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# Lie superalgebras of supermatrices of complex size. Their generalizations and related integrable systems

## §0. Introduction

This is an expanded transcript of the talk given at the International Symposium on Complex Analysis and Related Topics, Cuernavaca, Mexica, November 18 – 22, 1996. We are thankful to A. Turbiner and N. Vasilevski for hospitality.

### 0.0. History

About 1966, V. Kac and B. Weisfeiler began the study of simple filtered Lie algebras of polynomial growth. Kac first considered the $``$-graded Lie algebras associated with the filtered ones and classified simple graded Lie algebras of polynomial growth under a technical assumption and conjectured the inessential nature of the assumption. It took more than 20 years to get rid of the assumption: see very complicated papers by O. Mathieu, cf. \[K\] and references therein. For a similar list of simple $``$-graded Lie superalgebras of polynomial growth see \[KS\], \[LSc\].

The Lie algebras Kac distinguished (or rather the algebras of derivations of their nontrivial central extensions, the Kac–Moody algebras) proved very interesting in applications. These algebras aroused such interest that the study of filtered algebras was arrested for two decades. Little by little, however, the simplest representative of the new class of simple filtered Lie superalgebras (of polynomial growth), namely, the Lie algebra $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ of matrices of complex size, and its projectivization, i.e., the quotient modulo the constants, $`𝔭𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$, drew its share of attention \[F\], \[KM\], \[KR\].

While we typed this paper, Shoikhet \[Sh\] published a description of representations of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$; we are thankful to M. Vasiliev who informed us of still other applications of generalizations of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$, see \[BWV\], \[KV\].

This paper begins a systematic study of a new class of Lie algebras: simple filtered Lie algebras of polynomial growth (SFLAPG) for which the graded Lie algebras associated with the filtration considered are not simple; $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ is our first example. Actually, an example of a Lie algebra of class SFLAPG was known even before the notion of Lie algebras was introduced. Indeed, the only deformation (physicists call it quantization) $`Q`$ of the Poisson Lie algebra $`𝔭𝔬(2n)`$ sends $`𝔭𝔬(2n)`$ into $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)`$, the Lie algebra of differential operators with polynomial coefficients; the restriction of $`Q`$ to $`𝔥(2n)=𝔭𝔬(2n)/center`$, the Lie algebra of Hamiltonian vector fields, sends $`𝔥(2n)`$ to the projectivization $`𝔭𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)=𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)/1`$ of $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)`$. The Lie algebra $`𝔭𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)`$ escaped Kac’s classification, though it is the deform of an algebra from his list, because its intrinsically natural filtration given by $`\mathrm{deg}q_i=\mathrm{deg}_{q_i}=1`$ is not of polynomial growth while the graded Lie algebra associated with the filtration of polynomial growth (given by $`\mathrm{deg}q_i=\mathrm{deg}_{q_i}=1`$) is not simple.

Observe that from the point of view of dynamical systems the Lie algebra $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)`$ is not very interesting: it does not possesses a nondegenerate bilinear symmetric form; we will consider its subalgebras that do.

In what follows we will usually denote the associative (super)algebras by Latin letters; the Lie (super)algebras associated with them by Gothic letters; e.g., $`𝔤𝔩(n)=L(\mathrm{Mat}(n))`$, $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(n)=L(\mathrm{Diff}(n))`$, where the functor $`L`$ replaces the dot product withthe bracket.

### 0.1. The construction. Problems related

Each of our Lie algebras (and Lie superalgebras) $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ is realized as a quotient of the Lie algebra of global sections of the sheaf of twisted $`D`$-modules on the flag variety, cf. \[Ka\], \[Di\]. The general construction consists of the preparatory step 0), the main steps 1) and 2) and two extra steps 3) and 4).

We distinguish two cases: A) $`dim𝔤<\mathrm{}`$ and $`𝔤`$ possesses a Cartan matrix and B) $`𝔤`$ is a simple vectorial Lie (super)algebra.

Let $`𝔤=𝔤_{}𝔥𝔤_+`$, where $`𝔤_+=\underset{\alpha >0}{}𝔤_\alpha `$ and $`𝔤_{}=\underset{\alpha <0}{}𝔤_\alpha `$, be one of the simple $``$-graded Lie algebras of polynomial growth, either finite dimensional or of vector fields, represented as the sum of its maximal torus (usually identical with the Cartan subalgebra) $`𝔥`$ and the root subspaces $`𝔤_\alpha `$ corresponding to an order in the set $`R`$ of roots.

Observe that each order of $`R`$ is in one-to-one correspondence with a system of simple roots. For the finite dimensional Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ all systems of simple roots are equivalent, the equivalence is established by the Weyl group. For Lie superalgebras and infinite dimensional Lie algebras of vector fields there are inequivalent systems of simple roots; nevertheless, there is an analog of the Weyl group and the passage from system to system is described in \[PS\].

For vectorial Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, even the dimension of the superspaces $`X=(𝔤_{})^{}`$ associated with systems of simple roots can vary. It is not clear if only essential (see \[PS\]) systems of simple roots are essential in the construction of Verma modules (roughly speaking, each Verma module is isomorphic to the space of functions on $`X`$) in which we will realize $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$, but hopefully not all.

Step 0): From $`𝔤`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$. From representation theory it is clear that there exists a realization of the elements of $`𝔤`$ by differential operators of degree $`1`$ on the space $`X=(𝔤_{})^{}`$. The realization has rank $`𝔤`$ parameters (coordinates $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)𝔥^{}`$ of the highest weight of the $`𝔤`$-module $`M^\lambda `$). For the algorithms of construction and its execution in some cases see \[BMP\], \[B\], \[BGLS\].

Let $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$ be the image of $`𝔤`$ with respect to this realization. Let $`\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ be the associative subalgebra generated by $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(𝔤_{})`$. Set

$$U_𝔤(\lambda )=\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})/J(\lambda ),\text{ where }J(\lambda )\text{ is the maxiam ideal}.$$

Observe that $`J(\lambda )=0`$ for generic $`\lambda `$.

Roughly speaking, $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ is “$`\mathrm{Mat}\mathrm{"}(L^\lambda )`$, where $`L^\lambda `$ is the quotient of $`M^\lambda `$ modulo the maximal submodule $`I(\lambda )`$ (it can be determined and described with the help of the Shapovalov form, see \[K\]) and $`\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ is the subalgebra generated by $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$ in the symmetric algebra of $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$ modulo the relations between differential operators. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ is smaller than $`S^\text{.}(𝔤)`$ due to the relations between the differential operators that span $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$.

To explicitly describe the generators of $`J(\lambda )`$ is a main technical problem. We solve it in this paper for $`\mathrm{rk}𝔤=1`$. The general case will be considered elsewhere.

Step 1) From $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ to $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ Recall that $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ is the Lie algebra whose space is the same as that of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ and the bracket is the commutator.

Step 2) Montgomery’s functor S. Montgomery suggested \[M\] a construction of simple Lie superalgebras:

$`(Mo)`$ $`Mo`$: a central simple $``$-graded algebra $``$ a simple Lie superalgebra.
Observe that the associative algebras $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ constructed from simple Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ are central simple. In \[LM\] we intend to consider Montgomery superalgebras $`Mo(U_𝔤(\lambda ))`$ and compare them with the Lie superalgebras $`LU_𝔰(\lambda )`$ constructed from Lie superalgebras $`𝔰`$. Montgomery functor often produces new Lie superalgebras, e.g., if $`𝔤`$ is equal to $`𝔣_4`$ or $`𝔢_i`$, though not always: $`Mo(U_{𝔰𝔩(2)}(\lambda ))LU_{𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)}(\lambda )`$.

Step 3) Twisted versions An outer automorphism $`a`$ of $`𝔊=LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ or $`Mo(U_𝔤(\lambda ))`$ might single out a new simple Lie subsuperalgebra $`a_0(𝔊)`$, the set of fixed points of $`𝔊`$ under $`a`$.

For example, the intersection of $`LU_{𝔰𝔩(2)}(\lambda )`$ with the set of skew-adjoint differential operators is a new Lie algebra $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ while the intersection of $`Mo(U_{𝔰𝔩(2)}(\lambda ))=LU_{𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)}(\lambda )`$ with the set of superskew-adjoint operators is the Lie superalgebra $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$. For the description of the outer automorphisms of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ see \[LAS\]. In general even the definition is unclear.

Step 4) Deformations The deformations of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras obtained via steps 1) – 3) may lead to new algebras of class SFLAPG, cf. \[Go\]. A. Sergeev posed the following interesting probl em:

what Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras can we get by applying the above constructions 1) – 3) to the quantum deformation $`U_q(𝔤)`$ of $`U(𝔤)`$?

###### Remark .

The above procedure can be also applied to (twisted) loop algebras $`𝔤=𝔥^{\left(k\right)}`$ and the stringy algebras; the result will be realized with differential operators of infinitely many indeterminates; they remind vertex operators. The algebra $`LU_{𝔥^{\left(k\right)}}\left(\lambda \right)`$ is a polynomial one but not of polynomial growth.

### 0.2. Another description of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$

For the finite dimensional simple $`𝔤`$ there is an alternative description of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ as the quotient of $`U(𝔤)`$ modulo the central character, i.e., modulo the ideal $`C_{(\lambda )}`$ generated by rank $`𝔤`$ elements $`C_ik_i(\lambda )`$, where the $`C_i`$ is the $`i`$-th Casimir element and the $`k_i(\lambda )`$ is the (computed by Harish-Chandra and Berezin) value of $`C_i`$ on $`M^\lambda `$. This description of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ goes back, perhaps, to Kostant, cf. \[Ka\]. From this description it is clear that, after the shift by $`\rho `$, the half sum of positive roots, we get

$$LU_𝔤(\sigma (\lambda ))LU_𝔤(\lambda )\text{for any}\sigma W(𝔤).$$

A similar isomorphism holds for $`Mo(U_𝔤(\lambda ))`$. In particular, over $``$, it suffices to consider the $`\lambda `$ that belong to one Weyl chamber only.

For vectorial Lie algebras the description of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ as $`U(𝔤)/C_{(\lambda )}`$ is inapplicable. For example, let $`𝔤=𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(n)`$. The highest weight Verma modules are (for the standard filtration of $`𝔤`$) identical with Verma modules over $`𝔰𝔩(n+1)`$, but the center of $`U(𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(n))`$ consists of constants only. It is a research problem to describe the generators of $`C_{(\lambda )}`$ in such cases.

Though the center of $`U(𝔤)`$ is completely described by A. Sergeev for all simple finite dimensional Lie superalgebras \[S\], the problem

describe the generators of the ideal $`C_{(\lambda )}`$

is open for Lie superalgebras $`𝔤`$ even if $`𝔤`$ is of the form $`𝔤(A)`$ (i.e., if $`𝔤`$ has Cartan matrix $`A`$) different from $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2n)`$: for them the center of $`U(𝔤)`$ is not noetherian and it is a priori unclear if $`C_{(\lambda )}`$ has infinitely or finitely many generators. (As we will show elsewhere, $`C_{(\lambda )}`$ is generated for Lie superalgebras $`𝔤`$ of the form $`𝔤(A)`$ by the first $`\mathrm{rk}𝔤`$ Casimir operators and finitely many extra elements. For algebras $`𝔤`$ of other types we do not even have a conjecture.)

### 0.3. Our result

The main result is the statement of the fact that the above constructions 1) – 4) yield a new class of simple Lie (super) algebras of polynomial growth (some of which have nice properties).

Observe that our Lie algebras $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ are quantizations of the Lie algebras considered in \[DGS\] which are also of class SFLAPG and are contractions of our algebras. Indeed, Donin, Gurevich and Shnider consider the Lie algebras of functions on the orbits of the coajoint representation of $`𝔤`$ with respect to the Poisson bracket. These DGS Lie algebras are naturally realized as the quotients of the polynomial algebra modulo an inhomogeneous ideal that singles out the orbit; we realize the result of quantization of DGS Lie algebras by differential operators.

In this paper we consider the simplest case of the superization of this construction: replace $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ with $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$. The cases of higher ranks will be considered elsewhere. The Khesin–Malikov construction \[KM\] can be applied almost literally to the Lie (super)algebras $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ such that $`𝔤`$ admits a (super)principal embedding, see, e.g., \[GL2\].

Our main theorems: 2.6 and 4.3. The structure of the algebras $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ (real forms, automorphisms, root systems) will be described elsewhere, see e.g., \[LAS\].

Observe that while the polynomial Poisson Lie algebra has only one class of nontrivial deformations and all the deformed algebras are isomorphic, cf. \[LSc1\], the dimension of the space of parameters of deformations of Lie algebras of Donin, Gurevich and Shnider is equal to the rank of $`𝔤`$ and all of the deforms are pairwise nonisomorphic, generally.

### 0.4. The defining relations

The notion of defining relations is clear for a nilpotent Lie algebra. This is one of the reasons why the most conventional way to present a simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is to split it into the direct sum of a (commutative) Cartan subalgebra and 2 maximal nilpotent subalgebras $`𝔤_\pm `$ (positive and negative). There are about $`(2\mathrm{rk}𝔤)^2`$ relations between the $`2\mathrm{rk}𝔤`$ generators of $`𝔤_\pm `$. The generators of $`𝔤_+`$ together with the generators of $`𝔤_{}`$ generate $`𝔤`$ as well. In $`𝔤`$, there are about $`(3\mathrm{rk}𝔤)^2`$ relations between these generators; the relations additional to those in $`𝔤_+`$ or $`𝔤_{}`$, i.e., between the positive and the negative generators, are easy to grasp. Though numerous, all these relations — called Serre relations — are neat and this is another reason for their popularity. These relations are good to deal with not only for humans but for computers as well, cf. sec. 7.3.

Nevertheless, it so happens that the Chevalley-type generators and, therefore, the Serre relations are not always available. Besides, as we will see, there are problems in which other generators and relations naturally appear, cf. \[GL2\].

Though not so transparent as for nilpotent algebras, the notion of generators and relations makes sense in the general case. For instance, with the principal embeddings of $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ into $`𝔤`$ one can associate only two elements that generate $`𝔤`$; we call them Jacobson’s generators, see \[GL1\]. We explicitly describe the associated with the principal embeddings of $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ presentations of simple Lie algebras, finite dimensional and certain infinite dimensional; namely, the Lie algebra “of matrices of complex size” realized as a subalgebra of the Lie algebra $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(1)`$ of differential operators in 1 indeterminate or of $`𝔤𝔩_+(\mathrm{})`$, see §2.

The relations obtained are rather simple, especially for nonexceptional algebras. In contradistinction with the conventional presentation there are just 9 relations between Jacobson’s generators for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ series (actually, 8 if $`\lambda `$) and not many more for the other algebras.

It is convenient to present $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ as the Lie algebra generated by two differential operators: $`X^+=u^2\frac{d}{du}(\lambda 1)u`$ and $`Z_{𝔰𝔩}=\frac{d^2}{du^2}`$; its Lie subalgebra $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ of skew-adjoint operators — a hybrid of Lie algebras of series $`𝔬`$ and $`𝔰𝔭`$ (do not confuse with the Lie superalgebra of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭`$ type!) — is generated by the same $`X^+`$ and $`Z_{𝔬/𝔰𝔭}=\frac{d^3}{du^3}`$; to make relations simpler, we always add the third generator $`X^{}=\frac{d}{du}`$. For integer $`\lambda `$ each of these algebras has an ideal of finite codimension and the quotient modulo the ideal is the conventional $`𝔰𝔩(n)`$ (for $`\lambda =n`$ and $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$) and either $`𝔬(2n+1)`$ (for $`\lambda =2n+1`$) or $`𝔰𝔭(2n)`$ (for $`\lambda =2n`$), respectively , for $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$.

In this paper we superize \[GL1\]: replace $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ with its closest relative, $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$. We denote by $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ the Lie superalgebra generated by $`^+=x_\theta +x\theta _x\lambda \theta `$, $`Z=_x_\theta \theta _{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ and $`U=_\theta \theta _x`$, where $`x`$ is an even indeterminate and $`\theta `$ is an odd one. We define $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$ as the Lie subsuperalgebra of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ generated by $`^+`$ and $`Z`$. The presentations of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$ are associated with the superprincipal embeddings of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$. For $`\lambda `$ these algebras are simple. For integer $`\lambda =n`$ each of these algebras has an ideal of finite codimension and the quotient modulo the ideal is the conventional $`𝔰𝔩(n|n+1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n+1|2n)`$, respectively.

### 0.5. Some applications

(1) Integrable systems like continuous Toda lattice or a generalization of the Drinfeld–Sokolov construction are based on the superprincipal embeddings in the same way as the Khesin–Malikov construction \[KM\] is based on the principal embedding, cf. \[GL2\].

(2) To $`q`$-quantize the Lie algebras of type $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ à la Drinfeld, using only Chevalley generators, is impossible; our generators indicate a way to do it.

### 0.6. Related topics

We would like to draw attention of the reader to several other classes of Lie algebras. One of the reasons is that, though some of these classes have empty intersections with the class of Lie algebras we consider here, they naturally spring to mind and are, perhaps, deformations of our algebras in some, yet unknown, sense.

$``$ Krichever–Novikov algebras, see \[SH\] and refs. therein. The KN-algebras are neither graded, nor filtered (at least, wrt the degree considered usually). Observe that so are our algebras $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ with respect to the degree induced from $`U(𝔤)`$, so a search for a better grading is a tempting problem.

$``$ Odessky or Sklyanin algebras, see \[FO\] and refs. therein.

$``$ Continuum algebras, see \[SV\] and refs. therein. In particular cases these algebras coincide with Kac–Moody or loop algebras, i.e., have a continuum analog of the Cartan matrix. But to suspect that $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ has a Cartan matrix is wrong, see sec. 2.2. Nevertheless, in the simplest cases, if $`\mathrm{rk}𝔤=1`$, the algebras $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ and their “relatives” obtained in steps 1) – 3) (and, perhaps, 4)) of sec 0.1 do possess Saveliev-Vershik’s nonlinear Cartan operator which replaces the Cartan matrix.

## §1. Recapitulation: finite dimensional simple Lie algebras

This section is a continuation of \[LP\], where the case of the simplest base (system of simple roots) is considered and where non-Serre relations for simple Lie algebras first appear, though in a different setting. This paper is also the direct superization of \[GL1\]; we recall its results. For presentations of Lie superalgebras with Cartan matrix via Chevalley generators, see \[LS\], \[GL3\].

What are “natural” generators and relations for a simple finite dimensional Lie algebra? The answer is important in questions when it is needed to identify an algebra $`𝔤`$ given its generators and relations. (Examples of such problems are connected with Estabrook–Wahlquist prolongations, Drinfeld’s quantum algebras, symmetries of differential equations, integrable systems, etc.).

### 1.0. Defining relations

If $`𝔤`$ is nilpotent, the problem of its presentation has a natural and unambiguous solution: representatives of the homology $`H_1(𝔤)𝔤/[𝔤,𝔤]`$ are the generators of $`𝔤`$ and the elements from $`H_2(𝔤)`$ correspond to relations.

On the other hand, if $`𝔤`$ is simple, then $`𝔤=[𝔤,𝔤]`$ and there is no “most natural” way to select generators of $`𝔤`$. The choice of generators is not unique.

Still, among algebras with the property $`𝔤=[𝔤,𝔤]`$ the simple ones are distinguished by the fact that their structure is very well known. By trial and error people discovered that for finite dimensional simple Lie algebras, there are certain “first among equal” sets of generators:

1) Chevalley generators corresponding to positive and negative simple roots;

2) a pair of generators that generate any finite dimensional simple Lie algebra associated with the principal $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-subalgebra (considered below).

The relations associated with Chevalley generators are well-known, see e.g., \[OV\], \[K\]. These relations are called Serre relations.

The possibility to generate any simple finite dimensional Lie algebra by two elements was first claimed by N. Jacobson; for the first (as far as we know) proof see \[BO\]. We do not know what generators Jacobson had in mind; \[BO\] take for them linear combinations of positive and negative root vectors with generic coefficients; nothing like a “natural” choice that we suggest to refer to as Jacobson’s generators was ever proposed.

To generate a simple algebra with only two elements is tempting but nobody yet had explicitly described relations between such generators, perhaps, because to check whether the relations between these elements are nice-looking is impossible without a modern computer (cf. an implicit description in \[F\]). As far as we could test, the relations for any other pair of generators chosen in a way distinct from ours are too complicated. There seem to be, however, one exception cf. \[GL2\].

### 1.1. The principal embeddings

There exists only one (up to equivalence) embedding $`r:𝔰𝔩(2)𝔤`$ such that $`𝔤`$, considered as $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module, splits into $`\mathrm{rk}𝔤`$ irreducible modules, cf. \[D\] or \[OV\]. This embedding is called principal and, sometimes, minimal because for the other embeddings (there are plenty of them) the number of irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-modules is $`>\mathrm{rk}𝔤`$. Example: for $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩(n)`$, $`𝔰𝔭(2n)`$ or $`𝔬(2n+1)`$ the principal embedding is the one corresponding to the irreducible representation of $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ of dimension $`n`$, $`2n`$, $`2n+1`$, respectively.

For completeness, let us recall how the irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-modules with highest weight look like. (They are all of the form $`L^\mu `$, where $`L^\mu =M^\mu `$ if $`\mu _+`$, and $`L^n=M^n/M^{n2}`$ if $`n_+`$, and where $`M^\mu `$ is described below.) Select the following basis in $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$:

$$X^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),H=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),X^+=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

The $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module $`M^\mu `$ is illustrated with a graph whose nodes correspond to the eigenvectors $`l_{\mu 2i}`$ of $`H`$ with the weight indicated;

$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 2i2}{}\stackrel{\mu 2i}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 2}{}\stackrel{𝜇}{}$$

the edges depict the action of $`X^\pm `$ (the action of $`X^+`$ is directed to the right, that of $`X^{}`$ to the left: $`X^{}l_{\mu 2i}=l_{\mu 2i2}`$ and

$`(1.1)`$
$$X^+l_{\mu 2i}=X^+((X^{})^il_\mu )=i(\mu i+1)l_{\mu 2i+2};X^+(l_\mu )=0.$$

As follows from (1.1), the module $`M^n`$ for $`n_+`$ has an irreducible submodule isomorphic to $`M^{n2}`$; the quotient, obviously irreducible, as follows from the same (1.1), will be denoted by $`L^n`$.

There are principal $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-subalgebras in every finite dimensional simple Lie algebra, though, generally, not in infinite dimensional ones, e.g., not in affine Kac-Moody algebras. The construction is as follows. Let $`X_1^\pm ,\mathrm{},X_{\mathrm{rk}𝔤}^\pm `$ be Chevalley generators of $`𝔤`$, i.e., the generators corresponding to simple roots. Let the images of $`X^\pm 𝔰𝔩(2)`$ in $`𝔤`$ be

$$X^{}X_i^{};X^+a_iX_i^+$$

and select the $`a_i`$ from the relations $`[[X^+,X^{}],X^\pm ]=\pm 2X^\pm `$ true in $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$. For $`𝔤`$ constructed from a Cartan matrix $`A`$, there is a solution for $`a_i`$ if and only if $`A`$ is invertible.

In Table 1.1 a simple finite dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is described as the $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module corresponding to the principal embedding (cf. \[OV\], Table 4). The table introduces the number $`2k_2`$ used in relations. We set $`k_1=1`$.

### Table 1.1. $`𝔤`$ as the $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module

| $`𝔤`$ | the $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-spectrum of $`𝔤=L^2L^{2k_2}L^{2k_3}\mathrm{}`$ | $`2k_2`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝔰𝔩(n)`$ | $`L^2L^4L^6\mathrm{}L^{2n2}`$ | 4 |
| $`𝔬(2n+1)`$, $`𝔰𝔭(2n)`$ | $`L^2L^6L^{10}\mathrm{}L^{4n2}`$ | 6 |
| $`𝔬(2n)`$ | $`L^2L^6L^{10}\mathrm{}L^{4n6}L^{2n2}`$ | 6 |
| $`𝔤_2`$ | $`L^2L^{10}`$ | 10 |
| $`𝔣_4`$ | $`L^2L^{10}L^{14}L^{22}`$ | 10 |
| $`𝔢_6`$ | $`L^2L^8L^{10}L^{14}L^{16}L^{22}`$ | 8 |
| $`𝔢_7`$ | $`L^2L^{10}L^{14}L^{18}L^{22}L^{26}L^{34}`$ | 10 |
| $`𝔢_8`$ | $`L^2L^{14}L^{22}L^{26}L^{34}L^{38}L^{46}L^{58}`$ | 14 |

One can show that $`𝔤`$ can be generated by two elements: $`x:=X^+L^2=𝔰𝔩(2)`$ and a lowest weight vector $`z:=l_r`$ from an appropriate module $`L^r`$ other than $`L^2`$ from Table 1.1. For the role of this $`L^r`$ we take either $`L^{2k_2}`$ if $`𝔤𝔬(2n)`$ or the last module $`L^{2n2}`$ in the above table if $`𝔤=𝔬(2n)`$. (Clearly, $`z`$ is defined up to proportionality; we will assume that a basis of $`L^r`$ is fixed and denote $`z=tl_r`$ for some $`t`$ that can be fixed at will, cf. §3.)

The exceptional choice for $`𝔬(2n)`$ is occasioned by the fact that by choosing $`zL^r`$ for $`r2n2`$ instead, we generate $`𝔬(2n1)`$.

We call the above $`x`$ and $`z`$, together with $`y:=X^{}L^2`$ taken for good measure, Jacobson’s generators. The presence of $`y`$ considerably simplifies the form of the relations, though slightly increases their number. (One might think that taking the symmetric to $`z`$ element $`l_r`$ will improve the relations even more but in reality just the opposite happens.)

Concerning $`𝔤=𝔬(2n)`$ see sec. 7.2.

### 1.2. Relations between Jacobson’s generators

First, observe that if an ideal of a free Lie algebra is homogeneous (with respect to the degrees of the generators of the algebra), then the number and the degrees of the defining relations (i.e., the generators of the ideal) is uniquely defined provided the relations are homogeneous. This is obvious.

A simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$, however, is the quotient of a free Lie algebra $`𝔉`$ modulo a inhomogeneous ideal, $``$, the ideal without homogeneous generators. Therefore, we can speak about the number and the degrees of relations only conditionally. Our condition is the possibility to express any element $`x`$ via the generators $`g_1,\mathrm{}`$ of $``$ by a formula of the form

$`()`$
$$x=[c_i,g_i],\text{ where }c_i𝔉\text{ and }\mathrm{deg}c_i+\mathrm{deg}g_i\mathrm{deg}x\text{ for all }i\text{.}$$

Under condition $`()`$ the number of relations and their degrees are uniquely determined. Now we can explain why do we need an extra generator $`y`$: without $`y`$ the weight relations would have been of very high degree.

We divide the relations between the Jacobson generators into the types corresponding to the number of occurrences of $`z`$ in them: 0. Relations in $`L^2=𝔰𝔩(2)`$; 1. Relations coming from the $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-action on $`L^{2k_2}`$; 2. Relations coming from $`L^{2k_1}L^{2k_2}`$; $`\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}`$. Relations coming from $`L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}\mathrm{}`$ with $`3`$ factors; among the latter relations we distinguish one — of type “$`\mathbf{}`$” — the relation that shears the dimension. (For small $`\text{rank}𝔤`$ the relation of type $`\mathrm{}`$ can be of the above types.)

Observe that, apart form relations of type $`\mathrm{}`$, the relations of type $`3`$ are those of type 3 except for $`𝔢_7`$ which satisfies stray relations of types 4 and 5, cf. \[GL1\].

The relations of type 0 are the well-known relations in $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$

$`(Rel0)`$
$$\mathbf{0.1}.[[x,y],x]=2x,\mathbf{0.2}[[x,y],y]=2y.$$

The relations of type 1 mirror the fact that the space $`L^{2k_2}`$ is the $`(2k_2+1)`$-dimensional $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module. To simplify notations we denote: $`z_i=(\mathrm{ad}x)^iz`$. Then the type 1 relations are:

$`(Rel1)`$
$$\mathbf{1.1}.[y,z]=0,\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}1.2}.[[x,y],z]=2k_2z,\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}1.3}.z_{2k_1+1}=0\text{ with }2k_2\text{ from Table 1.1.}.$$

###### Theorem .

For the simple finite dimensional Lie algebras all the relations between the Jacobson generators are the above relations (Rel0), (Rel1) and the relations from \[GL1\].

In §3 these relations from \[GL1\] are reproduced for the classical Lie algebras.

## §2. The Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ as a quotient algebra of $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(1)`$ and a subalgebra of $`𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{})`$

### 2.1. $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ is endowed with a trace

The Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem states that, as spaces, $`U(𝔰𝔩(2))[X^{},H,X^+]`$. We also know that to study representations of $`𝔤`$ is the same as to study representations of $`U(𝔤)`$. Still, if we are interested in irreducible representations, we do not need the whole of $`U(𝔤)`$ and can do with a smaller algebra, easier to study.

This observation is used now and again; Feigin applied it in \[F\] writing, actually, (as deciphered in \[PH\], \[GL1\], \[Sh\]) that setting

$`(2.1)`$
$$X^{}=\frac{d}{du},H=2u\frac{d}{du}(\lambda 1),X^+=u^2\frac{d}{du}(\lambda 1)u$$

we obtain a morphism of $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-modules and, moreover, of associative algebras: $`U(𝔰𝔩(2))[u,\frac{d}{du}]`$. The kernel of this morphism is the ideal generated by $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda ^2+1`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2(X^+X^{}+X^{}X^+)+H^2`$. Observe, that this morphism is not an epimorphism, either. The image of this morphism is our Lie algebra of matrices of “complex size”.

###### Remark .

In their proof of certain statements from \[F\] that we will recall, \[PH\] made use of the well-known fact that the Casimir operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ acts on the irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module $`L^\mu `$ (see sec 1.1) as the scalar operator of multiplication by $`\mu ^2+2\mu `$. The passage from \[PH\]’s $`\lambda `$ to \[F\]’s $`\mu `$ is done with the help of a shift by the weight $`\rho `$, a half sum of positive roots, which for $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ can be identified with 1, i.e., $`(\lambda 1)^2+2(\lambda 1)=\lambda ^21`$ for $`\lambda =\mu +1`$.

Consider the Lie algebra $`LU(𝔰𝔩(2))`$ associated with the associative algebra $`U(𝔰𝔩(2))`$. Set

$`(2.2)`$
$$U_\lambda =U(𝔰𝔩(2))/(\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda ^2+1).$$

The definition directly implies that $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$, so speaking about real values of $`\lambda `$ we can confine ourselves to the nonnegative values, cf. sec. 0.2. It is easy to see that, as $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-module,

$`(2.3)`$
$$LU_\lambda =L^0L^2L^4\mathrm{}L^{2n}\mathrm{}$$

It is not difficult to show (see \[PH\] for details) that the Lie algebra $`LU_n`$ for $`n\{0\}`$ contains an ideal $`J_n`$ and the quotient $`LU_n/J_n`$ is the conventional $`𝔤𝔩(n)`$. In \[PH\] it is proved that for $`\lambda \{0\}`$ the Lie algebra $`LU_\lambda `$ has only two ideals — the space $`L^0`$ of constants and its complement. Set

$`(2.4)`$
$$𝔭𝔤𝔩(\lambda )=𝔤𝔩(\lambda )/L^0,\text{ where }𝔤𝔩(\lambda )=\{\begin{array}{cc}LU_\lambda \hfill & \text{for }\lambda \{0\}\hfill \\ LU_n/J_n\hfill & \text{for }n\{0\}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Observe, that $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ is endowed with a trace. This follows directly from (2.3) and the fact that

$$𝔤𝔩(\lambda )L^0[𝔤𝔩(\lambda ),𝔤𝔩(\lambda )].$$

Therefore, $`𝔭𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ can be identified with $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$, the subalgebra of the traceless matrices in $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$. We can normalize the trace at will, for example, if we set $`\mathrm{tr}(id)=\lambda `$, then the trace that our trace induces on the quotient of $`LU_{𝔰𝔩(2)}(n)`$ modulo $`J(n)`$ coincides with the usual trace on $`𝔤𝔩(n)`$ for $`n`$.

Another way to introduce the trace was suggested by J. Bernstein. We decipher its description in \[KM\] as follows. Look at the image of $`H𝔰𝔩(2)`$ in $`𝔤𝔩(M^\lambda )`$. Bernstein observed that though the trace of the image is an infinite sum, the sum of the first $`D+1`$ summands is a polynomial in $`D`$, call it $`\mathrm{tr}(H)`$. It is easy to see that $`\mathrm{tr}(H)`$ vanishes if $`D=\lambda `$.

Similarly, for any $`xLU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ considered as an element of $`𝔤𝔩(M^\lambda )`$ set

$$\mathrm{tr}(x;D)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{D}{}}x_{ii}.$$

Let $`D(\lambda )`$ be the value of the dimension of the irreducible finite dimensional $`𝔤`$-module with highest weight $`\lambda `$, for an exact formula see \[D\], \[OV\]. Set $`\mathrm{tr}(x)=\mathrm{tr}(x;D(\lambda ))`$; as is easy to see, this formula determines the trace on $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ for arbitrary values of $`\lambda `$.

Observe that whereas for any irreducible finite dimensional module over the simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ there is just one formula for $`D(\lambda )`$ (H. Weyl dimension formulas) for Lie superalgebra there are several distinct formulas depending on how “typical” $`\lambda `$ is.

### 2.2. There is no Cartan matrix for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$. What replaces it?

Are there Chevalley generators in $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$? In other words are there elements $`X_i^\pm `$ of degree $`\pm 2`$ and $`H_i`$ of degree 0 (the degree is the weight with respect to the $`𝔰𝔩(2)=L^2𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$) such that

$`(2.5)`$
$$[X_i^+,X_j^{}]=\delta _{ij}H_i,[H_i,H_j]=0\text{ and }[H_i,X_j^\pm ]=\pm A_{ij}X_j^\pm \mathrm{?}$$

The answer is NO: $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ is too small. To see what is the problem, consider the following elements of degree $`\pm 2`$ from $`L^4`$ and $`L^6`$ of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{deg}=2:\hfill & 4uD^22(\lambda 2)D\hfill \\ \mathrm{deg}=2:\hfill & 4u^3D^2+6(\lambda 2)u^2D2(\lambda 1)(\lambda 2)u\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{deg}=2:\hfill & 15u^2D^315(\lambda 3)uD^2+3(\lambda 2)(\lambda 3)D\hfill \\ \mathrm{deg}=2:\hfill & 15u^4D^330(\lambda 3)u^3D^2+18(\lambda 2)(\lambda 3)u^2D3(\lambda 1)(\lambda 2)(\lambda 3)u\hfill \end{array}$$

To satisfy $`(2.5)`$, we can complete $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ by considering infinite sums of its elements, but the completion erases the difference between different $`\lambda `$’s:

###### Proposition .

For $`\lambda \rho `$ the completion of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ generated by Jacobson’s generators (see Tables) is isomorphic to $`\overline{𝔭𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(1)}`$, the quotient of the Lie algebra of differential operators with formal coefficients modulo constants.

Though there is no Cartan matrix, Saveliev and Vershik \[SV\] suggested an operator $`K`$ which replaces Cartan matrix. For furtehr details see paper by Shoihet and Vershik \[ShV\].

### 2.3. The outer automorphism of $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$

The invariants of the mapping

$`(2.6)`$
$$XSX^tS\text{for}X𝔤𝔩(n),\text{where}S=\mathrm{antidiag}(1,1,1,1\mathrm{})$$

constitute $`𝔬(n)`$ if $`n2+1`$ and $`𝔰𝔭(n)`$ if $`n2`$. By analogy, Feigin defined $`𝔬(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ as subalgebras of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )=\underset{k0}{}L^{2k}`$ invariant with respect to the involution analogous to (2.6):

$`(2.7)`$
$$X\{\begin{array}{cc}X\hfill & \text{if }XL^{4k}\hfill \\ X\hfill & \text{if }XL^{4k+2}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`𝔬(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ — the subalgebras of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ singled out by the involution (2.7) — differ by a shift of the parameter $`\lambda `$, it is natural to denote them uniformly (but so as not to confuse with the Lie superalgebras of series $`𝔬𝔰𝔭`$), namely, by $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$. For integer values of the parameter it is clear that

$$𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )=\{\begin{array}{cc}𝔬(\lambda )\text{+}\text{ }I_\lambda & \text{if }\lambda 2+1,\\ 𝔰𝔭(\lambda )\text{+}\text{ }I_\lambda & \text{if }\lambda 2,\end{array}\text{where}I_\lambda \text{is an ideal}.$$

In the realization of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ by differential operators the transposition is the passage to the adjoint operator; hence, $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ is a subalgebra of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ consisting of self-skew-adjoint operators with respect to the involution

$`(2.8)`$
$$a(u)\frac{d^k}{du^k}(1)^k\frac{d^k}{du^k}a(u)^{}.$$

The superization of this formula is straightforward: via Sign Rule.

### 2.4. The Lie algebra $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ as a subalgebra of $`𝔤𝔩_+(\mathrm{})`$

Recall that $`𝔤𝔩_+(\mathrm{})`$ often denotes the Lie algebra of infinite (in one direction; index $`+`$ indicates that) matrices with nonzero elements inside a (depending on the matrix) strip along the main diagonal and containing it. The subalgebras $`𝔬(\mathrm{})`$ and $`𝔰𝔭(\mathrm{})`$ are naturally defined, while $`𝔰𝔩(\mathrm{})`$ is, by abuse of language, sometimes used to denote $`𝔭𝔤𝔩(\mathrm{})`$.

When it comes to superization, one shall be very careful selecting an appropriate candidate for $`𝔰𝔩(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{})`$ and its subalgebra, cf. \[E\].

The realization (2.1) provides with an embedding $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}𝔰𝔩(M^\lambda )\mathrm{"}`$, so for $`\lambda `$ the Verma module $`M^\lambda `$ with highest weight $`\mu `$ is an irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$-module.

###### Proposition .

The completion of $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$ (generated by the elements of degree $`\pm 2`$ with respect to $`H𝔰𝔩(2)𝔤𝔩(\lambda )`$) is isomorphic for any noninteger $`\lambda `$ to $`𝔤𝔩_+(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}𝔤𝔩(M^\lambda )\mathrm{"}`$.

### 2.5. The Lie algebras $`𝔰𝔩()`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭()`$ for $`P^1=\{\}`$

The “dequantization” of the relations for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ (see §3) is performed by passage to the limit as $`\lambda \mathrm{}`$ under the change:

$$t\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{t}{\lambda }\hfill & \text{for }𝔰𝔩(\lambda )\hfill \\ \frac{t}{\lambda ^2}\hfill & \text{for }𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda ).\hfill \end{array}$$

So the parameter $`\lambda `$ above can actually run over $`P^1=\{\}`$, not just $``$. In the realization with the help of deformation, cf. 2.7 below, this is obvious. Denote the limit algebras by $`𝔰𝔩()`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭()`$ in order to distinguish them from $`𝔰𝔩(\mathrm{})`$ and $`𝔬(\mathrm{})`$ or $`𝔰𝔭(\mathrm{})`$ from sec. 2.4.

It is clear that it is impossible to embed $`𝔰𝔩()`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭()`$ into the “quadrant” algebra $`𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{})`$: indeed, $`𝔰𝔩()`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭()`$ are subalgebras of the whole “plane” algebras $`𝔰𝔩(\mathrm{})`$ and $`𝔬(\mathrm{})`$ or $`𝔰𝔭(\mathrm{})`$.

###### Theorem .

For Lie algebras $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$, $`\lambda P^1`$, all the relations between the Jacobson generators are the relations of types $`0,1`$ with $`2k_2`$ found from Table $`1.1`$ and the borrowed from \[GL1\] relations from §$`3`$.

## §3. Jacobson’s generators and relations between them

In what follows the $`E_{ij}`$ are the matrix units; $`X_i^\pm `$ stand for the conventional Chavalley generators of $`𝔤`$. For $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ the generators $`x=u^2\frac{d}{du}(\lambda 1)u`$ and $`y=\frac{d}{du}`$ are the same; $`z_{𝔰𝔩}=t\frac{d^2}{du^2}`$ while $`z_{𝔬/𝔰𝔭}=t\frac{d^3}{du^3}`$. For $`n`$ there is no shearing relation of type $`\mathrm{}`$; for $`n=P^1`$ the relations are obtained with the substitution 2.5. The parameter $`t`$ can be taken equal to 1; we kept it explicit to clarify how to “dequantize” the relations as $`\lambda \mathrm{}`$.

$`\underset{¯}{𝔰𝔩()}`$.

| 2.1. | $`3[z_1,z_2]2[z,z_3]=24y`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 3.1. | $`[z,[z,z_1]]=0`$, |
| 3.2. | $`4[[z,z_1],z_3]]]+3[z_2,[z,z_2]]=576z`$. |

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬/𝔰𝔭()}`$.

| 2.1. | $`2[z_1,z_2][z,z_3]=72z`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2. | $`9[z_2,z_3]5[z_1,z_4]=216z_2432y`$, |
| 3.1. | $`[z,[z,z_1]]=0`$, |
| 3.2. | $`7[[z,z_1],z_3]+6[z_2,[z,z_2]]=720[z,z_1]`$. |

$`\underset{¯}{𝔰𝔩(n)\text{ for }n3}`$. Generators:

$$x=\underset{1in1}{}i(ni)E_{i,i+1},y=\underset{1in1}{}E_{i+1,i},z=t\underset{1in2}{}E_{i+2,i}.$$

Relations:

| 2.1. | $`3[z_1,z_2]2[z,z_3]=24t^2(n^24)y`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 3.1. | $`[z,[z,z_1]]=0`$, |
| 3.2. | $`4[z_3,[z,z_1]]3[z_2,[z,z_2]]=576t^2(n^29)z`$. |
| $`\mathbf{}=n1`$. | $`(\mathrm{ad}z_1)^{n2}z=0`$. |

For $`n=3,4`$ the degree of the last relation is lower than the degree of some other relations, this yields simplifications.

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬(2n+1)\text{ for }n3}`$. Generators:

$$x=n(n+1)(E_{n+1,2n+1}E_{n,n+1})+\underset{1in1}{}i(2n+1i)(E_{i,i+1}E_{n+i+2,n+i+1}),$$

$$y=(E_{2n+1,n+1}E_{n+1,n})+\underset{1in1}{}(E_{i+1,i}E_{n+i+1,n+i+2}),$$

$$z=t((E_{2n1,n+1}E_{n+1,n2})(E_{2n+1,n1}E_{2n,n})+_{1in3}(E_{i+3,i}E_{n+i+1,n+i+4})).$$

Relations:

| 2.1. | $`2[z_1,z_2][z,z_3]=144t(2n^2+2n9)z`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2. | $`9[z_2,z_3]5[z_1,z_4]=432t(2n^2+2n9)z_2+1728t^2(n1)(n+2)(2n1)(2n+3)y`$, |
| 3.1. | $`[z,[z,z_1]]=0`$, |
| 3.2. | $`7[z_3,[z,z_1]]6[z_2,[z,z_2]]=2880t(n3)(n+4)[z,z_1]`$, |
| $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{=}𝒏`$. | $`(\mathrm{ad}z_1)^{n1}z=0`$. |

$`\underset{¯}{𝔰𝔭(2n)\text{ for }n3}`$. Generators:

$$x=n^2E_{n,2n}+\underset{1in1}{}i(2ni)(E_{i,i+1}E_{n+i+1,n+i}),$$

$$y=E_{2n,n}+\underset{1in1}{}(E_{i+1,i}E_{n+i,n+i+1}),$$

$$z=t\left((E_{2n,n2}+E_{2n2,n})E_{2n1,n1}+\underset{1in3}{}(E_{i+3,i}E_{n+i,n+i+3})\right).$$

Relations:

| 2.1. | $`2[z_1,z_2][z,z_3]=72t(4n^219)z`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2. | $`9[z_2,z_3]5[z_1,z_4]=216t(4n^219)z_2+1728t^2(n^21)(4n^29)y`$, |
| 3.1. | $`[z,[z,z_1]]=0`$, |
| 3.2. | $`7[z_3,[z,z_1]]6[z_2,[z,z_2]]=720t(4n^249)[z,z_1]`$, |
| $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{=}𝒏`$. | $`(\mathrm{ad}z_1)^{n1}z=0`$. |

For Jacobson generators and corresponding defining relations for the exceptional Lie algebras see \[GL1\].

## §4. Lie superalgebras

### 4.0. Linear algebra in superspaces

Superization has certain subtleties, often disregarded or expressed too briefly. We will dwell on them a bit, see \[L2\].

A superspace is a $`/2`$-graded space; for a superspace $`V=V_{\overline{0}}V_{\overline{1}}`$ denote by $`\mathrm{\Pi }(V)`$ another copy of the same superspace: with the shifted parity, i.e., $`(\mathrm{\Pi }(V))_{\overline{i}}=V_{\overline{i}+\overline{1}}`$.

A superspace structure in $`V`$ induces that in the space $`\mathrm{End}(V)`$. A basis of a superspace is always a basis consisting of homogeneous vectors; let $`Par=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_{dimV})`$ be an ordered collection of their parities, called the format of (the basis of) $`V`$. A square supermatrix of format (size) $`Par`$ is a $`dimV\times dimV`$ matrix whose $`i`$th row and $`i`$th column are said to be of parity $`p_i`$. The matrix unit $`E_{ij}`$ is supposed to be of parity $`p_i+p_j`$ and the bracket of supermatrices (of the same format) is defined via Sign Rule: if something of parity $`p`$ moves past something of parity $`q`$ the sign $`(1)^{pq}`$ accrues; the formulas defined on homogeneous elements are extended to arbitrary ones via linearity. For example: $`[X,Y]=XY(1)^{p(X)p(Y)}YX`$; the sign $``$ in what follows is also understood in supersence, etc.

Usually, $`Par`$ is considered to be of the form $`(\overline{0},\mathrm{},\overline{0},\overline{1},\mathrm{},\overline{1})`$. Such a format is called standard. The Lie superalgebra of supermatrices of size $`Par`$ is denoted by $`𝔤𝔩(Par)`$, usually $`𝔤𝔩(\overline{0},\mathrm{},\overline{0},\overline{1},\mathrm{},\overline{1})`$ is abbreviated to $`𝔤𝔩(dimV_{\overline{0}}|dimV_{\overline{1}})`$.

For $`dimV_{\overline{0}}=dimV_{\overline{1}}\pm 1`$ we will often use another format, the alternating one, $`Par_{alt}=(\overline{0},\overline{1},\overline{0},\overline{1},\mathrm{})`$.

The supertrace is the map $`𝔤𝔩(Par)`$, $`(A_{ij})(1)^{p_i}A_{ii}`$. The supertraceless matrices constitute a Lie subsuperalgebra, $`𝔰𝔩(Par)`$.

To the linear map $`F`$ of superspaces there corresponds the dual map $`F^{}`$ between the dual superspaces; if $`A`$ is the supermatrix corresponding to $`F`$ in a format $`Par`$, then to $`F^{}`$ the supertransposed matrix $`A^{st}`$ corresponds:

$$(A^{st})_{ij}=(1)^{(p_i+p_j)(p_i+p(A))}A_{ji}.$$

The supermatrices $`X𝔤𝔩(Par)`$ such that

$$X^{st}B+(1)^{p(X)p(B)}BX=0\text{for a homogeneous matrix }B𝔤𝔩(Par)$$

constitute the Lie superalgebra $`𝔞𝔲𝔱(B)`$ that preserves the bilinear form on $`V`$ with matrix $`B`$.

The superspace of bilinear forms is denoted by $`Bil_C(M,N)`$ or $`Bil_C(M)`$ if $`M`$=$`N`$. The upsetting of forms $`uf:Bil_C(M,N)Bil_C(N,M)`$, is defined by the formula

$$B^{uf}(n,m)=(1)^{p(n)p(m)}B(m,n).$$

A form $`BBil_C(M)`$ is called supersymmetric if $`B^{uf}=B`$ and superskew-symmetric if $`B^{uf}=B`$.

Given bases $`\{m_i\}`$ and $`\{n_j\}`$ of $`C`$-modules $`M`$ and $`N`$ and a bilinear form $`B:MNC`$, we assign to $`B`$ the matrix

$$({}_{}{}^{mf}B)_{ij}=(1)^{p(m_i)p(B)}B(m_i,n_j).$$

For a nondegenerate supersymmetric form whose matrix in the standard format is

$$B_{m,2n}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1_m& 0\\ 0& J_{2n}\end{array}\right),\text{where }J_{2n}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1_n\\ 1_n& 0\end{array}\right).$$

The usual notation for $`𝔞𝔲𝔱(B_{m|2n})`$ is $`𝔬𝔰𝔭^{sy}(m|2n)`$ or just $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(m|2n)`$. (Observe that the passage from $`V`$ to $`\mathrm{\Pi }(V)`$ sends the supersymmetric forms to superskew-symmetric ones, preserved by $`𝔬𝔰𝔭^{sk}(m|2n)`$ which is isomorphic to $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(m|2n)`$ but has a different matrix realization.)

We will need the orthosymplectic supermatrices in the alternating format; in this format we take the matrix $`B_{m,2n}(\mathrm{alt})=\mathrm{antidiag}(1,\mathrm{},1,1,\mathrm{},1)`$ with the only nonzero entries on the side diagonal, the last $`n`$ being $`1`$’s. The Lie superalgebra of such supermatrices will be denoted by $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\mathrm{alt}_{m|2n})`$, where, as is easy to see, either $`m=2n\pm 1`$ or $`m=2n`$.

There is a 1-parameter family of deformations $`𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)`$ of the Lie superalgebra $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(4|2)`$; its only explicit description we know (apart from \[BGLS\], of course) is in terms of Cartan matrix \[GL3\].

### 4.1. The superprincipal embeddings

Not every simple Lie superalgebra, even a finite dimensional one, hosts a superprincipal $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-subsuperalgebra. Let us describe those that do. (Aside: an interesting problem is to describe semiprincipal embeddings into $`𝔤`$, defined as the ones with the least possible number of irreducible components.)

We select the following basis in $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)𝔰𝔩(\overline{0}|\overline{1}|\overline{0})`$:

$$X^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right),H=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),X^+=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

$$^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right),^+=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

The highest weight $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module $`^\mu `$ is illustrated with a graph whose nodes correspond to the eigenvectors $`l_i`$ of $`H`$ with the weight indicated; the horisontal edges depict the $`X^\pm `$-action (the $`X^+`$-action is directed to the right, that of $`X^{}`$ to the left; each horizontal string is an irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-submodule; two such submodules are glued together into an $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module by the action of $`^\pm `$ (we set $`^+(l_n)=0`$ and $`^{}(l_i)=l_{i1}`$; the corresponding edges are not depicted below); we additionally assume that $`p(l_\mu )=\overline{0}`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 2i}{}\stackrel{\mu 2i+2}{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 2}{}\stackrel{𝜇}{}\\ \mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 2i+1}{}\stackrel{\mu 2i+3}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\mu 3}{}\stackrel{\mu 1}{}\end{array}$$

As follows from the relations of type 0 below in sec 4.2, the module $`^n`$ for $`n_+`$ has an irreducible submodule isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^{n1})`$; the quotient, obvoiusly irreducible as follows from the same formulas, will be denoted by $`^n`$.

Serganova completely described superprincipal embeddings of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$ into a simple finite dimensional Lie superalgebra \[LSS\] (the main part of her result was independently obtained in \[vJ\]).

As the $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module corresponding to the superprincipal embedding, a simple finite dimensional Lie superalgebra $`𝔤`$ is as follows (the missing simple algebras $`𝔤`$ do not contain a superprincipal $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$):

### Table 4.1. $`𝔤`$ that admits a superprincipal subalgebra: as the $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module

| $`𝔤`$ | $`𝔤=^2(\underset{i>1}{}^{2k_i})`$ for $`i2`$ | $``$ | $`(\underset{j}{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{m_j}))`$ for $`j1`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝔰𝔩(n|n+1)`$ | $`^2^4^6\mathrm{}^{2n2}`$ |  | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^1)\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{2n1})`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n1|2n)`$ | $`^2^6^{10}\mathrm{}^{4n6}`$ |  | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{\Pi }(^7)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4n1})`$ |
| ($`n>1`$) |  |  |  |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n+1|2n)`$ | $`^2^6^{10}\mathrm{}^{4n2}`$ |  | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{\Pi }(^7)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4n1})`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2|2)𝔰𝔩(1|2)`$ | $`^2`$ |  | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^1)`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(4|4)`$ | $`^2^6`$ |  | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n|2n)`$ | $`^2^6^{10}\mathrm{}^{4n2}`$ | $`^{2n2}`$ | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{\Pi }(^7)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4n1})`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n+2|2n)`$ | $`^2^6^{10}\mathrm{}^{4n+2}`$ | $`^{2n}`$ | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)\mathrm{\Pi }(^7)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4n1})`$ |
| $`𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)`$ | $`^2`$ | $`^2`$ | $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)`$ |

The Lie superalgebra $`𝔤`$ of type $`𝔬𝔰𝔭`$ that contains a superprincipal subalgebra $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$ can be generated by two elements. For such elements we can take $`X:=^+^2=𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$ and a lowest weight vector $`Z:=l_r`$ from the module $`M=^r`$ or $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^r)`$, where for $`M`$ we take $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)`$ if $`𝔤𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n|2m)`$ or the last module with the even highest weight vector in the above table (i.e., $`^{2n2}`$ if $`𝔤=𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n|2n)`$ and $`^{2n}`$ if $`𝔤=𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n+2|2n)`$).

To generate $`𝔰𝔩(n|n+1)`$ we have to add to the above $`X`$ and $`Z`$ a lowest weight vector $`U`$ from $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^1)`$. (Clearly, $`Z`$ and $`U`$ are defined up to factors that we can select at our convenience; we will assume that a basis of $`L^r`$ is fixed and denote $`Z=tl_r`$ and $`U=sl_1`$ for $`t,s`$.)

We call the above $`X`$ and $`Z`$, together with $`U`$, and fortified by $`Y:=X^{}L^2`$ the Jacobson’s generators. The presence of $`Y`$ considerably simplifies the form of the relations, though slightly increases the number of them.

### 4.2. Relations between Jacobson’s generators

We repeat the arguments from sec. 1.2. Since we obtain the relations recurrently, it could happen that a relation of higher degree implies a relation of a lower degree. This did not happen when we studied $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$, but does happen in what follows, namely, relation 1.2 implies 1.1.

We divide the relations between Jacobson’s generators into the types corresponding the number of occurence of $`z`$ in them: 0. Relations in $`𝔰𝔩(1|2)`$ or $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$; 1. Relations coming from the $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-action on $`^{2k_2}`$; 2. Relations coming from $`^{2k_1}^{2k_2}`$; 3. Relations coming from $`^{2k_2}^{2k_2}`$; $`\mathbf{}`$. Relation that shear the dimension.

The relations of type 0 are the well-known relations in $`𝔰𝔩(1|2)`$, those of them that do not involve $`U`$ (marked with an $``$) are the relations for $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$. The relations of type 1 that do not involve $`U`$ express that the space $`^{2k_2}`$ is the $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module with highest weight $`2k_2`$. To simplify notations we denote: $`Z_i=\mathrm{ad}X^iZ`$ and $`Y_i=\mathrm{ad}X^iY`$.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathbf{0.1}^{}.& [Y,Y_1]=0,& \mathbf{0.2}^{}.& [Y_2,Y]=2Y,& \mathbf{0.3}^{}.& [Y_2,X]=X,\\ \mathbf{0.4}.& [Y,U]=0,& \mathbf{0.5}.& [U,U]=2Y;& \mathbf{0.6}.& [U,Y_1]=0,\\ \mathbf{0.7}.& [[X,X],[X,U]]=0,& \mathbf{0.8}.& [Y_2,U]=U.\end{array}$$

$$\mathbf{1.1}.[Y,Z]=0\mathbf{1.2}.[[X,Y],Z]=0,\mathbf{1.3}.Z_{4k_1}=0,\mathbf{1.4}.[Y_2,Z]=3Z.$$

###### Theorem .

For the Lie superalgebras indicated, all the relations between Jacobson’s generators are the above relations of types $`0,1`$ and the relations from $`\mathrm{\S }6`$.

## §5. The Lie superalgebra $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ as the quotient of $`𝔡𝔦𝔣𝔣(1|1)`$ and a subalgebra of $`𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{})`$

There are several ways to superize $`𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{})`$. For a description of “the best” one from a certain point of view see \[E\]. For our purposes any version of $`𝔰𝔩_+(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{})`$ will do.

### 5.1

The Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem states that $`U(𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2))[X^{},^{},H,^+,X^+]`$, as superspaces. Set $`U_\lambda =U(𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2))/(\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda ^2+\frac{9}{4})`$. Denote: $`_x=\frac{}{x}`$, $`_\theta =\frac{}{\theta }`$ and set

$$X^{}=_x,^{}=_\theta \theta _x,H=2x_x+\theta _\theta (\lambda 1),^+=x_\theta +x\theta _x\lambda \theta ,X^+=x^2_x(\lambda 1)x.$$

These formulas establish a morphism of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-modules and, moreover, of associative superalgebras: $`U_\lambda [x,\theta ,_x,_\theta ]`$.

In what follows we will need a well-known fact: the Casimir operator

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=2(X^+X^{}+X^{}X^+)+^+^{}^{}^++H^2$$

acts on the irreducible $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module $`^\mu `$ as the scalar operator of multiplication by $`\mu ^2+3\mu `$. (The passage from $`\mu `$ to $`\lambda `$ is done with the help of a shift by $`\frac{3}{2}`$.)

Consider the Lie superalgebra $`LU(𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2))`$ associated with the associative superalgebra $`U_\lambda `$. It is easy to see that, as $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module,

$`(5.1)`$
$$LU_\lambda =^0^2\mathrm{}^{2n}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(^1^3\mathrm{})$$

In the same way as for Lie algebras we show that $`LU_n`$ contains an ideal $`I_n`$ for $`n\{0\}`$ and the quotient $`LU_n/I_n`$ is the conventional $`𝔰𝔩(n|n+1)`$. It is clear that for $`\lambda `$ the Lie algebra $`LU_\lambda `$ has only one ideal — the space $`^0`$ of constants and $`LU_\lambda =^0[LU_\lambda ,LU_\lambda ]`$; hence, there is a supertrace on $`LU_\lambda `$. This justifies the following notations

$`(5.2)`$
$$𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)=𝔤𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)/^0,\text{ where }𝔤𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)=\{\begin{array}{cc}U_\lambda & \text{for }\lambda \{0\}\\ LU_n/I_n& \text{otherwise.}\end{array}$$

The definition directly implies that $`𝔤𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)𝔤𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$, so speaking about real values of $`\lambda `$ we can confine ourselves to the nonnegative values.

Define $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$ as the Lie subsuperalgebra of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ invariant with respect to the involution

$`(5.3)`$
$$X\{\begin{array}{cc}X& \text{if }X^{4k}\text{ or }X\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4k\pm 1})\\ X& \text{if }X^{4k\pm 2}\text{ or }X\mathrm{\Pi }(^{4k\pm 3}),\end{array}$$

which is the analogue of the map

$`(5.4)`$
$$XX^{st}\text{for}X𝔤𝔩(m|n).$$

### 5.2. The Lie superalgebras $`𝔰𝔩(|+1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2|+1)`$, for $`P^1=\{\}`$

The “dequantization” of the relations for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$ is performed by passage to the limit as $`\lambda \mathrm{}`$ under the change $`t\frac{t}{\lambda }`$. We denote the limit algebras by $`𝔰𝔩(|+1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(+1|)`$ in order not to mix them with $`𝔰𝔩(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{}+1)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{}+1)`$, respectively.

## §6. Tables. The Jacobson generators and relations between them

### Table 6.1. Infinite dimensional case

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda |\lambda +1)}`$. Generators:

$$X=x_\theta +x\theta _x\lambda \theta ,Y=_x,Z=t(_x_\theta \theta _{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}).$$

Relations:

| 2.1. | $`3[Z,Z_3]+2[Z_1,Z_2]=6t(2\lambda +1)Z`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2. | $`[Z_1,Z_3]=2t^2(\lambda 1)(\lambda +2)Y+2t(2\lambda +1)Z_1`$, |
| 3.1. | $`[Z_1,[Z,Z]]=0`$. |

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬𝔰𝔭(|+1)}`$. Relations: the same as in sec 4.2 plus the following relations:

| 2.1. | $`3[Z,Z_3]+2[Z_1,Z_2]=12tZ`$, |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2. | $`[Z_1,Z_3]=2t^2Y+4tZ_1`$. |

$`\underset{¯}{𝔰𝔩(\lambda +1|\lambda )}`$ for $`\lambda P^1`$. Generators (for $`\lambda `$): the same as for $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ and $`U=_\theta \theta _x`$.

Relations: the same as for $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(\lambda |\lambda +1)`$ plus the following

| 1.5. | $`3[Z,[X,U]][U,Z_1]=0`$, | 2.3. | $`[Z,[U,Z]]=0`$, |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1.6. | $`[[X,U],Z_1]=0`$, | 2.4. | $`[Z_1,[U,Z]]=0`$. |

### Table 6.2. Finite dimensional algebras

In this table $`E_{ij}`$ are the matrix units; $`X_i^\pm `$ stand for the conventional Chevalley generators of $`𝔤`$.

$`\underset{¯}{𝔰𝔩(n+1|n)}`$ for $`n3`$. Generators:

$$\begin{array}{cc}X=\underset{1in}{}\left((ni+1)E_{2i1,2i}iE_{2i,2i+1}\right),& Y=\underset{1i2n1}{}E_{i+2,i},\\ U=\underset{1i2n}{}(1)^{i+1}E_{i+1,i},& Z=\underset{1i2n2}{}(1)^{i+1}E_{i+3,i}.\end{array}$$

Relations: those for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda +1|\lambda )`$ with $`\lambda =n`$ and an extra relation to shear the dimension:

$$(\mathrm{ad}Z)^n([X,X])=0.$$

For $`n=1`$ the relations degenerate in relations of type 0.

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬𝔰𝔭(2n+1|2n)}`$. Generators:

| $`X`$= | $`\underset{1in}{}\left((2ni+1)(E_{2i1,2i}+E_{4n+22i,4n+32i})i(E_{2i,2i+1}E_{4n+12i,4n+22i})\right)`$, |
| --- | --- |
| $`Y`$= | $`E_{2n+2,2n}+\underset{1i2n1}{}(E_{i+2,i}E_{4n+2i,4ni})`$, |
| $`Z`$ | $`E_{2n+2,2n1}E_{2n+3,2n}+\underset{1i2n2}{}((1)^iE_{i+3,i}+E_{4n+2i,4n1i})`$. |

Relations: those for $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2\lambda +1|2\lambda )`$ with $`\lambda =n`$ and an extra relation to shear the dimension (the form of the relation is identical to that for $`𝔰𝔩(n+1|n)`$).

$`\underset{¯}{𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)}`$. Generators: As $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$-module, the algebra $`𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)`$ has 2 isomorphic submodules. The generators $`X`$ and $`Y`$ belong to one of them. It so happens that we can select $`Z`$ from either of the remaining submodules and still generate the whole Lie superalgebra. The choice (a) is from $`\mathrm{\Pi }(^3)`$; it is unique (up to a factor). The choices (b) and (c) are from $`^2`$; one of them seem to give simpler relations.

| $`X`$ | $`\frac{\alpha +1}{\alpha }X_1^++\frac{\alpha }{\alpha +1}X_2^++\frac{1}{\alpha (\alpha +1)}X_3^+,Y=[X_1^{},X_2^{}]+[X_1^{},X_3^{}]+[X_2^{},X_3^{}]`$, |
| --- | --- |
| $`Z`$ | $`\{\begin{array}{cc}\text{a)}& [[X_1^{},X_2^{}],X_3^{}]];\\ \text{b)}& (1+2\alpha )[X_1^{},X_2^{}]+\alpha ^2(2+\alpha )[X_1^{},X_3^{}]+(\alpha 1)(1+\alpha )^2[X_2^{},X_3^{}];\\ \text{c)}& [X_2^{},X_3^{}](\alpha +1)[X_1^{},X_2^{}].\end{array}`$ |

Relations of type 0 are common for cases a) – c):

$$\mathbf{0.1}[Y,[Y,[X,X]]]=4Y;\mathbf{0.2}[Y_1[X,X]]]=2X;$$

The other relations are as follows.

Relations a):

| 1.1 | $`[Y_1,Z_1]=3Z,\mathbf{1.2}(\mathrm{ad}[X,X])^3Z_1=0`$; |
| --- | --- |
| 2.1 | $`[Z,Z]=0;\mathbf{2.2}[Z_1,[[X,X],Z]]=4\frac{\alpha ^2+\alpha +1}{\alpha (\alpha +1)}Z`$, |
| 3.1 | $`[\mathrm{ad}[X,X](Z_1),[Z_1,\mathrm{ad}[X,X](Z_1)]]=`$ |
|  | $`\frac{16}{\alpha (\alpha +1)}Y+8\frac{\alpha ^2+\alpha +1}{\alpha (\alpha +1)}[Z_1,\mathrm{ad}[X,X](Z_1)]+16\frac{(\alpha ^2+\alpha +1)^2}{\alpha ^2(\alpha +1)^2}Z_1`$. |

Relations b):

| 1.1 | $`[Y_1,Z_1]=2Z;\mathbf{1.2}(\mathrm{ad}[X,X])^2Z_1=0`$; |
| --- | --- |
| 2.1* | $`[Z_1,Z_1]=2[Z,[Z,[X,X]]]18\alpha ^2(1+\alpha )^2Y+4(1\alpha )(2+\alpha )(1+2\alpha )Z`$; |
| 3.1 | $`(\mathrm{ad}Z)^3X=0`$, |
| 3.2* | $`[[Z,Z_1],(\mathrm{ad}[X,X])^2Z_1]=`$ |
|  | $`(1+\alpha )(2+\alpha )(1+2\alpha )[Z,[Z,[X,X]]]+12(1\alpha )(2+\alpha )(1+2\alpha )\alpha ^2(1+\alpha )^2Y+`$ |
|  | $`8(13\alpha ^2\alpha ^3)(13\alpha +\alpha ^3)Z`$. |

Relations c): same as for b) except that the relations marked in b) by an $``$ should be replaced with the following ones

| 2.1 | $`[Z_1,Z_1]=2[Z,[Z,[X,X]]]2\alpha ^2Y+4(2+\alpha )Z`$; |
| --- | --- |
| 2.2 | $`(\mathrm{ad}[X,X])^2Z_1=(2\alpha )[Z,[Z,[X,X]]]8(1+\alpha )Z+4\alpha ^2(2+\alpha )Y`$. |

## §7. Remarks and problems

### 7.1. On proof

For the exceptional Lie algebras and superalgebras $`𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)`$ the proof is direct: the quotient of the free Lie algebra generated by $`x,y`$ and $`z`$ modulo our relations is the needed finite dimensional one. For rank $`𝔤12`$ we similarly computed relations for $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩(n)`$, $`𝔬(2n+1)`$ and $`𝔰𝔭(2n)`$; as Post pointed out, together with the result of \[PH\] on deformation (cf. 2.7) this completes the proof for Lie algebras. The results of \[PH\] on deformations can be directly extended for the case of $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ replaced with $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$; this proves Theorem 4.3.

Our Theorem 2.6 elucidates Proposition 2 of \[F\]; we just wrote relations explicitely. Feigin claimed \[F\] that for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ the relations of type 3 follow from the decomposition of $`L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}`$. We verified that this is so not only in Feigin’s case but for all the above-considered algebras except $`𝔢_6`$, $`𝔢_7`$ and $`𝔢_8`$: for the latter one should consider the whole $`L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}L^{2k_2}`$, cf. \[GL1\]. Theorem 4.3 is a direct superization of Theorem 2.6.

### 7.2. Problems

1) How to present $`𝔬(2n)`$ and $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(2m|2n)`$? One can select $`z`$ as suggested in sec. 1.1. Clearly, the form of $`z`$ (hence, relations of type 1) and the number of relations of type 3 depend on $`n`$ in contradistinction with the algebras considered above. Besides, the relations are not as neat as for the above algebras. We should, perhaps, have taken the generators as for $`𝔬(2n1)`$ and add a generator from $`L^{2n2}`$. We have no guiding idea; to try at random is frustrating, cf. the relations we got for $`𝔬𝔰𝔭_\alpha (4|2)`$.

2) We could have similarly realized the Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ as the quotient of $`U(𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(1))`$, where $`𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(1)=𝔡𝔢𝔯[u]`$. However, $`U(𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(1))`$ has no center except the constants. What are the generators of the ideal — the analog of (2.0) — modulo which we should factorize $`U(𝔳𝔢𝔠𝔱(1))`$ in order to get $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$? (Observe that in case $`U(𝔤)`$, where $`𝔤`$ is a simple finite dimensional Lie superalgebra such that $`Z(U(𝔤))`$ is not noetherian, the ideal — the analog of (5.0) — is, nevertheless, finitely generated, cf. \[GL2\].)

3) Feigin realized $`𝔰𝔩()`$ on the space of functions on the open cell of $`P^1`$, a hyperboloid, see \[F\]. Examples of \[DGS\] are similarly realized. Give any realization of $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭()`$ and its superanalogs.

4) Other problems are listed in sec. 8.1–8.3 below.

### 7.3. Serre relations are more convenient than our ones

The following Table represents results of V. Kornyak’s computations. $`N_{GB}`$ is the number of relations in Groebner basis, $`N_{comm}`$ is the number of non-zero commutators in the multiplication table, $`D_{GB}`$ is a maximum degree of relations in $`GB`$, Space is measured in in bytes. The corresponding values for Chevalley generators/Serre relations are given in brackets.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\text{alg}& N_{GB}& N_{comm}& D_{GB}& \text{Space}& \text{Time}\\ 𝔰𝔩(3)& 23(24)& 21(21)& 9(4)& 1300(1188)& <1sec(<1sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(4)& 69(84)& 70(60)& 17(6)& 3888(3612)& <1sec(<1sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(5)& 193(218)& 220(126)& 25(8)& 13556(8716)& <1sec(<1sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(6)& 444(473)& 476(225)& 33(10)& 34692(18088)& 2sec(<1sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(7)& 893(908)& 937(363)& 41(12)& 80272(33700)& 10sec(1sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(8)& 1615(1594)& 1632(546)& 49(14)& 162128(57908)& 34sec(3sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(9)& 2705(2614)& 2714(780)& 57(16)& 314056(93452)& 109sec(6sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(10)& 4263(4063)& 4138(1071)& 65(18)& 534684(143456)& 336sec(10sec)\\ 𝔰𝔩(11)& 6405(6048)& 6224(1425)& 73(20)& 921972(211428)& 1058sec(19sec)\end{array}$$

For the other Lie algebras, especially exceptional ones, the comparison is even more unfavourable. Nevertheless, for $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ with noninteger $`\lambda `$ there are only the Jacobson generators and we have to use them.

## §8. Lie algebras of higher ranks. The analogs of the exponents and $`W`$-algebras

The following Tables 8.1 and 8.2 introduce the generators for the Lie algebras $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ and the analogues of the exponents that index the generalized $`W`$-algebras (for their definition in the simplest cases from different points of view see \[FFr\] and \[KM\]; we will follow the lines of \[KM\]).

Recall that (see 0.1) one of the definitions of $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ is as the associative algebra generated by $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}`$; we loosely denote it by $`\stackrel{~}{S}^\text{.}(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$. For the generators of $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ we take the Chevalley generators of $`𝔤`$ (since by 7.3 they are more convenient) and the lowest weight vectors of the irreducible $`𝔤`$-modules that constitute $`\stackrel{~}{S}^2(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$.

### 8.1. The exponents

This section is just part of Table 1 from \[OV\] reproduced here for the convenience of the reader. Recall that if $`𝔤`$ is a simple (finite dimensional) Lie algebra, $`W=W_𝔤`$ is its Weyl group, $`l=\mathrm{rk}𝔤`$, $`\alpha _1`$, …, $`\alpha _l`$ the simple roots, $`\alpha _0`$ the lowest root; the $`n_i`$ the coefficients of linear relation among the $`\alpha _i`$ normed so that $`n_0=1`$; let $`c=r_1\mathrm{}r_l`$, where $`r_i`$ are the reflections from $`W`$ associated with the simple roots, be the Killing–Coxeter element. The order $`h`$ of $`c`$ (the Coxeter number) is equal to $`_{i>0}n_i`$. The eigenvalues of $`c`$ are $`\epsilon ^{k_1}`$, …, $`\epsilon ^{k_l}`$, where $`\epsilon `$ is a primitive $`h`$-th root of unity. The numbers $`k_i`$ are called the exponents. Then

The exponents $`k_i`$ are the respective numbers $`k_i`$ from Table 1.1, e.g., $`k_1=1`$. The number of roots of $`𝔤`$ is equal to $`l_{i>0}n_i=2_{i>0}k_i`$. The order of $`W`$ is equal to

$$zl!n_i=\underset{i>0}{}(k_i+1),$$

where $`z`$ is the number of 1’s among the $`n_i`$’s for $`i>0`$ (the number $`z`$ is also equal to the order of the centrum $`Z(G)`$ of the simply connected Lie group $`G`$ with the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$). The algebra of $`W`$-invariant polynomials on the maximal diagonalizable (Cartan) subalgebra of $`𝔤`$ is freely generated by homogeneous polynomials of degrees $`k_i+1`$.

We will use the following notations:

For a finite dimensional irreducible representations of finite dimensional simple Lie algebras $`R(\lambda )`$ denotes the irreducible representation with highest weight $`\lambda `$ and $`V(\lambda )`$ the space of this representation;

$`\rho =\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha >0}{}\alpha `$ or $`\rho `$ is a weight such that $`\rho (\alpha _i)=A_{ii}`$ for each simple root $`\alpha _i`$.

The weights of the Lie algebras $`𝔬(2l)`$ and $`𝔬(2l+1)`$, $`𝔰𝔭(2l)`$ and $`𝔣_4`$ ($`l=4`$) are expressed in terms of an orthonormal basis $`\epsilon _1`$, …, $`\epsilon _l`$ of the space $`𝔥^{}`$ over $``$. The weights of the Lie algebras $`𝔰𝔩(l+1)`$ as well as $`𝔢_7`$, $`𝔢_8`$ and $`𝔤_2`$ ($`l=7,8`$ and 2, respectively) are expressed in terms of vectors $`\epsilon _1`$, …, $`\epsilon _{l+1}`$ of the space $`𝔥^{}`$ over $``$ such that $`\epsilon _i=0`$. For these vectors $`(\epsilon _i,\epsilon _i)=\frac{l}{l+1}`$ and $`(\epsilon _i,\epsilon _j)=\frac{1}{l+1}\text{for }ij`$. The indices in the expression of any weight are assumed to be different.

The analogues of the exponents for $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ are the highest weights of the representations that constitute $`\stackrel{~}{S}^k(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$.

###### Problem .

Interprete these exponents in terms of the analog of the Weyl group of $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ in the sence of \[PS\] and invariant polynomials on $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$.

### 8.2. Table. The Lie algebras $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ as $`𝔤`$-modules

Columns 2 and 3 of this Table are derived from Table 5 in \[OV\]. Columns 4 and 5 are results of a computer-aided study. To fill in the gaps is a research problem, cf. \[GL2\] for the Lie algebras different from $`𝔰𝔩`$ type.

| $`𝔤`$ | $`\mathrm{ad}`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{S}^2(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{S}^3(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{S}^k(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$ | $`R(2\pi )`$ | $`R(4\pi )`$ | $`R(6\pi )`$ | $`R(2k\pi )`$ |
| $`𝔰𝔩(3)`$ | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _2)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _2)`$ | $`R(3\pi _1+3\pi _2)`$ | $`R(k\pi _1+k\pi _2)`$ |
|  |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _2)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _2)`$ | $`R((k1)\pi _1+(k1)\pi _2)`$ |

| $`𝔰𝔩(4)`$ | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _3)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _3)`$ | $`R(3\pi _1+3\pi _3)`$ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _3)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _3)`$ |  |
|  |  | $`R(2\pi _2)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+\pi _2)`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _2+2\pi _3)`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _3)`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _1+2\pi _2+\pi _3)`$ |  |
| $`𝔰𝔩(n+1)`$ | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _n)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _n)`$ | $`R(3\pi _1+3\pi _n)`$ |  |
| $`n4`$ |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _n)`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+2\pi _n)`$ |  |
|  |  | $`R(\pi _2+\pi _{n1})`$ | $`R(2\pi _1+\pi _{n1})`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _2+\pi _{n1})`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _2+2\pi _n)`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _n)`$ |  |
|  |  |  | $`R(\pi _1+\pi _2+\pi _{n1}+\pi _n)`$ |  |

The generators of $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ are the Chevalley generators $`X_i^\pm `$ of $`𝔤`$ AND the lowest weight vectors from $`\stackrel{~}{S}^2`$. Denote the latter by $`z_1`$, $`z_2`$ (sometimes there is a third one, $`z_3`$). Then the relations are (recall that $`h_i=[X_i^+,X_i^{}]`$):

(type 0) the Serre relations in $`𝔤`$

(type 1) The relations between $`X_i^\pm `$ and $`z_j`$, namely:

$$X_i^{}(z_j)=0;h_i(z_j)=\text{weight}_i(z_j);(adX_i^+)^{\text{the power determined by the weight of}z_j}(z_j)=0.$$

###### Problem .

Give an explicit form of the relations of higher types.

### 8.3. Tougher problems

Even if the explicit realization of the exceptional Lie algebras by differential operators on the base affine space were known at the moment, it is, nevertheless, a difficult computer problem to fill in the blank spaces in the above table and similar tables for Lie superalgebras. To make plausible conjectures we have to compute $`\stackrel{~}{S}^k(\stackrel{~}{𝔤})`$ to, at least, $`k=4`$.

Observe that for simple Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ we have a remarkable theorem by Kostant which states that $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ contains every finite dimensional irreducible $`𝔤`$-module $`V`$ with multiplicity equal to the multiplicity of the zero weight in $`V`$; in view of which only the $`𝔰𝔩(2)`$-line is complete.

## §9. A connection with integrable dynamical systems

We recall the basic steps of the Khesin–Malikov construction and then superize them.

### 9.1. The Hamilton reduction

Let $`(M^{2n},\omega )`$ be a symplectic manifold with an action $`act`$ of a Lie group $`G`$ on $`M`$ by symplectomorphisms (i.e., $`G`$ preserves $`\omega `$). The derivative of the $`G`$-action gives rise to a Lie algebra homomorphism $`a:𝔤=Lie(G)𝔥(2n)`$. The action $`act`$, or rather, $`a`$ is called a Poisson one, if $`a`$ can be lifted to a Lie algebra homomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{a}:𝔤𝔭𝔬(2n)`$, where the Poisson algebra $`𝔭𝔬(2n)`$ is the nontrivial central extension of $`𝔥(2n)`$.

For any Poisson $`G`$-action on $`M`$ there arises a $`G`$-equivariant map $`p:M𝔤^{}`$, called the moment map, given by the formula

$$p(x),g=\stackrel{~}{a}(g)(x)\text{for any}xM,g𝔤.$$

Fix $`b𝔤^{}`$; let $`G_bG`$ be the stabilizer of $`b`$. Under certain regularity conditions (see \[Ar\]) $`p^1(b)/G_b`$ is a manifold. This manifold is endowed with the symplectic form

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega (\overline{v},\overline{w})=\omega (v,w)\text{for arbitrary preimages}v,w\text{of}\overline{v},\overline{w},\text{respectively}\\ \text{wrt the natural projection}T(p^1(b))T(p^1(b)/G_b).\end{array}$$

The passage from $`M`$ to $`p^1(b)/G_b`$ is called Hamilton reduction. In the above picture $`M`$ can be the Poisson manifold, i.e., $`\omega `$ is allowed to be nondegenerate not on the whole $`M`$; the submanifolds on which $`\omega `$ is nondegenerate are called symplectic leaves.

Example. Let $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩(n)`$ and $`M=𝔤^{}`$, let $`G`$ be the group $`N`$ of uppertriangular matrices with 1 on the diagonal. The coadjoint $`N`$-action on $`𝔤^{}`$ is a Poisson one, the moment map is the natural projection $`𝔤^{}𝔫^{}`$ and $`𝔤^{}/N`$ is a Poisson manifold.

### 9.2. The Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction

Let $`𝔤=\widehat{𝔞}^{(1)}`$, where $`𝔞`$ is a simple finite dimensional Lie algebra (the case $`𝔞=𝔰𝔩(n)`$ is the one considered by Gelfand and Dickii), hat denotes the Kac–Moody central extension. The elements of $`M=𝔤^{}`$, can be identified with the $`𝔞`$-valued differential operators:

$$(f(t)dt,az^{})(tf(t)+at\frac{d}{dt}))\frac{dt}{t}.$$

Let $`N`$ be the loop group with values in the group generated by positive roots of $`𝔞`$. For the point $`b`$ above take the element $`y𝔞\widehat{𝔤}^{}`$ described in §3. If $`𝔞=𝔰𝔩(n)`$, we can represent every element of $`p^1(b)/N`$ in the form

$$t\frac{d}{dt}+y+\left(\begin{array}{ccc}b_1(t)& \mathrm{}& b_n(t)\\ 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{}& 0\end{array}\right)\frac{d^n}{d\phi ^n}+\stackrel{~}{b}_1(\phi )\frac{d^{n1}}{d\phi ^{n1}}+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{b}_n(\phi ),$$

To generalize the above to $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$, Khesin and Zakharevich described the Poisson–Lie structure on symbols of pseudodifferential operators, see \[KM\] and refs therin. Let us recall the main formulas.

### 9.3.1. The Poisson bracket on symbols of $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$

Set $`D=\frac{d}{dx}`$; define

$$D^\lambda f=fD^\lambda +\underset{k1}{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{k}\right)f^{(k)}D^{(\lambda k)},\text{where}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{k}\right)=\frac{\lambda (\lambda 1)\mathrm{}(\lambda k+1)}{k!}.$$

Set

$$G_\lambda =\left\{D^\lambda (1+\underset{k1}{}u_k(x)D^{(k)})\right\}$$

and

$$TG_\lambda =\left\{\underset{k1}{}v_k(x)D^{(k)}\right\}D^\lambda ,T^{}G_\lambda =D^\lambda DO.$$

For $`X=D^\lambda \underset{k0}{}u_k(x)D^{(k)}T^{}G_\lambda `$ and $`L=\left(\underset{k1}{}v_k(x)D^{(k)}\right)D^\lambda TG_\lambda `$ define the pairing $`X,L`$ to be

$$X,L=Tr(LX),\text{where}Tr(w_k(x)D^{(k)})=\mathrm{Res}|_{x=0}w_1.$$

The Poisson bracket on the spae of psedodifferential symbols $`\mathrm{\Psi }DS_\lambda `$ is defined on linear functionals by the formula

$$\{X,Y\}(L)=X(H_Y(L)),\text{where}H_Y(L)=(LY)_+LL(YL)_+.$$

###### Theorem .

(Khesin–Malikov) For $`𝔞=𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ in the Drinfeld–Sokolov picture, the Poisson manifolds $`p^1(b)/N_b`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }DS_\lambda `$ are isomorphic. Each element of the Poisson leaf has a representative in the form

$$t\frac{d}{dt}+y+\left(\begin{array}{cccc}b_1(t)& \mathrm{}& b_n(t)& \mathrm{}\\ 0& \mathrm{}& 0& \mathrm{}\\ 0& \mathrm{}& 0& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)D^\lambda \left(1+\underset{k1}{}\stackrel{~}{b}_k(\phi )D^{(k)}\right).$$

The Drinfeld–Sokolov construction \[DS\], as well as its generalization to $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ (\[KM\]), hinges on a certain element that can be identified with the image of $`X^+𝔰𝔩(2)`$ under the principal embedding. For the case of higher ranks this is the image in $`U_𝔤(\lambda )`$ of the element $`y𝔤`$ described in §3 for Lie algebras. In $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ this image is just $`\frac{d}{dx}`$ (or the matrix whose only nonzero entries are the 1’s under the main diagonal in the realization of $`𝔰𝔩(\lambda )`$ and $`𝔬/𝔰𝔭(\lambda )`$ by matrices).

### 9.4. Superization

### 9.4.1 Basics

Further facts from Linear Algebra in Superspaces.

The tensor algebra $`T(V)`$ of the superspace $`V`$ is naturally defined: $`T(V)=_{n0}T^n(V)`$, where $`T^0(V)=k`$ and $`T^n(V)=V\mathrm{}V`$ ($`n`$ factors) for $`n>0`$.

The symmetric algebra of the superspace $`V`$ is $`S(V)=T(V)/I`$, where $`I`$ is the two-sided ideal generated by $`v_1v_2(1)^{p(v_1)p(v_2)}v_2v_1`$ for $`v_1,v_2V`$.

The exterior algebra of the superspace $`V`$ is $`E(V)=S(\mathrm{\Pi }(V))`$. Clearly, both the exterior and symmetric algebras of the superspace $`V`$ are supercommutative superalgebras. It is worthwhile to mention that if $`V_{\overline{0}}0`$ and $`V_{\overline{1}}0`$, then both $`E(V)`$ and $`S(V)`$ are infinite dimensional.

A Lie superalgebra is defined with Sign Rule applied to the definition of a Lie algebra. Its multiplication is called bracket and is usually denoted by $`[,]`$ or $`\{,\}`$. If, however, we try to use this definition in attempts to apply the standard group-theoretical methods to differential equations on supermanifolds we will find ourselves at a loss: the supergroups and their modules are objects from different categories! Accordingly, the following (equivalent to the conventional, “naive” one, see \[L1\]) definition becomes useful: a Lie superalgebra is a superalgebra $`𝔤`$ (defined over a field or, more generally, a supercommutative superalgebra $`k`$); the bracket should satisfy the following conditions: $`[X,X]=0`$ and $`[Y,[Y,Y]]=0`$ for any $`X(C𝔤)_{\overline{0}}`$ and $`Y(C𝔤)_{\overline{1}}`$ and any supercommutative superalgebra $`C`$ (the bracket in $`C𝔤`$ is defined via $`C`$-linearity and Sign Rule).

With an associative (super)algebra $`A`$ we associate Lie (super)algebras (1) $`A_L`$ with the same (super)space $`A`$ and the multiplication $`(a,b)[a,b]`$ and (2) $`𝔡𝔢𝔯A`$, the algebra of derivations of $`A`$, defined via Sign and Leibniz Rules.

From a Lie superalgebra $`𝔤`$ we construct an associative superalgebra $`U(𝔤)`$, called the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra $`𝔤`$ by setting $`U(𝔤)=T(𝔤)/I`$, where $`I`$ is the two-sided ideal generated by the elements $`xy(1)^{p(x)p(y)}yx[x,y]`$ for $`x,y𝔤`$.

The Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for Lie algebras extends to Lie superalgebras with the same proof (beware Sign Rule) and reads as follows:

if $`\{X_i\}`$ is a basis in $`𝔤_{\overline{0}}`$ and $`\{Y_j\}`$ is a basis in $`𝔤_{\overline{1}}`$, then the monomials $`X_{i_1}^{n_1}\mathrm{}X_{i_r}^{n_r}Y_{j_1}^{\epsilon _1}\mathrm{}Y_{j_s}^{\epsilon _s}`$, where $`n_i^+`$ and $`\epsilon _j=0,1`$, constitute a basis in the space $`U(𝔤)`$.

A superspace $`M`$ is called a left module over a superalgebra $`A`$ (or a left $`A`$-module) if there is given an even map act: $`AMM`$ such that if $`A`$ is an associative superalgebra with unit, then $`(ab)m=a(bm)`$ and $`1m=m`$ and if $`A`$ is a Lie superalgebra, then $`[a,b]m=a(bm)(1)^{p(a)p(b)}b(am)`$ for any $`a,bA`$ and $`mM`$. The definition of a right $`A`$-module is similar.

###### Convention .

We endow every module $`M`$ over a supercommutative superalgebra $`C`$ with a two-sided module structure: the left module structure is recovered from the right module one and vice versa according to the formula $`cm=(1)^{p(m)p(c)}mc`$ for any $`mM`$ and $`cC`$. Such modules will be called $`C`$-modules. (Over $`C`$, there are two canonical ways to define a two-sided module structure, see \[L2\]; the meaning of such an abundance is obscure.)

The functor $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is, actually, tensoring by $`\mathrm{\Pi }()`$. So there are two ways to apply $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ to $`C`$-modules: to get $`\mathrm{\Pi }(M)=\mathrm{\Pi }()_{}M`$ and $`(M)\mathrm{\Pi }=M_{}\mathrm{\Pi }()`$. The two-sided module structures on $`\mathrm{\Pi }(M)`$ and $`(M)\mathrm{\Pi }`$ are given via Sign Rule.

Sometimes, instead of the map act a morphism $`\rho :A\mathrm{End}M`$ is defined if $`A`$ is an associative superalgebra (or $`\rho :A(\mathrm{End}M)_L`$ if $`A`$ is a Lie superalgebra); $`\rho `$ is called a representation of $`A`$ in $`M`$.

The simplest (in a sense) modules are those which are irreducible. We distinguish irreducible modules of $`G`$-type (general); these do not contain invariant subspaces different from $`0`$ and the whole module; and their “odd” counterparts, irreducible modules of $`Q`$-type, which do contain an invariant subspace which, however, is not a subsuperspace. Consequently, Schur’s lemma states that over $``$ the centralizer of a set of irreducible operators is either $``$ or $`^s=Q(1;)`$, see the definition of the superalgebras $`Q`$ below.

The next in terms of complexity are indecomposable modules, which cannot be split into the direct sum of invariant submodules.

A $`C`$-module is called free if it is isomorphic to a module of the form $`C\mathrm{}C\mathrm{\Pi }(C)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Pi }(C)`$ ($`C`$ occurs $`r`$ times, $`\mathrm{\Pi }(C)`$ occurs $`s`$ times).

The rank of a free $`C`$-module $`M`$ is the element $`\mathrm{rk}M=r+s\epsilon `$ from the ring $`[\epsilon ]/(\epsilon ^21)`$. Over a field, $`C=k`$, we usually write just $`dimM=(r,s)`$ or $`r|s`$ and call this pair the superdimension of $`M`$.

The module $`M^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_C(M,C)`$ is called dual to a $`C`$-module $`M`$. If $`(,)`$ is the pairing of modules $`M^{}`$ and $`M`$, then to each operator $`F\mathrm{Hom}_C(M,N)`$, where $`M`$ and $`N`$ are $`C`$-modules, there corresponds the dual operator $`F^{}\mathrm{Hom}_C(N^{},M^{})`$ defined by the formula

$$(F(m),n^{})=(1)^{p(F)p(m)}(m,F^{}(n^{}))\text{ for any }mM,n^{}N^{}.$$

Over a supercommutative superalgebra $`C`$ a supermatrix is a supermatrix with entries from $`C`$, the parity of the matrix with only $`(i,j)`$-th nonzero element $`c`$ is equal to $`p_(i)+p_(j)+p(c)`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{Mat}(Par;C)`$ the set of $`Par\times Par`$ matrices with entries from a supercommutative superalgebra $`C`$.

The even invertible elements from $`\mathrm{Mat}(Par;C)`$ constitute the general linear group $`GL(Par;C)`$. Put $`GQ(Par;C)=Q(Par;C)GL(Par;C)`$.

On the group $`GL(Par;C)`$ an analogue of the determinant is defined; it is called the Berezinian (in honour of F. A. Berezin who discovered it). In the standard format the explicit formula for the Berezinian is:

$$\mathrm{Ber}\left(\begin{array}{c}AB\\ DE\end{array}\right)=det(ABE^1D)detE^1.$$

For the matrices from $`GL(Par;C)`$ the identity $`\mathrm{Ber}XY=\mathrm{Ber}X\mathrm{Ber}Y`$ holds, i.e., $`Ber:GL(Par;C)GL(1|0;C)=GL(0|1;C)`$ is a group homomorphism. Set $`SL(Par;C)=\{XGL(Par;C):BerX=1\}`$. The orthosymplectic group of automorphisms of the bilinear form with the even canonical matrix is denoted (in the standard format) by $`Osp(n|2m;C)`$.

### 9.4.2. Pseudodiferential operators on the supercircle. Residues

Let $`V`$ be a superspace. For $`\theta =(\theta _1,\mathrm{},\theta _n)`$ set

$$\begin{array}{c}V[x,\theta ]=V𝕂[x,\theta ];V[x^1,x,\theta ]=V𝕂[x^1,x,\theta ];\\ V[[x^1,\theta ]]=V𝕂[[x^1,\theta ]];\\ V((x,\theta ))=V𝕂[[x^1]][x,\theta ].\end{array}$$

We call $`V((x,\theta ))x^\lambda `$ the space of pseudodifferential symbols. Usually, $`V`$ is a Lie (super)algebra. Such symbols correspond to pseudodifferential operators (pdo) of the form

$$\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{k_0+\mathrm{}+k_n=i}{}a_i(_x)^{k_0}\theta _1^{k_1}\mathrm{}\theta _n^{k_n},$$

Here $`k_i=0`$ or 1 for $`i>0`$ and $`a_i(x,\theta )V`$. This is clear.

For any $`P=\underset{im}{}P_ix^i\theta _0^k\theta ^jV((x,\theta ))`$ we call $`P_+=\underset{i,j,k0}{}P_ix^i\theta _0^k\theta ^j`$ the differential part of $`P`$ and $`P_{}=\underset{i,k<0}{}P_ix^i\theta _0^k\theta ^j`$ the integral part of $`P`$.

The space $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ of pdos is, clearly, the left module over the algebra $``$ of functions. Define the left $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$-action on $``$ from the Leibniz formula thus making $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ into a superalgebra.

Define the involution in the superalgebra $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ setting

$$(a(t,\theta )D^i\stackrel{~}{D}^j)^{}=(1)^{jip(\stackrel{~}{D})p(D)}\stackrel{~}{D}^jD^ia^{}(x,\theta ).$$

The following fact is somewhat unexpected. If $`D`$ is an odd differential operator, then $`D^2`$ is well-defined as $`\frac{1}{2}[D,D]`$. Hence, we can consider the set $`V((x,\theta ))x^\lambda `$ for an odd $`x`$! Therefore, there are two types of pdos: contact ones, when $`D^20`$ for odd $`D`$’s and general ones, when all odd $`D`$’s are nilpotent.

For the definition of distinguished stringy superalgebgras crucial in what follows see \[GLS1\].

###### Conjecture .

There exists a residue for all distinguished dimensions, i.e. for the contact type pdos in dimensions $`1|n`$ for $`n4`$ and for the general pdos in dimensions $`1|n`$ for $`n2`$.

So far, however, the residue was defined only for contact type pdos, of $`𝔨^L`$ type, and only for $`n=1`$ at that.

Let us extend \[MR\] and define the residue of $`P=\underset{im}{}P_ix^i\theta _0^k\theta ^jV((x,\theta _0,\theta ))`$ for $`n=1`$. We can do it thanks to the following exceptional property of $`𝔨^L(1|1)`$ and $`𝔨^M(1|1)`$. Indeed, over $`𝔨^L(1|1)`$, the volume form “$`dt\frac{}{\theta }`$” is, more or less, $`d\theta `$: consider the quotient $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1/\alpha `$, where $`\alpha `$ is the contact form preserved by $`𝔨^L(1|1)`$; similarly, over $`𝔨^M(1|1)`$, the transformation rules of $`dt\frac{}{\theta }`$” and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is the contact form preserved by $`𝔨^M(1|1)`$, are identical. Therefore, define the residue by the formula

$$\mathrm{Res}P=\text{ coefficient of }\frac{\theta }{x}\text{ in the expansion of }P_1.$$

###### Remark .

Manin and Radul \[MR\] considered the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy associated with $`𝔫𝔰`$, i.e., for $`D=K_\theta `$. The formula for the residue allows one to directly generalize their result and construct a simialr hierarchy associated with $`𝔯`$, i.e., for $`D=\stackrel{~}{K}_\theta `$.

This new phenomenon — an invertible odd symbol — doubles the old picture: let $`\theta _0`$ be the symbol of $`D`$, and let $`x`$ be the symbol of the differential operator $`D^2`$. We see that the case of the odd $`D`$ reduces to either $`V((x,\theta _0,\theta ))x^\lambda `$ or $`V((x,\theta _0^1,\theta ))x^\lambda `$.

### 9.5. Continuous Toda lattices

Khesin and Malikov \[KM\] considered straightforward generalizations of the Toda lattices — the dynamical systems on the orbits of the coadjoint representation of a simple finite diminsional Lie group $`G`$ defined as follows. Let $`𝒳`$ be the image of $`X^+𝔰𝔩(2)`$ in $`𝔤=Lie(G)`$ under the principal embedding. Having identified $`𝔤`$ with $`𝔤^{}`$ with the help of the invariant nondegenerate form, consider the orbit $`𝒪_𝒳`$. On $`𝒪_𝒳`$, the traces $`H_i(A)=\mathrm{tr}(A+𝒳)^i`$ are the commuting Hamiltonians.

In our constructions we only have to consider in $`LU_𝔤(\lambda )`$ either (for Lie algebras) the image of $`𝒳`$ or (for Lie superalgebras) the image of $`^+𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$ under the superprincipal embedding of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$. For superalgebras we also have to replace trace with the supertrace.

For the general description of dynamical systems on the orbits of the coadjoint representations of Lie supergroups see \[LST\]. A possibility of odd mechanics is pointed out in \[LST\] and in the subsequent paper by R. Yu. Kirillova in the same Procedings. To take such a possibility into account, we have to consider analogs of the principal embeddings for $`𝔰𝔮(2)`$. This is a full-time job; its results will be considered elsewhere.