(7.1)
namely,

$$b_1=\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _4+\alpha _3),b_2=\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _4\alpha _3),b_3=\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _01+\alpha _1),b_4=\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _01\alpha _1).$$
(7.2)
Umemura has shown that

$$q=\frac{(\alpha +\beta )^2t\pm (\alpha ^2\beta ^2)\sqrt{t(t1)}}{(\alpha \beta )^2+4\alpha \beta t},p=\frac{\alpha q(\alpha +\beta )/2}{q(q1)},$$
(7.3)
give an algebraic solution of the Hamilton system SVI for the parameters

$$(b_1,b_2,b_3,b_4)=(\alpha ,\beta ,\frac{1}{2},0).$$
(7.4)
Substituting the solution of upper sign into the Hamiltonian (1.3), one obtain

$$H=\frac{1}{4}\left[(\alpha +\beta )+(\alpha +\beta )^2+2\alpha t2(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)t+2(\alpha ^2\beta ^2)\sqrt{t(t1)}\right].$$
(7.5)
Application of the translation

$$(b_1,b_2,b_3,b_4)(b_1,b_2,b_3,b_4)+n(0,0,1,0),n,$$
(7.6)
to the seed solution (7.3) with (7.4) generates a sequence of algebraic solutions $`(q_n,p_n)`$. Let $`\tau _n`$ be a $`\tau `$-function with respect to the solution $`(q_n,p_n)`$. Okamoto has pointed out that $`\tau _n`$ satisfy the Toda equation

$$\frac{\tau _{n+1}\tau _{n1}}{\tau _n^2}=\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _n)^{}+(b_1+b_3+n)(b_3+b_4+n),^{}=t(t1)\frac{d}{dt}.$$
(7.7)
Define a family of functions $`T_n`$ for $`n`$ by

$$(\mathrm{log}\tau _n)^{}=\left(\mathrm{log}T_n\right)^{}+Hn\left(\alpha t\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\right).$$
(7.8)
Then, Toda equation (7.7) yields to

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{n+1}T_{n1}=t(t1)\left[\frac{d^2T_n}{dt^2}T_n\left(\frac{dT_n}{dt}\right)^2\right]+(2t1)\frac{dT_n}{dt}T_n\hfill \\ +\left\{\frac{1}{4}\left[2(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)+(\alpha ^2\beta ^2)\frac{2t1}{\sqrt{t(t1)}}\right]+\left(n\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\right\}T_n^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.9)
Moreover, introducing a new variable $`v`$ as

$$v=\sqrt{\frac{t}{t1}}+\sqrt{\frac{t1}{t}},$$
(7.10)
one find that $`T_n`$ are generated by the recurrence relation

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{n+1}T_{n1}=\frac{1}{4}(v^24)\left[(v^24)\frac{d^2T_n}{dv^2}+v\frac{dT_n}{dv}\right]T_n\frac{1}{4}(v^24)^2\left(\frac{dT_n}{dv}\right)^2\hfill \\ +\left\{\frac{1}{4}\left[2(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)+(\alpha ^2\beta ^2)v\right]+\left(n\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\right\}T_n^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.11)
with the initial conditions $`T_0=T_1=1`$. It is shown that $`T_n`$ for $`n_0`$ are polynomials in $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`v`$, and $`\mathrm{deg}_vT_n=n(n1)/2`$. These polynomials are called Umemura polynomials associated with PVI.

### 7.2 Correspondence of the seed solution

We investigate how the Umemura’s seed solution (7.3) with (7.4) is related to ours,

$$q=f_4=x,p=f_2=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\frac{1}{2}\right)x^1,$$
(7.12)
with

$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(a,b,\frac{1}{2}ab,a,b).$$
(7.13)
In addition to the Bäcklund transformations stated in Section 3, it is known that PVI admits the outer symmetry as follows ,

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}& & & & \\ & \alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4& t& f_4& f_2\\ & & & & \\ \sigma _{01}& \alpha _1\alpha _0\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4& 1t& \frac{(1t)f_4}{f_0}& \frac{f_0(f_0f_2+\alpha _2)}{t(t1)}\\ \sigma _{03}& \alpha _3\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _0\alpha _4& \frac{1}{t}& \frac{f_4}{t}& tf_2\\ \sigma _{04}& \alpha _4\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _0& \frac{t}{t1}& \frac{f_0}{1t}& (1t)f_2\\ \sigma _{13}& \alpha _0\alpha _3\alpha _2\alpha _1\alpha _4& \frac{t}{t1}& \frac{f_4}{f_3}& f_3(f_3f_2+\alpha _2)\\ \sigma _{14}& \alpha _0\alpha _4\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1& \frac{1}{t}& \frac{1}{f_4}& f_4(f_4f_2+\alpha _2)\\ \sigma _{34}& \alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _4\alpha _3& 1t& f_3& f_2\end{array}.$$
(7.14)
###### Proposition 7.1

Umemura’s seed solution (7.3) with (7.4) is obtained by applying the Bäcklund transformation defined by

$$\sigma =\sigma _{13}s_3s_2s_1,$$
(7.15)
to ours (7.12) with (7.13), where we put

$$\alpha =\frac{1}{2}a,\beta =b.$$
(7.16)
Proof. First, we check for the parameters. Application of $`\sigma `$ to (7.13) gives

$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},a,\frac{1}{2}ab,\frac{1}{2}a+b),$$
(7.17)
which coincides with (7.4) by using (7.2) and (7.16).

Next, we verify the correspondence of $`q=f_4`$. We have

$$\sigma (f_4)=\frac{f_2f_4+\alpha _1+\alpha _2}{f_2f_3+\alpha _1+\alpha _2}=\frac{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}a+b}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}a+b\right)+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ab\right)x^1}.$$
(7.18)
Note that $`x`$ is now given by

$$x=\sqrt{\frac{t}{t1}},$$
(7.19)
due to the action of $`\sigma _{13}`$. Thus, the expression (7.18) is equivalent to the first of (7.3). It is possible to check for $`p=f_2`$ in similar way.

### 7.3 Relationship to the original Umemura polynomials

The above discussion on the seed solution suggests that the family of polynomials $`V_{m,n}(x;a,b)`$ constructed in Section 4 corresponds to the original Umemura polynomials under the setting of (7.16) and

$$x=\sqrt{\frac{t}{t1}}.$$
(7.20)
Notice that, from (7.9) and (7.20), $`T_n=T_n(x;\alpha ,\beta )`$ satisfy the recurrence relation

$$4T_{n+1}T_{n1}=x^1\left[(x^21)^2𝒟^2\alpha ^2(x+1)^2+\beta ^2(x1)^2+(2n1)^2x\right]T_nT_n,$$
(7.21)
with $`T_0=T_1=1`$.

###### Theorem 7.2

We have

$$T_n(x;\alpha ,\beta )=2^{2n(n1)}(x)^{n(n1)/2}V_{n,n}(x;a+n,b),$$
(7.22)
with (7.16).

We prove Theorem 7.2 by showing that both hand sides of (7.22) satisfy the same recurrence relation and initial conditions. Let $`\widehat{T}_{30}`$ be the translation operator defined by

$$\widehat{T}_{30}=T_{34}\widehat{T}_{34}T_{03}^1.$$
(7.23)
Then, we have a Toda equation

$$\widehat{T}_{30}(\tau _0)\widehat{T}_{30}^1(\tau _0)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _0)^{}+\frac{1}{4}(\alpha _0\alpha _3)(\alpha _0\alpha _32)+\frac{3}{4}\right]\tau _0^2.$$
(7.24)
For simplicity, we denote as

$$\overline{\tau }_n=\widehat{T}_{30}^n(\tau _0),n,$$
(7.25)
namely $`\overline{\tau }_n=\tau _{n,0,n,n}`$ in the notation of (3.42). The above Toda equation is expressed as

$$\overline{\tau }_{n+1}\overline{\tau }_{n1}=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\overline{\tau }_n)^{}(\mathrm{log}\overline{\tau }_n)^{}+\frac{(\alpha _0\alpha _32n)(\alpha _0\alpha _32n2)}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\right]\overline{\tau }_n^2.$$
(7.26)
In the following, we restrict our discussion to the algebraic solutions. According to (4.10) and (4.24), we introduce $`\overline{V}_n=\overline{V}_n(x;a,b)`$ as

$$\overline{\tau }_n=\omega _n\overline{V}_n(x1)^{(a\frac{1}{2})^2+\frac{1}{2}}x^{(a\frac{1}{2})^2b^2n(n+1)\frac{1}{8}}(x+1)^{b^2+\frac{1}{2}},$$
(7.27)
where $`\omega _n=\omega _{n,0,n,n}`$. Substituting (7.27) and $`\alpha _0=\alpha _3=a`$ into Toda equation (7.26) and noticing

$$\omega _{n+1}\omega _{n1}=\frac{1}{16}\omega _n^2,$$
(7.28)
we find that $`\overline{V}_n=\overline{V}_n(x;a,b)`$ are generated by the recurrence relation

$$\frac{1}{4}\overline{V}_{n+1}\overline{V}_{n1}=\left[(x^21)^2𝒟^2\left(a\frac{1}{2}\right)^2(x+1)^2+b^2(x1)^2+(2n+1)^2x\right]\overline{V}_n\overline{V}_n,$$
(7.29)
with the initial conditions $`\overline{V}_1=\overline{V}_0=1`$. By construction, it is easy to see that

$$\overline{V}_n(x;a,b)=V_{n,n}(x;an,b).$$
(7.30)
Moreover, we introduce $`\overline{T}_n=\overline{T}_n(x;a,b)`$ as

$$\overline{T}_n=2^{2n(n1)}(x)^{n(n1)/2}\overline{V}_n.$$
(7.31)
Then, $`\overline{T}_n`$ satisfy the recurrence relation

$$4\overline{T}_{n+1}\overline{T}_{n1}=x^1\left[(x^21)^2𝒟^2\left(a\frac{1}{2}\right)^2(x+1)^2+b^2(x1)^2+(2n1)^2x\right]\overline{T}_n\overline{T}_n,$$
(7.32)
with $`\overline{T}_0=\overline{T}_1=1`$.

Comparing (7.21) with (7.32), we find

$$T_n(x;\alpha ,\beta )=\overline{T}_n(x;a,b),$$
(7.33)
under the setting of (7.16), which is nothing but Theorem 7.2.

###### Remark 7.3

Toda equation (7.7) can be regarded as the recurrence relation with respect to the translation operator

$$T_{01}=T_{34}^1T_{14}T_{03},$$
(7.34)
which acts on the parameters as

$$T_{01}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(1,1,1,0,0).$$
(7.35)
Theorem 7.2, namely (7.33), is consistent with the relation

$$T_{01}\sigma =\sigma \widehat{T}_{30}^1.$$
(7.36)
From the discussion of the previous sections and (7.31), it is clear that $`T_n`$ for $`n_0`$ are polynomials in $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`v`$, and $`\mathrm{deg}_vT_n=n(n1)/2`$ under the setting of

$$v=\left(x+x^1\right).$$
(7.37)
Acknowledgment The author would like to thank Prof. M. Noumi, Prof. Y. Yamada and Prof. K. Kajiwara for useful suggestions and discussions. Especially, he owes the initial steps of this work to discussions with them. The author would also express his sincere thanks to Prof. Kirillov and Dr. Taneda for stimulating discussions.

## Appendix A Degeneration of rational solutions

In this section, we show that the rational solutions of PV and PIII degenerate to those of PII,

$$\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=2y^34ty+4\left(\alpha +\frac{1}{2}\right).$$
(A.1)
As is known , PII (A.1) is equivalent to the Hamilton system

$$\text{S}\text{II}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=\frac{d}{dt},$$
(A.2)
with the Hamiltonian

$$H=2p^2(q^22t)p+\alpha q.$$
(A.3)
The rational solutions of SII are expressed as follows .

###### Proposition A.1

Let $`q_k=q_k(t),k`$, be polynomials defined by

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}q_k\lambda ^k=\mathrm{exp}\left(t\lambda +\frac{\lambda ^3}{3}\right),q_k=0\text{for}k<0.$$
(A.4)
We define $`R_n=R_n(t)`$ by

$$R_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}q_n& \mathrm{}& q_{2n2}& q_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{n+4}& \mathrm{}& q_2& q_3\\ q_{n+2}& \mathrm{}& q_0& q_1\end{array}\right|,$$
(A.5)
for $`n_0`$ and by

$$R_n=(1)^{n(n+1)/2}R_{n1},$$
(A.6)
for $`n_{<0}`$, respectively. Then,

$$q=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{R_n}{R_{n1}},p=\frac{2n1}{2}\frac{R_nR_{n2}}{R_{n1}^2},$$
(A.7)
give the rational solutions of SII for the parameters

$$\alpha =n\frac{1}{2}.$$
(A.8)
### A.1 From PV to PII

It is possible to derive the Hamilton system SII from SV, directly, by degeneration. Putting

$$t\epsilon ^3(1+2\epsilon ^2t),q1+2\epsilon q,p\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^1p,$$
(A.9)
$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}\frac{\sigma }{4}\epsilon ^3+\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)},\kappa _0\frac{1}{4}\epsilon ^3+\kappa _0^{(0)},\theta 2\theta ^{(0)},$$
(A.10)
$$H\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^2H\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^3\alpha ,\alpha =\theta ^{(0)}+\frac{\kappa _0^{(0)}\sigma \kappa _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)}}{2},$$
(A.11)
with $`\sigma =\pm 1`$ and taking the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$, we find that the system (6.5) with the Hamiltonian (6.6) is reduced to (A.2) with (A.3).

We show that the rational solutions of SV given in Proposition 6.1 degenerate to those of SII in Proposition A.1. According to (A.10) and (6.14), we put $`\sigma =1`$ and

$$s=\frac{1}{4}\epsilon ^3,\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)}=0,\kappa _0^{(0)}=m+n,\theta ^{(0)}=\frac{m+n1}{2}.$$
(A.12)
Then, after the replacement (A.9) and (A.11), we find that SV with (6.14) is reduced to SII with (A.8) in the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$. Note that $`m`$ vanishes in (A.8). Then, it is possible to put $`m=0`$ without loss of generality in this limiting procedure.

Next, we investigate the degeneration of $`R_n^{(r)}=R_{1,n}^{(r)}=R_{0,n}^{(r)}`$. It is obvious that we have the following lemma.

###### Lemma A.2

Let $`\overline{p}_k=\overline{p}_k^{(r)}(z),k`$, be polynomials defined by

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{p}_k^{(r)}\lambda ^k=\mathrm{exp}\left[\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(z+\frac{r}{j}\right)\lambda ^j+\frac{r}{2}\lambda ^2\right],\overline{p}_k^{(r)}=0\text{for}k<0.$$
(A.13)
Then, we have

$$R_n^{(r)}(z)=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\overline{p}_n^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_{2n2}^{(r)}& \overline{p}_{2n1}^{(r)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \overline{p}_{n+4}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_2^{(r)}& \overline{p}_3^{(r)}\\ \overline{p}_{n+2}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_0^{(r)}& \overline{p}_1^{(r)}\end{array}\right|.$$
(A.14)
Put

$$\lambda \epsilon \lambda ,\overline{q}_k^{(r)}=(\epsilon )^k\overline{p}_k^{(r)},$$
(A.15)
and

$$z\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^3\left(1+2\epsilon ^2t\right),r=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^3+n.$$
(A.16)
Then, (A.13) yields to

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{q}_k^{(r+j)}\lambda ^k=\mathrm{exp}\left(t\lambda +\frac{\lambda ^3}{3}\right)\left[1\epsilon \left(j\lambda +n\lambda +t\lambda ^2+\frac{3}{8}\lambda ^4\right)+O(\epsilon ^2)\right].$$
(A.17)
By using (A.4), we obtain

$$\overline{q}_k^{(r+j)}=q_k\epsilon jq_{k1}\epsilon \left(nq_{k1}+tq_{k2}+\frac{3}{8}q_{k4}\right)+O(\epsilon ^2).$$
(A.18)
Since it is easy to see that

$$\frac{dq_k}{dt}=q_{k1},$$
(A.19)
we have, from (A.5),

$$R_n^{(r+j)}=(\epsilon )^{n(n+1)/2}\left[R_n\epsilon j\frac{dR_n}{dt}\epsilon Q_n+O(\epsilon ^2)\right],$$
(A.20)
where $`Q_n`$ denotes the contribution from the third term of (A.18).

Finally, we verify the degeneration of the variables $`q`$ and $`p`$. The above procedure gives

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{R_{n1}^{(r1)}R_n^{(r+1)}}{R_n^{(r1)}R_{n1}^{(r+1)}}=1+2\epsilon \frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{R_n}{R_{n1}}+O(\epsilon ^2),\hfill \\ \frac{R_n^{(r1)}R_{n1}^{(r+1)}R_{n2}^{(r1)}}{R_{n1}^{(r)}R_{n1}^{(r)}R_{n1}^{(r1)}}=\epsilon ^1\frac{R_nR_{n2}}{R_{n1}^2}+O(1).\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.21)
Thus, from (A.9), we get (A.7) in the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$.

### A.2 From PIII to PII

It is well known that the Hamilton system SII is derived from SIII by degeneration . This process is achieved by putting

$$t\epsilon ^3(1\epsilon ^2t),q1+\epsilon q,p\epsilon ^1p,$$
(A.22)
$$\theta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^3+\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)},\theta _0\epsilon ^3+\theta _0^{(0)},$$
(A.23)
$$H\epsilon ^2H\epsilon ^3\alpha ,\alpha =\frac{\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)}+\theta ^{(0)}}{2},$$
(A.24)
and taking the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$.

We show that the rational solutions of SIII given in Proposition 6.5 degenerate to those of SII in Proposition A.1. From (A.23), we put

$$r=\epsilon ^3,\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{(0)}=n+\frac{1}{2},\theta _0^{(0)}=n\frac{3}{2}.$$
(A.25)
Then, after replacing as (A.22) and (A.24), we see that SIII with (6.34) is reduced to SII with (A.8) in the limit of $`\epsilon 0`$.

Next, we investigate the degeneration of $`R_n^{(r)}`$ defined by (6.30) and (6.31). It is obvious that we have the following lemma.

###### Lemma A.3

Let $`\overline{p}_k=\overline{p}_k^{(r)}(t),k`$, be polynomials defined by

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{p}_k^{(r)}\lambda ^k=\mathrm{exp}\left[\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1)^{j1}r}{j}\lambda ^jt\lambda +\frac{r}{2}\lambda ^2\right],\overline{p}_k^{(r)}=0\text{for}k<0.$$
(A.26)
Then, we have

$$R_n^{(r)}(t)=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\overline{p}_n^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_{2n2}^{(r)}& \overline{p}_{2n1}^{(r)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \overline{p}_{n+4}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_2^{(r)}& \overline{p}_3^{(r)}\\ \overline{p}_{n+2}^{(r)}& \mathrm{}& \overline{p}_0^{(r)}& \overline{p}_1^{(r)}\end{array}\right|.$$
(A.27)
Put

$$\lambda \epsilon \lambda ,\overline{q}_k^{(r)}=(\epsilon )^k\overline{p}_k^{(r)},$$
(A.28)
and

$$t\epsilon ^3(1\epsilon ^2t),r=\epsilon ^3.$$
(A.29)
Then, (A.26) is written as

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{q}_k^{(r+j)}\lambda ^k=\mathrm{exp}\left(t\lambda +\frac{\lambda ^3}{3}\right)\left[1+\epsilon \left(j\lambda +\frac{1}{4}\lambda ^4\right)+O(\epsilon ^2)\right].$$
(A.30)
By using (A.4), we obtain

$$\overline{q}_k^{(r+j)}=q_k+\epsilon \left(jq_{k1}+\frac{1}{4}q_{k4}\right)+O(\epsilon ^2).$$
(A.31)
Thus, we have

$$R_n^{(r)}=(\epsilon )^{n(n+1)/2}\left[R_n+\epsilon \left(j\frac{dR_n}{dt}+Q_n\right)+O(\epsilon ^2)\right],$$
(A.32)
where $`Q_n`$ denotes the contribution from the term of $`q_{k4}`$ in (A.31).

Finally, it is easy to see that (6.33) is reduced to (A.7) by the above limiting procedures.

## Appendix B Proof of Lemma 5.4-5.8

We first note that the following contiguity relations hold by definition (2.1) and (2.2),

$$p_k^{(c1,d1)}=p_k^{(c,d)}+xp_{k1}^{(c,d)},q_k^{(c1,d1)}=q_k^{(c,d)}+x^1q_{k1}^{(c,d)},$$
(B.1)
$$p_k^{(c,d1)}=p_k^{(c,d)}p_{k1}^{(c,d)},q_k^{(c,d1)}=q_k^{(c,d)}q_{k1}^{(c,d)},$$
(B.2)
$$\begin{array}{c}(k+1)p_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=(cd)p_k^{(c,d+1)}cxp_k^{(c+1,d+1)},\hfill \\ (k+1)q_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=(cd)q_k^{(c,d+1)}cx^1q_k^{(c+1,d+1)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.3)
Let us prove Lemma 5.4. Adding the $`(i+1)`$-th column multiplied by $`x^1`$ to the $`i`$-th column of $`R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}`$ for $`i=1,2,\mathrm{},j,j=m+n1,m+n2,\mathrm{},1`$ and using (B.1), we get

$$R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}q_1^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& q_0^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c,d)}\\ q_3^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& q_2^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c,d)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& q_{2m2}^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn}^{(c,d)}\\ x^{mn+1}p_{2n1}^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& x^{mn+2}p_{2n1}^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n1}^{(c1,d1)}& p_{2n1}^{(c,d)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^{mn+1}p_3^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& x^{mn+2}p_3^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_3^{(c1,d1)}& p_3^{(c,d)}\\ x^{mn+1}p_1^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& x^{mn+2}p_1^{(cmn+2,dmn+2)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_1^{(c1,d1)}& p_1^{(c,d)}\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.4)
Noticing that $`p_0=1`$ and $`p_k=0`$ for $`k<0`$, we see that $`R_{m,n}`$ can be rewritten as

$$R_{m,n}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}q_1& q_0& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}& q_{mn+1}\\ q_3& q_2& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}& q_{mn+3}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}& q_{2m2}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn}& q_{mn1}\\ p_{nm}& p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}& p_{2n}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+2}& p_{nm+3}& \mathrm{}& p_1& p_2\\ p_{nm}& p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_1& p_0\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.5)
By the similar calculation to the above, we obtain

$$R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}q_1^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_0^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn+1}^{(c,d)}\\ q_3^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_2^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn+3}^{(c,d)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_{2m2}^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn}^{(c1,d1)}& q_{mn1}^{(c,d)}\\ x^{mn}p_{2n}^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_{2n}^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n}^{(c1,d1)}& p_{2n}^{(c,d)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^{mn}p_2^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_2^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_2^{(c1,d1)}& p_2^{(c,d)}\\ x^{mn}p_0^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_0^{(cmn+1,dmn+1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_0^{(c1,d1)}& p_0^{(c,d)}\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.6)
We have from (B.1) and (B.2)

$$\begin{array}{c}(1+x)p_k^{(c,d)}=p_k^{(c1,d1)}+xp_k^{(c,d1)},\hfill \\ q_{k+1}^{(c,d1)}+(1+x^1)q_k^{(c,d)}=q_{k+1}^{(c1,d1)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.7)
Subtracting the $`j`$-th column multiplied by $`(1+x^1)^1`$ from the $`(j+1)`$-th column of (B.6) for $`j=m+n,m+n1,\mathrm{},1`$ and using (B.7), we get

$$\begin{array}{c}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}=(1)^m(1+x^1)^{mn}\hfill \\ \times \left|\begin{array}{ccccc}q_1^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_1^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c,d1)}\\ q_3^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_3^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c,d1)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_{2m1}^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c1,d2)}& q_{mn}^{(c,d1)}\\ x^{mn}p_{2n}^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_{2n}^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n}^{(c1,d2)}& p_{2n}^{(c,d1)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^{mn}p_2^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_2^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_2^{(c1,d2)}& p_2^{(c,d1)}\\ x^{mn}p_0^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_0^{(cmn+1,dmn)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_0^{(c1,d2)}& p_0^{(c,d1)}\end{array}\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.8)
From (B.6) and (B.8), we obtain Lemma 5.4.

Next, we prove Lemma 5.5. We have

$$\begin{array}{c}(k+1)p_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=dp_k^{(c,d+1)}c(1+x)p_k^{(c+1,d+2)},\hfill \\ (d+k+1)q_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=dq_{k+1}^{(c,d+1)}c(1+x^1)q_k^{(c+1,d+2)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.9)
Subtracting the $`j`$-th column multiplied by $`{\displaystyle \frac{dmn+j2}{(cmn+j1)(1+x^1)}}`$ from the $`(j+1)`$-th column of (B.6) for $`j=m+n,m+n1,\mathrm{},1`$ and using (B.9), we get

$$\begin{array}{c}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)}=(1)^{m+n}(1+x)^{mn}x^m\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(dmn+2i2){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(2k+1)}{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m+n}{}}}(cmn+j1)}\hfill \\ \times \left|\begin{array}{ccccc}\stackrel{~}{q}_1^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_1^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn+2}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_3^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_3^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn+4}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \stackrel{~}{q}_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn)}& q_{2m1}^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}^{(c2,d3)}& q_{mn}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_{2n}^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_{2n+1}^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_{2n+1}^{(c2,d3)}& p_{2n+1}^{(c1,d2)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \widehat{p}_2^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_3^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_3^{(c2,d3)}& p_3^{(c1,d2)}\\ \widehat{p}_0^{(cmn,dmn)}& x^{mn+1}p_1^{(cmn,dmn1)}& \mathrm{}& x^1p_1^{(c2,d3)}& p_1^{(c1,d2)}\end{array}\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.10)
Lemma 5.5 follows from (B.4) and (B.10).

Note that we have

$$\begin{array}{c}(k+1)p_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=dxp_k^{(c+1,d+1)}(cd)(1+x)p_k^{(c+1,d+2)},\hfill \\ (d+k+1)q_{k+1}^{(c,d)}=dq_{k+1}^{(c+1,d+1)}(cd)(1+x^1)q_k^{(c+1,d+2)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.11)
It is easy to see that Lemma 5.6 is proved similarly to Lemma 5.5 by using (B.2) and (B.11).

The proof of Lemma 5.7 is given as follows. Adding the $`(j1)`$-th column multiplied by $`x`$ to the $`j`$-th column of $`R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}`$ for $`j=m+n,m+n1,\mathrm{},2`$ and using (B.1), we get

$$R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=x^m\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}x^1q_1^+& q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}& q_{mn+3}\\ x^1q_3^+& q_3& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+6}& q_{mn+5}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1q_{2m1}^+& q_{2m1}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}& q_{mn+1}\\ p_{nm}^+& p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n2}& p_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}^+& p_{nm+5}& \mathrm{}& p_2& p_3\\ p_{nm+2}^+& p_{nm+3}& \mathrm{}& p_0& p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.12)
We have from (B.1)

$$\begin{array}{c}p_k^{(c,d)}x^2p_{k2}^{(c,d)}=p_k^{(c1,d1)}xp_{k1}^{(c1,d1)},\\ q_k^{(c,d)}x^2q_{k2}^{(c,d)}=q_k^{(c1,d1)}x^1q_{k1}^{(c1,d1)}.\end{array}$$
(B.13)
Then, subtracting the $`(j1)`$-th column multiplied by $`x`$ from the $`j`$-th column of $`R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}`$ for $`j=m+n,m+n1,\mathrm{},2`$ and using (B.13), we get

$$R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}q_1^{}& x^1q_1xq_1& \mathrm{}& x^1q_{mn+1}xq_{mn+3}\\ q_3^{}& x^1q_1xq_3& \mathrm{}& x^1q_{mn+3}xq_{mn+5}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ q_{2m1}^{}& x^1q_{2m3}xq_{2m1}& \mathrm{}& x^1q_{mn1}xq_{mn+1}\\ p_{nm}^{}& p_{nm+1}x^2p_{nm1}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}x^2p_{2n3}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}^{}& p_{nm+5}x^2p_{nm+3}& \mathrm{}& p_3x^2p_1\\ p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+3}x^2p_{nm+1}& \mathrm{}& p_1x^2p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.14)
Noticing that $`p_k=q_k=0`$ for $`k<0`$, we obtain

$$R_{m,n}^{(1,1)}=(x)^m\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}x^1q_1^{}& q_1& q_0& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+3}\\ x^1(q_3^{}+x^2q_1^{})& q_3& q_2& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+5}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1(q_{2m1}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2m+2}q_1^{})& q_{2m1}& q_{2m2}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+1}\\ p_{nm}^{}+\mathrm{}+x^{2n2}p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+1}& p_{nm+2}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+4}^{}+x^2p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+5}& p_{nm+6}& \mathrm{}& p_3\\ p_{nm+2}^{}& p_{nm+3}& p_{nm+4}& \mathrm{}& p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.15)
The first half of Lemma 5.7 is obtained by (B.12) and (B.15). Moreover, we have

$$D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}x^1q_1^{}& x^1q_1x^2q_0& q_1x^2q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}x^2q_{mn+2}\\ x^1q_3^{}& x^1q_3x^2q_2& q_3x^2q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+6}x^2q_{mn+4}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1q_{2m1}^{}& x^1q_{2m1}x^2q_{2m2}& q_{2m1}x^2q_{2m3}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}x^2q_{mn}\\ p_{nm+1}^{}& p_{nm+1}xp_{nm}& p_{nm+2}x^2p_{nm}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}x^2p_{2n3}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ p_{nm+5}^{}& p_{nm+5}xp_{nm+4}& p_{nm+6}x^2p_{nm+4}& \mathrm{}& p_3x^2p_1\\ p_{nm+3}^{}& p_{nm+3}xp_{nm+2}& p_{nm+4}x^2p_{nm+2}& \mathrm{}& p_1x^2p_1\end{array}\right|.$$
(B.16)
Subtracting the $`2`$’nd column from the $`1`$’st column and using (B.1), we get

$$\begin{array}{c}D=2\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}x^1q_1& x^1q_1x^2q_0& q_1x^2q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+4}x^2q_{mn+2}\\ x^1q_3& x^1q_3x^2q_2& q_3x^2q_1& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+6}x^2q_{mn+4}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ x^1q_{2m1}& x^1q_{2m1}x^2q_{2m2}& q_{2m1}x^2q_{2m3}& \mathrm{}& q_{mn+2}x^2q_{mn}\\ xp_{nm}& p_{nm+1}xp_{nm}& p_{nm+2}x^2p_{nm}& \mathrm{}& p_{2n1}x^2p_{2n3}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ xp_{nm+4}& p_{nm+5}xp_{nm+4}& p_{nm+6}x^2p_{nm+4}& \mathrm{}& p_3x^2p_1\\ xp_{nm+2}& p_{nm+3}xp_{nm+2}& p_{nm+4}x^2p_{nm+2}& \mathrm{}& p_1x^2p_1\end{array}\right|,\hfill \\ =2(1)^mx^{2m+1}R_{m,n}^{(0,0)},\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.17)
which is nothing but the second half of Lemma 5.7.

From the above discussion, it is easy to verify Lemma 5.8.