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# Geometric structures on 𝐺₂ and 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑛(7)-manifolds

## 1 $`G_2`$-manifolds and their moduli

### 1.1 Definitions

We first review some basic structures on $`G_2`$-manifolds (see  or  for more details). Any $`G_2`$-manifold $`M`$ admits a parallel positive three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_M`$ (or simply $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$) and its Ricci curvature is zero. When

$$M=^7=\mathrm{Im}=\mathrm{Im}𝕆$$

with the standard metric and orientation $`dx^{123}dy^{0123}`$we have,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=dx^{123}dx^1\left(dy^{23}+dy^{10}\right)dx^2\left(dy^{31}+dy^{20}\right)dx^3\left(dy^{12}+dy^{30}\right).$$

Remark: Since the Lie group $`G_2`$ preserves a vector cross product structure on $`^7`$, any $`G_2`$-manifold inherits such a product structure $`\times `$ on its tangent spaces given by,

$$u\times v,w=\mathrm{\Omega }(u,v,w).$$

The parallel four form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ will be denoted as $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$,

$$\mathrm{\Theta }=dy^{0123}+dx^{23}\left(dy^{23}+dy^{10}\right)+dx^{31}\left(dy^{31}+dy^{20}\right)+dx^{12}\left(dy^{12}+dy^{30}\right)\text{.}$$

When $`M`$ is the product of a Calabi-Yau threefold $`X`$ and $`S^1`$ with its reversed orientation, then the holonomy group equals $`Hol\left(M\right)=SU\left(3\right)G_2`$. Thus $`M=X\times S^1`$ is a $`G_2`$-manifold. In this case we have

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_X\omega _Xd\theta `$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ $`=\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Omega }_Xd\theta \omega _X^2/2\text{.}`$
where $`\omega _X`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$ are the Ricci flat Kähler form and a holomorphic volume form on $`X`$.

Using the $`G_2`$ action, we can decompose differential forms (or cohomology classes) on $`M`$ into irreducible components. For example,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_7^1`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_7^2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{14}^2`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }^3`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_1^3\mathrm{\Lambda }_7^3\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^3.`$
When $`Hol\left(M\right)=G_2`$, we have $`H_7^k\left(M\right)=0`$ for all $`k`$ and $`H_1^3\left(M\right)`$ (resp. $`H_1^4\left(M\right)`$) is generated by $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$). Furthermore the moduli space of $`G_2`$-metrics is smooth with tangent space equals $`H^3\left(M\right)=H_1^3\left(M\right)H_{27}^3\left(M\right)`$. If we normalize the volume to be one, the tangent space to this moduli space $`^{G_2}`$ becomes $`H_{27}^3\left(M\right)`$.

### 1.2 $`G_2`$-Analog of Yukawa couplings

In this subsection we introduce several symmetric tensors on the moduli space of $`G_2`$-manifolds. They are the Yukawa coupling, a metric tensor and the prepotential. First we recall a tensor $`\chi \mathrm{\Omega }^3(M,T_M)`$ which is defined by $`\iota _v\mathrm{\Theta }=\chi ,v\mathrm{\Omega }^3\left(M\right)`$ for every tangent vector $`v`$.

###### Definition 1

Suppose $`M`$ is a compact $`G_2`$-manifold, we define

$$𝒞_M:^3H^3(M,)$$

$$𝒞_M(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,\varphi _3)=_M\mathrm{\Omega }(\widehat{\varphi }_1,\widehat{\varphi }_2,\widehat{\varphi }_3)\mathrm{\Theta },$$

where $`\widehat{\varphi }=(\varphi \chi )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M,T_M)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\widehat{\varphi }_1,\widehat{\varphi }_2,\widehat{\varphi }_3)\mathrm{\Omega }^3\left(M\right)`$ is the evaluation of the three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on the vector components of $`\widehat{\varphi }_j`$’s.

It is clear that $`𝒞_M`$ is symmetric. By using $`𝒞_M`$ we define $`𝒴_M`$, $`𝒢_M`$ and $`_M`$ on $`H_{27}^3\left(M\right)`$ as follows: 222Recall $`H_{27}^3\left(M\right)=H^3\left(M\right)Ker\left(\mathrm{\Omega }\right)Ker\left(\mathrm{\Theta }\right).`$

| Yukawa coupling | $`𝒴_M\left(\varphi \right)=𝒞_M(\varphi ,\varphi ,\varphi )=C_M\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| Metric tensor | $`𝒢_M\left(\varphi \right)=𝒞_M(\varphi ,\varphi ,\mathrm{\Omega })=C^{}_M\varphi \varphi \begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| Prepotential | $`_M=𝒞_M(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }).\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Table: Symmetric tensors on the moduli space of G2-manifolds. Here $`\varphi H_{27}^3\left(M\right).`$

We will use this Yukawa coupling and $`p_1\left(M\right)`$ in section 3.1 to describe structures of calibrated fibrations on $`M`$.

Reduction to CY threefolds

When $`M=X\times S^1`$ with $`Hol\left(X\right)=SU\left(3\right)`$, i.e. $`X`$ is a Calabi-Yau threefold, any deformation of the Einstein structure on $`M`$ remains a product. There is a natural isomorphism of complex vector spaces,

$$H_{27}^3(M,)H^{1,1}\left(X\right)+H^{2,1}\left(X\right)+H^{1,2}\left(X\right)\text{.}$$

For example if $`\varphi `$ is a primitive form in $`H^{1,1}\left(X\right)`$ (resp. $`H^{2,1}\left(X\right)`$) then $`\varphi dt`$ (resp. $`\varphi `$) is in $`H_{27}^3(M,)`$. Moreover $`𝒴_M`$ restricts to the Yukawa couplings on $`H^{1,1}\left(X\right)`$, $`H^{2,1}\left(X\right)`$ and $`H^{1,2}\left(X\right)`$ (e.g. ).

Remark: The cubic structure on the $`G_2`$-module $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^3`$ is the exceptional Jordan algebra structure on $`^{27}`$, whose automorphism group determines an exceptional Lie group of type $`E_6`$. When we reduce from $`G_2`$ to $`SU\left(3\right)`$, i.e. $`M=X\times S^1`$, the Kähler form $`\omega _X`$ is naturally an element in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^3`$ which splits $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^3=\mathrm{𝟐𝟕}`$ into $`\mathrm{𝟏}+\mathrm{𝟐𝟔}`$. In this case the automorphism group of the algebraic structure of this 26 dimensional vector space determines an exceptional Lie group of type $`F_4`$. Roughly speaking the Yukawa coupling on a $`G_2`$-manifold arises from a $`E_6`$ structure. When the holonomy group reduces to $`SU\left(3\right)`$, then the $`E_6`$ structure also reduces to a $`F_4`$ structure.

Including $`B`$-fields

From physical considerations, Acharya  argues that when $`M`$ is a smooth $`G_2`$ manifold, then the low energy theory for M-theory on $`M\times ^{3,1}`$ is a $`N=1`$ supergravity theory with $`b_2\left(M\right)`$ Abelian vector multiplets plus $`b_3\left(M\right)`$ neutral chiral multiplets. We also include one scalar field and consider the enlarged moduli space $`^{G_2+B}=^{G_2}\times H^2(M,U\left(1\right))\times H^0(M,U\left(1\right))`$. Note $`b_0\left(M\right)=1`$.

We are going to construct the corresponding Yukawa coupling for this moduli space. We define (i) a symmetric cubic tensor $`𝒞^{}`$ on $`H^2(M,)`$,

$`𝒞_M^{}`$ $`:^3H^2\left(M\right)`$
$`𝒞_M^{}(\beta _1,\beta _2,\beta _3)`$ $`={\displaystyle _M}\mathrm{\Omega }(\widehat{\beta }_1,\widehat{\beta }_2,\widehat{\beta }_3)\mathrm{\Theta },`$
where $`\widehat{\beta }=\iota _\beta \chi \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M,T_M)`$ and (ii) a symmetric bilinear tensor $`𝒬_M`$ on $`H^2(M,),`$

$`𝒬_M`$ $`:^2H^2\left(M\right)`$
$`𝒬_M(\beta _1,\beta _2)`$ $`={\displaystyle _M}\beta _1\beta _2\mathrm{\Omega }.`$
Now the Yukawa coupling on the enlarged moduli space $`^{G_2}\times H^2(M,U\left(1\right))\times H^0(M,U\left(1\right))`$ of $`G_2`$-manifolds (with $`Hol=G_2`$) is defined as a combination of $`𝒴_M`$, $`𝒞_M^{}`$ and $`𝒬_M`$ as follow,

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒴}_M:^3\left(H_{27}^3\left(M\right)+H_{14}^2\left(M\right)+H^0\left(M\right)\right)\text{.}$$

When $`M=X\times S^1`$ for a Calabi-Yau threefold $`X`$ we have $`H_{14}^2\left(M\right)=H_{prim}^{1,1}(X,)`$ which corresponds to the decomposition $`𝐠_2=\mathrm{𝐬𝐮}\left(3\right)+^3+^3`$ because of $`H^{2,0}\left(X\right)=H^{0,2}\left(X\right)=0`$ for a manifold with $`SU\left(3\right)`$ holonomy. Therefore

$$H_{14}^2(M,U\left(1\right))+H^0(M,U\left(1\right))H^2(X,U\left(1\right))\text{,}$$

and an element in it is usually called a B-field on the Calabi-Yau manifold $`X`$. Our Yukawa coupling $`𝒴^{}`$ thus reduces to the usual one on Calabi-Yau manifolds coupled with B-fields.

Remark: If we do not fix the volume of $`M`$, then the moduli space of $`G_2`$-metrics with $`B`$-fields is locally isomorphic to $`H^3(M,)`$. In M-theory (see e.g. ) it is desirable to complexify this moduli space and this implies that the resulting space will be locally isomorphic to the total cohomology group $`H^{}(M,)`$ of $`M`$.

## 2 Supersymmetric cycles

### 2.1 Deformed Donaldson-Thomas bundles

In , Donaldson and Thomas study the following Yang-Mills equation for Hermitian connections $`D_E`$ on a complex vector bundle $`E`$ over $`M`$,

$$F_E\mathrm{\Theta }=0\mathrm{\Omega }^6(M,ad\left(E\right))\text{.}$$

This is the Euler-Lagrange equation for the following Chern-Simons type functional,

$`𝒜\left(E\right)`$ $``$
$`D_E`$ $`{\displaystyle _M}CS_3(D_0,D_E)\mathrm{\Theta }\text{,}`$
where $`D_0`$ is any fixed background connection. This functional is equivalent to the following functional

$$_{M\times [0,1]}Tre^{\stackrel{~}{F}}\mathrm{\Theta },$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$ is the curvature of a connection on $`M\times [0,1]`$ formed by the affine path of connections on $`E`$ joining $`D_0`$ and $`D_E`$.

On a $`G_2`$-manifold we introduce the following deformed Donaldson-Thomas equation which should have the corresponding effect of preserving supersymmetry in M-theory ,

$$F_E\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E^3/6=0\mathrm{\Omega }^6(M,ad\left(E\right)).$$

Equivalently this equals,

$$\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}\right]^{\left[6\right]}=0\mathrm{\Omega }^6(M,ad\left(E\right)).$$

It is the Euler-Lagrangian equation for the following Chern-Simons type functional,

$$D_E_{M\times [0,1]}Tr\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+\stackrel{~}{F}}\right]=_MCS(D_0,D_E)e^\mathrm{\Theta }.$$

The mirror transformation along a coassociative $`T^4`$-fibration on a flat $`G_2`$-manifold, which we will discuss in section 3.3, takes an associative section to a deformed Donaldson-Thomas bundles on the mirror manifold.

Geometric structures on $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$

We define natural differential forms and a symmetric cubic tensor on the moduli space of deformed DT bundles $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ as follows,

| 3-form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}=_MTr\left[\alpha \beta \gamma \right]_{skew}e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| 4-form: | $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}=_MTr\left[\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \right]_{skew}e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| Cubic: | $`𝒴_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}=_M\alpha ,[\beta ,\gamma ]_{ad}e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Table: Natural geometric structures on the moduli space of deformed

DT bundles on M. Here $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M,ad\left(E\right)).`$

Here $`,_{ad}`$ is the Killing form on $`𝐠`$, the Lie algebra of the gauge group. In particular the symmetric cubic tensor $`𝒴_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}`$ on $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ is trivial when $`G`$ is Abelian. Note $`e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}`$ in the cubic form works as $`\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+F_E}\right]^{\left[6\right]}`$.

Remark: When $`M`$ is a flat torus $`T=^7/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the moduli space $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ of flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-bundles is canonically isomorphic to the dual flat torus $`T^{}=^7/\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$. Under this natural identification, we have

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{bdl}\left(T\right)}`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_T^{},`$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{bdl}\left(T\right)}`$ $`=\mathrm{\Theta }_T^{}.`$
Moreover this transformation from $`T`$ to $`^{bdl}=T^{}`$ is involutive, i.e. $`^{bdl}\left(T^{}\right)=T`$.

Remark: The tangent bundle of $`M`$ is a $`G_2`$-bundle, moreover the curvature tensor of the Levi-Civita connection on $`M`$ satisfies the DT-equation,

$$F\mathrm{\Theta }=0\text{.}$$

This equation is equivalent to $`F\mathrm{\Omega }_{14}^2(M,ad\left(T_M\right))`$ and it follows from the fact that $`F\mathrm{\Omega }^2(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))`$ and the torsion freeness of the connection.

Infinitesimal deformations of $`T_M`$ as a DT-bundle are parametrized by the first cohomology group $`H^1(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))`$ of the following elliptic complex :

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }^0(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))\stackrel{D_E}{}\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))\stackrel{\mathrm{\Theta }D_E}{}\mathrm{\Omega }^6(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))\stackrel{D_E}{}\mathrm{\Omega }^7(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))0.$$

When $`M=X\times S^1`$ with $`X`$ a Calabi-Yau threefold with $`SU\left(3\right)`$ holonomy, then there is a natural isomorphism,

$$H^1(M,𝐠_2\left(T_M\right))H^{1,1}\left(X\right)+H^{2,1}\left(X\right)+H^1(X,End_0\left(T_X\right)).$$

Furthermore the above cubic tensor $`𝒴_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}`$ restricts to $`𝒴_A`$ on $`H^{1,1}\left(X\right)`$, $`𝒴_B`$ on $`H^{2,1}\left(X\right)`$ and a similar Yukawa coupling $`𝒴_C`$ on $`H^1(X,End_0\left(T_X\right))`$. All three seemingly unrelated Yukawa couplings on a Calabi-Yau threefold combine in a natural way when we study the $`G_2`$-manifold $`X\times S^1`$!

### 2.2 Associative cycles

Associative submanifolds

There are two types of nontrivial calibrations on a $`G_2`$-manifold $`M`$ as studied by Harvey and Lawson (), they are (i) associative submanifolds and (ii) coassociative submanifolds. They are always absolute minimal submanifolds in $`M`$.

A three dimensional submanifold $`A`$ in $`M`$ is called an associative submanifold if the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ to $`A`$ equals the volume form on $`A`$ of the induced metric. It has the following two equivalent characterizations: (1) the restriction of $`\chi \mathrm{\Omega }^3(M,T_M)`$ to $`A`$ is zero;

$$\chi |_A=0\mathrm{\Omega }^3(A,T_M|_A)\text{.}$$

(2) the vector cross product on $`M`$ preserves $`T_A`$, i.e. $`u,vT_A`$ implies that $`u\times vT_A`$. As a corollary, two associative submanifolds can not intersect along a two dimensional subspace.

McLean studies the deformation theory of associative submanifolds in  and identifies their infinitesimal deformations as certain twisted harmonic spinors. Unlike coassociative submanifolds, deformations of an associative submanifold can be obstructed. For example, if we take any smooth isolated rational curve $`C`$ with normal bundle $`OO\left(2\right)`$ in a Calabi-Yau threefold $`X`$, then $`C\times S^1`$ is an associative submanifold in $`M=X\times S^1`$ with obstructed deformations. That is the moduli space of associative submanifolds, denoted $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$, can be singular.

Associative cycles

From a physical perspective, one would couple associative submanifolds with gauge fields. This is analogous to coupling of gauge fields with special Lagrangian submanifolds of a Calabi-Yau manifold. From a mathematical perspective, as we will see, the moduli space of associative submanifolds coupled with gauge fields has very rich geometric structures.

An associative cycle is defined to be any pair $`(A,D_E)`$ with $`A`$ an associative submanifold in $`M`$ and $`D_E`$ a unitary flat connection on a bundle $`E`$ over $`A`$. The flatness equation, $`F_E=0`$ for connections over a three manifold is the Euler-Lagrange equation of the standard Chern-Simons functional. Analogously the associativity condition for a pair $`(A,D_E)`$ is the Euler-Lagrange equation of the following functional:

$`Map(A,M)\times 𝒜\left(E\right)`$ $`/`$
$`CS(A,D_E)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{A\times [0,1]}}Tr\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }+\stackrel{~}{F}}\right].`$
The first term in the above functional is a direct analog of a functional used by Thomas  for special Lagrangian submanifolds in a Calabi-Yau threefold.

Next we are going to study the moduli space of associative cycles, namely the critical set of $`CS`$, and we denote it as $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$. This space has richer structure than the moduli space of associative submanifolds $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$.

The tangent space of $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ at an associative cycle $`(A,D_E)`$ can be identified as (see ),

$$T_{(A,D_E)}^{ass}=Ker𝐃H^1(A,ad\left(E\right)).$$

We define a three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$, four form $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ and a symmetric cubic tensor $`𝒴_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ on $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ as follows:

| 3-form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}=\{\begin{array}{c}_ATr\alpha \beta \gamma \hfill \\ _A\alpha \overline{\varphi },\overline{\eta }\mathrm{\Omega }\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\\ \end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| 4-form: | $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}=\{\begin{array}{c}_A\overline{\varphi },(\alpha \beta )\overline{\eta }\mathrm{\Omega }\hfill \\ _Adet(\varphi ,\eta ,\xi ,\zeta )\mathrm{\Omega }\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\\ \end{array}`$ |
| Cubic: | $`𝒴_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}=_A[\alpha ,\beta ],\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }`$.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Table: Natural geometric structures on the moduli space of associative cycles

on M. Here $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(A,ad\left(E\right))`$ and $`\varphi ,\eta ,\xi ,\zeta KerD`$.

In the definition of the four form, we use the fact that the twisted spinor bundle $`S`$ is a complex rank two bundle and therefore, as a real vector bundle $`S_{}`$, there is a natural trivialization of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^4S_{}`$. The action of $`\mathrm{Im}`$ on $``$ has used to define $`3`$ and $`4`$-form.

An example

In this example, the above three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ defines a $`G_2`$ structure on the moduli space $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$. We consider a flat example $`M=T^3\times T^4`$ with $`T^3=^3/\mathrm{\Lambda }_3`$ and $`T^4=^4/\mathrm{\Lambda }_4`$. The projection to the second factor $`MB=T^4`$ is an associative fibration. The moduli space $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ of $`(A,D_E)`$ with $`A`$ a fiber and $`D_E`$ a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection over $`A`$, can be identified with $`T^3\times T^4`$ where $`T^3=^3/\mathrm{\Lambda }_3^{}`$ is the dual torus to $`T^3`$. Furthermore $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ are precisely the natural calibration three and four forms on the flat $`G_2`$-manifold $`T^3\times T^4`$. This is a simple but fun exercise.

In particular, $`\chi _{^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)}=\chi _{^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)}`$ and therefore, $`T^3\times T^4T^4`$ defines an associative fibration structure on $`^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)`$ with a coassociative section, namely, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)}`$ (resp. $`\chi _{^{ass}\left(T^3\times T^4\right)}`$) vanishes on the section (resp. fibers) of this fibration.

In the next paragraph, we will explain that such structures exist on every $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$. However, when $`M`$ is not flat, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ are not parallel forms, thus they do not define $`G_2`$-structure on $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ and we can only discuss their (co-)associativity in terms of vanishing of appropriate tensors.

Moduli space of associative submanifolds is coassociative

Every associative submanifold $`A`$ defines an associative pair $`(A,D_E)`$ where $`D_E`$ is simply the trivial connection $`d`$. Thus we have an embedding of $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ inside $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$. It is not difficult to see that the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ to it is zero. As we will see in the next subsection, this property characterizes a coassociative submanifold is $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ defines a $`G_2`$ structure on $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$. Furthermore we have a natural fibration structure, $`^{ass}\left(M\right)^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ by forgetting the connections. Fibers are associative submanifolds in the sense that the restriction $`\chi _{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ to them are zero. Here $`\chi _{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ is defined the same way as $`\chi `$ for $`M`$. The reason is fiber directions for $`^{ass}\left(M\right)^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ corresponds to $`H^1(A,ad\left(E\right))`$ and each component in $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$ involves at least 2 $`Ker𝐃`$ components in its variables. Therefore $`\chi _{^{ass}}`$ must vanish on fibers.

### 2.3 Coassociative cycles

Coassociative submanifolds

A four dimensional submanifold $`C`$ in $`M`$ is called a coassociative submanifold if it is calibrated by $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{\Theta }|_C=vol_C`$. It can be characterized by

$$\mathrm{\Omega }|_C=0\mathrm{\Omega }^3(C,).$$

Another characterization is the vector cross product on $`M`$ preserves $`N_{C/M}TM`$. As a corollary of this, any two coassociative submanifolds in $`M`$ can not intersect along a three dimension subspace.

The normal bundle of $`C`$ in $`M`$ can be identified with the bundle of anti-self-dual two forms on $`C`$,

$$N_{C/M}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_+^2\left(C\right).$$

Furthermore the space of infinitesimal deformations of $`C`$ inside $`M`$ as a coassociative submanifold is isomorphic to the space of self-dual harmonic two forms on $`C`$, $`H_+^2(C,)`$. In fact the deformation theory of coassociative submanifold is unobstructed  and therefore their moduli space, denoted $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$, is always smooth.

Coassociative cycles

Similar to the associative cases, we will also couple coassociative submanifolds with certain gauge fields. A coassociative cycle is a pair $`(C,D_E)`$ with $`C`$ a coassociative submanifold in $`M`$ and $`E`$ an anti-self-dual (ASD) connection on $`C`$ with respect to the induced metric. Recall that a connection is called ASD if its curvature $`2`$-form $`F_E`$ lies in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2(C,ad\left(E\right))`$, i.e. $`F_E+`$ $`F_E=0`$. The tangent space of their moduli space $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ can be identified as $`H_+^2\left(C\right)+H^1(C,ad\left(E\right))`$ . We define a three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$, a four form $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$ and a symmetric cubic tensor $`𝒴_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$ on $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ as follows:

| 3-form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}=\{\begin{array}{c}_C[\varphi ,\eta ]\xi \hfill \\ _CTr\left(\varphi \alpha \beta \right)\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\\ \end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| 4-form: | $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}=\{\begin{array}{c}_CTr\left(\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \right)_{skew}\hfill \\ _CTr\left([\varphi ,\eta ]\alpha \beta \right)\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\\ \end{array}`$ |
| Cubic: | $`𝒴_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}=_ATr\varphi [\alpha ,\beta ]_{ad\left(E\right)}`$.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Table: Natural geometric structures on the moduli space of coassociative cycles on M. Here $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(C,ad\left(E\right))`$ and $`\varphi ,\eta ,\xi H_+^2\left(C\right)`$.

Here, Lie algebra structure on space of $`2`$-forms is given by $`^2^4so\left(^4\right)`$.

An example

In this example, the above three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$ defines a $`G_2`$ structure on the moduli space $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$. We consider a flat example $`M=T^3\times T^4`$ with $`T^3=^3/\mathrm{\Lambda }_3`$ and $`T^4=^4/\mathrm{\Lambda }_4`$. The projection to the first factor $`MB=T^3`$ is a coassociative fibration. The moduli space $`^{coa}`$ of $`(C,D_E)`$ with $`C`$ a fiber and $`D_E`$ a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection over $`C`$, can be identified with $`T^3\times T^4`$ where $`T^4=^4/\mathrm{\Lambda }_4^{}`$ is the dual torus to $`T^4`$. Moreover $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{coa}}`$ are precisely the natural calibration three and four form on the flat $`G_2`$-manifold $`T^3\times T^4`$. This is another simple but fun exercise.

Moduli space of coassociative submanifolds is associative

The fibration $`^{coa}\left(M\right)^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ is a ’coassociative fibration’ and the section embeds $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ inside $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ behaves as an ’associative’ submanifold in an appropriate sense. The arguments are parallel to the case for $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ in $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ as we discussed in section 2.2 and hence omitted.

### 2.4 Reductions to Calabi-Yau threefolds

In this section we assume $`M=X\times S^1`$ with $`X`$ a Calabi-Yau threefold and

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_X\omega dt,$$

where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$ and $`\omega _X`$ are the holomorphic three form and the Kähler form on $`X`$ respectively. We will see that every moduli space of cycles (with $`U\left(1\right)`$-connections) on $`M`$ and its natural differential forms inherit similar decompositions. That is,

| $`\left(M\right)=\left(X\right)\times S^1,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- |
| $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(M\right)}=\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(X\right)}\omega _{\left(X\right)}dt.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

The manifold $`M`$ itself can be regarded as the moduli space of zero dimensional cycles in $`M`$.

Remark : The reduction from a $`G_2`$-manifold $`M`$ to a Calabi-Yau threefold $`X`$ has a physical significance. Namely we reduce the studies of M-theory on an eleven dimensional space time $`^{3.1}\times `$ $`M`$ to the string theory on ten dimensional space time $`^{3.1}\times `$ $`X`$.

On the moduli of deformed DT bundles

The deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills connection on a bundle $`E`$ on $`X`$ is introduced in  as a supersymmetric cycle. Its curvature tensor satisfies the following equation,

$`F\omega ^2`$ $`=F^3/3,`$
$`F^{0,2}`$ $`=0\text{.}`$
Their moduli space $`^{bdl}\left(X\right)`$ has a natural holomorphic three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{bdl}\left(X\right)}`$ and an almost symplectic form $`\omega _{^{bdl}\left(X\right)}`$,

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{bdl}\left(X\right)}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ $`={\displaystyle _X}\alpha \beta \gamma \mathrm{\Omega }_X`$
$`\omega _{^{bdl}\left(X\right)}(\alpha ,\beta )`$ $`={\displaystyle _X}\alpha \overline{\beta }e^{\omega +F_E}\text{.}`$
Here $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma H^1(X,O_X)=H^{0,1}\left(X\right),`$ the tangent space of $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ at $`D_E`$.

The pullback of any deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills connection $`D_E`$ on $`X`$ is a deformed DT connection on $`M`$. This is because the condition $`F^{0,2}=0`$ for the holomorphicity of $`E`$ on a threefold is equivalent to $`F\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_X=0`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^5\left(X\right)`$. We can obtain other elements in $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ by tensoring with flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection on $`S^1`$. The moduli space of flat connections on $`S^1`$ is the dual circle, also denoted as $`S^1`$. It is not difficult to verify the above mentioned decompositions for $`^{bdl}\left(M\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{bdl}\left(M\right)}`$ in this case.

On the moduli of associative cycles

Suppose that an associative submanifold $`A`$ in $`M=X\times S^1`$ is of product types, then

| Case (1): $`A=\mathrm{\Sigma }\times S^1`$ | $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ holomorphic curve in $`X`$.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| Case (2): $`A=L\times \left\{t\right\}`$ | $`L`$ special Lagrangian with phase = 0.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Case (1): $`A=\mathrm{\Sigma }\times S^1`$. We denote the moduli space of holomorphic curves $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ in $`X`$ as $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$. Similarly we consider the moduli space of pairs $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },D_E)`$ where $`D_E`$ is a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, and denote it as $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$. Gopakumar and Vafa conjecture that the cohomology group of $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$ admits an $`\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}\left(2\right)\times \mathrm{𝐬𝐥}\left(2\right)`$ action whose multiplicities determine Gromov-Witten invariants of $`X`$ of every genus for the class $`\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\right]`$. The tangent space of $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$ at $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },D_E)`$ equals $`H^0(\mathrm{\Sigma },N_{\mathrm{\Sigma }/X})H^1(\mathrm{\Sigma },O_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. It carries natural holomorphic three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{cx}\left(X\right)}`$ and symplectic form $`\omega _{^{cx}\left(X\right)}`$ as follow,

| holomorphic 3 form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{cx}\left(X\right)}=_\mathrm{\Sigma }\stackrel{~}{\left(\varphi \eta \right)}\alpha ,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| symplectic form: | $`\omega _{^{cx}\left(X\right)}=_\mathrm{\Sigma }\alpha \overline{\beta }\pm \varphi ,\eta \omega _X.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Here $`\alpha ,\beta H^1(\mathrm{\Sigma },O_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`\varphi ,\eta H^0(\mathrm{\Sigma },N_{\mathrm{\Sigma }/X})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\left(\varphi \eta \right)}T_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ is the image $`\varphi \eta \mathrm{\Lambda }^2N_{\mathrm{\Sigma }/X}`$ under the natural identification $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2N_{\mathrm{\Sigma }/X}T_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ because of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^3T_XO_X`$.

Note that any deformation of $`A=\mathrm{\Sigma }\times S^1`$ as an associative submanifold in $`M`$ must still be of the same form, i.e. $`^{ass}\left(M\right)=^{cx}\left(X\right)`$. However there are more flat $`U\left(1\right)`$ bundles on $`A`$ then on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, i.e. $`H^1(A,/)H^1(\mathrm{\Sigma },/)\times S^1`$. We have the decompositions for $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$.

Case (2): $`A=L\times \left\{t\right\}`$ with $`L`$ a special Lagrangian submanifold of zero phase in $`X`$, i.e. calibrated by $`\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

We denote the moduli space of $`L`$ (resp. $`(L,D_E)`$ with $`D_E`$ a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection on $`L`$) in $`X`$ as $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$ (resp. $`^{SL}\left(X\right)`$). McLean  introduces a three form on $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$. On $`^{SL}\left(X\right)`$, there are a holomorphic three form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{SL}\left(X\right)}`$ and a symplectic form $`\omega _{^{SL}\left(X\right)}`$ as follow

| holomorphic 3 form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{SL}\left(X\right)}=_L\alpha \beta \gamma ,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| symplectic form: | $`\omega _{^{SL}\left(X\right)}=_L\alpha ,J\beta \mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_X.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Here $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma H^1(L,)`$, the tangent space of $`^{SL}\left(X\right)`$ at $`(L,D_E)`$ ().

It is not difficult to verify that $`^{ass}\left(M\right)=^{SL}\left(X\right)\times S^1`$ and the decomposition for $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}`$.

On the moduli of coassociative cycles

Suppose $`C`$ is a coassociative submanifold of product type in $`M=X\times S^1`$ then

| Case (1): $`C=L\times S^1`$ | $`L`$ special Lagrangian with phase = $`\pi /2\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| Case (2): $`C=S\times \left\{t\right\}`$ | $`S`$ complex surface in $`X`$.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Case (1): $`C=L\times S^1`$. We can argue as in the previous situation to obtain decompositions for $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$.

Case (2): $`C=S\times \left\{t\right\}`$. We denote the moduli space of complex surfaces $`S`$ (resp. $`(S,D_E)`$ with $`D_E`$ a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection on $`S`$) in $`X`$ as $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$ (resp. $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$). The tangent space of $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$ can be identified as $`H^{2,0}\left(S\right)H^{0,1}\left(S\right)`$ because of $`K_X=O_X`$. We have natural differential forms on $`^{cx}\left(X\right)`$:

| holomorphic 3 form: | $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{cx}\left(X\right)}=_S\varphi \alpha \beta ,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| symplectic form: | $`\omega _{^{cx}\left(X\right)}=_S\left(\varphi ,J\eta +\alpha ,J\beta \right)\omega ^2/2.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

Here $`\varphi ,\eta H^{2,0}\left(S\right)`$ and $`\alpha ,\beta ,H^{0,1}\left(S\right).`$

Again we can verify the decompositions for $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$.

## 3 Fibrations and Fourier transforms

We review briefly the Strominger-Yau-Zaslow’s construction  of the conjectural mirror manifold of a Calabi-Yau threefold: If $`X`$ is close to a large complex and Kähler structure limit point, then it should admit a special Lagrangian fibration,

$$\pi _X:XB,$$

calibrated by $`\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$. Moreover there is a special Lagrangian section, calibrated by $`\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$. The mirror manifold is conjectured to be the dual torus fibration over $`B`$. Moreover the fiberwise Fourier transformation is expected to play an important role in the mirror transformation of the complex (resp. symplectic) geometry of $`X`$ to the symplectic (resp. complex) geometry of its mirror manifold.

In this section we study calibrated fibrations on $`G_2`$-manifolds and Fourier transformations along them.

### 3.1 Calibrated fibrations

Coassociative fibrations

Starting with a special Lagrangian fibration with a section on $`X`$, the induced fibration on the $`G_2`$-manifold $`M=X\times S^1`$,

$$\pi :MB,$$

becomes a coassociative $`T^4`$-fibration with an associative section.

Recall that a general fiber in a Lagrangian fibration on any symplectic manifold is necessarily a torus. This is not true for a general fiber in a coassociative fibration on a $`G_2`$-manifold. For example, given any holomorphic fibration on a Calabi-Yau threefold,

$$p_X:X^1S^2\text{,}$$

its general fiber is necessarily a K3 surface. The induced fibration on the $`G_2`$-manifold $`M=X\times S^1`$ over $`S^2\times S^1`$ is again a coassociative fibration, which is now a K3 fibration.

We expect that a general fiber in a coassociative fibration is always a torus or a K3 surface333We learn this from S.-T. Yau.. This is indeed the case provided that a general fiber admits an Einstein metric: The normal bundle of a coassociative submanifold $`F`$ is always the bundle of self-dual two forms on $`F`$. When $`F`$ is a fiber of $`\pi `$ then the normal bundle is necessarily trivial, i.e.

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_+^2\left(F\right)=F\times ^3\text{.}$$

This implies that

$$3\tau \left(F\right)+2\chi \left(F\right)=0,$$

where $`\tau \left(F\right)`$ and $`\chi \left(F\right)`$ are the signature and the Euler characteristic of $`F`$ respectively.

From physical considerations we expect that there should be a family of $`G_2`$-metrics together with coassociative fibrations parametrized by $`(t_0,\mathrm{})`$ such that the limit as $`t\mathrm{}`$ would imply the second fundamental form of each smooth fiber would go to zero. Combining with the fact the Ricci tensor of a $`G_2`$-metric is trivial, this suggest that every smooth fiber should admit a Einstein metric. However characteristic numbers for $`F`$ saturate the Hitchin inequality for Einstein four manifolds, this implies that $`F`$ is either flat or covered by a K3 surface.

Associative fibrations

Suppose $`M`$ has an associative fibration,

$$\pi :MB.$$

As in the previous case, we expect a general fiber to admit a metric with zero Ricci curvature in the adiabatic limit, thus it must be a three torus $`T^3`$.

Conjectural characterizations

Calibrated fibrations on a Calabi-Yau threefold $`X`$ can be either special Lagrangian $`T^3`$-fibrations or holomorphic fibrations. In the latter case a generic fiber can be an elliptic curve $`T^2`$, an Abelian surface $`T^4`$ or a K3 surface. Wilson  studies such fibrations in terms of the ring structure on $`H^2\left(X\right)`$ and the linear form,

$$_Xp_1\left(X\right)():H^2(X,).$$

Notice that such linear form is trivial on $`H^3(X,)`$.

We conjecture that similar characterizations should hold true for $`G_2`$-manifolds. To be precise, let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ be a family of $`G_2`$-structures on $`M`$ for $`t(0,1)`$ such that as $`t0`$ the volume of $`M`$ goes to zero while the diameter remains constant. For small $`t`$, $`M`$ should admit a calibrated fibration, the structure of this fibration should be determined by the Yukawa coupling $`𝒴`$ and $`p_1\left(M\right)`$ as follows,

| On $`M,`$ | Characterizations:$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| Associative $`T^3`$-fibration | $`𝒴(\mathrm{\Omega }_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_t,H^3)0\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| Coassociative $`T^4`$-fibration | $`𝒴(\mathrm{\Omega }_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_t,H^3)0`$ & $`p_1\mathrm{\Omega }_t0\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| Coassociative K3-fibration | $`𝒴(\mathrm{\Omega }_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_t,H^3)0`$ & $`p_1\mathrm{\Omega }_t0.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

It is also possible that $`𝒴(\mathrm{\Omega }_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_t,H^3)`$ becomes unbounded, but this should only happen when $`\stackrel{~}{M}=X\times `$.

Remark: We also expect that in above situations, $`lim_{t0}\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ is of infinite distance from any point in the moduli space of $`G_2`$-metrics on $`M`$. On the other hand finite distance boundary points in this moduli space (i.e. incompleteness) might be related to contractions of (i) an ADE configuration of associative $`S^3`$’s or (ii) an associative family of ADE configuration of $`S^2`$’s and so on. C.L. Wang further conjectures that such incompleteness of the moduli space should be equivalent to degenerating families of $`G_2`$-structures on $`M`$with both the volume and the diameter bounded away zero and infinity uniformly.

### 3.2 Analog of the SYZ conjecture

We are going to propose an analog of the SYZ conjecture for $`G_2`$-manifolds, namely a transformation of $`G_2`$-geometry along a calibrated fibration. Acharya  is the first to use these $`T^4`$\- or $`T^3`$-fibrations to study the mirror symmetry for $`G_2`$-manifolds from a physics point of view.

The $`G_2`$ mirror conjecture

There is a reasonably large class of $`G_2`$-manifolds such that every such $`M`$ satisfies the followings:

(1) Mirror pair: There is a family of $`G_2`$-metric $`g_t`$ together with a coassociative $`T^4`$-fibration and an associative section on $`M`$. As $`t`$ goes to infinity the diameter and the curvature tensor of each fiber go to zero. The moduli space $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ of coassociative cycles $`(C,D_E)`$ in $`M`$ when $`C`$ is a fiber admits a suitable compactification $`W_t`$ as a $`G_2`$-manifold with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}`$ the calibrating three form (after suitable instanton corrections from associative cycles). The relation between $`M`$ and $`W`$ is involutive.

(2) Yukawa couplings: The Yukawa couplings $`𝒴_M`$ and $`𝒴_W`$ for $`M`$ and $`W`$ on $`H_{27}^3\left(M\right)`$ and $`H_{27}^3\left(W\right)`$ should be naturally identified after suitable corrections coming from associative cycles in $`M`$ and $`W`$.

(3) Coassociative geometry: There is an identification between moduli spaces of coassociative pairs or points in $`M`$ and moduli spaces of corresponding objects in $`W`$.

(4) Associative geometry: There is an identification between moduli spaces of associative pairs or deformed Donaldson-Thomas bundles in $`M`$ and moduli spaces of corresponding objects in $`W`$.

The mirror symmetry conjecture for $`G_2`$-manifolds can be summarized in the following table:

| Coassociative geometry on $`M`$ $`<`$=$`>`$Associative geometry on $`W,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- |
| Associative geometry on $`M`$ $`<`$=$`>`$Coassociative geometry on $`W`$.$`\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

### 3.3 Fourier transform on coassociative $`T^4`$-fibrations

In this subsection we verify various parts of the above conjecture for flat $`G_2`$-manifolds, i.e. $`M=B\times T`$ with $`B=^3`$ and $`T=^4/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ a flat torus. The projection map

$$\pi :MB,$$

is a coassociative $`T^4`$-fibration on $`M`$. The large structure limit on $`M`$ can be obtained by rescaling $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. If we denote $`^{coa}\left(M\right)`$ the moduli space of coassociative cycles $`(C,D_E)`$ on $`M`$ with $`\left[C\right]`$ representing a fiber class and $`D_E`$ is a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection on $`C`$, then it can be naturally identified with the total space $`W=B\times T^{}`$ of the dual torus fibration

$$\pi ^{}:WB\text{.}$$

Moreover, under this identification, the canonical three form and four form on the moduli space correspond to the calibrating three form and four form for the $`G_2`$-structure on $`W`$:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)},`$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }_W`$ $`=\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{coa}\left(M\right)}.`$
We are going to perform fiberwise Fourier transformation on $`M`$. As usual we denote the coordinates on $`B`$ (resp. $`T`$ and $`T^{}`$) as $`x^1,x^2,x^3`$ (resp. $`y^0,\mathrm{},y^3`$ and $`y_0,\mathrm{},y_3`$). The dual torus $`T^{}`$ is treated as the moduli space of flat $`U\left(1\right)`$ connections on $`T`$. The universal line bundle over $`T\times T^{}`$ is called the Poincaré bundle $`P`$. We normalize it so that its restriction to both $`T\times 0`$ and $`0\times T^{}`$ are trivial. It has a universal connection whose curvature two form equals

$$𝔽=_{j=0}^3dy^jdy_j\mathrm{\Omega }^2\left(T\times T^{}\right)\text{.}$$

The Fourier transformation, or the Fourier-Mukai transformation, from $`M`$ to $`W`$ can be described roughly as follows:

$$𝐅()=p_{}^{}\left(p^{}()P\right),$$

where $`p`$ and $`p^{}`$ is defined by the following commutative diagram,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}M\times _BW& \stackrel{p^{}}{}& W\\ p& & \pi ^{}\\ M& \stackrel{𝜋}{}& B.\end{array}$$

and $`p^{}`$ is the pull back and $`p_{}^{}`$ is the push forward operator or equivalently integration along fibers of $`p^{}`$ $`:`$ $`M\times _BWW`$. We can discuss this transformation on different levels, including differential forms, cohomology, K-theory and so on. For differential forms, we have

$`𝐅`$ $`:\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\left(M\right)\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\left(W\right)`$
$`𝐅\left(\phi \right)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{M/B}}p^{}\left(\phi \right)e^{\frac{\sqrt{1}}{2\pi }𝔽}`$
where $`𝔽`$ is the universal curvature $`2`$-from on the Poincaré bundle $`P.`$ Moreover $`\phi `$ could be a differential form supported on a submanifold in $`M`$, and the same for $`𝐅\left(\phi \right)`$, too. For example the above Fourier transformation preserves the calibrating three form and four form, more precisely we have,

| $`𝐅\left(e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_M}\right)=e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_W},\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |
| --- |
| $`𝐅(e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_M})=e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_W}.\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ |

These follow from the following integrals with orientation $`y^{0123}`$,

$$_{M/B}e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_M}e^𝔽=e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_W}\text{ and }_{M/B}(e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_M})e^𝔽=(e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_W}).$$

Similarly, on the level of cohomology classes, we have,

$``$ $`:H^{}\left(M\right)H^{}\left(W\right)`$
$`\left(\phi \right)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{M/B}}p^{}\left(\left[\phi \right]\right)ch\left(P\right).`$
We can also transform a connection $`D_E`$ on a bundle $`E`$ over a submanifold $`C`$ in $`M`$ to one in $`W`$. To do this, we consider tensor product of the pullback connection on the pullback bundle $`p^{}EC\times _BW`$ with the universal connection on the Poincaré bundle restricted to $`C\times _BW`$. Under good circumstances, the pushforward sheaf under $`p^{}:C\times _BWW`$ gives a vector bundle over a submanifold in $`W`$. For instance, a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$ connection over $`T^4\times \left\{p\right\}`$ in $`M=`$ $`T^4\times T^3`$ is transformed to a point in $`W=T^4\times T^3`$, as discussed earlier.

Transforming coassociative cycles

Transforming ASD connections on $`T^4`$ fibers

Suppose that we relax the flatness assumption on $`D_E`$ and we assume that it is an ASD connection of a torus fiber $`C=T`$. The moduli space of such coassociative cycles $`(C,D_E)`$ has the form,

$$^{coa}\left(M\right)=B\times ^{ASD}\left(T\right)\text{,}$$

where $`^{ASD}\left(T\right)`$ denotes the moduli space of ASD connections on the flat torus $`T`$.

When $`D_E`$ has no flat factor, the Fourier transformation of an ASD connection over a flat torus $`T`$ is studied by Schenk , Braam and van Baal  and it produces another ASD connection over the dual torus $`T^{}`$. Moreover it is an isometry from $`^{ASD}\left(T\right)`$ to $`^{ASD}\left(T^{}\right)`$. Using their results we have,

$$𝐅:^{coa}\left(M\right)\stackrel{}{}^{coa}\left(W\right).$$

Moreover it is not difficult to identify the natural three forms $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}}`$ on these moduli spaces under $`𝐅`$.

Describing other coassociative cycles in $`M`$

Suppose $`C`$ is any coassociative submanifold in $`M`$ which is not a fiber. The intersection of $`C`$ with a general fiber can not have dimension 3 (see section 2.3). The intersection can not have dimension 1 neither because otherwise the normal bundle of $`C`$ in $`M`$, which is associative, lies inside the relative tangent bundle of the coassociative fibration, a contradiction. Therefore the intersection of $`C`$ with a general fiber must have dimension 2.

We assume that the coassociative submanifold $`C`$ in $`M`$ is semi-flat in the sense that it intersects each fiber along a flat subtorus. As subtori in $`T^4`$, they are all translations of each other. Using the fact that the vector cross product on $`M`$ preserves the normal directions of $`C`$, one can show that the image of $`C`$ in $`B^3`$ must be an affine plane. Therefore, up to coordinate changes, we can assume that $`C`$ is of the form

$$C:\{\begin{array}{c}x^3=0,\hfill \\ y^0=B^0(x^1,x^2),\hfill \\ y^3=B^3(x^1,x^2),\hfill \end{array}$$

for some smooth functions $`B^0`$ and $`B^3`$ in variables $`x^1`$ and $`x^2`$ satisfying

$$\frac{}{x^2}B^3+\frac{}{x^1}B^0=\frac{}{x^1}B^3+\frac{}{x^2}B^0=0.$$

Suppose $`D_E`$ is an ASD connection on $`C`$ which is semi-flat in the sense that $`D_E`$ is invariant under translations along fiber directions, we write

$$D_E=d+a_1(x^1,x^2)dx^1+a_2(x^1,x^2)dx^2+D_1(x^1,x^2)dy^1+D_2(x^1,x^2)dy^2,$$

and the ASD condition is equivalent to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^2}}a_1{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^1}}a_2`$ $`=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^2}}D_1+{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^1}}D_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{}{x^1}}D_1+{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^2}}D_2=0.`$
On each $`T^4`$ fiber of $`\pi :`$ $`MB`$ over a point $`(x^1,x^2,0)B`$, we obtain a flat $`2`$-torus defined by

$$\{(y^0,y^1,y^2,y^3)T^4y^0=B^0(x^1,x^2),y^3=B^3(x^1,x^2)\}$$

together with a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$ connection $`D_E=d+D_1(x^1,x^2)dy^1+D_2(x^1,x^2)dy^2`$ on it, because $`D_1(x^1,x^2)`$ and $`D_2(x^1,x^2)`$ are constant on each fiber.

Transforming coassociative families of subtori

BApplying the Fourier transformation from this $`T^4`$ fiber to $`T^4`$, it is not difficult to check that the above flat connection ( resp. flat $`2`$-torus ) in $`T^4`$ will be transformed to a flat $`2`$-torus ( resp. flat connection ) in $`T^4`$ ( see  for more details ). Putting these together over various fibers of $`\pi :MB`$, we obtain the Fourier transformation of $`(C,D_E)`$ in $`M`$, which is the pair $`(C^{},D_E^{})`$ on $`W`$ with

$$C^{}:\{\begin{array}{c}x^3=0,\hfill \\ y_1=D_1(x^1,x^2),\hfill \\ y_2=D_2(x^1,x^2).\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$D_E^{}=d+a_1(x^1,x^2)dx^1+a_2(x^1,x^2)dx^2+B^0(x^1,x^2)dy_0+B^3(x^1,x^2)dy_3.$$

$`(C^{},D_E^{})`$ is again a semi-flat coassociative cycle in $`W`$ and notice that the ASD connection for $`D_E`$ (resp. coassociative condition for $`C`$) implies the coassociative condition for $`C`$ (resp. ASD condition for $`D_E^{}`$). Furthermore the Fourier transformation induces a bijection on the semi-flat part of the moduli spaces,

$$𝐅:^{coa}\left(M\right)_{semiflat}^{coa}\left(W\right)_{semiflat}.$$

It is easy to check that when $`C`$ is horizontal, i.e. $`B^0=B^3=0`$, then $`𝐅`$ preserves the natural three forms $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{coa}}`$ on these moduli spaces and we expect it continues to hold in general.

Transforming associative cycles and DT bundles

Describing associative cycles in $`M`$

Suppose $`A`$ is any associative submanifold in $`M`$ then it can only intersect a general fiber in dimension 2 or 0. In the former case, we can argue as before, the image of $`A`$ in $`B^3`$ must be an affine line provided that $`A`$ is semi-flat. We can write, up to coordinate changes,

$$A:\{\begin{array}{c}x^2=x^3=0,\hfill \\ y^2=B^2\left(x^1\right),\hfill \\ y^3=B^3\left(x^1\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

The associative condition on $`A`$ implies that

$$\frac{}{x^1}B^2=\frac{}{x^1}B^3=0\text{.}$$

That is, both $`B^2\left(x^1\right)`$ and $`B^3\left(x^1\right)`$ are constant functions.

Suppose $`D_E`$ is a unitary connection on $`A`$ which is invariant under translations along fiber directions, we can write,

$$D_E=a\left(x^1\right)dx^1+D^0\left(x^1\right)dy_0+D^1\left(x^1\right)dy_1.$$

If $`(A,D_E)`$ is an associative cycle, then the flatness of $`D_E`$ is equivalent to

$$\frac{}{x^1}a=\frac{}{x^1}D^0=\frac{}{x^1}D^1=0\text{.}$$

That is $`a,D^0`$ and $`D^1`$ are all constant functions.

Transformating associative families of tori

As in the earlier situation, the Fourier transformation of a semi-flat cycle $`(A,D_E)`$ on $`M`$, which is not necessarily associative, is a pair $`(A^{},D_E^{})`$ on $`W`$ with

$$A^{}:\{\begin{array}{c}x^2=0,\hfill \\ x^3=0,\hfill \\ y_0=D^0\left(x^1\right),\hfill \\ y_1=D^1\left(x^1\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$D_E^{}=a\left(x^1\right)dx^1+B^2\left(x^1\right)dy_2+B^3\left(x^1\right)dy_3$$

It is obvious that $`(C,D_E)`$ is associative if and only if $`(C^{},D_E^{})`$ is associative.

Remark: Recall that associative cycles in $`M`$ are critical points of the Chern-Simons functional. Using arguments in , we can show that the Fourier transformation preserves the Chern-Simons functional of semi-flat three cycles on $`M`$ and $`W`$ which are not necessarily associative.

Transforming associative sections to deformed DT bundles

Any section of the (trivial) coassociative fibration $`\pi `$ on $`M`$ can be expressed as a function $`f`$,

$$f:BT=\frac{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\text{.}$$

Harvey and Lawson  show that the associative condition is equivalent to the following equation,

$$\frac{f}{x^1}i\frac{f}{x^2}j\frac{f}{x^3}k=\frac{f}{x^1}\times \frac{f}{x^2}\times \frac{f}{x^3}\text{.}$$

If we write $`f=^t(f^0,f^1,f^2,f^3)^4/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`I=^t(1,i,j,k)`$ and $`f_{x^j}^i=\frac{f^i}{x^j}`$, then the above equation can be rewritten as follows,

$$\begin{array}{cc}det(I,f_{x^1},f_{x^2},f_{x^3})_{4\times 4}=& \left(f_{x^1}^1+f_{x^2}^2+f_{x^3}^3\right)1+(f_{x^1}^0+f_{x^2}^3f_{x^3}^2)i+\\ & (f_{x^1}^3f_{x^2}^0+f_{x^3}^1)j+(f_{x^1}^2f_{x^2}^1f_{x^3}^0)k.\end{array}$$

If $`D_E`$ is a unitary flat connection on $`A`$, we can write

$$D_E=d+a_1dx^1+a_2dx^2+a_3dx^3$$

where $`a_k`$’s are matrix valued functions of $`(x^1,x^2,x^3)`$.

As before, or from , the Fourier transformation of $`(A,D_E)`$ is a unitary connection $`D_E^{}`$ on the whole manifold $`W`$ given by

$$D_E^{}=d+a_1dx^1+a_2dx^2+a_3dx^3+f^0dy_0+f^1dy_1+f^2dy_2+f^3dy_3.$$

We are going to show that $`D_E^{}`$ satisfies the deformed DT equation, i.e.

$$F_E^{}\mathrm{\Theta }_W+F_E^{}^3/6=0\text{.}$$

First we notice that the curvature of $`D_E^{}`$ is given by

$$F_E^{}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{k=0}{\overset{3}{}}f_{x^i}^kdx^idy_k.$$

and $`a_j`$’s do not occur here because of the flatness of $`D_E`$. By direct but lengthy computations, we can show that the deformed DT equation for $`D_E^{}`$ is reduced to the flatness of $`D_E`$ together with the associativity of $`A`$. Therefore the Fourier transformation in this case gives,

$$𝐅:^{ass}\left(M\right)^{bdl}\left(W\right)\text{.}$$

In fact this transformation $`𝐅`$ preserves the Chern-Simons functionals (see section 2.1, 2.2) on $`M`$ and $`W`$. Namely suppose $`(A,D_E)`$ is any pair on $`M`$ which is not necessarily an associative cycle, then we have

$$_{A\times [0,1]}Tr\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_M+\stackrel{~}{F}}\right]=\left(const\right)_{W\times I}Tr\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_W+\stackrel{~}{F}^{}}\right]$$

We expect that $`𝐅`$ preserves the natural three forms on $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ and $`^{bdl}\left(W\right)`$.

### 3.4 Fourier transform on associative $`T^3`$-fibrations

Suppose $`M`$ has an associative $`T^3`$-fibration,

$$\pi :MB.$$

The fiberwise Fourier transformation $`𝐅`$ in this case should interchange the two types of geometry on $`G_2`$-manifolds,

$$\text{Associative Geometry on }M\stackrel{𝐅}{}\text{Coassociative Geometry on }W\text{.}$$

Here $`W`$ is the dual three torus fibration to $`\pi `$ on $`M`$, it can be identified as the moduli space $`^{ass}\left(M\right)`$ of associative cycles $`(A,D_E)`$ on $`M`$with $`D_E`$ being a flat $`U\left(1\right)`$-connection over a fiber $`A`$.

In the flat case, we have $`M=T\times ^4`$ and $`^{ass}\left(M\right)W=T^{}\times B`$. Under these identifications we have,

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)},`$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }_W`$ $`=\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{ass}\left(M\right)}.`$
We can analyze semi-flat associative and coassociative cycles in $`M`$ and their Fourier transformations as before. For example, semi-flat coassociative submanifolds in $`M`$ are either sections or a family of affine two tori over an affine plane in $`B`$. Semi-flat associative submanifolds in $`M`$ are either fibers or a family of affine two tori over an affine line in $`B`$.

Suppose $`(C,D_E)`$ is a coassociative cycle in $`M`$ with $`C`$ being a section of the (trivial) associative fibration on $`M`$. The coassociative condition of $`C`$ can be expressed in term of a differential equation for a function $`g=(g^1,g^2,g^3):^4T=^3/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (see ),

$$g^1i+g^2j+g^3k=g^1\times g^2\times g^3\text{.}$$

If we write the ASD connection as

$$D_E=d+a_0dy^0+a_1dy^1+a_2dy^2+a_3dy^3,$$

then the Fourier transformation of $`(C,D_E)`$ will be the following connection $`D_E^{}`$ on $`W`$,

$$D_E^{}=d+a_0dy^0+a_1dy^1+a_2dy^2+a_3dy^3+g^1dx_1+g^2dx_2+g^3dx_3$$

Again direct but lengthy computations show that the deformed DT equation on $`D_E^{}`$ is reduced to the above coassociativity condition of $`C`$ and the ASD equation for $`D_E`$.

## 4 $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-geometry

There are only two kinds of exceptional holonomy groups for Riemannian manifolds, namely $`G_2`$ for dimension $`7`$ and $`Spin\left(7\right)`$ in dimension $`8`$. Both of them play important roles in M-theory. Almost all of our earlier discussions for $`G_2`$-geometry has a $`Spin\left(7\right)`$ analog. As a result, we will only indicate what geometric structures we have in $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-geometry and leave out those derivations which are the same as in their $`G_2`$-counterparts.

An eight dimensional Riemannian manifold $`Z`$ with $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-holonomy has a closed self-dual four form $`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$ which can be expressed as follows,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$ $`=dy^{0123}dx^{0123}\left(dx^{10}+dx^{23}\right)\left(dy^{10}+dy^{23}\right)`$
$`\left(dx^{20}+dx^{31}\right)\left(dy^{20}+dy^{31}\right)\left(dx^{30}+dx^{12}\right)\left(dy^{30}+dy^{12}\right),`$
when $`Z=^8`$. As before, we can decompose differential forms on $`Z`$ into $`Spin\left(7\right)`$ irreducible components (see e.g. ), for example $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^4=\mathrm{\Lambda }_1^4+\mathrm{\Lambda }_7^4+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^4+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{35}^4.`$

Holonomy reduction

For example if $`M`$ is a $`G_2`$-manifold, then $`Z=M\times S^1`$ has a $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-metric with

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_Z=\mathrm{\Omega }_Mdt\mathrm{\Theta }_M,$$

This corresponds to the natural inclusion $`G_2Spin\left(7\right)`$. We can also consider the reduction of holonomy to the subgroup $`Spin\left(6\right)Spin\left(7\right).`$ Notice that $`Spin\left(6\right)=SU\left(4\right)`$, namely such a $`Z`$ would be a Calabi-Yau fourfold and

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_Z=\frac{\omega _Z^2}{2}+\mathrm{Re}\mathrm{\Omega }_Z\text{,}$$

where $`\omega _Z`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_Z`$ are the Ricci flat Kähler form and the holomorphic volume form on $`Z`$. We can compare their decompositions of differential forms as follows,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{35}^4`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{prim}^{3,1}+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{prim}^{1,1}+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{prim}^{1,3},`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{27}^4`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{prim}^{2,2}+\mathrm{\Lambda }^{0,2}+\mathrm{\Lambda }^{0,4}.`$
We can reduce the holonomy group to smaller subgroups of $`Spin\left(7\right)`$ and give the following tables,

| Holonomy | Manifold |
| --- | --- |
| $`Spin\left(7\right)\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ | $`Spin\left(7\right)\text{-manifold}`$ |
| $`Spin\left(6\right)=SU\left(4\right)\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ | Calabi-Yau 4-fold |
| $`Spin\left(5\right)=Sp\left(2\right)\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ | Hyperkähler 4-fold |
| $`Spin\left(4\right)=SU\left(2\right)^2\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ | $`K3\times K3`$ |
| $`Spin\left(3\right)=SU\left(2\right)\begin{array}{c}\end{array}`$ | $`K3\times T^4`$ |

### 4.1 $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-Analog of Yukawa coupling

An analog of the Yukawa coupling

We consider the $`(3,1)`$-tensor $`\chi _Z\mathrm{\Omega }^3(Z,T_Z)`$ constructed by raising an index of $`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$ using the metric tensor.

We define a symmetric quartic tensor $`𝒬`$ on $`H^4(Z,)`$ as follows,

$`𝒬`$ $`:^4\mathrm{\Omega }^4(Z,)`$
$`𝒬(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,\varphi _3,\varphi _4)`$ $`={\displaystyle _Z}\mathrm{\Theta }_Z(\widehat{\varphi }_1,\widehat{\varphi }_2,\widehat{\varphi }_3,\widehat{\varphi }_4)\mathrm{\Theta }_Z.`$
Here $`\widehat{\varphi }=(\varphi \chi )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(Z,T_Z)`$. Note that $`\widehat{\varphi }`$ is zero if $`\varphi \mathrm{\Omega }_{27}^4(Z,)`$. We define the Yukawa coupling $`𝒴`$ to be the restriction of $`𝒬`$ to $`H_{35}^4(Z,)`$. We can also define a cubic form, a quadratic form and a linear form on $`H_{35}^4(Z,)`$ by evaluating $`𝒬`$ on one, two and three $`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$ before restricting it to $`H_{35}^4(Z,)`$.

### 4.2 Deformed DT bundles and Cayley cycles

Deformed DT bundles

As in the $`G_2`$ case, we define a deformed DT connection to be a connection $`D_E`$ over $`Z`$ whose curvature tensor $`F_E`$ satisfies

$$F_E+\mathrm{\Theta }_ZF_E+F_E^3/6=0,$$

or equivalently,

$$\left[e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_Z+F_E+F_E}\right]^{\left[6\right]}=0.$$

Its moduli space $`^{bdl}\left(Z\right)`$ carries a natural four form $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{bdl}\left(Z\right)}`$ defined by,

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{bdl}\left(Z\right)}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )=_ZTr_E\left[\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \right]_{skew}e^{\mathrm{\Theta }_Z+F_E}\text{.}$$

with $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta H^1(Z,ad\left(E\right)),`$ the first cohomology group of the elliptic complex,

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }^0(Z,ad\left(E\right))\stackrel{D_E}{}\mathrm{\Omega }^1(Z,ad\left(E\right))\stackrel{\pi _7D_E}{}\mathrm{\Omega }_7^2(Z,ad\left(E\right))0.$$

Cayley cycles

A submanifold $`C`$ in $`Z`$ of dimension four is called a Cayley submanifold if it is calibrated by $`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$, i.e. The restriction on $`\mathrm{\Theta }_Z`$ to $`C`$ equals the volume form on $`C`$ with respect to the induced metric (). A Cayley cycle is defined to be any pair $`(C,D_E)`$ with $`C`$ a Cayley submanifold in $`Z`$ and $`D_E`$ is an ASD connection on a bundle $`E`$ over $`C`$. The moduli space $`^{Cay}\left(Z\right)`$ of Cayley cycles in $`Z`$ also have a natural four form $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{Cay}\left(Z\right)}`$ defined by

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{^{Cay}\left(Z\right)}=\{\begin{array}{c}_CTr\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \\ _C\varphi ,Tr(\widehat{\alpha \beta )}\eta \mathrm{\Theta }_Z\\ _Cdet(\varphi ,\eta ,\xi ,\zeta )\mathrm{\Theta }_Z\end{array}$$

where $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(C,ad\left(E\right))`$ and $`\varphi ,\eta ,\xi ,\zeta Ker𝐃`$ are harmonic spinors and

$$\widehat{\alpha \beta }=\alpha \beta +(\alpha \beta )\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2(C,ad\left(E\right))=\mathrm{Im}()ad\left(E\right)$$

We leave it to our readers to verify that the Fourier transformation along Cayley $`T^4`$-fibration on a flat $`Spin\left(7\right)`$-manifold $`Z`$ will transform a Cayley section cycle $`(C,D_E)`$ on $`Z`$ to a deformed DT bundle over the dual torus fibration. Transformations of certain non-section Cayley cycles on $`Z`$ can also be analyzed as in the $`G_2`$ case.

Acknowledgments: The second author is partially supported by NSF/DMS-0103355 and he thanks R. Bryant, R. Thomas, C.L. Wang, S.-T. Yau and E. Zaslow for insightful and valuable discussions. He is grateful to S.-T. Yau who brought us to the attention of this subject.

Addresses:

Naichung Conan Leung (leung@ims.cuhk.edu.hk)

Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Jae-Hyouk Lee (jhlee@math.wustl.edu)

Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, U.S.A.