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# Accelerating black holes in anti-de Sitter universe Dedicated to my academic teacher Prof. J. Bičák on the occasion of his 60^{𝑡ℎ} birthday.

## 1 Introduction

The well-known $`C`$-metric ,  is an important explicit representative of a class of spacetimes with boost-rotation symmetry . It was shown already in 1970 by Kinnersley and Walker  that this describe a pair of uniformly accelerating black holes of masses $`m`$ and possible charges $`e`$ in Minkowski background. The acceleration $`A`$ is caused by conical singularities which may be interpreted either as a strut between the two black holes or two semi-infinite strings connecting them to infinity. Geometrical and asymptotic properties were subsequently studied in , . Bonnor  found a transformation of the $`C`$-metric into the boost-rotational canonical form. However, the explicit metric functions are somewhat complicated and depend on specific ranges of the initial “static” coordinates -. Recently the limit of unbounded acceleration $`A\mathrm{}`$ was investigated . It has been demonstrated that such limit of the $`C`$-metric is identical to the solution which represents a spherical impulsive gravitational wave generated by a snapping string (or an expanding strut) -.

Interestingly, there exists a more general class of the $`C`$-metric solutions presented by Plebanski and Demianski  which admits a non-vanishing value of a cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (plus possibly a rotational parameter, see also -). These solutions have already been used for investigation of the pair creation of black holes in de Sitter  and anti-de Sitter backgrounds . It is also natural to expect that in the limit $`A\mathrm{}`$ this generalised $`C`$-metric generates a specific spherical impulsive gravitational wave in the (anti-)de Sitter universe which may be interesting in the context of quantum and string theories. However, physical and global properties of the spacetimes  with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }0`$ have not yet been investigated thoroughly even at the classical level. Only the first steps have been done. Using a suitable coordinate system adapted to the motion of uniformly accelerating particles in de Sitter space the physical meaning of the parameters appearing in solutions  could be determined . On the other hand, the most recent paper by Bičák and Krtouš  on accelerated test sources in de Sitter spacetime may be of a great help for understanding the global structure of these solutions.

It is the purpose of this short contribution to provide a basic physical interpretation of the above family of exact solutions with a negative value of the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as uniformly accelerating black holes in anti-de Sitter universe. Although this is a simple extension of our previous results presented in , we shall demonstrate that there are some interesting new features and fundamental differences from the analogous de Sitter case.

## 2 Uniformly accelerating observers in anti-de Sitter space

Anti-de Sitter universe is the (maximally symmetric) spacetime of constant negative curvature . It can be understood as a 4-dimensional hyperboloid

$`Z_0^2+Z_1^2+Z_{23}^2Z_4^2=a^2,`$ (1)
where $`a=\sqrt{3/\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, in a 5-dimensional Minkowski space

$$\mathrm{d}s^2=\mathrm{d}Z_0^2+\mathrm{d}Z_1^2+\mathrm{d}Z_{23}^2+Z_{23}^2\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Phi }^2\mathrm{d}Z_4^2,$$
(2)
as shown in Fig. 1. We have introduced here for later convenience the coordinates $`Z_{23}[0,\mathrm{})`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }[0,2\pi )`$ by $`Z_2=Z_{23}\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`Z_3=Z_{23}\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Phi }`$, instead of the standard Cartesian coordinates $`Z_2`$, $`Z_3`$. With the parameterisation

$`Z_0=a{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}(T/a)}{\mathrm{cos}\chi }},Z_4=a{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}(T/a)}{\mathrm{cos}\chi }},`$
$`Z_1=a\mathrm{tan}\chi \mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Theta },Z_{23}=a\mathrm{tan}\chi \mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Theta },`$ (3)
where $`T(\mathrm{},+\mathrm{})`$, $`\chi [0,\frac{\pi }{2})`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }[0,\pi ]`$, we obtain the well-known metric in global coordinates

$$\mathrm{d}s^2=\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{cos}^2\chi }\left[\mathrm{d}(T/a)^2+\mathrm{d}\chi ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\chi (\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Theta }^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Phi }^2)\right].$$
(4)
This immediately gives the familiar Penrose diagram for the anti-de Sitter space (see Fig. 1) in which the boundary $`\chi =\frac{\pi }{2}`$ represents the conformal infinity $`𝒥`$ for null and spacelike geodesics .

Let us consider the timelike worldlines in (4) of the form

$$T=\tau \mathrm{cos}\chi _0,\chi =\chi _0,\mathrm{\Theta }=\mathrm{\Theta }_0,\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_0,$$
(5)
where $`\tau `$ is the proper time, and $`\chi _0`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ are constants. The corresponding 4-velocity is $`u^\mu =(\mathrm{cos}\chi _0,0,0,0)`$, and the 4-acceleration is $`\dot{u}^\mu u_{;\nu }^\mu u^\nu =(0,a^2\mathrm{sin}\chi _0\mathrm{cos}\chi _0,0,0)`$, with the constant modulus

$$|A||\dot{u}^\mu |=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\chi _0}{a}.$$
(6)
Moreover, due to the relation $`u_\mu \dot{u}^\mu =0`$, this constant value of $`|A|`$ is identical to the modulus of the 3-acceleration measured in the natural local frame orthogonal to the observer’s 4-velocity $`u^\mu `$. The family of worldlines (5) thus represents the motion of uniformly accelerating observers in the anti-de Sitter universe. Their trajectories are given by simple vertical lines in the Penrose diagram shown in Fig. 1. For $`\chi _0=0`$ the worldline is a geodesic with zero acceleration. With growing values of $`\chi _0`$ the acceleration of the corresponding observers given by (5) uniformly grows. Interestingly, there exists the maximal possible value $`A_{max}`$,

$$|A|A_{max}\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Lambda }},$$
(7)
of uniform acceleration of the privileged observers (5) in the anti-de Sitter space which is reached in the limit $`\chi _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$, i.e. for those moving “along the conformal infinity”. This is completely different from the situation in the de Sitter universe, in which case the acceleration $`A`$ of analogous observers may be unbounded, see e.g. , , . Note that such infinite acceleration corresponds to (null) observers in the de Siter universe which move along the cosmological horizon. This is absent in the anti-de Sitter space.

In the 5-dimensional formalism the uniformly accelerated trajectories (5) are also privileged. It immediately follows from (3) that these are given by constant values of $`Z_1`$ and $`Z_{23}`$. Therefore, the trajectories are just simple closed timelike loops of the radius $`a/\mathrm{cos}\chi _0`$ around the anti-de Sitter hyperboloid indicated in Fig. 1.

We may now introduce a new coordinate system which is well adapted to description of uniformly accelerating test point sources in the anti-de Sitter space. This analogue of the accelerated coordinates for the de Sitter spacetime  is given by the following parameterisation of the hyperboloid (1),

$`Z_0={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{a^2+r^2}\mathrm{sin}(T/a)}{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},Z_4={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{a^2+r^2}\mathrm{cos}(T/a)}{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},`$
$`Z_1={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}r\mathrm{cos}\theta a^2A}{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},Z_{23}={\displaystyle \frac{r\mathrm{sin}\theta }{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},`$ (8)
where $`r[0,\mathrm{})`$, $`T(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})`$, and $`\theta [0,\pi ]`$. In these coordinates, the anti-de Sitter space takes the form

$$\mathrm{d}s^2=\frac{1}{[\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta ]^2}\left\{\left(1+r^2/a^2\right)\mathrm{d}T^2+\frac{\mathrm{d}r^2}{1+r^2/a^2}+r^2(\mathrm{d}\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Phi }^2)\right\}.$$
(9)
In the case $`A=0`$ this static metric reduces to the standard form (4) if we perform obvious transformations $`r=a\mathrm{tan}\chi `$, and $`\theta =\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Moreover, the metric (9) is conformal to this for a general value of the acceleration $`A<A_{max}`$. The explicit transformation between (4) and (9) is obtained by comparing (3) with (8),

$`\mathrm{cos}\chi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\sqrt{1+r^2/a^2}}},`$
$`a\mathrm{tan}\chi \mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Theta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r\mathrm{sin}\theta }{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},`$ (10)
$`a\mathrm{tan}\chi \mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Theta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}r\mathrm{cos}\theta a^2A}{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}+Ar\mathrm{cos}\theta }},`$
which relate $`\chi ,\mathrm{\Theta }`$ to $`r,\theta `$ (the coordinates $`T`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ have the same meaning in both the metrics). It is obvious from the first relation in (10) that the origin $`r=0`$ of the coordinates (9) corresponds to $`\mathrm{cos}\chi _0=\sqrt{1a^2A^2}`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{sin}\chi _0=a|A|`$. From (6) we immediately conclude that the parameter $`A`$ in the metric (9) is exactly the value of the acceleration of the corresponding observer. Therefore, the origin $`r=0`$ of the coordinates in (9) is accelerating in anti-de Sitter universe with uniform acceleration $`A`$. It also follows from (10) that the coordinate singularity $`r=0`$ is located at $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=0`$ when $`A<0`$, whereas it is located at $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=\pi `$ when $`A>0`$. Considering (8) we finally observe that the trajectory of uniformly accelerating origin $`r=0`$ corresponds to a uniform motion of a single point around the anti-de Sitter hyperboloid. This closed trajectory is a circle of radius $`a/\sqrt{1a^2A^2}`$, which is given by an intersection of the hyperboloid (1) with the plane having the constant values $`Z_1=a^2A/\sqrt{1a^2A^2}`$ and $`Z_{23}=0`$, see Fig. 1.

## 3 Physical interpretation of the $`C`$-metric with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<0`$

The Plebanski–Demianski solution for the $`C`$-metric with a cosmological constant can be written in the form

$$\mathrm{d}s^2=\frac{1}{(p+q)^2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}p^2}{𝒫}+\frac{\mathrm{d}q^2}{𝒬}+𝒫\mathrm{d}\sigma ^2𝒬\mathrm{d}\tau ^2\right),$$
(11)
where

$`𝒫(p)=A^2p^2+2mp^3e^2p^4,`$ (12)
$`𝒬(q)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}A^2+q^2+2mq^3+e^2q^4.`$
Note that we do not consider the possible rotation here. Also, we have used the coordinate freedom to remove the linear terms in (12), and to set the coefficients of the quadratic terms to unity. In order to maintain the spacetime signature, it is necessary that $`𝒫>0`$ which places a restriction on the range of $`p`$. However, there is no restriction on the sign of $`𝒬`$ which may describe both static and non-static regions, separated by horizons localised on $`𝒬=0`$. Using the standard “Descartes sign rule” we obtain for $`m>0`$ and $`|A|<A_{max}`$ that the polynomial $`𝒫(p)`$ given by (12) has at most four real roots $`p_i`$ (three positive and one negative). On the other hand, the polynomial $`𝒬(q)`$ has at most two real (necessarily negative) roots $`q_i`$. There are thus four possible static spacetime regions for all permitted values of $`p`$ and $`q`$, as illustrated in Fig. 2 by the shaded areas. These are bounded by horizons $`q_i`$ and “coordinate” singularities $`p_i`$. In the following we shall concentrate on the spacetime for which $`p_1<p<p_2`$ and $`p+q<0`$ (note that $`p+q=0`$ corresponds to the spacetime boundary on which the conformal factor in (11) becomes unbounded, whereas $`q=\mathrm{}`$ represents a curvature singularity). This covers one non-static plus two static regions separated by inner and outer black hole horizons, $`q=q_1`$ and $`q=q_2`$, respectively. Again, this is different from the de Sitter case for which both the polynomials $`𝒫`$ and $`𝒬`$ may have up to four real roots so that an additional cosmological horizon (on $`q=q_3<0`$) is present.

Let us perform the coordinate transformation of the metric (11) given by

$`T=\sqrt{1a^2A^2}\tau ,r={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1a^2A^2}}{q}},`$
$`\theta ={\displaystyle _{\zeta _1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}\zeta }{\sqrt{1\zeta ^2+2mA\zeta ^3e^2A^2\zeta ^4}}},\mathrm{\Phi }={\displaystyle \frac{A}{c}}\sigma ,`$ (13)
where $`\zeta p/A`$, and $`c`$ is a constant. We obtain

$$\mathrm{d}s^2=\frac{1}{[\sqrt{1a^2A^2}Ar\zeta (\theta )]^2}\left\{F(r)\mathrm{d}T^2+\frac{\mathrm{d}r^2}{F(r)}+r^2\left(\mathrm{d}\theta ^2+G^2(\theta )c^2\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Phi }^2\right)\right\},$$
(14)
in which

$`F(r)`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{a^2}}\sqrt{1a^2A^2}{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{r}}+(1a^2A^2){\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{r^2}},`$ (15)
$`G^2(\theta )`$ $`=`$ $`1\zeta ^2(\theta )+2mA\zeta ^3(\theta )e^2A^2\zeta ^4(\theta ),`$
and $`\zeta (\theta )`$ is the inverse function of $`\theta (\zeta )`$ given by the integral in (13). It may be seen that, either when $`A=0`$ or when both $`m=0`$ and $`e=0`$, we obtain $`\zeta (\theta )=\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ so that $`G(\theta )=\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. Otherwise these can be expressed in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions .

It is obvious that for $`A=0`$, $`c=1`$ the metric (14) exactly reduces to the familiar form of the Reissner–Nordstrøm–anti-de Sitter black hole solution in which the parameters $`m`$ and $`e`$ have the usual interpretation and the curvature singularity is located at $`r=0`$. Moreover, when $`A0`$, $`c=1`$ and $`m=0=e`$, the line element (14) is identical to (9) in which $`r=0`$ corresponds to a uniformly accelerating single point in the anti-de Sitter background. When $`m`$ and $`e`$ are small, the solution (14) can naturally be regarded as a perturbation of (9). The metric (14) can thus be interpreted as describing a charged black hole which is uniformly accelerating in anti-de Sitter universe.

The spacetimes given by the metric (14) explicitly possess the boost and rotation symmetries corresponding to the Killing vectors $`_T`$ and $`_\mathrm{\Phi }`$. There are Killing horizons where the norm of the Killing vector $`_T`$ vanishes. These occur on $`F=0`$ and separate static and non-static regions of the spacetimes. Generally, for $`r>0`$, $`m>0`$ there are at most two real roots of $`F(r)`$ which correspond to the familiar inner and outer black hole horizons in the Reissner–Nordstrøm–anti-de Sitter spacetimes, see e.g. -. Their specific geometrical properties depend not only on the parameters $`m`$, $`e`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, but also on the acceleration $`A`$. Contrary to the de Sitter background there is no cosmological horizon. Cases representing uniformly accelerating extreme black holes or naked singularities in anti-de Sitter universe are also described by (14) for specific ranges of the parameters such that the two possible roots of $`F`$ are repeated or absent.

For $`A0`$ and a general choice of the parameters $`m`$, $`e`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the complete global structure of the spacetime is complicated. Of course, for small $`m`$ and $`e`$, the solutions (14) can be considered as perturbations of anti-de Sitter universe illustrated in Fig. 1. However, these pictures now are only schematic since $`r=0`$ is not a single “test” point but a curvature singularity, and the black hole horizons also occur. For vanishing acceleration $`A`$, the conformal diagrams of the corresponding (spherically symmetric) spacetimes are already known -. Interestingly, these diagrams also describe the global structure of the complete spacetime (14) in the “equatorial” plane $`\zeta (\theta )=0`$ orthogonal to the direction of acceleration, even in the case when $`A0`$. On this plane, $`r=\mathrm{}`$ corresponds to the anti-de Sitter conformal infinity $`𝒥`$ which is represented by the boundary $`\chi =\frac{\pi }{2}`$ in Fig. 1.

We finally clarify the character of the singularities at $`\zeta _1=p_1/A`$ and $`\zeta _2=p_2/A`$ which are the roots of $`G(\zeta )=0`$. It follows from the integral in (13) that $`\zeta _1`$ corresponds to $`\theta =0`$, whereas $`\zeta _2`$ to $`\theta =2K`$, in which $`K`$ is the “quarter period”, i.e. the complete elliptic integral of the first kind related to (13). (When either $`A=0`$ or $`m=0=e`$ we obtain $`K=\frac{\pi }{2}`$.) Therefore, the range of the “angular” coordinates in the metric (14) is $`\theta [0,2K]`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }[0,2\pi )`$.

As in the de Sitter case  we may compare the circumference of a small circle around the pole $`\theta =0`$ with its radius (for any fixed value of $`r`$ and $`T`$). We find that in general there is a deficit angle

$$\delta _1=2\pi \left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\underset{\theta 0}{lim}\frac{cG(\theta )}{\theta }\right]=2\pi \left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}cG^{}(0)\right],$$
(16)
where $`G^{}(0)=\zeta _1+3mA\zeta _1^22e^2A^2\zeta _1^3`$, which is finite and independent of $`r`$ and $`T`$. Thus, the singularity at $`\zeta _1`$ represents a cosmic string of constant tension along the semi-axis $`\theta =0`$. Of course, for any value of the physical parameters $`m`$, $`e`$, $`A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, this can always be made regular by putting $`c=1/G^{}(0)`$. In particular, if $`A=0`$ (the case of spherically symmetric Reissner–Nordstrøm–anti-de Sitter spacetime), or if $`m`$ and $`e`$ are both zero (the anti-de Sitter universe in accelerating coordinates), the semi-axis $`\theta =0`$ is regular when $`c=1`$ because $`G=\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ in these cases.

The deficit angle of the second cosmic string which extends in the opposite direction $`\theta =2K`$ is

$$\delta _2=2\pi \left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\underset{\theta 2K}{lim}\frac{cG(\theta )}{2K\theta }\right]=2\pi \left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}+cG^{}(2K)\right],$$
(17)
where $`G^{}(2K)=\zeta _2+3mA\zeta _2^22e^2A^2\zeta _2^3`$. Again, the string along the semi-axis $`\theta =2K`$ can be removed by setting $`c=1/G^{}(2K)`$. However, it is not possible in general to remove the strings in both directions simultaneously unless $`G^{}(0)=G^{}(2K)`$. This condition can only be satisfied for $`m=0=e`$ or $`A=0`$ (in which case $`\zeta _2=1=\zeta _1`$) with $`c=1`$. Thus, uniformly accelerating black hole in anti-de Sitter universe must necessarily be connected to at least one cosmic string localised at $`\theta =0`$ and/or $`\theta =2K`$, which may be considered to “cause” the acceleration (see also ). This is in accordance with the same result obtained in Minkowski  or de Sitter ,  space. There are no (non-trivial) self-accelerating black holes in the backgrounds of constant curvature.

However, there are fundamental geometrical differences between the cases with positive and negative value of the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. In the de Sitter case, there are two uniformly accelerating black holes connected each other by finite string(s). In the presence of both strings these make a complete circular loop around the whole closed de Sitter universe. In the anti-de Sitter background, there is just a single uniformly accelerating black hole attached to semi-infinite open string(s). These have a “hyperboloidal” character and connect the black hole to the anti-de Sitter conformal infinity $`𝒥`$. Indeed, if we treat the solution (14) for sufficiently small $`m`$ and $`e`$ as a perturbation of the anti-de Sitter hyperboloid (1), the first string is localised along $`\theta =0`$ whereas the second along $`\theta =\pi `$. Considering (8) we observe that both these cases correspond to $`Z_{23}=0`$. From (1) it follows that the geometry of such strings in anti-de Sitter universe is given by a hyperboloidal 2-surface $`(Z_0^2+Z_4^2)Z_1^2=a^2`$. The position of the strings at a given time is indicated in Fig. 1 by the wavy line. The first semi-infinite string localised on $`\theta =0`$ connects the uniformly accelerated source $`r=0`$ to the infinity $`𝒥`$ on the “left”, $`Z_1>a^2A/\sqrt{1a^2A^2}`$, while the second string on $`\theta =\pi `$ extends from the source in the opposite direction to the “right”, $`Z_1<a^2A/\sqrt{1a^2A^2}`$.

## Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the grant GACR-202/99/0261 of the Czech Republic and GAUK 141/2000 of Charles University in Prague.


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# The Power Spectrum for a Multi-Component Inflaton to Second-Order Corrections in the Slow-Roll Expansion

## 1 Introduction

Inflation  generates the primordial perturbations which are the origin of the rich structures, such as galaxies and clusters of galaxy clusters, observed in the universe today. The power spectrum of these perturbations is constrained to be approximately scale invariant by a combination of the measurements of anisotropies on large and small angular scales, as well as galaxy surveys . Moreover, forthcoming measurements such as the MAP and Planck satellites and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey will probe the power spectrum with greater accuracy, lowering the observational errors further. Planck, for example, is expected to be able to measure the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background with an error of a few percent . Thus, it is very important to calculate the power spectrum precisely, so that we can make use of the observations fully.

The calculation of the density perturbations for an inflaton with a single degree of freedom has been studied for a long time , and there have been extensive works on the multi-component inflaton case, especially recently . Among these results, those with first-order corrections  are expected to have errors of the order of one percent or smaller for the power spectrum , which is comparable with the expected errors in the planned observations. Thus we should reduce the errors and improve the accuracy of the calculations. However, the only existing result including second-order corrections  considered only the single-component case. Therefore, it is needed to consider the multi-component inflaton with higher order corrections.

In this paper, we extend our previous formalism  to the multi-component case, and calculate the power spectrum up to second-order corrections in the standard slow-roll expansion333For a more general slow-roll expansion, see Ref. .. We also present the spectral index $`n`$ up to first-order corrections with new terms inconsistently neglected in the previous result , and the running $`dn/d\mathrm{ln}k`$ to leading order for the first time. It is straightforward to check that our results reduce to those of Ref.  in the single component case.

## 2 The Spectrum for a Multi-Component Inflaton

The power spectrum $`𝒫(k)`$ is defined by

$$\frac{2\pi ^2}{k^3}𝒫(k)\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)=_\mathrm{c}(𝐤)_{\mathrm{c}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐥),$$
(1)
where $``$ denotes the vacuum expectation value and $`_\mathrm{c}`$ is the intrinsic curvature perturbation of the comoving hypersurfaces. In the single-component case, the standard result for the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation in the slow-roll approximation is

$$𝒫(k)\left(\frac{H}{2\pi }\right)^2\left(\frac{H}{\dot{\varphi }}\right)^2.$$
(2)
The multi-component case is more subtle. Detailed arguments are given in ; here we just give the principal idea. Let $`N=H𝑑t`$ be the number of $`e`$-folds of expansion. Then, on super-horizon scales, we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\delta N.$$
(3)
That is, the change in the curvature $``$ between the initial and final hypersurfaces is given by the perturbation in the number of $`e`$-folds of expansion. In particular, if we choose the initial hypersurface to be flat, i.e. $`(t_1)=0`$, and the final one to be comoving, we get

$$_\mathrm{c}(t_2)=\delta N.$$
(4)
We take $`t_1`$ to be some time during slow-roll inflation, and $`t_2`$ to be some time after inflation when $`_\mathrm{c}`$ has become constant. The relevant scale is assumed to be still outside the horizon at $`t_2`$. Now, $`N`$ depends on both $`\varphi (t_1)`$ and $`\dot{\varphi }^𝐚(t_1)`$, but as $`t_1`$ is during slow-roll inflation, it will be convenient to express this dependence in terms of $`\varphi (t_1)`$ and $`\dot{\varphi }_{}^𝐚(t_1)`$, where $`\dot{\varphi }_{}^𝐚\dot{\varphi }^𝐚\dot{\varphi }_{\mathrm{sr}}^𝐚`$ is the deviation of $`\dot{\varphi }^𝐚`$ from its value $`\dot{\varphi }_{\mathrm{sr}}^𝐚`$ on the exact slow-roll trajectory passing through $`\varphi `$. Then we can write444We use the abstract index notation . A boldface superscript index denotes a vector in the scalar field space, a boldface subscript index denotes a covector, contractions are denoted by repeated indices, and the metric $`h_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ and its inverse $`h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ are used to lower and raise indices, respectively.

$$\delta N=\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐚}\delta \varphi ^𝐚(t_1)+\frac{N}{\dot{\varphi }_{}^𝐚}\delta \dot{\varphi }_{}^𝐚(t_1).$$
(5)
However, $`\delta \dot{\varphi }_{}^𝐚`$ is negligible on super-horizon scales during slow-roll inflation. Therefore we get

$$_\mathrm{c}(t_2)=\delta N=\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐚}\delta \varphi ^𝐚(t_1).$$
(6)
Using Fourier expansion and substituting into Eq. (1), we obtain the power spectrum for a multi-component inflaton

$$\frac{2\pi ^2}{k^3}𝒫(k)\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)=\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐚}\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐛}\delta \varphi ^𝐚(𝐤)\delta \varphi _{}^{𝐛}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐥).$$
(7)
Now, to leading order in the slow-roll approximation,

$$\delta \varphi ^𝐚(𝐤)\delta \varphi _{}^{𝐛}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐥)\frac{H^2}{2k^3}\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}|_{aH=k}.$$
(8)
Therefore

$$𝒫(k)\left(\frac{H}{2\pi }\right)^2h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐚}\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐛}|_{aH=k}.$$
(9)
Defining $`e_𝐚^N`$ to be the unit covector in the direction $`N/\varphi ^𝐚`$ and using

$$\dot{\varphi }^𝐚\frac{N}{\varphi ^𝐚}=H$$
(10)
we can write this as

$$𝒫(k)\left(\frac{H}{2\pi }\right)^2\left(\frac{H}{e_𝐚^N\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}\right)^2|_{aH=k},$$
(11)
and so in the single-component case we recover Eq. (2), but with some greater insight into its meaning.

## 3 The Calculation

The action during inflation is

$$S=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left[\frac{1}{2}R+\frac{1}{2}h_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}g^{\mu \nu }(_\mu \varphi )^𝐚(_\nu \varphi )^𝐛V(\varphi )\right],$$
(12)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`R`$ are the metric and curvature scalar in the spacetime, and $`h_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ is the metric in the scalar field space. The equation of motion for $`\varphi `$ in the spatially flat homogeneous and isotropic background is

$$\ddot{\varphi }^𝐚+3H\dot{\varphi }^𝐚+V^{,𝐚}=0,$$
(13)
where $`\ddot{\varphi }^𝐚D\dot{\varphi }^𝐚/dt\dot{\varphi }^𝐛_𝐛\dot{\varphi }^𝐚`$ and $`_𝐚`$ is the covariant derivative in the scalar field space. We also have

$$3H^2=V+\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^𝐚\dot{\varphi }_𝐚\text{and}\dot{H}=\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^𝐚\dot{\varphi }_𝐚.$$
(14)
We define the slow-roll parameters

$$ϵ\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\dot{\varphi }|^2}{H^2}\text{and}\delta \frac{\dot{\varphi }_𝐚\ddot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H|\dot{\varphi }|^2},$$
(15)
and make the slow-roll assumptions

$$ϵ=𝒪(\xi )\text{and}\delta =𝒪(\xi ),$$
(16)
for some small parameter $`\xi `$. We then have

$$\frac{\dot{ϵ}}{H}=2ϵ(ϵ+\delta )=𝒪(\xi ^2)$$
(17)
and we will make the standard extra assumption555 For a more general slow-roll approximation which doesn’t make this extra assumption, see Ref. .

$$\frac{\dot{\delta }}{H}=𝒪(\xi ^2).$$
(18)
### 3.1 Equation of motion for the perturbations

The equation of motion for the inflaton perturbation $`\delta \varphi ^𝐚(𝐤,t)`$ on flat hypersurfaces is

$$\frac{D^2\delta \varphi ^𝐚}{dt^2}+3H\frac{D\delta \varphi ^𝐚}{dt}R_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝𝐛}}^𝐚\dot{\varphi }^𝐜\dot{\varphi }^𝐝\delta \varphi ^𝐛+\left(\frac{k}{a}\right)^2\delta \varphi ^𝐚+V^{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\delta \varphi _𝐛=\frac{1}{a^3}\frac{D}{dt}\left(\frac{a^3}{H}\dot{\varphi }^𝐚\dot{\varphi }^𝐛\right)\delta \varphi _𝐛,$$
(19)
where $`R_{\mathrm{𝐛𝐜𝐝}}^𝐚`$ is the curvature tensor in the scalar field space, defined by

$$R_{\mathrm{𝐛𝐜𝐝}}^𝐚v^𝐛\left(_𝐜_𝐝_𝐝_𝐜\right)v^𝐚.$$
(20)
Defining $`\phi ^𝐚a\delta \varphi ^𝐚`$, the conformal time $`d\eta dt/a`$ and $`xk\eta `$ we get

$$\frac{D^2\phi ^𝐚}{dx^2}+\left[12\left(\frac{aH}{k}\right)^2\right]\phi ^𝐚=\left(\frac{aH}{k}\right)^2\left[\frac{\dot{H}}{H^2}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+R_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}^{𝐚𝐛}\frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐜}{H}\frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐝}{H}\frac{V^{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{H^2}+\frac{1}{a^3H}\frac{D}{Hdt}\left(a^3H\frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}\frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}\right)\right]\phi _𝐛.$$
(21)
Using

$$x=k\frac{dt}{a}=\frac{k}{aH}\left[1+ϵ+3ϵ^2+2ϵ\delta +𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)\right]$$
(22)
the equation of motion is

$$\frac{D^2\phi ^𝐚}{dx^2}+\left(1\frac{2}{x^2}\right)\phi ^𝐚=\frac{3}{x^2}\zeta _𝐛^𝐚\phi ^𝐛$$
(23)
where666$`\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ reduces to $`ϵ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ of Ref.  at order $`\xi `$, and to $`g/3`$ of Ref.  in the case of a single component inflaton.

$`\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(ϵ+4ϵ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}ϵ\delta \right)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}ϵ\right){\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}}\right)`$ (24)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left(1+2ϵ\right)R_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}^{𝐚𝐛}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐜}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐝}{H}}\left(1+2ϵ\right){\displaystyle \frac{V^{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{3H^2}}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right).`$
### 3.2 Quantization and Green’s function solution

The quantization conditions are

$$[\phi ^𝐚(𝐱,\eta ),\frac{D\phi ^𝐛}{\eta }(𝐲,\eta )]=i\delta ^{(3)}(𝐱𝐲)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}},$$
(25)
otherwise zero. With the Fourier transformation

$$\phi ^𝐚(𝐱,\eta )=\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}\phi ^𝐚(𝐤,\eta )e^{i𝐤𝐱},$$
(26)
the quantization conditions for the Fourier modes are

$$[\phi ^𝐚(𝐤,\eta ),\frac{D\phi _{}^{𝐛}{}_{}{}^{}}{\eta }(𝐥,\eta )]=i\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}},$$
(27)
otherwise zero.

Now, the solution of the homogeneous part of Eq. (23),

$$\frac{D^2\phi _0^𝐚}{dx^2}+\left(1\frac{2}{x^2}\right)\phi _0^𝐚=0,$$
(28)
with the vacuum boundary condition at $`x\mathrm{}`$ is

$$\phi _0^𝐚(𝐤,x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}\left[a^𝐚(𝐤)\phi _0(x)+a^𝐚(𝐤)\phi _0^{}(x)\right],$$
(29)
where

$$[a^𝐚(𝐤),a^𝐛(𝐥)]=\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}$$
(30)
and

$$\phi _0(x)=\left(1+\frac{i}{x}\right)e^{ix}.$$
(31)
The Green’s function solution of Eq. (23) with these boundary conditions is

$$\phi ^𝐚(𝐤,x)=\phi _0^𝐚(𝐤,x)+\frac{3i}{2}_x^{\mathrm{}}\frac{du}{u^2}\zeta _𝐛^𝐚(k,u)\phi ^𝐛(𝐤,u)\left[\phi _0^{}(u)\phi _0(x)\phi _0^{}(x)\phi _0(u)\right].$$
(32)
### 3.3 Slow-roll expansion

To implement the standard777 For a more general slow-roll expansion, see Ref. . slow-roll expansion, we expand $`\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ in a power series in $`\mathrm{ln}x`$,

$$\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\zeta _{n+1}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}(k)\frac{(\mathrm{ln}x)^n}{n!},$$
(33)
and, in addition to Eqs. (16) and (18), assume

$$\zeta _{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}=𝒪\left(\xi ^n\right).$$
(34)
Therefore, to obtain the solution up to second-order corrections, it is sufficient to consider

$$\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}=\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\mathrm{ln}x,$$
(35)
where

$`\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ $`=`$ $`\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}|_{x=1}=\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}|_{aH=k}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)`$ (37)
$`=`$ $`\left(1+4ϵ+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\delta \right)ϵh^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}ϵ\right){\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left(1+2ϵ\right)R_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}^{𝐚𝐛}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐜}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐝}{H}}\left(1+2ϵ\right){\displaystyle \frac{V^{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{3H^2}}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)|_{aH=k}`$
and

$`\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{d\mathrm{ln}x}}|_{x=1}={\displaystyle \frac{D\zeta ^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{Hdt}}|_{aH=k}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)`$ (39)
$`=`$ $`2ϵ\left(ϵ+\delta \right)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐚}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐛}{H}}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}\left(R_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}^{𝐚𝐛}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐜}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\varphi }^𝐝}{H}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V^{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{3H^2}}\right)+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)|_{aH=k}.`$
### 3.4 Power spectrum

Now, to calculate the power spectrum, we substitute Eq. (35) into Eq. (32) and integrate iteratively. Most of the calculations have already been done in , and, in the limit $`x0`$, the asymptotic form for $`\phi ^𝐚`$ up to second-order corrections is

$$\phi ^𝐚(𝐤,x)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}\frac{i}{x}\left[a^𝐚(𝐤)a^𝐚(𝐤)+Z_𝐛^𝐚(k,x)a^𝐛(𝐤)Z_{𝐛}^{𝐚}{}_{}{}^{}(k,x)a^𝐛(𝐤)\right],$$
(40)
where

$`Z^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{i\pi }{2}}\right)\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{4}}+i\pi \left(\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right]\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐜}{}^{𝐚}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}`$ (41)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}+i\pi \left(\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right]\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$
$`\left[\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+\left(\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i\pi }{2}}\right)\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐜}{}^{𝐚}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\right]\mathrm{ln}x`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐜}{}^{𝐚}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\right)(\mathrm{ln}x)^2.`$
The numerical constant $`\alpha `$ is defined as

$$\alpha 2\mathrm{ln}2\gamma 0.729637,$$
(42)
where $`\gamma 0.577216`$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. Eq. (40) gives

$`\phi ^𝐚(𝐤,x)\phi _{}^{𝐛}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐥,x)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2kx^2}}\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)\left[h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+Z^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+Z_{}^{\mathrm{𝐛𝐚}}{}_{}{}^{}+h_{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}Z^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐜}}Z_{}^{\mathrm{𝐛𝐝}}{}_{}{}^{}\right]`$ (43)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2kx^2}}\delta ^{(3)}(𝐤𝐥)\times `$
$`\{h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+2\alpha \zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}})\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{𝐚}{}_{𝐜}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$
$`2[\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+(2\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{𝐚}{}_{𝐜}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}]\mathrm{ln}x+(2\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐜}{}^{𝐚}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}})(\mathrm{ln}x)^2\}`$
and so, from Eq. (7), the power spectrum is

$`𝒫(k)`$ $`=`$ $`N_{,𝐚}N_{,𝐛}\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{2\pi ax}}\right)^2\times `$ (44)
$`\{h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+2\alpha \zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}})\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{𝐚}{}_{𝐜}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$
$`2[\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+(2\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{𝐚}{}_{𝐜}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}]\mathrm{ln}x+(2\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐜}{}^{𝐚}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}})(\mathrm{ln}x)^2\}.`$
The right hand side is constant to order $`\xi ^2`$ and so we can choose to evaluate it at any convenient time around horizon crossing. We will evaluate it at $`aH=k`$.

Now, from Eq. (22),

$$x|_{aH=k}1+ϵ+3ϵ^{2}+2ϵ\delta |_{aH=k}$$
(45)
Therefore

$`𝒫(k)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{H}{2\pi }}\right)^2N_{,𝐚}N_{,𝐛}\{(12ϵ3ϵ^{2}4ϵ\delta )h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+[2\alpha (4\alpha +2)ϵ]\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ (46)
$`+(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}})\zeta _{1}^{𝐚}{}_{𝐜}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\left\}\right|_{aH=k},`$
where $`\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ and $`\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}`$ are given by Eqs. (37) and (39).

To write $`𝒫(k)`$ in terms of the inflaton potential, we define

$$𝒰\frac{V^{,𝐚}}{V}\frac{V_{,𝐚}}{V},𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\frac{V_{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}}{V},𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛𝐜}}𝒰^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{V_{;\mathrm{𝐚𝐛𝐜}}}{V},$$
(47)
the unit covectors

$$e_𝐚^N\frac{N_{,𝐚}}{\sqrt{N^{,𝐛}N_{,𝐛}}}\text{and}e_𝐚^V\frac{V_{,𝐚}}{\sqrt{V^{,𝐛}V_{,𝐛}}},$$
(48)
the unit vectors

$$e_N^𝐚h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}e_𝐛^N\text{and}e_V^𝐚h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}e_𝐛^V,$$
(49)
and the component notation

$$w_Ne_N^𝐚w_𝐚\text{and}w_Ve_V^𝐚w_𝐚.$$
(50)
Now

$$\frac{V_{,𝐚}}{V}=𝒰^{\frac{1}{2}}e_𝐚^V$$
(51)
and using Eqs. (13) and (14) we can derive

$$H^2=\frac{V}{3}\left[1+\frac{1}{6}𝒰\frac{1}{12}𝒰^2+\frac{1}{9}𝒰𝒱_{VV}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)\right],$$
(52)
$$ϵ=\frac{1}{2}𝒰\left(1\frac{2}{3}𝒰+\frac{2}{3}𝒱_{VV}\right)+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right),$$
(53)
$$\delta =\frac{1}{2}𝒰𝒱_{VV}+𝒪\left(\xi ^2\right),$$
(54)
$$\frac{\dot{\varphi }_𝐚}{H}\frac{\dot{\varphi }_𝐛}{H}=\left(1\frac{2}{3}𝒰\right)𝒰e_𝐚^Ve_𝐛^V+\frac{1}{3}𝒰\left(e_𝐚^V𝒱_{𝐛V}+e_𝐛^V𝒱_{𝐚V}\right)+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right),$$
(55)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{D}{Hdt}}=𝒰^{\frac{1}{2}}_V{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰^{\frac{1}{2}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}𝒱_{𝐚V}_𝐛+𝒪\left(\xi ^2\right).`$ (56)
The second term in Eq. (56) is needed because, for example, $`𝒱_{𝐚V𝐛}=𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}V}𝒰R_{𝐚VV𝐛}`$ and $`𝒰R_{𝐚VV𝐛}`$ is of order $`\xi `$. Thus, while $`𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}V}`$ is of order $`\xi ^2`$, $`𝒱_{𝐚V𝐛}`$ is of order $`\xi `$. We could drop the second term in Eq. (56) if we assumed either $`𝒰=𝒪(\xi ^2)`$, which is physically very reasonable but non-standard, or $`R_{𝐚VV𝐛}=𝒪(\xi )`$, which is possible but not what one would expect in general.

Expressing Eqs. (46), (37) and (39) in terms of the potential gives

$`𝒫(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{VN_{,𝐞}N^{,𝐞}}{12\pi ^2}}\{1{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}𝒰{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}𝒰^2+{\displaystyle \frac{13}{9}}𝒰𝒱_{VV}+[2\alpha ({\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\alpha +1)𝒰]\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{NN}{}^{}`$ (57)
$`+(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}})h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{N𝐚}{}^{}\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{𝐛N}{}^{}+(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{NN}{}^{}\},`$
where

$`\zeta _{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}{}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}𝒰2𝒱_{VV}\right)𝒰h_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}𝒰\right)\left(𝒰e_𝐚^Ve_𝐛^V𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\right)`$ (58)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰\right)𝒰R_{𝐚VV𝐛}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒰h^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}\left(R_{𝐚V\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+R_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐜}V𝐛}\right)𝒱_{𝐝V}`$
and

$`\zeta _{2}^{}{}_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}{}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`𝒰\left(𝒱_{VV}𝒰\right)h_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}2𝒰^2e_𝐚^Ve_𝐛^V+𝒰𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}+𝒰\left(e_𝐚^V𝒱_{𝐛V}+e_𝐛^V𝒱_{𝐚V}\right)𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}V}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}𝒱_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛𝐜}}𝒱_{𝐝V}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒰^2R_{𝐚VV𝐛}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰h^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}\left(R_{𝐚V\mathrm{𝐜𝐛}}+R_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐜}V𝐛}\right)𝒱_{𝐝V}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰^{\frac{3}{2}}\left(R_{𝐚VV𝐛;V}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐜𝐝}}R_{𝐚VV𝐛;𝐜}𝒱_{𝐝V}\right).`$
Substituting Eqs. (58) and (LABEL:g2V) into Eq. (57), we can obtain the power spectrum in terms of the inflaton potential and its derivatives explicitly. The result is

$`𝒫(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{VN_{,𝐜}N^{,𝐜}}{12\pi ^2}}\{1+(\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}})𝒰+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha ^2+\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{17}{6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5\pi ^2}{24}})𝒰^2`$ (60)
$`+\left[2\alpha +\left(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\alpha 9+{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi ^2}{6}}\right)𝒰\right]𝒰h_{NV}^2`$
$`+\left[2\alpha +\left(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha +5{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi ^2}{12}}\right)𝒰\right]𝒱_{NN}`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha +\left(\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^2}{9}}\right)𝒰\right]𝒰R_{NVVN}`$
$`+\left(\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{13}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)𝒰𝒱_{VV}`$
$`+\left(2\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\alpha +8{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi ^2}{6}}\right)𝒰h_{NV}𝒱_{NV}`$
$`+\left(\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)\left(𝒱_{NNV}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}𝒱_{NN𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{36}}\right)𝒰^{\frac{3}{2}}\left(R_{NVVN;V}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NVVN;𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+\left(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}}\right)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\left(𝒱_{𝐚N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐚}\right)\left(𝒱_{𝐛N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐛}\right)`$
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{9}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{18}})𝒰h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NV𝐚N}𝒱_{𝐛V}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)\}.`$
Finally, the spectral index, $`n1d\mathrm{ln}𝒫/d\mathrm{ln}k`$, and the running of the spectral index can be calculated from Eq. (44) in a similar way. The results are

$`n1`$ $`=`$ $`𝒰+\left(2\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{11}{6}}\right)𝒰^2+\left(2+𝒰\right)𝒰h_{NV}^2`$ (61)
$`+\left[2+\left(2\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\right)𝒰\right]𝒱_{NN}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}\right)𝒰\right]𝒰R_{NVVN}`$
$`+\left(2\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\right)𝒰𝒱_{VV}+\left(4\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\right)𝒰h_{NV}𝒱_{NV}`$
$`+4\alpha \left(𝒰h_{NV}^2𝒱_{NN}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVVN}\right)^2`$
$`+\left(2\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\right)\left(𝒱_{NNV}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}𝒱_{NN𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}\right)𝒰^{\frac{3}{2}}\left(R_{NVVN;V}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NVVN;𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+\left(4\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\right)h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\left(𝒱_{𝐚N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐚}\right)\left(𝒱_{𝐛N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐛}\right)`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{8}{9}}\right)𝒰h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NV𝐚N}𝒱_{𝐛V}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right)`$
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dn}{d\mathrm{ln}k}}`$ $`=`$ $`2𝒰^2+2𝒰𝒱_{NN}{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}𝒰^2R_{NVVN}+2𝒰𝒱_{VV}4𝒰h_{NV}𝒱_{NV}`$ (62)
$`4\left(𝒰h_{NV}^2𝒱_{NN}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVVN}\right)^2`$
$`2\left(𝒱_{NNV}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}𝒱_{NN𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒰^{\frac{3}{2}}\left(R_{NVVN;V}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NVVN;𝐚}𝒱_{𝐛V}\right)`$
$`+4h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}\left(𝒱_{𝐚N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐚}\right)\left(𝒱_{𝐛N}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰R_{NVV𝐛}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}𝒰h^{\mathrm{𝐚𝐛}}R_{NV𝐚N}𝒱_{𝐛V}+𝒪\left(\xi ^3\right).`$
### Acknowledgements

We thank Hyun-Chul Lee for valuable discussions and helpful comments. This work was supported in part by Brain Korea 21 and KRF grant 2000-015-DP0080.