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# Closed expression of the interaction kernel in the Bethe-Salpeter equation for quark-antiquark bound states

## I Introduction

The Bethe-Salpeter (B-S) equation which was established early in Refs.  is recognized as a rigorous approach to the relativistic bound state problem and has extensively been investigated in the period of more than half century \[3-21\]. The distinctive features of the equation are: (1) The equation is derived from quantum field theory and hence set up on the firm dynamical basis; (2) The interaction kernel in the equation contains all the interactions taking place in the bound states and therefore the equation provides a possibility of exactly solving the problem of relativistic bound states; (3) The equation is elegantly formulated in a manifestly Lorentz-covariant form in the Minkowski space which allows us to discuss the equation in any coordinate frame. However, there are tremendous difficulties in practical applications of the equation. One of the difficulties arises from the fact that the kernel in the equation was not given a closed form in the past. Usually, the kernel is defined as a sum of all B-S irreducible (or say, two-particle-irreducible) graphs. According to this definition, the kernel can only be calculated by the perturbation method. In practical applications, the perturbation series of the kernel has to be truncated in a ladder approximation. The ladder approximation has been proved to be successful in QED for studying the bound states formed by the electromagnetic interaction \[22-26\]. Nevertheless, it is not feasible in QCD for exploring multi-quark bound states because the confining force which must be taken into account in this case could not follow from a perturbative calculation. It was remarked in Ref. that ” The approach using the Bethe-Salpeter equation has not led to a real breakthrough in our understanding of quark-quark force”. The reason is mainly due to that” we have no method for computing the kernel of the B-S equation” because we have not known the closed expression of the kernel which can be used to evaluate the confining force. In the previous application of the B-S equation to investigate the hadron structure, a phenomenological confining potential is necessarily introduced and added to the one-gluon exchange kernel so as to obtain reasonable theoretical results \[27-29\]. The confining potential was originally proposed from a nonperturbative computation, for example, the lattice gauge calculation for a special Wilson loop \[30-33\].

Since the B-S equation is an exact formalism for bound states and the B-S kernel contains all the interactions responsible for the formation of the bound states, the B-S kernel is supposed to be the most suitable starting point of examining the quark confinement. The question now is concentrated on whether a closed expression of the B-S kernel exists and can be derived? The aim of this paper is to give a definite answer to this question. It will be shown that opposite to the conventional concept that ” The kernel $`K`$ can not be given in a closed form expression” , a closed expression of the B-S kernel for quark-antiquark bound states will perfectly be derived in this paper. The method of deriving the expression of the kernel is usage of various equations of motion satisfied by the $`q\overline{q}`$ four-point Green functions some of which involve the gluon field in them \[19-21\]. The kernel derived is compactly represented in terms of only a few types of Green functions. Therefore, the kernel is not only easily calculated by the perturbation method by employing the familiar perturbative expansions of the Green functions, but also suitable for nonperturbative investigations by the lattice approach by making use of the path-integral representations of the Green functions.

The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. In Sect.2, we recapitulate the derivation of the B-S equation and show the definition of the B-S kernel. Section 3 serves to describe the procedure of deriving the B-S kernel. Section 4 is used to derive the final expression of the kernel. In the last section, a summary and discussions are presented. In Appendix, the equations of motion satisfied by some Green functions which are necessary to use in the derivation of the B-S kernel are derived.

## II Definition of the B-S kernel

To derive the B-S interaction kernel appearing in the B-S equation for $`q\overline{q}`$ bound states, we first show how the kernel is defined through Green functions. Before doing this, it is necessary to sketch the derivation of the B-S equation satisfied by the $`q\overline{q}`$ four-point Green function. For the $`q\overline{q}`$ bound states in which the quark and the antiquark may have same flavor, the four-point Green function is appropriately defined in the Heisenberg picture as follows

$$𝒢(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=0^+\left|T\{N[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]N[\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)]\}\right|0^{}$$
(1)
where $`\psi (x)`$ and $`\psi ^c(x)`$ are the quark and antiquark field operators respectively, $`\overline{\psi }(x)`$ and $`\overline{\text{ }\psi }^c(x)`$ are their corresponding Dirac conjugates

$$\psi ^c(x)=C\overline{\psi }^T(x),\overline{\psi }^c(x)=\psi ^T(x)C^1$$
(2)
here $`C=i\gamma ^2\gamma ^0`$ is the charge conjugation operator, $`0^\pm `$ denote the physical vacuum states, $`T`$ symbolizes the time-ordering product and $`N`$ designates the normal product which is defined, for example, by

$$N[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]=T[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]0^+\left|T[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]\right|0^{}.$$
(3)
It is emphasized here that the above normal product can only be viewed as a definition in the Heisenberg picture. With the definition shown in Eq. (2.3), the Green function in Eq. (2.1) can be represented as

$$𝒢(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }$$
(4)
where

$$G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=0^+\left|T\{\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}$$
(5)
is the conventional $`q\overline{q}`$ four-point Green function,

| $`S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]\right|0^{}`$ |
| --- |
| $`=S_F(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \gamma }(C^1)_{\gamma \beta }=S_F^c(x_2x_1)_{\beta \lambda }C_{\lambda \alpha }`$ |

(6)
and

| $`\overline{S_F^{}}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T\{\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}`$ |
| --- |
| $`=C_{\sigma \tau }S_F(y_2y_1)_{\tau \rho }=(C^1)_{\rho \delta }S_F^c(y_1y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(7)
in which

$$S_F(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \gamma }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T[\psi _\alpha (x_1)\overline{\psi }_\gamma (x_2)]\right|0^{}$$
(8)
and

$$S_F^c(y_1y_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T\{\psi _\delta ^c(y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}$$
(9)
are the ordinary quark and antiquark propagators respectively . It is clear that the propagators defined in Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7) are nonzero only for such a quark and an antiquark that they are of the same flavor. For the quark and antiquark of different flavors, the Green function defined in Eq. (2.1) is reduced to the conventional form shown in Eq. (2.5) since the second term on the right hand side (RHS) of Eq. (2.4) vanishes. In the case of the quark and antiquark of the same flavor, the normal product in Eq. (2.1) plays a role of excluding the contraction between the quark field and the antiquark one from the Green function. Physically, this avoids the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation to break stability of the bound state. It is pointed out that use of $`\psi ^c(x)`$ other than $`\overline{\psi }(x)`$ to represent the antiquark field in this paper has an advantage that the antiquark field would behave as a quark one in the B-S equation so that the quark-antiquark equation formally is the same as the corresponding two-quark equation in the case that the quark and antiquark have different flavors.

Now let us proceed to the derivation of the B-S equation for the $`q\overline{q}`$ bound system. This equation can be set up by operating on the Green’s function $`𝒢(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ successively with the inverses of quark and antiquark propagators, i.e. the operator $`(i_{x_1}m_1+`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ defined at the coordinate $`x_1`$ and the operator $`(i_{x_2}m_2+`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$ defined at the coordinate $`x_2`$ where $`_x=\gamma ^\mu _\mu ^x`$, $`m_{1\text{ }}`$ and $`m_2`$ are the quark and antiquark masses, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^c`$ stand for the quark and antiquark proper self-energies which will be defined below. In Appendix, various equations of motion satisfied by several Green functions have been derived from the QCD generating functional. These equations of motion are necessary for deriving the B-S equation. First, we show the equations of motion for the quark and antiquark two-point Green functions (the propagators). From Eq. (A11) in the appendix A, we get the equation of motion satisfied by the quark propagator

$$[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })S_F]_{\alpha \rho }(x_1,y_1)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)$$
(10)
where

| $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }S_F)_{\alpha \rho }(x_1,y_1)d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }S_F(z_1y_1)_{\gamma \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \beta }`$ |

(11)
here

$$(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }=g(\gamma ^\mu T^a)_{\alpha \gamma }$$
(12)
in which $`T^a=\lambda ^a/2`$ are the quark color matrices and

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \rho }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_1)\psi _\gamma (x_1)\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)]\right|0^{}$$
(13)
in which $`𝐀_\mu ^a(x_1)`$ are the gluon field operators. Similarly, from Eq. (B2) given in the appendix B, we can write the equation of motion for the antiquark propagator

$$[(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)S_F^c]_{\beta \sigma }(x_2,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)$$
(14)
where

| $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }^cS_F^c)_{\beta \sigma }(x_2,y_2)d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }S_F^c(z_2y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |

(15)
here

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu }=g\gamma ^\nu \overline{T}^b$$
(16)
with $`\overline{T}^b=\lambda ^b/2`$ being the antiquark color matrices and

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }=\frac{1}{i}0^+\left|T[𝐀_\nu ^b(x_2)\psi _\lambda ^c(x_2)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)]\right|0^{}.$$
(17)
Equations (2.11) and (2.15) just give the definition of the proper self-energies. The explicit representations of the self-energies can be found from the one-particle-irreducible decomposition of the Green functions $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,y_1)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)`$ .

Here, we have a place to give general definitions of the Green functions involved in this paper for simplifying later statements. These Green’s functions are

| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_lx_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\frac{1}{i}0^+T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)\psi _\alpha (x_1)\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)]0^{}`$ |

(18)
| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{𝐜a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_lx_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\frac{1}{i}0^+T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)]0^{}`$ |

(19)
| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_lx_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\frac{1}{i}0^+T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]0^{}`$ |

(20)
| $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_ly_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\frac{1}{i}0^+T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)]0^{}`$ |

(21)
| $`G_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_lx_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=0^+T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)]0^{}`$ |

(22)
and

| $`𝒢_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \kappa \mathrm{}\theta }^{a\mathrm{}bc\mathrm{}d}(x_i,\mathrm{},x_j;y_k,\mathrm{},y_lx_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=0^+T\{N[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)\mathrm{}𝐀_\nu ^b(x_j)\psi _\alpha (x_1)\psi _\beta ^c(x_2)]N[\overline{\psi }_\rho (y_1)\overline{\psi }_\sigma ^c(y_2)𝐀_\kappa ^c(y_k)\mathrm{}𝐀_\theta ^d(y_l)]\}0^{}`$ |

(23)
where $`i,j.k,l=1,2`$. The normal products in Eq. (2.23) are defined in the same way as that in Eq. (2.3). Hereafter, we no longer write individual representations of the Green functions encountered in later derivations . They can be read off from the above expressions.

According to the derivations given in the appendices, we can write from Eqs. (A24) and (B4) the equations of motion obeyed by the Green function defined in Eq. (2.5)

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })G]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }G_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }G(z_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(24)
and

| $`[(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)G]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }G_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }G(x_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |

(25)
where the self-energy-related terms have been added on the both sides of the equations and $`G_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ was defined in Eq. (2.22) with one gluon field operator $`𝐀_\mu ^a(x_i)`$ in it. It is noted that the second terms on the RHS of Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25) will disappear when the quark and the antiquark have different flavors.

The equations of motion satisfied by the Green function defined in Eq. (2.1) can be written out by virtue of Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25). To do this, we need to introduce new Green functions which follows immediately from Eq. (2.23) as follows

| $`𝒢_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ |

(26)
where $`i=1,2`$. On substituting the definitions in Eqs. (2.4) and (2.26) into Eqs.(2.24) and (2.25), employing the equations in Eqs. (2.10) and (2.14) and the relations in Eqs. (2.6), (2.7), (2.11) and (2.15), it is not difficult to derive the following equations

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒢]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }𝒢_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }+d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }𝒢(z_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(27)
and

| $`[(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)𝒢]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }𝒢_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }+d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }𝒢(x_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(28)
In comparison of Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25) with Eqs. (2.27) and (2.28), we see that the second terms on the RHS of Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25), which are related to the annihilation between the quark and antiquark with the same flavor, are absent in Eqs. (2.27) and (2.28). That is to say, although the equations in Eqs. (2.27) and (2.28) suit to the both cases that the flavors of quark and antiquark are either different or the same, they formally are the same as those equations written in Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25) for the case that the quark and antiquark have different flavors.

To derive the B-S equation, we need to operate on Eq. (2.28) with the operator( $`i_{x_1}m_1+`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ ) ( or equivalently, operate on Eq. (2.27) with ($`i_{x_2}m_2+`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^c`$))

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)𝒢]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })S_F]_{\alpha \rho }(x_1y_1)`$ |
| $`(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒢_\nu ^b]_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| $`+d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒢]_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1,z_2;y_1,y_2).`$ |

(29)
The first and third terms in the above can directly be evaluated by employing Eqs. (2.10) and (2.27). To compute the second term, we first write down the equation of motion for the Green function $`G_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ which is given by supplementing the self- energy-related term to the both sides of Eq. (A25)

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })G_\nu ^b]_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \lambda }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }G_\nu ^b(x_2z_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |

(30)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma },`$ $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ and $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ are the Green functions which can be read off from Eqs. (2.19), (2.21) and (2.22) respectively. According to the relation shown in Eq. (2.26) and the following relation which follows from Eq. (2.23)

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ |

(31)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }`$ was defined in Eq. (2.20), and employing the equation of motion for the Green function $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }`$ which is obtained from Eq. (A27) by introducing the self-energy-related term to the equation

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^b]_{\alpha \beta }(x_2x_1,x_2)=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \beta }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^b(x_2z_1,x_2)_{\gamma \beta }`$ |

(32)
it is easy to find from Eq. (2.30) an equation of motion for the Green function $`𝒢_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ such that

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒢_\nu ^b]_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \lambda }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }𝒢_\nu ^b(x_2z_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(33)
Upon inserting Eqs. (2.10), (2.27) and (2.33) into Eq. (2.29), we arrive at

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)𝒢]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2)+_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(34)
where

$$_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{}}_1^{(i)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(35)
in which

$$_1^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }𝒢_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(36)
$$_1^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4z_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }𝒢_\nu ^b(x_2z_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(37)
$$_1^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(38)
$$_1^{(4)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1x_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }C_{\lambda \alpha }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }$$
(39)
and

$$_1^{(5)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4z_1d^4z_2\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,z_2)_{\beta \lambda }𝒢(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }.$$
(40)
From perturbative calculations or irreducible decompositions of the Green functions \[1-5, 21\], it may be found that the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is B-S reducible and can be written in the form

$$_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4z_1d^4z_2K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }$$
(41)
where $`K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)`$ is precisely the B-S irreducible kernel. With the above expression for the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2),`$ the equation in Eq. (2.34) can be expressed in a closed form

| $`[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)𝒢]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2)+d^4z_1d^4z_2K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(42)
This just is the B-S equation satisfied by the Green function $`𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).`$ By making use of the Lehmann representation of the Green function $`𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ or the well-known procedure proposed by Gell-Mann and Low , one may readily derive from Eq. (2.42) the B-S equation satisfied by B-S amplitudes describing the $`q\overline{q\text{ }}`$ bound states \[1-5\]

$$[(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)\chi _{P\varsigma }](x_{1,}x_2)=d^4y_1d^4y_2K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)\chi _{P\varsigma }(y_1,y_2)$$
(43)
where

$$\chi _{P\varsigma }(x_{1,}x_2)=0^+\left|N[\psi (x_1)\psi ^c(x_2)]\right|P\varsigma $$
(44)
represents the B-S amplitude in which $`P`$ denotes the total momentum of a $`q\overline{q\text{ }}`$ bound state and$`\varsigma `$ marks the other quantum numbers of the state. The above equation can be written in the form of an integral equation when we operate on the both sides of the above equation with $`(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })^1(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)^1`$\[1-5\]

$$\chi _{P\varsigma }(x_{1,}x_2)=d^4z_1d^4z_2d^4y_1d^4y_2S_F(x_1z_1)S_F^c(x_2z_2)K(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)\chi _{P\varsigma }(y_1,y_2)$$
(45)
## III Derivation of the B-S kernel

Beyond the perturbation method, the B-S kernel may be derived by starting from its definition shown in Eq. (2.41). One method of the derivation is usage of the technique of irreducible decomposition of Green functions. By this method, once the one and two-particle-irreducible decompositions of the Green functions contained in the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ are completed, it can be found that the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ can really be represented in the form as written in Eq. (2.41) and, at the same time, the kernel will be explicitly worked out. Nevertheless, the expression of the kernel given in this way is much complicated ( We leave the detailed discussions in the future). Another method of deriving the kernel is to use B-S equations which describe variations of the Green functions involved in the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ with the coordinates $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$. In this paper, we adopt the latter method and describe the procedure of the derivation in this section. Let us operate on the both sides of Eq. (2.41) from the right with the operator $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$ such that

| $`d^4z_1d^4z_2K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(46)
where

$$𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=[_1(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).$$
(47)
As seen from Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2), to derive the B-S kernel, it is necessary to use the B-S equations with respect to $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ for the Green function $`𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and the other Green functions appearing in the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).`$ Analogous to the procedure stated in the preceding section, the above-mentioned B-S equations can be derived with the aid of equations of motion with respect to $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ for those Green functions. First, we show the equations of motion obeyed by the quark and antiquark propagators

$$[S_F(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\alpha \rho }(x_1,y_1)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)$$
(48)
and

$$[S_F^c(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\beta \sigma }(x_2,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)$$
(49)
which are given by Eqs. (C2) and (D2) respectively with the source $`J`$ being set to vanish. We note here that the self-energies, as easily proved, are the same as those defined in Eqs. (2.11) and (2.15).

Next, we derive the B-S equation satisfied by the Green function $`𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).`$ For this purpose, we first write down the equation of motion describing variation of the conventional Green function $`G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ with $`y_1`$ which is obtained from Eq. (C5) by setting $`J=0`$ and adding the term related to the self-energy

| $`[G(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }+G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4z_1G(x_1,x_2;z_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(50)
where $`G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is the Green function with a gluon field at $`y_1`$ in it whose expression can be read from Eq. (2.22). Substituting in Eq. (3.5) the relation given in Eq. (2.4) and the following relation which follows from Eq. (2.23)

$$𝒢_\mu ^a(y_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G_\mu ^a(y_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(y_iy_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }$$
(51)
and employing the equation

$$[\overline{S}_F^{}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\rho \sigma }(y_1,y_2)=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)$$
(52)
which is given by Eqs. (C8)-(C10), it can be found

| $`[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }d^4z_1𝒢(x_1,x_2;z_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\sigma \rho }.`$ |

(53)
In order to derive the B-S equation, we need to operate on the both sides of the above equation with the operator $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$,

| $`[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`+[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4z_1[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }(x_1,x_2;z_1,y_2)\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(54)
where Eq. (3.4) has been used. For computing the third term in the equation, we start from the equation of motion which is obtained from Eq. (D8) with setting $`J=0`$ and supplementing the self-energy-related term

| $`[G(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }+G_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4z_2G(x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(55)
By applying the relations shown in Eqs. (2.4) and (3.6) to Eq. (3.10) and considering the following equation

$$[\overline{S}_F^{}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\rho \sigma }(y_1,y_2)=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)$$
(56)
which is given by Eqs. (D14)-(D16) and the relations represented in Eq. (2.15), one can get such an equation that

| $`[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }d^4z_2𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(57)
To calculate the second term in Eq. (3.9), let us operate on the both sides of Eq. (3.6) with $`i=1`$ by the operator $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$

| $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=[G_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| $`+S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\rho \sigma }(y_1y_1,y_2).`$ |

(58)
The first term can be calculated by virtue of the equation of motion derived in Eq. (D9). With addition of the self-energy-relevant term to Eq. (D9), we have

| $`[G_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4z_2G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(59)
where the Green functions have been defined in Eqs. (2.18), (2.20) and (2.22). In accordance with Eq.(2.23), one can write

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ |

(60)
where $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ was defined in Eq. (2.21). When the relations given in Eqs. (3.6) and (3.15) are substituted into Eq. (3.14), we are led to

| $`[G_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }+𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4z_2𝒢_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`+S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }d^4z_2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(y_1y_1,z_2)_{\rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(61)
The second term in Eq. (3.13) is directly determined by the following equation of motion

| $`[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\rho \sigma }(y_1y_1,y_2)=\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4z_2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(y_1y_1,z_2)_{\rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(62)
which is given in Eq. (D17) with setting $`J=0`$ and adding the term associated with the self-energy. On inserting Eqs. (3.16) and (3.17) into Eq. (3.13), it is easy to find

| $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }+𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4z_2𝒢_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(63)
Substitution of Eqs. (3.12) and (3.18) in Eq. (3.9) yields

| $`[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2)+_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(64)
where

$$_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{j=1}{\overset{5}{}}_2^{(j)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(65)
in which

$$_2^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4z_2𝒢_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho },$$
(66)
$$_2^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4z_1𝒢_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;z_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma },$$
(67)
$$_2^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma },$$
(68)
$$_2^{(4)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }(C\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\sigma \rho }$$
(69)
and

$$_2^{(5)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4z_1d^4z_2𝒢(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.$$
(70)
By applying the B-S equation given in Eq. (3.19), Eq. (3.1) can be written as

| $`K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4z_1d^4z_2K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }_2(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(71)
To reach a closed expression of the B-S kernel, it is necessary to eliminate the kernel appearing in the second term on the RHS of Eq. (3.26). For this purpose, we operate on the both sides of Eq. (2.41) with the inverse of the Green function $`𝒢(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$. With this operation , noticing

$$d^4z_1d^4z_2𝒢(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(z_1,z_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2),$$
(72)
one gets

$$K(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }=d^4u_1d^4u_2_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;z_1,z_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }.$$
(73)
Upon inserting the above expression into Eq. (3.26), we finally arrive at

$$K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }𝒮(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(74)
where

| $`𝒮(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }_2(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(75)
As we see, the B-S kernel shown above contains two terms. The second term has been explicitly written out. It contains a few types of the Green functions as well as the self-energies appearing in the mutually conjugate functions $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and $`_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ shown in Eqs. (2.35)-(2.40) and (3. 20)-(3.25) respectively. Clearly, to give a final expression of the B-S kernel, according to the definition in Eq.(3.2), we need to calculate the function $`𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ by means of the B-S equations with respect to $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ for the Green functions involved in the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).`$ We leave the calculations in the next section.

## IV Closed expression of the B-S kernel

This section is used to calculate the function $`𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ so as to give the final expression of the B-S kernel. In accordance with the expressions shown in Eqs. (3.2) and (2.35), we can write

$$𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{}}𝒬_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(76)
where

$$𝒬_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=[_1^{(i)}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).$$
(77)
This expression indicates that to compute each $`𝒬_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$, we need to derive the B-S equations with respect to $`y_{1\text{ }}`$and $`y_2`$ for the Green functions contained in the function $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$. We will separately calculate each $`𝒬_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ below.

a. Calculation of $`𝒬_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$

Based on Eqs. (4.2) and (2.36), we can write

| $`𝒬_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2).`$ |

(78)
To calculate the above function, it is necessary to start from the following equation of motion which is established from Eq. (C6) by setting the source $`J=0`$,

| $`G_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1u_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(79)
where the Green functions have been represented respectively in Eqs. (2.19), (2.20) and (2.22). Considering the definitions given in Eq. (2.26) and in the following

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_i;y_jx_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_i;y_jx_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_jy_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }`$ |

(80)
($`i,j=1,2`$) which immediately follows from Eq. (2.23) and employing Eqs. (3.7) and (4.4), it is not difficult to derive

| $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1u_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }d^4v_1𝒢_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }.`$ |

(81)
Now, let us operate on the above equation with $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c),`$ giving

| $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\lambda \sigma }(x_1u_2,y_2)`$ |
| $`+[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1x_1,u_2;v_1,y_2)\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }.`$ |

(82)
The first term can be calculated by using the equation derived in Eq. (D5),

| $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\lambda \sigma }(x_1u_2,y_2)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1;y_2u_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{ca}(x_1u_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(83)
where the two Green functions were represented in Eq. (2.19). The third term in Eq. (4.7) can be calculated by virtue of the equation given in Eq. (D10)

| $`G_\mu ^a(x_1x_{1,}u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(u_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(v_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_2x_1,u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(84)
in which the Green functions have been respectively defined in Eqs. (2.18), (2.20) and (2.22). In view of the definitions in Eqs. (2.26) and (4.5) and employing the equations in Eqs. (4.9) and (3.11), it can be found

| $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1x_{1,}u_2;v_1,y_2)=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(u_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_2x_1,u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }d^4v_2𝒢_\mu ^a(x_1x_{1,}u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(85)
For calculating the second term in Eq. (4.7), it is needed to use the following equation obtained from Eq. (D11) by setting $`J=0`$

| $`[G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(u_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(86)
where all the Green functions were defined respectively in Eqs. (2.18), (2.20) and (2.22). By considering the definitions given in Eq. (4.5) and in the following

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }=G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\nu \kappa }^{bc}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }`$ |

(87)
which is implied by Eq. (2.23) and utilizing Eqs. (4.11) and (3.17), an equation of motion for the Green function $`𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)`$ will be found to be

| $`[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(u_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_{1,}u_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(88)
When Eqs. (4.8), (4.10) and (4.13) are inserted into Eq. (4.7) and then Eq. (4.7) is inserted into Eq. (4.3), an explicit expression of the function $`𝒬_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ will be derived as given in the following

| $`𝒬_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+d^4v_1d^4v_2_1^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(89)
where

| $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1y_1)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \rho }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1;y_2u_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1u_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }]`$ |
| $`\delta ^4(y_1y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,u_2)_{\gamma \lambda }(C\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\sigma \rho },`$ |

(90)
| $`_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_{1,}u_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_2x_{1,}u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(91)
and the function $`_1^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)`$ was defined in Eq. (2.36).

b. Calculation of $`𝒬_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$

From Eqs. (4.2) and (2.37), one can write

| $`𝒬_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_2u_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |

(92)
In comparison of the above expression with that denoted in Eq. (4.3), it is clearly seen that the function $`𝒬_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ can explicitly be written out from the expression of $`𝒬_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ shown in Eqs. (4.14)-(4.16) by the following replacements: $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }`$ and in the $`[𝒢_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)`$ whose expression is given in Eqs. (4.7), (4.8), (4.10) and (4.13), the gluon field coordinate $`x_1`$ is changed to $`x_2`$ and the quark and antiquark coordinates $`x_1`$ and $`u_2`$ are respectively changed to $`u_1`$ and $`x_2`$. The result is

| $`𝒬_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+d^4v_1d^4v_2_1^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(93)
where

| $`_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_2y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \sigma }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1u_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_2u_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }]+\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_2x_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |
| $`\delta ^4(y_1y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1u_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }(C\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\sigma \rho },`$ |

(94)
| $`_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }[𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_2;y_1,y_2u_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1u_{1,}x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_2u_{1,}x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(95)
and the function $`_1^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)`$ was defined in Eq. (2.37).

c. Calculation of $`𝒬_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$

In accordance with Eqs. (4.2) and (2.38), the function $`𝒬_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is known to be

| $`𝒬_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |

(96)
For calculating this function, it is necessary to start from the equation of motion given by Eq. (C7)

| $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(97)
where the Green functions were respectively represented in Eqs. (2.19), (2.20) and (2. 22). Grounded on the definition given in Eqs. (2.31) and the following one which can be written out from Eq. (2.23):

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2,y_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2,y_ix_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\kappa ^c(y_iy_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }`$ |

(98)
here $`i=1,2`$ and the equations shown in Eqs. (4.22) and (3.7), it is easy to derive

| $`[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }d^4v_1𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }.`$ |

(99)
Now, we operate on the above equation with $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$, giving

| $`[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\gamma \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\lambda \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)`$ |
| $`+[𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1,x_2,y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }.`$ |

(100)
The first term is easily computed by virtue of the equation given in Eq. (D6) by adding the term associated to the self-energy

| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)_{\lambda \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1x_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{𝐜abc}(x_1,x_2,y_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(101)
where

$$i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1x_2)=0^+\left|T[𝐀_\mu ^a(x_1)𝐀_\nu ^b(x_2)]\right|0^{}$$
(102)
is the gluon propagator and the other Green functions were defined in Eq. (2.19). The third term in Eq. (4.25) will be evaluated with the aid of the equation given by Eq. (D12)

| $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(v_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(103)
Noticing the definitions in Eqs. (2.31) and (4.23) and applying the equations in Eqs. (3.11) and (4.28), we find

| $`[𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;v_1,y_2)=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(104)
The second term in Eq. (4.25) can be calculated by means of the equation derived in Eq. (D13)

| $`G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+G_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{d\theta })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(105)
where all the Green functions can be read off from Eq. (2.18), (2.20) and (2.22). Considering the definitions given in Eq. (4.23) and in the following

| $`𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\kappa \theta }^{cd}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }`$ |

(106)
which follows from Eq. (2.23) and applying the equations in Eqs. (4.30) and (3.17), it is easy to find

| $`[𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \tau \sigma }(x_1,x_2;y_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta _{\lambda \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }+𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{d\theta })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(107)
Upon substituting Eqs. (4.26), (4.29) and (4.32) in Eq. (4.25) and then inserting Eq. (4.25) into Eq. (4.21), we eventually arrive at

| $`𝒬_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+d^4v_1d^4v_2_1^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(108)
where

$$K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\delta ^4(x_2y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \sigma }i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1x_2)$$
(109)
which is the t-channel one-gluon exchange kernel,

$$\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{d\theta })_{\delta \sigma },$$
(110)
| $`_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1y_1)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{𝐜abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |
| $`\delta ^4(x_2y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \sigma }((\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }]`$ |
| $`+\delta ^4(y_1y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \lambda }(C\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\sigma \rho },`$ |

(111)
| $`_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[d^4v_2𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`+d^4v_1𝒢_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(112)
and the function $`_1^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)`$ was defined in Eq. (2.38).

d. Calculation of $`𝒬_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$

According to Eqs. (4.2) and (2.39), the function $`𝒬_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is ought to be

| $`𝒬_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta ^4(x_1x_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu }C)_{\beta \alpha }[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\rho \sigma }(x_2y_1,y_2)`$ |

(113)
Clearly, to evaluate the above function, we need at first the equation of motion which is obtained from Eq. (C11) by setting the source $`J`$ to be zero and adding the term associated with the self-energy

| $`[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })]_{\rho \sigma }(x_2y_1,y_2)=\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_1\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(x_2v_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(114)
where the Green functions was written in Eq. (2.21).

Now, let us operate on Eq. (4.39) with the operator $`(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$,

| $`[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\rho \sigma }(x_2y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\tau \sigma }(x_2;y_1y_1,y_2)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\tau \sigma }(x_2v_1,y_2)\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }.`$ |

(115)
Based on the equations shown in Eqs. (D18) and (D19), one can write respectively the following equations:

| $`[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\tau \sigma }(x_2v_1,y_2)=\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_2v_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(x_2v_1,v_2)_{\tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(116)
and

| $`[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\tau \sigma }(x_2,y_1y_1,y_2)=C_{\tau \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2y_1)`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_2,y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }d^4v_2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2,y_1y_1,v_2)_{\tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(117)
where $`i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2y_1)`$ is the gluon propagator as defined in Eq. (4.27) and the other Green functions can be read from Eq. (2.21).

Substituting at first Eqs. (4.41) and (4.42) into Eq. (4.40) and then Eq. (4.40) into Eq. (4.38), the function $`𝒬_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ will be explicitly written in the form

| $`𝒬_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=K_s^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+d^4v_1d^4v_2_1^{(4)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)`$ |

(118)
where

$$K_s^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\delta ^4(y_1y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu }C)_{\beta \alpha }(C^1\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\sigma \rho }i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2y_1)$$
(119)
which is the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel,

| $`_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1x_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu }C)_{\beta \alpha }\{[\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_2;y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1y_1,v_2)_{\tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }](\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_2v_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }\}`$ |

(120)
and the function $`_1^{(4)}(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)`$ was defined in Eq. (2.39).. It is noted here that the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel describes the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation and creation process which takes place between the quark (antiquark) in the initial state and the antiquark (quark) in the final state as indicated by the gluon propagator in Eq. (4.44), not between the quark and the antiquark both of which belong to the initial state or the final state B-S amplitude for a bound state.

e. Calculation of $`𝒬_5(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$

From Eqs. (4.2) and (2.40), we have

| $`𝒬_5(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[𝒢(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1\mathrm{\Sigma })(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)]_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }(u_1,u_2;y_1,y_2).`$ |

(121)
By applying the equation given in Eq. (3.19), the above function can explicitly be represented as

| $`𝒬_5(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=_0(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+d^4u_1d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }_2(u_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |

(122)
where

$$_0(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }$$
(123)
and $`_2(u_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ was shown in Eqs. (3.20)-(3.25).

In summary, combining the expressions given in Eqs. (4.14), (4.18), (4.33), (4.43) and (4.47), an explicit expression of the function $`𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ written in Eq. (4.1) will be eventually found as shown in the following

| $`𝒬(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+K_s^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4u_1d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }_2(u_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4v_1d^4v_2H_1(x_1,x_2;v_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(124)
where we have defined

$$(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=0}{\overset{4}{}}_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma },$$
(125)
$$(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(126)
and

$$H_j(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}_j^{(i)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(127)
here $`j=1,2`$ and all the functions on the RHS of Eqs.(4.50)-(4.52) have already been explicitly given before.

Now let us turn to the function $`𝒮(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ expressed in Eq. (3.30). According to the definitions denoted in Eqs. (2.35), (3.20) and (4.52), we can write

$$_j(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=H_j(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+_j^{(5)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(128)
.Thus, Eq. (3.30) can be rewritten in the form

| $`𝒮(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2H_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }H_2(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2_1^{(5)}(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }_2(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| $`+d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2H_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }_2^{(5)}(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(129)
When the functions $`_1^{(5)}(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }`$ and $`_2^{(5)}(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }`$ in the second and third terms are respectively replaced by the expressions given in Eqs. (2.40) and (3.25) and utilizing the relation in Eq. (3.27), it is easy to see that the last two terms in Eq. (4.54) exactly equal to the last two terms in Eq. (4.49) respectively. Therefore, when we substitute Eqs. (4.49) and (4.54) into Eq. (3.29), the above-mentioned terms are cancelled with each other. Thus, the B-S kernel will be finally expressed by

$$K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{_{_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }}}=𝐐(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }𝐒(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(130)
where

| $`𝐐(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+K_s^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)+(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(131)
and

| $`𝐒(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2H_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }𝒢^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }H_2(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }.`$ |

(132)
In Eqs. (4.56) and (4.57), all the functions are represented through only a few types of Green functions. Therefore, the kernel derived is not only easily calculated by the perturbation method, but also provides a proper basis for studying the QCD nonperturbative effect.

## V Summary and discussions

In the preceding sections, the B-S kernel has been derived by means of the B-S equations satisfied by the $`q\overline{q}`$ Green functions and given a closed and explicit expression shown in Eqs. (4.55)-(4.57). This expression is manifestly Lorentz-covariant even in the space-like region of Minkowski space where the bound states exist and it suits to not only the case that the quark and antiquark have different flavors, but also the case where they have the same flavor. In the latter case, the masses of the quark and antiquark are the same, $`m_1=m_2=m.`$ Meanwhile, the B-S kernel contains the part describing the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation and creation process such as the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel $`K_s^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ shown in Eq (4.44) and the terms involving the Green functions $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_j\mathrm{}x_1,x_2)`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}y_1,y_2)`$ which give the higher order perturbative corrections to the vertices of the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel. It is well known that the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel gives no contribution to the $`q\overline{q}`$ bound state because the matrix element of the color operator in the kernel vanishes in the $`q\overline{q}`$ color singlet. But, this does not imply that the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation part of the kernel is meaningless. For example, the s-channel one-gluon exchange kernel derived in this paper would give a considerable contribution to the interaction of a multi-quark-antiquark system as shown in our previous works . For the former case that the quark and antiquark are of different flavors, certainly, the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation part of the kernel is absent. In this case, the B-S kernel is of a simpler expression which can be written out from the corresponding expression given in the preceding section by deleting out the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation terms and replacing all the Green functions by the conventional ones. For convenience of later discussions, we summarize the expression of such a kernel in the following.

$$K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=Q(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }S(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(133)
where $`Q(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and $`S(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ are separately described below.

| $`Q(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+R(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }+M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(134)
where $`K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ was given in Eq. (4.34),

$$\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }G_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{d\theta })_{\delta \sigma }$$
(135)
which formally is the same as given in Eq. (4.35), but the Green function in it becomes the conventional one as defined in Eq. (2.22),

$$R(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=0}{\overset{3}{}}R_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(136)
here the fact that $`_4(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ defined in Eq.(4.45) vanishes in this case has been considered, $`R_0(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ is defined as the same as written in Eq. (4.48), while the other $`R_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ are now defined by

| $`R_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1y_1)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \rho }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1;y_2u_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1u_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }],`$ |

(137)
| $`R_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_2y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \sigma }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1u_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_2u_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }]+\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_2x_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(138)
and

| $`R_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\delta ^4(x_1y_1)(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{𝐜abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`d^4v_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,v_2)_{\lambda \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |
| $`\delta ^4(x_2y_2)(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \sigma }((\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\gamma \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,v_1)_{\gamma \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }]`$ |

(139)
which are respectively written from Eqs. (4.15), (4.19) and (4.36) by dropping the terms related to the $`q\overline{q}`$ annihilation, and

$$M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}M_i(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(140)
here

| $`M_1(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }[G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_{1,}u_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_2x_{1,}u_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }],`$ |

(141)
| $`M_2(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,u_1)_{\alpha \gamma }[G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_2;y_1,y_2u_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| $`d^4v_2G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1u_{1,}x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`d^4v_1G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_2u_{1,}x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(142)
and

| $`M_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\nu })_{\beta \lambda }[d^4v_2G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |
| $`+d^4v_1G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }]`$ |

(143)
which are written respectively from Eqs. (4.16), (4.20) and (4.37) with the Green functions being replaced by the conventional ones.

The function $`S(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is defined by

| $`S(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2H_1(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }G^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)_{\gamma \lambda \tau \delta }H_2(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)_{\tau \delta \rho \sigma }`$ |

(144)
where

$$H_j(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)_{\alpha \beta \gamma \lambda }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}H_j^{(i)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }$$
(145)
here $`j=1,2`$,

$$H_1^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }d^4u_2\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,u_2)_{\beta \lambda }G_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,u_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(146)
$$H_1^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }d^4u_1\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,z_1)_{\alpha \gamma }G_\nu ^b(x_2u_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(147)
$$H_1^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \lambda \rho \sigma },$$
(148)
$$H_2^{(1)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4v_2G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,v_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(v_2,y_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho },$$
(149)
$$H_2^{(2)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=d^4v_1G_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;v_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }(v_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }$$
(150)
and

$$H_2^{(3)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }=G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }$$
(151)
which are written from Eqs. (2.36)-(2.38) and (3.21)-(3.23) with replacing all the Green functions by the conventional ones. In the above, $`_j^{(4)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=0`$ has been considered.

Now, some discussions on the kernel derived in this paper are in order. For simplicity, we concentrate our attention on the expressions shown in Eqs. (5.1)-(5.19). First, we note that the terms in the function $`M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ defined in Eqs. (5.8)-(5.11) are all related to the quark and antiquark self-energies $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(x_1,y_1)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(x_2,y_2)`$. These terms are responsible for eliminating the corresponding terms contained in the function $`\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ defined in Eq. (5.3). This point would be clearly seen from the one and two-particle irreducible decompositions or the perturbative expansions of the Green functions occurring in the functions $`\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and $`M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ ( detailed discussions of this point will be presented later). By the irreducible decomposition of the Green function involved in the function $`\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$, it would be found that the irreducible diagrams of the function $`\overline{K}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ can be divided into two classes: the first class consists of the diagrams with the self-energies of the so-called external quark and antiquark (which mean the quark and antiquark occurring in the B-S amplitude); the second class contains the diagrams without such self-energies. The first class of diagrams are precisely cancelled out by all the diagrams of the functions $`M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2).`$ Similarly, the self-energy-related terms in the function $`R(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ defined in Eqs. (5.4)-(5.7) and (4.48) are responsible for cancelling the corresponding terms contained in the two self-energy-irrelevant terms in the function $`R_3(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ shown in Eq. (5.7). From this cancellation, we see that the B-S kernel is, actually, irrelevant to the self-energy corrections of the external fermion lines. It only contains the terms consisting of vertices and internal propagators. In particular, the function $`R(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ gives all the higher order perturbative corrections to the bare vertices included in the kernel $`K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ so as to make the vertices to be exact. Therefore, the first two terms on the RHS of Eq. (5.2) actually give the exact one-gluon exchange kernel. The self-energies of the external fermions are included in the full propagators $`S_F(x_1z_1)`$ and $`S_F^c(x_2z_2)`$ in Eq. (2.45). With these full propagators, the B-S equation has an advantage that it can conveniently be renormalized. This advantage interprets why in the derivation of the B-S equation, we operate on the Green functions with the operators $`(i_{x_1}m_1+\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`(i_{x_2}m_2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^c)`$ other than with the operators $`(i_{x_1}m_1)`$ and $`(i_{x_2}m_2).`$ Certainly, the B-S equation can be set up by using the operators $`(i_{x_1}m_1)`$ and $`(i_{x_2}m_2)`$ to operate on the Green function $`G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$. In this case, the fermion propagators in Eq. (2.45) become free ones and, meanwhile, the B-S kernel, in the case that the quark and antiquark are of different flavors, has an expression which may be written down from Eqs. (5.1)-(5.19) by deleting out the self-energy-related terms, as shown in the following

| $`K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)+\overline{R}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`+G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |

(152)
where $`K_t^{(0)}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ is still represented in Eq. (4.34),

$$\overline{R}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=\delta (x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_1,x_2,y_1x_1,y_1)\delta (x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }^c(x_1,x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)$$
(153)
here

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)=0^+\left|T\{𝐉(x_1)\overline{𝐀}(x_2)\overline{𝐉}(y_1)\}\right|0^{}$$
(154)
$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^c(x_1,x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)=0^+\left|T\{𝐀(x_1)𝐉^c(x_2)\overline{𝐉}^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}$$
(155)
in which

| $`𝐀(x)=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu }𝐀_\mu ^a(x),`$ $`\overline{𝐀}(x)=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu }𝐀_\nu ^b(x),`$ $`𝐉(x)=𝐀(x)\psi (x),`$ |
| --- |
| $`𝐉^c(x)=\overline{𝐀}(x)\psi ^c(x),\overline{\text{ }𝐉}(x)=\overline{\psi }(x)𝐀(x),`$ $`\overline{𝐉}^c(x)=\overline{\psi }^c(x)\overline{𝐀}(x),`$ |

(156)
| $`G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=0^+\left|T\{𝐉(x_1)𝐉^c(x_2)\overline{𝐉}(y_1)\overline{𝐉}^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}`$ |

(157)
and

| $`\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2G(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)G^1(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)G(y_1,y_2v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)`$ |

(158)
here

$$G(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)=0^+\left|T\{𝐉(x_1)𝐉^c(x_2)\overline{\psi }(u_1)\overline{\psi }^c(u_2)\}\right|0^{},$$
(159)
$$G(y_1,y_2v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)=0^+\left|T\{\psi (v_1)\psi ^c(v_2)\overline{𝐉}(y_1)\overline{𝐉}^c(y_2)\}\right|0^{}.$$
(160)
The kernel shown in Eqs. (5.20)-(5.28) formally is simple though, its content actually is more complicated than the kernel written in Eqs. (5.1)-(5.19) because it contains the diagrams related to the self-energy corrections of the external fermions.

It is well known that the B-S equation is invariant with respect to renormalization. In other words, equation (2.45) keeps the same form before and after renormalization. Therefore, the renormalized B-S kernel, for example, in the case that the flavors of quark and antiquark are different, is still represented by Eqs. (5.1)-(5.19) provided that all the quantities such as the quark and antiquark masses, the coupling constant, the self-energies and the Green functions are replaced by the renormalized ones. In such a kernel, the first two terms in Eq. (5.2) give the exact renormalized one-gluon exchange kernel. Especially, at the renormalization point, as demonstrated in the renormalization theory , the one gluon exchange kernel is reduced to the form as given in the lowest order approximation of perturbation and the function $`M(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ vanishes because at the renormalization, according to the renormalization boundary conditions, the propagators become the free ones due to vanishing of the self-energies and the vertices become the bare ones. Only in this case, the B-S kernel has a simple form as written in Eq. (5.20) with the function $`\overline{R}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ defined in Eqs. (5.21)-(5.23) being absent.

Next, we would like to mention the role played by the last term in Eq. (5.20). As pointed out in Sect.2, the Green function $`G(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)`$ with two-gluon fields at the positions $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ is B-S reducible and can be represented as

$$G(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)=d^4z_1d^4z_2\stackrel{~}{K}(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)G(z_1,z_2;u_1,u_2)$$
(161)
where $`\stackrel{~}{K}(x_1,x_2;z_1,z_2)`$ is just the B-S kernel which is generated from the Green function $`G(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)`$. Similarly, the Green function $`G(y_1,y_2v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)`$ with two gluon fields at $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ is also B-S reducible and can be expressed in the form

$$G(y_1,y_2v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2)=d^4z_1^{}d^4z_2^{}G(v_1,v_2;z_1^{},z_2^{})\stackrel{~}{K}(z_1^{},z_2^{};y_1,y_2).$$
(162)
Substituting Eqs. (5.29) and (5.30) into Eq. (5.26) and using the identity denoted in Eq. (3.27), it is found that

$$\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=d^4u_1d^4u_2d^4v_1d^4v_2\stackrel{~}{K}(x_1,x_2;u_1,u_2)G(u_1,u_2;v_1,v_2)\stackrel{~}{K}(v_1,v_2;y_1,y_2).$$
(163)
This expression shows the typical structure of the two-particle reducible part of the B-S kernel. On the other hand, the Green function $`G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ for which at every position a gluon field is nested, in general, can be split into a B-S irreducible part $`G_{IR}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and a B-S reducible part $`G_{RE}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$. The B-S reducible part just equals to the function $`\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$. Therefore, both of the functions $`\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and $`G_{RE}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ are cancelled with each other in Eq. (5.20). Thus, we have

$$K(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)=K_t(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)+G_{IR}(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)$$
(164)
in which the B-S irreducible part of the Green function represents two and more than two-gluon exchange interactions in the sense of perturbation theory. Similar cancellations take place in Eqs. (4.55) and (5.1) where the function $`𝐒(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ and $`S(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ just play the role of eliminating the B-S reducible parts contained in the remaining terms in the kernels.

At last, we would like to stress that unlike the Dyson-Schwinger (D-S) equation  which contains an infinite set of equations, the B-S equation is of a closed form. In particular, the interaction kernel in the equation represents all the interactions taking place in the bound states. As shown in the preceding section and this section, the closed expression of the B-S kernel contains only a few types of Green functions. These Green functions can easily be calculated by the perturbation method. In this kind of calculations, we only need the perturbative expansions of the Green functions without concerning the calculation of other more-point Green functions as it is necessary to be done for the D-S equation. Especially, the Green functions are possible to be evaluated nonperturbatively as suggested by the lattice gauge theory. Therefore, the expression of the kernel given in this paper provides a new formalism for exploring the QCD nonperturbative effect existing in the bound state and the quark confinement. For this purpose, it is appropriate to start from the kernel represented in this section, particularly, as the first stage, from the kernel in Eq. (5.32) in which the last term is given by the difference between the $`G(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ in Eq. (5.25) and the $`\overline{S}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)`$ in Eq. (5.26). In the ordinary quark potential model, the second term in Eq. (5.32) is usually simulated by a linear potential kernel or some other modified confinement one. Obviously, this simulation is oversimplified. To search for a sophisticated confining potential including not only its spatial form, but also its spin and color structures, it is necessary to call for a nonperturbative calculation of the the B-S kernel given in this paper. The spin and color structures are determined not only by the matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu }`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu }`$ in Eq. (5.25), but also by the Green functions in the kernel. For example, the color operator for the quark-antiquark system can generally be decomposed into a combination of the two particle color operators $`1`$ $`\overline{1}`$, $`T^a\overline{1}`$, $`1\overline{T}^a`$ and $`T^a\overline{T}^a`$. The coefficients of the combination can be determined in a certain perturbative calculation, but can not be concretely given nonperturbativly before a nonperturbative calculation of the Green functions in the kernel is implemented. Since the B-S amplitude in Eq. (2.44) is color singlet, containing a color singlet wave function in it, to solve the B-S equation for bound states, one needs to evaluate the expectation value of the color operator between the color singlet. Clearly, once the B-S kernel could be calculated nonperturbatively, the B-S equation can be solved to give not only the exact masses of $`q\overline{q}`$ bound states, but also the B-S amplitudes which may be used to investigate the meson decay processes. This just is the advantage of the formalism of B-S equation. At last, it is mentioned that the procedure of deriving the $`q\overline{q}`$ bound state B-S kernel can straightforwardly be applied to derive the B-S kernels for other multi-quark and/or multi-gluon bound systems as well as other fermion and/or boson systems either at zero-temperature or at finite temperature.

## VI Acknowledgment

We would like to thank Mr. Su Feng for drawing the figures. This project was supposed by National Natural Science Foundation of China.

## VII Appendix: Equations of motion satisfied by Green functions

In the previous sections, the B-S equations used to derive the B-S kernel were derived based on the equations of motion satisfied by some kinds of Green functions. In this appendix, we show how the equations of motion which describe variations of the Green functions with the coordinates $`x_1,x_2,y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ are derived from the QCD generating functional.

### A Equations of motion with respect to $`𝗑_1`$

First, we write down the QCD generating functional

$$Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]=\frac{1}{N}𝒟(A,\overline{\psi },\psi ,\overline{C},C)e^{iI}$$
(165)
where

$$I=d^4x[+J^{a\mu }A_\mu ^a+\overline{\eta }\psi +\overline{\psi }\eta +\overline{\xi }C+\overline{C}\xi ]$$
(166)
in which $``$ is the effective Lagrangian of QCD

$$=\overline{\psi }(im+g𝐀)\psi \frac{1}{4}F^{a\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }^a\frac{1}{2\alpha }(^\mu A_\mu ^a)^2+\overline{C}^a^\mu (D_\mu ^{ab}C^b)$$
(167)
here $`𝐀=\gamma ^\mu T^aA_\mu ^a`$ with A$`{}_{}{}^{a}{}_{\mu }{}^{}`$ being the vector potentials of gluon fields,

$$F_{\mu \nu }^a=_\mu A_\nu ^a_\nu A_\mu ^a+gf^{abc}A_\mu ^bA_\nu ^c$$
(168)
are the strength tensors of the field,

$$D_\mu ^{ab}=\delta ^{ab}_\mu +gf^{abc}A_\mu ^bC^c$$
(169)
are the covariant derivatives, $`\overline{C}^a,C^b`$ are the ghost fields, and $`J^{a\mu },\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi }`$ and $`\xi `$ denote the external sources for the gluon, quark and ghost fields respectively. By the charge conjugation transformations shown in Eq. (2.2) for the quark fields and in the following for the external sources

$$\eta ^c=C\overline{\eta }^T,\overline{\eta }^c=\eta ^TC^1,$$
(170)
it is easy to prove the following relation

$$\overline{\psi }(im+g𝐀)\psi +\overline{\eta }\psi +\overline{\psi }\eta =\overline{\psi }^c(im+g\overline{𝐀})\psi ^c+\overline{\eta }^c\psi ^c+\overline{\psi }^c\eta ^c$$
(171)
where $`\overline{𝐀}=\gamma ^\mu \overline{T}^aA_\mu ^a`$ with $`\overline{T}^a=\lambda ^a/2`$ being the antiquark color matrix.

Now let us proceed to derive the equations of motion obeyed by the Green functions. Taking the functional derivative of the generating functional in Eq. (A1) with respect to the field function $`\overline{\psi }_\alpha (x_1)`$ and considering

$$\frac{\delta Z}{\delta \overline{\psi }_\alpha (x_1)}=0$$
(172)
and

$$\frac{\delta I}{\delta \overline{\psi }_\alpha (x_1)}=\eta _\alpha (x_1)+[(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }+g𝐀(x_1)_{\alpha \gamma }]\psi _\gamma (x_1),$$
(173)
we have

$$\{\eta _\alpha (x_1)+[(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }+(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)}]\frac{\delta }{i\delta \overline{\eta }_\gamma (x_1)}\}Z=0$$
(174)
where the fields $`A_\mu ^a(x_1)`$ and $`\psi _\gamma (x_1)`$ have been replaced by the derivatives of the generating functional with respect to the sources $`J^{a\mu }(x_1)`$ and $`\overline{\eta }_\gamma (x_1)`$ and each of the subscripts $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ marks the components of color, flavor and spinor. Differentiating Eq. (A10) with respect to the source $`\eta _\rho (y_1)`$ and then setting $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0`$, we obtain

$$[(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }+(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)}]S_F(x_1y_1)_{\gamma \rho }^J=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)Z[J]$$
(175)
where

$$S_F(x_1y_1)_{\gamma \rho }^J=\frac{\delta ^2Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]}{i\delta \overline{\eta }_\gamma (x_1)\delta \eta _\rho (y_1)}_{\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0}$$
(176)
is the quark propagator in the presence of source $`J`$. When the source $`J`$ is set to be zero, noticing

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_ix_1,y_1)_{\gamma \rho }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}S_F(x_1y_1)_{\gamma \rho }^J_{J=0}$$
(177)
here $`i=1,2`$, Eq. (A11) straightforwardly goes over to the equation written in Eq. (2.10).

Here, we think, it is appropriate to write down general definitions of some kinds of Green functions in the presence of source $`J`$. These Green functions will be encountered in later derivations and no longer defined repeatedly later on for saving pages. First, we write the remaining fermion propagators

$$S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta ^2Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]}{i\delta \overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)\delta \eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)}_{\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0},$$
(178)
$$S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J==\frac{\delta ^2Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]}{i^3\delta \overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1)\delta \overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)}_{\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0},$$
(179)
and

$$\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta ^2Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]}{i^3\delta \eta _\rho (y_1)\delta \eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)}_{\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0}.$$
(180)
On differentiating the above propagators with respect to the sources $`J^{a\mu }(x_i),\mathrm{}`$ and $`J^{b\nu }(y_j),\mathrm{}`$, we get the following Green functions:

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}\mathrm{}\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_j)}\mathrm{}S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J,$$
(181)
$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{𝐜a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}\mathrm{}\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_j)}\mathrm{}S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J,$$
(182)
$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}\mathrm{}\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_j)}\mathrm{}S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J$$
(183)
and

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}\mathrm{}\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_j)}\mathrm{}\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J$$
(184)
where $`i,j=1,2`$. The $`q\overline{q}`$ four-point Green function is defined, in the presence of source $`J`$, as

$$G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta ^4Z[J,\overline{\eta },\eta ,\overline{\xi },\xi ]}{\delta \overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1)\delta \overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)\delta \eta _\rho (y_1)\delta \eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)}_{\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0}.$$
(185)
By successively differentiating the above Green function with respect to the sources $`J^{a\mu }(x_i),\mathrm{}`$ and $`J^{b\nu }(y_j),\mathrm{}`$, we obtain the Green functions like this

$$G_{\mu \mathrm{}\nu \mathrm{}}^{a\mathrm{}b\mathrm{}}(x_i,\mathrm{},y_{j,\mathrm{}}x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }^J=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_i)}\mathrm{}\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_j)}\mathrm{}G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }^J.$$
(186)
Taking differentiations of Eq. (A10) with respect to the sources $`\overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2),\eta _\rho (y_1)`$ and $`\eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)`$ and noticing the equality in Eq. (A7) and the following nonvanishing derivatives

| $`\frac{\delta \eta _\alpha ^c(x)}{\delta \overline{\eta }_\beta (y)}=C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(xy),\frac{\delta \overline{\eta }_\alpha ^c(x)}{\delta \eta _\beta (y)}=(C^1)_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(xy),`$ |
| --- |
| $`\frac{\delta \overline{\eta }_\alpha (x)}{\delta \eta _\beta ^c(y)}=(C^1)_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(xy),\frac{\delta \eta _\alpha (x)}{\delta \overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(y)}=C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(xy),`$ |

(187)
it can be found that

| $`(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }^J=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }G_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }^J`$ |

(188)
where we have set $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0`$ and the Green functions involved have been defined in Eqs. (A14), (A16), (A21) and (A22). When the source $`J`$ is turned off, Eq. (A.24) directly gives rise to the equation of motion in Eq. (2.24).

A further differentiation of Eq. (A24) with respect to $`J_\nu ^b(x_2)`$ gives

| $`(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }G_\nu ^b(x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }^J=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{𝐜b}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\gamma \beta \rho \sigma }^J`$ |

(189)
where the Green functions have been defined in Eqs. (A18), (A20) and (A22). On letting the source $`J`$ to vanish, Eq. (A25) will lead to the equation of motion in Eq. (2.30).

Now, let us differentiate Eq. (A10) with respect to $`\overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2).`$ Once all the sources but $`J`$ are set to be zero, we obtain

$$[(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }+(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)}]S_F^{}(x_{1,}x_2)_{\gamma \beta }^J=(C^1)_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)Z[J]$$
(190)
where the propagator was defined in Eq. (A15).

After differentiating Eq. (A26) with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(x_2)`$ and noticing the definition given in Eq. (A19), one gets

| $`(i_{x_1}m_1)_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^b(x_2x_{1,}x_2)_{\gamma \beta }^J=(C^1)_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\alpha \gamma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\gamma \beta }^J.`$ |

(191)
When we set $`J=0`$ and considering $`\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}_{J=0}=0`$, Eq. (A27) simply gives the equation in Eq. (2.32).

### B Equations of motion with respect to x<sub>2</sub>

To derive the equations of motion with respect to $`x_2`$ for the Green functions , Let us take a derivative of the generating functional in Eq. (A1) with respect to the field $`\overline{\psi }_\beta ^c(x_2).`$ By the same procedure as described in Eqs. (A8)-(A10), it can be found that

$$\{\eta _\beta ^c(x_2)+[(i_{x_2}m_2)_{\beta \lambda }+(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}]\frac{\delta }{i\delta \overline{\eta }_\lambda ^c(x_2)}\}Z=0$$
(192)
In the above derivation, the relation in Eq. (A7) has been used. Differentiating Eq. (B1) with respect to $`\eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)`$ and setting all the sources except for $`J`$ to vanish, we have

$$[(i_{x_2}m_2)_{\beta \lambda }+(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{a\mu })_{\beta \lambda }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}]S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }^J=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)Z[J]$$
(193)
where $`S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }^J`$ was defined in Eq. (A14). When we set $`J=0`$ and noticing

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{cb}(x_2x_2,y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\lambda \sigma }^J_{J=0}$$
(194)
and the relation in Eq. (2.15), Eq. (B2) will become the equation in Eq. (2.14).

Upon differentiating Eq. (B1) with respect to the sources $`\overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1),\eta _\rho (y_1)`$ and $`\eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)`$ and setting all the sources but $`J`$ to be zero subsequently, it can be found that

| $`(i_{x_2}m_2)_{\beta \lambda }G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }^J=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+C_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^4(x_1x_2)\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \sigma }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\beta \lambda }G_\nu ^b(x_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }^J`$ |

(195)
where $`G_\nu ^b(x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \lambda \rho \sigma }^J`$ was defined in Eq. (A22). When the source $`J`$ is turned off, Eq. (B4) just leads to the equation in Eq. (2.25).

### C Equations of motion with respect to y<sub>1</sub>

In order to find the equations with respect to $`y_1`$ for the Green functions, it is necessary to differentiate the generating functional in Eq. (A1) with respect to the field $`\psi _\rho (y_1)`$. Following the procedure stated in Eqs. (A8)-(A10), it is easy to get

$$\{\overline{\eta }_\rho (y_1)+\frac{\delta }{i\delta \eta _\tau (y_1)}[(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(y_1)}]\}Z=0$$
(196)
On differentiating the above equation further with respect to $`\overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1)`$ and then keeping the source $`J`$ to be nonvanishing only, we find

$$S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \tau }^J[(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }\frac{\stackrel{}{\delta }}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(y_1)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }]=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)Z[J]$$
(197)
When the source $`J`$ is turned off , noticing

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_ix_1,y_1)_{\alpha \tau }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{a\mu }(y_i)}S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \tau }^J_{J=0}$$
(198)
which is defined in Eq. (A17) and the relation

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \tau }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }=d^4z_1S_F(x_1z_1)_{\alpha \tau }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }$$
(199)
which is easy to be proved, Eq. (C2) just gives rise to the equation shown in Eq. (3.3).

On differentiating Eq. (C1) with respect to $`\overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1),\overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)`$ and $`\eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)`$ and then setting $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0`$ , we have

| $`G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a\mu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(200)
where the propagators were defined in Eqs. (A14) and (A15), while the Green function $`G_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)^J`$ was given in Eq. (A.22). Clearly, the above equation directly leads to the equation in Eq. (3.5) when $`J`$ is set to vanish.

Taking the differentiation of Eq. (C5) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(x_1)`$, we get

| $`G_\mu ^a(x_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(201)
where the Green functions on the RHS of the above equation have already defined in Eqs. (A18), (A19) and (A22). In the case of the source being absent, we get from Eq. (C6) the equation of motion in Eq. (4.4). While, differentiating Eq. (C6) with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(x_2)`$ further, one can get

| $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta ^4(x_1y_1)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \sigma }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \tau \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{c\kappa })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(202)
where all the Green functions were already defined in Eqs. (A18), (A19) and (A22). The equation given above straightforwardly gives rise to equation (4.22) when the source is set to be zero.

Now we turn to derive an equation of motion obeyed by the propagator $`\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2).`$ By differentiating Eq. (C1) with respect to $`\eta _\sigma ^c(y_2)`$ and then setting $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0`$, it will be found

$$\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)Z[J]+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_1y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }$$
(203)
where $`\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_1y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J`$ were defined in Eqs. (A16) and (A20). Considering

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_iy_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_i)}\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J_{J=0}$$
(204)
and the relation

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_1y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }=d^4z_1\overline{S}_F^{}(z_1y_2)_{\tau \sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }(z_1,y_1)_{\tau \rho }$$
(205)
which is easy to be proved by using Eqs. (2.7) and (2.11), we see, Eq. (C8) isl immediately converted to thw equation in Eq. (3.7).

Taking a differentiation of Eq. (C8) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(x_2)`$, we obtain

| $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_1}+m_1)_{\tau \rho }=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_2)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2,y_1y_1,y_2)_{\tau \sigma }^J(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{b\nu })_{\tau \rho }`$ |

(206)
where the Green functions were defined in Eq. (A20). On setting $`J=0,`$ the above equation goes over to equation (4.39).

### D Equations of motion with respect to y<sub>2</sub>

For deriving the equations of motion with respect to y<sub>2</sub> for the Green functions, we need to differentiate the generating functional in Eq. (A1) with respect to $`\psi _\sigma ^c(y_2).`$ By the procedure shown in Eq. (A8)-(A10), it can be found

$$\{\overline{\eta }_\sigma ^c(y_2)+\frac{\delta }{i\delta \eta _\delta ^c(y_2)}[(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_2)}]\}Z=0.$$
(207)
Then, we differentiate the above equation with respect to $`\overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)`$ and subsequently set all the sources, except for $`J`$, to be zero. As a result , we get

$$S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \delta }^J[(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }\frac{\stackrel{}{\delta }}{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_2)}(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }]=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)Z[J].$$
(208)
On setting $`J=0`$ and noticing

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{cb}(y_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \delta }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_2)}S_F^c(x_2y_2)_{\beta \delta }^J_{J=0}$$
(209)
and

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^{cb}(y_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }=d^4z_2S_F^c(x_2z_2)_{\beta \delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2y_2)_{\delta \sigma },$$
(210)
we obtain the equation in Eq. (3.4) from Eq. (D2).

To derive Eq. (4.8), we need to differentiate Eq. (D2) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(x_1)`$. The result is

| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^{𝐜a}(x_1x_2,y_2)_{\beta \lambda }^J(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\lambda \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \lambda }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |

(211)
where the Green functions were represented in Eq. (A18). On setting $`J=0`$, the above equation just leads to the equation in Eq. (4.8).

Upon differentiating Eq. (D5) with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(x_2)`$, it is found that

| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{𝐜ab}(x_1,x_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \lambda }^J(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\lambda \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\frac{\delta ^2Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{𝐜abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_2,y_2)_{\beta \lambda }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\lambda \sigma }`$ |

(212)
where the Green’s functions were also represented in Eq. (A18). In the case of $`J=0`$, considering that

$$\frac{\delta ^2Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_1)i\delta J^{b\nu }(x_2)}_{J=0}=i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1x_2)$$
(213)
which is the gluon propagator, the above equation straightforwardly gives rise to equation (4.26).

Now we turn to derive the equation of motion for the four-point Green function. After completing the differentiations of Eq. (D1) with respect to $`\overline{\eta }_\alpha (x_1),\overline{\eta }_\beta ^c(x_2)`$ and $`\eta _\rho (y_1)`$ and then letting $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0`$, we have

| $`G(x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)S_F(x_1y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)S_F^{}(x_1x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(214)
where $`G_\nu ^b(y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J`$ was defined in Eq. (A22). It is clear that when $`J=0`$, the above equation leads to the equation written in Eq. (3.10).

Going on further, it is seen that the differentiation of Eq. (D8) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(y_1)`$ gives

| $`G_\mu ^a(y_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(215)
where the Green functions were defined in Eqs. (A17), (A19) and (A22). Obviously, when the source $`J`$ is turned off, the equation shown above goes over to equation (3.14).

Differentiating Eq. (D8) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(x_1)`$, we obtain an equation like this

| $`G_\mu ^a(x_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+(C^1)_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^a(x_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(216)
where the Green functions can also be found in Eqs. (A17), (A19) and (A22). Letting the source to be zero, the equation shown above will lead to the equation in Eq. (4.9).

Taking a further differentiation of Eq. (D10) with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(y_1)`$, it is seen that

| $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+(C^1)_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1;y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(217)
When the source is turned off, the equation above just gives the equation in Eq. (4.11).

Now, let us take a differentiation of Eq. (D10) with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(x_2).`$ The result is

| $`G_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| --- |
| $`+(C^1)_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_1,x_2x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J+G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(218)
where the Green functions can be read from Eqs. (A17), (A19) and (A22). When the source $`J`$ is absent, the above equation will be converted to the equation in Eq. (4.28). A further differentiation of the above equation with respect to $`J^{c\kappa }`$($`y_1)`$ leads to

| $`G_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_{1,}x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(i\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{\beta \sigma }\delta ^4(x_2y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2;y_1x_1,y_1)_{\alpha \rho }^J`$ |
| $`+(C^1)_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_1,x_2,y_1x_1,x_2)_{\alpha \beta }^J`$ |
| $`+G_{\mu \nu \kappa \theta }^{abcd}(x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2x_1,x_2;y_1,y_2)_{\alpha \beta \rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\lambda })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(219)
where the Green functions can also be read off from Eqs. (A17), (A19) and (A22). When the source is turned off, Eq. (D13) will go over to the equation in Eq. (4.30).

To derive the equations in Eqs. (3.11) and (3.17), it is necessary to differentiate Eq. (D1) with respect to $`\eta _\rho (y_1).`$ On completing this differentiation, we find

$$\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J[(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }\frac{\stackrel{}{\delta }}{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_2)}(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }]=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)Z[J]$$
(220)
where we have set $`\overline{\eta }=\eta =\overline{\xi }=\xi =0.`$ Noticing

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }=\frac{\delta }{i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_2)}\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J_{J=0}$$
(221)
and

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\nu ^b(y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }=d^4z_2\overline{S}_F^{}(y_1z_2)_{\rho \delta }^J\mathrm{\Sigma }^c(z_2y_2)_{\delta \sigma },$$
(222)
equation (D14) will be brought to the equation in Eq. (3.11).

By differentiating Eq. (D14) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(y_1)`$ and noticing the definition given in Eq. (A20), we obtain

| $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(y_1y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(y_1)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }.`$ |

(223)
Equation (3.17) directly follows from the above equation when we set $`J=0`$. On taking the derivative of Eq. (D14) with respect to $`J^{a\mu }(x_2)`$ , it is clearly seen that

| $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_\mu ^a(x_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\frac{\delta Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_2)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{b\nu })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(224)
where the Green functions were all shown in Eq. (A20). After setting $`J=0`$, the equation above becomes the equation in Eq. (4.41). Differentiating the above equation further with respect to $`J^{b\nu }(y_1)`$, we get

| $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu }^{ab}(x_2;y_1y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\stackrel{}{}_{y_2}+m_2)_{\delta \sigma }=C_{\rho \sigma }\delta ^4(y_1y_2)\frac{\delta ^2Z[J]}{i\delta J^{a\mu }(x_2)i\delta J^{b\nu }(y_1)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\mu \nu \kappa }^{abc}(x_2;y_1,y_2y_1,y_2)_{\rho \delta }^J(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{c\kappa })_{\delta \sigma }`$ |

(225)
where the Green functions were represented in Eq. (A20). When the source is set to vanish and noticing the definition in Eq. (D7) for the gluon propagator, the above equation just gives the equation in Eq. (4.42).

.

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