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# Classification of 6–dimensional real Drinfeld doubles

## 1 Introduction

In recent years, the study of T–duality in string theory has led to discovery of Poisson–Lie T–dual sigma models. Klimčík and Ševera have found a procedure allowing to construct the dual models from Manin triples $`(𝒟,𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ , i.e. a decompositions of a Lie algebra $`𝒟`$ (it must be even–dimensional) into two maximally isotropic subalgebras $`𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ w.r.t. a bilinear form. The construction of the Poisson–Lie T–dual sigma models is described in  and .

The Lie group possessing a Lie algebra that can be written as a Manin triple is called the Drinfeld double. The classification of the two–dimensional Drinfeld doubles is trivial and the four–dimensional Drinfeld doubles can be found e.g. in the paper  together with the corresponding two-dimensional T–dual models. Examples of six–dimensional Drinfeld doubles and three–dimensional dual models were given e.g. in . There was an attempt to classify the six–dimensional Drinfeld doubles by the Bianchi forms of their three–dimensional isotropic subalgebras in  but it is not sufficient for the specification of the Drinfeld double.

As we shall see Manin triples are equivalent to Lie bialgebras and the classification of the three–dimensional Lie bialgebras (i.e. six–dimensional Manin triples) was given in . Without knowledge of this this work we have performed a classification ot the six–dimensional Manin triples . The consequent comparison proved that the results are identical even though we have started from a different description of the three–dimensional algebras and used a completely different method. It means that in  we have done an independent check of  and on the other hand expressed the results in a different form, namely as Manin triples.

The goal of this paper is to find which of the Manin triples represent decomposition of the same (or more precisely isomorphic) Drinfeld doubles. We use the notation of  because the less compact sorting of the triples into parametrized classes turned out more appropriate for the classification. The result is a complete list of the real non–isomorphic six–dimensional Drinfeld doubles. Let us note that the Drinfeld double is defined not only by its Lie structure but also by a bilinear form. There are e.g. two classes of Drinfeld doubles for $`so(1,3)`$ as we shall see.

In the following sections, we firstly recall the definitions of Manin triple, Lie bialgebra and Drinfeld double then briefly explain the approach we have used to distinguish the non–isomorphic structures. The main result of the paper is the classification theorem in the Section 3. Explicit forms of maps between Manin triples that are decompositions of the isomorphic Drinfeld doubles are contained in the proof of the theorem.

## 2 Manin triples, Lie bialgebras, Drinfeld doubles

The Drinfeld double $`D`$ is defined as a connected Lie group such that its Lie algebra $`𝒟`$ equipped by a symmetric ad–invariant nondegenerate bilinear form $`.,.`$ can be decomposed into a pair of subalgebras $`𝒢`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ maximally isotropic w.r.t. $`.,.`$ and $`𝒟`$ as a vector space is the direct sum of $`𝒢`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$. This ordered triple of algebras $`(𝒟,𝒢`$,$`\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ is called Manin triple.

One can see that the dimensions of the subalgebras are equal and that bases $`\{X_i\},\{\stackrel{~}{X}^i\},i=1,2,3`$ in the subalgebras can be chosen so that

$$X_i,X_j=0,X_i,\stackrel{~}{X}^j=\stackrel{~}{X}^j,X_i=\delta _i^j,\stackrel{~}{X}^i,\stackrel{~}{X}^j=0.$$
(1)
This canonical form of the bracket is invariant with respect to the transformations

$$X_i^{}=X_kA_i^k,\stackrel{~}{X}^{}_{}{}^{}j=(A^1)_k^j\stackrel{~}{X}^k.$$
(2)
The Manin triples that are related by the transformation (2) are considered isomorphic. Due to the ad-invariance of $`.,.`$ the algebraic structure of $`𝒟`$ is determined by the structure of the maximally isotropic subalgebras because in the basis $`\{X_i\},\{\stackrel{~}{X}^i\}`$ the Lie product is given by

$$[X_i,X_j]=f_{ij}^{}{}_{}{}^{k}X_k,[\stackrel{~}{X}^i,\stackrel{~}{X}^j]=\stackrel{~}{f^{ij}}_k\stackrel{~}{X}^k,$$

$$[X_i,\stackrel{~}{X}^j]=f_{ki}^{}{}_{}{}^{j}\stackrel{~}{X}^k+\stackrel{~}{f^{jk}}_iX_k.$$
(3)
It is clear that to any Manin triple $`(𝒟,𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ one can construct the dual one by interchanging $`𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$, i.e. interchanging the structure coefficients $`f_{ij}^{}{}_{}{}^{k}\stackrel{~}{f^{ij}}_k`$. All properties of Lie algebras (the nontrivial being the Jacobi identities) remain to be satisfied. On the other hand for given Drinfeld double more than two Manin triples can exist and we shall see many examples of that. The Drinfeld double $`D`$ is defined as a Lie group such that its Lie algebra $`𝒟`$ equipped by a symmetric ad–invariant nondegenerate bilinear form $`.,.`$ can be decomposed into a pair of maximally isotropic subalgebras $`𝒢`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ such that $`𝒟`$ as a vector space is the direct sum of $`𝒢`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$. This ordered triple of algebras $`(𝒟,𝒢`$,$`\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ is called Manin triple.

One can rewrite the structure of a Manin triple also in another, equivalent, but for certain considerations more suitable, form of Lie bialgebra.

A Lie bialgebra is a Lie algebra $`g`$ equipped also by a Lie cobracket111Summation index is suppressed $`\delta :ggg:\delta (x)=x_{[1]}x_{[2]}`$ such that

$`{\displaystyle x_{[1]}x_{[2]}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle x_{[2]}x_{[1]}},`$ (4)
$`(id\delta )\delta (x)`$ $`+`$ $`\mathrm{cyclic}\mathrm{permutations}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{tensor}\mathrm{indices}=0,`$ (5)
$`\delta ([x,y])`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [x,y_{[1]}]y_{[2]}}+y_{[1]}[x,y_{[2]}]`$ (6)
$``$ $`[y,x_{[1]}]x_{[2]}x_{[1]}[y,x_{[2]}]`$
(for detailed account on Lie bialgebras see e.g.  or , Chapter 8).

The correspondence between a Manin triple and a Lie bialgebra can now be formulated in the following way. Because both subalgebras $`𝒢`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ of the Manin triple are of the same dimension and are connected by nondegenerate pairing, it is natural to consider $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ as a dual $`𝒢^{}`$ to $`𝒢`$ and to use the Lie bracket in $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ to define the Lie cobracket in $`𝒢`$; $`\delta (x)`$ is given by $`\delta (x),\stackrel{~}{y}\stackrel{~}{z}=x,[\stackrel{~}{y},\stackrel{~}{z}],`$ $`\stackrel{~}{y},\stackrel{~}{z}𝒢^{}`$, i.e. $`\delta (X_i)=\stackrel{~}{f_i^{jk}}X_jX_k`$. The Jacobi identities in $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$

$$\stackrel{~}{f_m^{kl}}\stackrel{~}{f_l^{ij}}+\stackrel{~}{f_m^{il}}\stackrel{~}{f_l^{jk}}+\stackrel{~}{f_m^{jl}}\stackrel{~}{f_l^{ki}}=0$$
(7)
are then equivalent to the property of cobracket (5) and the $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$–component of the mixed Jacobi identities 222The Jacobi identities $`[X_i,[\stackrel{~}{X}^j,\stackrel{~}{X}^k]]+\mathrm{cyclic}=0`$ lead to both (8) (terms proportional to $`\stackrel{~}{X}^l`$) and (7) (terms proportional to $`X_l`$).

$$\stackrel{~}{f^{jk}}_lf_{mi}^{}{}_{}{}^{l}+\stackrel{~}{f^{kl}}_mf_{li}^{}{}_{}{}^{j}+\stackrel{~}{f^{jl}}_if_{lm}^{}{}_{}{}^{k}+\stackrel{~}{f^{jl}}_mf_{il}^{}{}_{}{}^{k}+\stackrel{~}{f^{kl}}_if_{lm}^{}{}_{}{}^{j}=0$$
(8)
are equivalent to (6).

From now on, we will use the formulation in terms of Manin triples, Lie bialgebra formulation of all results can be easily derived from it. We also consider only algebraic structure, the Drinfeld doubles as the Lie groups can be obtained in principle by means of exponential map and usual theorems about relation between Lie groups and Lie algebras apply, e.g. there is a one to one correspondence between (finite–dimensional) Lie algebras and connected and simply connected Lie groups. The group structure of the Drinfeld double can be deduced e.g. by taking matrix exponential of adjoint representation of its algebra.

We shall consider two Drinfeld doubles isomorphic if they have isomorphic algebraic structure and there is an isomorphism transforming one ad-invariant bilinear form to the other. As mentioned above we can always choose a basis so that the bilinear form have canonical form (1) and the Lie product is then given by (3). The Drinfeld doubles $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒟^{}`$ with these special bases $`Y_a=(X_1,X_2,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3)`$, $`Y_a^{}=(X_1^{},X_2^{},X_3^{},\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3)`$ are isomorphic iff there is an invertible $`6\times 6`$ matrix $`C_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{b}`$ such that the linear map given by

$$Y_a^{}=C_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{b}Y_b$$
(9)
transforms the Lie multiplication of $`𝒟`$ into that of $`𝒟^{}`$ and preserves the canonical form of the bilinear form $`.,.`$. This is equivalent to

$$C_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{p}C_{b}^{}{}_{}{}^{q}B_{pq}=B_{ab},C_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{p}C_{b}^{}{}_{}{}^{q}F_{pq}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}=F_{ab}^{}{}_{}{}^{c}C_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{r}$$
(10)
where $`F_{ab}^{}{}_{}{}^{c},F_{ab}^{}{}_{}{}^{c},a,b,c=1,\mathrm{},6`$ are structure coefficients of the doubles $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒟^{}`$ and

$$B=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(11)
## 3 Method and result of classification

As mentioned in the Introduction, there are 78 non–isomorphic classes of Manin triples . If we take into account the duality transformation $`(𝒟,𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢})(𝒟,\stackrel{~}{𝒢},𝒢)`$ the number is reduced to 44. Their explicit form is given in the Appendix B. It follows from (1) and (3) that the structure of the Manin triple can be given by the structure coefficients $`f_{ij}^k,\stackrel{~}{f^{ij}}_k`$ of $`𝒢`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ in the special basis where relations (1) hold. That’s why we usually denote the Manin triples $`(𝒟,𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ by $`(𝒢|\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ or $`(𝒢|\stackrel{~}{𝒢}|b)`$ when a scaling parameter $`b`$ occurs in the definition of the Lie product. Let us note that $`(𝒢|\stackrel{~}{𝒢}|b)`$ and $`(𝒢|\stackrel{~}{𝒢}|b^{})`$ are isomorphic up to rescaling of $`.,.`$.

It is clear that a direct check which of 44 Manin triples are decomposition of isomorphic Drinfeld doubles is a tremendous task. That’s why we first evaluate as many invariants of the algebras as possible and then sort them into smaller subsets according to the values of the invariants. It is clear that only the Manin triples in these subsets can be decomposition of the same Drinfeld double. The invariants we have used are:

* signature (numbers of positive, negative and zero eigenvalues) of the Killing form,
* dimensions of the comutant $`[𝒟,𝒟]𝒟^1𝒟_1`$ and subalgebras created by the repeated Lie multiplication $`𝒟^{i+1}=[𝒟^i,𝒟]`$, (up to $`i=3`$, it turns out that for $`i3`$ $`𝒟^{i+1}=𝒟^i`$). (We have for completeness determined also dimensions of $`𝒟_{i+1}=[𝒟^i,𝒟^i]`$, but they doesn’t lead to refinement of our partition.)

The partition of the list of Manin triples according to the values of invariants is in the Table 1. The final distinction between non–isomorphic Drinfeld doubles and their decomposition into Manin triples provides the following theorem.

###### Theorem 1

Any 6–dimensional real Drinfeld double belongs just to one of the following 22 classes and allows decomposition into all Manin triples listed in the class and their duals $`(𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$. If the class contains parameter $`a`$ or $`b`$, the Drinfeld doubles with different values of this parameter are non–isomorphic.

1. $`(9|5|b)`$ $``$ $`(8|5.ii|b)`$ $``$ $`(7_0|5.ii|b)`$, $`b>0`$,
2. $`(8|5.i|b)`$ $``$ $`(6_0|5.iii|b)`$, $`b>0`$,
3. $`(7_a|7_{1/a}|b)`$ $``$ $`(7_{1/a}|7_a|b)`$, $`a1,b𝐑\{0\},`$
4. $`(6_a|6_{1/a}.i|b)`$ $``$ $`(6_{1/a}.i|6_a|b)`$, $`a>1,b𝐑\{0\},`$
5. $`(9|1)`$,
6. $`(8|1)`$ $``$ $`(8|2.iii)`$ $``$ $`(7_0|5.i)`$ $``$ $`(6_0|5.i)`$ $``$ $`(5|2.ii)`$,
7. $`(7_0|4|b)`$ $``$ $`(4|2.iii|b)`$ $``$ $`(6_0|4.i|b)`$, $`b𝐑\{0\},`$
8. $`(3|3.i)`$,
9. $`(7_a|1)`$ $``$ $`(7_a|2.i)`$ $``$ $`(7_a|2.ii)`$, $`a>1`$,
10. $`(6_a|1)`$ $``$ $`(6_a|2)`$ $``$ $`(6_a|6_{1/a}.ii)`$ $``$ $`(6_a|6_{1/a}.iii)`$, $`a>1,`$
11. $`(6_0|1)`$ $``$ $`(6_0|5.ii)`$ $``$ $`(5|1)`$ $``$ $`(5|2.i)`$,
12. $`(6_0|2)`$ $``$ $`(6_0|4.ii)`$ $``$ $`(4|1)`$ $``$ $`(4|2.i)`$ $``$ $`(4|2.ii)`$,
13. $`(3|1)`$ $``$ $`(3|2)`$ $``$ $`(3|3.ii)`$ $``$ $`(3|3.iii)`$,
14. $`(7_a|1)`$ $``$ $`(7_a|2.i)`$ $``$ $`(7_a|2.ii)`$, $`0<a<1`$,
15. $`(7_0|1)`$,
16. $`(7_0|2.i)`$,
17. $`(7_0|2.ii)`$,
18. $`(7_1|1)`$ $``$ $`(7_1|2.i)`$ $``$ $`(7_1|2.ii)`$,
19. $`(2|1)`$,
20. $`(2|2.i)`$,
21. $`(2|2.ii)`$,
22. $`(1|1)`$.

## 4 The proof of Theorem 1

The essence of the proof is to find which of the 78 non–isomorphic Manin triples found in  and displayed in the Appendix B yield isomorphic Drinfeld doubles. The isomorphisms are given by the explicit form of the transformation matrices $`C`$ (see (9) ) that were found by solution of equations (10). In this part we have used the computer programs Maple V and Mathematica 4. The solutions are not unique and here we present only a simple examples of them. The non–isomorphic Drinfeld doubles are distinguished by investigation of their various subalgebras and properties of $`.,.`$ and the Killing form on them.

In the next subsection we analyze the subsets of non–isomorphic Manin triples characterized by invariants described in the Section 3 and displayed in the Table 1.

### 4.1 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (3,3,0)

In this case the signature of the Killing form itself fixes the Lie algebra $`𝒟`$ of the Drinfeld double uniquely. It is the well-known $`so(3,1)`$ which is simple as a real Lie algebra and its complexification is semisimple; it decomposes into two copies of $`sl(2,𝐂)`$. The Drinfeld doubles corresponding to ($`9|5|b`$), ($`8|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_0|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_a|7_{1/a}|b`$) can consequently differ only by the bilinear form $`.,.`$.

We can find a necessary condition for equivalence of semisimple Drinfeld doubles from the fact that any invariant symmetric bilinear form on a complex simple Lie algebra is a multiple of the Killing form and that any invariant symmetric bilinear form on a semisimple Lie algebra is a sum of invariant symmetric bilinear forms on its simple components. (Proof: Let $`𝒢=_i𝒢_i`$ be the decomposition into simple components, $`X𝒢_i,Y𝒢_j,ij`$. Then $`A_k,B_k𝒢_j`$ s.t. $`Y=_k[A_k,B_k]`$ and from the ad–invariance of the form $`X,Y=_kX,[A_k,B_k]=_k[A_k,X],B_k=_k0,B_k=0`$.)

We therefore consider the complexification $`𝒟_𝐂`$ of the Drinfeld double algebra and write both the Killing form on $`𝒟_𝐂`$ and the bilinear form $`.,.`$ in terms of Killing forms $`K_1,K_2`$ of still unspecified simple components $`sl(2,𝐂)_1`$, $`sl(2,𝐂)_2`$ ($`𝒟_𝐂=sl(2,𝐂)_1sl(2,𝐂)_2`$)

$$K=K_1+K_2,,=\alpha K_1+\beta K_2.$$

We trivially extend the Killing forms $`K_1,K_2`$ to the whole Drinfeld double algebra $`𝒟_𝐂`$ and express them as

$$K_1=\frac{,\beta K}{\alpha \beta },K_2=\frac{\alpha K,}{\alpha \beta }.$$

Because $`K_1,K_2`$ are trivially extended Killing forms, they must have 3–dimensional nullspace ($`sl(2,𝐂)_2`$ in the case of $`K_1`$ and $`sl(2,𝐂)_1`$ in the case of $`K_2`$). These two conditions on dimensions of nullspaces fix the coefficients $`\alpha ,\beta `$ uniquely up to a permutation. Therefore, the necessary condition for equivalence of two semisimple 6–dimensional Drinfeld doubles is the equality of their sets of coefficients $`\{\alpha ,\beta \}`$ .

We compute the coefficients $`\alpha ,\beta `$ for the Manin triples in this class and find that in three cases ($`9|5|b`$), ($`8|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_0|5.ii|b`$) is

$$\{\alpha ,\beta \}=\{\frac{i}{4b},\frac{i}{4b}\}$$

and for ($`7_a|7_{1/a}|b`$) is

$$\{\alpha ,\beta \}=\{\frac{ia}{4b(ai)^2},\frac{ia}{4b(i+a)^2}\}.$$

We see that the Manin triple ($`7_a|7_{1/a}|b`$) defines for any $`a,b`$ Drinfeld doubles different from any of the Drinfeld doubles associated to the Manin triples ($`9|5|b`$), ($`8|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_0|5.ii|b`$) and that Drinfeld doubles corresponding to ($`7_a|7_{1/a}|b`$) with different values of $`a`$ and $`b`$ are different except the case $`a^{}=1/a,b^{}=b`$. The Manin triples ($`7_a|7_{1/a}|b`$) and ($`7_{1/a}|7_a|b`$) are mutually dual, correspond to $`𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ and therefore give the same Drinfeld double. The Manin triple ($`7_1|7_1|b`$) is of course self–dual.

Also one sees that the Manin triples ($`9|5|b`$), ($`8|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_0|5.ii|b`$) with different $`b`$ cannot lead to the same Drinfeld double. For the Manin triples ($`9|5|b`$), ($`8|5.ii|b`$), ($`7_0|5.ii|b`$) with equal $`b`$, the transformations (9) between Drinfeld doubles exist, but may contain complex numbers since up to now we have considered only complexifications of the original Manin triples.

However, one can check that the following real transformation matrices $`C`$ guarantee the equivalence of the Drinfeld doubles in this class for fixed value of $`b`$.

$$(9|5|b)(8|5.ii|b):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{b}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{b}& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(9|5|b)(7_0|5.ii|b):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right).$$

As mentioned in the beginning of this section the transformation matrices are not unique; they contain several free parameters. Here and further we give them in a simple form setting the parameters zero or one.

### 4.2 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (4,2,0)

In this case the signature of the Killing form again fixes the Lie algebra $`𝒟`$ of the Drinfeld double uniquely, it is $`sl(2,𝐑)sl(2,𝐑)`$, and the Drinfeld doubles may again differ only by the bilinear form $`.,.`$. We use the criterion developed in the previous subsection for semisimple Drinfeld doubles and find

* ($`8|5.i|b`$), ($`6_0|5.iii|b`$): $`\{\alpha ,\beta \}=\{\frac{1}{4b},\frac{1}{4b}\}`$,
* ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.i|b`$): $`\{\alpha ,\beta \}=\{\frac{a}{4b(a1)^2},\frac{a}{4b(1+a)^2}\}`$.

This shows that the Manin triples might specify isomorphic Drinfeld doubles only in the following two cases:

1. ($`8|5.i|b`$) and ($`6_0|5.iii|b`$) for the same value of $`b`$. In this case we have found the transformation matrix $`C`$

$$(8|5.i|b)(6_0|5.iii|b):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{b}{2}& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{b}{2}& \hfill \frac{b}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{b}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill \frac{1}{b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$

This transformation is real and therefore the Drinfeld doubles are isomorphic, ($`8|5.i|b`$) $``$ ($`6_0|5.iii|b`$).
2. ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.i|b`$) and ($`6_{1/a}|6_a.i|b`$). One can easily see that these Manin triples are dual (i.e. can be obtained one from the other by the interchange $`𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$) and the Drinfeld doubles are therefore isomorphic.

### 4.3 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (0,3,3)

This class contains only one Manin triple ($`9|1`$) and its dual; the corresponding Drinfeld double is isomorphic to $`so(3)𝐑^3`$ since the Killing form has the signature (0,3,3) and $`\mathrm{dim}[𝒟,𝒟]=3`$.

### 4.4 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (2,1,3)

We consider only the Manin triples with $`\mathrm{dim}[𝒟,𝒟]=6`$, the other set in this class contains only one Manin triple ($`3|3.i`$), which is isomorphic as a Lie algebra to $`sl(2,𝐑)𝐑^3`$ since the Killing form has the signature (2,1,3) and $`\mathrm{dim}[𝒟,𝒟]=3`$.

The Manin triples in this set ($`8|1`$), ($`8|2.iii`$), ($`7_0|4|b`$), ($`7_0|5.i`$), ($`6_0|4.i|b`$), ($`6_0|5.i`$), ($`5|2.ii`$), ($`4|2.iii|b`$), are neither semisimple ($`\mathrm{rank}K6`$) nor solvable ($`[𝒟,𝒟]=𝒟`$). Therefore they have a nontrivial Levi–Maltsev decomposition into semidirect sum of a semisimple subalgebra $`S`$ and radical $`N`$

$$𝒟=SN,$$

both of them are 3–dimensional. Knowledge of this decomposition turns out to be helpful in the investigation of equivalence of the Drinfeld doubles.

A rather simple computation shows that the radical is in all these Manin triples abelian and maximally isotropic, e.g. for ($`8|1`$) the radical is $`N=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$, for ($`4|2.iii|b`$) the radical is $`N=\mathrm{span}\{X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2\}`$.

Next we find the semisimple component. It turns out that the semisimple subalgebra $`S`$ is in all cases $`sl(2,𝐑)`$, e.g. for ($`8|1`$) it can be evidently chosen $`S=\mathrm{span}\{X_1,X_2,X_3\}`$, for ($`4|2.iii|b`$) the most general form of the semisimple subalgebra is $`S=\mathrm{span}\{2X_12\alpha X_3\frac{2}{b}\stackrel{~}{X}^12\beta \stackrel{~}{X}^2,\frac{2}{b}X_2\frac{2\gamma }{b}X_3\frac{2\beta }{b}\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^1+(2\gamma )\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$ for any values of $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$.

One can restrict the form $`.,.`$ to the semisimple subalgebra $`S`$ and finds that for ($`8|1`$) $`.,._S=0`$, i.e. $`S`$ is maximally isotropic, whereas for ($`4|2.iii|b`$) and any choice of $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$ is $`.,._S=1/bK_S`$, $`K_S`$ being the Killing form on $`S`$. This shows that as Drinfeld doubles ($`8|1`$) and ($`4|2.iii|b`$) and similarly ($`4|2.iii|b`$) for different values of $`b`$ are not isomorphic.

Performing the same computation for all Manin triples in this set, we find that they divide into two subsets.

1. ($`8|1`$), ($`8|2.iii`$), ($`7_0|5.i`$), ($`6_0|5.i`$), ($`5|2.ii`$): $`.,._S=0`$
2. ($`7_0|4|b`$), ($`6_0|4.i|b`$), ($`4|2.iii|b`$): $`.,._S=1/bK_S`$, $`b𝐑\{0\}`$

We find the transformation matrices for Manin triples in these subsets and prove the equivalence of the corresponding Drinfeld doubles:

$$(8|1)(8|2.iii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(8|1)(7_0|5.i):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(8|1)(6_0|5.i):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(8|1)(5|2.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

respectively

$$(4|2.iii|b)(7_0|4|b):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(4|2.iii|b)(6_0|4.i|b):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2b}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill b& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$

Concerning the Lie structure of these Drinfeld doubles, it follows from the signature of the Killing form and dimension of $`[𝒟,𝒟]`$ that the Lie algebra of $`D`$ is isomorphic in both cases to $`sl(2,𝐑)𝐑^3`$ where commutation relations between subalgebras are given by the unique irreducible representation of $`sl(2,𝐑)`$ on $`𝐑^3`$.

### 4.5 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (1,0,5)

#### 4.5.1 Case $`\mathrm{𝐝𝐢𝐦}[𝒟,𝒟]=\mathrm{𝟓}`$

This set contains the greatest number of Manin triples: ($`7_{a>1}|1`$), ($`7_{a>1}|2.i`$), ($`7_{a>1}|2.ii`$), ($`6_a|1`$), ($`6_a|2`$), ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.ii`$), ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.iii`$), ($`6_0|1`$), ($`6_0|5.ii`$), ($`5|1`$), ($`5|2.i`$), ($`6_0|2`$), ($`6_0|4.ii`$), ($`4|1`$), ($`4|2.i`$), ($`4|2.ii`$). In order to shorten our considerations we firstly present the transformation matrices $`C`$ showing the equivalence of following Drinfeld doubles and later we prove that the following classes of Drinfeld doubles are non–isomorphic:

1. ($`7_{a>1}|1`$) $``$ ($`7_{a>1}|2.i`$) $``$ ($`7_{a>1}|2.ii`$) for the same value of $`a`$

$$(7_a|1)(7_a|2.i):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(7_a|1)(7_a|2.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 2a& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 2a\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$
2. ($`6_a|1`$) $``$ ($`6_a|2`$) $``$ ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.ii`$) $``$ ($`6_a|6_{1/a}.iii`$) for the same value of $`a`$

$$(6_a|1)(6_a|2):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2a}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(6_a|1)(6_a|6_{\frac{1}{a}}.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1a& \hfill a1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1a& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{a1}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{a1}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{a1}& \hfill \frac{1}{a1}\end{array}\right),$$

$$(6_a|1)(6_a|6_{\frac{1}{a}}.iii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1a& \hfill a+1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1a& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{a+1}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{a+1}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{a+1}& \hfill \frac{1}{a+1}\end{array}\right).$$
3. ($`5|1`$) $``$ ($`5|2.i`$) $``$ ($`6_0|1`$) $``$ ($`6_0|5.ii`$)

$$(5|1)(5|2.i):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(5|1)(6_0|1):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(5|1)(6_0|5.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right).$$
4. ($`4|1`$) $``$ ($`4|2.i`$) $``$ ($`4|2.ii`$) $``$ ($`6_0|2`$) $``$ ($`6_0|4.ii`$)

$$(4|1)(4|2.i):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(4|1)(4|2.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(4|1)(6_0|2):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(4|1)(6_0|4.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$

In the proof of inequivalence of the above given classes of Manin triples we exploit the fact that the Drinfeld doubles have at least one decomposition into Manin triple with the 2nd subalgebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ abelian; we will use only these representants ($`7_a|1`$),$`a>1`$, ($`6_a|1`$), ($`5|1`$), ($`4|1`$) in our considerations.

Firstly we find all maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras $`𝒜`$ of each of the given Drinfeld doubles. The dimension of any such $`𝒜`$ must be $`3`$ from the maximal isotropy. The commutant is in all these cases $`𝒟_1=[𝒟,𝒟]=\mathrm{span}\{X_2,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$ and the centre is $`Z(𝒟)=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1\}=𝒟_2`$. One can see that any element of the form $`X_1+Y,Y𝒟_1`$ cannot occur in $`𝒜`$ because $`X_1`$ commutes only with $`Z(𝒟)`$ and itself. Therefore, $`𝒜𝒟_1`$. Further it follows from the maximality that $`𝒜`$ contains $`Z(𝒟)`$ and we conclude that $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,Y_1,Y_2\}`$ where $`Y_1,Y_2\mathrm{span}\{X_2,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$. Analyzing the maximal isotropy and replacing $`Y_1,Y_2`$ by their suitable linear combinations we find that $`𝒜`$ can be in general expressed in one of the following forms

1. $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$
2. $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2+\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^3,X_3\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^2\},`$
3. $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2+\alpha X_3,\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$
4. $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2\},`$
5. $`𝒜=\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}.`$

In the next step we check which of these subspaces really form a subalgebra of the given Manin triple.

* ($`7_a|1`$): the maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras are $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2,X_3\}`$ and $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$. One may easily construct for each of these maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras the dual (w.r.t $`.`$) subalgebra by taking the remaining elements of the standard basis $`X_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{X}^3`$ and finds that it is isomorphic in both cases to Bianchi algebra $`7_a`$. In other words, we have shown that this class of Drinfeld doubles is non–isomorphic to the other ones and are mutually non–isomorphic for different values of $`a`$.
* ($`6_a|1`$): the maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras are $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2,X_3\}`$, $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2+X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$. By a slightly more complicated construction of the dual subalgebras we find that they are of the Bianchi type $`6_a`$ for the same $`a`$, i.e. this class of Drinfeld doubles is non–isomorphic to the other ones and are mutually non–isomorphic for different values of $`a`$.
* ($`5|1`$): the maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras are $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2,X_3\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2+\alpha X_3,\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2\}`$ and $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}.`$
* ($`4|1`$): the maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras are $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_2+\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^3,X_3\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^2\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,X_3,\stackrel{~}{X}^2\}`$ and $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}.`$

Already from comparison of number of possible maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras for ($`5|1`$) and ($`4|1`$) one sees that the corresponding Drinfeld doubles are non–isomorphic.

It also follows that Drinfeld doubles corresponding to Manin triples ($`7_a|1`$), ($`6_a|1`$), ($`5|1`$) and ($`4|1`$) are different as Lie algebras, since any maximal isotropic abelian subalgebra $`𝒜`$ of these Manin triples is in fact an abelian ideal $``$ such that $`[𝒟,]=`$ and any such 3–dimensional ideal is maximal isotropic from ad–invariance of $`,`$. Therefore we have in fact identified the non–isomorphic Drinfeld doubles from the knowledge of these ideals $``$ (and in some cases $`𝒟/`$) which doesn’t depend on the form $`,`$ and the doubles differ already in their Lie algebra structure.

#### 4.5.2 Case $`\mathrm{𝐝𝐢𝐦}[𝒟,𝒟]=\mathrm{𝟑}`$

All Manin triples of this subset are decomposition of one Drinfeld double, i.e. they can be transformed one into another by the transformation (9). Below are the corresponding matrices.

$$(3|1)(3|2):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$(3|1)(3|3.ii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 2\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$(3|1)(3|3.iii):C=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 2\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 2& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill \frac{1}{2}& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).$$

### 4.6 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (0,1,5)

This set contains Manin triples ($`7_{a<1}|1`$), ($`7_{a<1}|2.i`$), ($`7_{a<1}|2.ii`$), ($`7_0|1`$), ($`7_0|2.i`$), ($`7_0|2.ii`$). As in the subsection 4.5.1 we can show that Manin triples ($`7_{a<1}|1`$), ($`7_{a<1}|2.i`$), ($`7_{a<1}|2.ii`$) are decomposition of isomorphic Drinfeld doubles for the same $`a`$; the transformation matrices given above for $`a>1`$ are meaningful also in this case. It remains to be investigated whether the Drinfeld doubles induced by ($`7_0|1`$), ($`7_0|2.i`$), ($`7_0|2.ii`$) are isomorphic as or not.

We again find all maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras of these Manin triples. We find

* ($`7_0|1`$): the maximal isotropic abelian subalgebras are
$`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^3,X_1+\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^2,X_2\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^1\},`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\},`$
* ($`7_0|2.i`$) the only maximal isotropic abelian subalgebra is
$`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^3,X_1,X_2\},`$ the dual subalgebra to it w.r.t $`.,.`$ doesn’t exist.
* ($`7_0|2.ii`$) the only maximal isotropic abelian subalgebra is
$`\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{X}^3,X_1,X_2\},`$ the dual subalgebra to it w.r.t $`.,.`$ doesn’t exist.

This means that Drinfeld double induced by ($`7_0|1`$) has only decompositions into Manin triple ($`7_0|1`$) and that Drinfeld doubles corresponding to ($`7_0|2.i`$), ($`7_0|2.ii`$) are not isomorphic to the Drinfeld double corresponding to ($`7_{a<1}|1`$) for any value of $`a`$. To prove that also ($`7_0|2.i`$), ($`7_0|2.ii`$) induce non–isomorphic Drinfeld doubles, we find all isotropic subalgebras of Bianchi type $`7_0`$ in the Manin triple ($`7_0|2.ii`$). They are

$$\mathrm{span}\{Y_1,Y_2,Y_3\}$$

where

$$Y_1=X_1\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^3,Y_2=X_2\beta \stackrel{~}{X}^3,Y_3=X_3+\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^1+\beta \stackrel{~}{X}^2,\alpha ,\beta 𝐑,$$

and the dual subalgebra w.r.t. $`.,.`$ is in general

$$\mathrm{span}\{\stackrel{~}{Y}_1,\stackrel{~}{Y}_2,\stackrel{~}{Y}_3\}$$

where

$$\stackrel{~}{Y}_1=\gamma X_2+\stackrel{~}{X}^1\gamma \beta \stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{Y}_2=\gamma X_1+\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\gamma \alpha \stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{Y}_3=\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\gamma 𝐑.$$

Structure coefficients in this new basis $`Y_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{Y}_3`$ are identical with the original structure coefficients for any $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$, therefore the Drinfeld double corresponding to ($`7_0|2.ii`$) allows no decomposition into other Manin triples and similarly for ($`7_0|2.i`$).

Concerning the Lie algebra structure, the Drinfeld doubles corresponding to ($`7_0|2.i`$) and ($`7_0|2.ii`$) are isomorphic as Lie algebras because they differ just by the sign of the bilinear form $`,`$, and consequently the commutation relations implied by ad–invariance of $`,`$ are the same. The other Drinfeld doubles specify different Lie algebras for the same reason as in the Section 4.5.1.

### 4.7 Manin triples with the Killing form of signature (0,0,6)

#### 4.7.1 Case $`\mathrm{𝐝𝐢𝐦}[𝒟,𝒟]=\mathrm{𝟓}`$

This set contains Manin triples ($`7_1|1`$),($`7_1|2.i`$) and ($`7_1|2.ii`$). They specify isomorphic Drinfeld doubles. For transformation matrices see subsection 4.5.1 and substitute $`a=1`$.

#### 4.7.2 Case $`\mathrm{𝐝𝐢𝐦}[𝒟,𝒟]=\mathrm{𝟑}`$

In this set, the only Manin triples that can lead to the same Drinfeld double are ($`2|2.i`$) and ($`2|2.ii`$). To see that the Drinfeld doubles are different, it is sufficent to find the centres $`Z(𝒟)`$ of these Manin triples and restrict the form $`.,.`$ to them. These restricted forms $`.,._{Z(𝒟)}`$ have different signatures, therefore the Drinfeld doubles are non–isomorphic:

1. ($`2|2.i`$): $`Z(𝒟)=\mathrm{span}\{X_1,X_2\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$,
signature of $`.,._{Z(𝒟)}=(0,1,2)`$
2. ($`2|2.ii`$): $`Z(𝒟)=\mathrm{span}\{X_1,X_2+\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3\}`$,
signature of $`.,._{Z(𝒟)}=(1,0,2)`$

These Drinfeld doubles are isomorphic as Lie algebras because they differ just by the sign of the bilinear form $`,`$ and the commutation relations are due to the ad–invariance the same.

Q.E.D.

## 5 Conclusions

In this work we have constructed the complete list of six–dimensional real Drinfeld doubles up to their isomorphisms i.e. maps preserving both the Lie structure and an ad–invariant symmetric bilinear form $`,`$ that define the double. The result is summarized in the theorem at the end of the Section 3 and claims that there just 22 classes of the non–isomorphic Drinfeld doubles. Some of them contain one or two real parameters denoted $`a`$ and $`b`$. The number 22 is in a way conditional because e.g. the classes 9,14,18 could be united into one. The reason why they are given as separated classes is that they have different values of their invariants, namely the signature of the Killing form.

An important point that follows from the classification is that there are several different Drinfeld doubles corresponding to Lie algebras $`so(1,3),sl(2,𝐑)sl(2,𝐑),sl(2,𝐑)𝐑^3`$ whereas on solvable Lie algebras the Drinfeld double is unique (in some cases up to the sign of the bilinear form). On the other hand there are Manin triples with one isotropic subalgebra abelian that are equivalent as Drinfeld doubles even though the other subalgebras are different (see $`(6_0|1)`$ and $`(5|1)`$ ). That’s why it is necessary to investigate the (non)equivalence of the Manin triples of this form. Moreover the above given examples indicate the diversity of Drinfeld double structures one may encounter in higher dimensions.

Beside that from the present classification procedure one can find whether a given six–dimensional Lie algebra can be equipped by a suitable ad–invariant bilinear form and turned into a Drinfeld double (and how many such forms exist). The decisive aspects are the signature of the Killing form and the dimensions of the ideals $`𝒟_j,𝒟^j`$. The necessary condition is that they have the values occuring in the Table 1. The investigation then can be reduced to a direct check of equivalence with a particular six–dimensional Lie algebra (possibly after determination of abelian ideals and the factor algebras as in the Section 4.5.1).

One can see that for many Drinfeld doubles there are several decompositions into Manin triples. For each Manin triple there is a pair of dual sigma models. Their equation of motion

$$_\pm ll^1,^\pm =0$$
(12)
are given by the Drinfeld double and a three–dimensional subspace $`^+𝒟`$ so that all these models (for fixed $`^+`$) are equivalent. Moreover the scaling of $`,`$ does not change the equations of motion (12) and consequently all the models corresponding to (non–isomorphic) Drinfeld doubles with different $`b`$ are equal. We can construct the explicit forms of the equations of motion for every Drinfeld double but without a physical motivation this does not make much sense.

Let us note that the complete sets of the equivalent sigma models for a fixed Drinfeld double are given by the so called modular space of the double. The construction of all non–isomorphic Manin triples for the double is the first step in the construction of the modular spaces.

## 6 Appendix A: Bianchi algebras

It is known that any 3–dimensional real Lie algebra can be brought to one of 11 forms by a change of basis. These forms represent non–isomorphic Lie algebras and are conventionally known as Bianchi algebras. They are denoted by $`\mathrm{𝟏},\mathrm{},\mathrm{𝟓}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟔}_𝐚`$,$`\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟕}_𝐚`$,$`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$,$`\mathrm{𝟖}`$,$`\mathrm{𝟗}`$ (see e.g. , in literature often uppercase roman numbers are used instead of arabic ones). The list of Bianchi algebras is given in decreasing order starting from simple algebras.

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$ (i.e. $`so(3)`$)

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$ (i.e. $`sl(2,𝐑)`$)

$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$

One might use also another classification (used e.g. in ). In this notation the basis of the Lie algebra is usually written as $`(e_0,e_1,e_2)`$ and the classification is:

: $`[e_1,e_2]=0`$, $`[e_0,e_i]=0`$

: $`[e_1,e_2]=e_0`$, $`[e_0,e_i]=0`$

: $`[e_1,e_2]=0`$, $`[e_0,e_1]=e_1`$, $`[e_0,e_2]=\rho e_2`$, $`1\rho 1`$
This algebra is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ for $`\rho =1`$, $`\mathrm{𝟔}_{\frac{\rho +\mathrm{𝟏}}{\rho \mathrm{𝟏}}}`$ for $`0<|\rho |<1`$, $`\mathrm{𝟑}`$ for $`\rho =0`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟓}`$ for $`\rho =1`$.

: $`[e_1,e_2]=0`$, $`[e_0,e_1]=e_1`$, $`[e_0,e_2]=e_1+e_2`$

: $`[e_1,e_2]=0`$, $`[e_0,e_1]=\mu e_1e_2`$, $`[e_0,e_2]=e_1+\mu e_2`$, $`\mu 0`$
This algebra is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ for $`\mu =0`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mu `$ for $`\mu >0`$.

It is clear that this classification is more compact, on the other hand the classes in this classification contain algebras with different properties such as dimensions of commutant etc. and surprisingly the special cases of parameters we need to distinguish correspond in most cases to different Bianchi algebras. Therefore we use the Bianchi classification.

## 7 Appendix B: List of Manin triples

We present a list of Manin triples based on . The label of each Manin triple, e.g. $`(\mathrm{𝟖}|\mathrm{𝟓}.\mathrm{𝐢𝐢}|𝐛)`$, indicates the structure of the first subalgebra $`𝒢`$, e.g. Bianchi algebra $`\mathrm{𝟖}`$, the structure of the second subalgebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$, e.g. Bianchi algebra $`\mathrm{𝟓}`$; roman numbers $`i`$, $`ii`$ etc. (if present) distinguish between several possible pairings $`.,.`$ of the subalgebras $`𝒢,\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ and the parameter $`b`$ indicates the Manin triples differing by the rescaling of $`.,.`$ (if such Manin triples are not isomorphic).

The Lie structures of the subalgebras $`𝒢`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝒢}`$ are written out in mutually dual bases $`(X_1,X_2,X_3)`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3)`$ where the transformation (2) was used to bring $`𝒢`$ to the standard Bianchi form. Because of (3) this information specifies the Manin triple completely.

The dual Manin triples ($`𝒟,\stackrel{~}{𝒢},𝒢`$) are not written explicitly but can be easily obtained by $`X_j\stackrel{~}{X}^j`$.

1. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟗}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^3,b>0.`$
2. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟖}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
v $`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^3,b>0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^1,b>0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_3,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=(\stackrel{~}{X}^1+\stackrel{~}{X}^3).`$
3. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟕}_𝐚`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b(\frac{1}{a}\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\frac{1}{a}\stackrel{~}{X}^3),b𝐑\{0\}.`$
4. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^3,b𝐑\{0\}.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^1,b>0.`$
5. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟔}_𝐚`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$

$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$

$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b(\frac{1}{a}\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\frac{1}{a}\stackrel{~}{X}^3),b𝐑\{0\}.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\frac{a+1}{a1}(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=aX_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+aX_3,a>0,a1,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\frac{a1}{a+1}(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1.`$
6. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^3,b𝐑\{0\}.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=(\stackrel{~}{X}^1+\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1+\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=X_2,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^1,b>0.`$
7. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟓}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

and dual Manin triples $`(𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ to Manin triples given above for $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟖}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟗}`$.
8. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟒}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2+X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b\stackrel{~}{X}^2,b𝐑\{0\}.`$

and dual Manin triples $`(𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ to Manin triples given above for $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$.
9. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟑}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=b(\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3),b𝐑\{0\}.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=\stackrel{~}{X}^2+\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=X_2X_3,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=X_2+X_3,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=\stackrel{~}{X}^1.`$
10. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟐}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=X_1,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=\stackrel{~}{X}^3,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

and dual Manin triples $`(𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ to Manin triples given above for $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟑}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟒}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟔}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟔}_𝐚`$, $`\mathrm{𝟕}_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`\mathrm{𝟕}_𝐚`$.
11. Manin triples with the first subalgebra $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟏}`$:

:
$`[X_1,X_2]=0,[X_2,X_3]=0,[X_3,X_1]=0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}^1,\stackrel{~}{X}^2]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^2,\stackrel{~}{X}^3]=0,[\stackrel{~}{X}^3,\stackrel{~}{X}^1]=0.`$

and dual Manin triples $`(𝒢\stackrel{~}{𝒢})`$ to Manin triples given above for $`𝒢=\mathrm{𝟐}`$$`\mathrm{𝟗}`$.


format: text

text:
# Deformation quantization of covariant fields

## 1 Introduction

We would like to discuss here a possible application of deformation quantization, viz. a nonperturbative construction of star-products (along the lines indicated in \[Di93\]), to the quantization of interacting field theory. It is based on recent advances in the linearization programme for covariant wave equations proposed in \[FS80a, FS80b\] that uses nonlinear representation theory \[FPS77\]. We shall present this approach on an example. It can now be formulated in a more general setting thanks to results obtained by Flato, Simon, and Taflin concerning the existence of global solutions, scattering theory, and linearization of several covariant wave equations relevant to physics \[ST85, FST87, ST93, FST97\] (see \[ST00\] for a recent nontechnical survey of these results).

## 2 A sketch of the linearization programme

We shall give only the most basic facts and describe a few results, relevant for our discussion of the linearization programme \[FS80a, FS80b\] for covariant nonlinear equations. We skip the technical details: the reader can find them in the references listed at the end of the paper. At this stage we shall only briefly present the context. For the reader’s, convenience, we have collected in an appendix the basic notions on nonlinear representation theory of Lie groups and algebras introduced and developed in \[FPS77\] and some later works.

Let $`G`$ be a Lie group and $`E`$ be some vector space of functions (endowed with a Banach or Fréchet topology). We assume that there is an analytic action of $`G`$ on a neighborhood $`𝒪`$ of the origin in $`E`$ and that $`0E`$ is a fixed point for the action. Let $`H(𝒪,𝒪)`$ be the space of analytic maps from $`𝒪`$ to $`𝒪`$ 111This kind of holomorphic mappings space between topological vector spaces can be given several topologies and the theory is well developed, see \[Din99\].. Hence there is a map $`gGS_gH(𝒪,𝒪)`$ such that $`S_g(𝒪)𝒪`$, $`S_{g_1g_2}=S_{g_1}S_{g_2}`$, $`S_{g^1}=S_g^1`$, and $`S_g(0)=0`$. The pair $`(S,𝒪)`$ is called here an analytic nonlinear representation of $`G`$ in $`𝒪`$.

At the infinitesimal level, by differentiating the action of $`S_{\mathrm{exp}(tX)}`$, where $`X`$ is an element of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of $`G`$, one would expect to find “vector fields” $`T_X`$ on $`𝒪`$ (or on a open subset of it) satisfying $`T_{[X,Y]}=T_XT_YT_YT_X`$. The pair $`(T,𝒪)`$ is called an analytic nonlinear Lie algebra representation of $`𝔤`$ on $`𝒪`$.

One may think of the maps $`S`$ and $`T`$ be given by their Taylor coefficients: $`S=_{n1}S^n`$ and $`T=_{n1}T^n`$. Then the first order term $`S^1`$ (resp. $`T^1`$) is a linear representation of $`G`$ (resp. $`𝔤`$). Nonlinear representations are built by successive extensions of a linear representation by its successive tensor powers: they can be viewed as a kind of deformation of their linear part. Interactions described by covariant nonlinear equations (see below) can then be seen, as they should, as deformations of the free (noninteracting) situation, in line with Flato’s deformation philosophy \[Fl82\].

### 2.1 Covariant nonlinear equations

We shall be concerned with relativistic equations on Minkowski spacetime with direct physical relevance and “covariant” will always mean covariant under the action of the Poincaré group $`𝒫=\mathrm{SL}(2,)^4`$. The Lie algebra of $`𝒫`$ will be denoted by $`𝔭=𝔰𝔩(2,)^4`$. We use standard conventions: Einstein summation convention is used throughout for upper and lower indices (Latin indices run from $`1`$ to $`3`$ and Greek ones from $`0`$ to $`3`$). The metric tensor $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ has signature $`(+)`$. For convenience of notation we shall write $`x^4`$ as $`x=(t,\stackrel{}{x})`$, where $`t=x^0`$, $`\stackrel{}{x}=(x^1,x^2,x^3)`$. For a function $`\varphi :^4V`$ where $`V`$ is a vector space, we set $`\varphi (t):^3V`$ by $`\varphi (t)(\stackrel{}{x})\varphi (t,\stackrel{}{x})\varphi (x)`$. An element $`g𝒫`$ is written as $`g=(\mathrm{\Lambda },a)`$ where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ and $`a^4`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ be the canonical homomorphism of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ onto the group $`\mathrm{SO}_0(1,3)`$. Then the group law in $`𝒫`$ is $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_1,a_1).(\mathrm{\Lambda }_2,a_2)=(\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_2,a_1+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_1a_2)`$. The natural action of the Poincaré group on spacetime will be denoted by $`gx=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}x+a`$. Finally, the standard basis of $`𝔭`$ is $`\{P_\mu ,M_{\alpha \beta }\}`$ with $`\alpha <\beta `$.

Most of the classical wave equations met in physics can be cast into evolution equations governed by some Hamiltonian operator (see e.g. \[RS79\]). Suppose that one starts with a vector space $`E`$ of initial data (usually a Banach or Fréchet space). For simplicity, elements of $`E`$ are functions defined on the whole of $`^3`$ and take their values in a finite-dimensional vector space $`V`$. Let $`H`$ be an operator on $`E`$ given by a (non)linear differential operator such that $`H(0)=0`$. We are interested in the solutions of the following evolution equation:

$$\frac{d\psi (t)}{dt}=H(\psi (t)),\psi (0)=\psi _0E.$$
(2.1)
Now suppose that the previous evolution equation is associated to some covariant nonlinear (wave) equation. So one has a finite-dimensional representation of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ in $`V`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }A(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, and given a solution $`\psi `$ of Eq. (2.1), then $`\psi ^g(x)A(\mathrm{\Lambda })\psi (\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^1(xa))`$ is also a solution for any $`g=(\mathrm{\Lambda },a)𝒫`$. There is a local action $`S`$ of $`𝒫`$ on $`E`$ having the origin in $`E`$ as fixed point and given by $`S_g(\psi _0)(\stackrel{}{x})=\psi ^g(0,\stackrel{}{x})`$, where $`\psi _0(\stackrel{}{x})=\psi (0,\stackrel{}{x})`$, i.e., $`S_{g_1g_2}=S_{g_1}S_{g_2}`$. In particular, if $`tU_t`$ is the evolution operator of Eq. (2.1), $`U_{t+t^{}}=U_tU_t^{}`$, $`\psi (t)=U_t(\psi _0)`$ and we have $`U(t)=S_{\mathrm{exp}(tP_0)}`$, where $`P_0𝔭`$ is the generator of time translations. Hence we can associate to the covariant equation (2.1) what looks very much like a nonlinear representation of $`𝒫`$ in $`E`$. Conversely, if one has a nonlinear representation $`(S,E)`$ of $`𝒫`$, by formally differentiating $`\psi (t)=S_{\mathrm{exp}(tP_0)}(\psi (0))`$ with respect to $`t`$, one would expect to recover a covariant evolution equation as in Eq. (2.1).

The linearization programme \[FS80a, FS80b\] is based on the idea to take into account the full covariance of a nonlinear equation by associating to it a nonlinear representation, and then study its linearizability. In the case where the nonlinear representation is linearizable, i.e., equivalent to its linear part which corresponds to the associated linear (free) equation, then one can directly deduce global existence in time of the solutions of the nonlinear equation.

As one would expect from deformation theory, the linearization involves the computation of some cohomology spaces. It is remarkable that formal nonlinear massive representations of the Poincaré group are always formally linearizable \[Ta84\]. The covariance provides the right spaces where to perform the study (spaces of differentiable or analytic vectors for the linear part) and then to look for convergence of the expressions involved when going to the analytic setting.

Notice that the Maxwell-Dirac system in $`(1+3)`$ dimensions (i.e., classical electrodynamics) presents many subtleties due to the zero mass of the photon. Even at the formal level, one cannot get a (local) nonlinear representation of Lie algebra by using the techniques of \[FPS77\]. Further technical refinements are needed and it is a real tour de force that was achieved in \[FST97\] by solving the long standing problem of global solutions for classical electrodynamics and asymptotic completeness. It turns out that Maxwell-Dirac system cannot be linearized completely because of the long-range nature of the vector potential. The asymptotic fields do not transform according to a linear representation of the Poincaré group and consequently they are not asymptotically free. Nevertheless, one gets tractable expressions which provide new insights on the infrared problem in Quantum Electrodynamics.

### 2.2 Nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation

We present an example that we shall need in Section 3 for our discussion on deformation quantization. It is based on results obtained in \[ST93\]. Consider the massive nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation:

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }+m^2\mathrm{\Phi }=P(\mathrm{\Phi },_t\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Phi }),m>0,$$
(2.2)
where $`\mathrm{}=^\mu _\mu =_t^2\mathrm{\Delta }`$, and $`P`$ is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ function covariant under $`𝒫`$ and vanishes at $`0`$ along with its first derivatives.

Simon and Taflin \[ST85, ST93\] solved the Cauchy problem for Eq. (2.2), in $`(1+n)`$-dimensional spacetime with $`n2`$, by using linearization techniques. They have shown global existence and asymptotic completeness for Cauchy data in some neighborhood of the origin of an Hilbert space.

Equation (2.2) can be put in the form of an evolution equation (2.1) by taking:

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }\\ \mathrm{\Pi }\end{array}\right),H(\psi )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& I\\ \mathrm{\Delta }m^2& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }\\ \mathrm{\Pi }\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ P(\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Pi },\mathrm{\Phi })\end{array}\right).$$
(2.3)
We shall use the following decomposition into Fourier modes:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(t)(\stackrel{}{x})& =\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2(2\pi )^{3/2}\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\left(\overline{a}(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}+a(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Pi }(t)(\stackrel{}{x})& =i\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2(2\pi )^{3/2}}\left(\overline{a}(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}a(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.4)
where $`\omega (\stackrel{}{k})=\sqrt{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2+m^2}`$, along with:

$$a_+(t)(\stackrel{}{x})=i\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}\overline{a}(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}},a_{}(t)(\stackrel{}{x})=i\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}a(t)(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}.$$
(2.5)
In terms of $`𝐚=(a_+,a_{})`$, the evolution equation for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation reads:

$$\frac{d}{dt}\left(\begin{array}{c}a_+(t)\\ a_{}(t)\end{array}\right)=i\omega (i)\left(\begin{array}{c}a_+(t)\\ a_{}(t)\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{c}F(𝐚(t))\\ F(𝐚(t))\end{array}\right),$$
(2.6)
where $`F(𝐚(t))=P(\mathrm{\Phi }(t),\mathrm{\Pi }(t),\mathrm{\Phi }(t))`$ through the substitutions (2.4) and (2.5) and$`\omega (i)`$ is the operator acting as multiplication by $`\omega (\stackrel{}{k})`$ after Fourier transformation.

The free Klein-Gordon equation (when $`F=0`$) induces a Lie algebra linear representation $`T^1`$ of $`𝔭`$ in $`E_{\mathrm{}}=𝒮(^3,)𝒮(^3,)`$. For $`(f_+,f_{})E_{\mathrm{}}`$ it is given by:

$`T_{P_0}^1(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`i\omega (i)(f_+,f_{});`$
$`T_{P_j}^1(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`_j(f_+,f_{});`$
$`T_{M_{ij}}^1(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`(x_i_jx_j_i)(f_+,f_{});`$
$`T_{M_{0j}}^1(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`i\omega (i)(x_jf_+,x_jf_{}).`$
The representation $`T^1`$ exponentiates to a continuous linear representation of $`𝒫`$ in the Hilbert space $`E=L^2(^3,)L^2(^3,)`$, for which $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the set of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-vectors.

The nonlinear representation $`T=_{n1}T^n`$ of $`𝔭`$ in $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ associated to Eq. (2.6) is determined by the interaction term $`F`$. By writing $`T=T^1+\stackrel{~}{T}`$, on $`𝐟=(f_+,f_{})E_{\mathrm{}}`$, it is defined by:

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_{P_0}(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`(F(𝐟),F(𝐟));`$
$`\stackrel{~}{T}_{P_j}(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`0;`$
$`\stackrel{~}{T}_{M_{ij}}(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`0;`$
$`\stackrel{~}{T}_{M_{0j}}(f_+,f_{})`$ $`=`$ $`(x_jF(𝐟),x_jF(𝐟)).`$
The coefficients $`T^n`$, $`n2`$, are the homogeneous terms of degree $`n`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. With these notations, Eq. (2.6) now reads:

$$\frac{d𝐟(t)}{dt}=(T_{P_0}^1+\stackrel{~}{T}_{P_0})(𝐟(t)).$$

It is shown in \[ST93\] that this nonlinear representation of $`𝔭`$ can be exponentiated to a nonlinear representation $`U=_{n1}U^n`$ of $`𝒫`$ on some neighborhood of $`0E`$ and that $`U`$ is linearizable. We shall be interested in the particular case where the interaction term $`P`$ in (2.2) is a covariant polynomial of the field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ only, without constant term or terms of degree $`1`$. Also we require that the classical Hamiltonian associated to Eq. (2.2) is a positive functional. In that particular case, it follows directly from more general results proved in \[ST93\] that:

* $`U`$ is an analytic map $`𝒫\times E_{\mathrm{}}E_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`gU_{g^1}^1U_g`$ is a continuous map from $`𝒫`$ to the space of Banach analytic maps $`(E_{\mathrm{}},E_{\mathrm{}})`$.
* There exists a unique invertible analytic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_ϵ:E_{\mathrm{}}E_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\epsilon =\pm `$, such that $`U_g\mathrm{\Omega }_\epsilon =\mathrm{\Omega }_\epsilon U_g^1`$ for $`g𝒫`$.
* $`\underset{t\pm \mathrm{}}{lim}U_{\mathrm{exp}(tP_0)}(\mathrm{\Omega }_\pm (\psi ))U_{\mathrm{exp}(tP_0)}^1(\psi )_E=0,\psi E_{\mathrm{}}`$.
* If the Cauchy data $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(0),_t\mathrm{\Phi }(0))`$ are in $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$, then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(t)`$ is in $`𝒮(^3,)`$ for all $`t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }C^{\mathrm{}}(^4)`$.

## 3 Application of deformation quantization

Consider a finite-dimensional manifold $`M`$ with a Poison bracket $`\{,\}`$ defined on it. Recall that a deformation quantization of $`M`$ is given by a formal associative deformation $``$ (star-product) of the usual multiplication of smooth functions on $`M`$:

$$fg=fg+\underset{n1}{}\lambda ^nC_n(f,g),$$
(3.7)
such that $`[f,g]_{}=\frac{1}{2\lambda }(fggf)`$ is a formal Lie algebra deformation of the Poisson bracket on $`M`$. All the series involved are formal series in the deformation parameter $`\lambda `$ with coefficients in the space of smooth functions on $`M`$ (see e.g. \[DS\] for details). The cochains $`C_n`$ are usually required to be bidifferential operators vanishing on constants. In quantum-mechanical models, one takes $`\lambda =\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}`$ and the formal series often converge in the distribution sense.

In order to treat field theoretic problems, one would naturally go over to infinite-dimensional manifolds of fields. Then one would consider a family of functionals of the fields and try to deform it via a star-product. Very quickly, one will be faced with the problem of giving a meaning to (3.7) as a formal series, i.e., to have well-defined cochains $`C_n`$ on the family of functionals considered. Of course it is always possible to take a small enough family of functionals such that the star-product is well defined. For example, if the manifold $`M=HH`$ where $`H`$ is a Hilbert space, take as algebra of functionals $`𝒜`$ the one generated by (finite) tensor products of continuous linear forms on $`H`$, then it is easy to write down a well-defined star-product such that $`𝒜𝒜𝒜[\lambda ]`$. But this is of no interest if one has in mind applications to field quantization: even free Hamiltonians do not belong to this family of functionals. So our very first concern is to construct star-products defined on a sufficiently rich family of functionals which should at least includes the Poincaré generators.

For more than a half-century, physicists have known how to handle divergences appearing in physical interacting quantum models, especially in QED, and developed perturbative renormalization methods. The idea underlying most of the renormalization methods is to first regularize singular expressions (e.g. with a cut-off), then identify and extract terms becoming singular when the regularization is removed. This is done perturbatively with respect to various relevant parameters of the model considered.

In the deformation quantization framework, one will obviously meet divergences in the cochains of the star-product and try to remove them in a more controlled way. The idea here is to identify the diverging terms as singular cocycles or coboundaries of the Hochschild cohomology and get rid of them by passing to an equivalent star-product. This approach is perturbative in $`\mathrm{}`$ and if one can manage to construct a “renormalized” star-product in such a way up to some order in $`\mathrm{}`$, then it will necessarily be a multi-parameter deformation (the deformation parameters being the physical parameters of the model under study, e.g. coupling constant). The systematization of this idea would lead to a cohomological approach to renormalization (see \[DS\], Section 4.2.1).

### 3.1 Normal star-product

Consider the free massive real scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. It satisfies the linear Klein-Gordon equation $`(\mathrm{}+m^2)\mathrm{\Phi }(t,\stackrel{}{x})=0`$, $`m>0`$. Let $`E_{\mathrm{}}=𝒮(^3,)𝒮(^3,)`$. The initial data $`(\varphi ,\pi )E_{\mathrm{}}`$ are decomposed into (definite energy) Fourier modes by:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \varphi (\stackrel{}{x})& =\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2(2\pi )^{3/2}\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\left(\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}+a(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \pi (\stackrel{}{x})& =i\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2(2\pi )^{3/2}}\left(\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}a(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{x}}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.8)
where as usual $`\omega (\stackrel{}{k})=(|\stackrel{}{k}|^2+m^2)^{1/2}`$. Since $`m>0`$ and $`(\varphi ,\pi )E_{\mathrm{}}`$ it follows that $`(\overline{a},a)`$ is in $`W_{\mathrm{}}𝒮(^3,)𝒮(^3,)`$. We look at $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$ as a real vector space.

Denote by $`𝒜=_s(W_{\mathrm{}})`$ the space of analytic $``$-valued mappings on $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$ having semiregular kernels as tempered distributions. An element $`F_s(W_{\mathrm{}})`$ can be written as:

$$F(\overline{a},a)=\underset{m,n0}{}F^{mn},\overline{a}^^ma^^n,$$
(3.9)
where the kernel $`F^{mn}𝒮^{}(^{3m},)𝒮^{}(^{3n},)`$ is regular with respect to either its first $`3m`$ variables or its last $`3n`$ variables. Semiregularity implies that usual functional derivatives of $`F`$ are in $`𝒮`$ as long as one does not consider mixed derivatives. Notice that the free Hamiltonian $`H_0(\overline{a},a)=\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2}\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})a(\stackrel{}{k})`$ belongs to $`𝒜`$ along with all of the free Poincaré generators.

We define normalized functional derivatives as:

$$D_{a(\stackrel{}{k})}=(2\omega (\stackrel{}{k}))^{1/2}\frac{\delta }{\delta a(\stackrel{}{k})}D_{\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})}=(2\omega (\stackrel{}{k}))^{1/2}\frac{\delta }{\delta \overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})},$$

and the standard Poisson bracket reads:

$$\{F,G\}=\frac{2}{i}d^3\stackrel{}{k}(D_{a(\stackrel{}{k})}(F)D_{\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})}(G)D_{\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k})}(F)D_{a(\stackrel{}{k})}(G)).$$
(3.10)
Clearly $`𝒜`$ endowed with this bracket is a Poisson algebra (i.e., it is closed for the bracket operation), and $`(W_{\mathrm{}},𝒜,\{,\})`$ is a Poisson space.

The normal star-product $`_N`$ on $`(W_{\mathrm{}},𝒜)`$ is defined by

$$F_NG=FG+\underset{n1}{}\mathrm{}^nC_n^N(F,G)$$

where:

$$C_n^N(F,G)=\frac{1}{n!}d^3\stackrel{}{k_1}\mathrm{}d^3\stackrel{}{k_n}\left(D_{a(\stackrel{}{k_1})}\mathrm{}D_{a(\stackrel{}{k_n})}(F)D_{\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k_1})}\mathrm{}D_{\overline{a}(\stackrel{}{k_n})}(G)\right).$$
(3.11)
Notice that the deformation parameter is $`\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}`$, the factor $`\frac{i}{2}`$ has been absorbed in the definition of the cochains, so the star-bracket is $`[f,g]__N=\frac{2}{i\mathrm{}}(F_NGG_NF)`$.

The normal star-product realizes a deformation quantization of $`(W_{\mathrm{}},𝒜,\{,\})`$ and it will be used in the next section as starting point for the construction of other star-products.

### 3.2 Deformation quantization for interacting fields

For our discussion of the applications of the linearization programme to deformation quantization of interacting fields, we shall consider a massive real scalar field theory in $`(1+3)`$-dimensions with polynomial interaction such that the Hamiltonian is positive:

$$(\mathrm{}+m^2)\mathrm{\Phi }(t,\stackrel{}{x})+V^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }(t,\stackrel{}{x}))=0m>0,$$
(3.12)
where $`V^{}`$ is the derivative of the potential in the Hamiltonian. $`V`$ is assumed here to fulfill $`V(0)=V^{}(0)=V^{\prime \prime }(0)=0`$. We denote by $`\{P_\mu ,M_{\alpha \beta }\}`$ the Poincaré generators for Eq. (3.12) seen as functionals of the Cauchy data $`(\varphi ,\pi )`$ or their Fourier modes $`(\overline{a},a)`$ defined above. Also $`\{P_\mu ^f,M_{\alpha \beta }^f\}`$ will be the corresponding free generators.

For initial data $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=\varphi `$ and $`_t\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=\pi `$ in $`E_{\mathrm{}}=𝒮(^3,)𝒮(^3,)`$, it follows from the results of \[ST93\], reviewed in Section 2.2, that there exists a unique global solution $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with free asymptotic fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm `$:

$$\underset{t\pm \mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Phi }(t)\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm (t)_E=0,$$

where $`_E`$ denotes the Hilbertian norm of $`E=L^2(^3,)L^2(^3,)`$.

Denote by $`(\varphi ^\pm ,\pi ^\pm )`$ the initial data of $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm `$. The wave operators $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm :(\varphi ^\pm ,\pi ^\pm )(\varphi ,\pi )`$ are invertible analytic mappings from $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ onto $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$, they preserve the Poisson bracket (Poisson maps), and the classical scattering operator $`S=(\mathrm{\Omega }^+)^1\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ is also analytic on $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$. Moreover, and more importantly for us, the wave operators linearize the Poincaré generators:

$$P_\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^\pm =P_\mu ^f,M_{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm =M_{\alpha \beta }^f.$$
(3.13)
Notice that in general the generators $`\{P_\mu ,M_{\alpha \beta }\}`$ do not belong to the space $`𝒜`$ (e.g. for $`\mathrm{\Phi }^4`$-theory). However for the kind of potential we are considering, the first cochain of the normal star-product $`C_1^N`$ makes still sense on the Poincaré generators, the remark applies to the Poisson bracket as well. However, the second cochain $`C_2^N`$ is not defined on the Poincaré generators $`\{P_\mu ,M_{\alpha \beta }\}`$ in general.

We now introduce two star-products from the normal one:

$$(F^\pm G)\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm =(F\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm )_N(G\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm ).$$
(3.14)
They are defined on $`𝒜^\pm `$ the push-forward of $`𝒜`$ by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm `$. Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm `$ are Poisson maps the star-brackets of $`^\pm `$ are also deformations of the standard Poisson bracket (3.10). Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm `$ depends (in a non trivial way!) on the parameters (coupling constants) that may appear in the potential $`V`$ in (3.12), so will the cochains $`C_n^\pm `$ of $`^\pm `$. One should also remark that (3.14) does not necessarily imply the equivalence of the star-products.

From Eq. (3.13), we deduce in particular for the $`k`$-th $`^\pm `$-power of the interacting Hamiltonian $`H=P_0`$:

$$(^\pm H)^k=(^NH_0)^k(\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm )^1,$$
(3.15)
where $`H_0=P_0^f`$ is the free Hamiltonian. It is easy to check that $`(^NH_0)^k`$ belongs to $`𝒜`$ for all $`k1`$, and, since $`(\mathrm{\Omega }^\pm )^1`$ sends $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$ onto $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$, the right-hand side of (3.15) is well defined for all $`n0`$. Consequently all the powers $`(^\pm H)^n`$ are defined on $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$. Obviously, the same holds for any finite $`^\pm `$-products of the $`\{P_\mu ,M_{\alpha \beta }\}`$. Therefore $`𝒜^\pm `$ contains a $`^\pm `$-subalgebra isomorphic to the universal enveloping algebra of the Poincaré Lie algebra.

A fundamental tool in deformation quantization is the star-exponential:

$$\mathrm{Exp}_{}(\frac{tF}{i\mathrm{}})=\underset{n0}{}\frac{1}{n!}(\frac{t}{i\mathrm{}})^n(F)^n.$$
(3.16)
In many quantum-mechanical models, this series is convergent as a distribution, and allows to determine the spectrum and eigenstates of some Hamiltonian or any physically relevant observable. This is accomplished by performing a Fourier analysis of $`\mathrm{Exp}_{}(\frac{tH}{i\mathrm{}})`$ for some Hamiltonian. In field theory, for the free fields, one can easily sum up the series and get expressions for relevant observables in a closed form. For the example we are treating, each term in (3.16) is well defined, e.g. for the Hamiltonian. However due to the presence of the factor $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}`$ one cannot conclude that the series is a formal series in both $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mathrm{}^1`$, because their coefficients involve infinite sums. The linearization maps would be useful for these considerations

The star-products $`^\pm `$ are best suited than the normal product as they are free of a large class of divergences by construction. It is not clear how the fields behave in the framework we have presented. A deeper study of these constructions should open more avenues to treat divergences problem in field theory and make more explicit the interplay between classical and quantum field theories.

We end this Note by making some remarks about Electrodynamics. Maxwell-Dirac equations cannot be linearized and the asymptotic fields are not free (the vector potential is free, but the Dirac spinor is not). The existence of modified wave operators has been established in \[FST97\] on a space of small initial data in neighborhood of the origin in some Hilbert space. These modified operators do linearize the Poincaré generators (seen as functional of the fields) and the electric current, but before applying a procedure similar to the one we have sketched here, one will first have to solve the deformation quantization of the asymptotic fields themselves.

Acknowledgements

The author thanks D. Sternheimer and E. Taflin for very useful discussions and remarks.

Appendix: Notions on nonlinear representations

Let $`E`$ be a Fréchet space. Denote by $`^n(E,E)`$ the space of continuous symmetric $`n`$-linear maps on $`E`$ taking their values in $`E`$. The natural identification $`^n(E,E)(\widehat{}^nE,E)`$, where $`\widehat{}`$ is the completed symmetric projective tensor product, will be implicitly assumed. For $`f^n(E,E)`$, we shall denote by $`\widehat{f}`$ the associated homogeneous polynomial on $`E`$, i.e., $`\widehat{f}(x)=f(x,\mathrm{},x)`$. Let $`(E)`$ be the vector space of formal series $`F=_{n1}f^n`$, where $`f^n^n(E,E)`$. There is an associative product on $`(E)`$, denoted $``$, given by the composition of formal series. For $`F=_{n1}f^n`$ and $`H=_{n1}h^n`$, the associated homogeneous polynomial of the term of degree $`n`$ in $`FH`$ reads:

$$(\widehat{FH})^n(x)=\underset{1pn}{}f^p\left(\underset{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_p=n}{}\widehat{h}^{n_1}(x)\mathrm{}\widehat{h}^{n_p}(x)\right),xE.$$
(A.1)
Let $`^{\mathrm{inv}}(E)`$ be the group of invertible elements in $`((E),)`$.

###### Definition A.1.

A formal nonlinear representation $`(S,E)`$ of a Lie group $`G`$ in $`E`$ is a homomorphism $`S:G^{\mathrm{inv}}(E)`$ such that $`(g;x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)S_g^n(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ are continuous maps from $`G\times E^n`$ to $`E`$, $`n1`$.

As a consequence of Eq. (A.1), we have $`S_{gg^{}}^1(x)=S_g^1(S_g^{}^1(x))`$ for $`g,g^{}G`$, $`xE`$. Thus the first order term of $`S_g=_{n1}S_g^n`$ is a linear representation of $`G`$ in $`E`$, denoted $`(S^1,E)`$ and called the free part of $`(S,E)`$.

###### Definition A.2.

Two formal nonlinear representations $`(S,E)`$ and $`(S^{},E)`$ of a Liegroup $`G`$ in $`E`$ are said to be formally equivalent, if there exists an element $`A^{\mathrm{inv}}(E)`$ such that $`S_g=AS_g^{}A^1`$, $`gG`$. A formal nonlinear representation $`(S,E)`$ is called formally linearizable, if it is formally equivalent to the linear representation $`(S^1,E)`$.

Roughly speaking, a formal nonlinear representation can be seen as a formal action of $`G`$ in $`E`$ having $`0E`$ as a fixed point. By looking at the infinitesimal action, one would expect to encounter formal vector fields and their Lie bracket. It is indeed the case. For $`F,H(E)`$, define $`FH(E)`$ by:

$$(\widehat{FH})^n(x)=\underset{1pn}{}f^p\left(\underset{1ip}{}(x^{^{i1}})\widehat{h}^{np+1}(x)(x^{^{pi}})\right),xE.$$
(A.2)
The bracket $`[F,H]FHHF`$ endows $`(E)`$ with a Lie algebra structure, and we have the corresponding of Def. A.1 for formal nonlinear representations of a Lie algebra.

###### Definition A.3.

A formal nonlinear representation $`(T,E)`$ of a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ in $`E`$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism $`T:𝔤(E)`$.

By writing $`T=_{n1}T^n`$, one can check that $`T^1:𝔤(E,E)`$ is a linear Lie algebra representation of $`𝔤`$ in $`E`$, and $`(T^1,E)`$ is called the free part of $`(T,E)`$.

There are analytic counterparts to the previous definitions. One would speak of analytic nonlinear representations of Lie groups and algebras, analytic equivalence of analytic nonlinear representations, etc. if the formal series involved are analytic in some neighborhood of the origin in $`E`$.

If one has a continuous linear representation $`\pi `$ of a real Lie group $`G`$ in a Banach space $`E`$, then one has a linear representation $`d\pi `$ of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of $`G`$ in $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$, the Fréchet space of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-vectors of $`\pi `$. It is a remarkable fact that a similar statement holds for nonlinear representations. More precisely \[FPS77, ST95\]: any (formal or analytic) nonlinear representation $`(S,E)`$ of a real Lie group $`G`$ on a Banach space $`E`$ can be differentiated and gives a nonlinear representation $`(T,E_{\mathrm{}})`$ of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ on the space of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-vectors for the free part $`(S^1,E)`$ of $`(S,E)`$. Then $`T^1`$ is equal to $`dS^1`$. Conversely, if $`G`$ is moreover connected and simply connected, any nonlinear representation $`(T,E_{\mathrm{}})`$ of $`𝔤`$ such that its free part $`(T^1,E_{\mathrm{}})`$ is the differential of a linear representation $`\pi `$ of $`G`$ in a Banach space $`E`$, can be exponentiated to a unique nonlinear representation $`(S,E_{\mathrm{}})`$ of $`G`$ such that $`S^1=\pi `$ (under some regularity assumptions on $`(T,E_{\mathrm{}})`$, $`(S,E_{\mathrm{}})`$ can be extended to a nonlinear representation $`(S,E)`$).