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# A Symmetric Imprimitivity Theorem for Commuting Proper Actions

## 1. Introduction

Until recently, the various symmetric imprimitivity theorems in the literature have all been associated to commuting free and proper actions of two locally compact groups $`H`$ and $`K`$ on the left and right of a locally compact space $`P`$. The original theorem, due to Green and Rieffel , says that the crossed products $`C_0(P/H)K`$ and $`C_0(K\backslash P)H`$ are Morita equivalent; the most powerful generalizations give Morita equivalences between crossed products of induced $`C^{}`$-algebras  or crossed products of $`C_0(P)`$-algebras .

There two ways to prove a symmetric imprimitivity theorem. The first, used in  and , is to build module actions and inner products on spaces of compactly supported functions and then complete to get a bimodule over the (complete) crossed products; for the Green-Rieffel theorem, the bimodule $`Z=Z_K^H`$ is a completion of $`C_c(P)`$. The second, used in  and , starts from the one-sided equivalence involving just one group, and bootstraps up by taking crossed products and tensor products; for the Green-Rieffel theorem, we start with $`X:=Z_{\{e\}}^H`$ and $`Y:=Z_K^{\{e\}}`$, and the tensor product

$$(XK)_{C_0(P)(K\times H)}(YH).$$

implements the equivalence. In applications, the first bimodule $`Z`$ is more convenient for direct calculations, and the tensor-product bimodule is useful when we want to bootstrap results from the one-sided case. It is known that the two bimodules are in fact isomorphic as imprimitivity bimodules , and this isomorphism is useful, for example, in settling questions of amenability .

Both constructions, though, ultimately use imprimitivity bimodules constructed from algebras of functions, and the algebraic structure in these bimodules was found by pretty much *ad hoc* methods. In , Rieffel proposed an alternative, more systematic approach for building imprimitivity bimodules, based on abstracting the concepts of proper and free actions to the noncommutative setting. He described a family of proper saturated actions of a locally compact group $`G`$ on a non-commutative $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$ for which there is a Morita equivalence between the (reduced) crossed product $`C_rG`$ and a generalized fixed-point algebra $`C^G`$ of $`C`$; this one-sided equivalence is implemented by a bimodule which is constructed by completing a dense subalgebra of $`C`$ in a very particular way.

Pask and Raeburn have recently proved a symmetric imprimitivity theorem for commuting actions on the Cuntz-Krieger algebras of directed graphs \[18, Theorem 2.1\], which appears to be quite independent of the machinery developed in . However, the actions considered in  are proper in Rieffel’s sense, and \[18, Theorem 2.1\] can be formulated as a Morita equivalence of crossed products of generalized fixed-point algebras. It is therefore tempting to look for a symmetric imprimitivity theorem for commuting proper actions on a $`C^{}`$-algebra, and the purpose of the present paper is to formulate and prove such a theorem. Thus we consider commuting actions $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ of two groups on the same $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$, and aim to prove that if both actions are proper and saturated in Rieffel’s sense, then we have a Morita equivalence between the crossed products $`C^\tau _{\sigma ,r}K`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\tau ,r}H`$. We want a complete theory: we want a tensor-product bimodule which is good for bootstrapping arguments, a bimodule which is obtained by completing a dense subalgebra of $`C`$, and an isomorphism between these bimodules. If this new symmetric imprimitivity theorem requires extra hypotheses, we want to know that the hypotheses are satisfied in the key examples.

The first step is relatively straightforward. Under some mild continuity hypotheses which ensure that the various crossed products make sense, we can start with two applications of Rieffel’s theorem from  and use the usual bootstrap arguments to obtain a tensor-product bimodule (Proposition 2.2). The second and third steps are achieved in §3 using the results of our earlier paper . We show that the natural action of $`K`$ on the bimodule implementing the equivalence between $`C^\tau `$ and $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is proper and saturated in the sense of , and identify the generalized fixed-point algebra $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^K`$ with $`C^\sigma _{\tau ,r}H`$, so that the main theorems of  give the desired Morita equivalence between $`C^\tau _{\sigma ,r}K`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\tau ,r}H`$ and the isomorphism with the tensor-product bimodule (Theorem 3.7 and Corollary 3.8). The proof of Theorem 3.7 raises substantial technical problems involving vector-valued integrals whose treatment we defer to two appendices.

Theorem 3.7 requires substantial hypotheses of the sort needed by Rieffel in . In the final section, we show that the hypotheses in §3 are often automatically satisfied. More specifically, we show that if there is an underlying free and proper space $`{}_{K}{}^{}P_{H}^{}`$ such that $`C_0(P)`$ maps bi-equivariantly into $`M(C)`$, then Theorem 3.7 applies. Although it is a little against the spirit of Rieffel’s theory to assume the existence of an underlying proper action on a space, it is a fact that in all main examples of proper actions of $`G`$ there is such an underlying space $`{}_{G}{}^{}P`$. We discuss this in our concluding Remark 4.5, and also speculate on possible implications for nonabelian duality.

## 2. The Tensor-Product Imprimitivity Bimodule

Let $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ be commuting actions of locally compact groups on a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$. We assume that both $`\tau `$ and $`\sigma `$ are proper and saturated with respect to the same dense invariant $``$-subalgebra $`C_0`$ of $`C`$ in the sense of .

Applying \[23, Corollary 1.7\] to $`\tau `$ gives a $`C_{\tau ,r}H\text{}C^\tau `$ imprimitivity bimodule $`\overline{C_0}`$, where $`C^\tau `$ denotes the generalized fixed-point algebra. Recall that, by definition, $`C^\tau `$ is the closure of

$$D_0:=\mathrm{span}\{b,c_{C^\tau }:b,cC_0\}M(C)^\tau ,$$

where each $`b,c_{C^\tau }`$ is a uniquely determined element of $`M(C)^\tau `$ such that for every $`aC_0`$

$$_Ha\tau _s(b^{}c)𝑑s=ab,c_{C^\tau }.$$

Since $`\tau `$ is saturated,

$$E_0:=\mathrm{span}\{s\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}b\tau _s(c^{}):b,cC_0\}$$

is dense in $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$.

Throughout we will denote by $`X`$ a module isomorphic to the dual of $`{}_{C_{\tau ,r}H}{}^{}(\overline{C_0})_{C^\tau }^{}`$, so that $`X`$ is a $`C^\tau \text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)`$-imprimitivity bimodule. Formally, $`X`$ is obtained by completing $`X_0:=C_0`$, where $`X_0`$ is the left $`D_0`$-module with $`dx:=dx`$ and $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,y=x^{},y^{}_{C^\tau }`$; one can easily check that the map $`\phi :\mathrm{}(c)c^{}`$ is an isomorphism of the dual of $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}(\overline{C_0})`$ onto $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}X_{0}^{}`$. We use the same isomorphism $`\phi `$ to work out what the formula for the $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$-valued inner product on $`X_0`$ should be:

$`x,y_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)`$ $`=(x^{})^{},(y^{})^{}_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)`$
$`=\phi (\mathrm{}(x^{})),\phi (\mathrm{}(y^{}))_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)`$
$`=\mathrm{}(x^{}),\mathrm{}(y^{})_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)`$
$`={}_{C_{\tau ,r}H}{}^{}x^{},y^{}(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x^{}\tau _s(y).`$
Now $`X_0=C_0`$ completes to give a Morita equivalence between $`C^\tau `$ and $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$, and for $`x,y,zX_0,dD_0`$ and $`eE_0L^1(H,C)`$ the actions and inner products are given by

(2.1) $`dx=dx\text{ is multiplication in }M(C)`$
(2.2) $`xe={\displaystyle _H}\tau _s^1(xe(s))\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}𝑑s`$
(2.3) $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,v\text{ is characterized by }{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,vz={\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(xv^{})zds`$
(2.4) $`x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x^{}\tau _s(v).`$
The first step to obtaining the tensor-product version of the symmetric imprimitivity theorem is to show that the natural extension $`\overline{\sigma }`$ of $`\sigma `$ to $`M(C)`$ leaves $`C^\tau `$ invariant: if $`x,v,wX_0`$ then, using (2.3), we have

$`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}\sigma _t(x),\sigma _t(v)w`$ $`={\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(\sigma _t(x)\sigma _t(v)^{})w𝑑s={\displaystyle _H}\sigma _t(\tau _s(xv^{}))w𝑑s`$
$`=\sigma _t\left({\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(xv^{})\sigma _t^1(w)ds\right)=\sigma _t({}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,v\sigma _t^1(w))`$
$`=\overline{\sigma }_t\left({}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,v\right)w.`$
Similarly, we use (2.4) to show that

$`\sigma _t(x),\sigma _t(v)_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}\sigma _t(x)^{}\tau _s(\sigma _t(v))=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}\sigma _t(x^{}\tau _s(v))`$
$`=\sigma _t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s))=(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})(s).`$
These two calculations show that, algebraically at least, $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ is a potential candidate for an action of $`K`$ on the $`C^\tau \text{}C_{\tau ,r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule $`X`$.

To form the crossed-product bimodule, we need conditions implying that the action $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ induces appropriately continuous actions $`\overline{\sigma },\sigma `$ and $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ on $`C^\tau ,X`$ and $`C_{r,\tau }H`$ respectively. We start by observing that $`\sigma \mathrm{id}:K\mathrm{Aut}(C_{\tau ,r}H)`$ is always continuous. To see this, fix $`ϵ>0`$ and $`fC_c(H,C)`$. Note that $`L:=\{f(s):s\mathrm{supp}f\}`$ is a compact subset of $`C`$. Since $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ is continuous there exists a neighborhood $`U`$ of $`e_K`$ such that $`tU`$ implies that $`\sigma _t(c)c<ϵ/\mu _H(\mathrm{supp}f)`$ for all $`cL`$. Thus $`tU`$ implies

$$(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f)f_H\sigma _t\left(f(s)\right)f(s)𝑑s<ϵ.$$

###### Lemma 2.1.

Suppose that the map $`t\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ is continuous for each fixed $`xX_0=C_0`$. Then $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ gives a continuous action of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$.

###### Proof.

If $`xX_0`$ then

$`\sigma _t(x)x^2`$ $`=\sigma _t(x)x,\sigma _t(x)x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$
$`=(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H})\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$
$`x,\sigma _t(x)_{C_{\tau ,r}H}+x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$
$`(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H})x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}+`$
$`x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}+`$
$`x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}x,\sigma _t(x)_{C_{\tau ,r}H},`$
so that $`\sigma _t(x)x0`$ as $`te_K`$ using the assumption and the continuity of $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$. Thus $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}X`$ is continuous. Since

$$\overline{\sigma }_t({}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,v){}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,vx\sigma _t(v)v+v\sigma _t(x)x$$

the continuity of $`\overline{\sigma }:K\mathrm{Aut}C^\tau `$ follows from the continuity of $`\sigma `$. ∎

Of course, by symmetry, the action $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`H`$ on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ is continuous provided $`s{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}\tau _s(y),y`$ is continuous for each fixed $`yY_0=C_0`$.

###### Proposition 2.2.

Suppose that the action $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is continuous and that the action $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`H`$ on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ is continuous. Let $`B:=C_{\sigma \tau ,r}(H\times K)`$. Then $`\left(X_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_B\left(Y_{\tau ,r}H\right)`$ is a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule.

###### Proof.

Note that whenever the actions $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ and $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`H`$ on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ are continuous it makes sense to form the Combes $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K`$ and $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodules $`X_{\sigma ,r}K`$ and $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ \[1, Remark on page 300\]. We identify $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K`$ and $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H`$ with $`B:=C_{\sigma \tau ,r}(H\times K)`$ since they are all naturally isomorphic. Now the internal tensor product over $`B`$, (see, for example, \[21, Proposition 3.16\]), is a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule. ∎

## 3. The Concrete Imprimitivity Bimodule

To get a concrete version of the imprimitivity bimodule obtained in Proposition 2.2 we will use the tools developed in , where we looked at a notion of proper actions on imprimitivity bimodules which generalizes Rieffel’s in . (Although there are other notions of proper actions — for example  — we are closest to  in spirit.)

###### Definition 3.1 (\[12, Definition 3.1\]).

If $`(X,G,\gamma )`$ is a Morita equivalence between two dynamical systems $`(A,G,\alpha )`$ and $`(B,G,\beta )`$, then the action $`\gamma `$ of $`G`$ on $`{}_{A}{}^{}X_{B}^{}`$ is *proper* if there are an invariant subspace $`X_0`$ of $`X`$ and invariant $``$-subalgebras $`A_0`$ of $`A`$ and $`B_0`$ of $`B`$, such that $`{}_{A_0}{}^{}(X_0)_{B_0}^{}`$ is a pre-imprimitivity bimodule with completion $`{}_{A}{}^{}X_{B}^{}`$, and such that

1. for every $`x,yX_0`$, both $`s\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}{}_{A}{}^{}x,\gamma _s(y)`$ and $`s{}_{A}{}^{}x,\gamma _s(y)`$ are in $`L^1(G,A)`$;
2. for every $`bB_0`$ and $`xX_0`$, both $`s\gamma _s(x)b`$ and $`s\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}\gamma _s(x)b`$ are in $`L^1(G,X)`$;
3. for every $`x,yX_0`$, there is a multiplier $`x,y_{B^\beta }`$ in $`M(B_0)^\beta `$ such that $`zx,y_{B^\beta }X_0`$ for all $`zX_0`$, and

(3.1)
$$_Gb\beta _s(x,y_B)𝑑s=bx,y_{B^\beta }\text{for all }bB_0.$$

If $`\gamma `$ is also saturated, as in \[12, Definition 3.15\], then $`(X_0)_{B^\beta }`$ completes to give an imprimitivity bimodule implementing a Morita equivalence between $`A_{\alpha ,r}G`$ and a generalized fixed-point algebra $`B^\beta `$ of $`B`$ \[12, Theorem 3.16\]. Furthermore, in \[12, Theorem 4.1\] we showed that the action $`\beta `$ on $`B`$ is proper with respect to $`B_1:=X_0,X_0_B`$, so $`B_1`$ completes to a $`B_{\beta ,r}G\text{}B^\beta `$-imprimitivity bimodule. Finally, a linking algebra argument from  implies that there is a natural imprimitivity bimodule-isomorphism of

$$(X_{\alpha ,r}G)_{B_{\beta ,r}G}\overline{B_1}\text{onto}\overline{X_0}.$$

Note that if $`{}_{A_0}{}^{}(X_0)_{B_0}^{}={}_{B_0}{}^{}(B_0)_{B_0}^{}`$ then Definition 3.1 reduces to that of Rieffel’s and \[12, Theorem 3.16\] reduces to \[23, Corollary 1.7\]

In our situation, we want the action $`\sigma `$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ to be proper with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$. We will then obtain the concrete version of the symmetric imprimitivity theorem, as well as the desired isomorphism onto the tensor-product version, along the following lines: if the action on $`X`$ is proper and saturated, then first, \[12, Theorem 3.16\] implies that $`\overline{X_0}`$ is a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$-imprimitivity bimodule. On the other hand, \[12, Theorem 4.1\] implies $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ is saturated and proper with respect to $`E_0C_{\tau ,r}H`$ so that $`\overline{E_0}`$ is a $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K\text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$-imprimitivity bimodule. Let $`Y`$ be the $`C_{\sigma ,r}K\text{}C^\sigma `$-imprimitivity bimodule based on $`Y_0:=C_0`$ coming from the proper and saturated action $`\sigma `$ of $`K`$ on $`C`$. Then the Combes bimodule $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ is a $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\sigma \times \mathrm{id}}H\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule. We can identify $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\sigma \times \mathrm{id}}H`$ with $`C_{\tau \times \sigma }(K\times H)`$, and, with a bit more work, we will show that $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ are isomorphic. With these identifications, we will show that $`\overline{E_0}`$ is isomorphic to $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$, and then \[12, Theorem 4.1\] gives an isomorphism

$$(X_{\sigma ,r}K)_{C_{\sigma \times \tau ,r}(K\times H)}(Y_{\tau ,r}H)\overline{X_0}$$

as $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau }}H`$-imprimitivity bimodules. This gives us both the desired concrete Morita equivalence and the isomorphism onto the tensor-product version.

Thus, our first step is to find conditions which ensure that the three items of Definition 3.1 hold in our situation so that the action $`\sigma `$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is proper with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$.

For Definition 3.1(1) we need to assume that for every $`x,vX_0`$ the functions

(3.2)
$$t{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)\text{and}t\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)$$

are in $`L^1(K,C^\tau )`$. Note that if $`wX_0`$ then $`\sigma _t(x)v,w_{C_{\tau ,r}H}={}_{C^\tau }{}^{}\sigma _t(x),vw`$, so that the integrability of the functions in (3.2) implies the integrability of $`t\sigma _t(x)e`$ and its product with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}`$ for all $`xX_0`$ and $`eE_0`$. So, Definition 3.1(1) and (2) hold provided the functions in (3.2) are integrable. For Definition 3.1(3), we need to assume that the function $`s\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma }`$ is in $`L^1(H,C^\sigma )`$ whenever $`x,vX_0`$ and, using the $`C^\sigma `$-valued inner product for $`Y`$, define

(3.3)
$$x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(s):=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma };$$

now we still need to find conditions which ensure that

1. $`x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ is a multiplier of $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$;
2. $`x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ multiplies $`E_0`$ and is invariant under $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$;
3. equation (3.1) is satisfied; and
4. $`wx,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ is back in $`X_0`$.

Item (1) is an immediate consequence of Proposition 3.2 below which allows us to view elements of $`L^1(H,C^\sigma )`$ as multipliers of $`C_\sigma H`$ via convolution. Although essentially straightforward and presumably known, its proof requires some intricacies of vector-valued integration which are certainly far from the subject at hand. We provide a detailed proof in Appendix A.

###### Proposition 3.2.

Let $`(A,G,\alpha )`$ be a dynamical system. Suppose that $`B`$ is a subalgebra of $`M(A)`$ such that $`(B,G,\overline{\alpha })`$ is a dynamical system. If $`gL^1(G,B)`$, then there is a unique multiplier $`T_g`$ in $`M(A_\alpha G)`$ such that for all $`fL^1(G,A)`$ both $`T_gf`$ and $`fT_g`$ are in $`L^1(G,A)`$ (viewed as a subalgebra of $`A_\alpha G`$), and for almost all $`s`$,

(3.4) $`T_gf(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}g(r)\alpha _r\left(f(r^1s)\right)𝑑r\text{and}`$
(3.5) $`fT_g(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}f(r)\overline{\alpha }_r\left(g(r^1s)\right)𝑑r.`$
Note that if $`B=A`$, then Proposition 3.2 reduces to two things. First, the familiar formula for convolutions of functions in $`C_c(G,A)`$ extends to functions in $`L^1(G,A)`$, and second, that convolution has the usual $``$-algebraic properties.

For (2), we seek conditions which ensure that $`x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ multiplies $`E_0`$. Using (3.5) we compute:

$`u,w_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ $`x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(s)`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}u,w_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(r)\overline{\tau }_r\left(x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}u^{}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _r(w)\overline{\tau }_r\left(x,\tau _{r^1s}(v)_{C^\sigma }\right)𝑑r`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}u^{}\tau _s\left({\displaystyle _H}\tau _{s^1r}(w)\tau _{s^1r}(x),v_{C^\sigma }𝑑r\right)`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}u^{}\tau _s\left({\displaystyle _H}\tau _r(w)\tau _r(x),v_{C^\sigma }𝑑r\right)`$
by the change of variable $`s^1rr`$. Since

$`{\displaystyle _H}\tau _r(w)\tau _r(x),v_{C^\sigma }𝑑r`$ $`={\displaystyle _H}{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}\tau _r(w),\tau _r(x)vdr`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}\tau _r(w),\tau _r(x)(t)\sigma _t(v)\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}dtdr`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑r.`$
Thus $`u,w_{C_{\tau ,r}H}x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ is back in $`E_0`$ provided

(3.6)
$$_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑rX_0$$

whenever $`u,v,w,xX_0`$.

For (3), we need to show that

$$_Ke(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})𝑑t=ex,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}.$$

To do this we need the following lemma. For the sake of clarity, we have decorated our integrals with the space in which the integral takes values; thus we write $`_H^Cf(s)𝑑s`$ for the $`C`$-valued integral of $`fL^1(H,C)`$. Again, the proof of the lemma requires some gymnastics with vector-valued integration, so we relegate it to Appendix B.

###### Lemma 3.3.

Assume that for all $`u,v,w,xX_0`$, the function

$$(r,s,t)u\tau _r(v^{})\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

is integrable as a function from $`H\times H\times K`$ to $`C`$. Then for all $`e_iE_0`$ the function $`te_1(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)`$ is integrable as a function from $`K`$ to $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$. Further, the integral

(3.7)
$$_K^{C_{\tau ,r}H}e_1(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)𝑑t$$

takes values in $`L^1(H,C)`$ viewed as a subalgebra of $`C_{r,\tau }H`$, and a representative for (3.7) is given by

(3.8)
$$s_K^Ce_1(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)(s)𝑑t.$$

Using Lemma 3.3 we obtain

$`{\displaystyle _K}e(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t`$ $`(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})dt(s)={\displaystyle _K}e(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})(s)𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _r((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(r^1s))drdt`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _r\sigma _t(x^{}\tau _{r^1s}(v))\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1s)^{1/2}𝑑r𝑑t`$
which, since our assumptions guarantee that the integrand is an integrable function of $`(r,t)`$ provided $`eE_0`$ (see Remark A.2), is, by Fubini’s Theorem, equal to
$`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}e(r)\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(x)^{}\tau _s(v)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1s)^{1/2}𝑑t𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _r(x),\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1s)^{1/2}𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}e(r)\overline{\tau }_r\left(x,\tau _{r^1s}(v)_{C^\sigma }\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1s)^{1/2}𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}e(r)\overline{\tau }_r\left(x,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`=ex,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(s)`$
as required.

To establish (4), we claim that

(3.9)
$$wx,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}=_Kw(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})𝑑t.$$

To see this, first note that

$`w(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t\left(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H}\right)`$ $`=w\sigma _t(x),\sigma _t(v)_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$
$`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}w,\sigma _t(x)\sigma _t(v)`$
$`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}w,\sigma _t(x)v,`$
and the latter is integrable by Definition 3.1(1). It is not hard to see that

$$z,_Kw(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t\left(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H}\right)𝑑t_{C_{\tau ,r}H}=z,wx,v_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}_{C_{\tau ,r}H},$$

and (3.9) follows. We use (2.2) to write the left-hand side of (3.9) as

$`{\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s^1\left(w\right(`$ $`(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(x,v_{C_{\tau ,r}H})(s)))\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}dsdt`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s^1\left(w\sigma _t\left(x^{}\tau _s(v)\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^1𝑑s𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s^1(w)\sigma _t\left(\tau _{s^1}(x^{})v\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^1𝑑s𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(w)\sigma _t(\tau _s(x^{})v)𝑑s𝑑t,`$
and we already assumed in Equation (3.6) above that this double integral is back in $`X_0`$.

We can restate our conclusions above as

###### Proposition 3.4.

Suppose that the action $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is continuous. If for all $`u,v,w,xX_0`$

1. the function $`t{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)`$ and its product with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}`$ are in $`L^1(K,C^\tau )`$;
2. the function $`s\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma }`$ is in $`L^1(H,C^\sigma )`$;
3. the integral $`_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑r`$ is in $`X_0`$; and
4. the function $`(r,s,t)u\tau _r(v^{})\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}`$ is integrable,

then $`\sigma `$ is a proper action of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$.

In the situation of Proposition 3.4 above, we want the action of $`K`$ to be saturated with respect to $`X_0`$, so that $`X_0`$ completes to a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$-imprimitivity bimodule by \[12, Theorem 3.16\]. Since $`\sigma `$ is a proper action of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$, \[12, Theorem 4.1\] says that $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ is a proper action on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ with respect to $`X_0,X_0_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$. We have set things up so that $`X_0,X_0_{C_{\tau ,r}H}=E_0`$, and thus $`E_0`$ completes to an $`I`$$`J`$-imprimitivity bimodule, where $`I`$ is an ideal in $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id}}K`$ and $`J`$ is a generalized fixed point algebra of $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$, by \[23, Theorem 1.5\]. But \[12, Theorem 4.1\] implies that $`J`$ is an ideal in $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$, and if $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$ then $`\sigma `$ is saturated with respect to $`X_0`$, and $`J=(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$. In applications we expect that it will be easy to check that $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$, and then we have

###### Proposition 3.5.

Suppose that the action $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is continuous and proper with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$, and that the proper action $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ of $`K`$ on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$. Then $`E_0`$ completes to a $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K\text{}(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$-imprimitivity bimodule.

In the next proposition we identify the module $`\overline{E_0}`$ and the fixed point algebra $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$; again we add substantial hypotheses. The set $`E_0`$ is always a subset of $`L^1(H,C_0)`$. Even though the completion $`Y`$ of $`C_0`$ is a $`C_{\sigma ,r}K\text{}C^\sigma `$-imprimitivity bimodule, this does not in general imply that $`E_0`$ is contained in $`L^1(H,Y)`$ (the norm of $`Y`$ is not related to the norm of $`C`$).

###### Proposition 3.6.

Suppose that the action $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`H`$ on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ is continuous so that $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ is a $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule. Also suppose that the action $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ of $`K`$ on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is proper and saturated with respect to $`E_0`$. If $`E_0L^1(H,Y)`$ and if for all $`u,v,w,xX_0`$ the function given in Proposition 3.4(4) is integrable, then $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ and

$${}_{(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id}}K}{}^{}\overline{E_0}_{(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}^{}{}_{(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}(Y_{\tau ,r}H)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}^{}$$

as imprimitivity bimodules.

###### Proof.

As observed in \[5, page 14\], if $`hC_c(H,Y)`$ then the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality gives $`h_Hh(s)𝑑s=h_1`$. It follows that $`L^1(H,Y)`$ is dense in $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ and the actions and inner products on $`C_c(H,Y)Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ given, for example, in equations (4.6)–(4.9) in , extend to integrable functions. That the formulas themselves extend to integrable functions can be seen by including $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ in the linking algebra $`L(Y_{\tau ,r}H)`$ and doing the computations in the relevant bit of the $`C^{}`$-algebra.

By assumption $`E_0`$ is contained in $`L^1(H,Y)`$; we let $`\iota :E_0Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ be the inclusion map. Let $`\phi :(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H`$ be the isomorphism such that $`\phi (f)(s)(t)=f(t)(s)`$ for $`fL^1(K,L^1(H,C))`$. We will show that $`e,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}e,f_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}`$ extends to an isomorphism $`\psi `$ of $`(C_{r,\tau }H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$ onto $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau }}H`$ and that $`(\phi ,\iota ,\psi )`$ extends to an imprimitivity bimodule isomorphism of $`\overline{E_0}`$ onto $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$.

If $`e,fE_0`$ then

$`{}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,f(t)(s)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}{}_{C_{\tau ,r}H}{}^{}e,(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f)(s)`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}e(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f)^{}(s)`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _r((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f^{})(r^1s))𝑑r`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _s\sigma _t(f(s^1r)^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s^1r)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}e(r)\sigma _t(\tau _s(f(s^1r))^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s^1r)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}e(r),\tau _s(f(s^1r))(t)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s^1r)dr`$
$`={}_{\left(C_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}e,f(s)(t)`$
so that $`\phi ({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,f)={}_{\left(C_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}\iota (e),\iota (f)`$. Next, we show that

$$\iota ({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,fg)=\phi ({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,f)\iota (g)$$

whenever $`e,f,gE_0`$. First,

$`{}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,fg(s)`$ $`=ef,g_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}(s)`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}e((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f^{}g))𝑑t(s)`$
which, by Lemma 3.3, is
$`={\displaystyle _K}e((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f^{}g))(s)𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\tau _r\left((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(f^{}g)(r^1s)\right)𝑑r𝑑t`$
(3.10) $`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _H}e(r)\sigma _t\tau _{ru^1}\left(f(u)^{}g(ur^1s)\right)𝑑u𝑑r𝑑t.`$
On the other hand,

$`\phi ({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}e,f)`$ $`\iota (g)={}_{\left(C_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}e,fg(s)`$
$`=ef,g_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}(s)`$
which, using the Combes action, is
$`={\displaystyle _H}e(r)\overline{\tau }_r\left(f,g_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}e(r)\overline{\tau }_r\left({\displaystyle _H}\overline{\tau }_u^1\left(f(u),g(ur^1s)_{C^\sigma }\right)\right)𝑑u𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}e(r)\sigma _t\tau _{ru^1}\left(f(u)^{}g(ur^1s)\right)𝑑t𝑑u𝑑r`$
which is the same as (3.10) by two applications of Fubini’s Theorem.

So far we have shown that

$$(\phi ,\iota ):{}_{(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}E_{0}^{}{}_{(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}(Y_{\tau ,r}H)$$

extends to a monomorphism of left-Hilbert modules. To produce $`\psi :(C_{r,\tau }H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau }}H`$ taking

$$e,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}\text{to}\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H},$$

let $`\pi `$ be a faithful representation of $`C`$ on $`_\pi `$ and $`\overline{\pi }`$ its extension to $`M(C)`$. By our assumptions, $`\overline{\tau }:H\mathrm{Aut}C^\sigma `$ is continuous, so that the regular representation $`(\stackrel{~}{\pi },\lambda )`$ of $`(C,H,\tau )`$ extends to a covariant representation $`(\stackrel{~}{\overline{\pi }},\lambda )`$ of $`(C^\sigma ,H,\overline{\tau })`$. The representations

$$\overline{\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda }:(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}B(L^2(H,_\pi ))\text{and}$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\overline{\pi }}\lambda :C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}HB(L^2(H,_\pi ))$$

are faithful. We will show that for $`e,fE_0`$

(3.11)
$$\overline{\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda }(e,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}})=\stackrel{~}{\overline{\pi }}\lambda (\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}).$$

It then follows that $`\psi :=(\stackrel{~}{\overline{\pi }}\lambda )^1\overline{\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda }`$ is an injective homomorphism satisfying

(3.12)
$$\psi \left(e,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}\right)=\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}.$$

As the first step we show that $`\iota \left(ge,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}\right)=\iota (g)\iota (e),\iota (f)_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}`$ whenever $`e,f,gE_0`$; this will then also give us that $`(\iota ,\psi )`$ extends to a right-Hilbert module homomorphism. Well,

$`\iota \left(ge,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}}\right)`$ $`=\iota ({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}g,ef)`$
$`=\phi \left({}_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K}{}^{}g,e\right)\iota (f)`$
$`={}_{\left(C_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H}{}^{}\iota (g),\iota (e)\iota (f)`$
$`=\iota (g)\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}.`$
Note that for all $`gE_0`$ and $`\xi ,\eta L^2(H,_\pi )`$

$`(\overline{\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda }(e,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}})\xi `$ $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda (g^{})\eta )=(\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda (ge,f_{\left(C_{\tau ,r}H\right)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}})\xi \eta )`$
$`=\left(\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda (\iota (g)\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H})\xi \eta \right)`$
$`=(\stackrel{~}{\overline{\pi }}\lambda (\iota (e),\iota (f)_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H})\xi \stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda (g^{})\eta ),`$
so that (3.12) follows from the nondegeneracy of $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }\lambda `$.

We now know that the triple $`(\phi ,\iota ,\psi )`$ is an isomorphism of $`\overline{E_0}`$ into $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$; to see that this map is onto $`Y_{\tau ,r}H`$ we will show that $`\iota (E_0)`$ is invariant under the right action of $`C^\sigma `$ and $`H`$, and then must be invariant under the action of $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ as well. This suffices because $`\phi `$ maps $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)_{\sigma \mathrm{id},r}K`$ onto $`(C_{\sigma ,r}K)_{\tau \mathrm{id},r}H`$ and the Rieffel correspondence then implies that $`\overline{\iota (E_0)}=Y_{\tau ,r}H`$. Therefore $`\psi :(C_{r,\tau }H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ is an isomorphism.

Consider $`eE_0`$, say $`e(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x\tau _s(y^{})`$, and $`v,w_{C^\sigma }`$ where $`v,w,x,yX_0`$. Then

$`(ev,w_{C^\sigma })(s)=e(s)\tau _s(v,w_{C^\sigma })`$ $`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x\tau _s(y^{})\tau _s(v,w_{C^\sigma })`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x\tau _s(y^{}v,w_{C^\sigma })`$
so that $`ev,w_{C^\sigma }`$ is back in $`E_0`$ because $`v,w_{C^\sigma }`$ multiplies $`X_0`$. Also,

$$(ei_H(r))(s)=e(sr^1)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(sr^1)^{1/2}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1)x\tau _{sr^1}(y^{})\right)$$

so $`ei_H(r)`$ is back in $`E_0`$. ∎

We can summarize our above discussions as follows.

###### Theorem 3.7.

Suppose that $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ are commuting actions which are proper and saturated with respect to the same dense $``$-subalgebra $`C_0`$.

1. (Continuity) If the maps $`t\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ and $`s{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}\tau _s(x),x`$ are continuous for all $`xX_0=Y_0=C_0`$ then the actions $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ and $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`H`$ on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ are continuous. In particular, $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ are Morita equivalent.
2. (Properness) The action $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is proper with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(X_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$ if for all $`u,v,w,xX_0`$

1. the function $`t{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)`$ and its product with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}`$ are in $`L^1(K,C^\tau )`$;
    2. the function $`s\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma }`$ is in $`L^1(H,C^\sigma )`$;
    3. the integral $`_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑r`$ is in $`X_0`$; and
    4. the function $`(r,s,t)u\tau _r(v^{})\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}`$ is integrable.
3. (Tensor decomposition isomorphism) If in addition to (1) and (2) above

1. the action $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ of $`K`$ on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$; and
    2. $`E_0L^1(H,Y)`$

then $`X_0`$ completes to a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule and

$$(X_{\sigma ,r}K)(Y_{\tau ,r}H)\overline{X_0}$$

as $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodules.

###### Proof.

Item (1) follows from Proposition 2.2, item (2) from Proposition 3.4, and item (3) from Proposition 3.6 and \[12, Theorem 4.1\]. ∎

###### Corollary 3.8.

Suppose that $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ are commuting actions which are proper and saturated with respect to the same dense $``$-subalgebra $`C_0`$, and suppose that the hypotheses of Theorem 3.7(1)–(3) are satisfied. Then $`C_0`$ completes to a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule where the actions and inner products are given on dense objects by Equations 33.16 below.

###### Proof.

The action $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ of $`K`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ is continuous by Item (1) and is proper with respect to $`{}_{(D_0,\overline{\sigma })}{}^{}(C_0,\sigma )_{(E_0,\sigma \mathrm{id})}^{}`$ by Item (2). The action $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ of $`K`$ on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$ by Item (3a), and since $`E_0=C_0,C_0_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ it follows from \[12, Theorem 4.1\] that the action $`\sigma `$ on $`X`$ is saturated with respect to $`C_0`$. By \[12, Theorem 3.16\] the completion of $`C_0`$ is a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}(C_{\overline{\tau },r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$-imprimitivity bimodule. Finally, Items (2d), (3b), and Proposition 3.6 allows us to identify $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$.

Chasing through the construction and identification above we can write down the actions and inner products for the $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule obtained by competing $`C_0`$. Let $`x,y,cC_0`$. By \[12, Lemma 3.17\],

(3.13) $`{}_{C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K}{}^{}x,yc`$ $`={\displaystyle _K}{}_{C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K}{}^{}x,y(t)\sigma _t(c)\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}dt`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(y)\sigma _t(c)dt`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(x\sigma _t(y^{}))\sigma _t(c)𝑑s𝑑t,`$
and now

(3.14) $`cx,y_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}`$ $`={}_{C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K}{}^{}c,xy`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}\tau _s(c\sigma _t(x^{}))\sigma _t(y)𝑑s𝑑t.`$
By \[12, Theorem 3.16\] the left inner product is

(3.15)
$${}_{C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K}{}^{}x,y(t)=\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(y),$$

and the right inner product is defined using the isomorphism of $`(C_{\tau ,r}H)^{\sigma \mathrm{id}}`$ onto $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ and Equation 3.3:

(3.16)
$$x,y_{C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H}(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(y)_{C^\sigma }.$$

## 4. Examples

Our examples are based on the proper actions constructed in \[24, Section 5\]. There Rieffel starts with a proper action of $`G`$ on the left of a locally compact Hausdorff space $`P`$, a nondegenerate homomorphism $`\theta :C_0(P)M(A)`$, and an action $`\alpha `$ of $`G`$ on $`A`$ such that

$$\alpha _s(\theta (f)a)=\theta (\mathrm{lt}_s(f))\alpha _s(a).$$

Rieffel proves in \[24, Theorem 5.7\] that $`\alpha `$ is proper in the sense of  with respect to the subalgebra

$$A_0:=\theta (C_c(P))A\theta (C_c(P))=\mathrm{span}\{\theta (f)a\theta (g):aA,f,gC_c(P)\}.$$

The homomorphism $`\theta `$ does *not* necessarily have range in $`ZM(A)`$, and consequently this setup includes striking examples (see Remark 4.5). If $`\theta `$ is central then $`A`$ is a $`C_0(P)`$-algebra, and Proposition 4.2 and Theorem 4.4 below reduce to results in .

Rieffel also says in  that the action is saturated if the action of $`G`$ on $`P`$ is free; this is the content of the following lemma which we prove in Appendix C.

###### Lemma 4.1 (Rieffel).

Suppose $`G`$ acts freely and properly on a locally compact Hausdorff space $`P`$, there is a nondegenerate homomorphism $`\theta :C_0(P)M(A)`$, and an action $`\alpha `$ of $`G`$ on $`A`$ such that $`\alpha _s(\theta (f)a)=\theta (\mathrm{lt}_s(f))\alpha _s(a)`$. Then the proper action $`\alpha `$ of $`G`$ on $`A`$ is saturated with respect to $`A_0:=\theta (C_c(P))A\theta (C_c(P))`$.

For our example, consider commuting proper actions of $`K`$ and $`H`$ on the left and right of $`P`$. Suppose that we have a nondegenerate homomorphism $`\theta :C_0(P)M(C)`$, and that we have commuting actions $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ satisfying

(4.1)
$$\overline{\sigma }_t(\theta (f))=\theta (\mathrm{lt}_t(f))\text{for }tK,\text{ and}\overline{\tau }_s(\theta (f))=\theta (\mathrm{rt}_s(f))\text{ for }sH.$$

\[24, Theorem 5.7\] implies that both $`\sigma `$ and $`\tau `$ are proper with respect to the same subalgebra $`C_0:=\theta (C_c(P))C\theta (C_c(P))`$.

###### Proposition 4.2.

Suppose that $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ are commuting actions and that the actions of $`K`$ and $`H`$ on $`P`$ are free and proper. If $`C_0(P)`$ maps bi-equivariantly into $`M(C)`$ then $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K`$ and $`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$ are Morita equivalent.

By Theorem 3.7(1), it suffices to verify that the actions $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \times \mathrm{id})`$ and $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ of $`K`$ and $`H`$ on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ and $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$ are continuous. Furthermore, if $`B:=C_{\sigma \times \tau ,r}(H\times K)`$ then $`\left(X_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_B\left(Y_{\tau ,r}H\right)`$ is a $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodule by Proposition 2.2. We retain the notation from Sections 2 and 3, and we will drop all mention of $`\theta `$ — we must remember that $`fccf`$. The key to our calculations is the following lemma.

###### Lemma 4.3.

For $`x=fbg`$ and $`y=hck`$ in $`C_0`$, the functions $`sx\tau _s(y)`$ and $`tx\sigma _t(y)`$ have compact support depending only on $`\mathrm{supp}g`$ and $`\mathrm{supp}h`$.

###### Proof.

The consistency conditions (4.1) imply that $`x\tau _s(y)=fbg\left(\mathrm{rt}_s(h)\right)\tau _s(ck)`$. But $`g\mathrm{rt}_s(h)`$ is nonzero only if

$$\mathrm{supp}g\mathrm{supp}(\mathrm{rt}_s(h))=\mathrm{supp}g(\mathrm{supp}h)s^1$$

is nonempty. Therefore the support of $`sx\tau _s(y)`$ is contained in

$$\{sH:\mathrm{supp}g(\mathrm{supp}h)s^1\mathrm{}\}$$

which is compact because $`H`$ acts properly on $`P`$. The other part is similar. ∎

###### Proof of Proposition 4.2.

We want to show that $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ is a continuous action on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$, and Theorem 3.7(1) implies it suffices to see that for each fixed $`xX_0=C_0`$ the map $`t\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ is continuous. Note that

$`\sigma _t(x),x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}`$ $`{\displaystyle _H}\sigma _t(x)x,x_{C_{\tau ,r}H}(s)𝑑s`$
(4.2) $`={\displaystyle _H}(\sigma _t(x)x)^{}\tau _s(x)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}𝑑s.`$
We claim that the integrand in (4.2) has support in a compact set $`L`$ whenever $`t`$ is in a sufficiently small neighborhood $`M`$ of $`e`$, so that

$$(\text{4.2})\sigma _t(x)x\tau _s(x)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}_{\mathrm{}}\mu _H(L)0\text{ as }t0$$

because $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`s\tau _s(x)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}`$ are continuous.

To prove our claim, set $`x=fcg`$, and choose $`h,kC_c(P)`$ such that $`h=1`$ on a neighborhood of $`\mathrm{supp}f`$ and $`k=1`$ on a neighborhood of $`\mathrm{supp}g`$. Then there exists a neighborhood $`M`$ of $`e`$ in $`K`$ such that it $`tM`$ then $`h=1`$ on $`\mathrm{supp}\mathrm{lt}_t(f)`$ and $`k=1`$ on $`\mathrm{supp}\mathrm{lt}_t(g)`$, so that

$$\sigma _t(x)x=h(\sigma _t(x)x)k$$

Now, by Lemma 4.3, when $`tM`$ the support of $`(\sigma _t(x)x)^{}\tau _s(x)`$ is compact and depends only on $`k`$ and $`f`$. This proves the claim. Note that by the symmetry of our situation the action $`(\tau \mathrm{id},\tau ,\overline{\tau })`$ is continuous on $`{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}𝑌_{C^\sigma }^{}`$. ∎

In fact, our Theorem 3.7 gives us two $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K`$$`C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodules and an isomorphism between the two:

###### Theorem 4.4.

Suppose that $`\sigma :K\mathrm{Aut}C`$ and $`\tau :H\mathrm{Aut}C`$ are commuting actions and that the actions of $`K`$ and $`H`$ on $`P`$ are free and proper. If $`C_0(P)`$ maps bi-equivariantly into $`M(C)`$ then all the hypotheses of Theorem 3.7 are satisfied. That is, the two $`C^\tau _{\overline{\sigma },r}K\text{}C^\sigma _{\overline{\tau },r}H`$-imprimitivity bimodules $`\left(X_{\sigma ,r}K\right)_B\left(Y_{\tau ,r}H\right)`$ and $`\overline{X_0}`$ are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

In view of the proof of Proposition 4.2 we only need to verify Items 2 and 3 of Theorem 3.7.

2. (Properness) To see that $`(\overline{\sigma },\sigma ,\sigma \mathrm{id})`$ is a proper action on $`{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}𝑋_{C_{\tau ,r}H}^{}`$ with respect to $`{}_{D_0}{}^{}(X_0)_{E_0}^{}`$ we need to check items (a)–(d) of Theorem 3.7(2). For parts (a) and (b), note that if $`x,vX_0`$, then $`tx\sigma _t(v)`$ has compact support by Lemma 4.3. Since

$${}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)c=_H\tau _s(x\sigma _t(v^{}))cds$$

for every $`cC_0`$, it follows that the continuous function $`t{}_{C^\tau }{}^{}x,\sigma _t(v)`$ has compact support with norm at most $`xv`$. Thus it and its product with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/2}`$ are integrable. By the symmetry of our situation the function $`s\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x,\tau _s(v)_{C^\sigma }`$ is in $`L^1(H,C^\sigma )`$.

For (c), we need

(4.3)
$$_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑rX_0\text{whenever }v,w,xX_0\text{.}$$

Note that $`r\tau _r(x^{})v`$ has compact support $`L`$, say, by Lemma 4.3. Let $`w=fcg`$ and choose $`hC_c(P)`$ such that $`h=1`$ on $`(\mathrm{supp}f)L^1`$. Then $`\tau _r(w)=h\tau _r(w)`$ for $`rL`$ so that the left hand side of (4.3) equals

$$h_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑r,$$

and is therefore an element of $`C_c(P)C`$. Since $`tw\sigma _t(x^{})`$ is also compactly supported we just repeat the argument for the right side of the integral to get that $`_H_K\tau _r(w)\sigma _t(\tau _r(x^{})v)𝑑t𝑑rX_0=C_c(P)CC_c(P)`$.

For part (d), we check that

$$(r,s,t)u\tau _r(v^{})\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}$$

is integrable whenever $`u,v,w,xX_0`$. Again, by Lemma 4.3, the maps $`ru\tau _r(v^{})`$ and $`tv^{}\sigma _t(w^{})`$ have compact supports. Thus it suffices to see that for $`r`$ in a compact set $`L`$ the function $`s\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)`$ has compact support. If $`w^{}=fcg`$ and $`x=kdh`$ where $`f,g,k,hC_c(P)`$, then $`\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)=\tau _r(fc)\tau _r(g)\tau _s(k)\tau _s(dh)`$ and $`\tau _r(g)\tau _s(k)`$ is nonzero if and only if $`(\mathrm{supp}g)L^1(\mathrm{supp}k)s^1\mathrm{}`$. Since the action of $`H`$ on $`P`$ is proper the set $`\{sH:(\mathrm{supp}g)L^1(\mathrm{supp}k)s^1\mathrm{}\}`$ is compact.

3. (Tensor decomposition isomorphism) That the action of $`\sigma \mathrm{id}`$ of $`K`$ on $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$ is saturated with respect to $`E_0`$ follows by noting that $`E_0=C_c(P)E_0C_c(P)`$ and applying Lemma 4.1 with $`A_0=E_0`$. To see that $`E_0=C_c(P)E_0C_c(P)`$, let $`x=fcg`$ and $`y=kdhC_0`$ and let $`L`$ be the compact support of $`x\tau _s(y)`$. Choose $`lC_c(P)`$ such that $`l`$ is identically one on $`(\mathrm{supp}h)L^1`$ and on $`\mathrm{supp}f`$. Then $`x\tau _s(y)=fcg\tau _s(kdh)=l\left(fcg\tau _s(kdh)\right)l`$.

Finally, if $`eE_0`$ is given by $`e(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}x\tau _s(y^{})`$, then

$`e_{L^1(H,Y)}`$ $`={\displaystyle _H}e(s)_Yds={\displaystyle _H}{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}e(s),e(s)^{1/2}ds`$
$`{\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}{}_{C_{\sigma ,r}K}{}^{}e(s),e(s)(t)_C^{1/2}dtds`$
$`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}e(s)\sigma _t(e(s)^{})_C^{1/2}\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/4}𝑑t𝑑s`$
(4.4) $`={\displaystyle _H}{\displaystyle _K}x\tau _s(y^{})\sigma _t(\tau _s(y)x^{})_C^{1/2}\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{1/2}\mathrm{\Delta }_K(t)^{1/4}𝑑t𝑑s<\mathrm{}`$
because the integrand is continuous with compact support (because $`sx\tau _s(y^{})`$ and $`ty^{}\sigma _t(y)`$ have compact supports). Hence $`E_0L^1(H,Y)`$ as required. ∎

###### Remark 4.5.

It has apparently not been noticed that Rieffel’s construction in \[24, Theorem 5.7\] implies that the dual action on any crossed product by a coaction is proper. To see this, suppose $`\delta :AM(AC^{}(G))`$ is a coaction of a locally compact group $`G`$ on a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$. Then the crossed product $`A_\delta G`$ is generated by a universal covariant representation $`(j_A,j_{C(G)})`$ of $`(A,C_0(G))`$ in $`M(A_\delta G)`$. Since the dual action $`\widehat{\delta }:G\mathrm{Aut}(A_\delta G)`$ is characterized by

$$\widehat{\delta }_s\left(j_A(a)j_{C(G)}(f)\right)=j_A(a)j_{C(G)}(\mathrm{rt}_s(f)),$$

the homomorphism $`j_{C(G)}`$ is equivariant for the actions $`\widehat{\delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{rt}:G\mathrm{Aut}(C_0(G))`$. Applying \[24, Theorem 5.7\] to $`j_{C(G)}`$ shows that $`\widehat{\delta }`$ is a proper action. More generally, it shows that $`\widehat{\delta }|_H`$ is proper for any closed subgroup $`H`$ of $`G`$; this improves a result of Mansfield \[15, Theorem 30\] for normal amenable $`H`$.

We can therefore apply Rieffel’s original theorem from  to obtain a Morita equivalence between $`(A_\delta G)_{\widehat{\delta },r}H`$ and a generalized fixed-point algebra $`(A_\delta G)^H`$. Since $`A_\delta G`$ is generated by the universal covariant representation $`(j_A,j_{C(G)})`$, and is even spanned by elements of the form $`j_A(a)j_{C(G)}(f)`$ (see \[20, §2\]), it is tempting to guess that $`(A_\delta G)^H`$ is at least generated by elements of the form $`j_A(a)j_{C(G)}(f)`$ for $`fC_0(G/H)`$, and hence coincides with the candidate for the crossed product $`A_\delta G/H`$ by the homogeneous space discussed in . This is indeed the case if $`G`$ is discrete . Thus, Rieffel’s theorem could give an extension of Mansfield’s imprimitivity theorem to coactions of arbitrary homogeneous spaces (as opposed to quotients by normal amenable subgroups as in ; see  for a discussion of this problem for non-amenable normal subgroups). Unfortunately it does not seem to be easy to write a typical element of $`C_c(G)(A_\delta G)C_c(G)`$ in the form $`j_A(a)j_{C(G)}(f)`$, or to do so approximately in such a way that one can verify the existence of the multiplier $`x,y_D`$. Indeed, it is the content of one of Mansfield’s main theorems \[15, Theorem 19\], that there are such multipliers when $`H`$ is normal and amenable and $`x,y`$ lie in a dense subalgebra $`𝒟`$ of $`A_\delta G`$, and the proof of this theorem relies on some very subtle estimates. This analysis is a crucial ingredient in the proof of \[15, Theorem 30\].

Pask and Raeburn showed in  that a free action on a directed graph $`E`$ induces a proper action on the associated graph algebra $`C^{}(E)`$. In their result too there is an underlying proper $`G`$-space $`P`$ together with a non-central equivariant map of $`C_0(P)`$ into $`M(C^{}(E))`$: just take $`P`$ to be the set of vertices of the graph with the discrete topology.

Thus all the main examples of proper actions come with the existence of an underlying proper action on a space.

## Appendix A Proof of Proposition 3.2

The object of these appendices is to make sense of certain manipulations with vector-valued integrals needed to give careful proofs of Proposition 3.2 and Lemma 3.3. If $`A`$ is a $`C^{}`$-algebra, then the collection of Bochner-integrable functions from $`G`$ to $`A`$ will be denoted by $`^1(G,A)`$, and the Banach space of equivalence classes of integrable functions agreeing almost everywhere will be denoted by $`L^1(G,A)`$.

For motivation, recall that we can realize $`A_\alpha G`$ as the enveloping $`C^{}`$-algebra of the Banach $``$-algebra $`L^1(G,A)`$. The product and involution are given by the usual formulas:

(A.1)
$$fg(s):=_Gf(r)\alpha _r\left(g(r^1s)\right)𝑑s,\text{ and}$$

$$f^{}(s):=\mathrm{\Delta }(s^1)\alpha _s\left(f(s^1)^{}\right)\text{for }f,g^1(G,A)\text{.}$$

It takes some work, though, to see that $`f^{}`$ and $`fg`$ are well-defined elements of $`L^1(G,A)`$. The first step is to see that $`(r,s)f(r)\alpha _r\left(g(r^1s)\right)`$ is a measurable function from $`G\times G`$ to $`A`$. This is a bit thorny as there is no *a priori* reason to suspect that $`(r,s)g(r^1s)`$ is measurable if $`g`$ is merely measurable rather than continuous or Borel. There are a number of finesses for this. Here, we use the following lemma; we assume $`g`$ is integrable to ensure that we can approximate it globally with functions in $`C_c(G,A)`$.

###### Lemma A.1.

Let $`(A,G,\alpha )`$ be a dynamical system. Suppose that $`g^1(G,A)`$ and $`h(r,s):=\alpha _r\left(g(r^1s)\right)`$. Then $`h:G\times GA`$ is measurable.

###### Proof.

Since Haar measure is a Radon measure, a subset $`S`$ of $`G`$ is measurable if and only if $`SC`$ is measurable for all compacts sets $`CG`$ \[9, Theorem III.11.31\]. It follows that $`h`$ is measurable if and only if $`h|_L`$ is measurable for each compact set $`LG\times G`$. Therefore it will suffice to show that $`h|_{K\times K}`$ is measurable for each compact set $`KG`$. To do this, we’ll produce measurable functions $`h_n`$ such that $`h_nh`$ almost everywhere on $`K\times K`$.

Since $`g^1(G,A)`$, there are $`g_nC_c(G,A)`$ such that $`g_ng`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$. Passing to a subsequence and relabeling, we can assume that there is a *Borel* null set $`N`$ such that $`g_n(s)g(s)`$ for all $`sN`$. Since $`g_n`$ is continuous, $`h_n(r,s):=\alpha _r\left(g_n(r^1s)\right)`$ defines a measurable function (continuous in fact), and

$$h_n(r,s)h(r,s)$$

for all $`(r,s)K\times KD`$, where $`D=\{(r,s)K\times K:r^1sN\}`$. Since $`N`$ is Borel, $`D`$ is a measurable subset of $`K\times K`$. Since $`K\times K`$ has finite product-measure, Tonelli’s Theorem, as proved in \[9, Theorem III.13.9\], implies that

$$\mu \times \mu (D)=_G\mu (D_r)𝑑r,$$

where $`D_r:=\{s:(r,s)D\}`$. Since $`D_rrN`$ and $`\mu (rN)=0`$ for all $`r`$, it follows that $`D`$ is a null set. This completes the proof. ∎

With Lemma A.1 in hand, the measurability of the function $`m`$ given by $`(r,s)f(r)\alpha _r\left(g(r^1s)\right)`$ follows because the product of vector-valued measurable functions is measurable.<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1It suffices, for example, to see that product of measurable simple functions is again a measurable simple function. Since $`f`$ and $`g`$ are integrable, $`m`$ must be supported on a $`\sigma `$-finite set, and Tonelli’s Theorem shows that $`m`$ is in $`^1(G\times G)`$. Consequently, $`m^1(G\times G,A)`$. Now a vector-valued Fubini’s Theorem, such as \[8, Theorem II.16.3\], implies that the right-hand side of (A.1) is defined for almost all $`s`$ and that $`fg`$ is a well-defined element of $`L^1(G,A)`$. (Since $`fg_1f_1g_1`$, it is not hard to see that the class of $`fg`$ depends only on the classes of $`f`$ and $`g`$.)

###### Remark A.2.

Similar considerations are often glossed over when it is observed that convolution is associative. For example, if $`f`$, $`g`$ and $`h`$ are in $`^1(G,A)`$, then Lemma A.1 implies that

(A.2)
$$(r,t,s)f(r)\alpha _r\left(g(r^1t)\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)$$

is measurable, and Tonelli’s Theorem implies that (A.2) is integrable on $`G\times G\times G`$. Then Fubini’s Theorem implies that for almost all $`sG`$,

(A.3)
$$(r,t)f(r)\alpha _r\left(g(r^1t)\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)$$

is in $`^1(G\times G,A)`$. This will allow us to apply Fubini’s Theorem to double integrals with integrands such as (A.3) in the sequel.<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2It is possible (by approximating by simple functions) to see that (A.3) is measurable without resorting to functions on $`G\times G\times G`$. However, it is interesting to note that it is not obvious that (A.3) is integrable without appealing to the integrability of (A.2).

We can view the multiplier algebra $`M(A)`$ as the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`(A_A)`$ of adjointable operators on the right Hilbert $`A`$-module $`A_A`$.

###### Lemma A.3.

Suppose that $`(A,G,\alpha )`$ is a dynamical system and that $`T`$ and $`S`$ are bounded linear operators on $`L^1(G,A)`$ such that for all $`f`$ and $`h`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$ we have

$$T(fh)=Tfh,S(fh)=Sfh,\text{and}(Tf)^{}h=f^{}Sh.$$

Then $`T`$ and $`S`$ extend to elements of $`(A_\alpha G)=M(A_\alpha G)`$ satisfying $`T^{}=S`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\{e_i\}`$ be a bounded approximate identity for $`L^1(G,A)`$. Then if $`\pi `$ is a representation of $`A_\alpha G`$,

$`\pi (Tf)`$ $`=\underset{i}{lim}\pi \left(T(e_if)\right)`$
$`\underset{i}{lim\; sup}\pi (Te_i))\pi (f)`$
$`MT\pi (f).`$
It follows that $`T`$ is bounded with respect to the universal norm on $`L^1(G,A)A_\alpha G`$. Thus $`T`$ and $`S`$ extend to operators on $`A_\alpha G`$. Since

$$Tf,h_{A_\alpha G}=(Tf)^{}h=f^{}Sh=f,Sh_{A_\alpha G}$$

it follows that $`T`$ is adjointable with $`T^{}=S`$. ∎

###### Remark A.4.

If $`B`$ is any $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`M(A)`$ then we can identify $`^1(G,B)`$ with a subalgebra of $`L^1(G,M(A))`$. In particular, if $`f^1(G,A)`$ and $`g^1(G,B)`$, then Lemma A.1 implies that

$$(r,s)f(r)\overline{\alpha }_r\left(g(r^1s)\right)$$

is a measurable function of $`G\times G`$ into $`M(A)`$ taking values in $`A`$. Thus it is a measurable function of $`G\times G`$ into $`A`$. A similar statement can be made if $`f^1(G,B)`$ and $`g^1(G,A)`$.

###### Proof of Proposition 3.2.

The integrand on the right-hand side of (3.4) is measurable in view of Remark A.4 and Lemma A.1. Thus applications of the Tonelli and Fubini Theorems imply that the right-hand side of (3.4) defines an element $`T_gf`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$. Furthermore, $`T_gg_1`$.

If $`h^1(G,A)`$, then $`fh`$ is too, and by definition, for almost all $`s`$,

$`T_g(fh)(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}g(r)\alpha _r\left(fh(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}g(r)\alpha _r\left(f(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1r^1s)\right)\right)𝑑t𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}g(r)\alpha _r\left(f(r^1t)\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)𝑑t𝑑r.`$
The integrand $`(r,t)g(r)\alpha _r\left(f(r^1t)\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)`$ is in in $`^1(G\times G,A)`$ by Remark A.2, so Fubini’s Theorem implies that for almost all $`s`$,

$`T_g(fh)(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}T_gf(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)𝑑t`$
$`=T_gfh(s).`$
Thus $`T_g(fh)=T_gfh`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$.

Next we want to show that $`(T_gf)^{}h=f^{}(T_g^{}h)`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$. But for almost all $`s`$,

$`(T_gf)^{}h(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}(T_gf)^{}(r)\alpha _r\left(h(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}\alpha _r\left(T_gf(r^1)\right)^{}\mathrm{\Delta }(r^1)\alpha _r\left(h(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}\alpha _r\left(g(t)\alpha _t\left(f(t^1r^1)\right)\right)^{}\mathrm{\Delta }(r^1)\alpha _r\left(h(r^1s)\right)𝑑t𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}\alpha _{r^1t}\left(f(t^1r)^{}\right)\alpha _{r^1}\left(g(t)^{}\right)\alpha _{r^1}\left(h(rs)\right)𝑑t𝑑r.`$
It follows from simple variations on Lemma A.1 that the integrand above is measurable, and the (scalar version of) Tonelli’s Theorem implies it is integrable. Hence we can use the vector-valued version of Fubini’s Theorem to conclude that, for almost all $`s`$,
$`(T_gf)^{}h(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}\alpha _{r^1t}\left(f(t^1r)^{}\right)\alpha _{r^1}\left(g(t)^{}\right)\alpha _{r^1}\left(h(rs)\right)𝑑r𝑑t`$
and, since it now makes sense to send $`rtr`$, this
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}\alpha _{r^1}\left(f(r)^{}\right)\alpha _{r^1t^1}\left(g(t)^{}h(trs)\right)𝑑r𝑑t`$
which, after sending $`rr^1`$ and $`tt^1`$, is
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}f^{}(r)\alpha _r\left(g^{}(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1r^1s)\right)\right)𝑑r𝑑t.`$
To apply Fubini’s Theorem we need to see that the above integrand is a measurable function of $`r`$, $`t`$ and $`s`$; as before, this follows from variations on Lemma A.1. Thus for almost all $`s`$,
(A.4) $`(T_gf)^{}h(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}f^{}(r)\alpha _r\left({\displaystyle _G}g^{}(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1r^1s)\right)𝑑t\right)𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}f^{}(r)\alpha _r\left(T_g^{}h(r^1s)\right)𝑑r`$
$`=f^{}(T_g^{}h)(s).`$
It follows from Lemma A.3 that $`T_g`$ defines a multiplier with adjoint $`T_g^{}=T_g^{}`$.

Next we want to establish (3.5). Fubini’s Theorem implies that the right-hand side of (3.5) defines a function $`l`$ in $`^1(G,A)`$. Since $`fT_g=(T_g^{}f^{})^{}`$ in $`A_\alpha G`$, it follows that $`fT_gL^1(G,A)`$, and we have to show that $`l=fT_g`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$.

Let $`h^1(G,A)`$. We can repeat the computation of $`(T_gf)^{}h`$ above with $`f`$ replaced by $`f^{}`$ and $`g`$ replaced by $`g^{}`$, and use (A.4) to conclude that

$`(fT_g)h(s)=\left(T_g^{}f^{}\right)^{}h(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}f(r)\alpha _r\left(g(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1r^1s)\right)\right)𝑑t𝑑r`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}f(r)\overline{\alpha }_r\left(g(r^1t)\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)𝑑t𝑑r`$
which by Fubini’s Theorem is
$`={\displaystyle _G}\left({\displaystyle _G}f(r)\overline{\alpha }_r\left(g(r^1t)\right)𝑑r\right)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}l(t)\alpha _t\left(h(t^1s)\right)𝑑t`$
$`=lh(s).`$
It follows that $`l=fT_g`$ in $`L^1(G,A)`$, as claimed. ∎

## Appendix B The Proof of Lemma 3.3

To begin with, let $`C`$ be an arbitrary $`C^{}`$-algebra. We let $`H`$ and $`K`$ be arbitrary locally compact groups with Haar measures $`\mu _H`$ and $`\mu _K`$, respectively. (For most of what follows, $`C`$ could be any Banach space and $`H`$ and $`K`$ could be arbitrary locally compact spaces equipped with Radon measures $`\mu _H`$ and $`\mu _K`$, respectively.)

If $`fL^1(H,C)`$, then we will sometimes write

$$_H^Cf(s)𝑑s$$

to emphasize where our integral takes its value.

The key lemma is a very special case of \[4, Lemma III.11.17\], and, modulo some facts about vector-valued integrals, has a fairly straightforward proof. We include the proof here because the arguments from  are difficult and can be substantially simplified in our situation.

###### Lemma B.1.

Suppose that $`g^1(K,L^1(H,C))`$ and that $`f`$ is a $`\mu _K\times \mu _H`$-integrable $`C`$-valued function on $`K\times H`$ such that for almost all $`t`$, the class of $`f(t,)`$ equals $`g(t)`$. Then

1. for almost all $`sH`$, $`f(,s)^1(K,C)`$,
2. the function

$$s_K^Cf(t,s)𝑑t$$

is in $`^1(H,C)`$, and
3. as elements of $`L^1(H,C)`$,

$$_K^{L^1(H,C)}g(t)𝑑t=\left(s_K^Cf(t,s)𝑑t\right);$$

that is, for almost all $`s`$,

$$_K^{L^1(H,C)}g(t)𝑑t(s)=_K^Cf(s,t)𝑑t.$$

The first two assertions follow immediately from any vector-valued Fubini Theorem worthy of the name. Our proof of the third assertion is straightforward except for the following result which is \[4, Lemma III.6.8\].

###### Lemma B.2.

If $`f^1(H,C)`$ and if

$$_Ef(s)𝑑s=0$$

for all measurable subsets $`EH`$, then $`f`$ vanishes almost everywhere.

Although the proof of Lemma B.2 is routine in the scalar-valued case, we see no elementary proof in the vector-valued case. The proof in \[4, III §2\] goes as follows. Given $`h^1(H,C)`$, define a $`C`$-valued set function on measurable subsets of $`H`$ by

$$\lambda (E):=_E^Ch(s)𝑑s.$$

Of course, $`\lambda `$ is additive, and has a *total variation* defined by

$$\nu (E):=sup\{\underset{i}{}\lambda (E_i):E_1\text{,…,}E_n\text{ is a partition of }E\}.$$

One sees easily that

$$\nu (E)_Eh(s)𝑑s.$$

But it can be shown \[4, Theorem III.2.20\] that

$$\nu (E)=_Eh(s)𝑑s.$$

With these assertions in place, Lemma B.2 is an easy consequence; if $`h=f`$ as in Lemma B.2, then $`\nu (E)=0`$ for all $`E`$, and so $`f`$ is zero almost everywhere.

The only other tool we need for the proof of Lemma B.1 is that bounded linear maps commute with vector-valued integrals. For each measurable subset $`EH`$, we can define a bounded linear map $`\phi _E:L^1(H,C)C`$ by

$$\phi _E(h):=_E^Ch(s)𝑑s$$

###### Proof of Lemma B.1.

To prove the final assertion, it suffices, in view of Lemma B.2, to show that for all measurable subsets $`EH`$,

(B.1)
$$\phi _E\left(_K^{L^1(H,C)}g(t)𝑑t\right)=\phi _E\left(s_K^Cf(t,s)𝑑t\right).$$

Since bounded linear maps commute with integrals, the left-hand side of (B.1) is

$`{\displaystyle _K^C}\phi _E\left(g(t)\right)𝑑t`$ $`={\displaystyle _K^C}{\displaystyle _E^C}g(t)(s)𝑑s𝑑t`$
which, by assumption, is
$`={\displaystyle _K^C}{\displaystyle _E^C}f(t,s)𝑑s𝑑t`$
which, since having $`f^1(K\times E,C)`$ allows us to apply Fubini’s Theorem, is
$`={\displaystyle _E^C}{\displaystyle _K^C}f(t,s)𝑑t𝑑s`$
$`=\phi _E\left(s{\displaystyle _K^C}f(t,s)𝑑t\right).`$
This establishes (B.1) and completes the proof. ∎

###### Example B.3.

Now suppose that $`(C,H,\alpha )`$ is a dynamical system, and that $`h`$ and $`k`$ are in $`^1(H,C)`$. Then

$$hk=_H^{L^1(H,C)}h(r)i_H(r)(k)𝑑r.$$

###### Proof of the Example.

We want to apply Lemma B.1 with

$$g(r):=h(r)i_H(r)(k)\text{and}f(r,s):=h(r)i_H(r)(k)(s).$$

In order to do so, we have to check that $`g`$ and $`f`$ are integrable. However, $`f(r,s)=h(r)\alpha _r\left(k(r^1s)\right)`$, and $`f`$ is known to be in $`^1(K\times H,C)`$ by standard arguments.

Note that $`ri_H(r)(k)`$ is continuous from $`H`$ to $`L^1(H,C)`$. It follows that $`rh(r)i_H(r)(k)`$ is measurable from $`H`$ to $`L^1(H,C)`$ and has $`\sigma `$-finite support. Since $`h(r)i_H(r)(k)k_1h(r)`$, it follows from Tonelli that $`g^1(K,L^1(H,C))`$.

Now the result follows immediately from Lemma B.1: for almost all $`s`$,

$$_H^{L^1(H,C)}g(r)𝑑r(s)=_H^Cf(r,s)𝑑r=hk(s).\mathit{}$$

###### Remark B.4.

In the statement of Lemma 3.3, we are viewing the $`e_i`$ as elements of $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$, and consequently we write their product as $`e_1e_2`$. In the proof however, we will want to use that each $`e_i`$ is in $`L^1(H,C)`$, and that the product is given by convolution. Thus it will be a bit clearer to use the usual notation $`e_1e_2`$ for their product.

###### Proof of Lemma 3.3.

Let

(B.2)
$$h(r,t,s):=e_1(r)i_H(r)\left((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)\right)(s).$$

Our assumptions imply that $`h`$ is integrable on $`H\times H\times K`$: for example if $`e_1(r)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r)^{\frac{1}{2}}u\tau _r(v^{})`$ and $`e_2(r)=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r)^{\frac{1}{2}}w^{}\tau _r(x)`$, then

$`h(r,t,s)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r)^{\frac{1}{2}}u\tau _r(v^{})\tau _r\left((\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)\right)(r^1s)`$
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r)^{\frac{1}{2}}u\tau _r(v^{})\tau _r\left(\sigma _t\left(w^{}\tau _{r^1s}(x)\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(r^1s)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`=u\tau _r(v^{})\sigma _t\left(\tau _r(w^{})\tau _s(x)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_H(s)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
which is integrable by assumption. In general, the integrability of $`h`$ follows as $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ are sums of functions of the form given above.

Now Fubini’s Theorem implies that $`rh(r,s,t)`$ is integrable for almost all $`(t,s)`$, and that

(B.3)
$$f(t,s):=_H^Ch(r,t,s)𝑑r$$

defines an integrable function $`f`$ on $`K\times H`$.<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3Of course, (B.3) only defines $`f`$ almost everywhere. As is standard practice, we assume the convention that $`f(t,s):=0`$ when $`rh(r,t,s)`$ is not integrable. Furthermore, it follows from Example B.3 that for almost all $`t`$ and $`s`$,

$$f(t,s)=e_1(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)(s).$$

Next we define $`g(t):=e_1(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)`$. Then $`g`$ is a function from $`K`$ to $`^1(H,C)`$ and $`g(t)=f(t,)`$ for almost all $`t`$. We want to see that $`g^1(K,L^1(H,C))`$. However, $`t(\sigma \mathrm{id})_t(e_2)`$ is continuous from $`K`$ to $`L^1(H,C)`$. Therefore $`g`$ itself is continuous, hence measurable, and it suffices to see that $`g`$ is integrable. But

$`{\displaystyle _K}g(t)_1𝑑t`$ $`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}g(t)(s)𝑑s𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle _K}{\displaystyle _H}f(t,s)𝑑s𝑑t`$
$`=f_1<\mathrm{}.`$
Therefore $`g^1(K,L^1(H,C))`$. Now an application of Lemma B.1 implies that (3.8) is a representative for

$$_K^{L^1(H,C)}g(t)𝑑t.$$

Since inclusion is a bounded linear map of $`L^1(H,C)`$ into $`C_{\tau ,r}H`$, it follows that (3.8) is also a representative for

$$_K^{C_{\tau ,r}H}g(t)𝑑t,$$

which is what we wanted to prove. ∎

## Appendix C The proof of Lemma 4.1

###### Lemma C.1 (Rieffel).

Suppose $`G`$ acts freely and properly on a locally compact Hausdorff space $`P`$, there is a nondegenerate homomorphism $`\theta :C_0(P)M(A)`$, and an action $`\alpha `$ of $`G`$ on $`A`$ such that $`\alpha _s(\theta (f)a)=\theta (\mathrm{lt}_s(f))\alpha _s(a)`$. Then the proper action $`\alpha `$ of $`G`$ on $`A`$ is saturated with respect to $`A_0:=\theta (C_c(P))A\theta (C_c(P))`$.

For the proof, we need to know that the action of $`G`$ on $`C_0(P)`$ is saturated in the sense of ; this is proved, for example, in .

Let $`E_0={}_{E}{}^{}A_0,A_0L^1(G,A)`$ where $`E`$ is the closure of $`E_0`$ in $`A_{\alpha ,r}G`$. It suffices to see that $`E_0`$ is dense in $`L^1(G,A)`$ in the inductive limit topology. To see this, it suffices to see that functions of the form $`s(\phi a)(s):=\phi (s)a`$, where $`\phi C_c(G)`$ and $`a`$ is in any dense subset of $`A`$, belong to $`E`$. Since $`A_0^2`$ is dense in $`A`$, we can fix $`f,p,kC_c(P)`$, $`a,bA_0`$ and $`\phi C_c(G)`$ and let

(C.1)
$$F(s):=\phi (s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)b^{}\theta (\overline{k}),$$

and it will suffice to see that $`F`$ can be approximated in the inductive limit topology by elements of $`E_0`$.

First we prove a related statement: if $`\phi `$, $`a`$, $`b`$, $`f`$, $`p`$ and $`k`$ are as above then

$$s\phi (s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)\alpha _s(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{k})\right)$$

belongs to $`E`$. Let $`W`$ be a compact neighborhood of $`\mathrm{supp}\phi `$. Because the action of $`G`$ on $`C_0(P)`$ is proper and saturated with respect to $`C_c(P)`$, given $`ϵ>0`$, we can find $`g_i,h_iC_c(P)`$ such that

$$\phi (s)p\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}\underset{i}{}g_i\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{h}_i)_{\mathrm{}}<\frac{ϵ}{f_{\mathrm{}}abk_{\mathrm{}}}\text{and}$$

$$\mathrm{supp}\left(s\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}\underset{i}{}g_i\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{h}_i)\right)W.$$

Now let

$$a_i:=\theta (f)a\theta (g_i)\text{and}b_i:=\theta (k)b\theta (h_i).$$

Then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{}_{E}{}^{}a_i,b_i(s)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}a_i\alpha _s(b_i^{})`$
$`=\theta (f)a\theta \left(\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{1/2}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}g_i\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{h}_i)\right)\alpha _s(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{k})\right).`$
Now

$$\theta \left(\mathrm{\Delta }(s)^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{i}{}g_i\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{h}_i)\right)\phi (s)\theta (p)<\frac{ϵ}{f_{\mathrm{}}abk_{\mathrm{}}}.$$

Thus

$$\underset{i}{}{}_{E}{}^{}a_i,b_i(s)\phi (s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)\alpha _s(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{k})\right)<ϵ.$$

Since the neighborhood $`W`$ does not depend on $`ϵ`$, and $`ϵ`$ is arbitrary, it follows that the function $`s\phi (s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)\alpha _s(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{k})\right)`$ is in $`E`$.

Now let $`N`$ be a neighborhood of $`e`$ in $`G`$ such that $`sN`$ implies that

$$b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\alpha _s(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_s(\overline{k})\right)=b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\alpha _s\left(b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\right)<\frac{ϵ}{\phi _{\mathrm{}}f_{\mathrm{}}ap_{\mathrm{}}}.$$

Choose $`r_1,\mathrm{},r_nG`$ such that $`\mathrm{supp}\phi Nr_i`$. Let $`\{\phi _i\}C_c^+(G)`$ be such that $`\mathrm{supp}\phi _iNr_i`$ and $`_i\phi _i1`$ on $`\mathrm{supp}\phi `$ and dominated by $`1`$ elsewhere. We showed above that

$$F_i(s):=\phi (s)\phi _i(s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)\alpha _{sr_i^1}(b^{})\theta \left(\mathrm{lt}_{sr_i^1}(\overline{k})\right)$$

defines an element of $`E`$; if

$$F(s):=\phi (s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)b^{}\theta (\overline{k}),$$

then

$`F(s){\displaystyle F_i(s)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \phi _i(s)F(s)}F_i(s)`$
$`={\displaystyle \phi (s)\phi _i(s)\theta (f)a\theta (p)\left(b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\alpha _{sr_i^1}(b^{}\overline{k})\right)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \phi _i(s)\phi _{\mathrm{}}f_{\mathrm{}}ap_{\mathrm{}}b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\alpha _{sr_i^1}\left(b^{}\theta (\overline{k})\right)}`$
which, since we may assume $`sNr_i`$, is
$`ϵ{\displaystyle \phi _i(s)}ϵ.`$
Since $`_iF_iE`$ and both $`\mathrm{supp}F_i`$ and $`\mathrm{supp}F\mathrm{supp}\phi `$, the result follows.