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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Three dimensional gravity has provided us with many important clues about higher dimensional physics. String theory, which seems to be the best candidate available for a consistent theory of quantum gravity, requires studies of low dimensional effective string actions. In this respect, dilaton gravity in 2+1 dimensions deserve further attention since it arises from a low energy string effective theory.

In one of the earlier works, Shiraishi found a family of static multi centered solutions for Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity. Park and Kim  constructed general static axially symmetric solutions to the same model by dimensional reducing to two dimensions. In recent times, lot of attention has been given to gravity in 2+1 dimensions with a negative cosmological constant due to the existence of black hole solutions . Modification of this black hole with a dilaton and Maxwell’s fields have lead to many interesting results. Static charged black holes and spinning black holes in anti-de Sitter space by Chan and Mann, spinning solutions with self dual electromagnetic fields by Fernando, black holes in a generalized dilaton gravity with a Brans-Dicke type parameter by Sá et.al., magnetic solutions by Koikawa et.al. are some of the work related to dilaton gravity in anti-de Sitter space.

In this paper we present an interesting class of dilaton solutions arising from four dimensional gravity. This is achieved by a compactification of electrically and magnetically charged solutions with cylindrical symmetry in four dimensions. These new set of solutions are different from the ones presented above due its direct relation to four dimensions. These solutions are important since it provide us with a clear understanding of how 4D gravity and 3D gravity are related to each other. Furthermore, we have generated rotating charged solutions to Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity via “T-duality” and treating the compactified solutions as the seed metrics. Also, embedding these 2+1 dimensional solutions in 3+1 dimensions leads to new rotating charged solutions with cylindrical symmetry. Such a compactification from an uncharged cylindrical solution to 2+1 dimensions is reported in Fernando .

We have structured the paper as follows. In section 2 we will give a brief introduction to four dimensional charged solutions with cylindrical symmetry and compactify them to obtain dilaton solutions in three dimensions. In section 3 and 4 we will study static charged solutions. In section 5, new rotating charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions are generated. In section 6, new rotating charged solutions in 3+1 dimensions with cylindrical symmetry are presented. Finally we will conclude.

## 2 Compactification of Charged Solutions in Four Dimensions

Cylindrical symmetrical space-times in four dimensions consists of isometries generated by two commuting space-like Killing vectors. If the solutions are stationary, then the space-time admit another Killing vector along the time axis. General stationary cylindrical symmetric line element with three Killing vectors $`_t,_z,`$ and $`_\phi `$ can be written as,

$$ds^2=e^{2U}\left(e^{2K}(dr^2+dz^2)+r^2d\phi ^2\right)e^{2U}(dt+Ad\phi )^2$$
(1)
where $`U,K`$ and $`A`$ are functions of $`r`$ only. The above metric is a solution to the Einstein-Maxwell action in four dimensions given by,

$$S=d^4x\sqrt{G}(RF_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta })$$
(2)
The purpose of this section is to dimensionally reduce four dimensional Einstein gravity to three dimensions to obtain dilaton gravity. If we pick the cylindrical solutions given above and treat the $`z`$ coordinate to be compact for the purposes of compactification, the reduction will yield a theory in three dimensions with gravity, dilaton field $`\varphi `$ and the gauge field $`A_\mu `$.

Now, to perform compactification along the $`z`$ direction, let us rewrite the above metric in four dimensions as follows:

$$ds_{3+1}^2=G_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu =g_{ab}dx^adx^b+e^{4\varphi }dz^2$$
(3)
with

$$e^{4\varphi }=G_{zz}$$
(4)
Here $`(\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3)`$ and $`(a,b=0,1,2)`$ are four and three dimensional indices respectively. The dimensionally reduced action in three dimensions is given by,

$$S_{string}=d^3x\sqrt{g^S}e^{2\varphi }(R^SF_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta })$$
(5)
Here, $`g_{ab}^S`$ corresponds to $`g_{ab}`$ of the four dimensional metric and the metric can be treated to be in the “string frame”. One can perform a conformal transformation to bring the metric to Einstein frame as follows,

$$e^{4\varphi }g_{\mu \nu }^S=g_{\mu \nu }^E$$
(6)
This transformation will lead to the following action and the corresponding field equations,

$$S_{Einstein}=d^3x\sqrt{g}(R8_\mu \varphi ^\mu \varphi e^{4\varphi }F^2)$$
(7)
$$R_{\mu \nu }=8_\mu \varphi _\nu \varphi +e^{4\varphi }(g_{\mu \nu }F^2+2F_\mu ^\theta F_{\nu \theta })$$
(8)
$$8_\mu ^\mu \varphi +2e^{4\varphi }F^2=0$$
(9)
$$_\mu (e^{4\varphi }F^{\mu \nu })=0$$
(10)
## 3 Static Electrically Charged Dilaton Solutions

First we will consider the static cylindrical solutions of Einstein-Maxwell gravity corresponding to a radial electric field caused by an axial charge distribution along the z-axis is given as follows:

$$ds^2=r^{2m^2}L^2(dr^2+dz^2)+r^2L^2d\phi ^2)L^2dt^2$$
(11)
The function $`L`$ is given by,

$$L=c_1r^m+c_2r^m$$
(12)
with $`c_1,c_2`$ and $`m`$ being real constants. This metric is a solution of the action in eq.(2). The electric field is given by

$$F_{rt}=\frac{Q}{L^2r}$$
(13)
with,

$$4c_1c_2m^2=Q^2$$
(14)
Notice that $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ need to have opposite signs for the charge $`Q`$ to be real. In the following discussion we will consider $`c_1<0`$ and $`c_2>0`$. For $`c_1=0`$ and $`c_2=1`$, the above metric corresponds to Levi-Civita vacuum static solution. The Mukherji  solution describing the gravitational field of a charged line-mass is contained in eq.(11). Now, by starting from the metric in eq.(11), one can obtain solutions to three dimensional space-time after compactification as,

$$ds_{Ein}^2=r^{4m^2}L^4dr^2+r^{2+2m^2}L^4d\phi ^2)r^{2m^2}dt^2$$
(15)
The space-time in 2+1 dimensions consists of a dilaton field given by,

$$\varphi =\frac{1}{2}ln\left(r^{m^2}(c_1r^m+c_2r^m)\right)$$
(16)
and a electric potential given by,

$$A_t=\frac{Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}$$
(17)
The Ricci Scalar $`Rs=R_{\mu \nu }g^{\mu \nu }`$, Kretschmann scalar $`K=R_{\mu \nu \gamma \beta }R^{\mu \nu \gamma \beta }`$ and $`F^2=F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$ are computed for the above metric as follows:

$$Rs=\frac{(2m^2r^{2+4m4m^2})}{(1+c_1r^{2m})^6}\left\{(12m+m^2)+2r^{2m}c_1(m^23)+r^{4m}c_1^2(1+2m+m^2)\right\}$$
(18)
$$K=\frac{(4m^4r^{4+8m8m^2})}{(1+c_1r^{2m})^12}\{312m+18m^212m^3+3m^4+$$

$$r^{2m}(4c_1+8c_1m+8c_1m^224c_1m^3+12c_1m^4)+r^{4m}(50c_1^220c_1^2m^2+18c_1^2m^4)$$

$$r^{4m}(50c_1^220c_1^2m^2+18c_1^2m^4)+r^{6m}(4c_1^38c_1^3m+8c_1^3m^22)$$

$$r^{8m}(3c_1^4+12c_1^4m+18m^2c_1^4+12c_1^4m^3+3c_1^4m^4)\}$$
(19)
$$F^2=\frac{2Q^2}{(c_2+c_1r^{2m})^8}r^{(2+8m6m^2)}$$
(20)
### 3.1 Case 1: $`c_1=0`$

In this case the metric becomes,

$$ds^2=r^{4m^24m}c_2^4dr^2+r^{2+2m^24m}c_2^4d\phi ^2r^{2m^2}dt^2$$
(21)
and the charge $`Q=0`$. For $`m=0`$ the above metric can be shown to be flat when the coefficient $`c_2`$ is absorbed into the definition of $`r`$ and $`t`$. For $`m=1`$, the resulting metric can be shown to be flat by a coordinate transformation $`\phi it`$ and $`ti\phi `$. In fact one can observe that the scalar curvature $`Rs=0`$ for $`m=0,1`$ and the dilaton,

$$\varphi =\frac{1}{2}(m^2m)ln(r)$$
(22)
is zero for $`m=0,1`$ as expected. But for $`m0,1`$ there will be a curvature singularity at $`r=0`$ (given $`m0`$) and the dilaton will be non-zero.

### 3.2 Case 2: $`c_10`$ and $`c_2=1`$

When $`c_10`$ and $`m=0,1`$, the charge $`Q=0`$ and the dilaton $`\varphi =0`$ leading to a flat space-time. For $`c_10`$ and $`m0,1`$, the electric charge is non-zero. Furthermore there are two curvature singularities in the metric, one at $`r_{s1}=(1/c_1)^{1/2m}`$ and the other at $`r_{s2}=0`$. However, since $`c_1<0`$, the singularity at $`r_{s1}>0`$ results in a naked singularity.

## 4 Static Magnetically Charged Dilaton Solutions

Here, we will consider static cylindrical symmetric solutions of Einstein-Maxwell gravity corresponding to a magnetic field along the z-axis. Physically it could correspond to the field interior to a solenoid current whose axis is the z-axis. The metric for such a space-time is given by,

$$ds^2=r^{2m^2}L^2(dr^2dt^2)+L^2d\phi ^2)+r^2L^2dz^2$$
(23)
The function $`L`$ is given by,

$$L=c_1r^m+c_2r^m$$
(24)
with $`c_1,c_2`$ and $`m`$ being real constants. The magnetic field is given by

$$F_{r\phi }=\frac{Q}{L^2r}$$
(25)
with,

$$4c_1c_2m^2=Q^2$$
(26)
Note that for the charge $`Q`$ to be real, both $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ should have the same sign in contrast to the electric case. For $`m=1`$, $`c_1=\frac{B_0^2}{4}`$ and $`c_2=1`$, the above metric corresponds to,

$$ds^2=\left(1+\frac{B_0^2r^2}{4}\right)^2(dr^2+dz^2dt^2)+\left(1+\frac{B_0^2r^2}{4}\right)^2d\phi ^2$$
(27)
This is widely known as Melvin magnetic universe (or “flux tube”)  which represents a gravitational field generated by a uniform magnetic field $`B_0`$ along the z-axis.

One can obtain magnetically charged solutions to 2+1 dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity by compactifying the above metric in eq.(23) as follows:

$$ds_{Ein}^2=r^{2+2m^2}L^4dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2r^{2+2m^2}L^4dt^2$$
(28)
with a dilaton,

$$\varphi =\frac{1}{2}ln\left(r(c_1r^m+c_2r^m)\right)$$
(29)
and a magnetic potential given by,

$$A_\phi =\frac{Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}$$
(30)
The Ricci scalar $`Rs`$, Kretschmann scalar $`K`$ and $`F^2=F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$ are computed for the above metric as follows:

$$Rs=\frac{r^{(4+4m2m^2)}}{(c_2+c_1r^{2m})^6}\left[c_2^2(1m)^2+2c_1c_2r^{2m}(13m^2)+c_1^2r^{4m}(1+m)^2\right]$$
(31)
$$K=\frac{4r^{8+8m4m^2}}{(c_2+c_1r^{2m})^2}\{3c_2^4(1m)^4+4r^{2m}c_1c_2^3(36m+2m^2+2m^3m^4)$$

$$+r^{4m}(c_1c_2)^2(1820m^2+50m^4)+4r^{6m}c_1^3c_2(3+6m+2m^22m^3m^4)$$

$$+3r^{8m}c_1^4(1+m)^4\}$$
(32)
$$F^2=\frac{2Q^2r^{62m^2}}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^8}$$
(33)
### 4.1 Case 1: $`c_1=0`$

In this case the metric becomes,

$$ds^2=r^{4m^24m}c_2^4dr^2+r^{2+2m^24m}c_2^4d\phi ^2r^{2m^2}dt^2$$
(34)
and the charge $`Q=0`$. Now, we will consider special values of $`m`$ to understand the structure of these space-times. First, for $`m=0`$ the above metric is,

$$ds^2=r^2c_2^4dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2r^2c_2^4dt^2$$
(35)
and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ = $`\frac{1}{2}ln[rc_2]`$. From eq.(31,32), one can observe that the scalar curvatures are non-zero for $`m=0`$. Hence in contrast to the electric case, the space-time is not flat for $`m=0`$. For $`m=1`$, the metric is given by,

$$ds^2=c_2^4dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2c_2^4dt^2$$
(36)
By redefining $`r`$ to be $`r/c_2^2`$ and $`t`$ to be $`tc_2^2`$, the above metric becomes,

$$ds^2=dr^2+r^2c_2^4d\phi ^2dt^2$$
(37)
and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ = $`\frac{1}{2}ln[c_2]`$. The scalar curvatures $`Rs`$ and $`K`$ are zero. Hence, the space-time in eq.(37) corresponds to a conical singularity similar to the one obtained by Deser et.al. and Gott. The appearance of the conical singularity can be understood as follows: If we replace $`\phi `$ with $`\widehat{\phi }=\phi /c_2^2`$, then the metric eq.(37) corresponds to flat space-time locally. However, the former periodic coordinate $`\phi `$ has the range $`0\phi 2\pi `$ and the new period coordinate has the range $`0\widehat{\phi }2\pi c_2^2`$. Hence there is a deficit angle $`D`$ at the origin due to the presence of a massive source given by $`D=2\pi (1c_2^2)`$ leading to the conical space-time. If $`c_2=1`$, then $`D=0`$ and the singularity vanishes. This is expected since the dilaton vanishes for $`c_2=1`$ leading to a vacuum. For $`m0,1`$, there is a curvature singularity at $`r=0`$ and is not covered by a horizon.

### 4.2 Case 2: $`c_10`$ and $`c_2=1`$

In this case, if $`m=0`$ the electric charge is zero. However, in contrast to the electric case, the dilaton $`\varphi `$ = -$`\frac{1}{2}ln[r(c_1+c_2)]`$ is not a constant. Observing the metric,

$$ds^2=r^2(c_1+c_2)^4(dt^2+dr^2)+r^2d\phi ^2$$
(38)
it is clear that the space-time is not flat. Furthermore, there is a curvature singularity at $`r=0`$. For $`m0`$ the space-time is non-trivial and corresponds to a charged-dilatonic space-time.

## 5 Generating Rotating Charged Solutions in 2+1 Dimensions

Treating the above static charged solutions as seed metrics, one can generate rotating charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions. Here, we adopt a solution generating technique developed by Chan. Note that the static charged solutions presented in the previous section have two commuting Killing vectors $`_t`$ and $`_\phi `$. One can write a general metric with such isometries as,

$$ds^2=h_{ij}dx^idx^j+e^\chi P(r)^2dr^2$$
(39)
where

$$x^i=(\phi ,t);\chi =ln|deth|;\text{and}A=A_idx^i$$
(40)
Here, $`A_r`$ is choosen to be zero as a pure gauge quantity. Now, substituting the metric in eq.(39) in action eq.(7), and dividing it by the two-dimensional volume of the Killing orbits, one arrives at,

$$S=𝑑r\left\{P\left(\frac{\chi ^2}{8}+\frac{1}{4}Tr(H^{}H^1)8\varphi ^22e^{4\varphi \chi /2}Tr(A^TH^1A^{})\right)\right\}$$
(41)
Here,

$$H_{ij}=e^{\chi /2}h_{ij};H_{ij}^1=e^{\chi /2}h^{ij}\text{and }A\text{ is a column vector of }A_i\text{.}$$
(42)
The above action is invariant under $`SL(2;R)`$ transformations given by,

$$H\mathrm{\Omega }^TH\mathrm{\Omega },A\mathrm{\Omega }^TA\text{where }\mathrm{\Omega }\text{ }ϵ\text{ }SL(2;R)$$
(43)
The above symmetry in the Lagrangian is similar to the “target space” symmetry arising in classical string effective action given by the “T-duality” group $`O(1,2;R)`$ . Now, to perform the transformations in eq.(43), an arbitrary value of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ can be parameterized as,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=e^{\gamma J_+}e^{\eta J_1}e^{\beta J_{}}$$
(44)
Here, $`J_a`$ are $`SL(2;R)`$ generators which has matrix representation,

$`J_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right);J_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right);J_2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)`$ (51)
and $`J_\pm =(J_2\pm J_0)/2`$. Taking $`e^\eta =\alpha `$ in the parameterization in eq.(44) will lead to the following $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha & \alpha \beta \\ \beta \gamma & \alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma \end{array}\right)`$ (54)
### 5.1 Rotating Electrically Charged Dilaton Solutions

Considering the static charged metric in eq.(15) as the seed metric, one can apply the transformations given above to obtain the new metric as,

$$ds_{new}^2=\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}dx^idx^j+r^{4m^2}L^4dr^2$$
(55)
where $`\stackrel{~}{h_{ij}}`$ are given by,

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{tt}=r^{2m^2}\alpha ^2+r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4\alpha ^2\gamma ^2$$

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{t\phi }=r^{2m^2}\alpha ^2\beta +r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4\alpha \gamma (\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )$$

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{\phi \phi }=r^{2m^2}\alpha ^2\beta ^2+r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4(\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )$$
(56)
The new potential is,

$$\stackrel{~}{A_i}dx^i=\frac{\alpha Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}(dt+\beta d\phi )$$
(57)
The dilaton remains the same under these transformations.

### 5.2 Rotating Magnetically Charged Dilaton Solutions

Considering the magnetically charged static metric in eq.(28) as the seed metric, one can apply the transformations given above to obtain the new metric as,

$$ds_{new}^2=\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}dx^idx^j+r^{2+2m^2}L^4dr^2$$
(58)
where $`\stackrel{~}{h_{ij}}`$ are given by,

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{tt}=r^2\alpha ^2\gamma ^2r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4\alpha ^2$$

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{t\phi }=r^2\alpha \gamma (\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4\alpha ^2\beta $$

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{\phi \phi }=r^2(\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )^2r^{2+2m^2}(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)^4\alpha ^2\beta ^2$$
(59)
The new potential is,

$$\stackrel{~}{A_i}dx^i=\frac{\alpha \gamma Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}\left(dt+(\alpha ^2\gamma ^1+\beta )d\phi \right)$$
(60)
The dilaton remains the same under these transformations.

## 6 Rotating Charged Solutions in 3+1 Dimensions with Cylindrical Symmetry

Solutions with cylindrical symmetry in 3+1 dimensions have interesting features. Cosmic strings, which is one feature of gravitational collapse in cylindrical symmetry are of particular interest since they are considered as possible “seeds” for galaxy formation and gravitational lenses. Furthermore, the ease with which naked singularities are formed in cylindrical symmetry needs further attention due to the apparent failure of cosmic censorship. Unlike the spherical gravitational collapse, collapse of cylindrical systems are not well understood. From this point of view, studying solutions with cylindrical symmetry is a worthy cause. Here, we present a new class of rotating charged cylindrical solutions. These are obtained by embedding the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton solutions n 2+1 dimensions in 3+1 dimensions.

Now, we shall describe how the above rotating charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions can be embedded in 3+1 dimensions to obtain cylindrical solutions. Suppose, the new charged-dilaton solutions in 2+1 dimensions are given by,

$$ds^2=\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}dx^idx^j+e^\chi P(r)^2dr^2$$
(61)
as represented in eq.(39), with a dilaton field $`\varphi `$, then, the four dimensional solution is given by,

$$ds^2=\left(\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}dx^idx^j+e^\chi P(r)^2dr^2\right)e^{4\varphi }+dz^2e^{4\varphi }$$
(62)
The corresponding potential $`A_\mu `$ will be the same as for 2+1 dimensions. Embedding the electric solution in 2+1 dimensions in eq.(49), one can obtain a new rotating charged solution in 3+1 dimensions as,

$$ds_{3+1}^2=\left(\frac{r^2L^4\alpha ^2\gamma ^2\alpha ^2}{L^2}\right)dt^2+2\left(\frac{r^2L^4\alpha \gamma (\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )\alpha ^2\beta }{L^2}\right)dtd\phi +$$

$$\left(\frac{r^2L^4(\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )^2\alpha ^2\beta ^2}{L^2}\right)d\phi ^2+r^{2m^2}L^2(dr^2+dz^2)$$
(63)
The electromagnetic potential is given by,

$$\stackrel{~}{A_i}dx^i=\frac{\alpha Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}(dt+\beta d\phi )$$
(64)
Here, $`L`$ is a function of $`r`$ given by,

$$L=c_1r^m+c_2r^m$$
(65)
Embedding the magnetic solution in 2+1 dimensions in eq.(52), one can obtain a new rotating charged solution in 3+1 dimensions as,

$$ds_{3+1}^2=\left(\frac{r^{2+2m^2}L^4\alpha ^2+r^2\alpha ^2\gamma ^2}{r^2L^2}\right)dt^2+2\left(\frac{r^{2+2m^2}L^4\alpha ^2\beta +r^2\alpha \gamma (\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )}{r^2L^2}\right)dtd\phi $$

$$+\left(\frac{r^{2+2m^2}L^4\alpha ^2\beta ^2+r^2(\alpha ^1+\alpha \beta \gamma )^2}{r^2L^2}\right)d\phi ^2+r^2L^{2m^2}dr^2+r^2L^2dz^2$$
(66)
The electromagnetic potential is given by,

$$\stackrel{~}{A_i}dx^i=\frac{\alpha \gamma Q}{2c_1m}\frac{r^m}{(c_2r^m+c_1r^m)}\left(dt+(\alpha ^2\gamma ^1+\beta )d\phi \right)$$
(67)
Here, $`L`$ is a function of $`r`$ given by,

$$L=c_1r^m+c_2r^m$$
(68)
## 7 Conclusions

We have discussed a new family of charged-dilaton solutions in 2+1 dimensions and charged solutions with cylindrical symmetry in 3+1 dimensions. A class of static charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions are obtained by compactifying solutions with cylindrical symmetry in 3+1 dimensions. These space-times contain flat metric and naked singularities for certain values of the parameters considered. We have applied “T-duality” transformations to generate new rotating charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions. These rotating charged solutions lead to new rotating charged solutions with cylindrical symmetry once embedded in 3+1 dimensions.

Since all the solutions presented here contain wide number of parameters which may lead to space-times with differing physical properties, it is of a worthy cause to analysis these solutions in detail. A particular interesting solution to study further is the solution obtained from the Melvin solution in 3+1 dimensions. It is well known that the Melvin solution has direct generalizations to low-energy string theory . It has been shown that Melvin solution can be realized as the Kaluza-Klein reduction from flat higher dimensional space-time with non trivial identifications. Therefore, the dimensionally reduced Melvin solution to 2+1 dimensions has direct relations to higher dimensional space-times such as solutions of 11 dimensional M-theory. Studying rotating Melvin solution would be an interesting exercise to further our understanding of higher dimensional physics.

It would be also interesting to embed the solutions discussed here in a supergravity theory arising from a low energy string theory along the lines of supersymmetric solutions to three dimensional heterotic string action considered by Bakas et.al.. We hope to address these issues in the future.


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# Untitled Document

An Extension to Fermat’s Factorisation and a simple primality test
Satyabrata Adhikari
Calcutta Mathematical Society
AE-374, BidhanNagar
Kolkata-700 064
Abhijit Sen
Theory Division,Theory Group
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
1/AF,BidhanNagar
Kolkata-700 064

Abstract
An extension to the factorisation principle as suggested by Fermat is presented.We start from a symmetry of natural numbers and obtain the factorisation principle therefrom.Later it is extended further to test the primality of any natural number and finally used to factorise any given number.
Factorisation of natural numbers have been a subject of interest since the time of Euclid . Subsequently many factorisation algorithms have been devised . In the present piece of work we try to obtain one such factorisation algorithm as suggested by Fermat \[ 6 \] using a symmetry of odd composites \[ 3 \] and then extend it to achieve further.
Let us begin with a number N which is to be factorized.The number N can be either even or odd.If it be even then we successively divide it by 2 to obtain an odd number.Let us suppose that after m divisions by 2 we get an odd number P. Thus
N = 2m * P …………………………………………………………………..(1)
So,we are left with splitting the odd number P into factors if possible i.e if P be composite,else we cannot split P further into smaller factors.We assume that P is not a perfect square.Any number that is not a perfect square would henceforth be referred to as a non-square number.We check for it and if so,reduce P into products of non-square terms.We now continue with each such factor. For the sake of discussions we retain our notation P,however it is emphasized here that this new P would in practice stand for any non-square factor of the original P. The test if a number is a perfect square can be made simpler by the fact that all perfect squares (expressed in base-10) have the following 22 possibilities of the last two digits \[ 4 \]:
00 , e1 , e4 , 25 , o6 and e9 where e denotes even numerals 0,2,4,6,8 and o denotes the odd numerals 1,3,5,7,9. All other combinations can be immidiately set as being non-square .
Now it is known that  any odd composite number P can be expressed in the form
P = ( 2n + r )2 \- ( r - 1 )2 ……………………………………………(2)
for some natural n and r.
Expressing (2) in the form of a quadratic equation in n we have that the discriminant D ought to be a perfect square. Now we recast $`\sqrt{D}`$ in the form
$`\sqrt{D}`$ = 4 $`(r^22r+A`$)$`^{\frac{1}{2}}`$= 4{(r2-2r-a) \+ (A+a)}$`^{\frac{1}{2}}`$= (t1\+ t2)$`^{\frac{1}{2}}`$…. ( 3 )
where
a ) A = P + 1 &
b ) ’a’ is a non-negative integer such that t1= 0 and t2 is a perfect square where
t1 = (r2-2r-a ) and
t2 = (a + A )
The certainity that such an ’a’ can always be found for a composite P would be justified shortly.
Equating t1 = 0 we get for the discriminant of the quadratic equation in r
D = 4\*( 1 + a ) which needs to be a perfect square since r is natural i.e
( 1 + a ) = c2…………………………………………………………………………… ( 4 )
Also from ( 3 ) we have
( A + a ) = b2…………………………………………………………………………..( 5 )
From ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) we get
b2\- c2 = P ………………………………………………………….( 6 )
It is to be noted here that (6) holds for all P,prime or composite.For a prime P it holds only for c= b - 1. However if P be composite then there definitely exists at least one separate pair of b and c for which c$`b`$-1 as given by ( 2 ) .This is due to the fact that ( 2 ) spans the set of all odd composites \[ 3 \]. This justifies the statement that a suitable ’a’ can always be found.
Now taking successively b =ceil ( $`\sqrt{P}`$ ) ,ceil ($`\sqrt{P}`$ \+ 1) ,… etc. and for each step calculating ( b2\- P ) we find a value of b = bopt for which ( b2opt \- P ) is a perfect square = c2( say ). Now, to ascertain if ( b2 \- P ) is a perfect square for any b we need not always find the square root explicitly as we saw earlier.As evident from the prior discussions we do not accept values of b,c for which c=b-1.
If we can obtain some ’b’ and ’c’ with c $``$ ( b - 1 ) then we have
P = ( b + c ) * ( b - c ) which is Fermat’s factorisation\[ 6 \]. Otherwise P is definitely prime and cannot be further factorised except for the trivial result
P= P\*1.
Let us now try to impose some restrictions on b and c.
We have a + A = b2
which clearly indicates b $``$ $`\sqrt{A}`$…………………………….. ( 7 )
Now recalling that
b\*c = ($`\frac{b+c}{2}`$)2 \- ($`\frac{bc}{2}`$)2, we note that the maximum value of b and c occur if c = ( b - 1 ) = ( k - 1 ) , (say) i.e
k2\- ( k -1 )2 = ( 2 * k - 1 ) = P ……………………………………………………… (8 )

Therefore, b $``$ k which implies using ( 7 )
$`\sqrt{A}`$ $``$b $``$ k…………………………………………………………………( 9 )
Now keeping in mind that ’c’ is necessarily natural we get from ( 8 ) that
1 $``$c $``$ ( k - 1 ) ……………………………………………………( 10 )
Had we ignored the non-square condition of P we would have required to have
0 $``$ c $``$ ( k - 1 ) …………………………………………………..( 10a )
Test for primality:
Let N ( \> 2) be odd, i.e m = 0 and N = P.
(We safely assume this as apart from ’2’, all evens are composites)
If no set of ( b , c ) can be found satisfying ( 6 ),( 9 ) and ( 10 ) then we can say that N is prime.
Factorisation :
Given a number N we do the following to factorise it:
1. For an even N, separate out the ’2’ factors using representation ( 1 ).
( If N be odd we overlook this step in which case P = N)
2. Take the obtained P and reduce it to a product of non-square terms (if necessary) and then for each such factor using the technique as above factorise it.
3. Take each factor and repeat the steps as done for P in ( 2 ) above.
4. Continue this process till each number is prime.
Example: Let us factorise 176400.

We have 176400=24* 11025
Now 11025 has last two digits 25 which means it could be a perfect square.Now taking the square root we get
11025 = 1052

So we need to factorise 105.
Now 105 is not a perfect square.So we continue.

Therefore we look for b2\- c2 = 105.We start from b=ceil($`\sqrt{105}`$)=11 and see if ( 6 ) is satisfied.If not,we look with b = 11 + 1 = 12 and so on.For b = 13 we have
132 \- 105 = 169 - 105 = 64 = 82which allows 105 = 21 * 5
Now we see that 21 is not a perfect square.Proceeding we get 21 =52-22= 7\*3 while no b,c can be obtained for 5,7 or 3 meaning that they are prime in nature.Therefore we have
176400 = 24 * 1052 = 24 * 32 * 52 * 72
Conclusion:

The present technique of primality testing or factorisation is based on Fermat’s factorisation principle which we obtain from a symmetry of odd composites\[ 3 \].Furthermore setting restrictions on values of b and c should ease the applicability of the above mentioned algorithm.

In the present article we have shown that for the factorisation of any given number,we do not require to test the primality of it beforehand. Instead we use the ranges of ’b’ and ’c’. If we fail to find some suitable values of ’b’ and ’c’ then the concerned P has to be necessarily prime.

References:
1.http://www.arXiv.org , math.NT/0105219
2.CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics,Eric W Weisstein
Chapman & Hall/CRC ,Page: 1429
3.http://www.arXiv.org , math.NT/0109114
4.CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics,Eric W Weisstein
Chapman & Hall/CRC ,Page: 1708
5. Fundamentals of Number Theory,William J. LeVeque
Section 5.5, Page 113, Dover 1977
6.CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics,Eric W Weisstein
Chapman & Hall/CRC ,Page: 617


text:
# TOWARDS HIGHER-N SUPEREXTENSIONS OF BORN-INFELD THEORY

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The main source of current interest in superextensions of the Born-Infeld (or Dirac-Born-Infeld) action is the fact that these super BI actions constitute an essential part of the worldvolume actions of D$`p`$-branes (see  and refs. therein). It is tempting to formulate super BI actions in a manifestly supersymmetric way using an off-shell superfield approach. In this approach the worldvolume SUSY is linearly realized, as opposed to the approach proceeding from a gauge-fixed form of the Green-Schwarz D$`p`$-actions , in which all SUSYs are nonlinear and non-manifest. As was shown in , the $`N=1,d=4`$ super BI theory first formulated in  in terms of superfields can be re-interpreted as a theory of partial spontaneous breaking of global $`N=2`$ SUSY (PBGS) down to $`N=1`$ SUSY, with vector $`N=1`$ multiplet as the relevant Goldstone multiplet. Thus the PBGS approach provides a powerful way of deriving super BI actions with extra hidden nonlinearly realized supersymmetries.

This contribution is a brief survey of super BI theories of this kind known to date. A short description of the recently constructed $`N=3`$ supersymmetric BI theory  is also given.

## 2 SUPER BI THEORIES AS PBGS SYSTEMS

2.1 $`N=2N=1,d=3`$ BI theory. The basic object of this simplest super BI theory  is the $`N=1,d=3`$ spinor gauge superfield strength $`\mu ^a(x^{bc},\theta ^d)`$, $`a,b,c,d=1,2`$, subjected to the constraint

$`D_a\mu ^a=0,`$ (1)
where $`D_a=/\theta ^a+1/2\theta ^b_{ab}`$. A nonlinear extension of the free $`N=1,d=3`$ Maxwell action, with the $`d=3`$ BI action as the bosonic core, reads

$`S`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle d^3xd^2\theta w},`$
$`w`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{1+\sqrt{1D^2\mu ^2}}}.`$ (2)
Besides being manifestly $`N=1`$ supersymmetric, this action possesses the hidden nonlinear SUSY

$`\delta _\eta \mu _a=\eta _a\left(1D^2w\right)+\eta ^b_{ab}w.`$ (3)
The superfield $`\mu ^a`$ is the Goldstone superfield associated with the spontaneous breaking of the $`N=2,d=3`$ SUSY,

$$\{Q_a,Q_b\}=\{S_a,S_b\}=P_{ab},\{Q_a,S_b\}=0,$$
(4)
down to the $`N=1`$ one generated by $`Q_a,P_{ab}`$. The Goldstone fermion $`\psi ^a`$ associated with the spontaneously broken generators $`S_a`$ in the standard nonlinear realizations approach (with making use of the exponential parametrization of the Poincaré supergroup elements) is related to $`\mu ^a`$ by

$`\psi ^a={\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^a}{1D^2w}}.`$ (5)
In components, (2) gives rise to a static-gauge form of the space-filling D2-brane action.

Now let us briefly outline how the super BI action (2) can be deduced. The derivation follows a generic method  which is also applicable to other PBGS cases .

The starting point is the appropriate linear realization of the considered PBGS pattern. It is obtained by embedding the $`N=1,d=3`$ Maxwell superfield strength $`\mu _a`$ into a linear $`N=2,d=3`$ multiplet. The latter should have such a transformation law under the $`S`$-supersymmetry that $`\mu _a`$ transforms with an inhomogeneous term $`\eta _a`$ and so can be interpreted as the Goldstone fermion of linear realization.

The appropriate $`N=2,d=3`$ supermultiplet was proposed in  as a deformation of the $`N=2,d=3`$ Maxwell multiplet. The superfield constraints defining this deformed multiplet can be taken in the form

$`\text{(a)}\left[(D)^2(D^\zeta )^2\right]W=2i,`$
$`\text{(b)}D^aD_a^\zeta W=0,`$ (6)
where $`W(x,\theta ,\zeta )`$ is a real $`N=2,d=3`$ superfield ($`\zeta _a`$ is an extra Grassmann coordinate). The standard $`S`$-supersymmetry transformation law of $`W`$,

$`\delta _\eta W=\eta ^a\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\zeta ^a}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\zeta ^b_{ab}\right)W,`$ (7)
implies the following transformation laws for the irreducible $`N=1`$ superfield components of $`W(x,\theta ,\zeta )`$, $`\mu _aiD_a^\zeta W|_{\zeta =0}`$ and $`wi/2W|_{\zeta =0}`$,

$`\text{(a)}\delta _\eta \mu _a=\eta _a\left(1D^2w\right)+\eta ^b_{ab}w,`$
$`\text{(b)}\delta _\eta w={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta ^a\mu _a.`$ (8)
It is easy to check that eq. (8a) is consistent with the Bianchi identity (1) (which is none other than eq. (6b)).

The additional homogeneously transforming $`N=1`$ superfield $`w(x,\theta )`$ can be expressed in terms of the Goldstone-Maxwell one $`\mu _a`$ by enforcing nonlinear constraints the precise form of which is dictated by the generic method of refs. - applied to the given system.

As the first step, one defines superfields $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }_a`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{w}`$ as finite $`S`$-supersymmetry transforms of $`\mu _a`$ and $`w`$, with the transformation parameter $`\eta ^a`$ being replaced by $`\psi ^a(x,\theta )`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{\mu }_a`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _a\psi _a\left(1D^2w\right)\psi ^b_{ab}w`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\psi ^2_{ab}\mu ^b,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{w}`$ $`=`$ $`w{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\psi ^a\mu _a+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\psi ^2\left(1D^2w\right).`$ (9)
These quantities homogeneously transform with respect to the whole $`N=2,d=3`$ SUSY. Therefore, one can covariantly equate them to zero,

$`\stackrel{~}{\mu }_a=\stackrel{~}{w}=0.`$ (10)
From these covariant constraints one derives the equivalence relation between $`\psi ^a`$ and $`\mu ^a`$ (5), as well as the relation

$`w={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{1D^2w}}.`$ (11)
These are precisely the equations postulated in  (up to a rescaling of $`w`$). They can be used to express $`w`$ in terms of either $`\psi ^a`$ or $`\mu ^a`$

$`w={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi ^2}{1+\frac{1}{4}D^2\psi ^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{1+\sqrt{1D^2\mu ^2}}}.`$ (12)
This composite superfield is just the Goldstone superfield Lagrangian density in the action (2).

The same superfield D2-brane action can be written in a manifestly $`N=2`$ supersymmetric form as an integral over the whole $`N=2`$ superspace, with either $`W^2`$ or $`N=2,d=3`$ Fayet-Iliopoulos term as the Lagrangian densities.

2.2 $`N=2N=1,d=4`$ BI theory. This case  corresponds to the partial breaking of $`N=2,d=4`$ SUSY,

$`\{Q_\alpha ,\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}\}=\{S_\alpha ,\overline{S}_{\dot{\alpha }}\}=2P_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},`$
$`\{Q_\alpha ,S_\beta \}=0,`$ (13)
down to the $`N=1,d=4(Q,\overline{Q},P)`$, with a vector $`N=1,d=4`$ multiplet as the Goldstone one. In terms of the $`N=1,d=4`$ Maxwell superfield strength $`W^\alpha (z),\overline{W}^{\dot{\alpha }}(z)`$ ($`z=(x^{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},\theta ^\alpha ,\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }})`$),

$`\overline{D}^{\dot{\alpha }}W^\beta =0,D^\alpha W_\alpha +\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}\overline{W}^{\dot{\alpha }}=0,`$ (14)
the Goldstone superfield action ($`N=1,d=4`$ BI action) reads

$`S{\displaystyle d^4x_Ld^2\theta \varphi },`$
$`\varphi =W^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{D}^2{\displaystyle \frac{W^2\overline{W}^2}{1\frac{1}{2}A+\sqrt{1A+\frac{1}{4}B^2}}},`$
$`A{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(D^2W^2+\overline{D}^2\overline{W}^2\right),`$
$`B{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(D^2W^2\overline{D}^2\overline{W}^2\right).`$ (15)
The equivalence relation between the canonical nonlinear realization Goldstone spinor superfields $`\psi ^\alpha ,\overline{\psi }^{\dot{\alpha }}`$ and $`W^\alpha ,\overline{W}^{\dot{\alpha }}`$ is

$`W^\alpha =\psi ^\alpha \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{D}^2\overline{\varphi }\right)+\mathrm{},`$ (16)
where $`\mathrm{}`$ stand for terms with $`x`$-derivatives. The nonlinear SUSY acts as

$`\delta _\eta W_\alpha =\eta _\alpha \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{D}^2\overline{\varphi }\right)i\overline{\eta }^{\dot{\alpha }}_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}\varphi .`$ (17)
In components, (15) describes the space-filling D3-superbrane in a static gauge.

The action (15) can be deduced  from the appropriate linear realization of the PBGS pattern $`N=2N=1,d=4`$, following the procedure similar to that applied in the $`N=2N=1,d=3`$ case above. The starting point is $`N=2,d=4`$ Goldstone-Maxwell multiplet in the $`N=2`$ superspace $`z=(x^{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},\theta _i^\alpha ,\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }i})`$. It is defined by the following deformation  of the standard $`N=2`$ Maxwell superfield strength constraints

$`\text{(a)}D^{ik}𝒲\overline{D}^{ik}\overline{𝒲}=iM^{(ik)},`$
$`\text{(b)}D_\alpha ^i\overline{𝒲}=\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }i}𝒲=0.`$ (18)
Here,

$$D_\alpha ^i=\frac{}{\theta _i^\alpha }i\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }i}_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }i}=\frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }i}}+i\theta _i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},$$

$$D^{ik}=D^{\alpha i}D_\alpha ^k,\overline{D}^{ik}=\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^i\overline{D}^{\dot{\alpha }k},$$

and $`M^{ik}=M^{ki}`$ is a triplet of constants which explicitly break the automorphism $`SU(2)_A`$ of $`N=2`$ supersymmetry down to $`U(1)_A`$ and satisfy the pseudo-reality condition

$$\overline{(M^{ik})}=ϵ_{in}ϵ_{km}M^{nm}.$$

Now we pass to the $`N=1`$ superfield notation by relabelling the Grassmann coordinates and spinor derivatives as

$$\theta _1^\alpha \theta ^\alpha ,\theta _2^\alpha \zeta ^\alpha ,D_\alpha ^1D_\alpha ,D_\alpha ^2D_\alpha ^\zeta .$$

In order to have the off-shell $`S`$-supersymmetry (acting as $`\zeta `$-supertranslations) spontaneously broken while the $`Q`$-supersymmetry unbroken, we choose the following frame with respect to the explicitly broken $`SU(2)_A`$

$`M^{12}=0,M^{11}=M^{22}=m,`$ (19)
where $`m`$ is a real constant. Like in the case of D2-brane it is fixed up to rescaling of $`W`$. A convenient choice is

$$m=2.$$

It will be also convenient to choose a basis in $`N=2`$ superspace where the chirality with respect to the variable $`\zeta ^\alpha `$ is manifest

$`\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^\zeta ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\zeta }^{\dot{\alpha }}}},D_\alpha ^\zeta ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\zeta ^\alpha }}2i\overline{\zeta }^{\dot{\alpha }}_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}.`$ (20)
In this basis, constraints (18) imply the following structure of the superfield $`𝒲(x,\theta ,\zeta )`$

$`𝒲={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\varphi +i\zeta ^\alpha W_\alpha i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\zeta ^2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{D}^2\overline{\varphi }\right),`$
where $`\varphi `$ and $`W_\alpha `$ are chiral $`N=1`$ superfields

$`\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}\varphi =\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}W_\alpha =0,`$ (21)
and the fermionic superfield $`W_\alpha `$ obeys the $`N=1`$ Maxwell superfield strength constraint (14).

The $`S`$-supersymmetry transformation of the $`N=2`$ superfield $`𝒲`$

$`\delta _\eta 𝒲=\left[\eta ^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{\zeta ^\alpha }}+\overline{\eta }^{\dot{\alpha }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\zeta }^{\dot{\alpha }}}}+2i\zeta ^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}\right)\right]𝒲`$
implies the following ones for its $`N=1`$ superfield components $`\varphi `$ and $`W_\alpha `$

$`\delta _\eta \varphi =2(\eta W),\delta _\eta \overline{\varphi }=2(\overline{W}\overline{\eta }),`$
$`\delta _\eta W_\alpha =\eta _\alpha \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{D}^2\overline{\varphi }\right)i\overline{\eta }^{\dot{\alpha }}_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}\varphi ,`$
$`\delta _\eta \overline{W}_{\dot{\alpha }}=\overline{(\delta _\eta W_\alpha )}.`$ (22)
The superfield $`W_\alpha `$ shows up an inhomogeneous shift $`\eta _\alpha `$ in its transformation, so it is the Goldstone fermion of the linear realization of the considered $`N=2N=1,d=4`$ PBGS pattern (Goldstone-Maxwell $`N=1`$ superfield).

After this one can start the algorithmic procedure of passing to the relevant nonlinear realization. It goes in full analogy with the $`N=2N=1,d=3`$ case. Firstly one constructs finite $`\eta `$-transformations of the superfields $`\varphi `$ and $`W_\alpha `$ proceeding from the infinitesimal ones (22). As the next step, one replaces, in the transformed superfields, the transformation parameters by the original nonlinear realization Goldstone fermions, $`\eta _\alpha \psi _\alpha ,\overline{\eta }_{\dot{\alpha }}\overline{\psi }_{\dot{\alpha }}`$. At last, one imposes the covariant constraints on the so defined superfields

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\stackrel{~}{W}_\alpha =0,`$ (23)
and obtains the appropriate relations between $`\varphi ,W_\alpha `$ and $`\psi _\alpha `$. After some algebra, one ends up with the simple relations

$$\varphi =\frac{W^2}{1\frac{1}{4}\overline{D}^2\overline{\varphi }},\overline{\varphi }=\frac{\overline{W}^2}{1\frac{1}{4}D^2\varphi },$$
(24)
which, up to a rescaling of $`\varphi `$, are just those postulated in  and derived from the nilpotency condition in . Their solution is the expression for $`\varphi `$ in (15).

Note that the Goldstone superfield Lagrangian density for the $`N=2N=1`$ PBGS in (15) can be equivalently rewritten in $`N=2,d=4`$ superspace in terms of the constrained $`N=2`$ gauge superfield strength $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲}`$ as the Fayet-Iliopoulos term or as the kinetic term of $`N=2`$ Goldstone-Maxwell multiplet.

2.3 $`N=4N=2,d=4`$ BI theory. The $`N=2,d=4`$ super BI action can be constructed in terms of the $`N=2`$ Maxwell superfield strength $`𝒲(z),\overline{𝒲}(z)`$, $`z=(x^{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},\theta _i^\alpha ,\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }i})`$, defined by the constraints

$`\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^i𝒲=D_i^\alpha \overline{𝒲}=0,D^{ik}𝒲=\overline{D}^{ik}\overline{𝒲},`$ (25)
($`i,k=1,2`$), which is the $`M^{ik}=0`$ version of the constraints (18). The simplest $`N=2`$ BI action was proposed in . It goes into the previously given $`N=1`$ BI action after the appropriate reduction, but it does not possess a second nonlinearly realized $`N=2`$ SUSY. So it cannot be interpreted as the Goldstone superfield action for the PBGS option $`N=4N=2`$ in $`d=4`$.

A recursive procedure of restoring the correct action was developed in . The point of departure is the following $`N=4,d=4`$ superalgebra

$`\{Q_\alpha ^i,\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }j}\}=\{S_\alpha ^i,\overline{S}_{\dot{\alpha }j}\}=2\delta _j^iP_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},`$
$`\{Q_\alpha ^i,S_\beta ^j\}=2\epsilon ^{ij}\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }Z.`$ (26)
The basic Goldstone superfield supporting the $`1/2`$ breaking of this $`N=4`$ SUSY is a scalar one $`W,\overline{W}`$ associated with the complex central charge generator $`Z,\overline{Z}`$. It obeys a nonlinear version of the constraints (25) and is related to $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲}`$ by a complicated equivalence redefinition. Up to the sixth order, the $`N=4N=2`$ Goldstone-Maxwell superfield action and transformations of the central charge and second hidden SUSY (with the generators $`S,\overline{S}`$) read

$`\delta 𝒲`$ $`=`$ $`f{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{D}^4(fA)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{}(\overline{f}\overline{A})`$ (27)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4i}}\overline{D}^{i\dot{\alpha }}\overline{f}D_i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}\overline{A},`$
$`A`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{𝒲}^2\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}D^4𝒲^2\right),D^4={\displaystyle \frac{1}{48}}D^{ik}D_{ik},`$
$`f`$ $`=`$ $`c+2i\eta ^{i\alpha }\theta _{i\alpha },`$ (28)
$`S_{bi}^{(6)}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle }d\zeta _L𝒲^2+\text{c.c.}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle }dz\{𝒲^2\overline{𝒲}^2`$ (29)
$`\times [2+(D^4𝒲^2+\overline{D}^4\overline{𝒲}{}_{}{}^{2})]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒲^3\mathrm{}\overline{𝒲}^3+O(W^8)\},`$
where $`dz`$ and $`d\zeta _L`$ are measures of integration over the whole $`N=2`$ superspace and its chiral subspace. In  the action was restored up to 10th order using some algorithmic iteration procedure. The full action contains the standard BI action and some disguised form of the Nambu-Goto action for two physical scalar fields. It is a gauge-fixed action of D3-superbrane in $`D=6`$.

Let us say a few words on the aforementioned recursive procedure of restoring the full superfield action and its relation to the approach based on the linear realizations of PBGS exemplified in the previous two subsections.

As was proposed in , the linear Goldstone-Maxwell multiplet relevant to the case at hand is an infinite-dimensional linear multiplet of $`N=4`$ superalgebra (26), with a non-trivial realization of the central charges $`Z`$, $`\overline{Z}`$. To be more precise, one embeds the $`N=2`$ Maxwell superfield strength $`𝒲`$ into an infinite-dimensional $`N=4`$ multiplet

$`𝒲,\overline{𝒲},𝒜_n,\overline{𝒜}_n,(n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}),`$ (30)
where $`𝒜_n`$ are chiral (otherwise unconstrained) $`N=2`$ superfields,

$`\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }i}𝒜_n=0,D_\alpha ^i\overline{𝒜_n}=0.`$ (31)
The following transformations

$`\delta 𝒲`$ $`=`$ $`f{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{D}^4(f\overline{𝒜}_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{}(\overline{f}𝒜_0)`$ (32)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4i}}\overline{D}^{i\dot{\alpha }}\overline{f}D_i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}𝒜_0,`$
$`\delta 𝒜_0`$ $`=`$ $`2f𝒲+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{f}\mathrm{}𝒜_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4i}}\overline{D}^{i\dot{\alpha }}\overline{f}D_i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}𝒜_1,`$
$`\delta 𝒜_1`$ $`=`$ $`2f𝒜_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{f}\mathrm{}𝒜_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4i}}\overline{D}^{i\dot{\alpha }}\overline{f}D_i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}𝒜_2`$
$`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}..`$
$`\delta 𝒜_n`$ $`=`$ $`2f𝒜_{n1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{f}\mathrm{}𝒜_{n+1}`$ (33)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4i}}\overline{D}^{i\dot{\alpha }}\overline{f}D_i^\alpha _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}𝒜_n,(n1)`$
where the function $`f`$ was defined in (28), close off shell both among themselves and with those of the manifest $`N=2`$ supersymmetry just according to the superalgebra (26). The central charge ($`c,\overline{c}`$) transformations non-trivially act on this infinite tower of $`N=2`$ superfields.

A good candidate for the chiral $`N=2`$ Lagrangian density is the superfield $`𝒜_0`$. Indeed, the “action”

$`S={\displaystyle d^4xd^4\theta 𝒜_0}+{\displaystyle d^4xd^4\overline{\theta }\overline{𝒜}_0}`$ (34)
is invariant with respect to the transformation (33) up to surface terms.

It remains to define covariant constraints which would express $`𝒜_0`$, $`\overline{𝒜}_0`$ in terms of $`𝒲`$, $`\overline{𝒲}`$, with preserving the linear representation structure (32), (33). Because of an infinite number of $`N=2`$ superfields $`𝒜_n`$, there should exist an infinite set of constraints expressing these superfields through the basic Goldstone ones $`𝒲`$, $`\overline{𝒲}`$. The procedure of deducing this set of constraints was described in . The first two constraints read

$`\varphi _0`$ $`=`$ $`𝒜_0\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{4}\overline{𝒜}_{0}^{}\right)𝒲^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^k}{28^k}}𝒜_k\mathrm{}^k\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{4}\overline{𝒜}_{k}^{}=0,`$
$`\varphi _1`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}𝒜_1+2\left(𝒜_0\mathrm{}𝒲𝒲\mathrm{}𝒜_0\right)`$ (35)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^k}{28^k}}(\mathrm{}𝒜_{k+1}\mathrm{}^k\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{4}\overline{𝒜}_{k}^{}`$
$`𝒜_{k+1}\mathrm{}^{k+1}\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{4}\overline{𝒜}_{k}^{})=0,`$
and so on.

At present we do not know how to explicitly solve this set of constraints and to find a closed expression for the Lagrangian densities $`𝒜_0`$, $`\overline{𝒜}_0`$. We can only recover the general solution by iterations. E.g.,

$`𝒜_0=𝒲^2+𝒜_0^{(4)}+𝒜_0^{(6)}+𝒜_0^{(8)}+\mathrm{},`$
$`𝒜_0^{(4)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒲^2\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{4}\overline{𝒲}_{}^{2},\mathrm{}.`$ (36)
The action, up to the 10th order in $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲}`$, was found in . It turned out to coincide, at least up to the 8th order, with the action deduced in  from the requirements of self-duality and invariance under nonlinear shifts of $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲}`$ (the $`c,\overline{c}`$ transformations in our notation). This is an indication that the full $`N=4N=2`$ BI action is also self-dual like its $`N=2N=1`$ prototype .

2.4 $`N=8N=4,d=4`$ BI theory. No manifestly $`N=4`$ supersymmetric off-shell actions are known for $`N=4,d=4`$ Maxwell theory, so no such actions can be defined for the BI deformations of the latter. The best what one can hope to gain is $`N=4`$ BI actions with the $`N=1`$, $`N=2`$  or at most $`N=3`$  manifest off-shell SUSYs. However, it is still possible to derive the superfield equations of motion of $`N=4`$ BI theory, in a manifestly $`N=4`$ supersymmetric form and with one extra nonlinearly realized $`N=4`$ SUSY, within the nonlinear realizations formalism applied to the following $`N=8,D=4`$ superalgebra :

$`\{Q_\alpha ^i,\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }j}\}=\{S_\alpha ^i,\overline{S}_{\dot{\alpha }j}\}=2\delta _j^iP_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }},`$
$`\{Q_\alpha ^i,S_\beta ^j\}=\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }Z^{ij}`$ (37)
$`\overline{Z}_{ij}=\left(Z^{ij}\right)^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\epsilon _{ijkl}Z^{kl}.`$ (38)
The basic Goldstone superfield supporting partial breakdown of this SUSY down to $`N=4,d=4`$ SUSY $`(Q,P)`$ is an $`N=4`$ superfield $`W_{ik},\overline{W}^{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^{ijkl}W_{kl},`$ associated with the generator $`Z^{ik}`$. One also introduces spinor Goldstone superfields $`\psi _i^\alpha ,\overline{\psi }^{\dot{\alpha }i}`$ associated with $`S_\alpha ^i`$ and $`\overline{S}_{\dot{\alpha }j}`$. The covariant superfield equations of the $`N=8N=4`$ super BI theory read

$`\text{(a)}\psi _{\alpha i}+{\displaystyle \frac{2i}{3}}𝒟_\alpha ^jW_{ij}=0,`$
$`\text{(b)}𝒟_\alpha ^kW_{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}[\delta _i^k𝒟_\alpha ^mW_{mj}(ij)]=0`$ (39)
(plus their c.c.). Here $`𝒟_\alpha ^j,\overline{𝒟}_j^{\dot{\alpha }}`$ are the appropriate covariantization of the flat $`N=4`$ spinor derivatives. They nonlinearly depend on $`\psi _i^\alpha ,\overline{\psi }_i^{\dot{\alpha }}`$ which can be covariantly expressed through derivatives of $`W_{kl}`$ by eq. (39a). Eq. (39b) is a covariantization of the standard superfield constraints of the on-shell $`N=4`$ Maxwell theory , and it contains the dynamical equations for the component fields. One of them is a disguised form of the BI equations. The full set of equations is a manifestly worldvolume supersymmetric form of the equations of the gauge-fixed D3-superbrane in $`D=10`$, with 6 physical bosonic fields of $`N=4`$ Goldstone-Maxwell multiplet being transverse brane coordinates.

As was already mentioned, one cannot hope to construct an off-shell $`N=4`$ supersymmetric superfield action for this super BI system, since no such action exists even for the ordinary $`N=4`$ gauge theory. However, for the first non-trivial term in the BI action, the quartic term $`F^{\alpha \beta }F_{\alpha \beta }\overline{F}^{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$, $`N=4`$ completions with $`N=1`$ and $`N=2`$ off-shell supersymmetries are known. These were given, respectively, in terms of $`N=1`$ superfields  and $`N=2`$ projective superfields . Here we present this completion in terms of off-shell $`N=2`$ harmonic superfields .

In the harmonic superspace (HSS) description , $`N=4`$ vector multiplet is represented by the standard gauge $`N=2`$ superfield strength $`𝒲(z),\overline{𝒲}(z)`$ and the analytic hypermultiplet superfield $`q^{+a}(\zeta ,u)`$. Here $`\{\zeta ,u\}\{x^{\alpha \dot{\beta }},\theta ^{+\alpha },\overline{\theta }^{+\dot{\alpha }},u^{\pm i}\}`$ are co-ordinates of an analytic subspace of $`N=2`$ harmonic superspace $`\{z,u^{\pm i}\}`$ and $`u^{\pm i},u^{+i}u_i^{}=1`$, are harmonic variables parametrizing some internal 2-sphere $`S^2`$. The indices $`a`$ and $`i`$ are doublet indices of two mutually commuting $`SU(2)`$ groups, $`a=1,2;i=1,2`$. Further details can be found in . The free $`N=4`$ Maxwell theory action is given by

$`S_{free}^{N=4}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\zeta _L𝒲^2}+\text{c.c.}`$ (40)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\zeta ^{(4)}q^{+a}D^{++}q_a^+},`$
where $`D^{++}`$ is the analyticity-preserving harmonic derivative and $`d\zeta ^{(4)}`$ is the measure of integration over the analytic superspace. Besides being manifestly $`N=2`$ supersymmetric, the action (40) is invariant under one more $`N=2`$ SUSY which forms $`N=4,d=4`$ SUSY together with the manifest $`N=2`$ one. For our purposes it suffices to know only the on-shell form of transformations of this hidden SUSY:

$`\delta 𝒲={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{ϵ}^{\dot{\alpha }a}\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^{}q_a^+,\delta \overline{𝒲}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{\alpha a}D_\alpha ^{}q_a^+,`$
$`\delta q_a^\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(ϵ_a^\beta D_\beta ^\pm 𝒲+\overline{ϵ}_a^{\dot{\alpha }}\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^\pm \overline{𝒲}),`$ (41)
where $`ϵ^{\alpha a},\overline{ϵ}^{\dot{\alpha }a}`$ are the Grassmann transformation parameters, $`D_\alpha ^\pm ,\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}^\pm `$ are harmonic projections of the flat $`N=2`$ spinor derivatives and $`q^aD^{}q^{+a}`$, $`D^{}`$ being the second harmonic derivative. The quartic superfield term which is invariant under the transformations (41) and yields the correct quartic term $`F^2\overline{F}^2`$ in the component BI action (with the correct relative coefficient w.r.t. the free Maxwell action) is uniquely restored, up to terms vanishing on the free mass shell,

$`S_4^{N=4}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{32}}{\displaystyle }dzdu\{𝒲^2\overline{𝒲}^24(q^+q^{})`$
$`\times [𝒲\overline{𝒲}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(q^+q^{})]\},`$ (42)
$`(q^+q^{})q^{+a}q_a^{}.`$
Here $`du`$ is the measure of integration over harmonics ($`𝑑u1=1`$). The problem of $`N=4`$-completing of higher-order terms of the $`N=2`$ BI action (even of its simplest version ) is technically very complicated because the form of the hidden on-shell $`N=4`$ transformations (41) is modified from order to order in superfields.

It is remarkable that in $`N=3`$ HSS  one can construct an off-shell $`N=3`$ superextension of the full BI action .

## 3 N=3 BORN-INFELD THEORY

3.1 Introduction. Since the $`N>2`$ super BI actions are extensions of the corresponding super Maxwell actions, the necessary condition of the existence of some off-shell super BI action is the existence of such an action for the relevant free super Maxwell theory. The maximally supersymmetric off-shell formulation of $`N=4`$ gauge theory is that with manifest $`N=3`$ supersymmetry. It was given in  in the framework of $`N=3`$ harmonic superspace (HSS).

In , starting from this formulation, we have constructed an $`N=3`$ superextension of the full BI action. As distinct from the previously known $`N=1`$ and $`N=2`$ super BI actions, the construction of the $`N=3`$ BI action is by no means a straightforward order-by-order supersymmetrization of the bosonic BI action. The main novel feature stems from the crucial property that the Grassmann-analytic gauge potentials of $`N=3`$ gauge theory in $`N=3`$ HSS  contain, besides the physical fields including the standard gauge potential $`A_m`$, also an infinite number of the auxiliary fields. Among them there is an independent bispinor field $`H_{\alpha \beta }=H_{\beta \alpha }`$. The correct bilinear Maxwell term in the component action arises only after elimination of this field by its algebraic equation of motion. The $`N=3`$ gauge superfield strength contains the combination $`V_{\alpha \beta }=\frac{1}{4}[H_{\alpha \beta }+F_{\alpha \beta }(A)]`$ of the auxiliary field and the gauge field strength.

The auxiliary component $`V_{\alpha \beta }`$ can be interpreted as a Legendre-type transform variable for the gauge field strength $`F_{\alpha \beta }(A)`$. It turns out that this specific Legendre transform of the standard bosonic BI action is determined by a real function $`E`$ of the single variable $`a=V^2\overline{V}^2`$ where $`V^2=V^{\alpha \beta }V_{\alpha \beta }`$. The problem of $`N=3`$ supersymmetrization of the BI action is then reduced to the construction of self-interaction superfield terms of the order 4k in the auxiliary field $`V_{\alpha \beta }`$. All these terms can be constructed as the appropriate powers of the off-shell $`N=3`$ superfield strengths and their spinor derivatives in the framework of an analytic subspace of $`N=3`$ HSS. A generic function $`E(a)`$ exhausts the complete set of the $`SO(2)`$ self-dual nonlinear extensions of the Maxwell action, the BI one being a special representative of them. All such actions can be $`N=3`$ supersymmetrized off shell.

3.2 Elements of $`N=3`$ harmonic formalism. The fundamental objects of the abelian $`N=3`$ gauge theory are three harmonic gauge potentials living as unconstrained superfields on the $`(4+6|8)`$-dimensional analytic subspace $`H(4+6|8)=\{\zeta ,u\}`$ of $`N=3`$ HSS

$`V_2^1(\zeta ,u),V_3^1(\zeta ,u),V_3^2,`$
$`V_2^1=\stackrel{~}{(V_3^2)},V_3^1=\stackrel{~}{(V_3^1)}.`$ (43)
The definition of the generalized conjugation $``$ preserving $`N=3`$ Grassmann harmonic analyticity and the precise content of the analytic coordinate set $`\{\zeta ,u\}`$ can be found in . The potentials undergo abelian gauge transformations with a real analytic parameter $`\lambda (\zeta ,u)`$:

$$\delta V_2^1=iD_2^1\lambda ,\delta V_3^1=iD_3^1\lambda ,\delta V_3^2=iD_3^2\lambda .$$
(44)
The potential $`V_3^1`$ can be consistently expressed in terms of the two remaining ones by imposing the conventional constraint

$`\widehat{V}_3^1D_2^1V_3^2D_3^2V_2^1.`$ (45)
The free $`N=3`$ gauge theory action has the following form:

$`S_2(V_2^1,V_3^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle }d\zeta (_{11}^{33})du[V_3^2D_3^1V_2^1`$ (46)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(D_2^1V_3^2D_3^2V_2^1)^2],`$
where the analytic superspace integration measure $`d\zeta (_{11}^{33})du=d^4x_Ad^8\theta _A(_{11}^{33})du`$ is defined in  and we have introduced the coupling constant $`f`$ of dimension $`2`$, so that $`[V_2^1]=2`$ and the gauge field strength is dimensionless. Besides an infinite number of gauge components accounted for by the gauge freedom (44), the gauge potentials possess an infinite number of the auxiliary field components. The latter disappear only on the mass shell defined by the free equations of motion following from (46):

$`F_{23}^{11}=D_3^1V_2^1D_2^1\widehat{V}_3^1=0,`$
$`F_{33}^{12}=D_3^2\widehat{V}_3^1D_3^1V_3^2=0.`$ (47)
For our further purposes it will be important to know the full structure of the bosonic $`SU(3)`$ singlet sector in the component expansion of the off-shell analytic potentials $`V_2^1`$ and $`V_3^2`$ in the WZ gauge. A simple analysis yields

$`v_2^1=\theta _2^\alpha \overline{\theta }^{1\dot{\beta }}A_{\alpha \dot{\beta }}+i(\theta _2)^2\overline{\theta }^{1(\dot{\alpha }}\overline{\theta }^{2\dot{\beta })}\overline{H}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$
$`+i(\theta _2)^2(\overline{\theta }^1\overline{\theta }^2)C,`$ (48)
$`v_3^2=\theta _3^\alpha \overline{\theta }^{2\dot{\beta }}A_{\alpha \dot{\beta }}i\theta _2^{(\alpha }\theta _3^{\beta )}(\overline{\theta }^2)^2H_{\alpha \beta }`$
$`i(\theta _2\theta _3)(\overline{\theta }^2)^2C,`$ (49)
where $`H_{\alpha \beta }=H_{\beta \alpha },\overline{C}=C`$, and the spinor representation for the gauge field strength was used

$`F_{\alpha \beta }(A)_{(\alpha }^{\dot{\beta }}A_{\beta )\dot{\beta }},\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}(A)_{(\dot{\alpha }}^\beta A_{\beta \dot{\beta })},`$
$`_\alpha ^{\dot{\beta }}\overline{F}_{\dot{\beta }\dot{\alpha }}_{\dot{\alpha }}^\beta F_{\beta \alpha }=0.`$ (50)
We observe that the auxiliary dimensionless symmetric tensor and scalar fields $`H_{\alpha \beta }`$ and $`C`$ are present in the off-shell $`SU(3)`$ singlet sector in parallel with the gauge potential $`A_{\alpha \dot{\beta }}`$ and its covariant field strength. The fields $`H_{\alpha \beta },\overline{H}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ play a crucial role in constructing $`N=3`$ supersymmetric BI action.

The gauge fields part of the off-shell super $`N=3`$ Maxwell component Lagrangian corresponding to (46) is

$`L_2(F,H,C)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16f^2}}[H^2+\overline{H}^2`$
$`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}6}(\overline{H}\overline{F}+HF)+F^2+\overline{F}^2+8C^2].`$ (51)
Eliminating the auxiliary fields $`H_{\alpha \beta },\overline{H}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }},C`$ by their algebraic equations of motion

$`H_{\alpha \beta }=3F_{\alpha \beta },\overline{H}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}=3\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }},C=0,`$ (52)
we arrive at the standard Maxwell action

$$L_2(F)=\frac{1}{2f^2}(F^2+\overline{F}^2)=\frac{1}{4f^2}^{mn}_{mn},$$
(53)
where $`_{mn}=_mA_n_nA_m`$.

The basic building-blocks of the $`N=3`$ BI action are the analytic superfield strengths. Like in the $`N=2`$ gauge theory in $`N=2`$ HSS , one firstly defines the non-analytic abelian connections $`V_1^2,V_2^3`$ via the harmonic zero-curvature equations

$`D_2^1V_1^2D_1^2V_2^1=0,D_3^2V_2^3D_2^3V_3^2=0,`$ (54)
where $`V_2^3=\stackrel{~}{V_1^2},\delta V_2^3=iD_2^3\lambda ,\delta V_1^2=iD_1^2\lambda `$ and the explicit form of the harmonic derivatives is given in . Then the mutually conjugated Grassmann-analytic off-shell superfield strengths of the $`N=3`$ Maxwell theory are constructed as follows :

$`W_{23}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\overline{D}_3)^2V_2^3,\overline{W}^{12}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(D^1)^2V_1^2.`$ (55)
These off-shell superfield strengths satisfy the following Grassmann analyticity conditions:

$`\overline{D}_{2\dot{\alpha }}W_{23}=\overline{D}_{3\dot{\alpha }}W_{23}=D_\alpha ^1W_{23}=0,`$
$`D_\alpha ^1\overline{W}^{12}=D_\alpha ^2\overline{W}^{12}=\overline{D}_{3\dot{\alpha }}\overline{W}^{12}=0`$ (56)
and harmonic differential conditions

$`D_3^2W_{23}=0,D_2^1\overline{W}^{12}=0.`$ (57)
We shall need the full off-shell $`SU(3)`$ singlet component structure of $`W_{23},\overline{W}^{12}`$. The explicit expressions for relevant parts of the latter read

$`w_{23}`$ $`=`$ $`i\theta _2^\alpha \theta _3^\beta V_{\alpha \beta }(\theta _2)^2\theta _3^\alpha \overline{\theta }^{2\dot{\beta }}_{\dot{\beta }}^\beta V_{\alpha \beta },`$ (58)
$`\overline{w}^{12}`$ $`=`$ $`i\overline{\theta }^{1\dot{\alpha }}\overline{\theta }^{2\dot{\beta }}\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}+(\overline{\theta }^2)^2\theta _2^\alpha \overline{\theta }^{1\dot{\beta }}_\alpha ^{\dot{\alpha }}V_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }},`$ (59)
where

$$V_{\alpha \beta }=\frac{1}{4}\left(H_{\alpha \beta }+F_{\alpha \beta }\right),\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}=\overline{(V_{\alpha \beta })}.$$

One can directly check that $`w_{23},\overline{w}^{12}`$ on their own obey the off-shell conditions (56) and (57).

The free Maxwell Lagrangian (51) (with $`C=0`$), being rewritten through the newly introduced auxiliary fields $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$, reads

$`L_2(F,H,0)B_2(F,V)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}[V^2+\overline{V}^2`$
$`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}(VF+\overline{V}\overline{F})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(F^2+\overline{F}^2)].`$ (60)
The algebraic equations of motion for $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ giving rise to the standard Lagrangian (53) are simply

$`V_{\alpha \beta }=F_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}=\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}.`$ (61)
From the above discussion one infers two important properties of the off-shell description of $`N=3`$ gauge theory in $`N=3`$ HSS having no direct analogs in the $`N=1`$ and $`N=2`$ cases. First, the free Maxwell component Lagrangian appears in the unusual forms (51) or (60), while its standard form is recovered only after eliminating the auxiliary fields $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ by their linear algebraic equations of motion (61). Secondly, the off-shell superfield strengths contain just these tensor auxiliary fields, but not the ordinary gauge field strengths $`F_{\alpha \beta },\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$.

These surprising features suggest a non-standard approach to constructing nonlinear and non-polynomial superextensions of the off-shell $`N=3`$ Maxwell theory. One should modify (51) by proper terms which are nonlinear (and/or non-polynomial) in the auxiliary fields $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$, such that nonlinearities in $`F_{\alpha \beta },\overline{F}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ inherent in the BI action are regained as the result of eliminating these auxiliary fields by their nonlinear equations of motion. Then one can hope to $`N=3`$ supersymmetrize the terms nonlinear in $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ with the help of the above superfield strengths $`W_{23},\overline{W}^{12}`$ which contain just these auxiliary fields.

3.3 $`N=3`$ BI action. Without entering into details, the modification of the free Maxwell Lagrangian (60), such that it becomes the correct bosonic BI Lagrangian,

$`L_{BI}(F,\overline{F})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}\left[1\sqrt{\text{det}(\eta _{mn}+_{mn})}\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}\left[1Q(\phi ,\overline{\phi })\right],Q(\phi ,\overline{\phi })=\sqrt{1+X},`$ (62)
$`\phi =F^2,\overline{\phi }=\overline{F}^2,`$
$`X(\phi ,\overline{\phi })(\phi +\overline{\phi })+(1/4)(\phi \overline{\phi })^2,`$ (63)
after elimination of the auxiliary fields $`V_{\alpha \beta },\overline{V}_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}`$ by their algebraic equations of motion, is as follows

$`B(F,V)`$ $`=`$ $`B_2(F,V)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}E(V^2,\overline{V}^2)`$ (64)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f^2}}[\nu +\overline{\nu }2(VF+\overline{V}\overline{F})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\phi +\overline{\phi })+E(\nu \overline{\nu })].`$
Here $`\nu V^2,\overline{\nu }\overline{V}^2`$ and $`E(\nu \overline{\nu })`$ is a real function of the single argument $`\nu \overline{\nu }a`$ defined by the following equations

$`E(a)=2[2t^2(a)+3t(a)+1],E(0)=0,`$ (65)
$`t^4(a)+t^3(a){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a=0,t(0)=1.`$ (66)
Note that the generic choice of the function $`E(a)`$ corresponds to a wide class of self-dual (by Legendre transformation) extensions of Maxwell action, the BI one being merely a particular case of these nonlinear actions. <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1See  for a detailed discussion of the self-duality issues in this new setting.

The problem of constructing a manifestly $`N=3`$ supersymmetric superfield action which would yield, in the bosonic sector, the $`F,V`$ form (64) of the BI action amounts to setting up a collection of superfield monomials which extend the appropriate terms in the power expansion of the function $`E(V^2\overline{V}^2)`$ defined in (65), (66).

Given the function $`E(V^2\overline{V}^2)`$, we introduce the new function $`\widehat{E}(V^2\overline{V}^2)`$ by

$`E(V^2\overline{V}^2)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}V^2\overline{V}^2\widehat{E}(V^2\overline{V}^2),`$ (67)
with $`\widehat{E}(a)=1a/4+O(a^2)`$. Then the whole sequence of higher order terms in the $`N=3`$ generalization of the BI-action can be written as a closed expression in the analytic superspace,

$$S_E=\frac{1}{32f^2}dud\zeta (_{11}^{33})(W_{23})^2(\overline{W}^{12})^2\widehat{E}(A).$$
(68)
Here $`A`$ is the following real analytic superfield:

$`A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{11}}}(D^1)^2(\overline{D}_3)^2[D^{2\alpha }W_{12}D_\alpha ^2W_{12}`$
$`\times \overline{D}_{2\dot{\alpha }}\overline{W}^{23}\overline{D}_2^{\dot{\alpha }}\overline{W}^{23}]=V^2\overline{V}^2+\mathrm{},`$ (69)
$`W_{12}=D_1^3W_{23}=4i\theta _1^{(\alpha }\theta _2^{\beta )}V_{\alpha \beta }+\mathrm{},`$
$`\overline{W}^{23}=D_1^3\overline{W}^{12}.`$ (70)
Thus we have obtained an $`N=3`$ generalization of the Born-Infeld action using the off-shell Grassmann-analytic potentials $`V_2^1`$ and $`V_3^2`$

$`S_{BI}^{N=3}=S_2+S_E.`$ (71)
The substitution of generic function $`\widehat{E}(A)=1+O(A)`$ into (68) yields $`N=3`$ superextensions of a wide class of the self-dual nonlinear deformations of Maxwell theory.

Finally, we notice that the above $`N=3`$ BI action is a minimal $`N=3`$ extension of the bosonic BI action. It still remains to examine whether it admits a treatment as a $`N=3`$ Goldstone-Maxwell superfield action describing an off-shell PBGS option $`N=6N=3,d=4`$ which could amount on shell to the option $`N=8N=4,d=4`$. By analogy to the situation with $`N=2`$ BI action , one could expect that for such an interpretation to be possible the above action should be modified by some extra terms with extra $`x`$-derivatives on them.

## 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In conclusion, it is worth mentioning a few important unsolved problems in supersymmetric BI theories.

* Constructing a BI deformation of the off-shell $`N=(1,0),d=6`$ super Maxwell action. Such super BI action should amount to a static gauge of the space-filling D5-superbrane action in a flat Minkowski background.
* Adapting the nonlinear realizations formalism to the case of non-abelian BI actions. This would seemingly require introducing the notion of generalized supersymmetry algebras incorporating the non-abelian gauge group structure.
* Constructing superconformally invariant versions of $`N=2`$ and $`N=3`$ super BI actions reviewed in this article. Such modifications could play an important role in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence -, providing the PBGS form of the effective worldvolume actions of D3-superbranes on superbackgrounds with the AdS$`{}_{n}{}^{}\times S^m`$-type bosonic body (AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^1`$ in the $`N=2`$ case and AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^5`$ in the $`N=3`$ and $`N=4`$ cases).

Note that an $`N=4`$ completion of the $`F^4`$ term  of the $`N=2`$ superconformal BI action in $`N=2`$ HSS was found in a recent paper . It radically differs from its non-conformal counterpart (42):

$`S_4^{conf}{\displaystyle }dzdu\{\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{𝒲}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}`$
$`+(X1){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{ln}(1X)}{X}}+[\text{Li}_2(X)1]\}.`$ (72)
Here

$`X=2{\displaystyle \frac{q^+q^{}}{\overline{𝒲}𝒲}},`$ (73)
and

$$\text{Li}_2(X)=_0^X\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1t)}{t}𝑑t=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n^2}X^n$$

is Euler dilogarithm ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is an arbitrary scale). The action (72) is invariant under both $`N=2`$ superconformal group and $`N=4`$ supersymmetry (41), hence it is invariant under the whole $`N=4`$ superconformal group.

As distinct from (42), the contributions to the component $`F^4`$ term come from both the pure $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲}`$ and mixed $`𝒲,\overline{𝒲},q^\pm `$ pieces of (72). It reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{F^2\overline{F}^2}{(|\phi |^2+f^{ia}f_{ia})^2}},`$ (74)
where $`\phi (x),\overline{\phi }(x)`$ $`(<\phi >0)`$ and $`f^{ia}(x)`$ are physical bosonic fields of the vector $`N=2`$ multiplet and hypermultiplet. Together they form a 6-dimensional multiplet of the $`R`$-symmetry group $`SU(4)`$ of $`N=4`$ SUSY. The $`SU(4)`$ invariant square of these fields in the denominator of (74) ensures the scale and conformal invariance of the corresponding $`x`$-space action and can be identified, from the AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^5`$ D3-superbrane perspective , with the fifth (radial) co-ordinate of AdS<sub>5</sub>.

It would be extremely interesting to find a superconformally invariant version (if existing) of the $`N=3`$ BI action (71). Such an action is expected to be unique and to provide a manifestly off-shell $`N=3`$ supersymmetric superfield form of the abelian D3-superbrane action on AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^5`$. It is very important to know this hypothetical maximally worldvolume supersymmetric form of the D3-brane action both for further clarifying the AdS/CFT correspondence and, as a closely related goal, for exploring the precise structure of the quantum low-energy effective action in $`N=4`$ SYM theory.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by INTAS grant No 00-254, RFBR grant No 99-02-18417, RFBR-CNRS grant No 01-02-22005 and a grant of Bogoliubov-Infeld Programme.